The hygroscopic growth and activation of two HULIS (HUmic LIke Substance) and one Aerosol-Water- Extract sample, prepared from urban-type aerosol, were in- vestigated. All samples were extracted from filters, redis- solved in water and atomized for the investigations presented here. The hygroscopic growth measurements were done us- ing LACIS (Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator) together with a HH-TDMA (High Humidity Tandem Dif- ferential Mobility Analyzer). Hygroscopic growth was de- termined for relative humidities (RHs) up to 99.75%. The critical diameters for activation were measured for supersat- urations between 0.2 and 1%. All three samples showed a similar hygroscopic growth behavior, and the two HULIS samples also were similar in their activation behavior, while the Aerosol-Water-Extract turned out to be more CCN ac- tive than the HULIS samples. The experimental data was used to derive parameterizations for the hygroscopic growth and activation of HULIS particles. The concept of ion (Wex et al., 2007a) and the Szyszkowski-equation (Szyszkowski, 1908; Facchini et al., 1999) were used for parameterizing the Raoult and the Kelvin (surface tension) terms of the K ¨ ohler equation, respectively. This concept proved to be very suc- cessful for the HULIS samples in the saturation range from RHs larger than 98% up to activation. It was also shown to work well with data on HULIS taken from literature. Here, different atmospheric life-times and/or different sources for the different samples showed up in different coefficients for the parameterization. However, the parameterization did not work out well for the Aerosol-Water-Extract.


A comparison of F0 alignment values was carried out for three Arabic dialects (Moroccan Arabic, Kuwaiti Arabic and Yemeni Arabic) using five speakers from each dialect. Clear differences found in alignment enable separation of Moroccan Arabic from the two other dialects: a) values of the F0 valley differed significantly, with Moroccan Arabic showing a later synchronisation than Kuwaiti Arabic and Yemeni Arabic; b) there was variation as to the effect of syllable structure on F0 peaks. The effect is not significant in Yemeni Arabic and Kuwaiti Arabic as the F0 peak is aligned within the stressed vowel in both CV: and CV:C. In Moroccan Arabic, however, the effect of syllable structure is significant: the F0 peak is earlier in closed syllables than open syllables.


Despite research suggesting the superiority of face-to-face communication in the transmission of vital information and contrary to the lack of productivity/profitability evidence for IT in general and multimedia in particular, classroom style Occupational Health, Safety and Environment (OHSE) inductions in Australia are increasingly being replaced by interactive multimedia. The research described in this thesis investigates this trend. On the practitioner side, it contributes to the knowledge base of OHSE and multimedia professionals and practitioners by describing the paradigm shift to the use of multimedia in OHSE inductions. The research describes current practice including the delivery media and content of the inductions. On the theoretical front, this research uses the data collected in achieving the practice-oriented objective to test theoretical aspects of the paradigm shift to the use of multimedia in OHSE inductions. Case study data was collected from 21 adopting organisations that were paired across industry sectors. The data included personal interviews with the OHSE managers and analysis of their multimedia OHSE inductions. A number of theoretical platforms were tested including Technology Push/Market Pull, Unique Selling Propositions (USP), Product Positioning, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM2), Media Richness Theory (MRT), the Productivity-Profitability Paradox (PPP) and the role of Disruptive and Revolutionary technologies in paradigm shifts. Adoption by others (the 'herd'), Demonstratability, Job Relevance, Image and Output Quality were identified as important change factors. The PPP was both contradicted and supported – multimedia was found to be very cost effective, but on the other hand 'profits' were traded away before they hit the bottom line. Major factors in influencing enterprises to 'take the leap' were transaction efficiency (more inductions, employing less infrastructure, delivered in less time) and the superior consistency of multimedia delivery.

Keywords: Occupational Health, Safety, Environment, Paradigm Shift, Multimedia, Technology-Push, Market-Pull, USP, Product Positioning, Technology Acceptance Model, TAM, Media Richness Theory, MRT, Duty of Care, DOC, Productivity Paradox, Profitability Paradox, Information Productivity, Transaction Efficiency


Previous studies have shown that number processing can induce spatial biases in perception and action and can trigger the orienting of visuospatial attention. Few studies, however, have investigated how spatial processing and visuospatial attention influences number processing. In the present study, we used the optokinetic stimulation (OKS) technique to trigger eye movements and thus overt orienting of visuospatial attention. Participants were asked to stare at OKS, while performing parity judgements (Experiment 1) or number comparison (Experiment 2), two numerical tasks that differ in terms of demands on magnitude processing. Numerical stimuli were acoustically presented, and participants responded orally. We examined the effects of OKS direction (leftward or rightward) on number processing. The results showed that rightward OKS abolished the classic number size effect (i.e., faster reaction times for small than large numbers) in the comparison task, whereas the parity task was unaffected by OKS direction. The effect of OKS highlights a link between visuospatial orienting and processing of number magnitude that is complementary to the more established link between numerical and visuospatial processing. We suggest that the bidirectional link between numbers and space is embodied in the mechanisms subserving sensorimotor transformations for the control of eye movements and spatial attention.


The concept of the Anthropocene confounds Eurocentric distinctions of natural and human history, as Dipesh Chakrabarty observes. But who are 'we' in the Anthropocene, how do notions of our shared humanity contend with the cascading global inequalities of place, race, class and gender. Oceania is often said to have contributed the least and suffered the most from climate change. Pacific women, and especially those living on low lying atolls, have been portrayed as the most vulnerable to the disastrous consequences of climate change. This focuses on sea level rise and the toxic mixing, the elemental confusion of salt and fresh water caused by atmospheric changes and global warming. While not negating the gravity of present and future scenarios, how can we move beyond the pervasive fatalism of foreign framings and seemingly opposed clichéd evocations of 'resilience'? The moniker of the Pacific Climate Warriors 350.org 'We are not drowning, we are fighting' evokes a contrary trope of resistance and resonates with Oceanic activism in politics and the creative arts.[i] Tracing such a genealogy of resistance might start with a greater respect for Indigenous knowledges and embodied practices in contemporary understandings of 'climate cultures' in Oceania which do not routinely distinguish between natural and human history.[ii]


In this study, a chemical stabilization method, that preserves the tensile strength of artificially aged paper pretreated with an aqueous solution of ionic liquid, is presented. Pure cotton cellulose paper samples were soaked with cholinium glycinate ionic-liquid solution either before or after the artificial aging process, which was based on thermal degradation in dry air. The tensile strength of artificially aged paper was measured by using the double-folding technique. The role of ionic liquids was investigated by mid-infrared and terahertz time-domain absorption spectroscopy. It was found that the tensile strength of pretreated samples is higher than that of other aged samples. A model for changes in the cellulose structure caused by oxidation and by the binding of ionic liquid molecules is proposed, based on the analysis of the mid-infrared absorption bands in the carbonyl/carboxyl region at 1590–1750 cm–1. Terahertz spectroscopy data indicate that the ionic liquid molecules penetrate in the larger s...


The December 2004 release of the GSP estimates takes BEA's integration efforts one-step further, an important long-term goal in BEA's Strategic Plan. Specifically, due to the concurrent release and integration of the annual IO accounts and the GDP-by-industry accounts and the resulting consistency of the estimates, the GSP program is now able to use these consistent and timelier annual IO accounts. This paper presents a new procedure for estimating GSP for most goods-producing industries for years 1998-2002 that integrates the GSP accounts more closely with the annual IO accounts and the GDP-by-industry accounts.


The lack of robustness in current diagnostic systems is an important research issue because it has two major consequences: inability to diagnose novel faults and inability to diagnose more than one type of fault. This paper describes an approach that formulates diagnosis of physical systems in operation (operative diagnosis) as problem solving in a hypothesis space. Such a formulation increases robustness by: (1) incremental hypotheses construction via dynamic inputs, since the fault propagation results in changes in symptoms over time; (2) reasoning at a higher level of abstraction to construct hypotheses, albeit less specific ones, when specific knowledge is not available; and (3) partitioning the space by grouping fault hypotheses according to the type of physical system representation and problem solving techniques used in their construction. The approach was implemented for aircraft subsystems and evaluated on eight actual aircraft accident cases involving engine faults, with very promising results.


While the interest in the Martian moons increases, the low-thrust propulsion technology is expected to enable novel mission scenarios but is associated with unique trajectory design challenges. Accordingly, the current investigation introduces a multi-phase low-thrust design framework. The trajectory of a potential spacecraft that departs from the Earth vicinity to reach both of the Martian moons, is divided into four phases. To describe the motion of the spacecraft under the influence of gravitational bodies, the two-body problem (2BP) and the Circular-Restricted Three Body Problem (CR3BP) are employed as lower-fidelity models, from which the results are validated in a higher-fidelity ephemeris model. For the computation and optimization of low-thrust trajectories, direct collocation algorithm is introduced. Utilizing the dynamical models and the numerical scheme, the low-thrust trajectory design challenge associated each phase is located and tackled separately. For the heliocentric leg, multiple optimal control problems are formulated between the planets in heliocentric space over different departure and arrival epochs. A contour plot is then generated to illustrate the trade-off between the propellant consumption and the time of flight. For the tour of the Martian moons, the science orbits for both moons are defined. Then, a new algorithm that interfaces the Q-law guidance scheme and direct collocation algorithm is introduced to generate low-thrust transfer trajectories between the science orbits. Finally, an end-to-end trajectory is produced by merging the piece-wise solutions from each phase. The validity of the introduced multi-phase formulation is confirmed by converging the trajectories in a higher-fidelity ephemeris model.


In December 2007, the WTO awarded Antigua the right to suspend TRIPS obligations at a value of $21 million. This decision represents the WTO's continuing evolution into a body capable of addressing the concerns of developed countries while balancing the legitimate interests of developed nations. For the second time, the WTO has authorized suspension of intellectual property protection under the TRIPS agreement. Such a remedy, if widely adopted, has the capacity to address concerns surrounding effective retaliation by small economies versus large economies, which traditionally have discouraged developing countries from participating in WTO dispute resolution. Additionally, the remedy seems likely to increase compliance because it constitutes a significant threat to developed nations. Because the recent decision seems to increase both participation and compliance in the dispute resolution system, this Note argues that the decision represents an important and effective step in WTO jurisprudence.


Background: Yearly death rate is increasing due to heart disease. Major factors for the increasing death rate due to
heart disease are (a) misdiagnosed by the medical doctors or (b) ignorance by the patients. Heart diseases can be
described as any kind of disorder which affects the heart. Methods: The dataset of 'statlog' from the UCI Machine
Learning with 270 patients related to heart disease isused in this article. The dataset comprises attributes of patients
diagnosed with heart diseases. The diagnosis was used to confirm whether heart disease is present or absent in the
patient. The present article aims to identify the risk factors/variables which influence this diagnosis. Classification is a
very important part of the disease diagnosis but it is also relevant to identify the risk factors/variables. Two classification
techniques namely Support Vector Machines (SVM), Multi-Layer Perceptrons ensembles (MLPE) and one advanced
regression technique,Generalized additive model (GAM) with binomial distribution and'logit' link have been introduced
for diagnosis and risk factors/variables identification. Results: GAM explains 65% deviance with adjusted R square value
0.70 approximately. Sensitivity analysis has been performed under SVM, which is the best model for this dataset with
approximately 85% classification accuracy rate. MLPE gives 82% classification accuracy rate approximately.Maximum
heart rate, vessel, old peak, chest pain, thallium scan are the most important factors/variables find through both sensitivity
analysis under SVM and GAM. Conclusion: The present article attempt to remove some new information regarding
heart disease through probabilistic modeling which may provide better assistance for treatment decision making using
the individual patient risk factors and the benefits of a specific treatment. These findings may help the medical practitioners
for better medical treatment.


Parkid higlohosa, an important indigenous fruit tree of West Affican Sudanian
woodland, was studied with respect to natural population distribution and structure,
regeneration, reproductive biology and phytosociology in Nigeria. As relevant
background, a comprehensive range-wide monographic account of the species was
assembled. An ecological survey covering the range of Parkia in Nigeria was undertaken
between 1994-1995. The survey involved four ecological zones ranging from derived to
Sudan/Sahel zone transition. In each ecological zone there were two sample sites within
each of which there were two land use types.
The survey showed that nearest mature con-specific neighbour distance and
corresponding stocking for all individuals ý: 10 cm dbh ranged from 25.5 m and 15 tree
ha-I in the north down to 91.5 m and I tree ha-I in the south. A gradual increase in
stocking from the lowland forest zone boundary to the Sudan savanna was observed.
Parkia populations are significantly more concentrated in cultivated fields than in less
intensively used areas of the bush fallow. Natural regeneration in Parkia in Nigeria was
sparse overall -
9.80 individuals ha-I and coppice shoot regeneration was the main form.
Bush fallow conditions favour more regeneration than intense cultivation, and to the
south there is more regeneration than in the north.
Tree morphological appraisal showed that there tended to be taller trees in the
south of the Nigerian range (with a moister climate) but with smaller diameter than in the
north. A broader crown diameter typified populations in the northern part of Nigeria
range compared with the south. Branching height ranged from 1.7 m in the north to 3.9
m in the south. The tree rarely branched below Im anywhere. Two was the most
frequent number of primary branches. Individuals with more than two primary branches
per tree occur more frequently in the north of the range. For all morphological
parameters except the number of primary branches a significant land use effect was
detected. In the survey 136 associated woody species were recorded. More woody tree
species were associated with Parkia biglobosa in the south than in the north of its range
in Nigeria.
A reproductive cycle of 135 days was observed at Saki, Nigeria. Capitulum
abortion rate was more than 30% and not related to the tree diameter or crown position.
Capitulum, podding efficiency was about 67%. Open pollinated capitula had the highest
number of pods per treatment. Parkid displays some degree of self-compatibility.
Capitula located >5 m above the ground are more likely to be pollinated than those
below.


In this teaching note, we discuss the basic principles for tariff setting. Tariff setting is very important for regulated industries, such as water and power. The tariff should provide an appropriate risk-adjusted return to the investor. If the tariff were too low, then the investors would not be willing to invest. On the other hand, if the tariff were too high, then it would reduce the consumers' welfare. We examine the Rate of Return method for calculating the tariff in a regulated firm. In the rate of return method, the tariff compensates the investor for all the costs that the investor incurs, including a fair return. We use the discounted cash flow approach to value the return that the investor receives. The results of both calculations must be consistent. In particular, using simple examples, we show that in the presence of a positive expected inflation rate, the typical tariff calculation, Rate of return method, is an overestimation of the required payment to the equity holder.


This paper introduces logspace optimisation problems as analogues of the well-studied polynomial-time optimisation problems. Similarly to them, logspace optimisation problems can have vastly different approximation properties, even though the underlying existence and budget problems have the same computational complexity. Numerous natural problems are presented that exhibit such a varying complexity. They include the shortest path problems for directed graphs, undirected graphs, tournaments, and forests. In order to study the approximability of logspace optimisation problems in a systematic way, polynomial-time approximation classes are transferred to logarithmic space. Appropriate reductions are defined and optimisation problems are presented that are complete for these classes. It is shown that under the assumption L 6= NL some natural logspace optimisation problems cannot be approximated with a constant ratio; some can be approximated with a constant ratio, but do not permit a logspace approximation scheme; and some have a logspace approximation scheme, but cannot be solved in logarithmic space. An example of a problem of the latter type is the shortest path problem for tournaments.


The study overviews the most relevant, current intergovernmental fiscal issues in the Czech Republic, centered on the options available to prod policy planning. Fragmentation at the lowest tier of government is the most striking feature of the administrative structure. This suggests a strategic direction for further administrative reforms to sustain fiscal decentralization, which includes empowering territorial self-governing units; establishing a multilevel government coordinating body to define autonomous functions on expenditures, and revenues; and by creating financial and legal incentives to facilitate an asymmetric assignment of revenue and expenditure. Specific policy actions should include institutional inter-governmental cooperation and dialogue through a broad based commission to recommend regional expenditures, and the Budget Rules Law should be amended to preempt unfounded mandates to local governments. Revenue autonomy should be boosted by increasing predictability of local budgets, restoring tax-effort incentives, and reviewing the adopted adjustment coefficient for tax-sharing distribution; while a rationalized transfer system should focus on decreasing the number of specific subsidies, and prioritizing programs to stabilize transfers within a medium-term expenditure framework. Institutional framework and prudential rules would ensure fiscally responsible borrowing, and encourage a competitive financial market.


To survive in an ever-changing environment, animals must detect and learn salient information. The anterior insular cortex (aIC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are heavily implicated in salience and novelty processing, and specifically, the processing of taste sensory information. Here, we examined the role of aIC-mPFC reciprocal connectivity in novel taste neophobia and memory formation, in mice. Using pERK and neuronal intrinsic properties as markers for neuronal activation, and retrograde AAV (rAAV) constructs for connectivity, we demonstrate a correlation between aIC-mPFC activity and novel taste experience. Furthermore, by expressing inhibitory chemogenetic receptors in these projections, we show that aIC-to-mPFC activity is necessary for both taste neophobia and its attenuation. However, activity within mPFC-to-aIC projections is essential only for the neophobic reaction but not for the learning process. These results provide an insight into the cortical circuitry needed to detect, react to- and learn salient stimuli, a process critically involved in psychiatric disorders.


Diverse, severe and location-specific impacts on agricultural production are anticipated with climate change.Temperature and water availability remain key factors in determining crop growth and productivity, predicted changes in these factors will lead to reduced crop yields. Climate induced changes in insect pest, pathogen and weed population dynamics and invasiveness could compound such effects. Undoubtedly climate and weather induced instability will affect levels of and access to food supply. Changes that will not radically modify the monoculture nature of dominant agroecosystems may temporarily moderate negative impacts. The biggest and most durable benefits will likely result from more radical agroecological measures that will strengthen the resilience of farmers and rural communities, such as diversification of agroecosytems in the form of polycultures, agroforestry systems and crop-livestock mixed systems accompanied by organic soil management, water conservation and harvesting and general enhancement of agrobiodiversity. Traditional farming systems are repositories of a wealth of principles and measures that can help modern agricultural systems become more resilient to climatic extremes. Many of these agroecological strategies that reduce vulnerabilities to climate variability include, crop diversification, maintaining local genetic diversity, animal integration, soil organic management, water conservation and harvesting, etc. Understanding the agroecological features that underlie the resilience of traditional agroecosystems is an urgent matter, as they can serve as the foundation for the design of adapted agricultural systems. Field surveys and results reported in the literature suggest that agroecosystems are more resilient when inserted in a complex landscape matrix, featuring adapted local germplasm deployed in diversified cropping systems managed with organic matter rich soils and water conservation-harvesting techniques. The identification of systems that have withstood climatic events recently or in the past and understanding the agroecological features of such systems that allowed them to resist and/or recover from extreme events is of increased urgency, as the derived resiliency principles and practices that underlie successful farms can be disseminated to thousands of farmers.


Because of the global commons nature of climate change, international cooperation among nations will likely be necessary for meaningful action at the global level. At the same time, it will inevitably be up to the actions of sovereign nations to put in place policies that bring about meaningful reductions in the emissions of greenhouse gases. Due to the ubiquity and diversity of emissions of greenhouse gases in most economies, as well as the variation in abatement costs among individual sources, conventional environmental policy approaches, such as uniform technology and performance standards, are unlikely to be sufficient to the task. Therefore, attention has increasingly turned to market-based instruments in the form of carbon-pricing mechanisms. We examine the opportunities and challenges associated with the major options for carbon pricing—carbon taxes, cap-and-trade, emission reduction credits, clean energy standards, and fossil fuel subsidy reductions—and provide a review of the experiences, drawn primarily from developed countries, in implementing these instruments. Our summary of relevant theory and survey of experience from industrialized nations may be helpful to those who wish to examine the potential applicability of carbon pricing in the context of developing countries.


Replacing bone in load bearing sites still poses a challenge. Fiber reinforcement of calcium phosphate based cements is a promising strategy to develop bone substitutes with improved mechanical properties. In this study, the reinforcement of calcium phosphate cement (CPC) and sodium-magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) is investigated. Polylactic acid (PLA) fibres with two different diameters (18 μm and 50 μm) were employed to create biocompatible and resorbable composites with superior mechanical properties. The main focus in this study was to evaluate the potential effect of low temperature plasma treatments
on the reinforcing capacity of the fibres and the fibre-matrix interactions. The influence of various gases, as well as the treatment time were investigated for the low temperature plasma treatments.
The effect of the plasma treatment on the wettability of the fibres was investigated by
capillarity and contact angle experiments and the topography was analysed by scanning
electron microscopy.
A single fibre pull-out experiment was designed, using PLA fibres with a diameter of 150 μm. to investigate the interfacial shear strength of the fibre-matrix interface for the two cement types and the different plasma treatments.
The mechanical properties were investigated by means of three-point bending experiments.
The elastic modulus, flexural strength and work of fracture were evaluated and compared
for the different cement types and different fibres, as well as for untreated and plasma
treated fibres. The work of fracture increased significantly for composites with thick fibres, while their strength and the elastic modulus only increased slightly. An improvement in the mechanical properties for plasma treated PLA fibres was observed for both cement types, the effect being more significant for the thick than for the thin fibres. Overall, stronger and tougher composites were developed, compared with similar materials reported in the
literature.
Finally, a first attempt to incorporate PLA fibres into magnesium phosphate cements was
undertaken. The fibre reinforced cements exhibited improved bending strength and
toughness compared to the pure cement. However, the pure MPC cement exhibited very
poor mechanical properties in bending and the MPC/PLA composite still exhibited inferior properties compared to the presented CPC/PLA composite.


Abstract A physical modeling has been undertaken to study the effectiveness of a mitigation technique (peripheral trench) to protect a residential house undergoing a ground surface subsidence from mining. A simple building model and a foam-material trench model are designed and implemented. Their deformations are measured by Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. The 3D physical model was proved very potential to qualitatively study the impact of ground movements on surface structures and the effect of soil-structure interaction. The trench technique was pointed out very effective to protect the building. The strain in the building and its surrounding ground are significantly reduced by the presence of the trench dug around the building.


Recommender systems have been part of the Internet for almost two decades. Dozens of vendors have built recommendation technologies and taken them to market in two waves, roughly aligning with the web 1.0 and 2.0 revolutions. Today recommender systems are found in a multitude of online services. They have been developed using a variety of techniques and user interfaces. They have been nurtured with millions of users' explicit and implicit preferences (most often with their permission). Frequently they provide relevant recommendations that increase the revenue or user engagement of the online services that operate them. However, when we evaluate the current generation of recommender systems from the point of view of the "recommendee," we find that most recommender systems serve the goals of the business instead of their users' interests. Thus we believe that the big promise of recommender systems has yet to be fulfilled. We foresee a third wave of recommender systems that act directly on behalf of their users across a range of domains instead of acting as a sales assistant. We also predict that such new recommender systems will better deal with information overload, take advantage of contextual clues from mobile devices, and utilize the vast information and computation stores available through cloud-computing services to maximize users' long-term goals


This paper asks if mounting reliance on women and girls to solve world poverty is an effective means to achieve greater female empowerment and gender equality, or whether, instead, it threatens to lockdown essentialising stereotypes which are unlikely to dismantle gender disparities within and beyond the home. The notion of a 'feminisation of poverty' has been widely popularised over the past twenty years, and has had some benefits in respect of drawing attention to gendered disadvantage. However, whether the kinds of policy initiatives which have emerged to address this are good for women and girls is more contentious. The discussion highlights some key problems and paradoxes in three popular interventions nominally oriented to helping women lift themselves and their households out of poverty: conditional cash transfer programmes, microfinance schemes, and 'investing in girls', as promoted, inter alia, among other things, by the Nike Foundation's 'Girl Effect'.


Abstract The existing literature suggests that economic institutions determine the allocation of resources for economic growth. As an important counterexample, although China has one of the world's fastest-growing economies, its legal and financial systems are underdeveloped. With evidence from China, the author confirms that government intervention positively and causally determines firms' access to credit. The author further provides evidence that government intervention enables firms' profit through facilitating access to credit. This evidence confirms that the mechanism of government intervention allows firms' access to credit and then enables the firms to obtain relatively large profits. Ultimately, this paper reveals that, in the absence of effective economic institutions, government intervention determines firms' access to credit.


Exploiting a novel geo-referenced data set of population diversity across ethnic groups, this research advances the hypothesis and empirically establishes that variation in population diversity across human societies, as determined in the course of the exodus of humans from Africa tens of thousands of years ago, contributed to the differential formation of pre-colonial autocratic institutions within ethnic groups and the emergence of autocratic institutions across countries. Diversity has amplified the importance of institutions in mitigating the adverse effects of non-cohesiveness on productivity, while contributing to the scope for domination, leading to the formation of institutions of the autocratic type.


Measurement uncertainty is a key hindrance to the quantification of water fluxes at all scales of investigation. Predictions of soil-water flux rely on accurate or representative measurements of hydraulic gradients and field-state hydraulic conductivity. We quantified the potential magnitude of errors associated with the parameters and variables used directly and indirectly within the Darcy - Buckingham soil-water-flux equation. These potential errors were applied to a field hydrometric data set collected from a forested hillslope in central Singapore, and their effect on flow pathway predictions was assessed. Potential errors in the hydraulic gradient calculations were small, approximately one order of magnitude less than the absolute magnitude of the hydraulic gradients. However, errors associated with field-state hydraulic conductivity derivation were very large. Borehole (Guelph permeameter) and core-based (Talsma ring permeameter) techniques were used to measure field-saturated hydraulic conductivity. Measurements using these two approaches differed by up to 3\9 orders of magnitude, with the difference becoming increasingly marked within the B horizon. The sensitivity of the shape of the predicted unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curve to ±5% moisture content error on the moisture release curve was also assessed. Applied moisture release curve error resulted in hydraulic conductivity predictions of less than ±0\2 orders of magnitude deviation from the apparent conductivity. The flow pathways derived from the borehole saturated hydraulic conductivity approach suggested a dominant near-surface flow pathway, whereas pathways calculated from the core-based measurements indicated vertical percolation to depth. Direct tracer evidence supported the latter flow pathway, although tracer velocities were approximately two orders of magnitude smaller than the Darcy predictions. We conclude that saturated hydraulic conductivity is the critical hillslope hydrological parameter, and there is an urgent need to address the issues regarding its measurement further.


Parallel window search is applied to single-agent problems by having different processes simultaneously perform iteration of Iterative-Deepening-A* (IDA*) on the same problem but with different cost thresholds. This approach is limited by the time to perform the goal iteration. To overcome this disadvantage, the authors consider node ordering. They discuss how global node ordering by minimum h among nodes with equal f=g+h values can reduce the time complexity of serial IDA* by reducing the time to perform the iterations prior to the goal iteration. Finally, the two ideas of parallel window search and node ordering are combined to eliminate the weaknesses of each approach while retaining the strengths. The resulting approach, called simply parallel window search, can be used to find a near-optimal solution quickly, improve the solution until it is optimal, and then finally guarantee optimality, depending on the amount of time available. >


In this part of the 21 st century, the impact of 'New Age" religions created by secularization have  exposed the western Christianity to several challenges which seem not only divergent to biblical doctrine but tend to give new image to God. Even here in Kenya, we are not foreign to these challenges. Some of which include; ordination of women, gender mainstreaming, marriage of the same sex, sex scandals of celibate clergy, leadership struggle, corruption and prosperity gospel, to mention but a few. This paper investigates the impact of prosperity gospel, an offshoot of neo-Pentecostalism in Kenyan urban centres with emphasis in Nairobi. This Christian social phenomenon teaches that true Christian faith results in material wealth and physical well-being. It claims that the Bible teaches that financial blessing is the will of God for Christians (vide Wikipedia, the free Encylopedia). That is, instead of the gospel of the forgiveness of sins, the centre is occupied by miracles and the improvement of the quality of life, along with temporal blessings from God (Anssi Simojoki, 2002: 272). This explains why the churches associated with prosperity gospel are popular in the eastern side of the city of Nairobi. The main question is whether the prosperity gospel is authentic Christian theology that satisfactorily improves the lives of the faithful? To facilitate our discussion, we have discussed the following four objectives: the origin and background of prosperity gospel, its teachings and impact, to make possible recommendations. The collection of data included both primary and secondary materials. We administered 250 oral interviews. Ninety members from the churches associated with the phenomenon, seventy students from both Kenyatta University and University of Nairobi and ninety adults outside the two categories. Key words : Prosperity/gospel, Pentecostalism/charismatic, Miracle, Interlocutors, Hermeneutic


Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 20 is a common abnormality associated with myeloid malignancies. We characterized abnormalities of chromosome 20 as defined by metaphase cytogenetics (MC) in patients with myeloid neoplasms to define commonly deleted regions (CDR) and commonly retained regions (CRR) using genome‐wide, high resolution single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP‐A) analysis. We reviewed the MC results of a cohort of 1,162 patients with myeloid malignancies, including myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasia (MDS/MPN), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We further analyzed a subcohort of 532 patients by SNP‐A using the Affymetrix Genome‐Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 and GeneChip Human Mapping 250K Nsp arrays. By MC, 5% (54/1,162) harbored a deletion of 20q; in 30% (16/54), del(20q) was the sole cytogenetic abnormality. By SNP‐A analysis, we identified del(20q) in 23 patients, 3 not detected by MC. In four cases, monosomy 20 with a marker chromosome by MC was proven to be an interstitial deletion of 20q by SNP‐A. We defined 2 CDR and 2 CRR on chromosome arm 20q: CDR1 spanned 2.5 Mb between bands 20q11.23 and 20q12, while CDR2 encompassed 1.8 Mb within 20q13.12. CRR1 spanned 1.9 Mb within 20q11.21 and CRR2 encompassed 2.5 Mb within 20q13.33. In contrast to other chromosomes frequently affected by deletions, no somatic copy neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN‐LOH) was detected. Our data suggest that SNP‐A is useful for the detection of cryptic aberrations of chromosome 20q and allows for a more precise characterization of complex karyotypes. Furthermore, SNP‐A allowed definition of a CDR on 20q. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Plea bargaining as it was before the Bill of Rights was unsatisfactory for it served to de-legitimise criminal justice in South Africa. The enactment of s 105A of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 to codify and regulate the process of negotiating agreements on pleas and sentences was necessary, but there is a serious lack of clarity about what it should be used for and how it should be used because it alters greatly the entire nature of a criminal trial by by-passing the judge or magistrate. Some of the jurisprudential issues are considered.
'Plea bargaining, although a dreadful practice, is thoroughly entrenched, and any reform that would make this practice better (or less awful) is to be cheered...' .
'In many courts, the guilty-plea process looks more like the purchase of a rug in a Lebanese bazaar than the confrontation between a man and his soul'.


This report documents the economic impact analysis undertaken by Washington State Department of Transportation's (WSDOT's) Freight Systems Division in response to the storm-related closures of I-5 and I-90 in the winter 2007-2008. The closures were the result of severe weather that overwhelmed the roadways and disrupted freight and passenger movements across the state and the West Coast. In all, the highways were closed for eight days, four days for I-5 and four days for I-90. In an effort to obtain a more complete picture of the statewide economic impacts of the highway closures than is typically available through traditional economic impact assessment methods, WSDOT contracted with Washington State University's Social and Economic Sciences Research Center (SESRC) to conduct survey research and economic analysis of the two storm-related events. WSDOT staff and SESRC researchers worked together to design and develop a new economic assessment methodology that would provide the state's citizens and decision-makers with a reality-based, comprehensive analysis of the effects of the closures on the state's freight industry and economy as a whole.


Intimate partner violence is a common problem and a significant public health concern. Substance use is involved in 40% to 60% of IPV incidents. Several lines of evidence suggest that when substance use and IPV co-occur, substance use may play a facilitative role in IPV by precipitating or exacerbating violence. This article will review epidemiological, clinical and treatment research relevant to substance-abusing men with co-occurring domestic violence.


The amount and heterogeneity of data in biomedical research, notably in interdisciplinary research, requires new methods for the collection, presentation and analysis of information. Important data from laboratory experiments as well as patient trials are available but come out of distributed resources. The Charite Medical School in Berlin has established together with the German Research Foundation (DFG) a new information service center for kidney diseases and transplantation (Open European Nephrology Science Centre OpEN.SC). The system is based on a service-oriented architecture (SOA) with main and auxiliary modules arranged in four layers. To improve the reuse and efficient arrangement of the services the functionalities are described as business processes using the standardised Business Process Execution Language (BPEL). Keywords—Software development management, Business data processing, Knowledge based systems in medicine


Volunteering constitutes one of the most important pro-social activities. Following Aristotle, helping others is the way to higher individual wellbeing. This view contrasts with the selfish utility maximizer, who avoids helping others. The two rival views are studied empirically. We find robust evidence that volunteers are more satisfied with their life than non-volunteers. The issue of causality is studied from the basis of the collapse of East Germany and its infrastructure of volunteering. People who lost their opportunities for volunteering are compared with people who experienced no change in their volunteer status.


The purpose of this paper is to qualitatively assess the validity of the managerial foresight concept. Social, environmental and technological aspects of past developments of a company, as well as self reported managerial behavior are interpreted and analyzed in terms of foresight and in terms of eight sub-components of the foresight concept. The results of the analysis reveal that both organizational and managerial behavior may be interpreted in terms of their foresight. Evidence is provided for the construct validity of a definition of managerial foresight and for the potential significance of specific individuals' foresight.


Although only centimeters in amplitude over the open ocean, tsunamis can generate appreciable wave amplitudes in the upper atmosphere, including the naturally occurring chemiluminescent airglow layers, due to the exponential decrease in density with altitude. Here, we present the first observation of the airglow tsunami signature, resulting from the 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake off the eastern coast of Japan. These images are taken using a wide‐angle camera system located at the top of the Haleakala Volcano on Maui, Hawaii. They are correlated with GPS measurements of the total electron content from Hawaii GPS stations and the Jason‐1 satellite. We find waves propagating in the airglow layer from the direction of the earthquake epicenter with a velocity that matches that of the ocean tsunami. The first ionospheric signature precedes the modeled ocean tsunami generated by the main shock by approximately one hour. These results demonstrate the utility of monitoring the Earth's airglow layers for tsunami detection and early warning.


We present an equivalent circuit cut-off frequency analysis of a Coupled-Cavity Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser with one cavity used as a fast electro-optic modulator with lumped electrodes. We find that the mesa capacitance and the polyimide capacitance and series resistance are the most influencing parameters. In order to enhance the -3 dB bandwidth the design steps should be: reduction of the contact pad area and modulator mesa radius together with increasing the modulator cavity length, as well as implementing a pnp structure. Based on the model, we suggest a realistic structure that is theoretically able to achieve about 100 GHz modulation speed.


Digital technologies have a central and continuing role to play in the future of learning, competing models of education are prompting institutions to evaluate how they facilitate taught content and adapt to new technologies (NMC, 2015). Technology has the ability to disrupt and empower, to captivate and deviate, as do the learners themselves. This session will focus on the use of Canvas LMS, new to Falmouth University, to facilitate performance based distance learning.

Harnessing the power of the crowd is central to student experience, particularly in relation to online environments where the physical convening of students is not possible. Computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL) can be used to facilitate conversation, aid assessment and provide valuable feedback in an online environment. Focusing on the benefits of CSCL, we have implemented an environment for a fully online transnational degree launched in the 2014/15 academic year. The Canvas platform was chosen as an alternative learning environment (not widely used in UK Higher Education) that facilitates user interaction, collaboration and discussion.

There is a requirement from creative arts students that they are able to upload work in various digital forms; electronic submission and feedback of work should utilise available technologies. It has been demonstrated that cooperative learning is beneficial (Johnson, Johnson & Stanne, 2000), we need to find methods to enable collaboration in a way that is digitally accessible for students. The approach implemented in Canvas for performance based courses is suggested as one method to facilitate collaboration.

This session will address the main conference theme "Harnessing the power of the crowd" by detailing the introduction and implementation of a fully distant learning initiative using Canvas as an online platform to facilitate collaborative arts based learning. Participants can expect to hear how the environment has handled functionality fundamental to performance based courses; including audio and visual submissions and peer review. This is an anecdotal take on the Canvas environment from an educational technology team who have developed and supported its use for new distance courses, and as such would be of benefit to others thinking of using the Canvas platform.

Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., & Stanne, M. E., 2000. Cooperative learning methods: A meta-analysis. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

(NMC) New Media Consortium, 2015. The NMC Horizon Report :: 2015 Higher Education Edition. [online] Available at: [Accessed 25 February 2015].


Background and Purpose— Flow diverters are currently indicated for treatment of large and complex intracranial aneurysms. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the indications of flow diversion can be safely extended to unruptured, small, saccular aneurysms (<10 mm) of the anterior circulation. Methods— Forty patients treated with the pipeline embolization device (PED) were matched in a 1:4 fashion with 160 patients treated with stent-assisted coiling based on patient age, sex, aneurysm location, and aneurysm size. Procedural complications, angiographic results, and clinical outcomes were analyzed and compared. Results— The rate of periprocedural complications was 5% in the PED group and 3% in the stent-coil group (P=0.7). In multivariable analysis, increasing age was the only predictor of complications. At follow-up, a higher proportion of aneurysms treated with PED (80%) achieved complete obliteration compared with stent-coiled aneurysms (70%) but the difference did not reach statistical significance (P=0.2). In multivariable analysis, increasing aneurysm size and aneurysm location were predictors of nonocclusion. The rate of favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale, 0–2 and modified Rankin Scale, 0–1) was similar in the PED group and the coil group. Conclusions— The PED was associated with similar periprocedural risks, clinical outcomes, and angiographic results compared with stent-assisted coiling. These findings suggest that the indications of PED can be safely extended to small intracranial aneurysms that are amenable to conventional endovascular techniques. Larger studies with long-term follow-up are necessary to determine the optimal treatment that leads to the highest rate of obliteration and best clinical outcomes.


ABSTRACT There is a growing recognition that e-market planners and various planning agencies in Information Technology sectors have a significant interest in measuring and forecasting the growth of e-commerce. The difficulties lie in finding a forecasting model that can incorporate both internal and external influences on diffusion, as well as an acceptable measure for e-commerce growth. This study uses models based on the knowledge of traditional diffusion theories as well as artificial neural networks. Additionally, it integrates the two into a hybrid model in order to study e-commerce growth. A count of dot-com hosts is used as a reliable measure of e-commerce growth in all the models. Our study demonstrates that a simple Neural Network model, if properly calibrated, can create a very flexible response function to forecast e-commerce diffusion growth. The neural network model successfully modeled both the internal and external influences in the data, while the traditional formulations could only model the internal influences. The predictive validation of the results was enhanced by replicating the comparisons on simulated data with various degrees of external influence. The study suggests that when external influences are present, the neural network model will be superior to the best traditional diffusion model. Keywords: E-commerce, Dotcom, Forecasting, Neural Network, Diffusion models, and E-market Planning (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.) 1. Introduction Studying the diffusion of e-commerce is extremely important for both government and business investors and policymakers for effective planning [Press 1997; Yao 2004]. However, industry and academic researchers found that measuring, forecasting and tracking the global diffusion of e-commerce faces two hurdles. The first problem is one of appropriately modeling the diffusion, both to understand the phenomenon and to forecast the diffusion for planning purposes. The process of innovation diffusion has been extensively researched [Rogers 1983], and several traditional diffusion models have been used to explain and forecast the phenomenon. Significant research in the past has used such models for the explanation and prediction of the diffusion of different technological innovations - e.g., the Bitnet [Gurbaxani 1990] organizational forms [Mahajan et al. 1998], corporate governance mechanisms [Venkatraman et al. 1994], the Internet [Rai et al. 1998], web-based shopping system [Changsu & Galliers 2004] and so on. These models are therefore a logical first choice in any attempt to understand and forecast e-commerce growth, but they do have some limitations. The second problem is the difficulty in measuring the growth of diffusion of innovation. For some technological innovations, measurement of diffusion can be obvious. For instance, measuring the diffusion of cell phones is simply a matter of tracking sales of cell phones or subscriptions. Tracking diffusion of e-commerce is much more difficult. One obvious measure, sales dollars, is much less clear, since the portion of sales of each firm attributed to the Internet is not precisely tracked by most firms. In Section 2 we elaborate on the issue of e-commerce and the measurement of its growth. The key idea of traditional diffusion modeling (discussed in greater detail in section 3) is to assume that there are a fixed number of potential adopters of new innovations. Therefore, this adoption process targets a decreasing number of adopters as time goes by. The growth rate of adoption can be constant [Fourt & Woodlock 1960]. [Mansfield 1961] proposes that the diffusion process follows a simple logistic curve (s-shaped) over time through imitation. [Bass 1969] suggests two main factors that are responsible for the diffusion growth process: imitation (or contagion) and innovation. [Mahajan & Muller 1979] later called them internal and external influences. Despite the popularity of the Bass model in explaining the diffusion of innovation of new products, research identified its drawbacks in forecasting growth in the near future. …


This paper presents and discusses various metrics proposed for evaluation of polyphonic sound event detection systems used in realistic situations where there are typically multiple sound sources active simultaneously. The system output in this case contains overlapping events, marked as multiple sounds detected as being active at the same time. The polyphonic system output requires a suitable procedure for evaluation against a reference. Metrics from neighboring fields such as speech recognition and speaker diarization can be used, but they need to be partially redefined to deal with the overlapping events. We present a review of the most common metrics in the field and the way they are adapted and interpreted in the polyphonic case. We discuss segment-based and event-based definitions of each metric and explain the consequences of instance-based and class-based averaging using a case study. In parallel, we provide a toolbox containing implementations of presented metrics.


A fascinating story that explores the birth and development of ecological design. In the late sixties, as the world was waking to a need for Earth Day, a pioneering group founded a small non-profit research and education organization they called the New Alchemy Institute. Their aim was to explore the ways a safer and more sustainable world could be created. In the ensuing years, along with scientists, agriculturists, and a host of enthusiastic amateurs and friends, they set out to discover new ways that basic human needs - in the form of food, shelter, and energy - could be met. "A Safe and Sustainable World" is the story of that journey, as it was and as it continues to be. The dynamics and the resilience of the living world were the Institute's model and the inspiration for their research. Central to their efforts then and now is, along with science, a spiritual quest for a more harmonious human role in our planet's future. The results of this work have now entered mainstream science through the emerging discipline of ecological design. Nancy Jack Todd not only relates a fascinating journey from lofty ideals through the hard realities encountered in learning how to actually grow food, harness the energy of the sun and wind, and design green architecture. She also introduces us to some of the heroes and mentors who played a vital role in those efforts as well, from Buckminster Fuller to Margaret Mead. The early work of the Institute culminated in the design and building of two bioshelters - large greenhouse-like independent structures called Arks, that provided the setting for much of the research to follow. Successfully proving through the Institute's designs and investigations that basic land sustainability is achievable, John Todd and the author founded a second non-profit research group, Ocean Arks International. Here they applied the New Alchemy's natural systems thinking to restoring polluted waters with the invention and implementation of biologically based living technologies called Ecomachines and Pond and Lake Restorers. "A Safe and Sustainable World" demonstrates what has and can be done - it also looks to what must be done to integrate human ingenuity and the four billion or so years of evolutionary intelligence of the natural world into healthy, decentralized, locally dreams hard won - and hope.


This book consists of seven chapters on the subject of poetry and itinerancy within the religious traditions of India, Tibet, and Japan from ancient to modern times. The chapters look, each from a different angle, at how itinerancy is reflected in religious poetry, what are the purposes of the wanderers' poems or songs, and how the wandering poets relate to local communities, sacred geography, and institutionalized religion. We encounter priest-poets in search of munificent patrons, renouncers and yogins who sing about the bliss and hardship of wandering alone in the wilderness, Hindu pilgrims and opponents of pilgrimage, antinomian Buddhist-Tantric poets from Bengal, and the originator of the haiku. We are led along roads travelled by many, as well as paths tread by few.


This article focuses on different means of constructing a scholarly on-line debate related to the field of science, technology, and society. The study shows how scientific interactions are reproduced in a new medium while, simultaneously, some users take advantage of new possibilities offered by the medium. The first section analyzes how the debate emerged, was constructed, and subsequently revealed the heterogeneity of goals and ideas among the participants. The second section discusses the practices that the participants explored to make the debate evolve. Two attitudes, identified as strategic and tactical, were observed. The tactical practices were to enable the emergence of a sense of community. From this perspective, the way some participants sustained mobilization and stimulated participation are analyzed. The strategic attitude is illustrated through the behavior of those who tried to be the leaders in the debate.


Did you know that the "Takings Clause" was not called the "Takings Clause" by any court before 1955? That was the first time that any court of any jurisdiction referred to the provisions regarding takings of private property in either the federal or state constitutions under the label "Taking Clause." Did you know that justices of the U.S. Supreme Court did not use that moniker "Taking Clause" in any opinion before 1978? Given this history, the phrase "takings clause," whether an apt descriptor or not, certainly cannot be justified as the dominant way to refer to these provisions by contemporaneous usage at the Founding nor by the weight of time. This Article gathers and analyzes originally compiled data sets on the usage of labels for this provision across time in court opinions, scholarship, and elsewhere. Acknowledging the fact that the label "takings clause" is of relatively modern invention, this Article questions its reign and evaluates the impact of such a "frame" for the rights protected.

When framing what is supposed to be a constitutional protection by reference in its label to the power controlled, rather than the right granted, the rights' component of the provision is diminished. For example, we do not label the rights to freedom of speech or press in the First Amendment as the "Censorship Clauses." We call them — quite appropriately with deference to the rights and with a presumption against their infringement — the "Free Speech" and "Free Press" clauses. This Article posits that the provisions regarding eminent domain are really about respecting means by which individuals can protect their right to keep property, against a backdrop where individual owners normally retain a right to refuse to sell property. As such, it wonders whether "The Keepings Clause" might be a better alternative label. In the process, the Article applies interdisciplinary insights regarding the power of "framing," informing our understanding of law in new ways from the fields of psychology, linguistics (including semiotics and cognitive linguistics), and the study of consumer products labeling in marketing and advertising. (That last category is particularly unique; strikingly little scholarship exists applying the expertise of marketing scholars to understand law and legal institutions.)

How we frame something affects our impressions of it, our expectations toward it, and our concept of its boundaries and scope. When we frame something in terms of power — like the Takings Clause — we provide greater legitimacy for that power and its exercise and we are likely to tolerate more of it across a wider scope. Conversely, when we frame something in terms of the rights protection — like with the "Keepings Clause" — the presumption begins with an expectation of keeping and erects a higher bar for a deviation from that position. Anyone who cares about constitutional rights will find transferable lessons in the work. Seeing how framing operates with the property protections regarding eminent domain in the Fifth Amendment provides lessons on how framing choices for other constitutional rights might affect how those rights are perceived and what level of protection for them is demanded.


There are many skin and nail conditions that affect feet. Some are more serious than others and these skin and nail conditions are treated by the podiatrist and other medical professionals. Some of the more common skin conditions are discussed here in part one of a series of foot and podiatry related topics. Nail conditions will be discussed in the next issue. A short description and treatment protocol is given of each condition. Most of these conditions are best treated by the professionals as self treatment is not always successful and can be dangerous in some cases.


The essay is largely comprised of a series of thought experiments. The first two thought experiments arose in cases I tried before "junk science" became a widely used label and before Daubert was decided. They represent an often unexamined subset of expert evidence cases involving simple expertise, one of which seems remarkably hard to resolve to achieve the admissibility result that I believe is intuitively appropriate. They also provide an opportunity to suggest how Daubert analysis might impact moderately innovative litigants with limited funds. The third experiment, which is the most generally applicable, involves a critique of Kumho Tire, one of the decisions in the Daubert Trilogy, a decision that I believe may have been affected by the Supreme Court's arguably misguided assumption about the implausibility of the merits of the expert's conclusion. The final thought experiment is one that I keenly experienced while consulting on the admissibility of expert evidence in civil litigation. The case was initially governed by a standard different and less exacting than Daubert; it then shifted mid-process into full Daubert mode. Its message reflects the uncertainty of the standards that govern specific types of expertise, the resulting unpredictability about the trial court's choice of standards to apply. It suggests that either the standards should be clarified or the rigor of enforcement of unclear and unpredictable standards should be moderated. This essay concludes with the themes of the successful intersection of law, science and expertise: the importance of focusing on application rather than abstraction, and a willingness to embrace complication rather than insisting upon stark, abstract and neat solutions to problems in this area. In seeking the "golden mean," the article perhaps asks too much because that concept connotes simultaneously simplicity, moderation and perfection, which are expectations that only very rarely can be achieved by humans. The argument of the essay is more attainable. It moves toward a more modest and moderate approach to judging the admissibility of expert testimony, which far short of, but is on the way to, the idealized and elusive goal of the golden mean.


The overall goal of this study was to examine the age-based demographics and aggregating behaviour of Plectropomus areolatus in Solomon Islands, so that culturally appropriate management strategies could be developed for this species. To place this work within a regional context I began by examining the abundance patterns of Plectropomus species in Australia, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. The analyses show that P. leopardus and P. laevis dominate the reefs of north-eastern Australia while P. areolatus is the most prevalent species in the western Solomon Islands. A more in-depth look at P. areolatus abundance was made possible by examining populations at three locations in western Solomon Islands that had experienced different levels of historical fishing pressure. This showed that habitat structure was a greater driver of P. areolatus abundance than fishing pressure. The most abundant P. areolatus populations occurred in habitats that provided for recruitment (inshore reefs), juvenile growth (lagoonal habitats) adult habitats (barrier reef systems) and spawning sites (well flushed reef passes linking the ocean environment with the lagoonal habitat).

The age-based investigation of the study focused on four locations in western Solomon Islands. Growth analysis revealed that this species is relatively fast growing, with most somatic development taking place in the first quarter of a moderate life-span of 12 years. There were sex-specific differences in growth with males growing faster and reaching larger sizes than females. Patterns of growth varied between study locations, with the variation observed explainable in terms of historical fishing pressure. An investigation of the reproductive biology of P. areolatus indicated that the sexual pattern of P. areolatus was gonochoristic, which differs from the pattern of protogynous reproductive development previously suggested for this genus. Males pass through an immature bisexual phase before maturing and recruiting into the population. In the western Solomon Islands heavily fished populations reached sexual maturity at an earlier age than lightly fished populations.

A multi-year investigation on the spatial and temporal dynamics of a grouper spawning aggregation was carried out at Ghizo where the brown-marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, camouflage grouper, Epinephelus polyphekadion, and squaretail coralgrouper, Plectropomus areolatus are known to aggregate. Both Epinephelus species aggregated from February to July each year, whereas P. areolatus formed aggregations in every month of the year. Aggregations of all three groupers peaked between March and June. Spawning aggregations were tightly linked to the lunar cycle, with peak densities of all species seen several days prior to the new moon, the lunar period when the gonadosomatic index for P. areolatus also peaked. P. areolatus densities were higher in the shallower depths, with the reverse pattern seen in Epinephelus species. A marked drop in mean aggregation densities for P. areolatus towards the end of the 5-year monitoring period appears to be due to excessive fishing pressure at this aggregation site. The findings of this research demonstrate that P. areolatus, an economically important species in Solomon Islands, is particularly vulnerable to overfishing due to its predicable aggregating behaviour. As a result of this study, management regulations for aggregating groupers are currently being incorporated into the Western Province Fisheries Ordinance and the Solomon Islands 2016 Fisheries Act.


This study replicated a common experiment, the Desert Survival Problem, and attempted to add data to the body of knowledge for deception cues. Participants wrote truthful and deceptive essays arguing why items salvaged from the wreckage were useful for survival. Cues to deception considered here fit into four categories: those caused by a deceivers' negative emotion, verbal immediacy, those linked to a deceiver's attempt to appear truthful, and those resulting from deceivers' high cognitive load. Cues caused by a deceiver's negative emotions were mostly absent in the results, although deceivers did use fewer first-person pronouns than truth tellers. That indicated deceivers were less willing to take ownership of their statements. Cues because of deceivers' attempts to appear truthful were present. Deceivers used more words and more exact language than truth tellers. That showed an attempt to appear truthful. Deceivers' language was simpler than that of truth tellers, which indicated a higher cognitive load. Future research should include manipulation checks on motivation and emotion, which are tied to cue display. The type of cue displayed, be it emotional leakage, verbal immediacy, attempts to appear truthful or cognitive load, might be associated with particular deception tasks. Future research, including meta-analyses, should attempt to determine which deception tasks produce which cue type.


Part of speech (POS) tagging is a familiar NLP task. State of the art taggers routinely achieve token-level accuracies of over 97% on news body text, evidence that the problem is well understood. However, the register of English news headlines, "headlinese", is very different from the register of long-form text, causing POS tagging models to underperform on headlines. In this work, we automatically annotate news headlines with POS tags by projecting predicted tags from corresponding sentences in news bodies. We train a multi-domain POS tagger on both long-form and headline text and show that joint training on both registers improves over training on just one or naïvely concatenating training sets. We evaluate on a newly-annotated corpus of over 5,248 English news headlines from the Google sentence compression corpus, and show that our model yields a 23% relative error reduction per token and 19% per headline. In addition, we demonstrate that better headline POS tags can improve the performance of a syntax-based open information extraction system. We make POSH, the POS-tagged Headline corpus, available to encourage research in improved NLP models for news headlines.


In products with complex composition milk and vegetable raw materials are used in different combinations, which allow to give them certain functional properties. Increasing the production of biologically wholesome products is a highly topical issue. One of the possible solutions of the problem is combining milk basis with vegetable raw material. Studies have been conducted on the development of soft cheeses from goat's milk with chickpea flour. The aim of this research is to study the properties, consumer value and possibility of creation of soft cheese formulation with chickpea flour. In this field of study, an extruded chickpea flour is an innovative additive that had never been used before. Optimal proportion of ingredients was determined by nutritional, biological and energy value under the limitations arising from structural and parametrical models of adequate nutrition. The optimal concentration of bean filler in cheese mass that allows for the insignificant change in qualitative indicators of lacto–vegetarian product (taste, smell, consistency and color) was determined. During the experiments an effective fracture of bean component was selected and qualitative indicators of the developed soft cheese were determined. The paper gives scientific substantiation for the effectiveness of manufacture of soft goat cheese with chickpea flour.


One hundred forty-nine teacher candidates participated in a yearlong study to investigate what a well-prepared early childhood teacher candidate knows about teaching and learning. This study provides findings on assessments used to determine candidates' knowledge of pedagogy at program entry and exit. The general question this study explored was: What claims can we make about the knowledge and skills of our early childhood teacher candidate graduates? Pre- and postassessments were administered to 147 EC-4 teacher candidates to measure the growth of their knowledge from program entry to exit. The following four major domains were assessed: Designing Instruction and Assessment; Creating a Positive and Productive Environment; Implementing Effective, Responsive Instruction and Assessment; and Fulfilling Professional Roles and Responsibilities. Results show that, among the four domains, candidates' knowledge grew the most on Creating a Positive, Productive Classroom Environment.


In natural scapolites the cell dimension a shows a regular increase from marialite to meionite composition, while c remains constant. Both a and c of synthetic meionite are larger than the corresponding dimensions of synthetic marialite. The cell volume of both natural and synthetic scapolites is a nearly linear function of composition. Variations in cell dimensions of scapolites may be caused by differences in structural state similar to those in plagioclase feldspars.


Jan Peter van Baurscheit the Younger (1699 - 1768) was educated to become a sculptor and an architect in the studio of his father, J.P. van Baurscheit the elder (1669 - 1728), who owned one of the leading sculptor studios in Antwerpen. Van Baurscheit continued the bussiness after his father's death in 1728. He matured into an independent architect with his own bureau. He was the leading man at the office and chief designer. Van Baurscheit confined his activities to tekenen en vasseren. From the Rekeningen it was to be concluded what tekenen and vasseren meant. Namely the conferring with and consulting of principals, the designing of projects and the supervising of the execution of the designs by sculptors, stonemasons, suppliers of marble and all other crafts that were involved.
Van Baurscheit built his first important town palaces and coutry-seats in Zeeland and Holland. In the forties and fifties he built his masterpieces in and around Antwerp such as the town palaces and country-seats for members of de Du Bois and Van Susteren families. Some other important commissions came from town councils and church committees such as the townhall of Lier, the Koepoort and the renovation of the townhall at Middelburg

His architecture met the expectations of which his principals understood by le bon gout. His buildings were marvelled at by conoisseurs recognising contemporary classsical architecture with adaptions to local circumstances. The works in part III, reflect the interpretation by Van Baurscheit and his principals of how architecture in the second quarter of the eightteenth century was supposed to look.
Van Baurscheit proved that the use of modern (French) ornament and the free interpretation of clasical rules did not necessary lead to excesses and extravagances (as some architecture in this period of rococo does). Van Baurscheit s oeuvre could function as a framework from which other architecture in the second quarter of the eigtteenth century could be interpretated and examined. Reference to this was missing till now. In connection with the works of Van Baurcheit there was no other studie available of architects. During this period, the second quarter and around the middle of the eightteenth century till about 1765, silversmiths, plasterers and sculptors like Van Baurscheit himself produced their own architecture. Van Baurscheit is one of the few sculptor architects in the Netherlands, whose education and whose architectural views have been examined and reconstructed by this thesis.

Concept of architectural uniformity
In the catalogue Rococo in Nederland that was published in 2002 at the occasion of the exhibition of Dutch Rococo in Amsterdam in the Rijksmuseum, the authors constatated that stilistic uniformity was missing in important buildings of the period. After Daniel Marot there would have been no leading architects who were able to create this concept of architectural uniformity. However, the study of Van Baurscheit proves that in the second quarter of the eightteenth century, also in the Netherlands there were architects who had proper understanding of the international developments in architecture. In his important buildings see Part III of this thesis it is obvious that Van Baurscheit aimed at stilistic uniformity in his own way.
In all designs of Van Baurscheit it is apparent that he strived after creating beauty of details in the interior as well as on the outside of the buildings. The experience of symmetrical, harmonious architecture played an important role in his architectural concepts. This strive after ideal architecture could also be seen in his other designs such as in funural monuments and church interiors as altars and organs.
As far as his principals were concerned, Van Baurscheit was the man with le bon gout. Van Baurscheit also possessed the qualities of the sculptor and designers who knew all about precious ornaments and sculptures in all types of materials, for their houses and gardens. He was in this respect a representative for the architect of the second quarter of the eightteenth century.
His architecture represented also the ideal of the generation of sculptor architects of Van Baurscheit the elder. They aimed to develop the important architecture in Antwerp to a higher level. H.F. Verbrugghen was one of the most important representatives of this Antwerpse architectuur school as was explained in part I of this thesis. In Van Baurscheits time architects were supposed to have knowledge of the local building traditions and to integrate them in the more universal directives of international architectural developments.


The 3.33 to 3.26 Ga Mendon Formation in the Palaeoarchaean Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa, forms the uppermost unit of the Onverwacht Group. It is dominated by ultramafic volcanic rocks interbedded with thin layers of cherty sediments that show pervasive alteration, including widespread serpentinisation, silicification and chert and quartz veining. The BARB4 drill core of the ICDP Barberton drilling project exposes a unique section through the Mendon Formation in the Manzimnyama Syncline. The komatiites are pervasively altered to an assemblage comprising quartz, chlorite, carbonate, talc, biotite, and, locally, plagioclase, K-feldspar, muscovite, amphibole, stilpnomelane and ankerite. The overlying sediments are made up of banded iron formations and rare beds of siliciclastic rocks. Though the altered komatiites are pervasively silicified, SiO 2 contents do not exceed 58 wt.%, and their major and trace element geochemistry is similar to other komatiitic rocks of the Mendon Formation, particularly those of the M2v-member. Quartz veins and, less commonly, quartz-carbonate and quartz-carbonate-plagioclase veins are found throughout the core. Overall, composition and texture of the veins differ from primary and early diagenetic veins found in silicified komatiites elsewhere in the Barberton greenstone belt. In the BARB4 drill core, the veins are generally coarse-grained, and the immediate wall rocks are locally foliated along the vein margins. In addition, the δ 18 O values of vein quartz range from 14.1 to 15.3‰, significantly lower than the values typically found in veins on the modern seafloor that formed during low temperature hydrothermal seafloor alteration (~22 to 32‰). Fluid inclusions in vein quartz are homogeneous two-phase (L+V) aqueous inclusions that occur in trans- and intragranular trails and clusters. Intragranular and isolated fluid inclusions have a similar homogenisation temperature (T h ) of 130 to 200°C, with most data ranging between 145 and 175°C. Salinities cluster in three different groups of high (20 to 27wt.% NaCl equiv.), medium (10 to 15wt.% NaCl equiv.) and low salinity (0.3 to 1.5wt.% NaCl equiv.). The composition and microthermometric characteristics of the fluid inclusions analysed within the drill core show similarities to those found in quartz veins in silicified komatiites of the Mendon Formation, which are interpreted to have been entrapped during metamorphism. P-T calculations based on fluid inclusion microthermometry reveal conditions of 230 to 400 MPa and 250 to 400°C. Similar conditions of 240 to 270°C have been obtained using oxygen isotope thermometry, assuming a metamorphic fluid with a δ 18 O value of 6‰. Collectively, the δ 18 O values, together with the texture and composition of the veins, are interpreted to indicate a metamorphic origin of the veins. The presence of high salinity inclusions indicates the occurrence of a highly saline fluid that locally mixed with the dominant lower salinity fluids. The high salinity might have been derived from fluid circulation through evaporites.


The European bat lyssaviruses (EBLVs) are not easily transmitted from bats to other species, but such incidents have occurred rarely. In humans EBLV infection can be fatal, and to date, worldwide, four such cases have been reported (1). The most recent was in November 2002, when a 56 year old bat worker in Scotland died of an EBLV2 infection, about six months after he had been bitten by a Daubenton's bat (Myotis daubentonii) (2). Other cases were a 15 year old girl in Ukraine in 1977, who died five weeks after she had been bitten on her finger by a bat. In Russia in 1985 an 11 year old girl died four weeks after a bat bite on her lower lip. Both girls were infected with EBLV1. In the same year as the Russian case, a 30 year old bat researcher in Finland died of rabies caused by EBLV2 (3). In both this case and the Scottish case, it has not been definitely determined when the fatal bites took place.


Since 1978, urban redevelopment in China has resulted in large-scale neighbourhood demolition and forced residential relocation, which can severely disrupt established people-place interactions in the demolished neighbourhoods. Urban redevelopment in China has also been criticized by the public and scholars, because the position of the residents in decision-making processes of urban redevelopment is often marginalized. Conflicts have arisen between the residents, local governments and developers, against the backdrop of the uneven redistribution of capital accumulated via urban space reproduction such as the replacement of declining neighbourhoods in which low-income residents reside, with newly-build high-rise dwellings for middle- or high-income residents (Qian and He 2012, Weinstein and Ren 2009). The aim of the thesis is to gain a deeper understanding of the influence of urban redevelopment and its induced forced relocation on residents, by investigating their behavioural and emotional responses to the state-led urban redevelopment in Shenyang, a Chinese city. In particular, it highlights the agency of the affected residents, through exploring their interactions with other stakeholders and through displaying the ambivalence embedded in their neighbourhood experiences.

The research firstly conceptualises forced relocation as a process and as a specific type of residential mobility that occurs in the context of urban restructuring. It suggests a conceptual model to show the sequence of events that households experience during urban redevelopment, by dividing forced relocation into three stages: the pre-demolition stage, the transitional stage and the post-relocation stage (chapter 2). This conceptual model helps to reduce the distraction caused by the accumulation of the dynamics of relocatees' experience as the urban redevelopment proceeds over time, by capturing the sequence of the events that occur to relocatees during urban redevelopment. We used the model to structure the analysis of the literature review and subsequently identify the gaps in the literature that should be addressed in future forced relocation studies about China. We discovered that the experiences of relocatees from household and residential mobility perspectives reveal the dynamic, variable and complex nature of forced relocation, which makes forced relocation in urban China not necessarily equivalent to displacement.

We particularly targeted at the residents who are undergoing the pre-demolition stage of state-led national scale Shantytown Redevelopment Projects (SRPs) in Shenyang, a city in Northeast China. Since 2008, the central government has initiated SRPs to improve the living conditions of low-income residents living in declining neighbourhoods. Between 2008 and 2012, about 12.6 million households in China were involved in SRPs, and forced to move as their dwellings were demolished. These residents are stayed homeowners living in declining danwei communities and urban villages. They are among one of the most deprived social groups due to unemployment, low-income, serious illness etc., and cannot afford better dwellings. We found that (prospective) relocatees' experiences at this stage are worthwhile to study. Their experiences and compensation choices at this stage can affect their follow-up housing experiences, since they need to make significant decisions with regard to the type and the amount of compensation (in-kind or monetary) that they can get from local governments and/or developers. However, current studies mainly target the relocatees who are already at the post-relocation stage to recall their pre-relocation experiences to evaluate the outcomes of forced relocation, which might lead to distorted retrospective accounts of their experiences and causes of their behavioural and emotional responses to the forced relocation (Goetz, 2013; Higgins and Stangor, 1998).

This pre-relocation stage is also the most stressful and conflicting stage for the relocatees involved in urban redevelopment and forced relocation. It is the stage that includes land expropriation, compensation negotiations and forced movement, after intensive interactions between residents and other stakeholders. In chapter 3, we discuss a complex interplay between different stakeholders, by focusing the implementation of SRPs and the changing roles of different stakeholders. Conflicts arise between different stakeholders, featured by frictions between the central and local governments regarding the implementation of SRPs, the mismatch occurs between the scope of the SRP policy and residents' attempts to improve their socioeconomic situation, and an entrepreneurial paradox in the relationship between local governments and developers. However, we also discovered that various stakeholders have consensus on the need for improving the living conditions in deprived neighbourhoods and on boosting the housing market. In particular, by displaying the consensus between residents, local governments and developers, we reveal the agency of residents during urban redevelopment (see also Manzo et al., 2008; Posthumus and Kleinhans, 2014). To a certain extent, residents are willing to accept urban redevelopment and forced relocation to improve their living conditions. They also intend to maximize their benefits from the redevelopment, by mobilising strategies such as constructing illegal buildings to improve the overall value of their dwelling, or by making appeals to local governments to intervene in the redevelopment (chapter 4).

In addition, this research investigates the interaction between people (residents) and place (neighbourhoods) from the perspective of place attachment and ageing in place, to show the influences of urban redevelopment and forced relocation on the residents. By revealing the lived experiences of homeowners and older people in danwei communities and urban villages, we found that residents have ambivalent attitudes towards forced relocation and urban redevelopment. On the one hand, these residents anticipate a potential improvement of their living conditions via SRPs, because neighbourhood decline has been challenging their daily activities and decreasing their quality of life for years. From a people-place interaction point of view, this might be contradicting earlier research which emphasizes the more 'romantic' side of people-place interactions, such as place attachment and its related components (e.g. neighbourhood-based social networks and mutual help), that contribute to relocatees' willingness to stay in their neighbourhoods when facing neighbourhood redevelopment and demolition (Fried, 1963; Manzo et al., 2008). On the other hand, many homeowners and older people are unwilling to move, since their current neighbourhood makes them feel rooted and enables them to develop living strategies to relieve their deprived socio-economic situation. Therefore, we suggest that when studying the influence of urban redevelopment on relocatees, the wider impacts of place attachment on their moving behaviour should be revealed by carefully examining their positive and negative lived experiences and the roles of different dimensions of place attachment (Livingston et al., 2010; Oakley et al., 2008; Vale, 1997).

Based on the aforementioned findings, several directions for the future research can be proposed. Firstly, more research on temporal changes of individual perceptions and experiences during and after urban redevelopment is needed. In particular, we propose to conduct a longitudinal panel survey following relocatees from the three stages to identify how and why forced relocation and urban redevelopment affect the well-being of the relocatees over time and how the outcomes of relocation vary over time. Second, the heterogeneity of the affected residents and the interrelationship of this heterogeneity with their experiences should also be addressed more specifically in future research. Finally, in addition to the declining urban neighbourhoods such as danwei communities, inner city old neighbourhoods and urban villages, other types of neighbourhoods involved in Shantytown Redevelopment Projects (SRPs) should be a focus of research, for example remote rural communities established by state-owned enterprises and enterprises specialised in mining, agricultural and forestry production. We suggest that more comparative studies should be conducted with regard to governance of SRPs and its influence on the relocatees from different regions and cities across China.

Our research findings can be useful for the central state and local governments to recognize the problems existing in SRPs, such as the disparity between the project scope and the expectations of the residents, the ignorance of the diverse needs of the affected residents, and the uncertainties and related negative influence on the residents in relation to the project implementation. We suggest local governments to consider the physical, social, economic and psychological influences of urban redevelopment on residents. In particular, the research suggests local governments to carefully design the compensation policy, which concerns the relocatees the most. The compensation criteria should cover various needs of relocatees regarding rehousing, such as dwelling size, nearby public and commercial facilities, and job opportunities. Local governments need to better investigate the socio-economic and family situations of affected residents before the redevelopment and forced relocation, since the needs and the expectations of different relocatees about redevelopment differ as well.


Theophilus Shepstone is recognised as one of the key figures in the history of colonial Africa. He is credited with developing some of the essential and widely copied features of colonial administration, including indirect rule, customary law and segregation. And yet he is also one of colonialism's most enigmatic personalities: fighting for and against Africans and colonists, admired by some, hated by others, but hiding his thoughts and his feelings with an intimidating and silent public persona. In this book Jeff Guy uses biography and history to break this silence and examine the man and his politics as they evolved in the conflicted and violent history of colonial Natal. He questions long-established and widely held views of Shepstone and his policies, showing that unless he is placed firmly in the context of the histories of the Africans with whom he worked, he cannot be understood.


A highly significant structure is observed in the Lambda K-+(c)-pi(+)pi(+) mass spectrum, where the Lambda(+)(c) baryon is reconstructed in the decay mode pK(-)pi(+). The structure is consistent with originating from a weakly decaying particle, identified as the doubly charmed baryon Xi(++)(cc). The difference between the masses of the Xi(++)(cc) and Lambda(+)(c) states is measured to be 1334.94 +/- 0.72(stat.) +/- 0.27(syst.) MeV/c(2), and the Xi(++)(cc) mass is then determined to be 3621.40 +/- 0.72(stat.) +/- 0.27(syst.) +/- 0.14(Lambda(+)(c)) MeV/c(2), where the last uncertainty is due to the limited knowledge of the Lambda(+)(c) mass. The state is observed in a sample of proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.7 fb(-1), and confirmed in an additional sample of data collected at 8 TeV.


Abstract For a practical air detritiation system, the effect of the residual tritiated water left on the silica was demonstrated. The residual tritiated water significantly reduced the detritiation factor of the air detritiation dryer. To maintain the detritiation factor more than 350, the space velocity lower than 140 h-1 should be selected for the design and the operation of an air detritiation dryer packed with silica gel. The HTO/H2O separation factor evaluated using a dryer with residual tritiated water was 1.17 on the average. Silica gel is superior to commercial molecular sieves in dehydration ratio at room temperature. Dehydration from silica gel was dependent on the accumulated amount of purge gas, independent on flow rate. Dehydration from silica gel showed a slight pressure dependency. Consequently, silica gel is a promising desiccant agent for air detritiation dryer.


Suitable for academics and professionals alike, this book serves as a sustainable design process road map for the creation of the zero carbon home typology. Chapter One, entitled "Team," gives due consideration to the particular effect the sustainability agenda had on both the client and architect in the creation of a ground breaking green residential prototype. It goes further to define the brief and how it was born out of an interdisciplinary collaboration amongst a broader consortium of built environment professionals. The role of the architect, as a conduit to these different built environment professionals, is explored in order to highlight the increasing importance of a style of project leadership that embraces a broader interdisciplinary understanding of the pertinent issues facing the design team stakeholders. This similarly allows for an exploration of the process of design, and in particular the role of the interdisciplinary workshop in its ability to optimize project efficiency and minimize waste. The importance of being able to demonstrate the prototype's sustainable credentials permits a brief overview of some of the global assessment methods that can act as prompts for thinking during the design process as well as being credible green marketing tools. It also covers the reasons behind why particular assessment methods were chosen. It is balanced by an overview of why more quantitative measuring criteria (eg carbon foot printing) are needed in order to further calculate and demonstrate a development's environmental impact through more objective means. The importance of understanding the social and spatial intricacies of the residential typology through similarly objective means is also explored.


We conducted a follow-up survey of large design, technology, and video games projects that attempted to raise money using crowdfunding before mid-2012. We found that reward-based crowdfunding appears to be able to lead to and support traditional entrepreneurship. A very high percentage (over 90%) of successful projects remained ongoing ventures 1-4 years after their campaign. We found that 32% of all these reported yearly revenues of over $100,000 a year since the Kickstarter campaign, and added an average of 2.2 employees per successful project. The survey also suggested that crowdfunding provided many potential benefits beyond the crowdfunded money itself to successful creators, including helping provide access to customers, press, employees, and outside funders. Consistent with other research, many projects were delayed for a variety of reasons, and 37% went over budget. We also analyze the factors that lead to longer-term crowdfunding success.


ABSTRACT A microcrinoid-sized eucladid crinoid (Eucladida Wright, 2017) is described from the Yığınlı Formation (Devonian, Famennian) in the Büyük Zap Anticline in the Hakkari region of SE Turkey. Compared to other eucladids of similar size, the Yığınlı Formation specimen is at a quite advanced morphological stage with arms present through at least the secundibrachials. Early post-larval development is a key for understanding homologies among crinoid clades; however Paleozoic crinoids in the microcrinoid range (≤ 2.0 mm) are very rare. This specimen is either at a very advanced developmental stage for its size, or typical microcrinoids are neotenic.