New information and communication technologies have greatly affected archival institutions. It is therefore not surprising that the world of archival management has presently been confronted with many challenges as new technologies transform the archival landscape. Digital technologies are challenging custodians' abilities to preserve our archival heritage. This article provides an overview of digitization initiatives drawing, in the main, on a survey carried out in archival institutions within the east and southern African region. Modern technology has had a profound impact on how information is stored and accessed. A study carried out between 2006 and 2009 in heritage institutions, both private and public, with liberation struggle archives, within the Sub-Saharan region, revealed that digitization was the most widely used preservation strategy in the surveyed archival institutions. Resources permitting, archival institutions should adopt digitization for their liberation struggle heritage as a reformatting strategy in order to counter the problem posed by deteriorating media. The methodologies employed for data gathering included a survey, observation and structured interviews. This article provides the reader with the findings of the research and the opinions of the researchers. However, this paper does not contend or claim to be exhaustive of all issues pertaining to digitization.


The process of astrogliosis, or reactive gliosis, is a typical response of astrocytes to a wide range of physical and chemical injuries. The up-regulation of the astrocyte specific glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a hallmark of reactive gliosis and is widely used as a marker to identify the response. In order to develop a reliable, sensitive and high throughput astrocyte toxicity assay that is more relevant to the human response than existing animal cell based models, the U251-MG, U373-MG and CCF-STTG 1 human astrocytoma cell lines were investigated for their ability to exhibit reactive-like changes following exposure to ethanol, chloroquine diphosphate, trimethyltin chloride and acrylamide. Cytotoxicity analysis showed that the astrocytic cells were generally more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of the agents than the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Retinoic acid induced differentiation of the SH-SY5Y line was also seen to confer some degree of resistance to toxicant exposure, particularly in the case of ethanol. Using a cell based ELISA for GFAP together with concurrent assays for metabolic activity and cell number, each of the three cell lines responded to toxicant exposure by an increase in GFAP immunoreactivity (GFAP-IR), or by increased metabolic activity. Ethanol, chloroquine diphosphate, trimethyltin chloride and bacterial lipopolysaccharide all induced either GFAP or MTT increases depending upon the cell line, dose and exposure time. Preliminary investigations of additional aspects of astrocytic injury indicated that IL-6, but not TNF-α. or nitric oxide, is released following exposure to each of the compounds, with the exception of acrylamide. It is clear that these human astrocytoma cell lines are capable of responding to toxicant exposure in a manner typical of reactive gliosis and are therefore a valuable cellular model in the assessment of in vitro neurotoxicity.


Abstract Ribonucleases are central players in post-transcriptional regulation, a major level of gene expression regulation in all cells. Here, we characterized the 3′-5′ exoribonuclease RNase R from the bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori. The 'prototypical' Escherichia coli RNase R displays both exoribonuclease and helicase activities, but whether this latter RNA unwinding function is a general feature of bacterial RNase R had not been addressed. We observed that H. pylori HpRNase R protein does not carry the domains responsible for helicase activity and accordingly the purified protein is unable to degrade in vitro RNA molecules with secondary structures. The lack of RNase R helicase domains is widespread among the Campylobacterota, which include Helicobacter and Campylobacter genera, and this loss occurred gradually during their evolution. An in vivo interaction between HpRNase R and RhpA, the sole DEAD-box RNA helicase of H. pylori was discovered. Purified RhpA facilitates the degradation of double stranded RNA by HpRNase R, showing that this complex is functional. HpRNase R has a minor role in 5S rRNA maturation and few targets in H. pylori, all included in the RhpA regulon. We concluded that during evolution, HpRNase R has co-opted the RhpA helicase to compensate for its lack of helicase activity.


Abstract : Many firms generate revenue by successfully operating machines such as welding robots, rental cars, aircraft, hotel rooms, amusement park attractions, etc. It is critical that these revenue-generating machines be operational according to the firm s target or requirement; thus, assuring sustained revenue generation for the firm. Machines can and do fail, and in many cases, restoring the downed machine requires spare part(s), which are typically managed by the supply chain. The scope of this research is on the supply chain management of the very sparse, intermittently-demanded spare parts. These parts are especially difficult to manage because they have little to no lead time demand; thus, modeling via a Poisson process is not viable. The first area of our research develops two new frameworks to improve the supply chain manager s stock policy on these parts. The stock polices are tested via case studies on the A-10C attack aircraft and B1 bomber fleets. Results show the AF could save $10M/year on the A10 and improve support to the B1 without increasing inventory. The second area of our research develops a framework to integrate the supply chain processes that generate these service parts. With the integrated framework, we establish two new forward-looking metrics. We show examples how these forward-looking metrics can advance the supply chain manager s desire to know what proactive decisions to make to improve his/her supply chain for the good of the firm.


Gardening is one of the prevailing tasks of the people, - it is loved and practised by the tenants of places as well as of cottages, - and is a source of pleasure, health and profit to all, ('The Cottage Gardener', 1860)
This study investigated the meaning of the possession and cultivation of a garden for the Victorian middle classes, who moved to the suburb of Kingston upon Thames to escape overcrowding and insanitary conditions in central London. Archival research confirmed that Kingston was the home of a wide spectrum of the middle classes, as well as the weekend retreat of royalty, the aristocracy and government ministers. It was also found that although many gardens were created on its fertile soil, little tangible evidence of these remain.
Contemporary documentary sources indicated that during the period of the study the role of gardens in peoples' lives was complex. A prime aim of many people was to use their gardens for relaxation, whether just being in the garden with friends or family; or entertaining more extravagantly. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the garden also became the setting for social activities focused on sports and even some small gardens were found to have a croquet or tennis lawn. For families Kingston also provided ideal "rural" surroundings, but for others, a house and garden in the suburbs may have been the embodiment of their hopes and aspirations for a new life. Gardening activities or the opportunity to take part in horticultural shows and meet others with similar interests may have been an attraction for some people; but the traditional garden function of providing vegetables, fruit, herbs and flowers for domestic use also continued, not always, perhaps, out of necessity but because it was an enjoyable and healthy activity - a "healthful, pleasurable occupation".
A review of the history of garden design portrayed significant changes in aesthetic theory and fashionable style during the period which changed the nature of many gardens throughout Britain. It was, therefore, considered that these influences might (or might not) have also affected changes made in Kingston gardens. An important economic effect of the increase in the number of private gardens in Kingston was the corresponding increase in garden-related markets, indicated by the rising numbers of gardeners, nurseries and gardening products advertised and an increase in newspaper reports of local horticultural shows, exhibitions, societies and educational courses.
In summary, hundreds of gardens were created in Kingston upon Thames during the period 1800-1914, but few traces remain. However, through local newspaper and journal articles and the writings of local "personalities", it has been possible to gain an insight into the motives, aspirations and interests of those who moved to the suburbs during the nineteenth century and to document at least some of their gardening achievements.


Purpose/ aim: The aim is to examine if IKEA expand too fast. We try to find answers to this problem. This is a huge problem to IKEA and other large-scale companies which plan to expand in the world.Design/methodology/approach: Data on customers' feelings has been collected through questionnaires. The analysis includes a description of the sample and statistic test. After the test, the relationship between price and quality will be found.Findings: The analysis showed that the expansion of IKEA is fast enough to affect the quality of the products. There is a positive relationship between the quality and price. The rule is that the higher the price the better the quality. The data collected from the questionnaires shows that people think that the quality of IKEA's products has decreased. In the analysis, the details are showed. What happened, and why did it happen?From this we suggest that IKEA should slow down the steps to expansion and pay more attention to the quality of the products.Originality/ value: The topic about IKEA's expansion is a totally new area, which hasn't been researched upon before. Most people think IKEA is a miracle and they always hope IKEA will build more stores in the world, but with this we disagree. Based on these findings we would argue that IKEA should slow down the steps to expansion and pay more attention to the quality of the products. This study has value for all the large-scale companies that want to find a way to analyze if a company expands too fast.


The concentration of wheat production in the Northern Great Plains has resulted in the development of specialized multitrophic agricultural pest complexes whose members interact in both positive and negative ways. In this context, management recommendations based on the traditional single-species pest control paradigm may lead to undesirable outcomes. Our goal was to develop a modeling framework to make multi-pest management decisions that take into account the existence of direct and indirect interactions among pests. We a Bayesian decision theory approach in combination with a analysis where observed intermediate nodes were replaced with error terms. This model holds several advantages current decision models, in particular it allows intuitive of coefficient estimates as the total, direct and through pest interactions, impact of management on the. We evaluated interactions between Bromus tectorum), Fusarium crown rot, and Cephus cinctus (wheat stem sawfly) as well as assessed the joint response of these pests to wheat seeding rates, cultivar competitiveness, and cultivar stem sawfly tolerance. Results indicate that yield differences be more readily explained as a result of the effects of on pests and multi-pest interactions, rather than just by direct effect of any particular management scheme on yield. Our provides a framework for finding the balance between simplicity and the complexity of the process being modeled, also bridges the gap between making inferences from experimental observational studies and ecological management decisions.


The aim of this master thesis project was to do a metabolism fingerprinting of streptomyces coelicolor strain A3(2)M145 growing in a fermentation vessel on a phosphate dependent medium. Three biological replicates were fermented and samples taken every three hours from 22 to 34 hours after inoculation and every four hours from 34 hours to 50.5 hours after inoculation. Each sampling consisted of 3* 5ml samples from each biological replicate; these were washed and extracted for intracellular metabolic samples strictly following the already established protocols used by the Trondheim Partners on European SysMo-reseach project. The concentration of the sample was done using Freeze drying equipment before the samples were derivatized using Trimethylsylyl (TMS) derivatization. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) instrument was used for sample analysis. GC_MS generated extract chromatograms were analysed using chemstation Qedit, AMDIS, and a revised version of Fiehn TMS metabolites library for identification and quantification of the compounds in sample extracts. The results revealed the presence of TMS based metabolite pool in streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2) with varying concentration levels from one sampling point to another. Further, it was revealed that these metabolites form five different clusters some with high concentration early in sampling time interval and lower late. Some show almost constant concentration levels throughout the experiment and some others have low concentration levels early in sampling interval and high in the middle of the interval or late in the sampling time interval. The major metabolic switch takes place between 34 and35 hours after inoculation and coincides with phosphate depletion from the medium. The level of accumulated antibiotics was measured. These compounds accumulation coincided with the need of the cells to cope with depleted phosphate in the medium.


The evidence about the magnitude of scope and scale economies in U.S. cash grain farming is revealed from the empirical estimation of the flexible fixed cost quadratic (FFCQ) model. This framework explicitly disaggregates the crop output vector to take the heterogeneity of output and gives insight to farmers to answer interesting questions such as: Are three-crop farms more cost efficient than twocrop or single-crop farms? How important are economies of scope (fixed-cost and variable-cost components) in two-crop farms and three-crop farms? Two-crop farms as well as three-crop farms exhibit overall economies of scale and scope in all four-size categories that increase with the farm size. They are able to lower the cost of producing crops in the same farm by spreading fixed costs over two or three crops and/or by exploiting product cost complementarity, or diversifying risks. Selected Paper, American Agricultural Economics Association Meeting, Long Beach, California, July 28-31, 2002.


In patients with borderline hypertension, total peripheral resistance (TPR) is either elevated or abnormally related to cardiac output. Since blood viscosity is one determinant of TPR, we compared various components of blood viscosity in 25 patients with borderline hypertension and 25 normal subjects. Under all experimental blood flow conditions examined, blood viscosity directly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p less than 0.05 or better) and was greater in the hypertensive than in normal subjects. Venous hematocrit and plasma viscosity were higher in the hypertensive patients. These latter rheologic abnormalities accounted for the increased blood viscosity at higher shear rates. At lower shear rates, increased red cell aggregation, primarily mediated by elevated fibrinogen concentration, accounted for the higher blood viscosity in the hypertensive subjects. We conclude that even relatively small elevations in arterial pressure are associated with increased viscous resistance of blood to flow, and that the increased blood viscosity is a consequence of increased hematocrit, plasma viscosity, and red cell aggregation.


The effect of sampling error in estimation of farmers' mean yields for crop insurance purposes is explored using farm-level corn yield data in Iowa from 1990 to 2000 and Monte Carlo simulations. We find that sampling error combined with nonlinearities in the insurance indemnity function will result in empirically estimated crop insurance rates that exceed actuarially fair values by between 2 and 16 percent, depending on the coverage level and the number of observations used to estimate mean yields. Accounting for the adverse selection caused by sampling error results in crop insurance rates that will exceed fair values by between 42 and 127 percent. We propose a new estimator for mean yields based on a common decomposition of farm yields into systemic and idiosyncratic components. The proposed estimator reduces sampling variance by approximately 45 percent relative to the current estimator.


Given the prevalence of computers in education today, it is critical to understand teachers' perspectives regarding computer integration in their classrooms. Research identifying stages of implementation, and literature identifying barriers and supports, fall short of explaining what variables impact an educator's ultimate decision to integrate technology in their instruction. The current research surveyed a heterogeneous sample of 185 elementary and 204 secondary teachers in order to provide a comprehensive summary of teacher characteristics and variables that discriminate teachers who integrate technology from those who do not. Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) identified the following variables as making unique contributions to discriminating high and low integrators: positive experiences with computers; teacher's comfort with computers; specific beliefs about computer technology as an instructional tool; training; challenge; support; and, teaching efficacy.
Qualitative analysis of open-ended survey questions and univariate analysis of differences between "nominated experts" and randomly selected teachers, triangulated the findings to build a model of successful integration that includes integration of content, pedagogical and technological knowledge; personal characteristics of teachers (learning style and willingness to accept challenge); and, support (both technical and human resources). Identification of discriminating individual characteristics has implications for professional development and policies regarding support and integration.


Mixed inference such as the marginal MAP query (some variables marginalized by summation and others by maximization) is key to many prediction and decision models. It is known to be extremely hard; the problem is NPPP-complete while the decision problem for MAP is only NP-complete and the summation problem is #P-complete. Consequently, approximation anytime schemes are essential. In this paper, we show that the framework of heuristic AND/OR search, which exploits conditional independence in the graphical model, coupled with variational-based mini-bucket heuristics can be extended to this task and yield powerful state-of-the-art schemes. Specifically, we explore the complementary properties of best-first search for reducing the number of conditional sums and providing time-improving upper bounds, with depth-first search for rapidly generating and improving solutions and lower bounds. We show empirically that a class of solvers that interleaves depth-first with best-first schemes emerges as the most competitive anytime scheme.


Abstract Nyerereite and nahcolite have been identified as micro- and nano-inclusions in diamond from the Juina area, Brazil. Alongside them are Sr- and Ba-bearing calcite minerals from the periclase-wüstite series, wollastonite II (high), Ca-rich garnet, spinels, olivine, phlogopite and apatite. Minerals of the periclase-wüstite series belong to two separate groups: wüstite and Mg-wüstite with Mg# = 1.9-15.3, and Fepericlase and periclase with Mg# = 84.9-92.1. Wollastonite-II (high, with Ca:Si = 0.992) has a triclinic structure. Two types of spinel were distinguished among mineral inclusions in diamond: zoned magnesioferrite (with Mg# varying from 13.5-90.8, core to rim) and Fe spinel (magnetite). Olivine (Mg# = 93.6), intergrown with nyerereite, forms an elongate, lath-shaped crystal and most likely represents a retrograde transformation of ringwoodite or wadsleyite. All inclusions are composed of poly-mineralic solid mineral phases. Together with previously found halides, sulphates and other mineral inclusions in diamond from Juina, they form a carbonatitic-type mineral paragenesis in diamond which may have originated in the lower mantle and/or transition zone. Wüstite inclusions with Mg# = 1.9-3.4, according to experimental data, may have formed in the lowermost mantle. The source for the observed carbonatitic-type mineral association in diamond is lower-mantle natrocarbonatitic magma. This magma may represent a juvenile mantle melt, or be the result of low-degree partial melting of deeply-subducted carbonated oceanic crust. This magma was rich in volatiles, such as Cl, F and H, which played an important role in the formation of diamond.


Predictive genetic testing is the use of a genetic test in an asymptomatic person to predict future risk of disease. These tests represent a new and growing class of medical tests, differing in fundamental ways from conventional medical diagnostic tests. The hope underlying such testing is that early identification of individuals at risk of a specific condition will lead to reduced morbidity and mortality through targeted screening, surveillance, and prevention. Yet the clinical utility of predictive genetic testing for different diseases varies considerably. We explore here the factors that contribute to this variation and which will dictate the utility of any of these new tests now or in the future.

#### Summary points

Predictive genetic testing has considerable potential for accurate risk assessment and appropriate targeting of screening and preventive strategies

Most predictive tests carry a degree of uncertainty about whether a condition will develop, when it will develop, and how severe it will be

The value of a predictive test depends on the nature of the disease for which testing is being carried out, how effective treatment is, and the cost and efficacy of screening and surveillance measures

Predictive testing must be tailored to individuals' preferences and the needs and experience of families

The observations in this paper derive from our experience in clinical medicine, medical genetics, genetic counselling, and molecular biology and from participation in educational programmes for generalists on medical genetics. The definition of utility used here encompasses all aspects of a test (individual and societal) that render it more or less useful in the clinical arena.

### Current and future use

A conventional medical diagnostic test, such as a blood count or an imaging study, defines something about the patient's current condition. Although such information may have implications for the future, its overwhelming utility lies in the information it provides about the patient's current …


The eastern Vema fracture zone intersection with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) axis was surveyed with the French submersible Nautile during the Vemanaute cruise in 1989. At this ridge-transform intersection (RTI), an elongated, E-W ridge, more than 50 km long, is present in the transform valley. This median ridge rises up to 1000 m above the surrounding seafloor. The crest of the median ridge is lower and presents an arcuate shape at the tip of the MAR axis. Dive observations on both the southern and northern flanks of the median ridge as well as sample studies suggest that this morphological feature is not a serpentinized mantle protrusion or a recent volcanic constructional ridge but represents a sliver of uplifted oceanic lithosphere covered by a sedimentary breccia formation. This detrital cover consists of polymictic sedimentary breccias, sandstones and siltstones, composed of basaltic, doleritic, and gabbroic clasts, with less frequent serpentinite and spinel fragments which originated from the disaggregation of shallow to deep levels of tectonically uplifted oceanic crust and upper mantle. Most of these clasts have undergone greenschist facies metamorphism prior to their incorporation in the detrital formation. Disaggregation, mass wasting and rapid emplacement of detrital formations on the valley floor by gravity flows are likely to be related to a major tectonic episode that affected one or both the fracture valley walls. This event could be related to the uplift of the southern wall of the fracture zone (the "transverse ridge") which took place probably between 10 and 3 Ma ago. Since this uplift episode, the transverse ridge (which is now undergoing subsidence) and the detritus covered transform valley floor, separated by the transform fault zone, have migrated westward and eastward respectively. Vertical tectonics of the median ridge at the approach of the RTI can not be explained solely by the hypothesis of a diapiric intrusion of serpentinite as proposed by earlier authors. A possible interpretation follows the suggestions that the anomalous crust of the fracture valley near the western RTI, is more than 1 km out of isostatic equilibrium. Recent tectonic and magmatic events including subsidence and lava emplacement which occurred at the tip of the MAR axis have been recorded on the southern flank of the median ridge. Several stages in the very recent tectonic-volcanic history of the eastern RTI, that is, roughly during the last 300,000 years, can thus be defined. The lower elevation and narrow, arcuate shape of the median ridge east of 40°57′W are inferred to have resulted from tectonic extension during the creation of the nodal basin.


Since their appearance in the mid-1990s, Chinese labour NGOs have mostly focused on disseminating labour law and guiding labour disputes through official channels. In so doing, they have assisted the Chinese Communist Party in achieving its paramount goal of maintaining social stability. In line with this approach, activists in these organizations have traditionally framed their work in terms of "public interest" or "legality," both of which resonate with the hegemonic discourses of the Party-state. However, earlier this decade a minority of Chinese labour activists began to employ some new counterhegemonic narratives centred on the experience of the labour movement and the practice of collective bargaining that attempted to recode the proletarian experience outside of its official representation. In this paper we analyze this discursive shift through the voices of the activists involved, and argue that the rise of these new counterhegemonic voices was one of the reasons that led to the Party-state cracking down on labour NGOs.


At the nanometer length scale, the size of surface features in crystalline semiconductor systems is of the same order as the electron wavelength. This can result in unusual behaviour in the systems electronic, magnetic and optical properties due to electron confinement effects. Such effects can have practical and commercial applications and are currently the subject of considerable study in the disciplines of theoretical, computational and materials technology within nanoscience. This thesis uses molecular dynamics computational methods to examine such effects in the electronic structure of semiconductor-based crystalline systems. Three unique surfaces were studied in detail the SiC(111) surface, the SiC(100) surface, and the prototypical In-Si(111) surface. Silicon carbide is of importance in the development of semiconductor technologies due to its physical robustness and relatively high power capabilities. An understanding of surface metallisation in semiconductors is of paramount importance since modern technology relies on the interaction of metals with semiconductors in integrated circuit and device construction. If Moore's Law is to be adhered to, transistors must become smaller and the metal contacts between transistors must likewise shrink. This work explores the possibility that potassium deposited on the SiC(100) surface may provide a solution for nanoscale contacts between devices on this surface. Using modified and highly efficient molecular dynamics code, the energies and reconstructions of a number of possible surface configurations were studied in detail, resulting in proposed new candidates for surface reconstruction for a range of coverages of potassium on the SiC(100) surface. The SiC(111) surface has previously been shown to undergo an interesting metal-insulator transition where the surface band states split. This has been observed by experimentally probing the surface states with scanning tunneling spectroscopy and photoemission techniques. By applying ab-initio molecular dynamics techniques to simulate this surface, this research has found compelling evidence for the actual mechanism that results in this transition. A number of time-dependent simulations of the surface in question were carried out, over ranges of tens of thousands of picoseconds. The results show that the surface is dynamical in nature. Furthermore, the transition is shown to be due to a soft phonon interaction on the surface, and thus surface dangling bonds are seen to split because they are in constant motion. Finally, computational studies of the In-Si(111) surface are also presented. The results indicate a dynamical surface exhibiting surface phonon effects, similar to the SiC(111) surface studied and metallisation in a similar vein to results obtained for the K-SiC(100) surface. The study of the In-Si(111) surface therefore represents a natural progression in studies of this nature. The computational work presented here was carried out using the FIREBALL suite of tools. During the course of this study, the codebase was rewritten and modernised to improve performance and to allow for easier future modification. The extensive changes to the code are discussed, as are its potential future applications in the field of computational solid state physics. Practical methods are presented that allow for the work to progress to the calculation of optical transitions directly in FIREBALL, with a full description of how a reflectance anisotropy spectrum could be calculated as a logical extension of the present work. The calculation of a reflectance anisotropy spectrum would be of considerable interest to experiments in the field.


This paper discusses a number of interviews with analysts and clients about their aims in early requirements
gathering, carried out as part of three case studies in analyst-client interaction. Analysts and clients were asked
about their aims, their professional role, and other issues that arose in their interactions with each other. The
paper explores themes that emerged from these case studies that can be seen to be embedded in the social
context of early requirements gathering—how the issues to be discussed were put forward, professional
relationships, and the overall organizational context in which the interaction takes place. Some observations
are made about the varying social contexts of early requirements gathering and the role of individual differences,
and the possibility of using typical contexts as "repertoire building research" (Schon 1983).


The goal of the present study was to examine effects of list presentation format (study list presented as a whole vs. words presented briefly individually) on younger and older adults' semantic clustering of study words. Spontaneous clustering use did not differ between format conditions in either age group. Older adults spontaneously clustered to a similar extent as younger adults, evidencing no production deficiency. When clustering use was instructed, the whole-list format conditions clustered more successfully, resulting in greater recall than in the individual-words conditions, even under dual-task demands. Older adults clustered less successfully than younger adults, evidencing a utilization deficiency, with no overall recall improvements after clustering instructions in the individual-words format. Clustering interfered with performance on a simple tone-discrimination task, indicating its general cognitive resource demands; absolute interference was greater for older adults. Working memory capacity (WMC) predicted clustering success and mediated age-related reductions therein when clustering use was instructed but not for spontaneous use. WMC-clustering correlations were similar across presentation formats but adjusted means differed such that individuals at the same level of WMC clustered more successfully in the whole-list format. Beliefs about clustering difficulty correlated with its spontaneous use but did not evidence metacognitive awareness of presentation-format effects in either age group. These results suggest that a simple change in presentation format can facilitate encoding strategy use, particularly for older adults, but these benefits do not necessarily translate into spontaneous use differences. Thereby, presentation format alone cannot explain mixed findings regarding age-related differences in spontaneous clustering.


Lucy + Jorge Orta's 'Peewit' is a permanent fountain located in the Dutch town of Sloten, one of the 11Fountains, a major contemporary art commission curated by Anna Tilroe for the European Capital of Culture Leeuwarden-Fryslân 2018.

It comprises of a haphazard stack of buckets, jerry cans and water tubs and basins, implements you come across anywhere in the world. They refer to something that we in our society possess in abundance but that cannot be taken for granted in other parts of the world: water! Water is the source of all life. The water pours into and over the containers in a continuous stream, as if the stream were never going to dry up. Two children have climbed up the teetering tower to free the peewit from an old Frisian tradition: the gathering of peewit eggs in the spring. For the peewit has become an endangered species due to the rapid growth of intensive agricultural and cattle breeding technology. The peewit itself is carrying a golden key in its beak, the symbol of the city of Sloten and its closely-knit community.


Modern consumers of intellectual property, and especially software, find that the products they buy are protected by ever more sophisticated forms of copy protection. This occurs despite the presence of legislative protection. The economics literature within the area has begun to take note, yet there has been very little formal modelling to date. This paper sets up a model for analyzing the impact of alternative forms of copy protection on works subject to copyright protection. It outlines a model of intellectual property creation with endogenous protection choice as well as legislative copyright and examines the welfare implications. It also relates the results to two court cases and discusses the impact they may have on future copyright law.


Context. The European Space Agency Rosetta mission reached and started escorting its main target, the Jupiter-family comet 67P/ChuryumovGerasimenko, at the beginning of August 2014. Within the context of solar system small bodies, satellite searches from approaching spacecraft were extensively used in the past to study the nature of the visited bodies and their collisional environment. Aims. During the approaching phase to the comet in July 2014, the OSIRIS instrument onboard Rosetta performed a campaign aimed at detecting objects in the vicinity of the comet nucleus and at measuring these objects' possible bound orbits. In addition to the scientific purpose, the search also focused on spacecraft security to avoid hazardous material in the comet's environment. Methods. Images in the red spectral domain were acquired with the OSIRIS Narrow Angle Camera, when the spacecraft was at a distance between 5785 km and 5463 km to the comet, following an observational strategy tailored to maximize the scientific outcome. From the acquired images, sources were extracted and displayed to search for plausible displacements of all sources from image to image. After stars were identified, the remaining sources were thoroughly analyzed. To place constraints on the expected displacements of a potential satellite, we performed Monte Carlo simulations on the apparent motion of potential satellites within the Hill sphere. Results. We found no unambiguous detections of objects larger than ∼6 m within ∼20 km and larger than ∼1 m between ∼20 km and ∼110 km from the nucleus, using images with an exposure time of 0.14 s and 1.36 s, respectively. Our conclusions are consistent with independent works on dust grains in the comet coma and on boulders counting on the nucleus surface. Moreover, our analysis shows that the comet outburst detected at the end of April 2014 was not strong enough to eject large objects and to place them into a stable orbit around the nucleus. Our findings underline that it is highly unlikely that large objects survive for a long time around cometary nuclei.


Housing affordability in the United States is generally operationalized using the ratio approach, with those allocating more than thirty percent of income to shelter costs considered to have housing affordability challenges. Alternative standards have been developed that focus on residual income, whether income remaining after housing expenditures is sufficient to meet non-housing needs. This study employs Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey data to consider racial/ethnic, nativity and legal status differences in one residual income standard. Logistic regression analyses of housing-induced poverty focus on whether there are differences among five distinct groups: US born Latinos, Non-Hispanic Whites, and African Americans, authorized Latino immigrants, and unauthorized Latino immigrants. Results suggest that: (1) Latino natives are significantly more likely to be in housing-induced poverty than African Americans and Latino immigrants, and (2) unauthorized Latino immigrants are not more likely to experience the outcome than other groups. The present work extends previous research. First, the results provide additional evidence of the value of operationalizing housing affordability using a residual income standard. Alternatives to the ratio approach deserve more empirical attention from a wider range of scholars and policymakers interested in housing affordability. Second, housing scholarship to date generally differentiates among Latinos by ethnicity, nativity, and citizenship. The present study contributes to emerging research investigating heterogeneity among Latinos by nativity and legal status.


Widespread and increasing resistance to most available acaracides threatens both global livestock industries and public health. This necessitates better understanding of ticks and the diseases they transmit in the development of new control strategies. Ticks: Biology, Disease and Control is written by an international collection of experts and covers in-depth information on aspects of the biology of the ticks themselves, various veterinary and medical tick-borne pathogens, and aspects of traditional and potential new control methods. A valuable resource for graduate students, academic researchers and professionals, the book covers the whole gamut of ticks and tick-borne diseases from microsatellites to satellite imagery and from exploiting tick saliva for therapeutic drugs to developing drugs to control tick populations. It encompasses the variety of interconnected fields impinging on the economically important and biologically fascinating phenomenon of ticks, the diseases they transmit and methods of their control.


The Mega Platform is a 30- 50-km-large and 1.2-km-thick middle Miocene carbonate platform located in the Luconia Province, offshore Sarawak, Borneo. The platform originated in the late early to early middle Miocene on a regional fault-bounded structural high, first aggraded and then backstepped during a series of third-order sea level fluctuations during the middle Miocene (TB2.32.6). The Jintan Platform termination with an area of 8 12 km is one of the prominent backsteps toward the top of the Mega Platform. Three-dimensional (3-D) seismic indicates that growth on Jintan ceased relatively early with continued carbonate aggradation in adjacent smaller terminations (M1, M1-East). Spectacular reservoir architecture and diagenesis are revealed by the seismic. Several transgressive, aggradational, and progradational cycles are overprinted by repeated karst events. Dissolution features and bank-margin collapse are aligned to a deep-seated regional fault system, which periodically became reactivated during carbonate growth. A large triangular-shaped graben formed during one of the faulting periods but subsequently healed by a prograding reef-margin sequences. Two alternative scenarios are presented to explain the ultimate demise of the platform. The first proposes drowning resulting from a combination of subsidence and eustatic sea level rise. The second evokes a much-later drowning, which was preceded by a long period of exposure resulting from a second-order sea level fall and an initial decrease in subsidence caused by the onset of tectonism in Borneo during the late Miocene. In any case, following a hiatus of about 5 m.y., the platform was finally buried by deep-marine siliciclastics that prograded into the basin from the large delta systems of northwest Borneo. Recognition of growth architecture, faulting, and karstification is a key to exploiting the hydrocarbon reservoirs of the Mega Platform. A 30-m-thick low-porosity and -permeability layer shields the gas trapped in Jintan from the underlying aquifer. Penetrated by only one well, the extent of the layer and areas of breaching caused by faulting and karstification are identified on seismic. Interpretation of the seismic is critical to assessing whether and how the underlying aquifer is felt during reservoir depletion and whether there is pressure communication between adjacent reservoirs connected via the aquifer. Cores and logs from three wells provide ground truthing of reservoir architecture, karst features, and faulting derived from the interpretation of reflection and inversion seismic. The interpretation is then imported into static and dynamic 3-D models to constrain reservoir properties, predict dynamic behavior, and guide optimum field development.


Abstract. The article intends to analyse economic changes between advance and less-developed countries and the issues of catching up. Our approach would be to analyse the evolution of developing countries (less-developed) in the world economy in a historical perspective. The important question for 21st century is whether the regions in Asia, Africa and Latin America would be able to catch or not? To answer this we need an understanding of both economics and history, which seems to be critical for a fuller picture on this issue. There have been on-going discussions about a sharp contrast in the international distribution of wealth between the rich (industrialised) and poor (primary producing) countries and it has been emphasised that the benefit of technical progress in the advanced economies would trickle down to the poor countries. The study finds that during the last three decades, there have been huge economic changes taking place globally and structural changes and patterns of trade have also taken place both in advance and developing countries. However, some developing countries have achieved faster growth rates than the advanced economies, particularly China, India, Indonesia and Turkey. However, they constitute a small numbers among the developing countries, but accounts large number of its population. The study concludes that most poor countries have not been able to converge, while largely the two largest ones, namely China and India have experienced rapid growth rates and economic changes in recent decades. Keywords. Global inequality, Catching-up, International trade. JEL. P45, O47.


Olin Brass Alloy C19020 is a copper-nickel-tin low-alloyed copper. It was developed as alloy NB-105 by Dowa Metaltech Company Limited, Japan, to meet increasing requirements of current carrying capacity, stiffness, formability and service temperature survivability being demanded by the automotive and electronic industries. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming and joining. Filing Code: Cu-905. Producer or source: Olin Brass, GBC Metals, LLC.


th June, 2013 In spite of the increased awareness on HIV/AIDS the prevalence rates is increasing in Kenya and in other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Statistics on prevalence rates show diversities in gender and across the countries and regions. Among the vulnerable groups are the youth and females for obvious reasons ranging from biological, social-economic and drugs abuse. The impact of the pandemic has caused a major concern at the family and communities levels and has affected government's spending and the development process at all levels. The most vulnerable groups including youth need special targeting in HIV and AIDS programming. In this endeavor, particular emphasis needs to be provision of appropriate information and change of sexual behavior.


Abstract This study aims to identify the approach of teaching curricula of primary courses of religious education and social studies values and to determine the weight of values found in these programs with regard to various aspects such as being open to novelty-conservatism, individualism-being social, nationalism-universalism, self-expansion-self transcendentalism. To do this, the general approach of these curricula to values has been identified based on the relevant literature and programs, values categories have been established based on Schwartz's values theory and the programs have been scanned with categorical contents analysis technique. The reason why Schwartz's values theory was taken as the basis of category formation is that this theory offers many resources to analyze the relationships between local and global values that are known to have taken place in recent years in our education. As a result, both of the curricula were found to indicate a tendency from local values towards universal values with the changes made in recent years, and social studies were found to be ahead of religious education in terms of reflecting these tendencies in the content of the program. Key Words Local-Universal Values in Education, Religious Education, Social Studies Programs, Schwartz's Values Theory. In order to set up a healthy future and for individual and society's happiness, the values that the individual has and the content of the values education that the individual has been subject to since childhood are very important. As a result of the appreciation of values in individual and society's life, The Ministry of Education has given a place to values education openly and systematically since 2003 (Milli Egitim Bakanligi (MEB), 2010a). In the 18th National Educational Council, various suggestions were offered as to what can be done regarding values on school basis and on a more general framework (MEB, 2010c). This study aims to identify the approach of teaching curricula of primary religious education and social studies to values and to determine the weight of values found in these programs with regard to various aspects such as being open to novelty-conservatism, individualism - being social, nationalism-universalism, self-expansion-self transcendentalism. Towards this end, values categories, formed based on Schwartz's (1992) values theory, were used. The reason why we used Schwartz's scale is that national-universal values that came out with the improvements in values field as a result of the effects of globalization in our education and society-oriented-individual-oriented values perceptions overlap to great extent with Schwartz's values categorization of being open to novelty-conservatism, individualism-being social self-expansion-self transcendentalism. Analysis of the programs based on Schwartz's theory will enable us to determine how should the arguments that have been experienced in our education with globalization such as "What values should be taught?" be reflected on programs. Values in Primary Curricula for Religious Education and Social Studies With globalization value relations in the modern society gain some new dimensions (Dogan, 2007). Education too gets its share from this situation with great intensity and education system in our country, like in many places in the world, becomes the focus of globalization-locality arguments (Arslan, 2007). Considering globalization and its effects on values, what kind of a values education should be given? How is it going to be possible to establish a balanced values education without sacrificing the society for the individual, or without sacrificing the individual for the society? The problems that emerged as a result of the inability to find a balance between the individual's freedom and the society have been criticized harshly in recent years (Lickona, 1991). The approach that has been suggested to provide this balance is the approach that argues for the need to combine global and local values in conformity (Keskin, 2008). …


The paper provides an analysis of the main changes due to robotic disruption in the workplace. In particular, the article focuses on the health and safety at work taking account the EU regulatory framework as well as the international technical safety standards. The study carried out by the authors reveals that the legislator is unable to specify the wide
range of mechanisms due to the impossibility of keeping up with the pace of creation of new machines (industrial and collaborative robots). Therefore, the ISO standards are a cornerstone in order to understand the prevention duties of all parties (manufacturer, integrator) directly involved in the adoption of safety measures. However, the research identifies some weaknesses and proposes an approach that takes into account not only the technical aspects but also the ergonomic principle and psycho-social aspects.


This paper presents the justification, methodology, main results and pedagogical implications of a study on how children represent others, carried out with primary school children in the Madrid Autonomous Community. Based on a methodological design suggested by the new ways Cultural studies and Visual anthropology provide for approaching reality, we have tried to answer the question, "What do these children see in the images of those who are culturally different?" One of the results of the study indicates how cultural differences such as customs and forms of dress outweigh physical differences such as skin color in the representations the children made of others. Most of all, the results reveal the great richness of detail the children saw hidden behind the images of others. We should take steps so that the current education system's efforts to promote tolerance and recognition do not drown that rich and varied detail in conceptions of cultural diversity that are too narrow and unyielding. Now more than ever, cultures ought not be seen as closed units that build walls and unsavable limits between themselves, but as sets of interacting trends. Educating in a multicultural environment thus means teaching to see the relativity and artificiality of cultural borders, helping to find the "you" living in the other, the particular biography superseding all tags and labels.


Increased comparability of financial statements across adopting countries is one of the main objectives of IFRS adoption. The level of achievement of this objective, however, is still debatable. While some studies have documented that crosscountry comparability of financial statements has increased after IFRS adoption, other studies have found that comparability has actually decreased since 2005. We contribute to this debate by studying whether the motivations for goodwill writeoff are the same or vary across countries with different accounting systems. Although a good deal of research has investigated the motivations for goodwill writeoff, our study is the first to analyze whether these motivations vary across countries with different accounting systems. We find that firms that expect low cash flows in the future are more likely to report goodwill write-offs if they are located in countries with an Anglo-Saxon accounting system than if they are located in countries with a Continental accounting system. These results suggest that IFRS are "interpreted" differently in different countries and that harmonization of financial statements has not been fully achieved yet.


Abstract. A modification to the standard bending-angle correction used in GPS radio occultation (GPS-RO) is proposed. The modified approach should reduce systematic residual ionospheric errors in GPS radio occultation climatologies. A new second-order term is introduced in order to account for a known source of systematic error, which is generally neglected. The new term has the form κ(a) × (αL1(a)-αL2(a))2, where a is the impact parameter and (αL1, αL2) are the L1 and L2 bending angles, respectively. The variable κ is a weak function of the impact parameter, a, but it does depend on a priori ionospheric information. The theoretical basis of the new term is examined. The sensitivity of κ to the assumed ionospheric parameters is investigated in one-dimensional simulations, and it is shown that κ s 10–20 rad−1. We note that the current implicit assumption is κ=0, and this is probably adequate for numerical weather prediction applications. However, the uncertainty in κ should be included in the uncertainty estimates for the geophysical climatologies produced from GPS-RO measurements. The limitations of the new ionospheric correction when applied to CHAMP (Challenging Minisatellite Payload) measurements are noted. These arise because of the assumption that the refractive index is unity at the satellite, made when deriving bending angles from the Doppler shift values.


Many countries prohibit large shareholdings in their domestic banks. The authors examine whether such a restriction restrains competition in a duopolistic loan market. Blockholders may influence managers' output decisions by choosing capital structure, as in Brander and Lewis (1986). For the blockholder, debt has an additional benefit: it "disciplines" a manager by reducing the amount of free cash flow from which the manager can divert funds. A larger blockholder can exert more control. The authors show that an economy with blockholders often leads to a more competitive banking sector. Hence, a restriction on the size of blockholdings has anti-competitive results.


The management of knowledge is promoted as an important and necessary factor for organizational survival and maintenance of competitive strength. To remain at the forefront organizations need a good capacity to retain, develop, organize, and utilize their employees' capabilities. Knowledge and the management of knowledge appear to be regarded as increasingly important features for organizational survival. The objective of the study was to determine knowledge management as a strategy for achieving competitive advantage in private primary schools in Ngong division in Kenya. The research design was a survey of private primary schools in Ngong division. The study used both primary and secondary data which was collected using a questionnaire. The data was summarized using descriptive measures, percentages and frequency distribution tables while tables and graphs will be used for presentation of findings. 'fhe findings from the study were that most of the schools do not manage knowledge. Knowledge management has helped schools to achieve reduction in operational costs, development of appropriate plans to compete successfully with other schools, makes knowledge profitable, avoids information overload to individual teachers, helps in the use of corporate information strategically and ensures privacy and security of information. The schools which have adopted knowledge management have gained competitively over other schools through exploitation of resources effectively, identification of the schools opportunities, assist in focusing current and potential market place change for opportunities, been able to scan its environment better, enhancement of competitor risk evaluation and the schools' have been able to achieve performance leadership in national exams from the knowledge management practices it has been adopting. flic challenges facing the management of knowledge in the schools consisted of the existence of a gap in knowledge management between new employees and the rest of the staff, the existence of a gap between knowledge management practices recommended by the top management and the one adopted by the school, existence of mismatch between the schools' knowledge management practices and the external business environment, existence of a gap between knowledge management in schools and one expected in the market and the existence of a gap in the budget between the current knowledge management requirements and those available. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION................................................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION..................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................................v TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background lo the Study..............................................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Knowledge Management.......................................................................................................................... 3 1.1.2 Competitive advantage............................................................................................................................. 4 1.1.3 Knowledge Management, a Strategy lo Achieve Competitive Advantage........................................... 6 1.1.4 Private Schools in Ngong division........................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Research Problem........................................................................................................................................ 8 1.3 Objectives of the Study..............................................................................................................................11 1.4 Significance of the Study...........................................................................................................................11 Cl IAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................ 12 2.


Objective: Two recent retrospective studies independently reported typically pathogenic bacteria in normally sterile sites of infants succumbing to sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI). These findings suggested a proportion of unexplained SUDI might be triggered by bacteraemia. The objective was to assess these observations in the context of the pathology and epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in relation to the role of infection and inflammation as triggers of these deaths. Design: A review of the literature to identify potential risk factors for unexplained infant deaths and proposal of a theoretical model for SUDI. Results: Pathologic and epidemiological evidence suggests a hypothesis based on three factors: bacterial translocation, pathogen pattern recognition insufficiency and prenatal exposure to infection. Conclusion: We propose that sterile site infections in which common toxigenic bacteria are identified indicate a brief bacteraemic episode prior to death. This might reflect an ineffective innate response to invasive pathogens that results in reduced clearance of the bacteria. Thymomegaly observed consistently among infants diagnosed under the category of SIDS might have its origins in prenatal life, perhaps generated via in utero infection or exposure to microbial antigens which results in thymocyte priming. There is consistent evidence for an infectious aetiology in many unexplained SUDI. Future directions for research are suggested.


The concept of power asymmetry is incorporated into the framework of the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR) and then applied to a water pollution dispute in China in order to show how it can provide strategic insights into courses of action. In a new definition of power asymmetry, one of the decision makers (DMs) in a conflict can influence the preferences of other DMs by taking advantage of additional options reflecting the particular DM's more powerful position. The more powerful DM may have three different kinds of power: direct positive, direct negative, or indirect. It is useful to analyze a model of a conflict without power asymmetry, and then to analyze a power‐asymmetric model. As demonstrated by analysis of the water quality controversy that took place at the border separating the Chinese provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, this novel conflict resolution methodology can be readily applied to real‐world strategic conflicts to gain an enhanced understanding of the effects of asymmetric power.


Pictor is a graphical visual technique with its origins in personal construct psychology and phenomenology. It was developed to explore experiences of collaborative working in health and social care contexts, but may be used in any setting where people with different backgrounds or perspectives need to interact around a specific task or goal. In this case study, we outline the principles behind the method and describe how it is used to collect data, and how such data may be analysed. We present a case example from a recent study of collaborative working amongst nurses and other professionals in relation to the care of people with cancer and long-term conditions. We conclude by reflecting on the strengths and weaknesses of the technique.


The past decade has seen a growing interest in the application of the Payments for Environmental Services (PES) instrument, in part for its apparent ability to alleviate
poverty and inspire sustainable environmental practices. More recently, PES programmes have been advocated for use within marine environments. However, concerns have been raised relating to their applicability in this context, e.g. ill-defined property rights and more fluid environmental services. Yet these issues have received little critical scrutiny. This thesis presents one of the first empirical analyses of the applicability of PES to the marine and coastal context, more specifically its suitability to small-scale artisanal fisheries. The first part of the thesis analyses expert opinions in order to identify what
opportunities and, indeed, what obstacles remain for PES more broadly in the marine environment. The second part delves a little deeper in order to identify those
determinants which can encourage adoption of marine PES within artisanal fishing communities are reported on, paying particular attention to those characteristics
important for low-income and vulnerable groups. In addition, the thesis investigates how PES adoption can be influenced by several key design parameters. Analyses are
based on primary data collected from six artisanal fishing villages in Mtwara, southern Tanzania.
The thesis presents a number of key findings. Firstly, evidence from expert elicitation suggests that the on-going concerns based on the nature of marine environmental
services pertaining to marine PES could be unjustified and solutions for their effective implementation are presented. At the supply-level, fishers' gender and informal risk
mitigation strategies are shown to have significant associations with participation within marine PES and may influence the adoption of marine PES programmes within fishing communities. Moreover, whilst PES design can influence adoption, the initial transition away from current management practices can signify a larger utility cost and be met with resistance. The results have interesting implications for the successful application of marine PES schemes, particularly those hoping to target poor households. The findings are widely applicable due to a global dependence on coastal and marine resources and their continuing degradation.


The recent discovery of CDF anomaly suggest the existence of a new long-lived particle which means a dramatic deviation from standard model. This article summarizes the quantum model of CDF anomaly. The anomaly is interpreted in terms of production of τ-pions which can be regarded as pion like bound states of color octet excitations of τ-leptons and corresponding neutrinos. Colored leptons are one of the basic predictions of TGD distinguishing it from standard model and for 18 years ago were applied to explain the anomalous production of electron-positron pairs in heavy ion collisions near Coulomb wall. First it is shown that the model explains the basic characteristics of the anomaly. Then various alternatives generalizing the earlier model for electro-pion production are discussed and a general formula for differential cross section is deduced. Three alternatives inspired by eikonal approximation generalizing the earlier model inspired by Born approximation to a perturbation series in the Coulomb interaction potential of the colliding charges. The requirement of manifest relativistic invariance for the formula of differential cross section leaves only two options, call them I and II. The production cross section for τ-pion is estimated and found to be consistent with the reported cross section of order 100 pb for option I using same energy cutoff for lepto-pions as in the model for electro-pion production. For option II the production cross section is by several orders of magnitude too small under these assumptions. Since the model involves only fundamental coupling constants, the result can be regarded as a further success of the τ-pion model of CDF anomaly. Analytic expressions for the production amplitude are deduced in the Appendix as a Fourier transform for the inner product of the non-orthogonal magnetic and electric fields of the colliding charges in various kinematical situations. This allows to reduce numerical integrations to an integral over the phase space of lepto-pion and gives a tight analytic control over the numerics.


Almost since its enactment, scholars, policymakers, and jurists have been critical of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). In Law and Contradictions of the Disability Rights Movement, Professor Samuel Bagenstos moves beyond the standard critiques of the ADA to provide a more nuanced – and for disability rights advocates, an ultimately more unsettling – explanation of the ADA's failure to achieve its lofty goals. Bagenstos rejects that claim that the Supreme Court jurisprudence in this area, including decisions with which he disagrees, is either the byproduct of judicial backlash or inartfully crafted legislation. Instead, he argues that a central reason for the ADA's limited success is the inherent plurality of the disability rights movement itself. This diversity of interests has created tensions within the movement's goals, allowing the Rehnquist Court to select interpretations of the scope of disability rights from among a competing set of principles articulated by members of this "large and contentious" movement.Professor Bagenstos has made a unique and important contribution to our understanding of what has happened to the ADA, particularly with respect to its fate in the Supreme Court. But by calling attention to the tensions within the disability rights movement, we suggest that Professor Bagenstos implicitly raises an even more fundamental question: given that internal divisions have undermined the movement's goals, why have disability rights advocates failed to develop strategies for bridging – or at the very least, camouflaging – their differences in order to present a more effective, united front? We use this Review as an opportunity to discuss the role of "disability cause lawyering," a topic unaddressed by both the disability rights and cause lawyering scholarship. Disability cause lawyers do exist, although, as we demonstrate, they have been surprisingly absent from the ADA cases that have gone to the Supreme Court. Rather than initiating and actively litigating cases that have gone up to the Court, disability cause lawyers have either participated through amicus briefs or worked to keep the occasional case off the Supreme Court docket. This, we suggest, has created a vacuum for the types of tensions identified by Professor Bagenstos to express themselves. Nevertheless, disability cause lawyers have been actively at work enforcing the non-employment provisions of the ADA, where they have brought broad cases benefiting large classes of people with disabilities. These cases appear not to raise, or at least to elide, the contradictory shoals that Bagenstos argues have undermined the efforts of those interested in disability rights. We examine why disability cause lawyers have pursued a strategy that places very little emphasis on the Court, noting that despite this strategy's success, it has also negatively impacted the ADA's antidiscrimination agenda. Finally, we conclude by suggesting that recent events signal the time has come for disability rights cause lawyers to reclaim the Act's employment-law provisions, including strategically reengaging Supreme Court litigation. We provide some suggestions for how advocates might do so in a way that could help resolve some of the tensions that Professor Bagenstos describes.


Abstract This study tests mediated principal leadership effects on teacher professional learning through collegial trust, communication and collaboration in Hong Kong primary schools. It is based on a series of single mediator studies, and uses the same convenience sample of 970 teachers from 32 local primary schools. It also adopts regression-based macros, integrated with bootstrapping, to examine and compare sizes and proportions of potential mediating effects of the three human relational variables. The findings affirm the role and nature trust, communication, and collaboration play in the mediated relationship. In contrast, the mediating power of collaboration is non-significantly stronger than that of communication, and is more than double that of trust. The conclusion is that a school environment featuring mutual trust, effective communication and genuine collaboration is a core condition for teacher learning and change. Provided that the forces that bind people together in schools are multiple, principals are recommended to create school culture and conditions strategically for teacher learning to thrive.


Silver staining methods have been applied to the nervous system of Velella. Two histologically distinct plexuses are described under the headings 'open' and 'closed' systems. The open system consists of neurones with fine processes which run for distances of up to 2 mm, retaining their independence ins pite of frequent contacts with other fibres. The fibres of the closed system are large and run together, forming a nerve-net in which neurofibrillar material from different neurones intermingles; it is provisionally to be regarded as a syncytium. A certain type of 'fibre' in this system is believed to arise secondarily by the drawing out of adhesion connexions into long strands. Free nerve-endings resembling growing-points occur in both systems. The two systems occur throughout the ectoderm, but in the invaginated ectoderm the open system is poorly developed. The functions of the two systems are not known, but the closed system is probably specialized for through-conduction. Neuro-sensory cells occur in the external ectoderm, making contact with fibres of both open and closed systems. No specialized endings have been found in a muscular region examined. No nerve-rings or centres have been found. Nerves are sparsely distributed in the endoderm, but they lie independently of one another and of ectodermal nerve-fibres crossing the mesogloea between the invaginated and external ectoderm layers.


Stock exchanges are in a unique position to promote ESG transparency and leverage their institutional capacity to build more sustainable capital markets. To facilitate the quick uptake of material ESG disclosure and raise the quality and comparability of the data, the Athens Stock Exchange has created ESG guidelines for listed companies that will be published in the summer of 2019. One important feature of the guidelines is their degree of sectoral specificity and emphasis on materiality. The guidelines and supporting metrics they propose are based on reporting practices endorsed by international sustainability standards like the SASB's industry standards. This materiality‐oriented approach will help issuers focus on the sustainability value drivers inherent in their business, and so ensure that corporate ESG disclosures satisfy the demand of investors for comparable quantitative and accounting metrics that help companies communicate their commitment to long‐term value creation.


Some types of mechanical devices, such as molds, but not only, include a large number (many hundreds) of micromechanisms, valves, channels, vents, or other devices subject to deter iorat ion or malfunctioning, frequently caused by unwelcome phenomena such as incrustations, fillings, or reciprocal bonding and adhesion of parts following prolonged periods of intense use [1,2]. Standard cleaning techniques (wet washing with detergents, sandblasting, cleaning with high power lasers, ultrasonic cleaning with chemical solvents) can be highly automated and optimized in terms of time and costs, but they can't solve the problem of blocked micro-mechanisms [1,2]. It is therefore understandable why it is so important the invention of a resonant station that allows the easy unlocking of all micromechanisms at the same time. The station consists of an electromechanical transducer and a closing clamp, which operate in such a way that at least one mechanical resonance mode of the system is excited. For example, a frequency range of considerable practical interest for the purposes of the device is that between 20 kHz and 24 kHz, hence in the ultrasound spectrum. COMSOL Multiphysics® FEM was essential for the project, in order to obtain the following results: design of the electromechanical (piezoelectric) transducer, with high power and efficiency design of the closing clamp optimization of the mechanical resonance of the assembly.


This paper addresses the effect of microstructure on the formability of aluminium alloys of interest for automotive sheet applications. The bulk of this work has been on the alloy AA5754 – both conventional DC cast alloys and continuous cast alloys made by twin belt casting. It is known that alloys such as these contain Fe as a tramp impurity which results in Fe-based intermetallic particles distributed through microstructure as isolated particles and in stringers aligned along the rolling direction. It is thought that these particles are the cause, both of the reduced ductility that is observed as the Fe level rises, and the relatively poor formability of strip cast alloys, as compared with those made by DC cast. Conventional wisdom suggests that the reduction of ductility is due to the effect of particles as nucleating sites for damage. However, most studies show that these materials are resistant to damage until just before fracture. We now believe that effect is actually related to the development of shear bands in these materials. We present experimental data which supports this conclusion. We then show how the FE models we have developed demonstrate the role of shear instability on fracture and the role played by hard particles. We show how a unit cell approach can be used to incorporate the effect of particle density and morphology on shear localization in a way that includes statistical variability due to microstructural heterogeneity. This leads to a set of constitutive equations in which the parameters are distributed from one region to another. These are then fed into a macroscopic FE model at the level of the specimen or the component in order to determine the effect of microstructural variability on shear instability and ductility.


A brief overview is given of light distributors developed by our group in Lausanne for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. We focus on fiberoptic devices which have to a large extent been tested over the years in the clinic for PDT of the upper aerodigestive tract, the tracheobronchial tree, the esophagus, the uterus, and the skin. Both surface and interstitial light distributors are discussed. Several different physical principles for obtaining the desired light intensity distribution in tissue are demonstrated, including the use of specially shaped reflecting surfaces, light scattering and refraction by particles, the use of flexible highly reflecting balloons, controlled fiber core surface roughening, and microlenses. PDT can be improved using 'intelligent' light distributors, which permit the measurement of the light intensity reflected from the irradiated surface, as well as the dye fluorescence signals. Both are measured in situ and in real time during the treatment. The use of such devices, which can measure photobleaching kinetics, and enable one to adjust the light dose to the observed dye fluorescence signals, thus giving better PDT control, is discussed.


Hedge funds have become increasingly important players in financial markets. This heightened importance has spawned a large academic literature focused on issues pertinent to hedge fund managers, investors, regulators, and policymakers. Although the top-4 finance journals (JF, JFE, RFS, and JFQA) published only 16 papers on hedge funds prior to 2005, they have published 105 papers on hedge funds since 2005. As a result, we felt that it is time to update the survey published in 2005. This update prepared with the help of a new coauthor, Kevin Mullally, extends the previous survey along two dimensions. First, it includes reviews of recent studies on topics that were covered in the earlier survey. Second, it summarizes research on new topics that were not part of the previous survey. These new topics cover a broad gamut of issues ranging from hedge funds' use of leverage and exposure to different risks to their impact on various asset markets.This survey consists of five broad sections. The first section reviews the literature examining both the time-series and cross-sectional variation in hedge fund performance. Time-series performance studies cover return generating processes, dynamic risk exposures, and determination of managerial skill. The second section covers studies focused on the cross-sectional relations between hedge funds' characteristics (including contractual features and time-varying features such as size and age) and fund performance. The third section analyzes the literature on the sources and nature of risks faced by hedge fund investors. In particular, we discuss risks that can arise from managerial incentives and sources of capital. The fourth section summarizes research on the role of hedge funds in the financial system. Specific topics here include hedge funds' impact on systemic risk, asset prices, and liquidity provision in financial markets. The fifth and final section focuses on potential biases and limitations of hedge fund data sources.


Nonlinear Applications using Silicon Nanophotonic Wires Xiaoping Liu This thesis is concerned with an emerging set of nonlinear-optical applications using silicon nanophotonic "wires" fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator photonic chip. These deeply scaled silicon nanophotonic wires are capable of confining the telecom and midinfrared (mid-IR) light tightly into an optical-modal area ~ 0.1 μm. The tight optical confinement leads to many advantageous physical properties including enhanced effective nonlinearity, flexible control of waveguide dispersion, and short free-carrier lifetime. All these advantages make silicon nanophotonic wires an ideal platform for a variety of nonlinear applications. The first part of my thesis study is focused on nonlinear applications in the telecom bands. In Chapter 3, I study the frequency dependence of optical nonlinearity in silicon nanophotonic wires, and its influence on the propagation of ultra-short optical pulses in such wires. I show that silicon nanophotonic wires possess a remarkably large characteristic time associated with the self-steepening effect and optical-shock formation. In Chapter 4, I present an experimental demonstration of an ultrafast cross-phasemodulation-based wavelength-conversion (XPM-WC) technique for telecom RZ-OOK data. I also investigate the effect of pump-probe detuning on the efficacy of this XPMWC technique. In Chapter 5, I show a (primarily) numerical study of a method for dispersion-engineering of silicon nanophotonic wires using a conformal thin-siliconnitride dielectric film deposited around the silicon wire core. My simulation results show that this approach may be used to achieve the dispersion characteristics required for broadband phase-matched four-wave-mixing processes, while simultaneously maintaining strong modal confinement within the silicon core for high effective nonlinearity. The second part of my thesis is devoted to investigations of nonlinear applications in mid-IR spectral region, in which nonlinear optical loss due to parasitic two-photon absorption can be significantly reduced and therefore a large nonlinear figure of merit can be achieved in order to facilitate efficient nonlinear processes. In Chapter 6, I present an experimental demonstration of a mid-IR-silicon-nanophotonic-wire optical parametric amplifier with 25.4 dB on-chip gain. This gain achieved with only a 4-mm-long silicon nanophotonic wire is sufficient enough to overcome all the insertion loss, resulting in 13 dB net off-chip amplification. In addition, I show, on the same waveguide, efficient generation of 4 orders of cascaded FWM products enabled by the large on-chip gain. In Chapter 7, I report a comprehensive study of the propagation characteristics of a picosecond pulse through a 4-mm-long silicon nanophotonic wire with normal dispersion with excitation wavelengths crossing the mid-infrared two-photon absorption edge at λ = 2200 nm. Significant reduction in nonlinear loss due to two-photon absorption is demonstrated as the excitation wavelengths approach 2200 nm. Self-phase modulation at high input power is also observed. Analysis of experimental data and comparison with numerical simulations illustrates that the two-photon absorption coefficient obtained from nanophotonic wire measurements is in reasonable agreement with prior measurements of bulk silicon crystals, and that bulk silicon values of the nonlinear refractive index can be confidently incorporated in the modeling of pulse propagation in deeply-scaled waveguide structures. In Chapter 8, I investigate a higher-order phase matching technique utilizing the 4-order dispersion term for realizing a broadband or discrete band parametric process in silicon nanophotonic wires. I demonstrate experimentally, on a silicon nanophotonic wire designed to exhibit a desired 2-order and 4-order dispersion, broadband/discrete-band modulation instability and 50 dB Raman assisted parametric gain.


The objective of this research is to improve southern African smallholder irrigation through greater gender-sensitivity in design and operation. For the purposes of this study, the term 'design' has been used in a broad sense including various aspects of planning. This Guidance synthesises the lessons learned from irrigators and agencies who assisted the study. The associated reports (Parts 2-6) give an account of the work undertaken and are the basis on which the Guidance stands.


Europe's financial crisis has precipitated the implementation of adjustment programs, led by a «Troika» of global institutions (European Union, International Monetary Fund, the European Central Bank). A disruption of the economic environment is taking place, with serious effects on social and family cohesion. The fast impoverishment of already vulnerable populations has led to an increase in social inequalities, while shifting relations between men and women in public and private spaces. The ramifications of the European crisis are not entirely detectable yet. Using existing literature and data from Portugal, this article attempts to bridge this gap by understanding the impact of the economic crisis on masculinities and gender relations.


The first essay uses a model of profit-maximizing hospitals to examine hospital responses to global budgeting in the forms of dumping and cost shifting. The main findings include: (1) Hospitals dump insured patients when the covered services are priced under costs. Whetherthe budget target is binding depends on its size relative to the mandated fees and productioncosts of insured services. (2) Only when hospitals operate at full capacity and the uninsured patients have inelastic demand do providers shift costs to the uninsured. (3) When revenue shocks dominate, cost shifting lowers the income from the insured while increasing that fromthe uninsured patients. When cost shocks dominate, incomes from the two groups may bepositively correlated.In the second essay, I use insurance claims data in a difference-in-differences model toempirically investigate the effects of global budgeting on providers' selection and skimpingagainst high-cost patients in China. It finds that non-last resort (LR) hospitals respond toglobal budgeting by avoiding unprofitable patients as well as selectively reducing the intensity of their treatment. Interestingly, I did not find evidence of skimping for LR providers. This indicates that non-LR hospitals achieve at least part of the adverse selection by making services inadequate for high-cost patients.In the third essay, we use survey data in an endogenous switching regression model toanalyze the price gap between state and private hospitals in China. Our analysis finds strongevidence that outpatient care is not only much more expensive at the public sector, but moreexpensive to a greater extent for certain disadvantaged social groups than for the generalpopulation. We explain this finding by noting that the private sector can price discriminatewith greater iaexibility than the tightly regulated public sector. We also find that the bigger the share of physicians working in the private sector, the lower the public-private price gap as well as the overall average price. These results indicate that increasing competition in the market for physicians may significantly lower the price of health care by enabling private providers to enhance their reputation through attracting well-trained physicians.


: An extensive survey of stroke in Taiwan was carried out by members of the Neurological Society, R.O.C. (Taiwan). Of a total 7,355 acute stroke patients who were admitted to 26 teaching hospitals in Taiwan (January 1 through December 31, 1985), there were 3,949 (53.7%) patients of cerebral infarction (CI). There was little seasonal variation in CI occurrence. In 90.5% of CI patients, the age of onset was above 50 years. The male to female ratio was 1.51:1. Hypertension was noted in 2,648 patients (67.1%), diabetes in 1,030 (22.9%), and heart disease in 953 (17.4%). A previous history of one or more strokes was obtained in 24.6% of the CI patients, and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in 6.4%. The stroke onset during the ordinary activities was noted in 41.1% of the CI patients, during sleep in 12.8% and at rest in 9.9%. CI occurred most frequently in the morning hours (24.0%). The majority of patients (85.9%) underwent computed tomography which provided valuable information in making distinction between cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage. Angiography was performed in 3.3% of the patients for visualizing the stenosis and/or occlusion of the intracranial and the extracranial vessels. The mortality rate for CI was 8.4%, and 49.4% of fatal cases died within the first week after onset. At the time of discharge, the stroke survivors were rated "recovered" in 10.8% of CI patients, "minimally disabled" in 26.3%, "moderately disabled" in 38.0% and "severely disabled" in 16.9%.


ABSTRACT Various forms of public-private collaborative organizations have been emerging in the education sector, a development that has made managing public-private partnerships an unavoidable imperative for school managers today. Addressing interactions between the partnership manager of and partners in a public-private innovation partnership, this article explores the attachments public and private actors establish in the framework of such partnerships. While formal structures often bind partnerships together, open innovation partnerships have a more fluid organization in which the participants have to establish the ground for their common work. Specifically, the article presents a study of a Danish partnership project aimed at developing a new secondary school. Drawing on the sociology of engagements, the article sketches out the differing forms of mutual engagements at stake between the actors involved and the challenges they face. As the partnership studied lacked formal agreements, the manager's and partners' locally performed acts of proximity became a means of binding the partnership together. In these acts, a mutual explorative engagement intertwined with a familiar engagement, thus creating a distinct attachment of familiar strangers between the public and private actors – an attachment through which ideas on education and common educational visions could traverse the public and private sectors.


SUMMARY. 1. Phytoplankton production was measured during 1981–82 in Bahia de Puno. a large polymictic system that is part of LakeTiticaca in the tropical Andes (Peru-Bolivia), Photosynthesis followed aweak seasonal pattern through each 12-month cycle but the largestvariations occurrud between years.

2. The large temporal variations in productivity appeared to becontrolled by biological events rather than by the direct effeets ofseasonal or aseasonal physical processes. Major shifts in production overthe 2-year period were attributable to the proportional abundance andactivity of N2-fixing blue-green algae. Production was uncorrelated withthe seasonal radiation cycle.

3. In vivo fluorescence and photosynthetic assays revealed largechanges in phytoplankton community structure over time and depth.The shifts in vertical structure were associated with changes in transparency and water column stabilily.Physiological as well as floristiceffects dictated the variations in fluorescence per unit chlorophyll a.

4. An analysis of twenty-seven primary productivity data sets fromdifferent latitudes shtiwed that Bahia dc Puno resembled other tropicallakes in its relatively weak coupling between algal photosynthesis andseasonal variations in light. Productivity in the temperate zone correlated with the annual cycle of incoming radiation while the tropicalproduction data did not. For many of the tropical lakes, but fewtemperate lakes, the between-month variance in primary production wassignificantly higher than the between-month variance for incomingradiation. There was a significant positive relationship between maximum production variance explained hy light (maximum r2 for each dataset) and latitude.

5. As in many tropical lakes. Bahia de Puno experiences moderatelylarge variations in algal photosynthesis.The muted seasonal cycle of light explains only a small portion of the total variation In productivity, and other factors such as weuther-related events are disproportionately important.


Heat pipe are popular in applications such as air conditioning, space technology, electronics, cooking etc. A literature review on heat pipe for air conditioning applications is conducted in the present paper. This paper focuses on the dehumidification enhancement and sensible heat recovery aspects of heat pipe heat exchanger for an air conditioning application. Based on this study, the application of a heat pipe heat exchanger in the conventional air conditioning systems is recommended as an efficient means for energy savings and dehumidification enhancement to maintain acceptable room conditions. This paper gives the idea about various parameters and methods that used for dehumidification enhancement and heat recovery application. This review concludes that, the use of heat pipe heat exchanger for heat recovery and dehumidification enhancement application makes significant changes in indoor air quality and energy consumption. So the use of HPHX is strongly recommended for Air Conditioning applications.


ABSTRACT For older adults, participating in leisure activities has psychosocial benefits, increases social interactions, and promotes well-being. Among various leisure activities, pickleball is an activity that fosters positive social interaction and health benefits in older adults. Pickleball is regarded as one of the fastest growing sports in the USA, and it is reported to be popular among people of all ages, especially among older adults. The purpose of this study was to gather demographic details of older pickleball participants and elucidate the psychosocial benefits of playing the sport, such as life satisfaction, optimism, and social integration. To this end, we gathered information from 153 older adults who competed in pickleball tournaments. Multivariate analysis of variance and Hotelling's T2 test were used to compare the differences that emerged in experiential factors such as life satisfaction, optimism, and social integration among the different demographic characteristics. The results showed that life satisfaction was significantly different among the following three age groups: 50–59 years, 60–69 years, and ≥70 years. Results of Hotelling's T2 test showed a significant difference in social integration between male and female participants. The test also revealed a significant difference in terms of life satisfaction between retired and employed participants. The results suggest that playing pickleball can be an enriching leisure activity for retirees and may help them cope with the transition that retirement typically entails.


In the last few decades, model complexity has received a lot of press. While many methods have been proposed that jointly measure a model's descriptive adequacy and its complexity, few measures exist that measure complexity in itself. Moreover, existing measures ignore the parameter prior, which is an inherent part of the model and affects the complexity. This paper presents a stand alone measure for model complexity, that takes the number of parameters, the functional form, the range of the parameters and the parameter prior into account. This Prior Predictive Complexity (PPC) is an intuitive and easy to compute measure. It starts from the observation that model complexity is the property of the model that enables it to fit a wide range of outcomes. The PPC then measures how wide this range exactly is.


In this paper, the limitations of the performance of electroabsorption modulators (EAMs) as optical transceivers in passive picocell systems by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method are theoretically investigated. EAMs with no bias voltage are modeled by the FDTD method with consideration of the interaction between electromagnetic fields and optical powers in optical waveguides. Transmission and responsivity of EAMs according to various optical input powers and chip lengths are calculated. Then, power margins of the downlink and uplink paths are estimated to define the service ranges of the passive picocell systems. In addition, EAMs with biased voltage are characterized for comparison. The results suggest that the service range of the passive picocell system using a no-biased EAM can be extended up to 20 m with a chip length of 400 mum and an optical input power larger than 10 dBm


Abstract Escaping from a blood host with freshly acquired nutrition for her eggs is one of the most critical actions in the life of a female malaria mosquito. During this take‐off, she has to carry a large payload, up to three times her body weight, while avoiding tactile detection by the host. What separates the malaria mosquito from most other insects is that the mosquito pushes off gently with its legs while producing aerodynamic forces with its wings. Apart from generating the required forces, the malaria mosquito has to produce the correct torques to pitch‐up during take‐off. Furthermore, the fed mosquito has to alter the direction of its aerodynamic force vector to compensate for the higher body pitch angle due to its heavier abdomen. Whether the mosquito generates these torques and redirection of the forces with its wings or legs remains unknown. By combining rigid‐body inverse dynamics analyses with computational fluid dynamics simulations, we show that mosquitoes use leg push‐off to control pitch torques and that the adaption of the aerodynamic force direction is synchronized with modulations in force magnitude. These results suggest that during the push‐off phase of a take‐off, mosquitoes use their flight apparatus primarily as a motor system and they use leg push‐off forces for control.