It can be seen from the case study that the generally poor quality of the lab data makes validation of the on-site kit measurements difficult, particularly for total PAH and TPH. Shortcomings in the sample preparation by the lab have probably also contributed to the high measurement uncertainties, however this highlights this issue of the quality of routine lab analysis that could affect any user of test kits aiming to validate results using lab measurements. It is possible that the PXRF could have been used at this site for on-site decision making e.g. where to sample or not to continue sampling, which samples should be sent for external analysis etc, as long as the measurement uncertainties estimated are quoted and taken into consideration. However for TPH and total PAH the quality of the lab data would make it unadvisable in this case to use the on-site test kits to make on-site decisions, as there isn't a strong relationship between the field and lab data. From this Case Study lessons have been learnt that will benefit further case studies in the project and other on-site tool users. These include: o the importance of a rigorously designed and implemented sample preparation in field and lab, o good communication with the lab prior to the experiment to ensure that all the data quality requirements and sample preparation are carried out as required, o knowing the definition of the analyte used in the on-site test kit and in the lab (e.g. TPH). If there is a discrepancy in the definition of an analyte between the field test kits and the lab that isn't known about, it could cause problems in the data comparison between the different techniques. However, with knowledge of it and if a relationship can be established between the field and the lab data then the field data could still be used effectively in the field to help manage sampling and remediation decisions. o the need for duplicates and matched CRMs in both the field and the lab for the estimation of measurement uncertainty. o the need for good data quality from the lab in order to validate field measurements. In general it can be seen that the estimation of measurement uncertainty is a simple and effective method for the validation of field test kits. Estimating and quoting the measurement uncertainty provides the user with a given confidence in the quality of the data and therefore gives confidence in the risk management decisions that are based upon the data.


An attempt is made to examine the importance of the Pacific region to the economy of Singapore, using several standard methodologies in the international economics literature. Singapore's trade with and investment flows from the 'region' have been increasing significantly, while its interaction with Europe has diminished. Hence, in light of these developments, it is useful to explore the links between Singapore and the Pacific region, especially with respect to ASEAN. The trade aspect of the theses has been based on models developed by Balassa, who used them in an attempt to analyse the growth and development of the European Community. Firstly, in analysing the changing comparative advantage in the region, a measure of revealed comparative advantage is adopted, Balassa's export specialisation ratio (1965). Secondly, the changing pattern of trade in manufactured goods is examined in relation to changing country characteristics by the use of an econometric technique - ordinary least squares - (Balassa 1979). Then, using a measure of intra- industry trade (Grubel and Lloyd 1975), the figures are examined for ASEAN along with a study of intra-industry trade by commodity group for Singapore. Balassa's method of estimating trade creation and trade diversion (1963), is used in order to test the effectiveness of economic cooperation in ASEAN. Singapore adopted an open strategy towards Foreign Direct Investment (FDl). The effects on Singapore can be conveniently reviewed under the standard industrial economics format of structure, conduct and performance. Using Dunning's adaption of the 'industrial organisation approach' (1973), it is possible to show, by examining the statistical relationship between a number of structural variables and the sectoral distribution within the manufacturing industry (correlation technique - bivariate normal distribution), that the ownership advantages of multinational corporations have assisted Singapore's economic restructuring towards Higher allocative and technical efficiency; and that multinational corporations have adjusted to the changing locational advantages of Singapore's resource endowments rather more positively than national firms.


Neuropsychological impairments of English past tense processing inform a key debate in cognitive neuroscience concerning the nature of mental mechanisms. Dual-route accounts claim that regular past tense comprehension deficits reflect a specific impairment of morphological decomposition (e.g., jump + ed), disrupting the automatic comprehension of word meaning accessed via the verb stem (e.g., jump). Single-mechanism accounts claim that the deficits reflect a general phonological impairment that affects perception of regular past tense offsets but which might preserve normal activation of verb semantics. We tested four patients with regular past tense deficits and matched controls, using a paired auditory semantic priming/lexical decision task with three conditions: uninflected verbs (hope/wish), regular past tense primes (blamed/accuse), and irregular past tense primes (shook/tremble). Both groups showed significant priming for verbs with simple morphophonology (uninflected verbs and irregular past tenses) but the patients showed no priming for verbs with complex morphophonology (regular past tenses) in contrast to controls. The findings suggest that the patients are delayed in activating the meaning of verbs if a regular past tense affix is appended, consistent with a dual-route account of their deficit.


Leadership is an important factor in the ongoing success of the profession of counseling. Current issues such as professional identity, counselor education standards, licensure portability, international expansion of the profession, and advocacy initiatives highlight the need for counseling leaders, and the time-limited, voluntary, relationally focused, and positionally diverse leadership roles in counseling distinguish the profession from other disciplines in which leadership has been studied. Further, the lack of a valid and reliable measure limits rigorous understanding and investigation of leadership dynamics within the profession. To begin addressing this gap, McKibben, Umstead, and Borders (2014) conducted a content analysis of counseling leadership literature that yielded three categories of 24 emergent themes of counseling leadership. These themes were identified and organized using the Interpersonal Process Model of Leadership (Eberly, Johnson, Hernandez, & Avolio, 2013), a meta-model of leadership based in developmental notions of dynamic systems. The Dynamic Model of Counseling Leadership (DMCL; McKibben et al., 2014) provided an emergent model in which to ground a measure of counseling leadership, thus paving the way for future leadership research. Based on the DMCL, the author created the Dynamic Leadership in Counseling Scale - Self Report (DLCS-SR), a preliminary self-report measure of counseling leadership, and tested for evidence of reliability and construct, convergent, and discriminant validity. The author developed the items through a sequence of steps (DeVellis, 2003), submitted the initial items to two rounds of review, tested in a small pilot study, and revised items and instructions. In a larger sample of 218 participants (85 counseling students, 69 counselor educators, 57 counseling practitioners, and seven others), tests for reliability (Cronbach's α = .942), convergent validity, and discriminant validity on the DLCS-SR were strong. Based on results from confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, a hypothesized three factor model of leadership as measured by the DLCS-SR was rejected with this sample, but a single factor model yielded acceptable fit to the data. The author also controlled for socially desirable and inattentive responding patterns throughout the survey. The author also pilot tested the utility of built-in validity scales embedded in the DLCS-SR. A built-in four item social desirability scale did not predict socially desirable responding to the extent of the included Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding - Short Form. Similarly, participant scoring patterns on a built-in two item attentiveness scale were independent of scoring patterns on the included Attentive Responding Scale - 18 inconsistency subscale. In both cases, incidences of social desirability and inattentiveness were infrequent throughout participant responses. The development and initial validation tests for the DLCS-SR provided an empirical basis for research in and training of counseling leadership. Further research is needed with larger and diverse samples within the counseling profession in order to replicate and extend the findings in this study.


The relationship between liberalism and nationalism is of growing importance in many areas of the world. These essays simultaneously deepen our understanding of the specific case of Quebec and help to map a theoretical territory that, while vitally important in the modern world, is largely unexplored. Is Quebec Nationalism Just? will be of interest to those concerned with the relationship between Quebec and Canada as well as scholars in the fields of political theory, Canadian politics, constitutionalism, and public policy. Contents Liberalism, Justice, and Political Community: Theoretical Perspectives on Quebec's Liberal Nationalism - Joseph H. Carens (Toronto) - Immigration, Political Community, and the Transformation of Identity: Quebec's Immigration Politics in Critical Perspective ? Joseph H. Carens ? Canada, Quebec, and Refugee Claimants ? Howard Adelman (York) ? From Provincial Autonomy to Provincial Equality (Or, Clyde Wells and the Distinct Society) ? Robert Vipond (Toronto) ? Decline of Procedural Liberalism: The Slippery Slope to Secession ? Janet Ajzenstat (McMaster) ? The Ideology of Shared Values: A Myopic Vision of Unity in the Multi-nation State ? Wayne J. Norman (Ottawa) ? Quebec: The Morality of Secession ? Howard Adelman ? Quebec's Self-determination and Aboriginal Self-government: Conflict and Reconciliation? ? Reg Whitaker (York).


Summary The community is the ultimate barometer of success or failure of an intervention. Involvement of community members in health care programmes, decision‐making, evaluation and implementation is a major means for achieving the necessary fit between the programme and its beneficiaries. The World Bank‐funded Family Health Project was launched in Sindh Province of Pakistan, in 1992. It aims to strengthen the existing health system and improve the health status of the population. To achieve sustainable results, FHP focused on engaging community participation. Village Health Committees were formed at Basic Health Unit and Rural Health Centre levels under an Area Focus Approach. Village Health Committee members were trained to understand the basic concept of FHP, be able to identify factors which affect the health of the community, and suggest local methods for combating these problems. The Village Health Committee's main objective was to ensure community participation, improve utilisation of outreach health services, improve accountability of the service providers through community involvement, and decentralisation of power at the community level. This article reflects on the experience of the FHP in implementing these objectives.


This study examines the effect trust and respect has on the strategies used to negotiate, as well as the outcomes of that negotiation for dyads engaged in a complex bargaining task. Trust is the degree to which people believe in the honesty and benevolence of their opponents, while respect is the degree to which people hold their opponents in high regard for their values. We expected that trust and respect would differentially affect the strategies used to negotiate, the rate of impasse, the creativity of agreements, and the way in which the climate was perceived. We found primarily that trust affected the strategies used (which subsequently affected the agreement's creativity), while the respect-trust interaction affected the agreement's creativity directly. We also found independent effects for respect and trust on the perceived climate of the negotiation. Nothing (including control variables) affected the rate of impasse. We use the results to argue for a more theoretically sophisticated view of relationships and negotiations, and discuss the particular implications of the findings for the theory and practice of negotiations.


Optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs) have the reputation of being average power scalable due to the instantaneous nature of the parametric process (zero quantum defect). This Letter reveals serious challenges originating from thermal load in the nonlinear crystal caused by absorption. We investigate these thermal effects in high average power OPAs based on beta barium borate. Absorption of both pump and idler waves is identified to contribute significantly to heating of the nonlinear crystal. A temperature increase of up to 148 K with respect to the environment is observed and mechanical tensile stress up to 40 MPa is found, indicating a high risk of crystal fracture under such conditions. By restricting the idler to a wavelength range far from absorption bands and removing the crystal coating we reduce the peak temperature and the resulting temperature gradient significantly. Guidelines for further power scaling of OPAs and other nonlinear devices are given.


The election of the Conservative-led Coalition government in England in 2010 brought with it the promise of an 'education revolution', central to which is the Academies Act (2010). Via a vast expansion of the academies programme introduced by Labour, the Academies act aims to raise standards for all children and to reduce the achievement gap between most and least disadvantaged children. In this paper we explore the original notion of academies as invented by Labour and consider how the Coalition's ideas differ from this. Drawing on interviews conducted with professionals involved in the implementation and operation of academies, we consider issues concerned with their conceptualisation and implementation and evaluate their success so far. We argue that, aside from the scale of their ambition, the nature of academies and the direction of education in England under the Coalition's academies programme is not as innovative as it may first appear. We propose that despite differences in rhetoric, the policies of the conservative-led coalition and the predecessor Labour government are remarkably similar and, contrary to their stated goal of narrowing the achievement gap, the academies programme poses a risk of further disadvantaging already challenged children and increasing the gap in achievement between disadvantaged pupils and their less disadvantaged peers.


We study the descriptional complexity of cellular automata (CA), a parallel model of computation. We show that between one of the simplest cellular models, the realtime-OCA. and "classical" models like deterministic finite automata (DFA) or pushdown automata (PDA), there will be savings concerning the size of descripti()U not bounded by any recursive function, a so-called nonrecursive trade-off. Furthermore, nonrecursive trade-offs are shown between some restricted classes of cellular automata. The set of valid computations of a Turing machine can be recognized by a realtime-OCA. This implies that many decidability questions are not even semi decidable for cellular automata. There is no pumping lemma and no minimization algorithm for cellular automata. .


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is two-fold: first, it highlights the importance of the presence of active teaching experiences in architecture courses. Such experiences can lead to an improvement in the teaching of technical disciplines, such as structural engineering. Second, it purports to demonstrate the relation and interaction between the active teaching strategy here presented and the learning outcomes required by the study programme. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reports an active didactic experience (addressed to students of architecture and performed at Politecnico di Milano, Italy, and Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium), from its conception to its development in the classroom with the students. The experience is reported by discussing the three main steps of which an active didactic experience should be composed: the stimulus, the practice and the discussion. Findings – The experience seeks to find innovative methods to stimulate the study of structural engineering by students of architecture. Through this experience, based on the study of a square silicon pot mat, students are able to learn concepts related to the mechanics of structures. In addition, students find in their experience direct connections with structures of considerable architectural importance, such as the structure of the New National Gallery by Mies van der Rohe. Originality/value – This experience is original in two aspects. First of all, the introduction of an active didactic experience to improve courses that are generally structured in a passive way. Second, in an era where the importance of numerical technology is growing, this experience goes in a different direction by choosing a low-tech but no less interesting approach.


The WHO reports that cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, with >80% of these deaths occurring in lower-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).1 ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) can be treated either with percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) or thrombolytic agents, which are most effective if given in the first few minutes to hours after onset of symptoms. While traditionally thrombolysis is given in-hospital, prehospital thrombolysis is proposed as an effective intervention to save time and reduce mortality and morbidity in individuals with STEMI. Despite some evidence that prehospital thrombolysis may be delivered safely, there is a paucity of data from controlled trials to indicate whether the timing of delivery can be effective in reducing key clinical outcomes specifically in STEMI in LMICs.

In this Cochrane Corner, we highlight a Cochrane review2 that assessed the effect of prehospital compared with in-hospital thrombolysis for STEMI. A comprehensive search conducted in June 2014 …


Faced with nearly stagnant clock speed advances, chip manufacturers have turned to parallelism as the source for continuing performance improvements. But even though numerous parallel architectures have already been brought to market, a universally accepted methodology for programming them for general purpose applications has yet to emerge. Existing solutions tend to be hardware-specific, rendering them difficult to use for the majority of application programmers and domain experts, and not providing scalability guarantees for future generations of the hardware.
This dissertation advances the validation of the following thesis: it is possible to develop efficient general-purpose programs for a many-core platform using a model recognized for its simplicity. To prove this thesis, we refer to the eXplicit Multi-Threading (XMT) architecture designed and built at the University of Maryland. XMT is an attempt at re-inventing parallel computing with a solid theoretical foundation and an aggressive scalable design. Algorithmically, XMT is inspired by the PRAM (Parallel Random Access Machine) model and the architecture design is focused on reducing inter-task communication and synchronization overheads and providing an easy-to-program parallel model.
This thesis builds upon the existing XMT infrastructure to improve support for efficient execution with a focus on ease-of-programming. Our contributions aim at reducing the programmer's effort in developing XMT applications and improving the overall performance. More concretely, we: (1) present a work-flow guiding programmers to produce efficient parallel solutions starting from a high-level problem; (2) introduce an analytical performance model for XMT programs and provide a methodology to project running time from an implementation; (3) propose and evaluate RAP—an improved resource-aware compiler loop prefetching algorithm targeted at fine-grained many-core architectures; we demonstrate performance improvements of up to 34.79% on average over the GCC loop prefetching implementation and up to 24.61% on average over a simple hardware prefetching scheme; and (4) implement a number of parallel benchmarks and evaluate the overall performance of XMT relative to existing serial and parallel solutions, showing speedups of up to 13.89x vs. a serial processor and 8.10x vs. parallel code optimized for an existing many-core (GPU). We also discuss the implementation and optimization of the Max-Flow algorithm on XMT, a problem which is among the more advanced in terms of complexity, benchmarking and research interest in the parallel algorithms community. We demonstrate better speed-ups compared to a best serial solution than previous attempts on other parallel platforms.


We consider the allocation of $m$ balls (jobs) into $n$ bins (servers). In the standard Two-Choice process, at each step $t=1,2,\ldots,m$ we first sample two bins uniformly at random and place a ball in the least loaded bin. It is well-known that for any $m \geq n$, this results in a gap (difference between the maximum and average load) of $\log_2 \log n + \Theta(1)$ (with high probability). In this work, we consider the Memory process [Mitzenmacher, Prabhakar and Shah 2002] where instead of two choices, we only sample one bin per step but we have access to a cache which can store the location of one bin. Mitzenmacher, Prabhakar and Shah showed that in the lightly loaded case ($m = n$), the Memory process achieves a gap of $\mathcal{O}(\log \log n)$. Extending the setting of Mitzenmacher et al. in two ways, we first allow the number of balls $m$ to be arbitrary, which includes the challenging heavily loaded case where $m \geq n$. Secondly, we follow the heterogeneous bins model of Wieder [Wieder 2007], where the sampling distribution of bins can be biased up to some arbitrary multiplicative constant. Somewhat surprisingly, we prove that even in this setting, the Memory process still achieves an $\mathcal{O}(\log \log n)$ gap bound. This is in stark contrast with the Two-Choice (or any $d$-Choice with $d=\mathcal{O}(1)$) process, where it is known that the gap diverges as $m \rightarrow \infty$ [Wieder 2007]. Further, we show that for any sampling distribution independent of $m$ (but possibly dependent on $n$) the Memory process has a gap that can be bounded independently of $m$. Finally, we prove a tight gap bound of $\mathcal{O}(\log n)$ for Memory in another relaxed setting with heterogeneous (weighted) balls and a cache which can only be maintained for two steps.


The rapidly rising concentration of atmospheric CO2 has the potential to alter forest and global carbon cycles by altering important processes that occur in soil. Forest soils contain the largest and longest lived carbon pools in terrestrial ecosystems and are therefore extremely important to the land–atmosphere exchange of carbon and future climate. Soil respiration is a sensitive integrator of many soil processes that control carbon storage in soil, and is therefore a good metric of changes to soil carbon cycling. Here, we summarize soil respiration data from four forest free‐air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiments in developing and established forests that have been exposed to elevated atmospheric [CO2] (168 μL L−1 average enrichment) for 2–6 years. The sites have similar experimental design and use similar methodology (closed‐path infrared gas analyzers) to measure soil respiration, but differ in species composition of the respective forest communities. We found that elevated atmospheric [CO2] stimulated soil respiration at all sites, and this response persisted for up to 6 years. Young developing stands experienced greater stimulation than did more established stands, increasing 39% and 16%, respectively, averaged over all years and communities. Further, at sites that had more than one community, we found that species composition of the dominant trees was a major controller of the absolute soil CO2 efflux and the degree of stimulation from CO2 enrichment. Interestingly, we found that the temperature sensitivity of bulk soil respiration appeared to be unaffected by elevated atmospheric CO2. These findings suggest that stage of stand development and species composition should be explicitly accounted for when extrapolating results from elevated CO2 experiments or modeling forest and global carbon cycles.


This article presents data on greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange of tropical peat soils with emphasis on changes in emissions of gases during and following the conversion of native tropical peatlands to plantations of oil palm and other crops. The relevant GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Establishment of plantations on peat requires drainage, which, even if controlled, results in peat aeration and subsidence. Subsidence is mainly due to natural consolidation, often augmented by mechanical compaction, and is manifested as increased bulk density. Aeration causes carbon to be released as CO2. Methods for distinguishing and quantifying these processes are discussed. Exchanges of CH4 and N2O are also changed by plantation development and are influenced by management practices but the quantities involved are small and in some cases peat soils even act as a sink and not a source, of these gases. There are seasonal changes in the GHG fluxes related to both water table depth and rainfall, and emissions of CH4 and N2O can be promoted by nitrogen application. GHG exchange of reclaimed peat is dominated by CO2 despite the higher global warming potential of CH4 and N2O. Methods for estimating CO2 fluxes are reviewed and their shortcomings are examined. The importance of adequately distinguishing between emission sources, e.g. root and microbial respiration when evaluating carbon fluxes at the surface of peat soils is emphasised. * Revised version of paper published in the Proc. of the PIPOC 2009 International Palm Oil Congress Agriculture, Biotechnology and Sustainability Conference. MPOB,


his paper reviews the literature on asymmetric monetary transmission within the European Monetary Union (EMU). At first, a stylized model is presented in order to highlight the importance of asymmetric monetary transmission for the decision-making of the European Central Bank (ECB). The transmission mechanism is then decomposed into several subsequent stages. Various macroeconomic indicators for the EU countries related to financial, goods and labor markets are then used to assess the empirical relevance of asymmetries across the EU countries. Then, models of a monetary union are used to assess to which extent cross-country differences in individual channels of transmission translate into differences in the overall strength of monetary transmission in Europe. Finally, the paper assesses the extent to which the transmission patterns in Europe converge as a result of the establishment of EMU. The paper finds the empirical evidence on cross-country differences in the policy impact to be inconclusive and provides suggestions for further theoretical and empirical research.


Land-atmosphere interaction in the southwestern Karst region of China was investigated from two aspects: response of land cover to climate change and climatic effects of Karst rocky desertification. The first part focused on the temporal-spatial variation of growing-season normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and its relationship with climate variables. The relationships between growing-season NDVI with temperature and precipitation were both positive, indicating its limiting role on the distribution and dynamic of vegetation cover in the study area. The second part was designed to investigate whether the changed vegetation cover and land surface processes in the Karst regions was capable of modifying the summer climate simulation over East Asia. It was shown that land desertification resulted in the reduced net radiation and evaporation in the degraded areas. The East Asian summer monsoon was weakened after land degradation. Such circulation differences favored the increase in moisture flux and clouds, and thereby causing more precipitation in southeast coastal areas. Based on the above findings, it can be concluded that vegetation cover in Karst region was sensitive to climate change at larger scale, and on the other hand, there was significant feedback of vegetation cover change to regional climate by altering water and energy balance.


This article explores the relationship between mimesis and fantasy. Taking as its starting point James Der Derian's claims regarding the changing face of the military-industrial complex and its increasing use of the entertainment and cultural industries, the article argues that this move can only be fully understood if it is viewed alongside a consideration of the ideological function of fantasy, especially as it is set out in the work of Slavoj Žižek. The article focuses on one particular piece of mimesis, namely the "Elite Force Aviator: George W. Bush 12-inch Action Figure" to explore the phantasmatic kernel of the war on terror. The article also considers how the global image sphere has become the site for a conflict between competing fantasies, and aims to show how certain examples of countermimesis might be used to break the hold of the fantasies that currently coordinate our reality.


The paper investigates changes of the genre 'science' in the 17th century. The method of multidimensional analysis applied to two texts of the first and to four texts of the second half of the 17th century stops a methodological and a chronological gap. On the dimensions 'narrative vs non-narrative concerns' and 'overt expression of persuasion', hypotheses of earlier studies about later developments are supplemented, on the dimension 'abstract vs non-abstract style', earlier hypotheses are supported, and on the dimensions 'involved vs informational production' and 'elaborate vs situation-dependent reference', earlier hypotheses about developments between the second half of the 16th and the second half of the 17th century are refuted. A complementary text type analysis reveals that the science texts of the corpus represent the two text types 'involved topical argumentation' and 'producer-oriented narrative'. The former predominates in the first, the latter in the second half of the 17th century.


Origin of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is still unclear. We studied the cytokeratin (CK) profile in BCC using monoclonal antibodies against 12 CKs to further investigate the suggested origin of the tumor from follicular matrix cells or from follicular outer root sheath cells and to determine if BCC subtypes can be identified on the basis of their CK profiles. Cases of pilomatricoma and samples of fetal skin served as controls to establish the CK profile in matrical cells and developing follicles during intrauterine life, that of the epidermis and cutaneous adnexa in adult life having been determined in a previous study. The most significant findings were as follows: (a) CK 5 and CK 17 positivity in all the BCCs studied; (b) CK 7, CK 8, CK 18, and CK 19 positivity in 30/52, 33/52, 42/52, and 14/52 BCCs, respectively; (c) CK 14 negativity in almost all the BCCs studied; and (d) lack of CK 1 expression only in 2/2 morpheiform BCCs and 4/10 nodular BCCs. The study suggests a tumorous differentiation toward follicular outer root sheath cells and, in most cases, also toward the glandular components of the pilosebaceous-apocrine unit. No significant difference in the CK profile among the BCC subtypes studied was found.


BACKGROUND
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic, intraoral burning sensation seen mainly in middle-aged and post-menopausal females, without identifiable oral lesions or abnormal laboratory findings, but often associated with psychogenic disorders such as depression. The latter can have a range of causes, including hormonal.

OBJECTIVE
Since there may be connections between BMS, psychogenic changes, hormonal changes and taste abnormalities, we have examined aspects of taste and thyroid function.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We selected 50 patients with BMS (study group) and 50 healthy subjects (control group) and analysed their ability to taste bitter, acid and spicy substances and analysed their thyroid function and Undertook thyroid echography.

RESULTS
Taste sensation was normal in all controls. However, 30 of the patients with BMS reported ageusia for bitter taste and 2 had ageusia for acid. The use of pepper sauce (Tabasco) (spicy substance) produced a strong burning to the tongue in 28 patients of the BMS group but only in 10 controls. No control patients showed abnormality of thyroid function or echograpic abnormality. Five patients in the BMS group had biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism, 4 patients had raised levels of thyroid auto-antibodies and, of the 41 remaining BMS patients, most (34) had thyroid echographic changes indicative of nodularity.

CONCLUSIONS
Hypothyroidism may be responsible for a negative influence on taste and consequent increase in trigeminal sensorial sensation (tactile, thermal and painful sensation).


AIM
To determine the incidence of peripheral fractures in patients with celiac disease (CD) and the effect of treatment on fracture risk.

METHODS
We compared the incidence and risk of peripheral fractures before and after diagnosis between a cohort of 265 patients who had been diagnosed with CD at least 5 years before study entry and a cohort of 530 age- and sex-matched controls who had been diagnosed with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Data were collected through in-person interviews with an investigator. The overall assessment window for patients was 9843 patient-years (2815 patient-years after diagnosis).

RESULTS
Compared with the control group, the CD cohort showed significantly higher incidence rate and risk of first peripheral fracture before diagnosis [adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 1.78, 95% CI: 1.23-2.56, P < 0.002] and in men (HR: 2.67, 95% CI: 1.37-5.22, P < 0.004). Fracture risk was significantly associated with the classic CD presentation with gastrointestinal symptoms (P < 0.003). In the time period after diagnosis, the risk of fractures was comparable between the CD cohort and controls in both sexes (HR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.55-2.10 for women; HR: 1.57, 95% CI: 0.57-4.26 for men).

CONCLUSION
CD patients have higher prevalence of fractures in the peripheral skeleton before diagnosis. This is associated with male sex and classic clinical presentation. The fracture risk was reduced after the treatment.


Mobile device security is becoming increasingly important as the number of devices that are used continues to grow and has surpassed one billion active devices globally. In this thesis, we will investigate the security of Android ad supported apps, security vulnerabilities that have been identified in the way those ads are delivered to the device and improvements that can be made to protect the privacy of the end user. To do this, we will discuss the Android architecture and the ecosystems of apps and ads on those devices. To better understand the threats to mobile devices, a threat analysis will be conducted, investigating the different attack vectors that devices are susceptible to. This will also include a survey of existing work that has been conducted within the realm of Android security and web based exploits. The specific attacks that are detailed in this research are addJavascriptInterface attacks against a WebView used to display an ad and information leakage from the ad URL request. These attack vectors are discussed in detail with applicability and feasibility studies conducted. The results of these attacks will be analyzed with a discussion of the methodology used to obtain them. In order to combat such attacks, there will also be discussion of potential solutions to mitigate the threats of attack from a variety of angles, to include steps that users can take to protect themselves as well as changes that should be made to the Android operating system itself.


This article has been retracted by the authors. Background: Recent data have revealed that cognitive involvement occurs, more or less, in every stage of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD), which is definitely going to cause radical changes in this traditional understanding. The effects of blood pressure changes during the night on the cognitive states of patients with IPD are not known for sure. The purpose of this study was to research the effects of blood pressure changes during the night on cognitive state of patients with IPD. Methods: A total of 30 patients, 14 females and 16 males, were followed with a diagnosis of IPD. Cognitive functions were assessed with an extensive neuropsychological test battery. Results: The fifth stage of Stroop test, test of line direction, test of face recognition and Hooper test were significantly different in dipper group when compared with the non-dipper group. Conclusion: Not having nocturnal blood pressure decrease in IPD can be accepted as a risk factor in terms of cognitive function disorders. J Neurol Res. 2015;5(3):207-212 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jnr324w


As there is a gap of legal regulation of covenants not to compete in Lithuania, the legal doctrine and the case-law are analyzed in this article. It is recognized in judicial practice that labour laws are not applicable for the regulation of the covenants not to compete. So, the parties, an employer and employee, are free to make agreement on non-competition. There are some suggested principles how to make parties' agreement on non-competition. Firstly, there should be disputed an adequate compensation to the restrictions that would be made for an employee. Secondly, the restriction of competing should be precisely described, taking into account other issues, such as period of non-competing, employee's qualification and duties, termination of agreement, etc. It is also proposed to supplement the Law on Competition of the Republic of Lithuania with the rules concerning the conclusion, execution or termination of these covenants.


Consideration of cell type– and disease-associated environmental conditions is critical to connecting specific genetic variants to immune disorders. It is difficult to determine the mechanistic consequences of context-dependent genetic variants, some of which may be related to disease (see the Perspective by Gregersen). Two studies now report on the effects of stimulating immunological monocytes and dendritic cells with proteins that can elicit a response to bacterial or viral infection and assess the functional links between genetic variants and profiles of gene expression. Lee et al. analyzed the expression of more than 400 genes, in dendritic cells from 30 healthy subjects, which revealed how expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) affect gene expression within the interferon-β and the Toll-like receptor 3 and 4 pathways. Fairfax et al. performed a genome-wide analysis to show that many eQTLs affected monocyte gene expression in a stimulus- or time-specific manner. B. P. Fairfax, P. Humburg, S. Makino, V. Naranbhai, D. Wong, E. Lau, L. Jostins, K. Plant, R. Andrews, C. McGee, J. C. Knight, Innate immune activity conditions the effect of regulatory variants upon monocyte gene expression. Science 343, 1246949 (2014). [Abstract] [Full Text] M. N. Lee, C. Ye, A.-C. Villani, T. Raj, W. Li, T. M. Eisenhaure, S. H. Imboywa, P. I. Chipendo, F. A. Ran, K. Slowikowski, L. D. Ward, K. Raddassi, C. McCabe, M. H. Lee, I. Y. Frohlich, D. A. Hafler, M. Kellis, S. Raychaudhuri, F. Zhang, B. E. Stranger, C. O. Benoist, P. L. De Jager, A. Regev, N. Hacohen, Common genetic variants modulate pathogen-sensing responses in human dendritic cells. Science 343, 1246980 (2014). [Abstract] [Full Text] P. K. Gregersen, A genomic road map for complex human disease. Science 343, 1087–1088 (2014). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry measurements have been executed in a low speed wind tunnel in spanwise planes in the flow past a row of vortex generators, mounted on a bump in a fashion producing counter-rotating vortices. The measurement technique is a powerful tool which provides all three velocity components in the entire measurement plane. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of vortex generators in a turbulent, separating, low Reynolds number (Re = 20 000) boundary layer over a geometry which is generating an adverse pressure gradient similar to the flow past a wind turbine blade. The low Reynolds number is chosen on the basis that this is a fundamental investigation of the structures of the flow induced by vortex generators and the fact that one obtains a thicker boundary layer and larger structures evoked by the actuating devices, which are easier to measure and resolve. The flow behaves as expected, in the sense that the vortices transport high momentum fluid into the boundary layer, making it thinner and more resistant to the adverse pressure gradient with respect to separation. The amount of reversed flow is significantly reduced when vortex generators are applied. The idea behind the experiments is that the results will be offered for validation of modeling of the effect of vortex generators using various numerical codes. Initial large eddy simulation (LES) computations have been performed that show the same qualitative behaviour as in the experiments.


BACKGROUND
Implant survival after total knee arthroplasty has historically been dependent on postoperative knee alignment, although failure may occur when alignment is correct. Preoperative knee alignment has not been thoroughly evaluated as a possible risk factor for implant failure after arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of preoperative knee alignment on implant survival after total knee arthroplasty.

METHODS
We performed a retrospective review of 5342 total knee arthroplasties performed with use of cemented Anatomic Graduated Component implants from 1983 to 2006. Each knee was independently measured preoperatively and postoperatively for overall coronal alignment. Neutral ranges for preoperative and postoperative alignment were defined by means of Cox proportional hazards regression.

RESULTS
The overall failure rate was 1.0% (fifty-four of 5342 prostheses); failure was defined as aseptic loosening of the femoral and/or tibial component. The average preoperative anatomical alignment (and standard deviation) was 0.1° ± 7.7° of varus (range, 25° of varus to 35° of valgus), and the average postoperative anatomical alignment (and standard deviation) was 4.7° ± 2.5° of valgus (range, 12° of varus to 20° of valgus). The failure rate in knees in >8° of varus preoperatively (2.2%; p = 0.0005) or >11° of valgus preoperatively (2.4%; p = 0.0081) was elevated when compared with knees in neutral preoperatively (0.71%). Knees with preoperative deformities corrected to postoperative neutral alignment (2.5° through 7.4°) had a lower failure rate (1.9%) than undercorrected or overcorrected knees (3.0%) (p = 0.0103). Knees with postoperative neutral alignment, regardless of preoperative alignment, had a lower failure rate (0.74%) than knees with postoperative alignment of <2.5° or >7.4° of anatomic valgus (1.7%) (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with excessive preoperative alignment (>8° of varus or >11° of valgus) have a greater risk of failure (2.3%). Neutral postoperative alignment (2.5° through 7.4° of valgus) improves (1.9% for preoperatively deformed knees) but does not completely eliminate the risk of failure (0.5% for knees that were neutral both preoperatively and postoperatively). Careful attention should be paid to knee alignment during total knee arthroplasty, especially for patients with severe preoperative deformities.


Kenya was an unusual case within the larger narrative of decolonization in the British Empire. The presence of white settlers, the relative newness of the colony, and the particular way in which the British pursued the civilizing mission all combined to make the end of empire particularly violent for all parties involved. Independence in Kenya was precipitated by a bloody civil war, known as Mau Mau, and the imposition of martial law by the government for almost a decade. In the midst of this chaos, the Church of England's missionary body, the Church Missionary Society worked to protect their converts while also proving to colonial authorities that they were a necessary part of the civilizing mission. This dissertation analyzes the methods and motivations of the CMS in the midst of civil war and rehabilitation efforts in Kenya, but it also seeks to place mission activities within a larger context of twentieth century empire. Mission activities did not emerge from the ether in 1952 after the declaration of Emergency in Kenya. Rather their work began with the declaration of war in 1914, as Europe fell into the Great War. As such, CMS activities in Kenya must be examined through the long lens of empire, from 1914 to 1963. Missionary reaction to colonial policies throughout the time period are examined in hopes of better understanding the long history of decolonization. The CMS was chosen for this project because they provide special insight into the ways in which empire was formed and destroyed in the twentieth century. This is in due in part to ways in which they created their identity as the state missional body of the British Empire. If the Church of England was the official church of the English state, then so too was the CMS the official religious organization of empire. By examining how the self-identified state missional body of empire handled, or rather mishandled decolonization, we can begin to open new paths of analysis into the larger patterns and pictures for the end of empire.


PURPOSE
To explore the role of histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps obtained at standard- and high-b-value (1000 and 3000 sec/mm(2), respectively) diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging in the differentiation of true progression from pseudoprogression in glioblastoma treated with radiation therapy and concomitant temozolomide.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board of Seoul National University Hospital, and informed consent requirement was waived. Thirty patients with histopathologically proved glioblastoma who had undergone concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy (CCRT) with temozolomide underwent diffusion-weighted MR imaging with b values of 1000 and 3000 sec/mm(2), and corresponding ADC maps were calculated from entire newly developed or enlarged enhancing lesions after completion of CCRT. Histogram parameters of each ADC map between true progression (n = 15) and pseudoprogression (n = 15) groups were compared by using the unpaired Student t test. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the best cutoff values for predictors in the differentiation of true progression from pseudoprogression. Results were validated in an independent test set of nine patients by using the best cutoff value to predict differentiation of true progression from pseudoprogression. The accuracy of the selected best cutoff value in the independent test set was then calculated.

RESULTS
In terms of cumulative histograms, the fifth percentile of both ADC at b value of 1000 sec/mm(2) (ADC1000) and the ADC at b value of 3000 sec/mm(2) (ADC3000) were significantly lower in the true progression group than in the pseudoprogression group (P = .049 and P < .001, respectively). In contrast, neither the mean ADC1000 nor the mean ADC3000 was significantly different between the two groups. The diagnostic values of the parameters derived from ADC1000 and ADC3000 were compared, and a significant difference (0.224, P = .016) was found between the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the fifth percentile for ADC1000 and that for ADC3000. The accuracies were 66.7% (six of nine patients) and 88.9% (eight of nine patients) based on the fifth percentile of both ADC1000 and ADC3000 in the independent test set, respectively.

CONCLUSION
The fifth percentile of the cumulative ADC histogram obtained at a high b value was the most promising parameter in the differentiation of true progression from pseudoprogression of the newly developed or enlarged enhancing lesions after CCRT with temozolomide for glioblastoma treatment. Online supplemental material is available for this article.


Health is not just a physiological state, it is also a relational phenomenon. This means health is a collective challenge, often a cross-border one. Diplomacy in the health sector has progressively received more attention from formal actors (national states, international organisations, etc) but after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) challenge, this attention became a global emergency mobilising an expansive set of knowledge-seeking players (industry, research networks, civil society, etc). This paper comments on and leverages the contribution by Palm and Feschier on innovation management at the organisational level to address a complementary dimension: the internationalization process, and the need for a particular set of skills and routines to make innovations travel through different markets and regulatory contexts. Our argument is that marketing (knowing about customers) and diplomacy (understanding framing institutions) constitute a set of dynamic capabilities (soft power) that are critical for the effective internationalization of innovation.


The aim of this paper is to present an exploratory process to characterize fabricated 2-phase aluminum metal-matrix systems (2-phase systems) by using a dynamic consolidation technique, with an arrangement of multilayer mixings in steel cylinders. Aluminum powder (~150mm) was mechanically mixed with different fractions of multi-wall carbon nano-tubes (MWCNTs, 2 and 5 percent), with ~30 nm and ~30 μm diameter SiC and Al 2 O 3 powders (in volume fractions of 2, 4, and 21 percent), then, were green compacted uniaxially to ~80 % density, to be finally explosively consolidated with ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (ANFO) and C3. After compaction, WEDM (wire electrical discharge machining) was used to prepare tensile and hardness testing samples, also TEM, light microscopy and SEM characterization samples, all by using ~25 % of the obtained material , this represents less than 10cc , preserving ~60 % of the obtained monoliths. Densities of the consolidated monoliths achieve an average of ~98 % compaction (measured by Archimedes technique). Observations and measured hardness (HRE) reveal well compacted systems with a hardness consistent along the composites. Using light microscope imaging different zones were identified showing different grain behaviors.


One of the main contributions of Modern Money Theory (MMT) has been to explain why monetarily sovereign governments have a very flexible policy space that is unencumbered by hard financial constraints. Through a detailed analysis of the institutions and practices surrounding the fiscal and monetary operations of the treasury and central bank of many nations, MMT has provided institutional and theoretical insights about the inner workings of economies with monetarily sovereign and nonsovereign governments. MMT has also provided policy insights with respect to financial stability, price stability, and full employment. As one may expect, several authors have been quite critical of MMT. Critiques of MMT can be grouped into five categories: views about the origins of money and the role of taxes in the acceptance of government currency, views about fiscal policy, views about monetary policy, the relevance of MMT conclusions for developing economies, and the validity of the policy recommendations of MMT. This paper addresses the critiques raised using the circuit approach and national accounting identities, and by progressively adding additional economic sectors.


In order to achieve predictive abilities for both short- and long-term simulations, soil organic matter (SOM) models should be developed on the basis of as large and diverse a data-set as possible.

Many SOM models have parameters, where the criteria for estimating their values are not transparent, and few models have been subject to a formal sensitivity analysis regarding the influence of parameter settings. One of the major problems in most SOM models is to estimate the soil content of very slowly decomposing or perhaps even inert organic matter ("refractory" SOM).

There is presently a lack of experimental methods to verify the partitioning of SOM into conceptual compartments or pools, and to determine the turnover rate and other characteristics for each. These pool characteristics can thus only be determined indirectly by model calibration. If the model has several SOM pools, then several parameters may be confounded and thereby difficult to estimate. This makes the choice of both model structure and calibration data of outmost importance.

The novel model CN-SIM (Petersen et al., 2003) describes the flow of C and N in the soil. Organic matter is represented by seven different pools: two for added matter, two for soil microbial biomass, one for microbial residues, one for native ("humified") organic matter, and one for inert organic matter. The latter pool may represent both truly inert matter, and matter with a very slow turnover.

The parameters relating to long-term turnover are estimated based on a large number of selected carbon and radiocarbon field data from United Kingdom, Sweden and Denmark. Statistical methods were employed to estimate parameters, and obtain proximate confidence intervals for these parameters. Cross-validation was used to assess how the model performed on data not used for parameterisation. The parameters for water, temperature and clay responses were all taken from literature. In addition to these, 10 parameters were estimated by optimisation based on both laboratory- and field-data.
Simulations in good agreement with measured values were achieved, using the same set of parameters for all sites. The utilised error function only rises slightly when data from a given country is either in- or excluded in the cross-validation, which indicates that data from any two out of the three countries provide sufficient data for parameter estimates, that have predictive value for data from the third country. The model thus appears to be robust and to have a broad generality.

Results from bare fallow experiments have served to parameterise SOM models, utilising their assumed "pure" decay. The present study questions the validity of the common assumption of literally no C input to bare fallow, as the radiocarbon series indicate input levels in the order of 1 t C ha y-1. These findings may affect future parameterisation of SOM models.


The governing equations of motion for a drill string considering coupling between axial, lateral and torsional vibrations are obtained using a Lagrangian approach. The result leads to a set of non-linear equations with time varying coefficients. A fully coupled model for axial, lateral, and torsional vibrations of drill strings is presented. The bit/formation interactions are assumed to be related to the following parameters: bit motion, effects of gyroscopic moments, contact with the borehole wall, axial excitation due to bit/formation interactions, and hydrodynamic damping due to the presence of drilling mud. Simulation results show that parametric resonance and whirling may occur simultaneously within the range of operating conditions of drilling. The contact force between collar and borehole wall is calculated and its behavior is investigated. The dynamic behavior is quite complicated and may become non-periodic, suggesting a chaotic behavior.


ACT-UP is a toolbox implementation of the ACT-R cognitive architecture, aimed at allowing rapid prototyping of complex models. With ACT-UP, we propose Accountable Modeling, where the only model components that are specified are those supported by empirical evidence and part of the model's theoretical claims. ACT-UP is a library providing a programmatic interface to the classical ACT-R functionality. Implemented in a functional programming paradigm, models are reusable in other contexts. The toolbox is demonstrated using five implemented and evaluated cognitive models.


Network topology has no direct effect on the correctness of network protocols, however, it influences the performance of networks and their survivability when they are under attack. Recent studies have analyzed the robustness of the Internet in the face of faults or attacks which may cause node failures. However, the effect of link failure or a series of link failures has not been extensively examined, even though such a situation is more likely to occur in the current Internet environment. In this paper, we propose an attack-and-failure graph model and practical techniques for attacking strategies against nodes, edges or paths in order to reflect real-life attack scenarios. The resiliency of Internet topologies is examined under the attacking strategies, with various metrics including path-failure ratio and "attack power," which is defined as the ratio of the failure to attack. The experiments reveal that "path-based" attacks can result in greater damage to the connectivity of a network than the other types of attack. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of an attack depends on the objective that the attacker wants to achieve through the attack. The proposed simple but formalized approach can be a springboard for developing more resilient Internet topologies in a variety of aspects.


Objective Venous access can be technically difficult in pediatric patients because of the small size and impalpability of their veins. The aim of this prospective randomized study was to compare the use of ultrasound (US) guidance and transillumination as aids to facilitate peripheral intravenous cannulation in pediatric patients with difficult venous access. Patients and methods We included 80 children, less than 6 years of age, undergoing elective surgery, and having difficult venous access as predicted by a Difficult Intravenous Access score of at least 4. The patients were randomized to either US guidance (the US group, n = 40) or transillumination using the Veinlite EMS (the Veinlite group, n = 40). Cannulation was performed after inhalation induction of anesthesia. The primary outcome measure was the first-attempt success rate of cannulation. The secondary outcome measures were the overall success rate of cannulation, number of attempts, and time required to achieve successful cannulation. Results The first-attempt success rate was significantly higher in the US group (82.5%) compared with the Veinlite group (57.5%, P < 0.05). Both groups showed a high overall success rate (92.5% in the US group and 80% in the Veinlite group, P = 0.19). The time to achieve successful cannulation was significantly shorter in the US group (67.1 ± 19.3 s) than in the Veinlite group (94.1 ± 49.9 s, P < 0.01). The number of attempts required was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion Both US guidance and transillumination facilitate peripheral intravenous cannulation in pediatric patients with difficult venous access, resulting in a high overall success rate of cannulation. US guidance is superior as it results in a higher first-attempt success rate with less time required to achieve successful cannulation compared with transillumination.


Numerical simulations are performed to validate a nondimensional dynamic scaling procedure that can be applied to subsurface and deeply moored systems, such as hydrokinetic ocean renewable energy devices. The prototype systems are moored in water 400 m deep and include: subsurface spherical buoys moored in a shear current and excited by waves; a subsurface ocean current turbine excited by waves; and a deeply submerged spherical buoy in a shear current excited by strong current fluctuations. The corresponding model systems, which are scaled based on relative water depths of 10 and 40 m, are also studied. For each case examined, the response of the model system closely matches the scaled response of the corresponding full-sized prototype system. The results suggest that laboratory-scale experimentation of complete ocean current renewable energy systems moored in a current is possible.


Banks are required to analyse large transaction datasets as a part of the fight against financial crime. Today, this analysis is either performed manually by domain experts or using expensive feature engineering. Gradient flow analysis allows for basic representation learning as node potentials can be inferred directly from network transaction data. However, the gradient model has a fundamental limitation: it cannot represent all types of of network flows. Furthermore, standard methods for learning the gradient flow are not appropriate for flow signals that span multiple orders of magnitude and contain outliers, i.e. transaction data. In this work, the gradient model is extended to a gated version and we prove that it, unlike the gradient model, is a universal approximator for flows on graphs. To tackle the mentioned challenges of transaction data, we propose a multi-scale and outlier robust loss function based on the Student-t log-likelihood. Ethereum transaction data is used for evaluation and the gradient models outperform MLP models using hand-engineered and node2vec features in terms of relative error. These results extend to 60 synthetic datasets, with experiments also showing that the gated gradient model learns qualitative information about the underlying synthetic generative flow distributions.


CONTENTS Preface to the 2nd Edition Preface to the 1st edition INTRODUCTION Language ecology The politics of language The nation-state model Linguistic human rights Critical sociolinguistics Overview Prospects for change Chapter 1: THE DENUNCIATION OF ETHNICITY Academic denunciations of ethnicity Resituating ethnicity in the era of globalization Ethnicity and modernity Ethnicity as primordial Ethnicity as constructed Ethnicity as intentional Hybridity: the postmodernist politics of identity Limits to the social construction of ethnicity Finding common ground - ethnicity, habitus, and field Ethnies Chapter 2: NATIONALISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS Linguistic nationalism The will to nationhood The modern (nation-)state The modernists Limits of the modernist account Ethno-symbolic accounts of nationalism Dominant ethnies The construction of sociological minorities Chapter 3: LIBERALISM AND MULTICULTURALISM The pluralist dilemma Defending liberal democracy Critiquing liberal democracy The cosmopolitan alternative Rethinking liberal democracy Chapter 4: LANGUAGE, IDENTITY, RIGHTS, AND REPRESENTATION Language and identity Identity in language Language and culture Language, culture and politics Language decline: the death of Irish? 'Resigned language realism': is language revival just flogging a dead horse? Re-evaluating language shift Linguistic markets and symbolic violence Vive la France: the construction of la langue legitime Legitimating and institutionalizing minority languages Chapter 5: LANGUAGE, EDUCATION AND MINORITY RIGHTS Educating for the majority Educating for the minority Minority group responses to language education policies Bridging the gap between policy and practice Minority language and education rights in international law Chapter 6: MONOLINGUALISM, MOBILITY AND THE PRE-EMINENCE OF ENGLISH English as global lingua franca The normative power of monolingualism The problem with history The problem with instrumentalism The problem with bilingual education 'Doesn't anyone speak English around here?' The US 'English Only' movement Chapter 7: THE RISE OF REGIONALISM: RE-INSTANTIATING MINORITY LANGUAGES Quebec: safeguarding French in a sea of English Catalonia: the quest for political and linguistic autonomy Wales: the development of a bilingual state in a 'forgotten' nation Chapter 8: INDIGENOUS RIGHTS: SELF-DETERMINATION, LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION Indigenous peoples, self-determination, and international law Indigenous peoples and national law Indigenous language and education rights Aotearoa/New Zealand: a tale of two ethnicities Chapter 9: RE-IMAGINING THE NATION-STATE Addressing constructivism Tolerability and the crux of majority opinion Polyethnic language and education rights: Pasifika in Aotearoa/New Zealand The challenge of multiculturalism Towards a more pluralist conception of language rights BIBLIOGRAPHY Notes


The category of the everyday has designated in social theory the remainder, what is left over after the important regions of politics and production. This left consumption in the under-theorized domain of the everyday. Since Veblen – and more recently Baudrillard and de Certeau – consumption has been reconfigured as significant in its own right, as a complex, articulated area related directly to culture. Liberal thinkers have also claimed consumer activity as central to society, as the domain where the individual is realized. This paper will review these positions and attempt to develop an understanding of consumption in daily life in relation to digital cultural objects. It will also argue that these mediated commodities, in the practices of appropriation connected with them, configure subjects in ways that are difficult to reconcile with existing structures of domination.


Active military service members are increasing as constituents of online distance learning environments in America. For instructors, first-time engagement with military learners poses challenges and opportunities. This paper considers military learners through a framework of stereotype, labeling, and culture. It explores the use of stereotypes in new social engagements and provides a brief discussion of the cultural differences that military learners bring to the learning environment. It presents a smallscale phenomenological study of military learners' experiences in online courses, and suggests that their values and concerns do not differ significantly from non-military students. It concludes that, as with all learners, the most effective way of engaging with military students is for the instructor to be actively present, critically aware, and genuinely open. This approach, mindful practice, is presented as a strategy for exploring and developing a deeper understanding of the military learner. Suggestions for such practice are offered in the concluding section.


Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidine monophosphate kinase (TMPKmt) has recently been introduced as a potential target for the structure-based design of anti-tuberculosis drugs. Based on the TMPKmt X-ray structure and previous S.A.R. studies, we synthesised the nucleoside analogues 3a−b, 6a−b, 7a−b, and 8a−b, modified in 2′- and 3′-position of the ribofuranose ring moiety. To our surprise, these analogues showed only moderate binding affinity (i.e. Ki between 118 and 1260 μM). This prompted us to investigate the conformational features of these nucleosides. We concluded that compounds of this series, especially 8a−b, are strongly biased towards the "Northern" furanose ring conformation, whereas X-ray crystallography reveals a preference of TMPKmt for the opposite "Southern" conformers. This paper covers the synthesis, biological evaluation and conformational features (i.e. preferred ring puckering) of the 2′- and 3′-modified dT analogues. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)


Vegetative propagation offers the opportunity to rapidly overcome the limitations to domestication imposed by long generation times, irregular fruiting/flowering and outbreeding. Vegetative propagation techniques are increasingly being applied to a wide range of tree species, of both moist and dry tropics. Identification of the critical factors determining adventitious root development is crucial to sustained, cost-effective propagation, even in 'species in which these factors are not currently limiting. Over the past ten years, research at ITE has identified a wide range of factors which influence rooting, including the stockplant growth environment, cutting origin, post-severance treatments applied to cuttings, and the propagation environment. In order to understand the influence of these different factors and their interactions, an appreciation of the physiological, biochemical and cytological processes involved in rooting is required. The primary processes occurring in the leaf are net photosynthesis and transpiration, while those in the stem are starch hydrolysis, translocation of sugars, water and nutrients, respiration, mitosis and cell differentiation. Each of these processes is influenced by a number of environmental, morphological and physiological variables, such as leaf area and thickness, internode length, chlorophyll content, stomatal density stem Uglification, etc. Suggestions are made for experimental approaches to improve further the understanding of the mechanisms of rooting of leafy stem cuttings. These approaches include the development of a mechanistic model of adventitious root development. The practical implications arising from a process-based approach to propagation are also discussed.


Web is a globally distributed, still highly personalized media for cost-effective delivery of multimedia information and services. Web is expected to have a strong impact on almost every aspect of how we learn. 'Total Quality' is the totality of features, as perceived by the customers of the product or service. Totality of features includes stated as well as implied needs and expectations of all types of customers. No quality improvement is possible without its unambiguous measurement. But, 'Total Quality' of the learning experience in 'Open and Distance Education System' cannot be measured unless it is expressed in measurable clear terms which include complete spectrum of student support and educational services. A model for 'Total Quality' of an open and distance education system was used to measure impact of the "Web Technology" on the 'Total Quality' of the learning experience in 'Open and Distance Education System'. Evidence indicates that application of the proposed model for 'Total Quality' and 'Web Technology' can simultaneously optimize quality, access and cost. Thus, a better learning experience can be provided even in open and distance education system, which can be comparable with the best. This study found that it was difficult for the subjects to decide the clear cut superiority regarding the effectiveness of 'Traditional Classroom' or 'Virtual Classroom'.


CTL (Cytotoxic T. Lymphocytes) destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells via the secretion of lytic molecules stored in intracellular granules. They are key components of the anti-cancer immune response and it is therefore crucial to study in depth, and possibly enhance, their biological responses against tumors. In [CMR15], we introduced a stochastic dynamical model that involves interacting particles based on experimentally measured parameters. It therefore makes it possible to describe CTL function during immuno-editing. At the same time, we showed on simulations that a bias in CTL motility inducing a progressive attraction towards a few scout CTL, which have detected the nodule, enhances early productive collisions and drastically improves the tumor eradication rate. In the present paper, we introduce a continuous time similar model and derive rigorously formulas for the evolution of the system CTL/Nodule. Numerical schemes then confirm the quantitative role of the bias in the CTL movement induced by scout CTL, and open new perspectives on chemotaxis for immunotherapy.


BACKGROUND
Our Cochrane review of selective serotonin inhibitors for stroke recovery indicated that fluoxetine may improve functional recovery, but the trials were small and most were at high risk of bias.

OBJECTIVES
The Fluoxetine Or Control Under Supervision (FOCUS) trial tested the hypothesis that fluoxetine improves recovery after stroke.

DESIGN
The FOCUS trial was a pragmatic, multicentre, parallel-group, individually randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

SETTING
This trial took place in 103 UK hospitals.

PARTICIPANTS
Patients were eligible if they were aged ≥ 18 years, had a clinical stroke diagnosis, with focal neurological deficits, between 2 and 15 days after onset.

INTERVENTIONS
Patients were randomly allocated 20 mg of fluoxetine once per day or the matching placebo for 6 months via a web-based system using a minimisation algorithm.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary outcome was the modified Rankin Scale at 6 months. Patients, carers, health-care staff and the trial team were masked to treatment allocation. Outcome was assessed at 6 and 12 months after randomisation. Patients were analysed by their treatment allocation as specified in a published statistical analysis plan.

RESULTS
Between 10 September 2012 and 31 March 2017, we recruited 3127 patients, 1564 of whom were allocated fluoxetine and 1563 of whom were allocated placebo. The modified Rankin Scale score at 6 months was available for 1553 out of 1564 (99.3%) of those allocated fluoxetine and 1553 out of 1563 (99.4%) of those allocated placebo. The distribution across modified Rankin Scale categories at 6 months was similar in the two groups (common odds ratio adjusted for minimisation variables 0.951, 95% confidence interval 0.839 to 1.079; p = 0.439). Compared with placebo, patients who were allocated fluoxetine were less likely to develop a new episode of depression by 6 months [210 (13.0%) vs. 269 (16.9%), difference -3.78%, 95% confidence interval -1.26% to -6.30%; p = 0.003], but had more bone fractures [45 (2.9%) vs. 23 (1.5%), difference 1.41%, 95% confidence interval 0.38% to 2.43%; p = 0.007]. There were no statistically significant differences in any other recorded events at 6 or 12 months. Health economic analyses showed no differences between groups in health-related quality of life, hospital bed usage or health-care costs.

LIMITATIONS
Some non-adherence to trial medication, lack of face-to-face assessment of neurological status at follow-up and lack of formal psychiatric diagnosis during follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS
20 mg of fluoxetine daily for 6 months after acute stroke did not improve patients' functional outcome but decreased the occurrence of depression and increased the risk of fractures. These data inform decisions about using fluoxetine after stroke to improve functional outcome or to prevent or treat mood disorders. The Assessment oF FluoxetINe In sTroke recoverY (AFFINITY) (Australasia/Vietnam) and Efficacy oF Fluoxetine - a randomisEd Controlled Trial in Stroke (EFFECTS) (Sweden) trials recruited an additional 2780 patients and will report their results in 2020. These three trials have an almost identical protocol, which was collaboratively developed. Our planned individual patient data meta-analysis will provide more precise estimates of the effects of fluoxetine after stroke and indicate whether or not effects vary depending on patients' characteristics and health-care setting.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN83290762.

FUNDING
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 24, No. 22. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. The Stroke Association (reference TSA 2011101) funded the start-up phase.


In 2009, moderate earthquakes occurred in the Lezha-Ulqini and Lushnje-Elbasani-Dibra seismogenic zones in Albania. The earthquake of 21 August 2009 (ML 5.0) occurred in the Adriatic Sea near the town of Ulqini at the Albania-Montenegro border.The mainshock was located 9 km southeast of the epicentre of the 15 April 1979 Ms 7.1 earthquake that caused loss of life and considerable damage to buildings in Montenegro and Albania. The earthquake of 6 September 2009 (ML 5.4) occurred in Gjorica, at the eastern Albania- the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) border, south of the city of Peshkopia, Albania. The mainshock of the 6 September 2009 earthquake was located 12 km northeast of the epicentre of the 30 November 1967, Dibra/Debar earthquake (Ms=6.7) that caused loss of life and considerable damage to buildings in Albania and FYROM. For this analysis, the local and regional data concerning the epicentral locations, focal mechanisms, macroseismic data of the mainshocks, and their aftershock activity were used. Based on the focal mechanisms, the motion of the 21 August 2009 earthquakes was pure thrust with compressional axes NE-SW, and the 6 September 2009 earthquake occurred on a normal fault with a NW-SE strike direction of tensional stress. The region affected by the August 2009 sequence, together with the seismogenic region of the 1979 Ulqini event, forms a roughly NW-SEtrending active seismotectonic zone in western Albania and continues through southern Montenegro. The region affected by the September 2009 sequence, together with the seismogenic region of the 1967 Dibra event, forms a roughly NE−SW-trending active seismotectonic zone in eastern Albania that continues in the western FYROM. Both zones present a threat to the nearby urban areas in Albania, Montenegro and the FYROM.


This report summarises work conducted by the QDPI, in partnership with the South Burdekin Water Board (SBWB) and the Burdekin Shire Council (BSC) between 2001 and 2003. The broad aim of the research was to assess the potential of native fish as biocontrol agents for noxious weeds, as part of an integrated program for managing water quality in the Burdekin Irrigation Area. A series of trials were conducted at, or using water derived from, the Sandy Creek Diversion near Groper Creek (lower Burdekin delta).

Trials demonstrated that aquatic weeds play a positive role in trapping transient nutrients, until such time that weed growth becomes self-shading and weed dieback occurs, which releases stored nutrients and adversely affects water quality. Transient nutrient levels (av. TN<0.5mg/L; av. TP<0.1mg/L) found in the irrigation channel during the course of this research were substantially lower than expected, especially considering the intensive agriculture and sewage effluent discharge upstream from the study site. This confirms the need to consider the control of weeds rather than complete weed extermination when formulating management plans. However, even when low nutrient levels are available, there is competitive exploitation of habitat variables in the irrigation area leading to succession and eventual domination by certain weed species. During these trials, we have seen filamentous algae, phytoplankton, hyacinth and curled pondweed each hold competitive advantage at certain points. However without intervention, floating weeds, especially hyacinth, ultimately predominate in the Burdekin delta due to their fast propagation rate and their ability to out-shade submerged plants.

We have highlighted the complexity of interactions in these highly disturbed ecosystems in that even if the more prevalent noxious weeds are contained, other weed species will exploit the vacant niche. This complexity places stringent requirements on the type of native fish that can be used as biocontrol agents. Of the seven fish species identified with herbivorous trophic niches, most target plankton or algae and do not have the physical capacity to directly eat the larger macrophytes of the delta. We do find however that following mechanical weed harvesting, inoculative releases of fish can slow the rate of hyacinth recolonisation. This occurs by mechanisms in addition to direct weed consumption, such as disturbing growth surfaces by grazing on attached biofilms. Predation by birds and water rats presents another impediment to the efficacy of large-scale releases of fish. However, alternative uses of fish in water quality management in the Burdekin irrigation area are discussed.


Abstract The rate at which plant invasions occur is accelerating globally, and a growing amount of recent research uses genetic analysis of invasive plant populations to better understand the histories, processes, and effects of plant invasions. The goal of this review is to provide natural resource managers with an introduction to this research. We discuss examples selected from published studies that examine intraspecific genetic diversity and the role of hybridization in plant invasion. We also consider the conflicting evidence that has emerged from recent research for the evolution of increased competitiveness as an explanation for invasion, and the significance of multiple genetic characteristics and patterns of genetic diversity reported in the literature across different species invasions. High and low levels of genetic diversity have been found in different invading plant populations, suggesting that either selection leading to local adaptation, or pre-adapted characteristics such as phenotypic plasticity, can lead to aggressive range expansion by colonizing nonnative species. As molecular techniques for detecting hybrids advance, it is also becoming clear that hybridization is a significant component of some plant invasions, with consequences that include increased genetic diversity within an invasive species, generation of successful novel genotypes, and genetic swamping of native plant gene pools. Genetic analysis of invasive plant populations has many applications, including predicting population response to biological or chemical control measures based on diversity levels, identifying source populations, tracking introduction routes, and elucidating mechanisms of local spread and adaptation. This information can be invaluable in developing more effectively targeted strategies for managing existing plant invasions and preventing new ones. Future genetic research, including the use of high throughput molecular marker systems and genomic approaches such as microarray analysis, has the potential to contribute to better understanding and more effective management of plant invasions.


Since
 the appearance of integrated marketing communications (IMC) in the
early 1990s, its differing characterizations as a 'new marketing
communication paradigm' versus 'nothing new' or 'management fad' have
not been fully settled. In practice, some organizations operating in
Korea have adopted IMC and many marketing communication service agencies
 insist that their specialty lies in IMC. But from an academic
perspective, the field does not seem to be that active here. Why is
this? So far, most of the studies on IMC have utilized a quantitative
research methodology and have focused primarily on enterprises and their
 advertising agencies in the areas of perception, implementation,
barriers, evaluation and compensation and other individual elements.
However, IMC depends as much on the cognitive and philosophical
understanding of its practitioners as it does on their strategic or
tactical capabilities. This study utilizing Q methodology sought to
understand how public relations (PR) practitioners in Korea evaluate IMC
 in depth based on their experiences. Results show that Korean PR
practitioners believe that IMC maximizes the communications effect and
most advantageously takes into account changing market conditions. This
study also confirmed that there are some barriers to optimum
implementation of IMC in Korea such as low economies of scale, turf
battles and insufficient top management involvement.


Ti(Al,O)/Al2O3 and TiAl(O)/Al2O3 composite coatings have a potential to reduce dissolution and aluminium soldering tendency of H13 tool steel used in the aluminium processing industry. The thermal shock resistance of H13 tool steel coated with Ti(Al,O)/Al2O3 and TiAl(O)/Al2O3 composite powders sprayed using a high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) technique was studied. The thermal shock behaviour of the composite coatings was investigated by subjecting the coated coupons to a number of cycles, each cycle consisting of a holding time of 30 seconds in molten aluminium at 700 ± 10 °C followed by quenching into water. The surfaces of the coupons were examined for Al soldering and an evaluation of surface spallation. Any cracks found in the coatings were studied to explain their thermal shock behaviour. The results of this study showed that both Ti(Al,O)/Al2O3 and TiAl(O)/Al2O3 composite coatings on H13 tool steel have good thermal shock resistance with a thermal shock life between 300 to 400 cycles. The composite coatings and fracture surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy.


Starting from the observation that the simplest form of forced mechanical oscillation serves as a standard model for analyzing a broad variety of resonance processes in many fields of physics and engineering, the remarkably slow development leading to this insight is reviewed. Forced oscillations and mechanical resonance were already described by Galileo early in the 17th century, even though he misunderstood them. The phenomenon was then completely ignored by Newton but was partly rediscovered in the 18th century, as a purely mathematical surprise, by Euler. Not earlier than in the 19th century did Thomas Young give the first correct description. Until then, forced oscillations were not investigated for the purpose of understanding the motion of a pendulum, or of a mass on a spring, or the acoustic resonance, but in the context of the ocean tides. Thus, in the field of pure mechanics the results by Young had no echo at all. On the other hand, in the 19th century mechanical resonance disasters were observed ever more frequently, e.g. with suspension bridges and steam engines, but were not recognized as such. The equations governing forced mechanical oscillations were then rediscovered in other fields like acoustics and electrodynamics and were later found to play an important role also in quantum mechanics. Only then, in the early 20th century, the importance of the one-dimensional mechanical resonance as a fundamental model process was recognized in various fields, at last in engineering mechanics. There may be various reasons for the enormous time span between the introduction of this simple mechanical phenomenon into science and its due scientific appreciation. One of them can be traced back to the frequently made neglect of friction in the governing equation.


To stimulate the discussion about possible reasons for whale strandings, we suggest solar driven geomagnetic variations as one further explanation for this phenomenon. Following this hypothesis that whales may strand due to geomagnetic disturbances we compared annual means of stranding event numbers of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) along the North Sea coasts with yearly averaged numbers of geomagnetic anomaly intensities (aa- indices). Based on a Generalised Additive Model technique, our new approach suggests that over the last 400 years 20% of the stranding events can be correlated with aa-index variabilities. Furthermore, the increased stranding numbers of the last decades could be explained by the exceptional intensive disturbances of the earth's magnetic field in the same period.


Arguing that the fundamental, familiar, sexual violence of slavery and racialized subjugation have continued to shape black and white subjectivities into the present, Christina Sharpe interprets African diasporic and Black Atlantic visual and literary texts that address those "monstrous intimacies" and their repetition as constitutive of post-slavery subjectivity. Her illuminating readings juxtapose Frederick Douglass's narrative of witnessing the brutal beating of his Aunt Hester with Essie Mae Washington-Williams's declaration of freedom in Dear Senator: A Memoir by the Daughter of Strom Thurmond , as well as the "generational genital fantasies" depicted in Gayl Jones's novel Corregidora with a firsthand account of such "monstrous intimacies" in the journals of an antebellum South Carolina senator, slaveholder, and vocal critic of miscegenation. Sharpe explores the South African–born writer Bessie Head's novel Maru —about race, power, and liberation in Botswana—in light of the history of the KhoiSan woman Saartje Baartman, who was displayed in Europe as the "Hottentot Venus" in the nineteenth century. Reading Isaac Julien's film The Attendant , Sharpe takes up issues of representation, slavery, and the sadomasochism of everyday black life. Her powerful meditation on intimacy, subjection, and subjectivity culminates in an analysis of Kara Walker's black silhouettes, and the critiques leveled against both the silhouettes and the artist.


The system LiHoxY1−xF4 is a nearly perfect example of a dilute, dipolar-coupled Ising magnet and, as such, it is an ideal testing ground for many theories in statistical mechanics. At low holmium concentration (x = 0.045) an unusual spin liquid or "anti-glass" state was discovered in previous work [1]. This state does not exhibit a spin glass freezing transition as is expected for a long-range interaction. Instead, it shows dynamics which are consistent with a collection of low-frequency oscillators [2]. It was also seen to have sharp features in its specific heat [3]. We present heat capacity measurements on three samples at and around the concentration of the spin liquid state in zero magnetic field and in a temperature range from around 50 mK to 1 K. In contrast to previous measurements, we find no sharp features in the specific heat. The specific heat is a broad feature which is qualitatively consistent with that of a spin glass. The residual entropy as a function of x, obtained through a numerical integral of the data, however, is consistent with numerical simulations which predict a disappearance of spin glass ordering below a critical concentration of dipoles [4]. Also presented here, is ac susceptibility data on an x = 0.45 sample which exhibits a paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition and is found to be consistent with previous work.


Transportation companies in Indonesia are one of the most important company because they are really helpful for the people in Indonesia in order to deliver people from place to place especially in the country with lots of islands. The purpose of this study was to look at the effect of liquidity, profitability on firm value in the Transportation Sub Sector in the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The population of this study is the transportation companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange which are supported by 10 companies with an observation period of 2 years, namely in 2016-2017.The method used in this research is descriptive, by using the Current ratio for liquidity, Return On Equity for profitability, and price to book value for firm value. The analysis of the data is using descriptive statistics, normality test, significant test, and regression linear. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between Liquidity and Profitability on Firm Value in the Transportation Sub Sector in the Indonesia Stock Exchange seen from F count 3.594 with a significant value of 0.05 at α=10%. The result descriptive result shows that sub-sector has average liquidity of 1.1656 and profitability of 3.55%. This result indicates that transportation companies have difficulties in their ability to gain profit and are generally liquid. Thus it is recommended for companies in the transportation sub-sector to have liquidity in their operation and focus on their ability to gain profit to maximize firm value.


Modern hydrography relies, more and more, on complex algorithms to resolve the soundings generated by remote sensing modalities, and to process those soundings into chartable products. Algorithm quality assurance is therefore critical to the integrity of the hydrographic effort. At best, the algorithms used might be described in a published paper, or possibly be available as a research code-base. More often, however, they are integrated deep in proprietary code and cannot be tested or verified without great effort. For algorithms transitioned from research in one organization to operations in another, there is no guarantee that the algorithm implemented is the algorithm that was designed. And each new software release demands effectively ab initio testing effort. Using the CHRT algorithm as an example, a testing structure is proposed. The structure consists of an XML-based definition which packages the required data with the desired tests, and allows for exact or approximate matching of results, with control over tolerances. The XML-based output provides hierarchically aggregated summaries of test success to assist in reporting with level-of-detail control. Although intended for end user testing, the structure has obvious benefits for developers, and acts, effectively, as the algorithm's definition: any implementation that passes the conformance suite.


This paper discusses questions of how to increase the accuracy of an approximation by Zernike polynomials of the displacements of the points of optical surfaces (OSs) in the direction of the optical axis, associated with the discrimination of displacements of the surface as a rigid whole. It is shown that, when going from displacements of the nodal points of an OS obtained by the finite-element method to their approximation by Zernike polynomials, it is expedient to discriminate beforehand that part of the displacements associated with the components of the displacement of the surface as a rigid whole in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis, and, in the case of nonaxisymmetric surfaces, also in the direction of rotation around the optical axis. Examples are given of the implementation of the proposed procedure.


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To understand the molecular mechanism of action of the novel class of diuretic agents, the antidiuretic hormone antagonists ["aquaretics" (specific water-losing activity as caused by vasopressin antagonists, as distinguished from the saluresis of conventional diuretics)], in the dog studies were made of the properties of the vasopressin-responsive adenylate cyclase system and the antagonist potencies of the vasopressin analogs [1-(beta-mercapto-beta, beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid), 2-(O-ethyl)tyrosine,4-valine,8-arginine]vasopressin; [1-(beta-mercapto-beta-mercapto-beta, beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid), 2-D-phenylalanine,4-valine,8-arginine]vasopressin; and [1-(beta-mercapto-beta, beta-cyclopenta-methylenepropionic acid), 2-D-(O-ethyl)tyrosine,4-valine,8-arginine]vasopressin (SK&F 100398, 101071 and 101498, respectively) using plasma membranes prepared from cortex, medulla and papilla of dog kidney. It was observed that the greatest sensitivity for vasopressin was in the papilla (concentration of 8-arginine vasopressin required for 50% activation of adenylate cyclase [Kact] was 2.0 X 10(-9)M, 1.1 X 10(-9)M and 5.1 X 10(-10) M in the cortex, medulla and papilla, respectively). The addition of 10(-5)M GTP did not alter the Kact of the cortex but enhanced 10-fold the vasopressin sensitivity of the papilla to 5.2 X 10(-11) M. The vasopressin analogs were competitive antagonists of vasopressin-stimulated adenylate cyclase of cortex and papilla with the greatest potency for the papillary enzyme (Ki in papilla was 3.6 X 10(-9)M, 4.6 X 10(-9)M and 1.0 X 10(-9)M for SK&F 100398, 101071 and 101498, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)