[1] A number of previous modeling studies have assessed the implications of projected CO2-induced climate change for future terrestrial ecosystems. However, although current understanding of possible long-term response of vegetation to elevated CO2 and CO2-induced climate change in some geographical areas (e.g., the high-latitude regions) has been strengthened by dint of accumulating evidence from these past studies, it is still weak in others. This study examines the responses of global potential natural vegetation distribution, net primary production (NPP), and fire emissions to future changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Land Model's dynamic global vegetation model. The model is run to vegetative equilibrium (i.e., with respect to leaf area index (LAI) and vegetation coverage) driven with preindustrial climate and future climate near 2100, respectively, simulated by eight general circulation models (GCMs). The simulated potential vegetation under the preindustrial control mean climate (CO2 concentration held at 275 ppm) is compared with that under the SRESA1B 2100 mean climate (CO2 concentration stabilizes at 720 ppm beyond 2100). Simulated vegetation response ranges from mild changes of the fractional coverage of different plant functional types to the rather dramatic changes of dominant plant functional types. Although such response differs significantly across different GCM climate projections, a quite consistent spatial pattern emerges, characterized by a considerable poleward spread or shift of temperate and boreal forests in the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes, and a substantial degradation of vegetation type in the tropics (e.g., increase of drought deciduous trees coverage at the expense of evergreen trees) especially in portions of West and southern Africa and South America. Despite the widespread degradation of vegetation type in the tropics, NPP, and growing season LAI are predicted to increase under most GCM scenarios over most of the globe. Carbon fluxes to the atmosphere due to fire generally increase too across the globe. Such responses of NPP and fire occurrence result from the synergistic effects of CO2 concentration changes, climate changes, and vegetation changes. In the HadCM-driven simulation, however, extreme responses are shown in some regions: Deciduous forest is replaced by grasses in large areas in the middle latitudes, and substantial areas in northern South America and southern Africa predominantly covered by evergreen forest are replaced with grasses while NPP and fire emissions reduce drastically (by more than 100%). A future paper will examine how the biosphere response documented here influences the impact of climate change on surface hydrological conditions.


The recent decision of the New York Appeals Division in New York State Thruway Auth. v Fenech represents an American revolution in conflict of laws with fundamental implications to cross-border litigation.The Fenech decision overturns prior precedent against foreign service of process by mail under Article 10(a) of the Hague Service Convention. If the Fenech decision stands, it will put many process servers out of work and render service through the official diplomatic channels of the Central Authority moot. Canada should formally withdraw its Declaration under Article 10(a) of the Hague Service Convention that it does not object to service by postal channels. Otherwise, Canadian defendants in foreign proceedings are at a marked disadvantage, both in terms of challenging a foreign court's assertion of personal jurisdiction and subject-matter jurisdiction. Personal service should remain the cornerstone of jurisdiction, bounded by the pillars of comity, reciprocity, good faith and order and fairness.


Although a growing body of literature maintains that the construction industry plays a significant role in the economic development world-over, the extent of its regulation may, however, undermine the objectives of sustainable urban development. This study, as a result, investigates the factors influencing quality assurance within the building construction industry in Kenya, a case study of Kisii town. The target population comprised of 7430 residential developments from seven neighbourhoods that were spatially segregated using a high-resolution satellite image. Proportional stratified random sampling was thereafter adopted to select 364 developers through questionnaires. Results indicated that the key factors that undermine the extent of quality assurance within the building construction industry in the study area included failure to obtain a development permit, non-engagement of registered professionals in building design, an inadequate inspection of buildings during construction phases and unauthorized occupation of buildings by developers. The study concludes that despite the existing legal framework, these challenges continue owing to inadequate development control by the County Government of Kisii. This study contributes to the literature on the built environment by demonstrating how factors limiting quality assurance within the construction industry may be statistically analyzed.


We examine the extent to which governments consider the role of bicameral conflict resolution procedures in legislative agenda-setting. We argue that governments may use these institutions to promote policy change in the event of bicameral conflict, especially when facing uncertainty over bicameral policy preferences. We test our arguments using comprehensive original data on forty years of German legislation and find that bicameral conflict resolution committees play a more sophisticated role in governmental policy making than previously suspected.


This paper describes a method and a tool for validating nonfunctional requirements in complex socio-technical systems. The system requirements analyzer (SRA) tool validates system reliability and operational performance requirements using scenario-based testing. Scenarios are transformed into sequences of task steps and the reliability of human agents performing tasks with computerized technology is assessed using Bayesian belief network (BN) models. The tool tests system performance within an envelope of environmental variations and reports the number of tests that pass a benchmark threshold. The tool diagnoses problematic areas in scenarios representing pathways through system models, assists in the identification of their causes, and supports comparison of alternative requirements specifications and system designs. It is suitable for testing socio-technical systems where operational scenarios are sequential and deterministic, in domains where designs are incrementally modified so set up costs of the BNs can be defrayed over multiple tests.


The in vitro translation of pea storage protein subunits was investigated using four polysome driven cell-free systems, derived from wheat-germ, reticulocyte lysate, pea axes and pea cotyledons. Re-initiation of protein synthesis occurred in each of the systems and accounted for about 25%, 34%, 44% and up to 45% of protein synthesis in the polysomes driven wheat-germ, cotyledon, axes and reticulocyte lysate systems respectively. The polysome translation products of all the systems were very similar and vicilin 50,000 and 47,000 mol.wt. polypeptides, convicilin 70,000 mol.wt. polypeptide, and legumin precursor of 60,000 mol.wt. were shown to be synthesised using immuno precipitation techniques and by comparing the QNBr cleavage products of in vitro and in vivo synthesised polypeptides. Modification of the vicilin 50,000 and 47,000 mol.wt. polypeptides occurred by the removal of short amino acid sequences, when microsomal membranes were present in the cell-free system, although sequestering of the synthesised polypeptides into membrane-bound vesicles could not be demonstrated. Hhe plant derived cell-free systems were capable of a limited amount of polypeptide modification, which was absent from the reticulocyte lysate system. cDNAs mRNA hybridisation techniques were employed in a study of the abundance and complexity of the mRNA population of pea cotyledons at three seed developmental stages, (9, 14, and 19 daf). An increase in very abundant mRNAs was noted between 9 and 14 day stages (up to 5 mRNAs), during which time rapid storage protein accumulation commences, while a progressive decrease in the number of rare RNAs was apparent during development. Preliminary investigations into the proportion of single-copy DNA, and of nuclear poly (A) (^+)-RNA, present in the polyscmal poly(A)(^+)-RNA were carried out; approximately 5% of single-copy DNA was transcribed into the polysomal poly (A)(^+)-RNA of cotyledons, (at 14 daf), and approximately 50% of nuclear poly (A)(^+)-RNA may be present in polysomal poly(A) (^+)-DNA of cotyledons at 9 daf.


A collection of essays focusing on the importance of ethics consideration within the scientific community. Research misconduct and other ethical violations in science continue to be matters of concern to the international research community. Perspectives on Research Integrity addresses the need to provide ethics training early and often- in classroom settings and throughout a researcher's career. Written by ethics and education experts, Perspectives on Research Integrity presents an enlivened discussion on the globally important topics of responsible conduct of research and ethics education. It synthesizes the current state of Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) and considers future directives and requirements. A resource for how to teach RCR, Perspectives on Research Integrity was developed specifically for educators, researchers, and RCR offices to train responsible researchers. It is also useful as ancillary readings for students in any course involving research ethics.


We consider the problem of fusing multiple cloud-contaminated aerial images of a 3D scene to generate a cloud-free image, where the images are captured from multiple unknown view angles. In order to fuse these images, we propose an end-to-end framework incorporating epipolar geometry and low-rank matrix completion. In particular, we first warp the multi-angular images to single-angle ones based on the estimated fundamental matrices that relate the multi-angular images according to their projective relations to the 3D scene. Then we formulate the fusion process of the warpped images as a low-rank matrix completion problem where each column of the matrix corresponds to a vectorized image with missing entries corresponding to cloud or occluded areas. Results using DigitalGlobe high spatial resolution images demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms existing approaches.


Object tracking and detection over a wide range of viewpoints is a long-standing problem in Computer Vision. Despite significant advance in wide-baseline sparse interest point matching and development of robust dense feature models, it remains a largely open problem. Moreover, abundance of low cost mobile platforms and novel application areas, such as real-time Augmented Reality, constantly push the performance limits of existing methods. There is a need to modify and adapt these to meet more stringent speed and capacity requirements. In this thesis, we aim to overcome the difficulties due to the multi-view nature of the object detection task. We significantly improve upon existing statistical keypoint matching algorithms to perform fast and robust recognition of image patches independently of object pose. We demonstrate this on various 2D and 3D datasets. The statistical keypoint matching approaches require massive amounts of training data covering a wide range of viewpoints. We have developed a weakly supervised algorithm to greatly simplify their training for 3D objects. We also integrate this algorithm in a 3D tracking-by-detection system to perform real-time Augmented Reality. Finally, we extend the use of a large training set with smooth viewpoint variation to category-level object detection. We introduce a new dataset with continuous pose annotations which we use to train pose estimators for objects of a single category. By using these estimators' output to select pose specific classifiers, our framework can simultaneously localize objects in an image and recover their pose. These decoupled pose estimation and classification steps yield improved detection rates. Overall, we rely on image and video sequences to train classifiers that can either operate independently of the object pose or recover the pose parameters explicitly. We show that in both cases our approaches mitigate the effects of viewpoint changes and improve the recognition performance.


This paper provides an approach to estimation and inference for non-linear conditional mean panel data models, in the presence of cross-sectional dependence. We modify the common correlated effects (CCE) correction of Pesaran (2006) to filter out the interactive unobserved multifactor structure. The estimation can be carried out using non-linear least squares, by augmenting the set of explanatory variables with cross-sectional averages of both linear and non-linear terms. We propose pooled and mean group estimators, derive their asymptotic distributions, and show the consistency and asymptotic normality of the coefficients of the model. The features of the proposed estimators are investigated through extensive Monte Carlo experiments. We apply our method to estimate UK banks' wholesale funding costs and explore the non-linear relationship between public debt and output growth.


This paper presents a design approach tackling the transformation of behavior through 'interactive materiality' from a phenomenological perspective. It builds upon the Interaction Frogger framework that couples action to reaction for intuitive mapping in intelligent product interaction. Through the discussion of two research-through-design cases, the augmented speed-skate experience and affective pen, it highlights the opportunities for design of an action-perception loop. Consequently, an approach is suggested that defines three steps to be incorporated in the design process: affirming and appreciating current behavior; designing continuous mapping for transformation; and fine-tuning sensitivities in the interactive materiality. Thereby, it discusses how behavior transformation through interactive materiality derived from a theoretical level, can contribute to design knowledge on the implementation level. The aim of this paper is to inspire design-thinking to shift from the cognitive approach of persuasion, to a meaningful and embodied mechanism respecting all human skills, by providing practical insights for designers.


ABSTRACT This article presents biographies of three activists of the Student Islamic Movement of India (SIMI). Following 9/11, the Indian state banned SIMI for fomenting "terrorism", "sedition" and "destroying Indian nationalism". Of the three SIMI activists, Qasim Omar had spent 30 months in prison and Samin Patel, a US citizen of Indian origin, 27 months. Both these prominent SIMI leaders were charged with denigrating the photo of India's flag and making provocative speeches. I interviewed them after their release. The third was an ordinary (non-office bearer) activist. Drawing on their biographies, I argue that Islamist radicalism or "terrorism" should be construed politically. Contrary to the prevalent politics, the pivot of which is bare rationality of profit and loss and ruthless pursuit of national interests, the kind of politics SIMI actors enact is best understood as a profound act of ethics manifest in the quest for justice. As such, they are not enemies of freedom, democracy and human rights; on the contrary, activists such as those in SIMI strive to rescue freedom and human rights from being monopolised and molested by the mighty few and thereby truly universalise them. Against methodological nationalism, I take the post-World War II global order as the human condition in which to situate the radical politics of these young SIMI activists.


In this study, the wetting behavior of cerium dioxide will be studied. Cerium dioxide belongs to the group of rare earth oxides. Cerium dioxide has been studied widely because of its attractive properties such as high hardness, high thermal stability, high wear resistance, high chemical stability and good transparency. There are three main subjects that will be discussed in this dissertation. First, the intrinsic wetting behavior of cerium dioxide will be investigated. Second we will investigate methods for the development of robust, water repellent coatings. Third, the development of scalable techniques for coating of large structures will be presented.

Cerium dioxide thin films were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition method. The effect of the oxygen pressure, substrate temperature, UV irradiation treatment and annealing treatment were investigated to understand the hydrophobicity of cerium dioxide. In addition, cerium dioxide nano-particles were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Nano-flake structures create the surface texture that can result in superhydrophobicity after chemical modification to lower the surface energy. A novel superhydrophobic cerium dioxide nano-composite coating was developed using polyurethane and cerium dioxide nano-particles. Boiling tests, immersion in various acidic and basic solutions, peel tests and mechanical abrasion tests were performed to understand the long-term durability and stability of the superhydrophobic cerium dioxide nano-composite coating.

Finally, the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show that the oxide materials that we studied are intrinsically hydrophilic, but may become hydrophobic when the surface adsorbs hydrocarbon species in the ambient environment. However, cerium dioxide nano-particles can be used to fabricate superhydrophobic surfaces. The durability of the cerium dioxide composite coating can be improved by etching the aluminum alloy surface. Our novel cerium dioxide polymer composite coating has superior thermal stability, chemical stability and good adhesion.


Known as ablaut reduplication, apophony, consonance, consonantal rhyme or vowel gradation , sound sequences such as Pif paf poof appear to be widespread in children's rhymes around the world. As part of an ongoing investigation of universals in children's folklore, this paper analyzes ablaut reduplicatives (AR) extracted from a corpus of 1884 counting-out rhymes in 51 languages (38 IE, 13 non-IE). After defining and justifying the choice of counting-out rhymes for this study (§2), I address methodological issues in Section 3. Section 4 presents the findings concerning the frequency of AR sequences in 30 languages and analyzes vowel contrasts within these sequences. The dominant pattern displays strong or maximal contrast between a high front vowel 1 and a front low, back low or back mid vowel 2, thus confirming previous research on lexical AR, notably in English. However, non-canonical contrasts, such as puh pah (Finnish) or puff paff (German) are also found in the data. Furthermore, it is noted that French often exploits oppositions between nasal vowels (e.g., pin pan ). Following this analysis of the data, Section 4.3 offers possible explanations for the dominant tendency. Section 5 briefly examines the interplay between various forms of reduplication (AR, copy, rhyme) and the rhythm of counting-out rhymes, focusing on examples from the corpus with four-beat lines. Such self-generating beat-synchronized reduplicative patterns are characterized as core structures readily found in isochronic oral poetry from which more elaborate poetic forms may spring. The conclusion points to further avenues of investigation and suggests analogies between AR as a verbal art product and similar patterns in other expressive semiotic systems, in particular music and the visual arts.


CONTEXT
Patients with early stage but medically inoperable lung cancer have a poor rate of primary tumor control (30%-40%) and a high rate of mortality (3-year survival, 20%-35%) with current management.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy in a high-risk population of patients with early stage but medically inoperable lung cancer.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS
Phase 2 North American multicenter study of patients aged 18 years or older with biopsy-proven peripheral T1-T2N0M0 non-small cell tumors (measuring <5 cm in diameter) and medical conditions precluding surgical treatment. The prescription dose was 18 Gy per fraction x 3 fractions (54 Gy total) with entire treatment lasting between 1(1/2) and 2 weeks. The study opened May 26, 2004, and closed October 13, 2006; data were analyzed through August 31, 2009.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary end point was 2-year actuarial primary tumor control; secondary end points were disease-free survival (ie, primary tumor, involved lobe, regional, and disseminated recurrence), treatment-related toxicity, and overall survival.

RESULTS
A total of 59 patients accrued, of which 55 were evaluable (44 patients with T1 tumors and 11 patients with T2 tumors) with a median follow-up of 34.4 months (range, 4.8-49.9 months). Only 1 patient had a primary tumor failure; the estimated 3-year primary tumor control rate was 97.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 84.3%-99.7%). Three patients had recurrence within the involved lobe; the 3-year primary tumor and involved lobe (local) control rate was 90.6% (95% CI, 76.0%-96.5%). Two patients experienced regional failure; the local-regional control rate was 87.2% (95% CI, 71.0%-94.7%). Eleven patients experienced disseminated recurrence; the 3-year rate of disseminated failure was 22.1% (95% CI, 12.3%-37.8%). The rates for disease-free survival and overall survival at 3 years were 48.3% (95% CI, 34.4%-60.8%) and 55.8% (95% CI, 41.6%-67.9%), respectively. The median overall survival was 48.1 months (95% CI, 29.6 months to not reached). Protocol-specified treatment-related grade 3 adverse events were reported in 7 patients (12.7%; 95% CI, 9.6%-15.8%); grade 4 adverse events were reported in 2 patients (3.6%; 95% CI, 2.7%-4.5%). No grade 5 adverse events were reported.

CONCLUSION
Patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer who received stereotactic body radiation therapy had a survival rate of 55.8% at 3 years, high rates of local tumor control, and moderate treatment-related morbidity.


Peachtree City is a city with a secondary transportation network, known as the path system. This paperseeks to determine why the path system is so successful and whether there are fundamental spatial,configurational properties which underpin its achievement. This paper examines the axial-line network ofpaths as a distinct network then as part of the larger, combined system of both paths and roads.The finding of this paper is that the cart path system, although unintelligible in its own right, serves thepurpose of reducing the overall number of cul-de-sacs in the city whilst increasing its axial ringiness. Anew measure for calculating the spatial signature of sprawl is suggested - the proportion and distribution ofcircuit lengths in the axial map. The paper continues by discussing the social, economic and environmentalbenefits of the path system, with the proviso that these benefits arise only from a successful system and thata partial factor contributing to this must be the spatial regularities revealed in the axial analyses. It concludsby suggesting that without the cart path system, Peachtree City would consist of nothing more thanaggregations of typical suburban developments with one or two primary road-entrances accessed fromarterial-roads and containing a high ratio of cul-de-sacs.This paper concludes by suggesting how Peachtree City could be held to be the blue-print of a ?protopia?,presenting a principle by which American suburbia could be transformed into sustainable communities andyet do so in a manner which would be distinctly American in character and hence palatable to its residentsunlike many current, public-transport focused proposals.


The present invention discloses a surge protecting device (50) for low voltage equipment (single phase loads) that has two stages (4, 5) of protection which include a voltage limiting stage (5) and a current diverting/dissipater stage (4) that serves to ground the trailing edge of the transient surge current. It is in essence a three line surge protector (50) comprising of a plurality of metal oxide varistors (MOVs) (10) and a plurality of avalanche zener diodes (20), wherein a predefined number of individual MOVs (10) are connected in parallel, the combination of parallel connected MOVs (10) forming a current diverting element (1, 2, 3) such that an individual current diverting element (1, 2, 3) is connected between the live and neutral lines, live and ground lines and the neutral and ground lines respectively. Similarly a pair of zener-diodes (20) of the plurality of zener-diodes (20) are connected such that, the cathodes of the diodes (20) face each other in opposition and the anodes face way from each other to thus form a zener-regulator unit (6, 7, 8). The zener-regulators (6, 7, 8) thus formed are connected between the live and neutral lines, live and ground lines and the neutral and ground lines respectively. The low voltage surge protective device (50) of the present invention is a Class III surge protective device (50) designed in accordance with the MS IEC 61643-1 standard.


Israeli religious settlers live in contested territory that they claim is promised to them by God. The settlers are at the center of the Israeli–Palestinian dispute and are the recipients of international condemnation for their illegal behavior. Because the territories are neither sovereign nor legally recognized by Israel, their definition is open to construction. Religious settlers make arguments to satisfy three discursive dilemmas that must be solved in order to normalize their lives. They must 1) construct their own authenticity, 2) marginalize the native others, and 3) establish cultural authority. These dilemmas are explicated in this essay.


Abstract. Here we present the experimental design and results from a new mid-Pliocene
simulation using the latest version of the UK's physical climate model,
HadGEM3-GC31-LL, conducted under the auspices of CMIP6/PMIP4/PlioMIP2.
Although two other palaeoclimate simulations have been recently run using
this model, they both focused on more recent periods within the Quaternary,
and therefore this is the first time this version of the UK model has been
run this far back in time. The mid-Pliocene Warm Period, ∼3 Ma, is of particular interest because it represents a time period when the
Earth was in equilibrium with CO2 concentrations roughly equivalent to
those of today, providing a possible analogue for current and future climate change. The implementation of the Pliocene boundary conditions is firstly described
in detail, based on the PRISM4 dataset, including CO2, ozone,
orography, ice mask, lakes, vegetation fractions and vegetation functional
types. These were incrementally added into the model, to change from a
pre-industrial setup to a Pliocene setup. The results of the simulation are then presented, which are firstly compared
with the model's pre-industrial simulation, secondly with previous versions
of the same model and with available proxy data, and thirdly with all other
models included in PlioMIP2. Firstly, the comparison with the pre-industrial simulation
suggests that the Pliocene simulation is consistent with current
understanding and existing work, showing warmer and wetter conditions, and
with the greatest warming occurring over high-latitude and polar regions.
The global mean surface air temperature anomaly at the end of the Pliocene
simulation is 5.1 ∘C, which is the second highest of all models
included in PlioMIP2 and is consistent with the fact that HadGEM3-GC31-LL
has one of the highest Effective Climate Sensitivities of all CMIP6 models.
Secondly, the comparison with previous generation models and with proxy data suggests a clear increase in global sea surface temperatures as the model has undergone development. Up to a certain level of warming, this results in a better agreement with available proxy data, and the "sweet spot" appears to be the previous CMIP5 generation of the model, HadGEM2-AO. The most
recent simulation presented here, however, appears to show poorer agreement
with the proxy data compared with HadGEM2 and may be overly sensitive to
the Pliocene boundary conditions, resulting in a climate that is too warm.
Thirdly, the comparison with other models from PlioMIP2 further supports
this conclusion, with HadGEM3-GC31-LL being one of the warmest and wettest
models in all of PlioMIP2, and if all the models are ordered according to
agreement with proxy data, HadGEM3-GC31-LL ranks approximately halfway among
them. A caveat to these results is the relatively short run length of the
simulation, meaning the model is not in full equilibrium. Given the
computational cost of the model it was not possible to run it for a longer period; a
Gregory plot analysis indicates that had it been allowed to come to full
equilibrium, the final global mean surface temperature could have been
approximately 1.5 ∘C higher.


My graduation thesis focuses on two novels: Lois Lowry's Number the Stars and John Boyne's The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas. The time setting of both novels is during the Holocaust, which also plays a big part in the fates of the characters. At the beginning a historical background is explained, as well as criticism of Boyne's novel. Then a short overview of trends towards writing about social issues in children's books is given. The main part of the graduation thesis is explaining my initial thesis that Boyne and Lowry use a special type of innocence in their works to highlight the horrors of the Holocaust. The process of proving the thesis involved in-depth study of both works, where it was discovered that innocence in their works is embodied in the child protagonists and their naive, innocent, brave and sometimes ignorant views on the given situations.


While the benefits of modular software development are widely acknowledged, there is little agreement as to what constitutes a good module interface. Computational complexity techniques allow evaluation of algorithm time and space costs but offer no guidance in the design of the interface to an implementation. Yet, interface design decisions often have a critical effect on the development and maintenance costs of large software systems. Criteria that have led to simple, elegant interfaces are presented in detail. These criteria have been developed and refined through repeated practical application. The use of the criteria is illustrated with concrete examples. >


Crime affects the life of all South Africans. Reducing crime and building safer communities must be a priority, not only for the government, but for all of us. Government policy and legislation urge local governments to take the lead in implementing crime prevention programmes and to introduce Metro Police Services where possible. One can, however, question the feasibility of such a policy as it implies that several organisations should work together, which always comes at a price.
In the State of the Nation Address in 2002, President Mbeki noted that the government remains "very conscious of the fact that the safety and security of all our people is a fundamental right and a critical element in our efforts to improve the quality of life of all our people" (Pelser 2001 : 23). One way of improving the quality of life of all our people is the establishment of Metropolitan (Metro) Police Services.
We are all aware of the financial implications when it comes to policing and especially crime prevention, hence the question : Is the price too high? According to Normann (2000 : 161), the relationship between producer and client in service - and knowledge - orientated businesses is usually complex, and as a result pricing tends to assume several important functions apart from simply putting a price tag on such services.
In order to be able to attach a price tag to policing, the author analysed the crime situation in South Africa from 1990 until 1998. Special emphasis was placed on the occurrence of violent crimes such as assault, murder, rape, robbery and farm attacks, property-related crimes such as housebreaking, motor vehicle theft, theft out of motor vehicles, other thefts, and violence aimed at property such as arson and malicious damage to property. The statistics obtained for these crimes were also analysed in relation to population (per 100 000 of the population).
In order to provide a holistic picture of policing, the author analysed both the SAPS and the Metropolitan Police Services as well as the public perceptions with regard to their effectiveness and efficiency in our country.


Diabetes is a widely known disease, which afflicts millions of people annually and is considered one of the leading culprits of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Researchers are making an enormous effort to propose more efficient remedies for the better amelioration of the disease. On the other hand, the public interest in the consumption of herbal medicine for therapeutic purposes is rocketing and the use of these drugs is becoming ubiquitous. Murraya koenigii MK is a tropical tree, originally found in the Indian subcontinent, which is an indispensable piece of the Indian diet and has multipotent medicinal capa -bilities. The variety of its leaves' hypoglycemic characteristics has been investigated via human, animal, and in vitro studies. This review intends to elaborate on the latest knowledge about the anti-diabetic and hypoglycemic effects of MK in the hope of easing the further application of MK in the alleviation of the diabetes signs and symptoms.


Silicon (Si) has been reported to be a beneficial element and shown to enhance disease resistance in many crops, although it is not regarded to be critical for plant growth and development. In this study, the potential effect of Si supplementation on resistance to banana xanthomonas wilt (BXW) disease was evaluated using various banana cultivars. Si application at a concentration of 200 mg per plant per week was found to be optimal in enhancing resistance to BXW without any detrimental effects on plant growth. The effect of varying the duration of Si application showed continuous supply of Si before and after pathogen inoculation led to a significantly higher level of resistance to BXW in all the banana cultivars tested in comparison to non-Si-treated inoculated plants. Banana plants treated with Si before pathogen inoculation only, also exhibited high protection against BXW similar to plants treated continuously with Si. The total Si content in leaves increased significantly in Si-treated plants in comparison to non-Si-treated control plants. The amount of Si accumulation was directly correlated to the duration of application; plants treated with Si continuously showed significantly higher amounts of Si accumulation in leaves than plants where Si application was terminated following bacterial inoculation or when Si application started immediately after pathogen inoculation. The Si-treated plants also showed higher activity of the peroxidase enzyme in comparison to non-Si-treated control plants. This study confirms that application of Si enhances resistance to BXW and may provide an alternative disease management strategy.


A number of mathematical programming models for test construction have been presented in recent years. For example, Adema & van der Linden (1989) developed models for maximizing test reliability, and van der Linden & Boekkooi-Timmninga (1988) developed models for the construction of parallel tests. A minimization and a maximization model for parallel test construction under constraints are pre-sented here. The purpose of the minimization model is to construct weakly and strongly parallel testsa of minimum length. The purpose of the maximization model is to construct weakly and strongly parallel tests with maximum test reliability.


Remote rural fishing communities in Eastern Indonesia are in danger of suffering livelihood loss as a result of declining marine resources and increasing social and economic pressures, but also through management decisions which are often based solely on biological data and do not take into account the needs of local fishers. We present preliminary data from an interdisciplinary investigation of East Indonesian shark fisheries and their significance to fishing communities. Using methodologies from the natural and social sciences, we aim to identify options for shark management in the Arafura, Halmahera and Seram Seas, where shark fisheries are presumably extensive but remain largely unregulated and unreported. Through DNA barcoding of dried fin samples and by engaging shark fishers in the collection of biological data from captured sharks, we obtain vital baseline data on shark populations in fishing grounds around Halmahera in Northern Maluku and Raja Ampat, a shark and ray sanctuary in West Papua Province. Through participant observation, focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews we assess ecosystem awareness, shark fishing traditions, local knowledge and livelihood requirements in three fishing communities exploiting those fishing grounds. This study identifies the challenges of shark management in Eastern Indonesia, where current conservation initiatives threaten to displace fishing effort and negatively impact on the livelihood security of remote fishing communities. We address the contribution of this interdisciplinary, longitudinal approach to shark management in light of the biological, economic and social factors affecting a fishery that provides an important source of income but is increasingly contested globally.


Why does the top one per cent of the population capture such a disproportionate amount of the wealth? Why do top athletes win dozens of sponsorship deals, yet competitors who finish just moments behind struggle to attract a single deal? Why does one product become a runaway success, while others flounder and fail? The answer is the rise of 'winner-take-all' markets, in which small differences in performance lead to huge differences in reward. More relevant today than ever before, this fascinating book shows how in business, as in sport, thousands are competing for only a handful of top prizes. As Robert Frank and Philip J Cook reveal, this relentless emphasis on coming out on top has shaped our society and how we define success in troubling ways, creating growing income inequality and an enormous misallocation of talent, as more and more gifted people seek the big bucks and limelight of lucrative yet non-essential careers while vital professions scramble to attract staff. But there are measures we can take to create a more equitable and more prosperous future, and "The Winner-Take-All Society" shows the way.


[1] One year (December 2003 to November 2004) of Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), and Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) data over the open ocean are used in conjunction with the Goddard Chemistry Transport Model (GOCART) to characterize differing aerosol types as a function of satellite observable parameters. GOCART model output is used to select regions that are dominated (at least 80% of the total aerosol optical thickness from a single aerosol species) by anthropogenic (black carbon + organic carbon + sulfate), dust (DU) and sea salt regions (SS). Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and fine mode fraction (FMF) retrieved from MODIS are averaged for each aerosol species region at 1 month intervals to examine the observational differences among each aerosol species. Anthropogenic (AN) aerosols are further separated into those produced primarily from biomass burning (BB) versus those from combustion and industrial pollution (PO). TOMS ultraviolet absorbing aerosol index (AI) in conjunction with MOPITT carbon monoxide (CO) data sets on Terra are used to contrast the differences between BB and PO aerosol properties. Annually averaged estimates for SS, DU, and AN MODIS FMF are 0.25 ± 0.07, 0.45 ± 0.05, and 0.84 ± 0.04, respectively, in agreement with or slightly lower than previous estimates. However, FMF values were observed to change substantially as a function of space and time as regions dominated by single aerosol types shrink, expand, and move around from month to month. The greatest variability in FMF was observed for SS and DU aerosols. SS are associated with regions of high near-surface wind speeds in the Southern Hemisphere, which have large temporal and spatial variations. Dust transport off of the Saharan Desert is maximized in the Northern Hemisphere summer, increasing the area of predominately dust aerosols. MODIS aerosol effective radius for each aerosol type also showed a similar trend with SS, DU, and AN values of 1.03, 0.68, and 0.32 μm. TOMS-AI values for DU exceeded SS and AN values up to 100% between April and October 2004 in association with the greatest dust concentrations in the North Atlantic. For BB and PO components of AN aerosols, no significant difference in MODIS FMF were observed; however, substantial differences in TOMS-AI and MOPITT values were observed between BB and PO aerosols, especially between June and November. For both TOMS-AI and MOPITT CO, BB aerosols are generally associated with higher values than are PO aerosols. The use of GOCART to constrain regions where a dominant aerosol species exists has allowed a comprehensive analysis of the satellite observed properties of various aerosol species.


A novel biocomposite material was developed by immobilizing an ammonia-oxidizing bacterial strain, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus STB1, on an electrospun porous cellulose acetate (CA) nanofibrous web. Ammonium removal characteristics of the STB1 immobilized CA nanofibrous web were determined at varying initial ammonium concentrations, and removal rates of 100%, 98.5% and 72% were observed within 48 h for 50 mg L−1, 100 mg L−1 and 200 mg L−1 samples, respectively. Most of the ammonia is inferred to be converted into nitrogen or is accumulated as bacterial biomass, as only trace amounts of ammonium were converted into nitrite or nitrate. Reusability test results indicate that, at an initial ammonium concentration of 100 mg L−1, bacteria-immobilized CA nanofibrous webs can be reused for at least 5 cycles. SEM images of the STB1/CA nanofibrous web after five cycles of reuse and rigorous washing demonstrate that bacterial biofilms strongly adhere to nanofiber surfaces.


One of the main challenges online social systems face is the prevalence of antisocial behavior, such as harassment and personal attacks. In this work, we introduce the task of predicting from the very start of a conversation whether it will get out of hand. As opposed to detecting undesirable behavior after the fact, this task aims to enable early, actionable prediction at a time when the conversation might still be salvaged. To this end, we develop a framework for capturing pragmatic devices—such as politeness strategies and rhetorical prompts—used to start a conversation, and analyze their relation to its future trajectory. Applying this framework in a controlled setting, we demonstrate the feasibility of detecting early warning signs of antisocial behavior in online discussions.


Abstract Cardicola nonamo n. sp. (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) infects the heart of white seaperch, Phanerodon furcatus Girard, 1854 (Perciformes: Embiotocidae) (type host), in Monterey Bay, California, and the branchial vessels of rubberlip seaperch, Rhacochilus toxotes Agassiz, 1854 (Embiotocidae), from Naples Reef, Santa Barbara Channel, off Santa Barbara, California. It is most easily distinguished from other species of Cardicola Short, 1953 by the combination of having (1) rows of minute tegumental spines distributing along the entire ventrolateral body margin; (2) an aspinous anterior sucker comprising a nearly indistinct spheroid structure centering on the mouth; (3) an esophagus 17–21% of the total body length; (4) convoluted posterior ceca 51–65% of the total body length and 9–18× length of the anterior ceca; (5) a rectangular, intercecal testis not extending posteriad beyond the posterior ceca; (6) a post-testicular and post-cecal ovary; (7) an oviduct emanating from the posterodextral margin of the ovary; (8) a post-ovarian uterus coiling twice just posterior to the ovary; and (9) male and female genital pores opening dorsomedially and posterior to the uterus and ootype. The new species most closely resembles Cardicola ambrosioi Braicovich, Etchegoin, Timi, and Sardella, 2006, which infects the blood vessels of the gill and liver of Brazilian flathead, Percophis brasiliensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1825 (Perciformes: Percophidae), in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean off Argentina; however, C. ambrosioi differs morphologically from the new species at least by lacking post-ovarian spine rows and by having posterior ceca that are 4× length of the anterior ceca. This is the first published record of an aporocotylid from a surfperch (Embiotocidae) as well as that of a species of Cardicola from the Pacific Ocean east of the Hawaiian Islands.


Abstract:Efforts to understand the differential mortality caused by plague must account for many factors, including human immune responses. In this essay we are particularly interested in those people who were exposed to the Yersinia pestis pathogen during the Black Death, but who had differing fates—survival or death—that could depend on which individuals (once infected) were able to mount an appropriate immune response as a result of biological, environmental, and social factors. The proposed model suggests that historians of the medieval world could make a significant contribution to the study of human health, and especially the role of human immunology in past environments and societies, by helping to reconstruct these conditions.


Satellite observations have shown that the Earth's cloud cover is strongly correlated with the galactic cosmic ray flux. While this correlation is indicative of a possible physical connection, there is currently no confirmation that a physical mechanism exists. We are therefore setting up an experiment in order to investigate the underlying microphysical processes. The results of this experiment will help to understand whether ionisation from cosmic rays, and by implication the related processes in the universe, has a direct influence on Earth's atmosphere and climate. Since any physical mechanism linking cosmic rays to clouds and climate is currently speculative, there have been various suggestions of the role atmospheric ions may play; these involve any one of a number of processes from the nucleation of aerosols up to the collection processes of cloud droplets. We have chosen to start our investigation at the smallest scales, namely the role of cosmic ray produced ions on atmospheric aerosol nucleation and growth processes. Aerosol theory suggests that this is one of the most promising areas to search for an effect. However, guided by the nature of our initial results, it will be possible to develop the experiment to cover additional processes involved in the route to cloud droplet formation. The experiment will be conducted at the Danish National Space Center where a clean room facility has been provided. It comprises an 8 m 3 reaction chamber across which an electric field is applied to control the number of ions present. This will enable experiments to be performed both with and without the presence of ions, thus providing information as to the potential role of ions in aerosol processes.


With the airline industry under siege: A prescient analysis of its problems and an engaging look into its future-as well as a thought-provoking account of the challenges of entrepreneurship in the dot-com age-by the well-known Atlantic Monthly writer and award-winning author of National Defense and Breaking the News. Ask someone who has recently flown commercially about their experience and you'll hear a common complaint: "We spent almost as much time waiting as we did flying. " The airline system has reached a nightmarish state due to a combination of economics and technology. As the average cost of a flight has come down in the last twenty years, the airlines have survived by filling all the seats and funneling traffic through a hub-and-spoke routing system. Virtually all of the technological innovation in airplanes in the last thirty years has been devoted to moving passengers more cheaply, and more safely, between major hubs. Each generation of new planes has been more reliable, and has carried more passengers on less fuel, than before. But what was left out of this equation was, of course, the comfort, convenience, and flexibility of the average traveler. A technological answer to this logjam is underway at the moment. Free Flight will tell the story of three groups who are inventing and building the future of all air travel. There's a NASA administrator who long ago anticipated airline gridlock and began agitating for another system; there are the two brothers who created the first genuinely new small airplane in more than twenty-five years; and there is Eclipse Aviation in Albuquerque, which uses technologies first applied on cruise missiles to develop "cheap" jet planes for "air taxi" services that take you exactly where you want to go, when you want to go there. This book is fascinating reading for anyone interested in the airlines, airplanes, or American business.


To determine whether the prevention of fever affects the survival of an animal infected with pathogenic bacteria, lizards (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) were infected with live Aeromonas hydrophila and received varying doses of sodium salicylate, an antipyretic drug. Twelve lizards received identical injections of bacteria along with a nontoxic dose of sodium salicylate; five animals increased their mean body temperature at least 0.6 degrees C and survived the week, whereas seven did not develop a fever and died within 3 days. These data indicate that in these lizards the prevention of fever by use of an antipyretic drug such as sodium salicylate increases the mortality rate from bacterial infection.


This essay explores the genesis of the Great March of Return in the context of a fragmented Palestinian body politic, blockade, and occupation, highlighting two major issues: the Palestinian refugee plight and the decade-long blockade on Gaza. The essay argues that the march represented a rare opening for Palestinians in the Gaza Strip to reclaim a factionally controlled political sphere, and demonstrates that the organizers of the march valiantly strove to keep it going in the face of insurmountable challenges. It also contends that Israel9s bloody crackdown, the difficulties of organizing in a divided Palestinian body politic, and international inaction were factors in the protest9s loss of momentum, which ultimately set back the mass mobilization of the Gaza Strip. The march left Palestinians with many questions about the viability of nonviolent methods in the face of disproportionate Israeli force.


Estimating the future event sequence conditioned on current observations is a long-standing and challenging task in temporal analysis. On one hand for many real-world problems the underlying dynamics can be very complex and often unknown. This renders the traditional parametric point process models often fail to fit the data for their limited capacity. On the other hand, long-term prediction suffers from the problem of bias exposure where the error accumulates and propagates to future prediction. Our new model builds upon the sequence to sequence (seq2seq) prediction network. Compared with parametric point process models, its modeling capacity is higher and has better flexibility for fitting real-world data. The main novelty of the paper is to mitigate the second challenge by introducing the likelihood-free loss based on Wasserstein distance between point processes, besides negative maximum likelihood loss used in the traditional seq2seq model. Wasserstein distance, unlike KL divergence i.e. MLE loss, is sensitive to the underlying geometry between samples and can robustly enforce close geometry structure between them. This technique is proven able to improve the vanilla seq2seq model by a notable margin on various tasks.


Stable and sustainable spermatogenesis is supported by the strict regulation of self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSC), which are a rare population of undifferentiated spermatogonia. It has been revealed that some signaling factors regulate the self-renewal of SSC; however, the molecular mechanism of SSC maintenance is still not completely understood. Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved juxtacrine signaling that plays important roles in the cell fate determination of various tissue stem cells. Recently, analyses of loss- and gain-of-function suggested that Notch signaling was necessary for normal spermatogenesis. However, the expression of Notch signal components in spermatogonia is still unclear. Here, we analyzed the distribution of NOTCH3-expressing spermatogonia and the target genes. Double immunostaining with differentiation markers revealed that NOTCH3 was expressed in some undifferentiated and differentiated spermatogonia in mouse testes. To define the target gene of Notch3 signaling in spermatogonia, we analyzed the mRNA expression pattern of Hes and Hey family genes during testis development. Hes1 abundance was decreased during testis development, suggesting that spermatogonia may express Hes1. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that HES1 was expressed in prepubertal spermatogonia, whereas it was expressed predominantly in adult Sertoli cells and weakly in adult spermatogonia. Furthermore, NOTCH3-HES1 double-positive spermatogonia were in pup and adult testes. These results suggest that Notch3 signaling in spermatogonia could promote Hes1 expression.


This study aimed to analyze whether there are differences and associations in the physical responses in international-level cerebral palsy footballers between official matches and 2v2 small-sided games (2v2-SSG). One hundred seventy international cerebral palsy footballers participated in this study during three international championships. The physical responses of mean and maximum velocities, total distance, distance covered at different intensities, short-term actions, and player load were collected during 2v2-SSG and the real competition. The mean velocity, total distance, jogging, medium- and high-intensity distances, the number of moderate/high accelerations, decelerations, and player load were relatively higher in the 2v2-SSG than in the official matches. Even though the 2v2-SSG could become an appropriate drill to include during the classification process, due to the differences between a 2v2-SSG and the official competition, it is necessary to deepen the scientific knowledge for developing observation methods during real competition to strengthen the relationships between eligible impairments and activity limitation.


We present a comprehensive ab initio investigation on Mg$_3$Bi$_2$, a promising Mg-ion battery anode material with high rate capacity. Through combined DFT (PBE, HSE06) and $G_0W_0$ electronic structure calculations, we find that Mg$_3$Bi$_2$ is likely to be a small band gap semiconductor.
DFT-based defect formation energies indicate that Mg vacancies are likely to form in this material, with relativistic spin-orbit coupling significantly lowering the defect formation energies. We show that a transition state searching methodology based on the hybrid eigenvector-following approach can be used effectively to search for the transition states in cases where full spin-orbit coupling is included. Mg migration barriers found through this hybrid eigenvector-following approach indicate that spin-orbit coupling also lowers the migration barrier, decreasing it to a value of 0.34 eV with spin-orbit coupling. Finally, recent experimental results on Mg diffusion are compared to the DFT results and show good agreement. This work demonstrates that vacancy defects and the inclusion of relativistic spin-orbit coupling in the calculations have a profound effect in Mg diffusion in this material. It also sheds light on the importance of relativistic spin-orbit coupling in studying similar battery systems where heavy elements play a crucial role.


Rapid speciation can occur on ecological time scales and interfere with ecological
processes, resulting in species distribution patterns that are difficult to reconcile with
ecological theory. The haplochromine cichlids in East African lakes are an extreme
example of rapid speciation. We analyse the causes of their high speciation rates.
Various studies have identified disruptive sexual selection acting on colour
polymorphisms that might cause sympatric speciation. Using data on geographical
distribution, colouration and relatedness from 41 species endemic to Lake Victoria,
we test predictions from this hypothesis. Plotting numbers of pairs of closely related
species against the amount of distributional overlap between the species reveals a
bimodal distribution with modes on allopatric and sympatric. The proportion of
sister species pairs that are heteromorphic for the traits under disruptive selection is
higher in sympatry than in allopatry. These data support the hypothesis that
disruptive sexual selection on colour polymorphisms has caused sympatric speciation
and help to explain the rapid radiation of haplochromine species flocks.


Tectonic characterization of a potential high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, is needed to assess seismic and possible volcanic hazards that could affect the site during the preclosure (next 100 years) and the behavior of the hydrologic system during the postclosure (the following 10,000 years) periods. Tectonic characterization is based on assembling mapped geological structures in their chronological order of development and activity, and interpreting their dynamic interrelationships. Addition of mechanistic models and kinematic explanations for the identified tectonic processes provides one or more tectonic models having predictive power. Proper evaluation and application of tectonic models can aid in seismic design and help anticipate probable occurrence of future geologic events of significance to the repository and its design.


One of the most natural and important questions in statistical learning is: how well can a distribution be approximated from its samples. Surprisingly, this question has so far been resolved for only one loss, the KL-divergence and even in this case, the estimator used is ad hoc and not well understood. We study distribution approximations for general loss measures. For ' 2 we determine the best approximation possible, for'1 and 2 we derive tight bounds on the best approximation, and when the probabilities are bounded away from zero, we resolve the question for all sufficiently smooth loss measures, thereby providing a coherent understanding of the rate at which distributions can be approximated from their samples.


Hamstring muscle injuries constitute a major concern in football and a major challenge for physiotherapists working in this sport, being an injury with long absence from playing and training. Although clinical strategies to rehabilitate these injuries and clinical injury risk assessments have been explored over the years, a broader comprehension of how variables regarding running performance may in some form relate to hamstring injury risk has been missing for clinical professionals. Together with this, its incidence has been increasing despite many preventive efforts, which reveals a necessity for developing risk assessment methods to better inform preventive strategies. The key involvement of hamstring muscles during accelerations and decelerations during football running actions justifies research into acceleration related observations. Therefore, the aims of the current programme of research were to develop new laboratorial and load monitoring strategies related to acceleration actions, by exploring biomechanical factors from a physiotherapist perspective. Additionally, implementing assessments and exposing some key limitations of these assessments in professional clubs is also described throughout the experimental studies of this thesis (chapters 3 and 5). For the purposes of this thesis, force development variables were analysed in chapter 3, during maximal accelerations on a non-motorised treadmill, and comparisons between professional players with and without previous injuries were performed. Results from this study revealed no differences between groups during both maximal acceleration and steady state of a maximal sprint effort. A second approach regarding risk analysis and acceleration variables considered the mechanical load based on trunk-mounted accelerometry used in outfield training, as detailed in chapter 5 of the present thesis. In this study mechanical load expressed by PlayerLoadTM, an accelerometer-derived variable aimed to express the rate of change in acceleration, was collected for the training sessions during three weeks previous to a hamstring injury event, in English Premier League clubs, using matched healthy controls. Although the results did not show significant differences between experimental and control group, this exploratory method may constitute a promising method to assess hamstring injury risk. Reliability and validity of the acceleration related variables were addressed first for each of the two experimental studies detailed in chapter 3 and 5. For this purpose, a pilot study on reliability of force collection using a non-motorised treadmill was performed to test the experimental protocol with results showing good overall reliability. For the PlayerLoadTM, a laboratorial study detailed in chapter 4 using a laboratorial overground soccer simulation protocol was adopted and convergent validity with subjects´ anthropometrics together with reliability analysis of four isolated football actions (jogging, side cut, stride and sprint) was performed. Results of this study revealed no association between PlayerLoadTM and the subjects height or body mass and also an overall good reliability for the four actions analysed. In summary, the research presented in this thesis helped better understand the current value and limitations of screening and monitoring acceleration related variables in the context of hamstring (re-)injury prevention in professional football, introducing to the clinical field a different perspective of addressing hamstring behaviour during acceleration actions, and its hypothetical relation with hamstring injury.


Emergency anaesthesia is an important therapeutic measure in out-of-hospital emergency medicine. The associated risks are considerably higher than those of in-hospital anaesthesia. The primary objectives of emergency anaesthesia are hypnosis, analgesia, oxygenation and ventilation through airway management. The secondary objectives of emergency anaesthesia are amnesia, anxiolysis, the reduction of oxygen consumption and respiratory work, the protection of vital organs and the avoidance of secondary myocardial and cerebral damage. A critical evaluation of the indications for outof-hospital emergency anaesthesia must take into consideration patient, case and provider-related factors. Rapid sequence induction of emergency anaesthesia includes standard monitoring, preoxygenation, standardised preparation of emergency anaesthesia, drug administration, manual in-line stabilisation during intubation (if necessary), airway management and checking of correct tube placement. Spontaneously breathing casualties should receive preoxygenation for at least 3 to 4 min with a tight-fitting facemask with reservoir using 12 to 15 l min_1 of oxygen or with a demand valve providing 100% oxygen. As an alternative, preoxygenation may be performed as noninvasive ventilation with 100% oxygen. Standardised anaesthesia preparation comprises filling drugs into syringes and labelling them, checking ventilation equipment, preparing endotracheal tube and syringe for inflating the cuff and the introducer, stethoscope and fixation material, preparing alternative instruments for airway ight © European Society of Anaesthesiology. Un Eur J Anaesthesiol 2016; 33:881–897 management as well as checking suction, ventilation and standard monitoring devices, including capnography. Standard monitoring for out-of-hospital emergency anaesthesia comprises ECG, blood pressure measurement and pulse oximetry. Continuous capnography is always and exclusively performed to check the placement of airway devices, as well as to indirectly monitor haemodynamics. 1.1 Rationale, frequency and indication


The whole dimension of communications has been changed by the rapid growth of technology. Today people are more interested in hands-free com-mucation, which makes use of loud speaker and high gain microphone, in place of the old modeled wired telephone. The main advantage of wireless system is that, more than one person can participate in conversation while freely moving in the room. The presence of large acoustic coupling between speaker and microphone would produce a loud acoustic echo making the con-versation difficult. The term Acoustic Echo Cancellation (AEC) refers to a process of removing echo from the received signal that contains one or more delayed signals (copies of the original signal). The primary step while cancelling an echo is to identify the transmitted signal which reappears with some delay. Once the echo is identified it is cancelled by subtracting from transmitted signal. Echo cancellation can be done using either echo suppressors or echo cancellers, or in some case both. But suppressors support only half duplex communication leading to the invention of echo cancellers which allows both the speakers to talk at the same time. The main objective of this research is to model a room and cancel the acoustic echo being generated by a speaker and microphone. This dissertation provides a comparison of LMS, NLMS, LLMS and RLS adaptive algorithms in terms of echo return loss enhancement ( ERLE) value and provides the best suitable algorithm for usage in adaptive filters for AEC. AEC is simulated and results are evaluated by using Matlab


In this paper, we propose a novel framework to evaluate the depth resolution of axially distributed stereo sensing (ADSS) under fixed resource constraints. The proposed framework can evaluate the performance of ADSS systems based on various sensing parameters such as the number of cameras, the number of total pixels, pixel size and so on. The Monte Carlo simulations for the proposed framework are performed and the evaluation results are presented.


To study the antimicrobial resistance pattern of aerobic Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients in intensive care units in Hamad Medical Corporation, 108 non-duplicate isolates from 60 patients with nosocomial infections were determined by Vitek machine. The minimal inhibitory concentration of 14 antimicrobials was determined by E-test and results were interpreted according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines. The most common species was Pseudomonas aeruginosa High levels of resistance were seen to second and third generation cephalosporins, piperacillin, fi-lactam Ji-lactamase inhibitors combinations, and gentamicin. The most active agents were amikacin, meropenem and imipenem (resistance 19%, 19%, 20% respectively). We conclude that second and third generation cephalosporins, piperacillin, fi-lactam/fi-lactamase inhibitors combinations and gentamicin are not suitable drugs for empirical monotherapy for aerobic Gram-negative infections in intensive care units in Q...


This chapter focuses on the constitutions of European countries as well as on the mechanisms in place to interpret and enforce them. It starts by defining 'constitution'. It then proceeds to a discussion about the role of courts and constitutional review of legislation. Focusing in particular on centralized constitutional review, it describes the variety of powers enjoyed by contemporary constitutional courts. Existing mechanisms for litigation and judicial appointment are also considered. Finally, it addresses the existing empirical evidence about both judicial behaviour in such courts and their political impact. The chapter concludes with an examination of current trends in the direction of supranational constitutionalism and constitutional review.


For the art critic Claire Bishop 'collectivity and collaboration have been some of the most persistent themes of advanced art and exhibition-making of the last decade' (2012, p.12). I will bring with this thesis a new contribution to this discourse by reflecting on the specificity and potential of the notion of 'common' through the production of art with non-artists. This practice-led research is based on the practice of microsillons, the artists collective I founded with Olivier Desvoignes in 2005. The experiential dimension of the practice is entangled with an investigation that integrates recent approaches to the concept of 'common' by theorists and cultural workers as a framework to reflect, critique, resist and overcome the effects of the neo-liberal transformation of all spheres of human activity.

I will describe the common as an 'already-there' (Hardt and Negri, 2009) but also as a 'to come' (Dardot and Laval, 2015a) and, furthermore, as a critical tool. These theoretical underpinnings form the conceptual background for the different experimentations developed by microsillons with common modes of thinking, organizing and producing.

I will analyse the way microsillons developed its art practice in common with non-artists. Each of these analyses articulates a series of dual central concepts, namely: authorship/common production, banking education/commonly generated knowledge and cultural participation/agonistic mediation, terminology that I will outline in the body of the thesis. Together with these case studies from microsillons' practice, I discuss contemporary examples of comparable practices developed by artists such as Copenhagen Free University, Ultra-Red or Suzanne Lacy. In this way, I explore how Olivier and I have been able to build, with people outside the worlds of contemporary art, unique and complex experiences, condensed in common forms.

The geographical anchoring of this practice in Geneva, a French-speaking city in Switzerland, brings a specific testimony. The text describes how the activity of common, acknowledging the importance of divergences or conflicts, can challenge forms of exclusion or oppression, which I will discuss as being more prevalent, yet also more hidden, due to the fact that this city is one of the world capitals of finance.


Mass-balance constraints indicate that formation of giant porphyry copper deposits (PCDs) requires either highly efficient collection of Cu from large volumes of magma or unusually Cu-rich parent magmas. Support for the second of these possibilities has been discovered in the form of mafic enclaves with abundant bornite and chalcopyrite in the Last Chance stock, one of the parent intrusions of the giant Bingham PCD, Utah, United States. Mineral assemblages and compositions indicate that the Last Chance enclaves are autoliths consisting of phases that crystallized from the intrusion, and that the intrusion was unusually enriched in Cu. One possible mechanism for generating Cu-rich magmas is fractional crystallization during pyrrhotite undersaturated conditions. The high fO 2 conditions observed for the Last Chance stock may have allowed such an evolution. Alternatively, if the magma has not undergone significant fractionation, early crystallization of chalcopyrite and bornite from the magma would indicate that the lower-crustal source region for the magma probably contained Cu-Fe sulfides. Possible Cu-rich source regions are a subcrustal mafic intrusion with sulfide cumulates, or a deeply buried metamorphic terrane containing Cu deposits such as those in the Curaca Valley (Brazil) or Okiep (South Africa). Heterogeneous distribution of Cu-Fe sulfides in an Okiep-type source terrane would produce local PCDs such as Bingham, or large accumulations of Cu-Fe sulfides, possibly in the form of cumulates in subcrustal intrusions at convergent margins, could produce giant PCD provinces such as those in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and central Chile.


Using the 2MASS near-infrared photometry and high-signal-to-noise HI 21-cm data from the Arecibo, Green Bank, Nancay, and Parkes telescopes, we calculate the redshift-independent distances and peculiar velocities of 2018 bright inclined spiral galaxies over the whole sky. This project is part of the 2MASS Tully-Fisher survey (2MTF), aiming to map the galaxy peculiar velocity field within 100 h−1 Mpc, with an all-sky coverage apart from Galactic latitudes |b|<5◦. A χ2 minimization method was adopted to analyse the Tully–Fisher peculiar velocity field in J, H, and K bands, using a Gaussian filter. We combine information from the three wavebands, to provide bulk flow measurements of 310.9 ± 33.9 , 280.8 ± 25.0, and 292.3 ± 27.8 km s−1 at depths of 20, 30, and 40 h−1 Mpc, respectively. Each of these bulk flow vectors points in a direction similar to those found by previous measurements. At each of the three depths, the bulk flow magnitude is consistent with predictions made by the cold dark matter (CDM) model at the 1σ level. The maximum likelihood and minimum variance method were also used to analyse the 2MTF samples, giving similar results.


The face symbol, developed by Herman Chernoff (1973), is possibly the seminal multivariate point symbol. Cartographically, the symbol has made an appearance several times, but it has often been criticized because designers tend to ignore two key symbol parameters: feature salience and natural correspondence. Feature salience is the concept of perceptually ordering facial features from those that produce the most noticeable changes to those that produce the least noticeable changes. Natural correspondence refers to designing face symbols so that the overall attitudinal labels of the symbols correspond to the overall physical meaning of the mapped data. It is argued here that feature salience and natural correspondence may be treated as special cases of visual attention in relation to symbol design. From this perspective, these symbols deserve a new look cartographically. This research reports on symbol variations, explores feature salience and natural correspondence, addresses user environments and tasks, and speculates on future experimental designs that may lead to more effective map use of this symbol.


A phosphatase normally associated with cell cycle control is required for ciliogenesis in zebrafish. Members of the Cdc14 family of phosphatases promote mitotic exit by reversing phosphorylation events catalyzed by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) and are essential for cell cycle progression in some species but dispensable in others. Clément et al. report that Cdc14B is required for ciliogenesis, independent of its role in cell cycle regulation. Embryos injected with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides targeting cdc14b displayed phenotypes consistent with aberrant ciliogenesis, including kidney cysts, hydrocephaly, and left-right patterning defects (randomization of gut and heart looping and of pancreas and liver positioning). The earliest marker of left-right asymmetry was abnormal, which suggests a defect in Kupffer's vesicle (KV), an early embryonic structure in which beating cilia establish asymmetric fluid flow that, in turn, defines left-right asymmetry throughout the embryo. KV development and cell number were normal in cdc14b morphants, but the cilia were shorter, and fluid flow was disrupted. Left-right asymmetry defects were rescued by injection of wild-type cdc14b mRNA but not mRNA encoding a phosphatase-dead version of Cdc14b. Cilia in the kidney ducts were present in normal numbers but shorter, and the ducts were enlarged, consistent with defective fluid flow. Cilia in the inner ear were also shortened; in addition, the number of cilia-bearing cells was reduced because of decreased proliferation of progenitor cells, which indicated that the cilia and cell cycle roles of Cdc14b are separable. Initiation of cilium formation occurred normally in morphant kidney duct cells, which implied that the defect lay in elongation. Cdc14b affected cilium elongation independently of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling, a known regulator of cilium length. Although the mechanism of Cdc14b regulation of cilium length remains to be elucidated, the authors suggest that this phosphatase likely affects cilium length by regulating microtubule dynamics. It is unclear whether this role in ciliogenesis is specific to fish or shared with other species, but the multifunctionality of Cdc14s may account for some of the variability in requirements for these phosphatases across species. A. Clément, L. Solnica-Krezel, K. L. Gould, The Cdc14B phosphatase contributes to ciliogenesis in zebrafish. Development 138, 291–302 (2011). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Proof planning is a paradigm for the automation of proof that focuses on encoding intelligence to guide the proof process. The idea is to capture common patterns of reasoning which can be used to derive abstract descriptions of proofs known as proof plans. These can then be executed to provide fully formal proofs. This thesis concerns the development and analysis of a novel approach to proof planning that focuses on an explicit representation of choices during search. We embody our approach as a proof planner for the generic proof assistant Isabelle and use the Isar language, which is human-readable and machine-checkable, to represent proof plans. Within this framework we develop an inductive theorem prover as a case study of our approach to proof planning. Our prover uses the difference reduction heuristic known as rippling to automate the step cases of the inductive proofs. The development of a flexible approach to rippling that supports its various modifications and extensions is the second major focus of this thesis. Here, our inductive theorem prover provides a context in which to evaluate rippling experimentally. This work results in an efficient and powerful inductive theorem prover for Isabelle as well as proposals for further improving the efficiency of rippling. We also draw observations in order to direct further work on proof planning. Overall, we aim to make it easier for mathematical techniques, and those specific to mechanical theorem proving, to be encoded and applied to problems.


The composition of microlayers on freshwater storages in Northern Europe have been studied for decades. Research in Australia is more recent, highlighting differences in microlayer and subsurface water composition associated with vegetation and climate. Freshwater microlayers in Northern Europe are primarily formed on peat, whereas in Australia they are formed from bark and leaf litter. The hydrophobic, aromatic compounds concentrating within the microlayer strongly absorb ultraviolet light to produce photoreactive compounds.

Rates of photodegradation are likely to be higher in subtropical Australia. South East Queensland (SEQ) experiences 290 clear days per year, in contrast to Sweden with only 165 clear days per year. Leaf fall in Europe occurs in Autumn prior to winter rain, whereas in SEQ leaf and bark fall predominantly in the dry winter, prior to summer storms. Furthermore, the hole in the ozone layer above Australia allows more UVB light to reach the surface.

In this study, the concentration and reactivity of humic substances (HS) present in natural microlayers on water storages in SEQ was investigated. Microlayer and subsurface samples were taken from eight water storages with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) used to quantify HS concentration. The E2/E3 ratio (ratio of absorbance at 250 nm to 365 nm) was used to indicate the molecular weight of DOC compounds, and absorbance at 253.7 nm and the permanganate index were used to compare the reactivity of humified DOC. The concentration of carbonyl compounds in the microlayer was also investigated as carbonyls are considered the most photoreactive functional group present in HS.

Significant regressions were obtained for the E2/E3 ratio and absorbance at 253.7 nm (r2 = 0.89), and the E2/E3 ratio and the permanganate index (r2 = 0.95). The regression for the permanganate index and UV absorbance was initially significant (r2 = 0.91), primarily reflecting differences in HS concentration. When data was standardised for DOC concentration, results for the eight storages tested clustered into four groups, reflecting the attributes of the water catchments. Results indicate that larger molecules more recently derived from wooded catchments absorb UV light more strongly, and are more chemically reactive (higher permanganate index). Smaller molecules derived from highly resilient carbon in the black vertisol soil of a cleared catchment absorbed less UV light, and were relatively unreactive (lower permanganate index). These preliminary results will be used to develop bioassays to compare the rate of photodegradation in the microlayers of freshwater storages in SEQ.


The story of First Uranium Corporation's fire sale of its South African assets to avoid collapsing in a heap of debt is described by a mining man of no less distinction than Bernard Swanepoel as, "...a case study on what sits on the other side of a convertible - one that doesn't work." It might also be noted for the infamous Ezulwini mine, which has a particular habit of chewing men up and spitting them out with alarming regularity.


Relationship between short term nominal interest rates and nominal exchange rates that the Central Bank in Turkey used as a means of monetary policy tool during the period of 1987:1-2008:1 was analysed by using frequency domain approach within the framework of spectral analysis. According to the findings, the causal relationship from the exchange rate to the interest rate was valid only for the short run, whereas this relationship was effective for totally 45 months before, during and after the crisis. The causal relationship was seen between the (1.49, 1.94) frequencies. However, in the long run this effect left its place to interest rates.


This educational summit, supported by an independent grant from OM/Vifor Pharma, brought together physicians specialising in pulmonary medicine, otolaryngology, surgery, immunology, and paediatrics. Delegates from the USA, Europe, and Latin America met and discussed the current unmet needs of patients suffering respiratory tract infections (RTIs). The meeting included plenary lectures, workshops, and interactive sessions, allowing delegates and presenters to debate the most pressing local and international issues in the field.


The fern Blechnum sprucei grows in Mesoamerica (Costa Rica) and South America, from Colombia to Bolivia, SE and centre of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. It is a distinctive, somewhat vulnerable, mostly orophilous species. Fresh and dry herbarium material was used for this study. Herbarium material for anatomical studies comes from CTES, BA, LP, MA, SI and UC (Holmgren et al. 1990). Selected representative specimens are additionally cited after taxonomic treatment of the species. Dry material was restored with aqueous 4:1 butil cellosolve. Pinnae were cleared with aqueous 6% NaOH, then coloured with aqueous 1% TBO (Gurr 1966). Hand made transverse sections of young and adult stipes, and costae were done in fresh and restored herbarium material. Venation and epidermal patterns were analyzed in basal, apical and medium pinnae, but only the latter were illustrated. The size and density of stomata were measured in medium pinnae from all studied samples, values shown are the average of 25 measures per sample; sizes are expressed as minimum, media and maximum length x width, in microm, and density as minimum, media and maximum number of stomata/ mm2. Spores were studied with SEM, mounted on metal stubs with double sided tape, covered with gold under vacuum and photographed with a Jeol /EO JSM 6360 (15 KV) SEM. Spores were also studied with light microscope, mounted in DePeX (DePeX mounting medium, Gurr, BDH Laboratory Supplies, Poole BH15 1TD, UK) and measured using an ocular micrometer. Measurements are based on a minimum sample of 100 spores taken from different specimens. Sizes are expressed as the longest equatorial diameter/ polar diameter, in microm. Gametophytes were studied from material collected in the subtropical forest of Tucumán Province, Argentina. Spore samples for cultures were taken from single sporophytes kept dry at room temperature since the date plants were collected. Gametophytes were grown under fluorescent light. Multispore cultures were established on mineral agar. Percentage of germination was recorded for a random sample of 50 spores from each of the two plates, every three days until there was no further increasing. Gametophytes were stained with chloral hydrate acetocarmine. The species has large sporophytes, suberect, scaly rhizomes, and dimorphic fronds with short, scaly stipes and lanceolate to elliptic sterile laminae. The rachises can grow indefinitely as radicant axis that vegetatively multiplicate the plants. Pinnae are lanceolate, herbaceous, with crenate and papillose margins, superficially scaly and hairy, peciolulate, with free, visible veins regularly once furcated near the coast, ending in large, active hydathodes. The broadly elliptic fertile laminae bear distant pinnae, with vegetative tissue reduced to the portion that supports the indusium and the continuous coenosorus; terminal indefinite rachis, not proliferous, may be present.


Jane Jacobs (1916-2006) is history's most celebrated urban critic. In addition to her classic, "Death and Life of Great American Cities", Jacobs authored another half dozen influential books on urban planning, economics, and design. She was also a tireless advocate of vibrant city neighbourhoods. "Ideas That Matter: The Worlds of Jane Jacobs" offers students, enthusiasts, and critics unprecedented insights into the work of this seminal thinker. Originally published in 1997, and continually sought after ever since, this 2011 edition includes a new introduction by distinguished urban scholar Mary Rowe. The book is a unique combination of Jacobs' own writing (including previously unpublished speeches, letters, and articles), biography, and analysis by other scholars. Arranged by topic, it sheds light both on the development of Jacobs' theories and on her life. A chapter on "Death and Life of American Cities" reveals a debate between the author and her publisher about changing the book's title. A section on Europe includes letters home from Frankfurt, Paris, London, Venice, and other cities that shaped her sensibilities. And a chapter titled "Ideas" offers analysis from ten contributors who examine Jacobs' thoughts on issues from population growth to urban infill, self-employment to the wealth of nations. What results is a captivating scrapbook, offering a distinctive understanding of Jacobs' most important ideas.


An informative collection of essays by journalists, activists, and political theorists providing the historical, political, and intellectual context for understanding the events and the consequences of September 11 and America's "War on Terrorism."This collection of essays by activists, journalists, historians, and political theorists outlines the U.S. policies that contributed to the tragedy of 9/11, the consequences of the new war, and suggestions for options and alternatives, such as grassroots organizing linked to the antiglobalization movement and the strengthening of institutions like the International Criminal Court and the United Nations.Editors Roger Burbach and Ben Clarke combed through hundreds of articles and essays written in the months succeeding the attack to select this powerful collection that will provide the reader with an intellectual basis for a vigorous, passionate, and creative resistance to the horrendous policies and practices now undertaken in the name of the "war on terrorism."The book includes: Frontline coverage of the Afghan war by London Independent correspondent Robert Fisk.Excerpts from Professor Marc Herold's extensive study which documents 3,500 civilian deaths due to U.S. bombings in Afghanistan.A critical media study of U.S. government attempts at censorship by media critic Normon Solomon.Systematic analysis of civil rights infringements by constitutional scholar Michael Ratner.Detailed examinations of U.S. foreign policy toward the Middle East and Islam by noted researchers Stephen Zunes, Michael T. Klare, John Tirman, and Zoltan Grossman.Commentaries and analysis that link September 11 to more specific U.S. policies, ranging from the coup in Chile in 1973 to the UN Conference on Racism in 2001 by Linda Burnham, Fran Beal, David Bacon, and others.Overviews of Caspian Sea and Southwest Asian pipeline politics by Ben Clarke, Ted Rall, and Dimitris Yannopoulos, which bring to light the economic motives behind US military strategy.Critical historical documents such as Representative Barbara Lee's singular voice in Congress voting against the granting of virtually unlimited war powers to the Bush administration, and the declaration of Tahmeena Faryal of the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan before a committee of the House of Representatives.Statements of resistance which range from Spanish antiterrorist Judge Baltasar Garzon's indictment of Western leaders that need be held accountable for inflicting terror on innocent civilians to Wendell Berry, who looks at the basic failure of massive retaliation and violence as methods for resolving conflict.Strategies and visions for resistance from antiglobalization activists and theorists Susan George, Walden Bello, Roger Burbach, and Starhawk.Contributors: Tariq Ali, David Bacon, Paul Bass, Frances Beal, Walden Bello, Wendell Berry, Roger Burbach, Linda Burnham, Michel Chossudovsky, Ben Clarke, Jeff Cohen, Robert Fisk, Eduardo Galeano, Judge Baltasar Garzon, Susan George, Zoltan Grossman, Conn Hallinan, Marc Herold, Barbara Kingsolver, Michael Klare, Barbara Lee, Martin Lee, Manning Marable, Aurora Levins Morales, Asra Q. Nomani, Michael Parenti, Margot Pepper, David Potorti, RAWA, Ted Rall, Michael Ratner, Arundhati Roy, Norman Solomon, Starhawk, John Tirman, Dimitris Yannopoulos, Howard Zinn, and Stephen ZunesBen Clarke is editor of MediaFile, the journal of media analysis published by San Francisco-based Media Alliance. In 1994 he coedited the first English-language collection of communiques and interviews from Mexico's Zapatistas, Voice of Fire.Roger Burbach is director of Global Alternatives at the Center for the Study of the Americas (CENSA) based in Berkeley, California. He has written extensively on globalization, Latin America, and other international issues. His most recent book is Globalization and Postmodern Politics: From Zapatistas to High Tech Robber Barons. With Kevin Danaher he coedited Globalize This! The Battle Against the World Trade Organizations.


A fierce debate ensues among leading international law theorists that implicates the role of national courts in solving global challenges. On the one side are scholars who are critical of international law and its institutions. These scholars, often referred to as Sovereigntists, see international law as a threat to democratic sovereignty. On the other side are scholars who support international law as a key means of promoting human and environmental rights, as well as global peace and stability. These scholars are the 'new' Internationalists because they see non-traditional, non-state actors as appropriately enforcing international law at the sub-state level. The debate has had an impact. In recent years, the U.S. has disengaged from traditional sources of international law, and in particular, multilateral treaties. In its place, the U.S. and non-state actors use domestic laws, applied extraterritorially, to exert international influence. Following the U.S. lead, other countries now increasingly apply their domestic laws extraterritorially too. This Article addresses a topic that leading theorists have given scant attention - the rise of global extraterritoriality. It argues that the two prevailing dominant perspectives in international legal theory have miscalculated the dangers that extraterritoriality poses. In so doing, the article advocates for an approach that acknowledges changes in the international system, but also seeks to shore-up territorial sovereignty to prevent the problems that extraterritoriality creates. It thus offers a way beyond the stalemate currently existing in international law scholarship. Controversially, it concludes that international law scholars - from both the Sovereigntist and new Internationalist perspective - should embrace and reclaim multilateral international lawmaking.


In 1988, a British mountain climber named Joe Simpson wrote a book called Touching the Void, a harrowing account of near death in the Peruvian Andes. It got good reviews but, only a modest success, it was soon forgotten. Then, a decade later, a strange thing happened. Jon Krakauer wrote Into Thin Air, another book about a mountain-climbing tragedy, which became a publishing sensation. Suddenly Touching the Void started to sell again.


Photosystem II (PSII) from a red alga, Cyanidium caldarium, contains four extrinsic proteins of 33, 20, and 12 kDa and cytochrome (cyt)c550 [Enami, I., et al., (1995) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1232, 208-216]. The binding and functional properties of these four proteins in the red algal PSII were studied by release-reconstitution experiments. Of the four components, the 33 kDa protein binds to PSII completely by itself, and the 20 kDa protein binds to a level 61% of that in native PSII in the absence of other proteins. In contrast, cyt c550 and the 12 kDa protein cannot bind to PSII efficiently by themselves; their effective binding requires the other three extrinsic proteins. In particular, a strong interaction was observed between cyt c550 and the 12 kDa protein, and a weaker interaction was observed between cyt c550 and the 20 kDa protein. While binding of the 33 kDa protein alone or cyt c550 and the 12 kDa protein in the presence of the 33 and/or the 20 kDa protein generally enhanced oxygen evolution, binding of the 20 kDa protein did not. Oxygen evolution was strongly dependent on Ca2+ and Cl- in the absence of cyt c550 and the 12 kDa protein, suggesting that these two proteins have functions similar to those of the 23 and 17 kDa proteins in higher plant PSII. From these results, we propose that the unique 20 kDa extrinsic protein found only in the red algal PSII functions in maintaining the proper binding of cyt c550 and the 12 kDa protein but is not involved directly in oxygen evolution. The binding and functional properties of these four proteins were compared with those of the three extrinsic proteins found in cyanobacterial and higher plant PSII in an evolutionary point of view.


Scholars predicted that official Russian commemorations of the centenary of the 1917 revolutions would prioritise 'reconciliation and accord' between pro- and anti-communists. Such a frame might help construct a new post-Soviet Russian identity. Yet, in 2017, state-affiliated political and media actors gave accounts that contrasted with their previous narratives and with each other. Domestic state-aligned media were unprecedentedly negative about the revolutions' events and enduring legacies, while Russia's international broadcaster, Russia Today, emphasised the revolutions' positive international legacies. We explain this paradox by arguing that regimes of commemoration are directly related to political systems: in neo-authoritarian regimes such as contemporary Russia, history is not used primarily for nation-building, but to build legitimacy for the ruling regime. Referencing similar practices in other neo-authoritarian regimes, we show how state-affiliated actors selectively co-opt interpretations of historical events that circulate in the global media ecology, to 'arrest' the 'memory of the multitude'. Simultaneously, they reinforce core messages that legitimise the existing government.