The rapid snowmelt in Spring 2019 has caused instances of stored grain being covered with floodwater. By current Food and Drug Adminstration (FDA) policy, grain inundated by uncontrolled river or stream water is considered adulterated and must be destroyed. The situation in 2019 is one of river water flooding rather than of rain-driven pooled water in low ground, for which there are salvage options. As shown by the example of the inundated Omaha sewage treatment plant, river-based floodwaters can bring in many hazards and rapid spoilage. Disciplines Agricultural Science | Agriculture This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cropnews/2524 6/25/2019 Flooding and Stored Grain | Integrated Crop Management https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2019/03/flooding-and-stored-grain 1/4 Integrated Crop Management Flooding and Stored Grain March 19, 2019 The rapid snowmelt in Spring 2019 has caused instances of stored grain being covered with floodwater. By current Food and Drug Adminstration (FDA) policy, grain inundated by uncontrolled river or stream water is considered adulterated and must be destroyed. The situation in 2019 is one of river water flooding rather than of rain-driven pooled water in low ground, for which there are salvage options. As shown by the example of the inundated Omaha sewage treatment plant, river-based floodwaters can bring in many hazards and rapid spoilage. Flooding affects both the stored grain and the storage structures. Try to move the grain before the flood reaches the bin, but stop using underfloor conveyors and legs once the water starts entering the pits. Grain and Grain Products Flood damaged grain is adulterated grain because of the potential for many contaminants to enter through the water. This grain should be destroyed, never blended. Contact local Department of Natural Resources (DNR) officials for the best disposal process in your area. The recent Food Safety Modernization Act has increased public awareness of food and feed related hazards. Water coming up from tiles and pits is just as suspect because storm and sanitary sewers are usually compromised in floods. Even field tile water may contain animal waste products, high chemical levels and other contaminants. Corn will stay at about 30 percent moisture after the water drains off; soybeans about 25 percent moisture. The moisture won't travel more than a foot above the flood water line. 6/25/2019 Flooding and Stored Grain | Integrated Crop Management https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2019/03/flooding-and-stored-grain 2/4 Remove good grain on top of flooded grain from the top or side, not down through the flooded grain. The reclaim conveyors and pits under bins contain flood water as well. Remove all the good grain before doing anything with the bad portion. The good grain is still suspect which is why FDA must evaluate the situation on a case-by-case basis before it can be sold into any uses. Do not start aeration fans on flooded bins. Have the entire structure and related electrical components inspected by a qualified electrician, to verify that nothing is still energized, before taking action to salvage the grain. Use professional salvage operators that will take correct safety precautions for bin entry. Mold toxins are likely in rewetted grain. Warm wet conditions are ideal for mold growth. Moldy grain is a safety hazard. Use precaution and wear protective equipment when working with moldy grain. Grain will be moldy by the time the water has receded. Take care not to track or mix mud or gravel from flooded grounds into good grain during salvage operations. These materials are potentially toxic for the same reasons as the floodwaters. Structures Grains swell when wet so bin damage is likely; more so with soybeans. Bolts can shear or holes can elongate. Look for signs such as stretched caulking seals, doors misaligned or similar structural problems. Farm bins typically have lighter-grade steel and fasteners than commercial bins. Stay aware for signs of failure when working around bins containing wetted grain. Check bins with stirring devices carefully. The bin must be perfectly round for them to work correctly. Bin foundations can shift, float or deteriorate from flooding. Inspect structures and foundations carefully, and have an engineering evaluation for larger bins. Expect electric wiring, controls, motors and fans to be ruined. Do not energize wet components. Be sure the power is off and locked out before touching any electrical components of flooded systems. Wood structures will be hard hit and may retain mold and contaminants. Clean and disinfect facilities and grounds completely. Then do a careful food safety inspection before returning facilities to operation. A third party inspection is recommended. Maintain records of cleaning. 6/25/2019 Flooding and Stored Grain | Integrated Crop Management https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2019/03/flooding-and-stored-grain 3/4 Action Checklist 1. Cut all power and professionally verify that all structures are not energized. 2. Determine where the water line was, and therefore the extent of adulterated grain. 3. Consult your insurance carrier before moving any grain. 4. Remove good grain from the top or side, collect a 5-10 lb composite sample for Grading by an Official grader (https://www.extension.iastate.edu/grain/files/page/files/usdafgis_directory_pdf.pdf) , including a mycotoxin screening. Off-farm use will require consultation with FDA; contact Keely Coppess (email@example.com) at the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship) for assistance. 5. Consult your local Iowa DNR Field Office for instructions on disposal of adulterated grain. 6. Clean and disinfect storage structures. Replace electrical components. 7. For on-farm feeding of the good grain, develop a use plan in consultation with a veterinarian. Salvage (for grain in flooded bins but above the water line, and for pooled water inundation) Evaluation and potential reconditioning for further sale has to be done with the written consent of FDA. For feed on site by owner, producers have three alternatives. Dry the grain if needed. Feed it immediately to their livestock If wet, ensile the grain for future livestock feed, in bunkers or bags. Feeding should be done under the supervision of a veterinarian. Ensiling may be the best way of protecting quality and palatability of wetter grain. Decisions need to be made quickly. The good grain should be removed immediately, again not down through the soaked grain. No flooded grain can be sold to any market without approval of FDA, to document its exposure only to uncontaminated (pooled) water, with subsequent reconditioning for an intended use. The flooded grain in 2019 is primarily from river water, which is considered contaminated. There is no problem, other than spoilage within a day or two, with using uncontaminated soaked corn as a livestock feed. Just replace the corn in the animals' current diet with the wet corn. Remember to adjust amounts fed for moisture. 6/25/2019 Flooding and Stored Grain | Integrated Crop Management https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2019/03/flooding-and-stored-grain 4/4 Wet, whole soybeans can be fed to cattle if the soybeans are limited to 10 to 12 percent of the ration's dry matter. Soybeans substitute well for the protein in soybean meal, but they need to be fed with a vitaminmineral-additive premix if substituted for a complete protein supplement. It is not necessary to heat-treat the soybeans for cattle. Also, if adding whole soybeans to diets high in distillers' grains, watch the total ration fat content. For hogs, raw soybeans can only be fed to mature sows. The soybeans need to be heat treated if fed to younger pigs. Category: Grain Handling and Storage Links to this article are strongly encouraged, and this article may be republished without further permission if published as written and if credit is given to the author, Integrated Crop Management News, and Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. If this article is to be used in any other manner, permission from the author is required. This article was originally published on March 19, 2019. The information contained within may not be the most current and accurate depending on when it is accessed. Crops: Corn Soybean Tags: flooding grain quality Food safety Authors: Charles Hurburgh Professor, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Dr. Charles R. Hurburgh, Charlie to most everyone, is a native Iowan from Rockwell City (Iowa, USA). He continues to operate the family farm, and is a professor of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering at Iowa State University. He has a bachelor's degree, master's degree, and doctoral degree fr...


Biotracer tests have been proposed as a means by which to characterize the in situ biodegradation potential for field‐scale systems. In this study, field experiments were conducted at two sites to evaluate the utility of the biotracer method for characterizing the spatial variability of microbial activity. The first site is a mixed waste‐contaminated sur‐ficial aquifer in Utah, and the second site is a chlorinated solvent‐contaminated regional aquifer in Tucson, Arizona. Mass recovery of the biotracer decreased approximately linearly with increasing residence time for the Tucson site. Similar behavior was observed at the Utah site, except in the region adjacent to the injection zone, where percent recoveries were much lower than those predicted using a correlation determined using data collected downgradient of the injection zone. First‐order biodegradation rate coefficients obtained from model calibration of the tracer data varied between 0.2 and 0.5/day for the Tucson site. For the Utah site, the values varied between 0.1 and 0.6/day downgradient of the injection wells, and between 0.7 and 2.6/day near the injection wells. Considering the large range over which biodegradation rate coefficients can vary, the rate coefficient exhibited relatively minimal spatial variability (factor of 2.5) for the Tucson site. Conversely, the spatial variability of the rate coefficient was an order of magnitude greater for the Utah site. These differences in variability are consistent with conditions associated with the respective sites. For example, the greater microbial activity observed in the vicinity of the injection wells for the Utah site is consistent with the biomass distribution determined from analysis of core samples, which shows larger bacterial cell densities for the region near the injection wells. These results illustrate the utility of biotracer tests for in situ characterization of microbial activity (e.g., biodegradation potential), including evaluation of potential spatial variability.


A number of governments, particularly in Latin America, have begun to recognise the rights of indigenous peoples and traditional communities to the lands on which they live. Recognition has often taken the form of constitutional provisions or laws that grant use rights in perpetuity or provide land titles. These provisions usually establish rights for multiple communities over a large territory, at a scale that may be ideal for promoting broader, ecosystem management approaches. At the same time, however, indigenous communities often do not have existing territorial governance structures at these scales. Nicaragua's North Atlantic Autonomous Region provides a rich setting in which to study issues of multilevel natural resource governance. In addition to the devolution policies that have created official indigenous territories, the central government has decentralised important powers over natural resources to the regional autonomous authority, while municipal authorities still exist but have been marginalised. At the same time, however, the community scale is the one at which local people have traditionally managed resources. This paper examines these issues in light of efforts to establish democratic governance institutions at the territory level and argues that communities continue to lose out under multilevel governance regimes without concerted efforts to level the playing field. The findings are based on several years of research in the region, emerging research on newly titled territories and a six month training and dialogue with territory leaders, organised by a consortium of international and local NGOs.


There is increasing evidence for the positive role of nature in human health, particularly in the light of the increase in sedentary lifestyles and the emergence of growing health concerns over obesity, coronary heart disease (CHD) and mental illness. This paper addresses the links between contact with nature and improved health and wellbeing, introduces the concept of various green care approaches and examines the links between care farming and therapeutic communities. Two studies* outlining care farming in the UK are described. The first is a scoping exercise to discover the current extent and diversity of care farming in the UK, in order to form baseline data on which to build future research needs and to help support care farmers. The second study is an in-depth analysis of clients from different types of care farm, and provides empirical data on psychological health and wellbeing outcomes. The aim of this study is to help build up a body of robust scientific evidence to inform health and social care providers (amongst others) of the benefits of time spent on a care farm. We conclude by setting care farming in a wider context by looking at the potential impact that an expansion of care farming could have on emergent health and social issues and policy in the UK. © The Author(s).


The relative importance of vision, audition and olfaction to weasels and polecats was determined by training the predators to find a mouse located in a predator-proof container within a small arena. The diversity of sensory information available to the predators had an effect on the time taken to find the mouse with this being shorter when three senses could be used compared to when one sensory modality was available. Vision and olfaction (air-borne scent) were equivalent, with audition being less important. The mouse was found quicker using substrate-scent cues than with air-borne olfactory cues. There was no difference in the relative importance of the senses between the predators. The removal of movement cues had a significant effect on the behaviour of the weasels. The visual movement discrimination ability of both species was investigated using a horizontally-moving spot on a cathode-ray oscilloscope screen. Thresholds were determined for the discrimination of the direction of a fast-moving stimulus and were equivalent in the polecat and weasel. The mean threshold for polecats was 292cms(^-1) and for weasels was 267cms(^-1). The movement detection ability of the weasel was consistent over a range of stimulus radiant intensities (35.4-2.0x10(^5) µWsteradian(^-l)) and discrimination distances (10-50cm), although there was a slight decrease in threshold at the furthest distance used and when the distance traversed by the stimulus was short. A relative velocity discrimination task was devised in which polecats were trained to discriminate differences in speed between identical objects moving in opposite directions in the horizontal plane. They could detect velocity differences of 20% and showed a tendency to select the slower-moving of the two stimuli. Polecats and weasels do not specialize in the use of a particular distance sense to locate potential prey. In terms of their movement detection ability and the relative importance of vision they are intermediate between strictly nocturnal and diurnal species, which is probably attributable to their predominately crepuscular activity pattern.


This study was designed to describe the experiences of National Association of Agricultural Educators (NAAE) Outstanding Young Member award winners. These teachers were asked about the concepts that they were most and least prepared for upon entering the teaching field. A modified Delphi method was used to collect data utilizing three rounds of researcher-developed questionnaires. Round one included open-ended and demographic-type questions. Rounds two and three were constructed using panelists' answers from previous rounds and included Likert-type, five-point rating scales. These award winning teachers felt most prepared to: 1) teach animal science, 2) provide classroom instruction, and 3) teach introductory lessons or units. They felt least prepared to: 1) plan for retirement and 2) manage work-life balance. The findings of this study may provide a framework for teacher education programs and teacher in-service workshops that will aid in more comprehensive training and development of future agricultural education teachers.


Homological Mirror Symmetry, the study of dualities of certain quantum field theories in a mathematically rigorous form, has developed into a flourishing subject on its own over the past years. The present volume bridges a gap in the literature by providing a set of lectures and reviews that both introduce and representatively review the state-of-the art in the field from different perspectives. With contributions by K. Fukaya, M. Herbst, K. Hori, M. Huang, A. Kapustin, L. Katzarkov, A. Klemm, M. Kontsevich, D. Page, S. Quackenbush, E. Sharpe, P. Seidel, I. Smith and Y. Soibelman, this volume will be a reference on the topic for everyone starting to work or actively working on mathematical aspects of quantum field theory.


The emergence of mobile social media provides a great opportunity for firms to attain competitiveness along the way. Current research regarding the influence of firm-based mobile social media has just started, but the findings still cannot meet the needs for e-business to standout in the increasingly fierce competition. Hence, our study draws on the heuristic-systematic model and social influence theories to establish mobile social media popularity model. We posit that the heuristic cognitive cues (i.e., source credibility and content freshness) as well as the systematic cognitive cue (i.e., mobile trading navigability) can potentially affect the mobile social media popularity of a firm. We further posit that social influence takes the moderate role in the model. The content analysis result from 183 public WeChat platforms of the P2P lending companies has offered the empirical evidence to our hypotheses. This study expands our understanding of the related constructs from a social cognition perspective, and calls for design attention to influential media-embedded traits when developing mobile social media sites.


Self-focusing effects in periodic leaky-wave coupled (antiguided) and evanescent-wave coupled array structures are analyzed for what is to our knowledge the first time. The results obtained can be explained in terms of spatial gap solitons. For infinite-extent arrays of antiguides it is found that (for interelement-spacing values), below the in-phase-mode resonance, self-focusing occurs with increasing light intensity even when the medium is intrinsically self-defocusing (i.e., negative nonlinearity). If the medium has positive nonlinearity the analysis shows that antiguided arrays possess either self-focusing or self-defocusing properties depending on the parameters of the structure, whereas evanescent-wave in-phase coupled arrays always have self-focusing properties.


We demonstrate the operation of a compact wavelength de-multiplexer using cascaded single-mode photonic crystal waveguides utilizing the slow light regime. By altering the dielectric filling factors of each waveguide segment, we numerically and experimentally show that different frequencies are separated at different locations along the waveguide. In other words, the beams of different wavelengths are spatially dropped along the transverse to the propagation direction. We numerically verified the spatial shifts of certain wavelengths by using the two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method. The presented design can be extended to de-multiplex more wavelengths by concatenating additional photonic crystal waveguides with different filling factors.


In this thesis, the possibility to numerically describing the behaviour that signifies shear type cracking in concrete is studied. Different means for describing cracking are evaluated where both methods proposed in design codes based on experiments and advanced finite element analyses with a non-linear material description are evaluated. It is shown that there is a large difference in the estimation of the crack width based on the calculation methods in design codes. The large difference occurs due to several of these methods do not account for shear friction in the crack face. The finite element method is an important tool for analysing the non-linear behaviour caused by cracking. It is especially of importance when combined with experimental investigations for evaluating load bearing capacity or establishing the structural health. It is shown that non-linear continuum material models can successfully be used to accurately describe the shear type cracking in concrete. A method based on plasticity and damage theory was shown to provide accurate estimations of the behaviour. The methods based on fracture mechanics with or without inclusion of damage theory, overestimated the stiffness after crack initiation considerably. The rotated crack approach of these methods gave less accurate descriptions of the crack pattern and underestimated the crack widths. After verification of the material model, realistic finite element models based on plasticity and damage theory are developed to analyse the cause for cracking in two large concrete structures. The Storfinnforsen hydropower buttress dam is evaluated where the seasonal temperature variation in combination with the water pressure have resulted in cracking. With the numerical model the cause for cracking can be explained and the crack pattern found in-situ is accurately simulated. The model is verified against measurements of variation in crest displacement and crack width with close agreement. The construction process of a balanced cantilever bridge, Grondal Bridge, is numerically simulated and a rational explanation of the cause for cracking is presented. It is shown that large stresses and micro-cracks develop in the webs during construction, especially after tensioning the continuing tendons in the bottom flange. Further loads from temperature variation cause cracking in the webs that is in close agreement with the cracking found in-situ. The effect of strengthening performed on this bridge is also evaluated where the vertical Dywidag tendons so far seem to have been successful in stopping further crack propagation.


OBJECTIVE
This article examines client drinking and related psychosocial functioning during the course of alcoholism treatment. It focuses on (1) the main effects of the three Project MATCH treatments, (2) the prognostic value of client attributes employed in the matching hypotheses, and (3) the attribute by treatment interaction effects.

METHOD
Clients recruited from outpatient settings (n = 952) or from aftercare settings (n = 774) were randomized to one of the following treatments: Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Twelve-Step Facilitation (TSF). Alcohol consumption and psychosocial functioning during treatment were assessed at the end of the 12-week treatment phase.

RESULTS
During the treatment phase, small but statistically significant differences among treatments were found only in the outpatient arm on measures of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related negative consequences. Forty-one percent (41%) of CBT and TSF clients were abstinent or drank moderately without alcohol-related consequences, compared with 28% of MET clients. Tests of 10 a priori primary client-treatment matching hypotheses failed to find any interaction effects that had an impact on drinking throughout the treatment phase.

CONCLUSIONS
In the outpatient setting there appears to be a temporary advantage to assigning individuals to CBT or TSF rather than MET. When there is a need to quickly reduce heavy drinking and alcohol-related consequences, it appears that CBT or TSF should be the treatment of choice.


Structural analysis methods (e.g., probing and feature attribution) are increasingly important tools for neural network analysis. We propose a new structural analysis method grounded in a formal theory of causal abstraction that provides rich characterizations of model-internal representations and their roles in input/output behavior. In this method, neural representations are aligned with variables in interpretable causal models, and then interchange interventions are used to experimentally verify that the neural representations have the causal properties of their aligned variables. We apply this method in a case study to analyze neural models trained on Multiply Quantified Natural Language Inference (MQNLI) corpus, a highly complex NLI dataset that was constructed with a tree-structured natural logic causal model. We discover that a BERT-based model with state-of-the-art performance successfully realizes parts of the natural logic model's causal structure, whereas a simpler baseline model fails to show any such structure, demonstrating that BERT representations encode the compositional structure of MQNLI.


Ever since the U.S. Supreme Court held that arbitration provisions contained in brokerage customers' agreements were enforceable with respect to federal securities claims, proposals have been floated to include in an issuer's governance documents a provision that would require arbitration of investors' claims against the issuer. To date, however, publicly traded domestic issuers and their counsel have not seriously pursued these proposals, probably because of several legal obstacles to implementation. In addition to these legal obstacles, publicly traded issuers may not have perceived significant advantages to arbitration. Recent legal developments, however, make inclusion of an arbitration provision in a publicly traded issuer's governance documents a proposal worthy of serious consideration. In particular, because of the Supreme Court's recent opinion in AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, issuers may be able to achieve an advantage through adoption of an arbitration provision in their governance documents that they were not able to achieve through PSLRA and the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act. They could finally achieve the demise of securities class claims.


This paper considers straight-line path following for inhomogeneous formations with underactuated agents. The formation can be comprised of agents with different dynamics that are each affected by a different unknown environmental disturbance. Formation path following is achieved using a twofold strategy consisting of a guidance law to steer each vessel to a predefined path and a decentralised nonlinear formation control law utilising local information only to synchronise the agents position along the path such that a desired formation is achieved. The resulting closed-loop error dynamics consisting of the path-following error dynamics and formation error dynamics is analysed using theory for feedback-interconnected systems. The origin of the closed-loop error dynamics is shown to be uniformly globally asymptotically stable. The control strategy is validated with simulation results in a case study.


When making contact with an object, a robot can use a tactile sensor consisting of a heating element and a temperature sensor to recognize the object's material based on conductive heat transfer from the tactile sensor to the object. When this type of tactile sensor has time to fully reheat prior to contact and the duration of contact is long enough to achieve a thermal steady state, numerous methods have been shown to perform well. In order to enable robots to more efficiently sense their environments and take advantage of brief contact events over which they lack control, we focus on the problem of material recognition from heat transfer given varying initial conditions and short-duration contact. We present both modelbased and data-driven methods. For the model-based method, we modeled the thermodynamics of the sensor in contact with a material as contact between two semi-infinite solids. For the data-driven methods, we used three machine learning algorithms (SVM+PCA, k-NN+PCA, HMMs) with time series of raw temperature measurements and temperature change estimates. When recognizing 11 materials with varying initial conditions and 3fold cross-validation, SVM+PCA outperformed all other methods, achieving 84% accuracy with 0.5 s of contact and 98% accuracy with 1.5 s of contact.


We study the probability distribution function (PDF) of the mass density in simulations of supersonic turbulence with properties appropriate for molecular clouds. For this study we use Athena, a new higher-order Godunov code. We find there are surprisingly similar relationships between the mean of the time-averaged PDF and the turbulent Mach number for driven hydrodynamic and strong-field MHD turbulence. There is, however, a large scatter about these relations, indicating a high level of temporal and spatial variability in the PDF. Thus, the PDF of the mass density is unlikely to be a good measure of magnetic field strength. We also find that the PDF of decaying MHD turbulence deviates from the mean-Mach relation found in the driven case. This implies that the instantaneous Mach number alone is not enough to determine the statistical properties of turbulence that is out of equilibrium. The scatter about the mean-Mach relation for driven turbulence, along with the large departure of decaying turbulence PDFs from those of driven turbulence, may illuminate one factor contributing to the large observed cloud-to-cloud variation in the star formation rate per solar mass.


This thesis reports a descriptive classroom-based study which directly investigated the impact which the position of an explicit instruction stage had on aspects of task performance. Audio recordings of interaction were collected for two different tasks from four intact Japanese university classes of English learners. Classes received the explicit instruction of useful forms either before, during, or after a communicative task. A repeat task was conducted one week after the initial session to look for any lasting effects of the instruction. The audio data were transcribed and primarily analysed using inductive qualitative techniques within a cumulative case study approach which allowed for the quantification of certain features of interest. The findings indicated that the explicit teaching stage impacted the orientation of participants, which was manifested in the presence of certain features of task interaction including minimalisation, self-correction, disfluency markers, and mining. The position of the instruction had a strong influence on task performance: Participants who received pre-task instruction tended to orient towards target form production during the main task, while the post-task participants appeared more oriented towards meaning and task completion. However, these effects were not universal, and the true influence of the instruction was somewhat more nuanced. Orientations were dynamic, shifting from one focus to another as interactions evolved. In addition to the apparent influence on orientation, there was also some evidence of an impact on medium-term acquisition, indicated by the continued accurate use of target forms during the repeat task. While the cumulative data revealed some general patterns that existed within classes, there was a great deal of individual difference between participants and groups of participants. It seems that it was the individual learner, rather than the teaching approach, that dictated for the most part how the tasks were undertaken. The findings of this study suggest that instead of aligning ourselves with one, often dogmatic, approach to language teaching, practitioners should remain flexible and pragmatically adjust their teaching methods and techniques according to the inherent features of specific tasks, as well as individual learners and groups of learners.


Although multicomponent data acquisition opens the door for sharper seismic images and more accurate subsurface characterization, it also brings many challenges into multicomponent data processing. Among these challenges, converted-wave (S-wave) static correction is significant. Due to the fact that the earth may have dramatically different velocity responses to P- and S-waves, P-wave statics and S-wave statics should be treated as two independent problems; as a result, approximating S-wave statics by a simple scaling of the P-wave statics is not a satisfying solution. A new automatic S-wave static-correction algorithm is proposed and has been successfully applied on a full-fold Arabian Gulf ocean-bottom-cable (OBC) data set with promising results.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the frequency, characteristics, and risk of injury during seizure attacks.

DESIGN
Questionnaire survey.

SETTING
Epilepsy out-patient clinic of the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurology, London.

PATIENTS
One hundred consecutive epileptic patients and their caretakers or relatives, who attended the hospital between 1 May and 30 June 2000.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Details of epilepsy including the age of onset, causes, types, and number of seizures during the previous 12 months; injuries incurred as a result of seizures; and treatment required.

RESULTS
The mean age of the 100 patients (38 male, 62 female) was 39 years (range, 16-78 years). Generalised tonic-clonic seizures occurred in 51% of patients and complex partial seizures in 40%. Hippocampal sclerosis was found in 12% of patients. Twenty-seven patients reported 222 seizure-related injuries. The total number of seizures per year was 4459 (mean, 45), of which 1094 (mean, 11) were with a fall (24.5%). Soft-tissue injury was the most common (61%), followed by burns (17%), head injury (14%), orthopaedic injury (5%), and injuries in water (3%). The most common site of soft-tissue injury and burns were to the face: 49% and 38% respectively. Burns occurred during cooking in 78% of cases. Two patients had skull fractures. Orthopaedic injuries usually occurred at home (73%). In cases of seizures in water, five of six occurred while swimming. Injury occurred once in every 20 seizures, every 11 generalised tonic-clonic seizures, and every five seizures with a fall. The significant risk factors for injury were generalised tonic-clonic seizures, high frequency of seizures, and seizures with a fall.

CONCLUSION
Soft-tissue injury was the most common seizure-related injury. Injury occurred once in every 20 seizures. The risk factors were generalised tonic-clonic seizures, high frequency of seizures, and seizures with a fall.


. Probabilistic timed automata are a formalism for modelling systems whose dynamics includes probabilistic, nondeterministic and timed aspects including real-time systems. A variety of techniques have been proposed for the analysis of this formalism and successfully employed to analyse, for example, wireless communication protocols and computer security systems. Augmenting the model with prices (or, equivalently, costs or rewards) provides a means to verify more complex quantitative properties, such as the expected energy usage of a device or the expected number of messages sent during a protocol's execution. However, the analysis of these properties on probabilistic timed automata currently relies on a technique based on integer discretisation of real-valued clocks, which can be expensive in some cases. In this paper, we propose symbolic techniques for verification and optimal strategy synthesis for priced probabilistic timed automata which avoid this discretisation. We build upon recent work for the special case of expected time properties, using value iteration over a zone-based abstraction of the model.


While the importance of random sequencing errors decreases at higher DNA or RNA sequencing depths, systematic sequencing errors (SSEs) dominate at high sequencing depths and can be difficult to distinguish from biological variants. These SSEs can cause base quality scores to underestimate the probability of error at certain genomic positions, resulting in false positive variant calls, particularly in mixtures such as samples with RNA editing, tumors, circulating tumor cells, bacteria, mitochondrial heteroplasmy, or pooled DNA. Most algorithms proposed for correction of SSEs require a data set used to calculate association of SSEs with various features in the reads and sequence context. This data set is typically either from a part of the data set being "recalibrated" (Genome Analysis ToolKit, or GATK) or from a separate data set with special characteristics (SysCall). Here, we combine the advantages of these approaches by adding synthetic RNA spike-in standards to human RNA, and use GATK to recalibrate base quality scores with reads mapped to the spike-in standards. Compared to conventional GATK recalibration that uses reads mapped to the genome, spike-ins improve the accuracy of Illumina base quality scores by a mean of 5 Phred-scaled quality score units, and by as much as 13 units at CpG sites. In addition, since the spike-in data used for recalibration are independent of the genome being sequenced, our method allows run-specific recalibration even for the many species without a comprehensive and accurate SNP database. We also use GATK with the spike-in standards to demonstrate that the Illumina RNA sequencing runs overestimate quality scores for AC, CC, GC, GG, and TC dinucleotides, while SOLiD has less dinucleotide SSEs but more SSEs for certain cycles. We conclude that using these DNA and RNA spike-in standards with GATK improves base quality score recalibration.


The scrape-off layer (SOL) sets the bounday conditions of a tokamak, determining the plasma confinement, the heat exhaust, the impurity levels, and controlling the fuelling of the device. Therefore, a first principles understanding of the physical mechanisms governing SOL turbulence is crucial on the way towards fusion energy. We describe SOL simulations carried out by using GBS, a three-dimensional numerical code that solves the drift-reduced Braginskii equations for the two-fluid model of the plasma and consistently includes neutrals dynamics as well. In this work, results from GBS simulations are used to understand the tokamak fuelling.


This research aimed to find out the demographic, social and economic characteristics of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA); stakeholders' knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward HIV/AIDS and people with HIV/AIDS; comprehensive and sustainable support and service, the application of Greater Involvement of People With HIV/AIDS (GIPA) as well as the contribution of stakeholders to the HIV/AIDS management program in Surakarta City. The research method employed was an exploratory one. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling one. The data collection was conducted using observation, in-depth interview, Focus Group Discussion, and documentation. Technique of analyzing data used was an interactive model of analysis. The result of research showed that in Surakarta, generally PLWHA were productive, male, heterosexual and working as employees, having medical problem and social culture such as developing opportunistic infection, antriretroviral (ARV) drug side effect, depression, experiencing discrimination, negative stigma, isolation by the family and society member. The stakeholders of sustainable and comprehensive service in dealing with HIV/AIDS in Surakarta City had good knowledge about HIV/AIDS, caring and responsiveness to the PLWHA. A comprehensive and sustainable support and service started during undertaking test; ARV drugs procurement, ethical and non-discriminatory treatment; opportunistic infection prevention and treatment; non-medical therapy and Peer-Group Support. GIPA program and activities through Peer Support Group included treatment consultation; drug compliance supervising service; home visit and hospital visit; socialization of HIV/AIDS to the community and sharing activity. The stakeholders contributed to the HIV/AIDS management program, particularly in the terms of program implementation policy, structure, and process, thereby it could run well through good cooperation, coordination and communication among the stakeholders on the basis of mutual interest and objective.


Figure 1. NOAA ship Okeanos Explorer, dedicated to world ocean exploration. NOAA photo Th is aticle as been pulished in O ceagraphy, Vlum e 3, N um er 1, a qurterly jornal of Th e O ceagraphy Soiety. © 2010 by Th e O ceagraphy Soiety. A ll rhts rerved. Perm ision is gnted to cpy his aticle or se in teching nd rearch. Replication, sstem m tic repruction, or coective redirbution of ny prtion of his aticle by phocopy m acine, repsting, or oher m eans is perm ited only w ith he aproval of Th e O ceagraphy Soiety. Send ll corrondence o: ifo@ tos.org or Th


Dr. Eric Gall from the University of Arizona Arthritis Center moderated the topic "Bone Density: Diagnosis and Management—What Is the True Burden of Disease?" with Drs. Jeffrey R. Lisse from the University of Arizona Arthritis Center, Michael Maricic from Catalina Point Rheumatology, and Michael McClung from Oregon Osteoporosis Center, Portland, OR. The discussion focused primarily on: Defining osteopenia and osteoporosis; the diagnosis of osteopenia and osteoporosis using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool; the different categories of osteopenia and osteoporosis; the use of bone marker testing in deciding when to treat and in monitoring treatment; the comorbidities and conditions associated with low bone density; the modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for low bone density; the prevention and treatment of low bone density; the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy in preventing bone loss and fracture; the use of bisphosphonate therapy in treating low bone density; and the importance and means of monitoring treatment. Med Roundtable Gen Med Ed. 2014;1(4):302–311.


This study was conducted in the deciduous forests in the delta of the river Nestos. Soil samples were taken in various seasons and were divided into three layers: O layer, 0-2.5 cm soil depth and 2.5-5 cm soil depth. The Collembola caught were counted and identified and the biomass was determined. Soil moisture and temperature were also recorded. In most seasons the majority of the animals was found in the O and the upper soil layer. Under adverse condi- tions in summer (low soil humidity) a vertical migration to deeper layers was observed. No similar response was observed in winter. These patterns persist at the level of the whole Collembola population and at the species level as well. Only minute differences, if any, were observed in the vertical distribution pattern of the most abundant species, irrespectively of the life form they belong to. Generally a preference of smaller ani- mals for the deeper layers was observed.


A high-quality systematic review is described as the most reliable source of evidence to guide clinical practice. The purpose of a systematic review is to deliver a meticulous summary of all the available primary research in response to a research question. A systematic review uses all the existing research and is sometime called 'secondary research' (research on research). They are often required by research funders to establish the state of existing knowledge and are frequently used in guideline development. Systematic review findings are often used within the …


Contrary to popular opinion, one of the main problems in providing uniformly excellent health care is not lack of money but lack of knowledge -- on the part of both doctors and patients. The studies in this book show that many doctors and most patients do not understand the available medical evidence. Both patients and doctors are "risk illiterate" -- frequently unable to tell the difference between actual risk and relative risk. Further, unwarranted disparity in treatment decisions is the rule rather than the exception in the United States and Europe. All of this contributes to much wasted spending in health care. The contributors to Better Doctors, Better Patients, Better Decisions investigate the roots of the problem, from the emphasis in medical research on technology and blockbuster drugs to the lack of education for both doctors and patients. They call for a new, more enlightened health care, with better medical education, journals that report study outcomes completely and transparently, and patients in control of their personal medical records, not afraid of statistics but able to use them to make informed decisions about their treatments.


ABSTRACT This paper reports some of the findings obtained from the survey that was recently conducted regarding the 2009 economic activity of the racing segment of the equine industry. The preliminary results focus on four issues: (1) the direct and indirect economic impact from the horse racing and race horse breeding segment of the equine industry; (2) the direct and indirect impact this industry segment has on employment; (3) the direct and indirect impact this industry segment has on Indiana taxes; and (4) the proportion of expenditures by this industry segment directly in Indiana. INTRODUCTION In 1988, the constitutional ban on all forms of gaming in Indiana was removed with a sixty-two percent majority of Indiana voters. In September, 1994, the first pari-mutuel racetrack opened in the state. The racetrack was a combined facility with a casino. From the beginning of pari-mutuel horse racing in Indiana, legislators displayed the foresight to give this fledgling industry a good head start and a solid foundation as it competed with older, more established state racing programs in other states, by providing a share of casino taxes to subsidize purses for the racetracks. A second racetrack and casino was opened and currently the two racetracks, one in Shelbyville, Indiana an the other in Anderson, Indiana continue to function. In 2007, the Indiana General Assembly passed, and the governor signed into law, a bill that would permit electronic gaming at the state's two pari-mutuel racetracks. This "slots" legislation was the product of unprecedented cooperation and more than ten years of effort put forth by representatives of Indiana standardbred, thoroughbred and quarterhorse racing and breeding associations and the state's two pari-mutuel race tracks in building public understanding of the industry and legislative support for this concept. With the passage of the slots law, state representatives and senators demonstrated judgment and vision in keeping Indiana dollars in Indiana by promoting the state's homegrown horse racing and breeding industry. The new law reinforced the framework for a growing, productive industry with the intent that it would generate future agribusiness economic activity, revenue and jobs throughout Indiana. In the campaign for passage of gaming at the tracks, both horsemen and race tracks relied on the results of a 2005 study by the American Horse Council (American Horse Council, 2005) which was based on 2003 data. This study reported a direct economic impact of $181 million and a total economic impact of $294 million for the Indiana racing and breeding industry. For the purpose of quantifying the effects of the 2007 slots law and an accurate representation of the current condition of the industry in the state, all four racing and breeding associations came together and commissioned a survey and business analysis of the racing and breeding industry and its economic impact on Indiana. METHODOLOGY The data collection portion of the research involved two surveys that were conducted simultaneously. One survey obtained economic data from the Indiana racetracks for the calendar year 2009 and both Indiana horse racing tracks responded with their data. The second part of the study involved a survey of over 7,000 members of the race horse breeding community requesting their economic data for 2009. The breeder survey resulted in 1,000 responses. Estimation of economic impact utilizes state specific IMPLAN multipliers to estimate the overall economic impact of the industry on the state GDP and on employment. This platform was selected for several reasons. The IMPLAN modeling system is an input-output model that describes commodity flows from producers to intermediate and final consumers (Hodges 2007) . Total industry expenditures, employment compensation, and tax implications can be extracted using this modeling system. It has been in use since 1979 and is currently used by over 500 private consulting firms, university research centers, and government agencies (UNFCCC, 2010). …


Many children experience adversity in the form of poverty, abuse or neglect, homelessness, or other conditions that make them vulnerable to the damaging effects of chronic stress. New research reveals that chronic stress alters their rapidly developing biological systems in ways that undermine their ability to succeed in school and in life. The good news is that we have strong evidence for programs and approaches that policy makers could use to help these children overcome the effects of stress. Home visitation and early childhood health care can give parents much-needed support and guidance. Economic aid for low-income families can alleviate the grinding financial stress that many families face. And high-quality child care can offer a safe, warm, and predictable environment amid otherwise chaotic lives.


Ten patients with idiopathic dystonia and twelve healthy controls were tested with pairs of non-noxious electrical stimuli separated by different time intervals. Stimuli were delivered (i) to the pad of the index finger (same-point condition), (ii) to the pad and to the base of the index finger (same-finger condition) and (iii) to the pad of the index and ring fingers (different-fingers condition). Subjects were asked to report if they perceived single or double stimuli in the first condition and synchronous or asynchronous stimuli in the second and third conditions. STDTs were significantly higher in dystonic than control subjects in all three conditions. Results extend current knowledge on deficits of somesthetic temporal discrimination in dystonia by showing that temporal deficits are not influenced by spatial variables.


Graph-structured data is prevalent in many domains. Despite the widely celebrated success of deep neural networks, their power in graph-structured data is yet to be fully explored. We propose a novel network architecture that incorporates advanced graph structural features. In particular, we leverage discrete graph curvature, which measures how the neighborhoods of a pair of nodes are structurally related. The curvature of an edge (x, y) defines the distance taken to travel from neighbors of x to neighbors of y, compared with the length of edge (x, y). It is a much more descriptive feature compared to previously used features that only focus on node specific attributes or limited topological information such as degree. Our curvature graph convolution network outperforms state-of-the-art on various synthetic and real-world graphs, especially the larger and denser ones.


In her 1994 article entitled 'Idiolects in the Late Ramesside Letters', Deborah Sweeney hypothesises that all choices made in the construction of personal letters are reflective of individual language variance. Such a statement places the motivation and construction of letters onto the individual, and, although Sweeney did, to a certain extent, further develop her views on politeness in her 2001 monograph, the idea that politeness is representative of individual language variance has not directly been addressed. This study will demonstrate that the Late Ramesside Letters reflect embedded linguistic mechanisms in order to ensure successful communication between interlocutors that is not dependent on personal language variance. The superior social position of the General Piankh at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty will be utilised to demonstrate the benefits of politeness theory in identifying linguistic patterns in the letters, patterns that support and maintain social relationships between superiors and their subordinates. Politeness theory is based on the notion of 'face', and how an individual's public persona must be adhered to in communication in order to reduce the level of imposition; this is especially significant in biased relationships. Predominately this study will focus on the relationship between Piankh and the Scribe of the Necropolis Dhutmose due to the amount of surviving documents between the pair, to view the linguistic manifestation of their superior/subordinate relationship.


The study carried out on behalf of the Conference of Ministers of Agriculture of West and Central Africa represents one of the first attempts to analyze the impact of the devaluation of the CFA Franc that took place in early 1994. Its main focus is on the impact the change in parity has had on the cereal sectors of the region, keeping in mind the limited time the economies have had to adjust to the changes. The study is based on data from selected countries, including Niger, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, and Senegal. The assessment of the impact of the devaluation of the CFA Franc in early 1994 on the cereal sector starts with the analysis of the historical relationships between cereal prices and the exchange rate in selected West Africa countries. In addition, a model examining the transmission of the changes in the value of the CFA franc to producer prices is developed and estimated, in order to gain more insight on the role of different factors in determining the level of transmission. In the subsequent parts of the study, a comparative analysis of the impact across cereal sectors and individual countries is carried out.


This paper addresses the issue of farmers' views concerning the perceived legitimacy of environmental cross compliance as a governance mechanism. Recent work on the theory of regulation emphasises the importance of the legitimacy ascribed to a regulation in determining the effectiveness with which it can be implemented. The current study outlines a rationale for why this motivational question should receive attention in economic studies of policy design and reports the results of a survey of 102 arable farmers in East Anglia, UK, which investigated the level of support for the principle of cross compliance for biodiversity objectives. It was found that two attitudinal factors, referred to as 'Stewardship Orientation' and 'Technological Beliefs', were by far the most significant in determining the acceptability of cross compliance in the sample, and that structural and socio-demographic factors were considerably less important. The study also identified clusters of farmers according to their overall attitudinal orientation. Of the five groups thus categorised, four appeared on average likely to reject cross compliance as a general principle, leaving only the most 'Environmental' cluster in support. The policy implications are discussed and some conclusions drawn. Copyright 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.


Raw palm oil mill effluent (POME) contains high amount of organic materials and residual oil that will impose high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). It has a high acidic value, high total suspended solids (TSS) and is dark brownish in colour. Raw POME is a highly polluting wastewater and as such, it cannot be freely and/or directly discharged into any source of water or river without prior proper treatment. The treatment of raw POME is an important issue in palm oil mills and the method of treatment has attracted many researchers and non-governmental organisation (NGO) associated with environmental pollution. Owing to the more stringent effluent environmental regulations by the Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia, research interest has recently shifted to the development of sustainable effluent polishing technologies. Therefore, it is perhaps worthwhile to look into a new viable and sustainable technology such as utilisation of renewable oil palm biomass as bio-adsorbents. This article reviews the development of polishing treatments for POME final discharge and further discusses the application of palm-based activated carbon for the treatment system. In conclusion, the integration system of conventional POME treatment with bio-adsorbents could be considered as a sustainable approach, thus solving environmental problems of waste disposal and pollution control for the oil palm industry.


Tantalum oxide (TaOx) nanoparticles (NPs) are deposited on a commercial Pt/C catalyst by an area-selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) approach to enhance the stability of the catalyst in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Due to the application of a blocking agent for protecting the Pt surface, TaOx particles are selectively nucleated and grown around Pt NPs. The TaOx loading on the Pt/C surface could be controlled precisely by varying the number of ALD cycles. When deposited on the Pt/C surface with 35 ALD cycles, the TaOx-anchored Pt NPs formed an excellent triple-junction structure of TaOx–Pt–carbon. The electrochemical durability tests indicated that the TaOx-anchored Pt/C catalyst showed comparable catalytic activity and superior long-term stability to Pt/C. Moreover, the long-term stability test in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) indicated a very low power density loss (12%) after a 120 h accelerated durability test. The significantly enhanced catalyst stability during PEMFCs operation is due to the anchoring effect of TaOxvia strong metal oxide–support interactions. This strategy shows great potential for developing highly stable catalysts for PEMFCs.


With the general growing trend of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria, this study was set out to ascertain the prevailing antimicrobial resistance pattern of Klebsiella pneumoniae, a hitherto highly susceptible bacterium from clinical specimens. The study was retrospective in nature. Data generated from clinical specimens processed at the University of Calabar Teaching hospital Microbiology laboratory were compiled over a five year period (2004-2009). Relevant data such as type and nature of specimen, microscopy and culture results, antibiotic susceptibility results, and age and gender of the respective subjects were obtained. From the 152 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from 54.6% (83) males and 45.4% (69) females, 62.5% (95) and 37.5% (57) were community acquired (CA) and nosocomial (NC) isolates respectively. At least 52.0% (79), 32.0% (49), and 16.0% (24) of the isolates were resistant to ≥5, 3-4, and 1-2 antibiotics respectively while no isolate (0.0%) was susceptible to all the antibiotics tested. The resistance of the NC isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae against chloramphenicol, erythromycin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, amoxicillin, cloxacillin and ampicillin was significantly higher than their CA counterpart (P< 0.05). Augmentin, colistin, Ofloxacin, ceftriaxone and nalidixic acid were the most active agents. Extreme restraint should be exercised in the use of antibiotics among clinicians while their general use adequately regulated to help control this growing pattern of multiple resistance. ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY


Maternal mortality accounts for most deaths in agrarian communities of Nigeria due to poor access to midwives services and inadequate Skilled Birth Attendants (SBAs). The Midwives Service Scheme (MSS) was established to engage more SBAs and advocate better utilization of pre and post-natal care services. Studies have focused on maternal mortality reduction, however, information on underlying factors that predispose MSS target beneficiaries to its utilization is scarce. Therefore, utilization of MSS among women farmers in southwestern Nigeria was investigated. A four-stage sampling procedure was used. Three states from southwestern states (Oyo, Ogun and Ekiti) were randomly selected. Thereafter, ten Local Government Areas (LGAs) from eighteen LGAs that adopted MSS programme in the selected states were sampled. Also, 30% of the MSS facilities in the sampled LGAs were selected, resulting in 13 MSS facilities. Proportionate sampling technique was used to select 20% of registered women farmers in the selected 13 MSS facilities to give 207 respondents. Interview schedule was used to collect data on respondents' socioeconomic characteristics, Maternal Health Information Sources (MHIS), Maternal Health Information Seeking Behavior (MHISB) and utilization of MSS. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. About (55.6%) of the respondents had formal education. MHISB and effectiveness of MSS was rated low by 53.2% and 55.6% of the respondents, respectively. MSS was moderately utilized by 64.7% of the respondents. The MSS utilization was 49.24 ± 11.39 (Oyo), 45.08 ± 9.28 (Ogun) and 44.00 ± 10.71 (Ekiti). Respondents' education (χ2 = 12.85), family size (r = 0.02), monthly income (r = 0.48) related positively and significantly (r = 0.27) to MSS utilization.


Members of the genus Actinomyces, Gram-positive, non-spore-forming anaerobic bacteria, are normal inhabitants of the mucosal surfaces of the oral, gastrointestinal and genital tracts. Identification of these bacteria using conventional methods is generally difficult because of their complex transport and growth requirements and their fastidious and slow-growing nature. However, in recent years, the advancement of molecular techniques has provided much improved identification and differentiation of closely related Actinomyces species. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of the PCR technique in the diagnosis of genital Actinomyces in comparison with culturing and Papanicolaou (Pap) smear microscopy. Multiple sampling was conducted from 200 women using smear microscopy, culturing and PCR. Cyto-brushes were smeared on glass slides and stained using the routine Pap technique. Culturing was performed from a sterile swab, and Actinomyces were determined using the BBL Crystal ANR ID kit. PCR was performed from a second swab, and the Actinomyces type was determined using type-specific primers designed in our laboratory. Only one vaginal fluid sample (0.5%) revealed Actinomyces-like organisms on Pap smear examination. Actinomyces were detected in nine samples (4.5%) using the BBL Crystal ANR ID kit. Using PCR, eight samples (4%) were found positive for Actinomyces. No specimens that gave positive results by Pap smear microscopy and culturing could be confirmed by PCR. Pap smear microscopy and culturing were both found to have zero sensitivity for Actinomyces. PCR appears to be a sensitive and reliable diagnostic method for the detection of Actinomyces, which are difficult to cultivate from genital samples. PCR can be used for diagnostic confirmation in cases diagnosed by conventional methods, to prevent false-positive results.


Recently an increasing number of underground pipes have been established, particularly in city centres, for different applications such as sewage, electricity, gas, water and drainage. How to detect and make a precise 3-dimensional survey of buried pipelines has become a focused issue. This paper first of all reviews four trenchless technologies for locating buried utilities with an emphasis on describing their application and limitations. It is found that there is no single technology, which is able to locate all underground utility service infrastructures, particularly for deep buried plastic pipes. Meanwhile, these trenchless detection technologies need to be integrated with positioning technologies to create maps for buried utilities. One of the most attractive positioning technologies for providing absolute global position is Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). However a large percentage of buried utilities are in urban areas, where is not ideal for GNSS positioning technology. This paper evaluates the performance of single and multi GNSS constellations by carrying out a test in a controlled environment. The results show that using combined GNSS systems improve availability in urban canyons compared with using GPS alone. In addition, this paper describes an inertial based pipeline positioning technology called 'Ductrunner', which can locate and position the buried objects in spite of the material and depth without extra positioning systems. An approximately 30m long test pipeline has been established to evaluate the performance of Ductrunner. The maximum positioning errors are found to be 8cm in plan and 4cm in height. This shows that this technology is very promising for measuring deep pipes over relatively short distances.


Amidst talks of establishing an EU-wide banking union, the recent changes in the regulatory framework and the rethinking of the future of European banking structure, the future of EU bank regulation is inextricably linked to banks' business models. Using a sample of over 70 banks, which overlaps with those subjected to the EBA's 2011 stress tests, this report emphasizes the key regulatory gaps that emerge from a comprehensive analysis of the soundness and performance of bank business models and provides policy-makers with guidance to reinforce the evolving regulatory framework in European banking.The study was commissioned by the Greens-European Free Alliance Political Group in the European Parliament and directed by Dr. Rym Ayadi, Senior Research Fellow and Head of the Financial Institutions and Prudential Policy research unit at CEPS. The research team included Emrah Arbak, Researcher and Willem Pieter de Groen, Research Assistant in the same unit at CEPS, with a contribution from David T. Llewellyn of Loughborough University, the Cass Business School in London and the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration.


AIM--To determine whether aP2 expression is a useful diagnostic marker in soft tissue tumour pathology. METHODS--A polyclonal antibody to aP2 was used to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of this protein in benign and malignant tumours of adipocytic differentiation and a wide variety of other neoplasms. RESULTS--aP2 was only expressed by lipoblasts (in all types of liposarcoma and in lipoblastomatosis) and by brown fat cells (in both hibernomas and normal periadrenal fetal fat). Other benign adipose tissue tumours and malignant connective tissue or epithelial tumours were distinguished from liposarcoma by the absence of staining for aP2. CONCLUSION--Identification of lipoblasts using markers of aP2 expression is of value in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant adipose tissue tumours and in distinguishing liposarcomas from other malignant mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasms, some of which contain cells that morphologically resemble lipoblasts.


The DNA unwinding effects of some 9-aminoacridine derivatives were compared under reaction conditions that could be used to study drug-induced topoisomerase II inhibition. An assay was designed to determine drug-induced DNA unwinding by using L1210 topoisomerase I. 9-aminoacridines could be ranked by decreasing unwinding potency: compound C greater than or equal to 9-aminoacridine greater than o-AMSA greater than or equal to compound A greater than compound B greater than m-AMSA. Ethidium bromide was more potent than any of the 9-aminoacridines. This assay is a fast and simple method to compare DNA unwinding effects of intercalators. It led to the definition of a drug intrinsic unwinding constant (k). An additional finding was that all 9-aminoacridines and ethidium bromide inhibited L1210 topoisomerase I. Enzyme inhibition was detectable at low enzyme concentrations (less than or equal to 1 unit) and when the kinetics of topoisomerase I-mediated DNA relaxation was studied. Topoisomerase I inhibition was not associated with DNA swivelling or cleavage.


Pathology consensus review for clinical trials and disease classification has historically been performed by manual light microscopy with sequential section review by study pathologists, or multi-headed microscope review. Limitations of this approach include high intra- and inter-reader variability, costs, and delays for slide mailing and consensus reviews. To improve this, the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) is systematically applying digital pathology review in a multicenter study using renal biopsy whole slide imaging (WSI) for observation-based data collection. Study pathology materials are acquired, scanned, uploaded, and stored in a web-based information system that is accessed through a web-browser interface. Quality control includes metadata and image quality review. Initially, digital slides are annotated, with each glomerulus identified, given a unique number, and maintained in all levels until the glomerulus disappears or sections end. The software allows viewing and annotation of multiple slide sections concurrently. Analysis utilizes "descriptors" for patterns of injury, rather than diagnoses, in renal parenchymal compartments. This multidimensional representation via WSI, allows more accurate glomerular counting and identification of all lesions in each glomerulus, with data available in a searchable database. The use of WSI brings about efficiency critical to pathology review in a clinical trial setting, including independent review by multiple pathologists, improved intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility, efficiencies and risk reduction in slide circulation and mailing, centralized management of data integrity and slide images for current or future studies, and web-based consensus meetings. The overall effect is improved incorporation of pathology review in a budget neutral approach.


The study analyses the price formation and market functionality of the Finnish food chain. A significant portion of the report consists of international comparisons. The main comparison countries are the so-called old EU countries (EU15) of Western Europe, the new EU countries (EU12) and the United States. Comparisons are also made with individual countries. After the international comparisons, the price formation of the food chain, degree of concentration, competition, and the position of small producers is analysed for Finland in more detail. The main findings of the study are as follows : 1) a significant reason for the high price of foodstuffs in Finland is the high VAT, 2) the price level without VAT was in 2005 a couple of per cent higher and in December 2009 about 7 per cent higher than the average in the old EU countries, but it is considerably higher than in the new EU countries and the United States, 3) In Finland the price level of food-stuffs is elevated by the weak agricultural competitiveness (northern location and small farm size); on the other hand, the competitiveness of the foodstuffs industry and the wholesale and retail trade is rather good, 4) measured in terms of price-cost margins, competition works in Finland just as well in agriculture, the foodstuffs industry and the wholesale and retail trade as it does in the food chain of the comparison countries, 5) the large share of the wholesale and retail trade in the Finnish food chain is attributable to higher transport costs than in the comparison countries, 6) in Finland the prices of foodstuffs have moved in the same direction as in comparison countries, albeit with a lag of a few months; in 2009 the prices of dairy products, butter and margarine, meat, fish products and food products nevertheless fell by considerably less than in the comparison countries and less than the development of producer prices would have indicated, 7) the foodstuffs industry and the wholesale and retail trade are concentrated sectors; enterprises nevertheless compete with each other and with imports, 8) the degree of concentration, agreement practices and price development should be monitored especially in product groups where consumer prices have not fallen in line with a decline in producer prices, 9) access of small producers to markets is important from the standpoint of competition and consumer choice; the position of small producers can best be improved by fostering the exchange of information within the chain.


OBJECTIVE
Whether ultra-highly diluted homeopathic remedies can affect living systems is questionable. Therefore, this study sees value in the analysis of whether homeopathically diluted glucose 30C has any effect on Escherichia coli exposed to arsenite stress.

METHODS
E. coli were cultured to their log phase in standard Luria-Bertani medium and then treated with either 1 mmol/L or 2 mmol/L sodium arsenite, with or without supplementation of either 1% or 3% glucose, an ultra-highly diluted and agitated ethanolic solution (70%) of glucose (diluted 10(60) times), glucose 30C or 70% ethanol (placebo) in the medium. Glucose uptake, specific activities of hexokinase and glucokinase, membrane potential, intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and expression of glucose permease in E. coli were analyzed at two different time intervals. Arsenic content in E. coli (intracellular) and in the spent medium (extracellular) was also determined.

RESULTS
In arsenite-exposed E. coli, the glucose uptake increased along with decreases in the specific activities of hexokinase and glucokinase, intracellular ATP and membrane potential and an increase in the gene expression level of glucose permease. Glucose uptake increased further by addition of 1%, 3% or ultra-highly diluted glucose in the medium, but not by the placebo.

CONCLUSION
The results demonstrated the efficacy of the ultra-highly diluted and agitated glucose in mimicking the action of actual glucose supplementation and its ability to modulate expressions of hexokinase and glucokinase enzymes and glucose permease genes, thereby validating the efficacy of ultra-high dilutions used in homeopathy.


Abetract Previously, we have presented a method for embedding selection based on cluster analysis. In this paper, we described an embedding selection method based on a feature reduction transformation matrix. This method extracts features that are important for maintaining decision boundaries in the supervised clusters. Experimentally, we demonstrate that our method allow accurate prediction of the Mackay-Glass chaotic time series. Three important properties of the feature reduction transformation are proved in this paper.


Chromatography is an increasingly important separation technique in the fine chemical, pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries. The development of accurate, reliable mathematical models for chromatography is necessary for an efficient optimisation of the process. The past decade has seen a tremendous advance in the mathematical modelling and optimisation of the chromatographic processes, with the increase in computational power that is now available. The purposes of this work are to (1) compare chromatographic models, (2) examine the choice of chromatographic models employed and (3) compare different chromatography configurations applied to the same process. With the variety of chromatography models available, there is a need to decide which model is best suited to a given process and the means by which the model parameters can be determined. A novel approach is proposed in this thesis for the model parameter and model selection for chromatographic processes to address both these issues and is illustrated using three case studies. This work highlights the differences in using simulated, theoretical data (which most modelling work commonly illustrated with) and experimental data, particularly data of complex bio-mixtures. Model selection is conducted using a recent graphical interpretation method, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of this method. Over the years, the operation of the chromatographic process in these industries has undergone some changes and it is no longer limited to batch processing. Whilst the single column is still popular in preparative chromatography, multi-column processes are now becoming increasingly popular in industrial-scale chromatography to produce large amounts of highly purified products. In light of the diversity of operational policies now available to chromatography, the second half of this thesis addresses examines the differences between the single column and the multicolumn chromatographic processes. Preliminary work is done on developing a detailed model of the simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatographic process, presenting both a dynamic model and two cyclic steady state (CSS) models. A theoretical case study is then optimised for the operation of the SMB process. The simulated moving bed (SMB) process and its recent variation, the Varicol process, are particularly well known. Such processes are continuous and are able to produce large quantities of high purified products. The decision of choosing either a single column or multi-column process for a separation is not a clear cut one. As the configurations and process operations in these processes are vastly different, an economic comparison between the optimised process alternatives is thus necessary to properly assess the strengths and weaknesses of each system, particularly from an industrial point of view. In column chromatography, a single column, as well as a single column with recycle and peak shaving operations, are considered, whilst for the multi-column alternative, the SMB process and its variations (Varicol, Powerfeed etc.) are examined.


The idea of group projects in textile art is nothing new - people have been coming together to sew for centuries, and quilters often work together on projects such as 'story quilts'. But recently the trend has increased in popularity - textile artists regularly share ideas and work sociably, from simple one-to-one collaborations with friends to ambitious community projects and ongoing textile-art groups. Well-known textile artists Cas Holmes and Anne Kelly have been involved in a very productive collaboration for several years, and also devise and run community textile-art events and gallery exhibitions, both together and separately. In this fascinating book, they present an invaluable guide to working collaboratively, in both small and large groups. They provide useful information on setting up groups, finding venues, establishing ground rules and working methods, and staging group exhibitions, plus a wealth of practical information for ways to work together - working on one project at the same time, swapping pieces between different people, creating different variations on a theme, developing work by means of joint sketchbooks, and even working postally or online. They also demonstrate how working with other artists can have a positive influence on your own personal work. Illustrated with many examples of work produced collaboratively, this thought-provoking book will help you connect with other textile artists and take your own work beyond the personal.


A multi-residue method for determining 81 pesticides and metabolite residues in vegetables and fruits by liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) with electrospray ionization was developed. Pesticide residues were extracted from samples with acetone. Macroporous diatomaceous earth column was used instead of the separatory funnel for liquid/liquid extraction. Ethyl acetate was used as eluting solvent for diatomaceous earth column. This sample preparation technique by diatomaceous earth column was easy, fast and environment-friendly. It can reduce the sample preparation time and solvent consumption as well as eliminate the emulsion problem. Eighty-one analytes of different chemical families of insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, plant growth regulators and 4 pesticide metabolites were determined in a single 25 min LC/MS/MS run. The pesticides were separated on an Atlantis T3 column using a gradient elution. Data acquisition under MS/MS for every pesticide or metabolite was achieved by applying multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of two fragment ion transitions to provide high sensitivity and selectivity for both quantification and confirmation. A total of 162 MRM transitions were monitored. The standard addition was employed to compensate for the matrix effects to achieve the maximum accuracy of the LC/MS/MS method. Vegetable (bok choy) and fruit samples (grape or orange) were fortified with pesticides of low (0.05 or 0.1 ppm) and high (0.5 ppm) levels, and the triplicate results showed satisfactory recoveries and repeatability. The recoveries for most pesticides ranged from 70 to 120% and the coefficients of variation of all pesticides were below 25% in all matrices. The developed method, compared with traditional GC or LC method, showed less time-consumption and higher sensitivity. The proposed method is considered satisfactory for routine monitoring of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables.


Over the past two decades, much progress has been made in research and application of the base isolation of structures as means of providing earthquake resistance to a structure. However, the trade-off between the extent of acceleration reduction and the response of a base-isolation system has not been given a serious consideration. This work uses a new material constitutive model for rubber bearing base-isolation system, which adopts the technique of real-time structural parameter modification. To achieve this, a finite element modeling and analysis are performed as a comparative study between a conventional totally fixed-base steel frame structure and similar base-isolated structures using rubber-steel bearings. The structures are subjected to the El-Centro, N-S earthquake. In order to include nonlinearity effects, a non-linear hyperviscoelastic material model has been used and linked to ABAQUS software as a user defined material subroutine (i.e., UMAT). Special connector elements are selected from ABAQUS library to connect the rubber bearings to the frame structure and the foundations in order to achieve the required kinematical constraints at the connection points. The model is validated by carrying out a comparative study of the results obtained from the analysis of the presented material model with those obtained by using the existing ABAQUS material models (e.g., Ogden material model). The results show a significance efficiency of using the rubber bearing isolation in order to uncouple the structure from the seismic ground motion. Moreover, it has been proved that the used material model is more effective to capture the behavior of the base-isolated structures expressing a notable reduction in acceleration and an increase in the structural resistance to earthquake excitations.


Sustainability considerations for product and energy production in a future US economy can be met with lignocellulosic biomass. The age of petroleum as the key resource to meet the US economy requirements is rapidly dwindling, given the limited resources of petroleum, the growing global population, and concurrent detrimental effects on environmental safety. The use of natural and renewable feedstocks such as trees and switchgrass is becoming more attractive; indeed, lignocellulosic biomass is becoming a logical alternative to petroleum in light of looming oil shortages, increases in oil prices, and environmental sustainability considerations. This editorial aims at providing a broad overview of the consider-ations for replacing the US petroleum economy with one based on lignocellulosic biomass.


Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) provides a promising solution to many real-world problems, where labels are only available at the bag level but missing for instances due to a high labeling cost. As a powerful Bayesian non-parametric model, Gaussian Processes (GP) have been extended from classical supervised learning to MIL settings, aiming to identify the most likely positive (or least negative) instance from a positive (or negative) bag using only the bag-level labels. However, solely focusing on a single instance in a bag makes the model less robust to outliers or multi-modal scenarios, where a single bag contains a diverse set of positive instances. We propose a general GP mixture framework that simultaneously considers multiple instances through a latent mixture model. By adding a top-k constraint, the framework is equivalent to choosing the top-k most positive instances, making it more robust to outliers and multimodal scenarios. We further introduce a Distributionally Robust Optimization (DRO) constraint that removes the limitation of specifying a fix k value. To ensure the prediction power over high-dimensional data (e.g., videos and images) that are common in MIL, we augment the GP kernel with fixed basis functions by using a deep neural network to learn adaptive basis functions so that the covariance structure of high-dimensional data can be accurately captured. Experiments are conducted on highly challenging real-world video anomaly detection tasks to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. Proceedings of the 24 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS) 2021, San Diego, California, USA. PMLR: Volume 130. Copyright 2021 by the author(s). * Corresponding author


OBJECTIVE
identify Cuban municipalities with high, medium, and low incidence of tuberculosis (TB), compare incidence rates for the periods 1999-2002 and 2003-2006, and analyze distribution of the disease by population density and economic activity.

METHODS
TB incidence was calculated by municipality, confidence interval (95%), and the percentage of variation for the defined strata according to population density and the predominant economic activity. The municipalities were divided into three categories based on incidence (> 10 per 100 000; > 5 per 100 000 to < 10 per 100 000, and < 5 per 100 000), and maps were plotted.

RESULTS
the proportion of municipalities with an incidence of < 5 per 100 000 rose from 35.5% to 57.4% between the two periods, while the proportion of municipalities with an incidence of > 10 per 100 000 fell from 22.5% to 5.9%. National incidence fell by 28.7%-from 8.7 per 100 000 in 1999-2002 to 6.2 in 2003-2006. Municipalities that were not very densely populated and where agricultural activities predominated showed significant reductions in incidence. The rates in densely populated municipalities devoted primarily to industrial and service activities are still high.

CONCLUSIONS
TB incidence is gradually and sustainably declining in the majority of municipalities. Differentiated strategies are needed to reduce TB incidence rates in municipalities where they continue to be relatively high.


Abstract. During the last two decades the fractal geometry has become a powerful approach to different physical problems. It is also found to be useful in image processing applications. A numerical quantity that characterizes the auroral structure would be important for auroral investigations. We try to obtain the quantity on the basis of the box-counting dimension of the line of equal intensity. In this paper we present results of some tests of our procedure by simulated images. The possibilities that the approach gives us for analysis of the auroral dynamics are discussed. The auroral dynamics during several typical auroral events are considered. Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere) – Magnetospheric physics (magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions) – Space plasma physics (nonlinear phenomena)


RATIONALE
Restoration of vitamin D sufficiency may reduce asthma exacerbations, events that are often associated with respiratory tract infections and cold symptoms.

OBJECTIVES
To determine whether vitamin D supplementation reduces cold symptom occurrence and severity in adults with mild to moderate asthma and vitamin D insufficiency.

METHODS
Colds were assessed in the AsthmaNet VIDA (Vitamin D Add-on Therapy Enhances Corticosteroid Responsiveness) trial, in which 408 adult patients were randomized to receive placebo or cholecalciferol (100,000 IU load plus 4,000 IU/d) for 28 weeks as add-on therapy. The primary outcome was cold symptom severity, which was assessed using daily scores on the 21-item Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
A total of 203 participants experienced at least one cold. Despite achieving 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of 41.9 ng/ml (95% confidence interval [CI], 40.1-43.7 ng/ml) by 12 weeks, vitamin D supplementation had no effect on the primary outcome: the average peak WURSS-21 scores (62.0 [95% CI, 55.1-68.9; placebo] and 58.7 [95% CI, 52.4-65.0; vitamin D]; P = 0.39). The rate of colds did not differ between groups (rate ratio [RR], 1.2; 95% CI, 0.9-1.5); however, among African Americans, those receiving vitamin D versus placebo had an increased rate of colds (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.7; P = 0.02). This was also observed in a responder analysis of all subjects achieving vitamin D sufficiency, regardless of treatment assignment (RR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7; P = 0.009).

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings in patients with mild to moderate asthma undergoing an inhaled corticosteroid dose reduction do not support the use of vitamin D supplementation for the purpose of reducing cold severity or frequency.


Purpose Binocular visual field (VF) loss is linked to driving impairment, guiding authorities to implement fitness to drive requirements for VFs. Yet, evidence is limited regarding the specific types of VF defect that impede driving. This study used a novel gaze-contingent display to test the hypothesis that superior VF loss impacts detection of driving hazards more than inferior loss. Methods The Hazard Perception Test (HPT) is a computer-based component of the UK examination for learner drivers. It measures the response rate for detecting hazards in a series of real-life driving films, yielding a score out of 75, calculated based on the efficiency of detecting 15 hazards. Thirty UK drivers with healthy vision completed three versions of the HPT in a random order. In two versions, a computer set-up incorporating an eye-tracker modified a simulated VF defect in the superior and inferior VFs, respectively, according to the users' real-time gaze as they completed the HPT. The other version was unmodified to measure the baseline performance. Results Participants' mean score at baseline was 49/75 (SD=9). Mean (SD) performance fell by 18% (40(11)) when viewing films with a superior defect and 12% with an inferior defect (43(10)). These average differences were statistically significant (p<0.001; 95% CI for mean difference=1–7) Conclusions In this study, simulated VF defects impaired the ability to detect driving hazards relative to participants' normal performances, with superior defects having more impact than inferior defects. These results could help inform the design of fairer tests of the VF component for fitness to drive.


In today's organisations, project managers' responsibilities go far beyond managing projects within the triple constraints of cost, time and quality (Crawford 2005). They are increasingly being looked upon as drivers of strategic development of their organisations. This transformation in the role of a project manager calls for developing additional competencies such as business analysis and strategic leadership. The Project Management Institute emphasises a focus on these skills for project managers worldwide. Owing to the country's fast pace of growth and the challenges that arise thereof, Indian companies and educational institutions are also fast realising the importance of holistic development of project managers. Recent research underscores the induction of soft skills and leadership capabilities in project management education. This has led to several studies in the international context that examine student experiences while attending courses in project management. A prominent characteristic that the literature has not dealt with in sufficient detail is the potential impact of prior work experience on students' learning capabilities during the course. Since most Indian schools do not specify prior work experience as an admission requirement, cohorts usually comprise a mix of students with and without prior work experience. Hence, to analyse if pedagogy is effective, we must consider overall student experience and, in addition, whether and how the students' heterogeneity in the form of their past work experience impacts their experience during the course. The objective of this study is to answer two questions: (1) is there a significant difference in perceptions of leadership aspects of project management between experienced and inexperienced students? (2) How can we design project management pedagogy to cater to this heterogeneity and yet provide superior student experience?


Background People with disability (PWD) often rely on others, both for direct support and for the creation of enabling environments to meet their needs. This need makes it crucial for professionals to be willing to work with PWD, and for people to pursue careers that focus on supporting PWD. Objectives To explore self-other overlap as a unique predictor of willingness to work with PWD as part of one's career, using three studies. Methods Studies 1 and 2 used cross-sectional surveys of college undergraduates to explore: 1. whether an association between self-other overlap and willingness to work with PWD exists, and 2. whether self-other overlap is a unique predictor, controlling for attitudes and empathy. Study 3 investigated whether self-other overlap is associated with the groups with whom the students indicated they want (and do not want) to work as part of their career. Results Across the three studies, self-other overlap was uniquely associated with students' willingness to work with PWD as part of one's profession, even when controlling for attitudes and empathy. Conclusions Self-other overlap may be an important additional factor to take into consideration when developing interventions targeted toward promoting working with PWD.


The production of expectations or future-goals for the development of techniques which "read" and modulate brain function, represent an important practical tool for neuroscientists. These visions-of-the-future assist scientists by providing focus for both individual and cross-disciplinary research programs; they encourage the development of new industrial sectors, are used to justify the allocation of government resources and funding, and via the media can help capture the imagination and support of the public. However, such expectations need to be tempered by reality. Over-hyping brain imaging and modulation will lead to disappointment; disappointment that in turn can undermine its potential. Similarly, if neuroscientists focus their attention narrowly on the science without concomitant consideration of its future ethical, legal and social implications, then their expectations may remain unrealized. To develop these arguments herein we introduce the theoretical concept of expectations and the practical consequences of expectations. We contextualize these reflections by referring to brain imaging and modulation studies on deception, which encompass the measurement-suppression-augmentation range.


In 'secular' Western societies, religious topics permeate media texts of books, films, series and games and such texts even inform several religious-spiritual movements. Critically expanding on theories about 'fiction-based religion', 'invented religion' or 'hyper-real religion', this article studies if, how and why players of the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) World of Warcraft reflect on religious narratives in the game world and what influence it has on their personal perspective on religion. Based on interviews with 22 international players, three forms of 'religious reflexivity' are distinguished: (1) religious performance, an acting out of offline experiences with religion through online role-playing; (2) religious relativism, a shift from dogmatic atheism to a tolerant attitude towards religion; and (3) religious quests, an increased interest in religion and active 'bricolage' of online religion and official religion to create personal systems of meaning. Online games, it is concluded, can serve as laboratories where youngsters freely experiment with religion outside the established churches.


One of the most pervasive myths of U.S. immigration law is that marriage to a U.S. citizen confers citizenship, or at least some form of legal status, upon a foreign national. It is an intuitive notion: that a U.S. citizen enjoys, as part of his or her package of privileges and protections, the right to live anywhere in the United States with a spouse of his or her choosing, and to confer automatically some form of legal status upon that spouse. It comes as a surprise and an affront to many U.S. citizens that their immigration laws do not always comport with this notion. The fact is that no marriage-based adjustment of a foreign national's immigration status occurs automatically. And significant problems arise for families in which the foreign national spouse entered the United States without inspection. Under current immigration law, foreign nationals who entered the United States without inspection are ineligible to apply for lawful permanent residency in the United States, irrespective of the existence of an approved petition submitted by a U.S. citizen spouse. Such individuals must instead depart the United States and apply for an immigrant visa abroad. This is much more than an inconvenience involving travel and temporary separation from loved ones. Another immigration provision bars any foreign national who has been unlawfully present in the United States for one year or longer from reentering the United States for ten years upon his or her departure from the United States. Only a waiver granted on account of "extreme hardship" to the U.S. citizen spouse can overcome the bar. This Article reviews and critiques the reentry bars and advocates for the resurrection of section 245(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, which, prior to its expiration in 1998, allowed undocumented immigrants who married U.S. citizens to adjust their status in the United States rather than have to depart the United States and apply for an immigrant visa abroad. The Article argues that the combined effects of the reentry bars and the unavailability of 245(i) upon the current generation of U.S. citizens seeking to sponsor undocumented immigrant spouses are overly harsh and constitutionally suspect. The Article concludes that truly comprehensive immigration reform legislation must include a permanent reinstatement of 245(i) for immediate relatives of U.S. citizens.