This rare glimpse into North Korean society is the first book of its kind: a riveting collection of state-sponsored propaganda posters that present the unique graphic sensibilities of this little-known country. Seldom seen by the outside world, North Korea s propaganda art colors the cities and countryside with vibrant images of brave soldiers, happy and well-fed peasants, and a heroic and compassionate leader. More than 250 of these posters are collected here for the first time, showing the wide range of North Korean propaganda art. Hand-painted, one-of-a-kind pieces of art, these posters display the latest political slogans that are repeated in newspaper editorials, government declarations, and compulsory study sessions throughout the country. A unique collection which would appeal to artists and graphic designers as well as those interested in this closed society, this book may not represent the reality of North Korea, but rather a vision of the country as promoted by its regime and depicted by its state sponsored artists.


Multithreaded programs are hard to develop and test. In order for programs to avoid unexpected concurrent behaviors at runtime, for example data-races, synchronization mechanisms are typically used to enforce a safe subset of thread interleavings. Also, to test multithreaded programs, devel- opers need to enforce the precise thread schedules that they want to test. These tasks are nontrivial and error prone. This paper presents EnforceMOP, a framework for specifying and enforcing complex properties in multithreaded Java programs. A property is enforced at runtime by blocking the threads whose next actions would violate it. This way the remaining threads, whose execution is safe, can make global progress until the system eventually reaches a global state in which the blocked threads can be safely unblocked and allowed to execute. Users of EnforceMOP can specify the properties to be enforced using the expressive MOP multi-formalism notation, and can provide code to be executed at deadlock (when no thread is safe to continue). EnforceMOP was used in two different kinds of applications. First, to enforce general properties in multithreaded programs, as a formal, semantic alternative to the existing rigid and sometimes expensive syntactic synchronization mechanisms. Second, to enforce testing desirable schedules in unit testing of multithreaded programs, as an alternative to the existing limited and often adhoc techniques. Results show that EnforceMOP is able to effectively express and enforce complex properties and schedules in both scenarios.


First-Person Shooter computer games are designed to be immersive experiences yet the phenomenon of immersion is little understood.  This article surveys theories of immersion in virtual worlds and examines FPS game elements that might contribute to the state.  The roles of attention and positive feedback in facilitating player immersion in FPS games is explored.  In particular, the role of selective attention is highlighted before the article finishes with a discussion on the design of immersion in FPS games using the principles presented here.


This work reviews the state of the art in SVM and perceptron classifiers. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) is easily the most popular tool for dealing with a variety of machine-learning tasks, including classification. SVMs are associated with maximizing the margin between two classes. The concerned optimization problem is a convex optimization guaranteeing a globally optimal solution. The weight vector associated with SVM is obtained by a linear combination of some of the boundary and noisy vectors. Further, when the data are not linearly separable, tuning the coefficient of the regularization term becomes crucial. Even though SVMs have popularized the kernel trick, in most of the practical applications that are high-dimensional, linear SVMs are popularly used. The text examines applications to social and information networks. The work also discusses another popular linear classifier, the perceptron, and compares its performance with that of the SVM in different application areas.


Parents play a vital role in the education of their children. Apart from providing material resources, they are also responsible for enhancing what is learnt at school and providing relevant background information about their children that is helpful to teachers. This research project focuses on engaging fathers in the education of their sons. It explores the roles played by fathers in the education of their sons and some of the barriers they encounter in trying to work with schools.
For various reasons, fewer fathers engage in the education of their children yet they can play a vital role. Although the contribution to education by mothers cannot be ignored, this thesis contributes new knowledge to the unique influence that fathers have in the education of their sons.
This enquiry is based on a qualitative case study carried out on a specialist secondary school in the UK. The participatory action research case study methodology adopted in this PhD thesis provided an opportunity to make an in-depth study of the phenomena. A triangular approach was employed in which the views of the fathers, boys and teachers were considered through interviews, document analysis and observations. The enquiry used a participatory action research approach in which participants were involved in the identification of the problem, implementation of an action and reflection of the whole process. Fathers, boys and teachers in the school participated in a series of meetings to suggest ways in which the school could improve the engagement of fathers.
The research helped the school to formulate policy that improved the achievement of boys through the engagement of their fathers. Management at the school has taken on board most of the recommendations and is now in the process of improving and strengthening relationships with parents and fathers in particular. The school has employed a family liaison officer responsible for working with parents and advising staff on how to engage better with fathers.
This research project has been driven by my own experiences as a father, teacher and son. It contributes new knowledge in the form of a "Father Engagement Model" designed for the school to engage and maintain relations with more fathers. The style of writing adopted in this thesis has been aimed at engaging a wide range of readers including the fathers and their sons of various reading levels.


We consider a switched network, a fairly general constrained queueing network model that has been used successfully to model the detailed packet-level dynamics in communication networks, such as input-queued switches and wireless networks. The main operational issue in this model is that of deciding which queues to serve, subject to certain constraints.
 In this paper, we study qualitative performance properties of the well known α-weighted scheduling policies. The stability, in the sense of positive recurrence, of these policies has been well understood. We establish exponential upper bounds on the tail of the steady-state distribution of the backlog.
 Along the way, we prove finiteness of the expected steady-state backlog when α<1, a property that was known only for α ≥ 1.
 Finally, we analyze the excursions of the maximum backlog over a finite time horizon for α ≥ 1. As a consequence, for α ≥ 1, we establish the full state space collapse property.


Based on 36 interviews with women correctional officers, we examined their everyday work experiences in the Ontario Provincial correctional system. We used the Psycho-Social Ethnography of the Commonplace methodology to determine challenges and complications women endure in this highly gendered, masculine-defined culture, and the resilience approaches they used to survive. Findings indicate how sexism, hostility, paternalism, and social alienation are maintained and reinforced. Women are repetitively, implicitly and explicitly reminded of their fragile femininity, physical inferiority, and lack of fit. Policy recommendations to contravene the Culture of Corrections' androcentric nature, and those found in other nontraditional men-dominated work environments, are offered.


Primary infection protects pigs against re-infection with Lawsonia intracellularis in experimental challenge studies In two separate trials previous termpigsnext term were experimentally infected with previous termLawsonia intracellularisnext term at 5–6 weeks of age followed by antibiotic treatment and resolution of the previous termprimary infection and then renext term-inoculated at 12–13 weeks of age. A treatment-control group of previous termpigsnext term received the previous termprimary infectionnext term and antibiotic treatment only, and served as control for the antibiotic treatment of the previous termprimary infection.next term A previous termchallengenext term-control group of previous termpigsnext term received the second inoculation dose only at 12–13 weeks of age to control infectivity of the previous termchallengenext term-dose and susceptibility of previous termpigsnext term to L. previous termintracellularisnext term at this age. previous termPigsnext term were monitored for shedding of L. previous termintracellularisnext term in faeces by PCR, and for the development of antibodies and responses of acute phase proteins in serum. The presence of L. previous termintracellularisnext term antigen in the intestinal mucosa was examined in post mortem samples by immunohistochemistry. In both trials previous termprimarynext term infected previous termpigsnext term were protected from previous terminfectionnext term after previous termchallengenext term inoculation as evidenced by absence of faecal shedding of L. previous termintracellularisnext term, lack of changes in acute phase protein concentrations after previous termchallengenext term and with low levels of bacterial antigen in the intestinal mucosa of previous termrenext term-inoculated previous termpigsnext term comparable to that of the treatment-control previous termpigs.next term In contrast, previous termchallengenext term-control previous termpigsnext term shed L. previous termintracellularisnext term in faeces, had L. previous termintracellularisnext term antigen extensively present within all layers of the intestinal mucosa and developed a significant acute phase protein response in serum after the previous termexperimental infection.next term The acute phase protein response to L. previous termintracellularis infectionnext term was detected as an increased rise in the serum concentrations of C-reactive protein and haptoglobin from day-6 post previous terminfection,next term and increased serum concentrations of haptoglobin were generally seen 2–3 weeks after inoculation both at 5–6 and 12–13 weeks of age. In conclusion substantial protection previous termagainstnext term L. previous termintracellularis infectionnext term was found in the previous termrenext term-inoculated previous termpigsnext term in contrast to the development of previous terminfectionnext term in age-matched control previous termpigs.next term The acute phase protein responses reflected both the observed protection previous termagainstnext term L. previous termintracellularis infectionnext term upon secondary previous termchallengenext term and that increased resistance to the previous terminfectionnext term develops with age.


Potassium channel enrichment in the dendrites of hippocampal basket cells defines a mechanism of neural network function. Basket cells, a group of fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, play an important part in the function of neuronal networks. The mechanisms underlying the high temporal precision and short latency of basket cell activity are still not fully understood. Hu et al. investigated dendritic functions in fast-spiking hippocampal basket cells and found that action potentials are initiated in the axon and propagate back into the dendrites without activity dependence but with strongly reduced amplitude. This is very different from widely investigated pyramidal cell dendrites. The authors provide a mechanism for this difference in the high potassium to sodium conductance ratios in the dendrites of the interneurons. Additional computational modeling indicates that these dendritic mechanisms can explain the high-frequency firing and precise timing of basket cells seen in network activity in vivo. H. Hu, M. Martina, P. Jonas, Dendritic mechanisms underlying rapid synaptic activation of fast-spiking hippocampal interneurons. Science 327, 52–58 (2010). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Drawing upon a review of relevant literature, this paper provides an overview of the treatment of classroom management in teacher education and teaching around the world. Six approaches to classroom management are distinguished: classroom management approaches that focus on external control of behaviour, on internal control, on classroom ecology, on discourse, on curriculum, and on interpersonal relationships. This paper then presents an analysis of the six approaches across countries and cultures. No clear picture of cross‐national differences in classroom management practices or pervasiveness of one of the approaches was found. The paper concludes with implications for the role of management in teacher education, particularly with regards to the relevance and appropriateness of the six models for classroom management.


Context. The solar mid-infrared metallic emission lines have already been observed and analyzed well, and the formation scenario of the Mg I 12 μm lines has been known for more than a decade. Detections of stellar emission at 12 μm have, however, been limited to Mg I in very few objects. Previous modeling attempts have been made only for Procyon and two cool evolved stars, with unsatisfactory results for the latter. This prevents the lines' long predicted usage as probes of stellar magnetic fields. Aims. We want to explain our observed Mg I emission lines at 12 μm in the K giants Pollux, Arcturus, and Aldebaran and at 18 μm in Pollux and Arcturus. We discuss our modeling of these lines and particularly how various aspects of the model atom affect the emergent line profiles. Methods. High-resolution observational spectra were obtained using TEXES at Gemini North and the IRTF. To produce synthetic line spectra, we employed standard one-dimensional, plane-parallel, non-LTE modeling for trace elements in cool stellar atmospheres. We computed model atmospheres with the MARCS code, applied a comprehensive magnesium model atom, and used the radiative transfer code MULTI to solve for the magnesium occupation numbers in statistical equilibrium. Results. The Mg I emission lines at 12 μm in the K giants are stronger than in the dwarfs observed so far. We present the first observed stellar emission lines from Mg I at 18 μm and from Al I, Si I, and presumably Ca I at 12 μm. We successfully reproduce the observed Mg I emission lines simultaneously in the giants and in the Sun, but show how the computed line profiles depend critically on atomic data input and how the inclusion of energy levels with n ≥ 10 and collisions with neutral hydrogen are necessary to obtain reasonable fits.


In this book, Andrew Inkpin considers the disclosive function of language -what language does in revealing or disclosing the world. His approach to this question is a phenomenological one, centering on the need to accord with the various experiences speakers can have of language. With this aim in mind, he develops a phenomenological conception of language with important implications for both the philosophy of language and recent work in the embodied-embedded-enactive-extended (4e) tradition of cognitive science. Inkpin draws extensively on the work of Martin Heidegger, Maurice MerleauPonty, and Ludwig Wittgenstein, showing how their respective conceptions of language can be combined to complement each other within a unified view. From the early Heidegger, Inkpin extracts a basic framework for a phenomenological conception of language, comprising both a general picture of the role of language and a specific model of the function of words. Merleau-Ponty's views are used to explicate the generic "pointing out" -or presentational -function of linguistic signs in more detail, while the late Wittgenstein is interpreted as providing versatile means to describe their many pragmatic uses. Having developed this unified phenomenological view, Inkpin explores its broader significance. He argues that it goes beyond the conventional realism/idealism opposition, that it challenges standard assumptions in mainstream post-Fregean philosophy of language, and that it makes a significant contribution not only to the philosophical understanding of language but also to 4e cognitive science.


Pancreatic cancer has one of the lowest survival rates of all cancers, partly due to the difficulty of detection in its early stages. Recent developments in liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology have made it possible to profile proteins associated with disease in a comprehensive manner. Within this thesis current LC-MS methodology was applied to the problem of pancreatic cancer. A comprehensive list of proteins secreted by the tumor microenvironment was compiled in the first aim. Culture of pancreatic cell lines was used to simulate the tumor microenvironment in vitro and produce a proteome rich in biomarkers. The proteins identified demonstrate the complex signals tumor cells use to communicate with their environment and encompass therapeutic targets and biomarkers. To assay these proteins in serum, a relative quantitative LC-MS method was developed in the second aim. Traditional bioanalytical techniques were incorporated to enhance the utility of the method. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)/MS provided sensitivity and specificity to the method and stable isotope dilution (SID) provided correction for losses during sample analysis, enabling precise quantitation and efficient determination of the concentration of over 70 proteins simultaneously. In the third aim, the LC-MS method was used to compare a panel of putative protein biomarkers in pancreatic cancer and control serum. This analysis identified 15 differential proteins with the ability to discriminate pancreatic cancer subjects from their age-matched controls with sensitivity and specificity superior to any other reported pancreatic cancer biomarkers. Future validation of this panel could change the way we diagnose pancreatic cancer. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Pharmacology First Advisor Ian A. Blair


We investigate the antenna characteristics of a metal tip coupled to terahertz (THz) pulses generated from a photoconductive switch. Enhanced terahertz pulse emission is observed with the metal tip in contact with one of the electrodes of the photoconductive switch. Measurements of the angular dependence of the emitted THz radiation show that the metal tip acts as a highly directional antenna with radiation patterns well described by the theory for long-wire traveling-wave antennas. Similar behavior is observed for the metal tip acting as a THz pulse receiver, in accordance with the reciprocity principle. Effects related to the broadband nature of the THz pulses are discussed.


Three basic criteria are used in the design of lock filling and emptying system: (1) Lockages must be accomplished in the shortest possible time; (2) disturbances in the lock chamber must not endanger craft in lockage; and (3) the cost of constructing the hydraulic system must satisfy the customary requirements of economic justification. Foundation and site conditions generally dictate the adoption of one of three basic types of filling and emptying systems: (1) end, (2) wall port and culvert, or (3) bottom diffuser. Details of the respective types may be varied to satisfy specific design requirements for each project. In low-lift locks in which wall culverts are not feasible, or in locks subject to reversal of head, end filling systems may be required. The bottom diffuser system is usually adopted for large or high-lift locks of modern commerical rank. Being somewhat more economical to construct than the latter, wall culverts and ports are commonly used in intermediate-lift locks in which the minimum depth of water prism in the chamber is adequate to provide satisfactory stilling action during the filling process.


Genetically engineered (GE) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) volunteers could present a problem in cultivated wheat because they may facilitate movement of a GE ? trait to other volunteers or non-GE wheat crops. However, volunteers can emerge periodically throughout the growing season and, thus, flowering overlap with the crop may be largely asynchronous, presenting a significant barrier to gene flow. Field experiments were initiated to determine the influence of volunteer wheat emerging at various densities and emergence times relative to the crop on flowering phenology and synchrony between cropped and volunteer spring wheat populations. Using a novel analytical method that treats individual flowering curves as a series of probability density functions, we characterized flowering phenology and quantified flowering synchrony between cropped and volunteer spring wheat. The results indicated that volunteer wheat initiated and ceased flowering earlier when emergence occurred before crop emergence. Thermal time requirements for completion of 5, 50, and 75% flowering decreased as volunteer emergence was progressively delayed. Flowering was further accelerated when emergence coincided with the crop and, consequently, flowering synchrony between volunteer and crop plants was significantly higher. Levels of flowering synchrony peaked at 86% and were highly dependent on volunteer emergence time relative to the crop. Our results suggest that pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF) in spring wheat will be dependent on emergence timing of volunteers and, thus, if hybridization between cultivated wheat and volunteers or neighboring wheat crops is going to transpire, it will most likely occur when volunteer emergence occurs within a hybridization window of 75 growing degree-days on either side of crop emergence. Coupled with seed-mediated gene flow, the additional admixture caused by PMGF could be problematic for coexistence between GE and non-GE wheat.


The core collapse of a massive star in the Milky Way will produce a neutrino burst, intense enough to be detected by existing underground detectors. The AMANDA neutrino telescope located deep in the South Pole ice can detect MeV neutrinos by a collective rate increase in all photo-multipliers on top of dark noise. The main source of light comes from positrons produced in the CC-reaction of anti-electron neutrinos on free protons ¯ ν e + p → e + + n. This paper describes the first supernova search performed on the full sets of data taken during 1997 and 1998 (215 days of live time) with 302 of the detector's optical modules. No candidate events resulted from this search. The performance of the detector is calculated, yielding a 70% coverage of the Galaxy with one background fake per year with 90% efficiency for the detector configuration under study. An upper limit at the 90% c.l. on the rate of stellar collapses in the Milky Way is derived, yielding 4.3 events per year. A trigger algorithm is presented and its performance estimated. Possible improvements of the detector hardware are reviewed.


Aim: This study aims to investigate the experience of stress and the factors that impact on the intern psychologist in relation to first consultation with a non-fatal suicidal client. Intra and interpersonal factors, as well as institutional/environmental factors that influence/impact on intern clinical/counselling psychologist level of stress when assessing and managing a non-fatal suicidal client were identified. Methodology: The research methodology chosen for this study is based on the aim of the study, which is to investigate the experience of stress perceived by intern clinical/counselling psychologists in relation to consultation with a non-fatal suicidal client. A qualitative methodological approach will be used in this study as it allows for greater in-depth investigation and understanding of the experiences of intern clinical/counselling psychologists towards suicidal clients than would be generated by quantitative research methods. Five intern clinical/counseling psychologists were used in this qualitative study. They were interviewed using a semi-structured in- depth interview. The data was transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Findings: A variety of stressors were identified by the interns, but the majority described common variables. The main sources of stress for the interns was first contact with suicidal clients and lack of practical training and experience. The working environment, which included work load, administrative work and academic and competency based requirements, was also deemed stressful. In terms of personal stress, interns reported family and friends to be a source of stress at times. Personality also contributed to the interns levels of stress. Socio-cultural factors which impacted on the interns experience of stress in relation to consultation with non-fatal suicidal clients included, language difficulties and cultural differences. Recommendations: The internship was generally described as stressful. Recommendations included more practical experience and training prior to the commencement of the internship. This will equip interns with the skills and abilities necessary in successfully assessing and managing high risk clients. Organisational and professional factors can also be modified and include support as well as an understanding of the policies and procedures of the institution in which the internship is being done.


The correlation length for sidewall roughness in planar waveguides is comparable to the period of Bragg gratings written in such structures and thus might influence the performance and the spectral properties of such gratings. Using a coupled-mode formalism, we calculate the effect of roughness or inhomogeneity for an arbitrary grating and present specific results for uniform and phase-shifted gratings. The broad spectral characteristics of most gratings are insensitive to roughness. However, narrow spectral features (such as transmission resonances) that rely on interference effects are affected by the presence of roughness.


Wireless sensor networks are composed of a huge number of sensor nodes, which have limited resources - energy, memory and computation power. Energies are directly related to the lifetime of sensor network. If sensor nodes can be grouped to clusters, cluster member sensor nodes only need to communicate with cluster center (head) and this leads to energy conservation of the member sensors. So, how to compose clusters with minimal number of cluster heads, while including each node in a cluster is an important research issue. We propose a new advanced optimization algorithm for sensor network clustering. Using the proposed optimization algorithm, redundant cluster heads are eliminated, and unnecessarily overlapped clusters are merged. Optimization algorithm can be used as a clustering algorithm by itself and also manage the dynamic changes like node addition or die-out, while the network is even on the working state. We tested the proposed method as a clustering algorithm and compared it with two other recent sensor network clustering algorithms, Algorithm for Cluster Establishment (ACE) and Self Organizing Sensor network algorithm (SOS). The experiments results not only illustrate that the proposed algorithm could result in clusters with smaller number of cluster heads than others with any density of sensor networks, but also that the performance is more stable, which is also verified through repeated experiments.


rHYtHMs | slow art Art & Design Galleries 97 There are many natural events I find fundamentally intriguing: for example, sparks flying from embers of a fire, waves of lightning rolling in a thunderstorm, or trees swaying in a breeze. With sustained observation of these events, I find myself in a meditative state, relaxed but also actively, mindfully engaged. I develop my work to explore similar ephemeral phenomena, to gently abstract their essences, and to create new contemplative experiences. I evoke many overlapping natural rhythms and time scales, from the darting of our eyes as we take in the world to the ever-changing rhythms of our breathing, from the breaking of waves to the changing of seasons. In this work inspired by underwater patterns of light, life, and movement, we are accompanied by a series of companions, one constant, others slowly passing as they emerge from the darkness. The exact subject matter is kept purposefully ambiguous, encouraging a broad range of associations. 2006.7 (Elemental Series) Kenneth Huff


New compact engine architectures such as pressure gain combustion require ad hoc turbomachinery to ensure an adequate range of operation with high performance. A critical factor for supersonic turbines is to ensure the starting of the flow passages, which limits the flow turning and airfoil thickness. Radial outflow turbines inherently increase the cross section along the flow path, which holds great potential for high turning of supersonic flow with a low stage number and guarantees a compact design. First, the preliminary design space is described. Afterward a differential evolution multi-objective optimization with 12 geometrical design parameters is deducted. With the design tool autoblade 10.1, 768 geometries were generated and hub, shroud, and blade camber line were designed by means of Bezier curves. Outlet radius, passage height, and axial location of the outlet were design variables as well. Structured meshes with around 3.7 × 106 cells per passage were generated. Steady three-dimensional (3D) Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations, enclosed by the k-omega shear stress transport turbulence model were solved by the commercial solver CFD++. The geometry was optimized toward low entropy and high-power output. To prove the functionality of the new turbine concept and optimization, a full wheel unsteady RANS simulation of the optimized geometry exposed to a nozzled rotating detonation combustor (RDC) has been performed and the advantageous flow patterns of the optimization were also observed during transient operation.


Multiple regression has a previously unrecognized "statistical blind spot" because when multicollnearity and measurement error are present, both path estimates and variance inflation factors are biased. This can result in overestimated t-statistics, and excessive false positives. PLS has the same weakness, but CB-SEM's estimation process accounts for measurement error, avoiding the problem. Bringing together partial insights from a range of disciplines to provide a more comprehensive treatment of the problem, we derive equations showing false positives will increase with greater multicollinearity, lower reliability, greater effect size in the dominant correlated construct, and, surprisingly, with higher sample size. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we show that false positives increase as predicted. We also provide a correction for the problem. A literature search found that of IS research papers using regression or PLS for path analysis, 33% were operating in this danger zone. Our findings are important not only for IS, but for all fields using regression or PLS in path analysis.


A deterrence theory of punishment holds that the institution of criminal punishment is morally justified because it serves to deter crime. Because the fear of external sanction is an important incentive in crime deterrence, the deterrence theory is often associated with the idea of severe, disproportionate punishment. An objection to this theory holds that hope of escape renders even the severest punishment inapt and irrelevant. This article revisits the concept of deterrence and defend a more plausible deterrence theory of punishment—the wide-scope deterrence theory. The wide-scope theory holds that we must make the best use of all the deterrence tools available, including both external and internal sanctions. Drawing on insights from the early Confucian tradition, the article develops a deep deterrence theory, which holds that the most important deterrence tool involves internal, not external, sanction. It describes how internal sanctions deter potential offenses and why relevant policies need not conflict with liberalism's respect for neutrality.


In just 24 lessons of one hour or less, you will learn professional techniques to design and build efficient databases and query them to extract useful information. Using a straightforward, step-by-step approach, each lesson builds on the previous one, allowing you to learn the essentials of ANSI SQL from the ground up. Example code demonstrates the authors professional techniques, while exercises written for MySQL offer the reader hands-on learning with an open-source database. Included are advanced techniques for using views, managing transactions, database administration, and extending SQL. Step-by-step instructions carefully walk you through the most common SQL tasks. Q&As, Quizzes, and Exercises at the end of each chapter help you test your knowledge. Notes and Tips point out shortcuts and solutions. New terms are clearly defined and explained. Learn how to Use SQL-2003, the latest standard for the Structured Query Language Design and deploy efficient, secure databases Build advanced queries for information retrieval Sort, group, and summarize information for best presentation Tune databases and queries for maximum performance Understand database administration and security techniques For more than ten years the authors have studied, applied, and documented the SQL standard and its application to critical database systems. Ryan Stephens and Ron Plew are entrepreneurs, speakers, and cofounders of Perpetual Technologies, Inc. (PTI), a fast-growing IT management and consulting firm which specializes in database technologies. They taught database courses for Indiana UniversityPurdue University in Indianapolis for five years and have authored more than a dozen books on Oracle, SQL, database design, and the high availability of critical systems. Arie D. Jones is Senior SQL Server database administrator and analyst for PTI. He is a regular speaker at technical events and has authored several books and articles. Category:Database Covers:ANSI SQL User Level:BeginningIntermediate Register your book at informit.com/title/9780672330186 for convenient access to updates and corrections as they become available. $34.99 USA / $ 37.99 CAN / 24.99 Net UK


Lipids activate an acid-sensing channel to produce pain signals. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are sodium channels that are, as their name implies, gated by extracellular protons. ASICs are present in neurons throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and have been implicated in several processes, including nociception. Marra et al. found that certain lipids can also activate these channels. Despite having a physiologically neutral pH of 7.4, inflammatory exudates collected from patients with painful, swollen knee joints stimulated an inward current in HEK293T cells expressing human ASIC3 but not in cells expressing human ASIC1a. Depleting the exudates of lipids before applying them to the cells or treating the cells with exudates plus APETx2, a peptide toxin that specifically inhibits ASIC3, prevented exudate-induced currents. After using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the lipids present in the inflammatory exudates, the authors individually tested several lipids for the ability to activate ASIC3. Application of purified arachidonic acid (AA) or various species of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) induced sustained ASIC3-mediated currents at neutral pH. AA and LPC are produced by hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase A2 (PLA2), an enzyme that is secreted by most mammalian cells and thus is present in most tissues. Coapplication of both AA and LPC more strongly stimulated ASIC3-mediated current in ASIC3-expressing cultured cells than did either lipid alone. Coapplication of both AA and LPC induced currents in neurons isolated from rat dorsal root ganglia and stimulated action potentials in isolated rat hindpaw saphenous nerves. Last, injecting AA plus LPC into the rat hindpaw induced pain responses, which were reduced when APETx2 was coinjected with the lipids. Compared with samples from control subjects, synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis patients has increased LPC, suggesting that lipid-mediated activation of ASIC3 may be one of the reasons swollen joints are so painful. S. Marra, R. Ferru-Clément, V. Breuil, A. Delaunay, M. Christin, V. Friend, S. Sebille, C. Cognard, T. Ferreira, C. Roux, L. Euller-Ziegler, J. Noel, E. Lingueglia, E. Deval, Non-acidic activation of pain-related Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 3 by lipids. EMBO J. 35, 414–428 (2016). [PubMed]


INTRODUCTION Adequate protection of intellectual property requires the recognition or protection of a specific property right and an effective enforcement mechanism for that property right.(1) Traditional examples of countries denying adequate protection to intellectual property include Pacific Rim countries, such as Korea and Taiwan, where counterfeit goods are commonplace.(2) In many countries throughout the world, however, firms lack adequate protection of their intellectual property. In the case of computer software, estimates are that pirated computer programs account for up to fifty percent of all those in use in certain countries of the European Economic Community (EC).(3) In 1989, computer software piracy cost producers over $4.5 billion in seven EC countries.(4) Adequate protection of computer software is important to all producers, particularly those in the United States. Computer software firms in the United States generate approximately one third of their annual income, or nine billion dollars, from sales overseas.(5) These U.S. firms supply seventy percent of the computer software worldwide and fifty-five to sixty-five percent of the software in EC countries.(6) Software firms in the United States lose approximately 800 million dollars annually as a result of inadequate intellectual property protection overseas.(7) Surprisingly, much of this is not lost in Pacific rim countries, but countries,(8) which do not adequately protect computer software.(9) On May 14, 1991, in response to the problem of computer software protection in the European Community, the EC Parliament approved a directive (EC Directive) requiring individual EC countries to grant copyright protection to computer software.(10) The twelve EC member-states have until January 1, 1993 to implement the directive through national legislation.(11) This Note will analyze the protection for computer software proposed in the EC Directive and examine the effect that the proposal will have on U.S. computer software firms. First, the Note will examine what computer software is and why it is easily pirated or copied. Next, the Note will analyze the protection granted to computer software under the EC Directive for copyright protection. The Note will then discuss the effect of the EC Directive will benefit computer software industry. The Note concludes that the new EC Directive will benefit computer software firms, because it will provide uniform protection for computer software throughout the EC and that it will benefit consumers because the directive will permit reverse-engineering. Protection of Computer Software What is Computer Software? A typical, modern computer consists of a central processing unit (CPU), which stores information in internal memory, and a device, such as a disk, which stores information externally and transfers it to and from the internal memory.(12) A computer reduces symbols such as numbers, words, or even designs into a series of coded digits that can be manipulated efficiently and accurately at very high speeds.(13) The instructions a computer receives to perform symbolic tasks and to manipulate symbols in a specified order are collectively known as a computer program. In legal terms, a computer program consists of "a set of instructions capable, when incorporated in a machine-readable medium, of causing a machine having information-processing capabilities to indicate, perform or achieve a particular function [or task]."(14) Programs, or "software,"(15) differ from the electronic components, or "hardware", which run programs. Computer programs exist primarily in two forms: operating systems and application programs.(16) Operating systems, which are generally unseen by the computer user, manage the computer's internal functions and allow different components in the CPU to communicate with each other. Operating systems also translate the data entered into the computer to machine-readable binary code, a stream of on-off signals represented by ones and zeroes. …


This paper describes a method of reflective practice called "critical incident" which was used to examine teacher trainees' educational assumptions. A qualitative case study of one fifth-year teaching intern (Amy) at the University of Tennessee represents the experience of seven other master's level students already practicing within the elementary classroom. The research investigated how reflective practice can serve the classroom teacher. Three major assumptions about reflective practice were that: (1) beliefs and values, learned early in life as cues and symbols from parents, will affect actions of beginning teachers; (2) teachers who practice reflection about their teaching decisions will become lifelong learners; and (3) the combined knowledge of teaching professionals as they collaborate will be greater than the sum of the parts of individual knowledge. The theoretical basis for the study was transformation theory, which implies that one's personal assumptions based on beliefs and values will change during a reflective process about actions taken during a critical incident. Study participants wrote retrospective educational autobiographies describing their experience of school, then wrote about a "critical incident" from daily practice in their own teaching experience. Finally, in classroom discussion, the graduate teacher education students searched for assumptions as a result of the learning that took place during the process. Findings led to the recommendation that reflective practice be used as an action-oriented means of understanding one's underlying assumptions about teaching in the classroom. (ND) ***********1*********************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************


This research investigates how to schedule multiple graphical representations in a dialogue-based conceptual physics tutor. Research on multiple graphical representations in tutoring suggests either frequently switching representations or fading from concrete to abstract representations. However, other research communities suggest that the best representation or scheduling can be dependent on various student and tutoring context factors.

This thesis investigates whether these factors are important when considering a schedule of representations. Three major hypotheses are investigated. H1: that the best representational format for physics concepts is related to properties of the student and the tutoring context. H2: that it is possible to build models that predict the best representational format using student and tutoring context information. H3: that picking the representational format based upon student and tutoring context information will produce better learning gains than not considering student and tutoring context information. Additionally, this work addresses the question of whether multiple representations produce greater learning gains than a single representation (H4).

A first experiment was performed to both investigate H1 and to collect data for H2. ANOVAs showed significant interaction effects in learning between low and high pretesters and between high and low spatial reasoning ability subjects, supporting the first hypothesis. Using the data collected and features describing student and tutoring context information, models were learned to predict when to show illustrations or graphs. That these models could be learned, produce meaningful rules, and outperformed a baseline supports H2. A new modeling algorithm was developed to learn these models by augmenting multiple linear regression to consider certain syntactic constraints.

A third study was run to test H3 and H4 and to extrinsically evaluate the adaptive policy learned. One third of subjects had an adaptive scheduling of representations, one third a fixed alternating scheduling, and one third saw only one representation. In support of H3, subjects with high incoming knowledge sometimes perform better when receiving adaptive scheduling over an alternating scheduling, but there are also counter examples. For H4, it is not supported in general: showing only illustrations is best overall, but in some cases some subjects benefit from multiple representations.


Background: Cancer patients are particularly vulnerable to psychological problems. The purpose of the present study was to compare differences in psychological difficulties, including depression and anxiety, between cancer patients and noncancer patients. This study assessed the differences in depressive and anxiety symptoms between patients with and without cancer. Materials and Methods: Participants included 219 patients at The Cancer Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, Korea, who reported depressive or anxiety symptoms between April 2014 and April 2016. Patients were categorized into cancer and noncancer groups based on medical histories showing a diagnosis of any type of cancer. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used to evaluate psychological distress at each patient's first visit. Patients' charts were reviewed for clinical data, including BDI and BAI scores and duration of cancer treatment, and for demographic data such as age and sex. Results: The results showed that patients in the cancer group experienced greater discomfort related to somatic symptoms; higher BDI subscale scores were related to work difficulties, insomnia, loss of appetite, somatic worries (fatigue), and loss of libido compared with patients in the noncancer group. The BAI subscale scores for fear of the worst happening, feeling unsteady, feeling terrified or afraid, a sense of choking, fear of dying, and feeling scared were higher in patients with than in those without cancer. Conclusion: High levels of depressive symptoms related to somatic discomfort and anxiety symptoms related to fear of cancer were associated with considerable psychological distress in patients with cancer diagnosis and treatment.


The paper focuses on three key tools for sustainability and sustainable life-style: self-reliance, sustainable technology and appropriate consumption. It shows how simple life-style can underpin ecologically healthy consumption habits, high moral values, and spirituality for eco-living. It outlines a sustainable technology policy that can help regain economic self-reliance, retain cultural tradition and restore the degrading environment of Bangladesh and other countries with similar sustainability issues. The notion of 'self-reliance' is redefined in terms of sustainability, the spirit of which is underpinned by the Gandhian concept of material possessions and his technology policy. This "self-reliance" is depicted as the basis for local and global sustainability. The paper asserts that these three sustainability tools are embedded in the tradition of the Bauls (singing philosophers) of Bangladesh, who promote sustainability through their songs, values and spiritual education. The Bangladeshi people's positive spiritual dispositions towards floods, droughts and river erosion allow them to interpret such events as nature's tools for sustainability management. Thus, the paper aims to establish that possibilities for achieving global sustainability are already embedded in the way Bangladeshi rural communities enjoy self-reliant living without destroying the country's natural resource base.

It suggests that Baul views of lifestyle, consumption, technology and self-reliance can form the centre for sustainability. The synergy between these tools reflects Gandhi's view that the earth has enough resources to meet all sustainability needs. The paper concludes by highlighting the challenges for sustainability in Bangladesh amid the country's present state of mal-governance, donor-driven development and technology policy.


Nanometer-scale defects on the surface of a Si wafer, fabricated by nanoindentation technique, were examined using Raman microscopy and scanning surface potential microscopy to determine the quantitative relation between surface potential shift and Raman shift. Formation of cracks has not observed at the defect sites, indicating that the plastic and elastic deformations were a major issue and that the residual stress from the plastic deformation was observed. The Raman peak of the array of defects formed by nanoindentation shifted to a lower wavenumber as the indentation force was increased. The results indicated that the amount of tensile strain increased with the indentation force, that is, tensile stress was dominant over the condition in the surrounded area, in the indentation-induced defects. Correspondingly, the surface potential of the defect arrays shifted to the negative direction with an increase in indentation force. These results suggest that the tensile stress at the defect site, indicated by the Raman shift, causes the negative shift in the surface potential, which is related to chemical reactivity. Furthermore, Raman shift of a single indent on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer was observed, which revealed an enhancement in the source-to-noise ratio of the Raman spectrum at the Si defect site, because the ratio of the volume of the defect site to that of the unstrained site increased due to the thin Si layer on the SOI wafer.


This Issue aims to identify how partnerships focused on the production of policy-engaged research seek to achieve societal impact and explores the challenges in these processes. The collaborations analysed span academia, civil society and government, from the grassroots to the national and global levels. By locating these examples within the broader debates on interactions between researchers and research users designed to strengthen evidence informed decision making, this publication offers concepts and practices to inform those funding, designing and undertaking development research.The featured case studies are explored through the perspectives of both researchers and their partners in civil society and policy. They are predominantly taken from a diverse portfolio of research projects funded through the UK's Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the Department for International Development (DFID) Strategic Partnership. A collaboration with the Impact Initiative, this bulletin is essential reading for all those in research organisations, development agencies and donors committed to the better use of evidence and learning for development.


4132 Background: Primary peritoneal mesothelioma is a rare disease with an unpredictable clinical course. This has led to a variety of treatment options, ranging from minimal debulking, debulking with adjuvant intraperitoneal (i.p.) chemotherapy to aggressive debulking with peritonectomy with hyperthermic intra-operative i.p. perfusion. It is unclear whether outcome is dependent on treatment, patient selection or tumor biology.

METHODS
A retrospective review of all patients with primary peritoneal mesothelioma treated at a single institution between 1/1/82-1/1/02 was performed. Patient, tumor and treatment variables were reviewed.

RESULTS
Thirty-seven pts. with primary peritoneal mesothelioma were identified. Patients with pleural mesothelioma with peritoneal extension were excluded. Median follow-up was 49 months (range 3-97mos.) There were 15 male and 22 female pts. with a median age of 56 years. All pts. were explored with the pre-operative goal of maximal cytoreduction with minimal sacrifice of adjacent organs. Total peritonectomy was not performed. The adequacy of debulking was grouped into 5 categories ranging from 0-25% debulked (12 pts.), 26-50% (5 pts.), 51%-75% (1 pt.), 76%-99% (13 pts.) or complete (6 pts.) The overall complication rate was 30% with 3 post-operative deaths. Thirty pts. (81%) were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy: 18 pts. received only i.p. chemotherapy, 7 received both i.p. and i.v. chemotherapy and 5 received i.v. chemotherapy only (7 unknown). The most common i.p. regimen was combined cisplatin/mitomycin C (17 pts.) (Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1992, 118:547-50). The median overall survival was 58 months. Twenty-seven pts. felt relief of symptoms as manifest by decreased pain and/or decreased ascites. Optimally debulked (76-99% or complete) patients showed improved long-term survival as compared to those who were sub-optimally debulked (p<0.001). The addition of i.p. chemotherapy was also associated with significantly improved survival (p=0.009).

CONCLUSIONS
Mesothelioma is a rare but lethal disease. Long-term survival can be realized in patients that undergo optimal debulking, without peritonectomy, and receive adjuvant i.p. chemotherapy. No significant financial relationships to disclose.


Throughout their studies, cellists use short technical exercises such as scales and etudes which, under the supervision of a teacher, provide the skills necessary to play the repertoire. Etudes in particular – this body of formal, pedagogical works that developed in tandem with the rise of the virtuoso – are designed to strengthen specific technical notions in musical context, providing access to more demanding repertoire. Surprisingly, however, the last significant collection of etudes for the cellist is Popper's High School of Cello Playing (1905).

The rich palette of extended techniques for cello, achieved through a century of innovation and experimentation, has no equivalent representation. The cellist who desires, or is required, to meet this new rise in virtuosity must essentially decipher new idioms alone, unless fortunate enough to work with a specialist who will pass on the fruits of personal experience. I suggest that many of the problems which modern music faces today are connected to the performer's dearth of proficiency concerning certain musical and instrumental techniques. As a survey of pedagogical material will show, few steps have been taken to enable cellists to gain the technical fluency needed for providing engaging performances of 20th- and 21st-century repertoire.

Through discussions with contemporary music specialists, the study of existing publications, and my own performing experience, I present the cello's extended techniques as a linear progression of traditional technique. Three future projects guide the content and structure of this thesis: curriculum development, the creation of an online database, and the commissioning of concert etudes modelled on Paganini's 24 Caprices for Solo Violin. The 24 sections of this thesis guide the reader through a technique's origin and development, basic acoustical information, and performance advice, creating a pedagogical framework. Only with a clear methodological approach can contemporary music be expected to become more than a specialism.


The use of reinforcement learning to guide action selection of cognitive agents has been shown to be a powerful technique for stochastic environments. Standard Reinforcement learning techniques used to provide decision theoretic policies rely, however, on explicit state-based computations of value for each state-action pair. This requires the computation of a number of values exponential to the number of state variables and actions in the system. This research extends existing work with an acquired probabilistic rule representation of an agent environment by developing an algorithm to apply reinforcement learning to values attached to the rules themselves. Structure captured by the rules is then used to learn a policy directly. The resulting value attached to each rule represents the utility of taking an action if the conditions of the rule are present in the agent's current set of percepts. This has several advantages for planning purposes: generalization over many states and over unseen states; effective decisions can therefore be made with less training data than state based modelling systems (e.g. Dyna Q-Learning); and the problem of computation in an exponential state-action space is alleviated. The results of application of this algorithm to rules in a specific environment are presented, with comparison to standard reinforcement learning policies developed from related work.


Abstract Ferri-kaersutite, ideally NaCa2(Mg3TiFe3+)(Si6Al2)O22O2, is a new oxo-amphibole from Harrow Peaks, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. It occurs as brown prismatic crystals, up to 200 μm in length, with a vitreous luster, and a perfect {110} cleavage. Ferri-kaersutite is associated with forsterite, diopside, and Cr-bearing spinel. Chemical analyses, by a combination of electron microprobe, SIMS, and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, gave the following results (in wt%): SiO2 41.69, TiO2 5.30, Al2O3 13.65, Cr2O3 0.09, Fe2O3 4.52, MgO 15.54, CaO 11.03, MnO 0.11, FeO 2.83, Na2O 2.88, K2O 0.96, H2O 0.70, F 0.24, Cl 0.08, O=(F,Cl) –0.12, sum 99.50. On the basis of 24 anions per formula unit, the formula is (Na0.816K0.179)∑0.995(Ca1.726Fe0.2582+Mn0.014)∑1.998(Mg3.383Fe0.0882+Ti0.582Fe0.4973+Al0.439Cr0.011)∑5.00${\left( {{\rm{N}}{{\rm{a}}_{0.816}}{{\rm{K}}_{0.179}}} \right)_{\sum {0.995} }}{\left( {{\rm{C}}{{\rm{a}}_{1.726}}{\rm{Fe}}_{0.258}^{2 + }{\rm{M}}{{\rm{n}}_{0.014}}} \right)_{\sum {1.998} }}{\left( {{\rm{M}}{{\rm{g}}_{3.383}}{\rm{Fe}}_{0.088}^{2 + }{\rm{T}}{{\rm{i}}_{0.582}}{\rm{Fe}}_{0.497}^{3 + }{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.439}}{\rm{C}}{{\rm{r}}_{0.011}}} \right)_{\sum {5.00} }}$ (Si6.089Al1.911)Σ8.00O22[O1.187(OH)0.682F0.111Cl0.020]Σ2.00. Ferri-kaersutite is monoclinic with space group C2/m. Its unit-cell parameters are a = 9.8378(8), b = 18.0562(9), c = 5.3027(4) Å, β = 105.199(9)°, V = 908.99(13) Å3, Z = 2. The five strongest reflections in its X‑ray powder diffraction pattern [d in Å (relative visual intensity, hkl)] are: 8.4 (s, 110), 3.379 (ms, 131), 3.115 (ms, 310), 2.707 (s, 151), 2.598 (ms, 061). The crystal structure of ferri‑kaersutite has been refined on the basis of 1783 observed reflections [Fo > 4σ(Fo)] with a final R1 = 0.038. The relatively large equivalent isotropic displacement parameter at M(1), with respect to those at M(2) and M(3) sites, together with the short M(1)–O(3) distance, suggest the occurrence of Ti4+ at the M(1) site, whereas the small octahedral distortion at this site suggests a low Fe3+ occupancy. This element is mainly hosted at the M(2) and M(3) sites. The occurrence of amphiboles in the magma source region is notably relevant. The melting of Ti-rich amphibole in the lithosphere and subsequent degrees of melt/host peridotite reactions are able to produce melts that account for the compositional spectrum ranging from extreme alkaline lavas to the most common alkaline basalts. In particular, when this amphibole is formed by reaction between a peridotite matrix and metasomatic melts/fluids with high Fe3+/Fetot ratio, its subsequent melting can influence primary volatile contents and ultimately magma rheology.


High availability and elasticity are two the cloud computing services technical features. Elasticity is a key feature of cloud computing where provisioning of resources is closely tied to the runtime demand. High availability assures that cloud applications are resilient to failures. Existing cloud solutions focus on providing both features at the level of the virtual resource through virtual machines by managing their restart, addition, and removal as needed. These existing solutions map applications to a specific design, which is not suitable for many applications especially virtualized telecommunication applications that are required to meet carrier grade standards. Carrier grade applications typically rely on the underlying platform to manage their availability by monitoring heartbeats, executing recoveries, and attempting repairs to bring the system back to normal. Migrating such applications to the cloud can be particularly challenging, especially if the elasticity policies target the application only, without considering the underlying platform contributing to its high availability (HA). In this thesis, a Network Function Virtualization (NFV) framework is introduced; the challenges and requirements of its use in mobile networks are discussed. In particular, an architecture for NFV framework entities in the virtual environment is proposed. In order to reduce signaling traffic congestion and achieve better performance, a criterion to bundle multiple functions of virtualized evolved packet-core in a single physical device or a group of adjacent devices is proposed. The analysis shows that the proposed grouping can reduce the network control traffic by 70 percent. Moreover, a comprehensive framework for the elasticity of highly available applications that considers the elastic deployment of the platform and the HA placement of the application's components is proposed. The approach is applied to an internet protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS) application and demonstrate how, within a matter of seconds, the IMS application can be scaled up while maintaining its HA status.


This document reviews the original function and purpose of the domain name system (DNS). It contrasts that history with some of the purposes for which the DNS has recently been applied and some of the newer demands being placed upon it or suggested for it. A framework for an alternative to placing these additional stresses on the DNS is then outlined. This document and that framework are not a proposed solution, only a strong suggestion that the time has come to begin thinking more broadly about the problems we are encountering and possible approaches to solving them.


Before the Second World War landscape architect Christopher Tunnard was the first author on Modernism in Landscape in the English language, but later became alarmed by the destructive forces of Post-war reconstruction. Between the 1950s and the 1970s he was in the forefront of the movement to save the city, becoming an acclaimed author sympathetic to preservation. Ironically it was the Modernist ethos that he had so fervently advocated before the war that was the justification for the dismemberment of great cities by officials, engineers and planners. This was not the first time that Tunnard had to re-evaluate his principles, as he had done so in the 1930s in rejecting Arts-and-Crafts in favour of Modernism. This book tracks his changing ideology, by reference to his writings, his colleagues and his work. Christopher Tunnard is one of the most influential figures in Landscape Architecture and his journey is one that still resonates in the discipline today. His leading role in first embracing the tenets of Modernism and then moving away from to embrace a more conservationist approach can be seen in the success and impact on the profession of those with whom he worked and taught.


Pomegranate is a drought-tolerant and salt-tolerant crop. Its fruits contain high levels of phytochemicals that have many health benefits. Pomegranate has the potential to be an alternative crop in areas where water availability is limited, such as west Texas. However, more than 500 pomegranate varieties are estimated to exist worldwide, and little is known about which varieties are suitable for growing in the west Texas region. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the field performance of 22 pomegranate varieties, specifically based on phenology, resistance to sunburn, fruit split, fruit rot (resistance was calculated by subtracting the percent incidence by 100), yield, fruit phytochemicals, and Brix over the course of 3 years from 2016 to 2018. Cold damage, caused by below-freezing temperatures encountered from Nov. 2018 to Feb. 2019, was also evaluated in Apr. 2019. Our results showed significant varietal differences in nearly all response variables measured, indicating that varietal selection is important for pomegranate production for specific regions, such as west Texas. Leaf budding ranged from 47 to 62 days in 2016, 41 to 54 days in 2017, and 49 to 60 days in 2018. Anthesis ranged from 87 to 119 days in 2016, 80 to 94 days in 2017, and 92 to 114 days in 2018. Fruit resistance to split was broad and ranged from 7.3% to 79.1% in 2017 and from 14.2% to 99.7% in 2018. Fruit sunburn resistance ranged from 14.0% to 64.6% in 2017 and from 28.3% to 90.0% in 2018. Fruit heart rot incidence was nominal for all varieties. Total phenolic compound contents of the pomegranate fruit juice ranged from 0.81 to 1.52 mg GAE/mL, and the total antioxidant capacity ranged from 3.44 to 6.81 mg TE/mL. The yield per tree ranged from 1.00 to 7.96 kg in 2017 and from 0.81 to 10.26 kg in 2018. Brix ranged from 12.5% to 17.4% in 2017 and from 13.9% to 18.4% in 2018. Early winter below-freezing temperatures caused different degrees of cold damage; however, 5 of 22 varieties that originated from Russia did not show any cold damage. Results of a hierarchical cluster analysis based on the means of the key response variables of yield and Brix indicated that four varieties (Al-Sirin-Nar, Russian 8, Ben Ivey, and Salavatski) were notable for having both high yield and high Brix.


The structures formed by growing a range of metals and semimetals on Cu{100} single crystal are investigated by quantitative low-energy electron-diffraction (LEED). Symmetrized Automated Tensor LEED (SATLEED) calculations are used to determine the structure of the surface alloys and overlayers formed.

The Cu{100}/Pd system has been studied in the Pd coverage range 0.1-1.0 ML using SATLEED and Diffuse LEED (DLEED). Palladium atoms adsorb in the coverage range 0.1 < 0pd < 0.5 ML primarily by substitutional replacement of top layer copper atoms forming a two-dimensional CuxPd].x surface alloys leading to formation of an ordered Cu{100}-c(2x2)-Pd two-dimensional alloy at 0pa = 0.5 ML The kinetics and mechanism of an irreversible overlayer to underlayer transition in the Cu{100}-c(2x2)-Pd surface alloy (0pd = 0.5 ML) has been investigated. The activation energy for Pd site switching from the outermost layer to sub-surface (second layer) sites has been found to be 109±12 kJ mol'1 (1.13+0.12 eV). The structure of the underlayer alloy has been determined by SATLEED. Substitution of 0.5 ML of Pd into subsurface sites leads to significant expansion of the outermost two interlayer spacings Adzi2 = +3.3 ± 3.3 %, Adz23 = +6.6 ± 2.8 %. At monolayer coverage, Pd forms a double layer ordered c(2x2) CuPd alloy with p(2x2)-p2gg symmetry introduced into the outermost layer via clock rotation of the CuPd monolayer with the p(2x2) vertices centred over second layer Pd atoms. Lateral shifts of the top layer Cu and Pd atoms are determined to be 0.25+0.12A.

The room temperature deposition of 0.5 ML Pt on Cu{100} followed by annealing to 525 K results an ordered c(2x2) Cu-Pt second layer capped with a pure Cu layer. The first and second interlayer spacings are found to be expanded by +5.1+1.7 % and +3.5+1.7%, respectively (relative to the bulk Cu interlayer spacing of 1.807 A) due to the insertion of the 8% larger Pt atoms into the second layer with Pt atoms rippled outwards towards the solid-vacuum interface by 0.08+0.06 A.


UK Government regularly applies challenging strategic targets to the construction industry, chief amongst these are requirements for more rapid project delivery processes and consistent improvements to the time predictability aspects of on-site construction delivery periods. Latest industry KPI data has revealed a recent increase across measures of time predictability, however more than half of UK construction projects continue to exceed agreed time schedules. The aim of this research was to investigate the diffusion of 4D BIM innovation as adoption of this innovation is seen as a potential solution in response to these targets of construction time predictability. Through purposive sampling, a quantitative survey was undertaken using an online questionnaire that measured 4D BIM innovation adoption using accepted diffusion research methods. These included an exploration of several perceived attributes including compatibility, complexity, observability and the relative advantages of 4D BIM innovation in comparison against conventional functions of construction planning and against stages of the construction planning processes. Descriptive and inferential analysis of the data addresses how the benefits are being realised and explore reasons for adoption or rejection decisions of this innovation. Results indicate an increasing rate of 4D BIM innovation adoption and reveal the typical time lag between awareness and first use.


The United States has one of the world's most extensive systems of mass removal. Its historical roots draw on 19th century biopolitical traditions of border control and internal anti-immigrant policing. In the early 20th century, rail technologies enabled an economical assemblage of steel and law, of racism and politics, attempting national purification by expelling 'undesirable aliens.' The process differentiated between the categories of privileged citizenship and abject alienage. The possibilities of national cleansing through deportation allowed new modes of sovereign governance, defined territories, and controlled populations—foundational aspects of modern nationhood.


This Article explores the proposition that the Free Exercise Clause was adopted a second time through its incorporation into the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and that the scope of the new Free Exercise Clause was intended to include protections un-anticipated at the Founding. Contrary to Jeffersonian notions of separate spheres, the nation by the time of Reconstruction had experienced decades of clashes resulting from the overlapping concerns of religion and government. In particular, the suppression of slave religion called into question the government's power to interfere, even indirectly, with legitimate religious exercise. Accordingly, the Privileges or Immunities Clause incorporated a conception of religious liberty vastly different from that intended in 1791 and constitutes a constitutional modification of the original rights of conscience. Religious exemptions from generally applicable laws, considered unnecessary and improbable at the Founding, now became necessary and proper.


Machine learning has recently entered into the mainstream of coarse-grained (CG) molecular modeling and simulation. While a variety of methods for incorporating deep learning into these models exist, many of them involve training neural networks to act directly as the CG force field. This has several benefits, the most significant of which is accuracy. Neural networks can inherently incorporate multi-body effects during the calculation of CG forces, and a well-trained neural network force field outperforms pairwise basis sets generated from essentially any methodology. However, this comes at a significant cost. First, these models are typically slower than pairwise force fields even when accounting for specialized hardware which accelerates the training and integration of such networks. The second, and the focus of this paper, is the need for the considerable amount of data needed to train such force fields. It is common to use 10s of microseconds of molecular dynamics data to train a single CG model, which approaches the point of eliminating the CG models usefulness in the first place. As we investigate in this work, this data-hunger trap from neural networks for predicting molecular energies and forces can be remediated in part by incorporating equivariant convolutional operations. We demonstrate that for CG water, networks which incorporate equivariant convolutional operations can produce functional models using datasets as small as a single frame of reference data, while networks without these operations cannot.


This narrative inquiry explores the social experiences of four students with disabilities who were educated in four co-educational secondary schools in New Zealand. Over a period of two academic years, four students told their stories of their transition to high school and their experiences of friendships and social relationships in their classrooms, playground, and after school venues. Their parents, siblings, peers, principals, teachers, and teacher aides were also interviewed and together with school observations and relevant documents provide a holistic perspective to the students' stories. The students' stories are foregrounded and re-presented in poetic form. Analysis of each student's accounts are developed within a socio-cultural context that examines contextual factors that shape, support, or create barriers to their friendships and social relationships. These analyses are written as narrative responses within an ethic of caring. The research discusses the nature of social relationships between students with disabilities, and between students with and without disabilities, including bullying and rejection; contextual factors such as gender that shape students' perceptions of each other; and aspects of curriculum and pedagogy that support or hinder social relationships. The agency of individual students in the processes of social relationships are analysed, and implications for further research outlined. The study concludes that there are personal and socio-ecological factors that impact on the social experiences of students with disabilities. The findings suggest the need for teachers to examine values, attitudes, knowledge, and pedagogy in the context of their schools and adopt a multilevel approach to address the academic and social needs of all students.


The distinction between justifications and excuses is a familiar one to most of us who work either in moral philosophy or legal philosophy. But exactly how it should be understood is a matter of considerable disagreement. My aim in this paper is, first, to sort out the differences and try to figure out what underlying disagreements account for them. I give particular attention to the following question: Does a person who acts on a reasonable but mistaken belief have a justification, or only an excuse? One disagreement I highlight concerns the extent to which justification is primarily about agents rather than about actions (viewed in isolation from the agents performing them). Those who think, as I do, of "His action, X, was justified" as "He was justified in doing X" are far more likely to allow that justification requires reasonable belief and does not require truth, than are those who think of "His action, X, was justified" as "Although actions of this type usually are prohibited, X is in these circumstances in fact permissible." In addition to (and sometimes in the course of) sorting out the differences and tracing them to some underlying disagreements, I defend the reasonable belief view of justification against some objections, and argue that, whether or not we continue to use the term "justified" in a way that does not require truth (and does require reasonable belief), we need the concept. Contrary to the claims of some who reject the reasonable belief view of justification, justification thus understood does not reduce to excuse.


Cosmetic surgery is big business. With demand rising, this commercial medical practice has become a modern body custom. To explain the emergence and growth of this demand, Deborah A. Sullivan looks beyond the cultural imperatives of appearance and examines the market dynamics inherent in the business and politics of cosmetic surgery. In so doing, she also considers the effect of commercialization on the medical profession. After reviewing prevailing beauty trends, Sullivan looks at the social, psychological and economic rewards and penalties resulting from the way we look. Following an historical overview of the technological advances that made cosmetic surgery possible she explores the relationship between improved surgical techniques and the resulting increased demand. The book also examines the ensuing conflict within the profession over recognition of commercial cosmetic surgery as a specialty. Among the topics covered are sensitive areas such as physician advertising, unregulated practice and ambulatory surgery, and the consequences of commercialism on medical judgement. Finally, it reveals how physicians and their professional organizations have shaped the ways in which cosmetic surgery is presented in advertisements and women's magazines that would promote patient demand.


BACKGROUND/AIM
Electromagnetic Positioning Systems (EMP) is a new position-ing technique in four-dimensional radiotherapy. Patients with implanted transponders may be referred for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) making it important to establish the MR safety.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Oranges were prepared with transponders and imaged on a 3T MR scanner with different sequences. Computed tomography (CT) was performed as comparison. MR artifacts were assessed. An estimation of the maximum transponder de-flection force and heating was made.

RESULTS
The mean measured displacement of transponders was 0.1 mm (range=0.03-0.3 mm). Artifacts were observed adjacent to transponders using all sequences. The deflection force on the transponder in the gantry was less than 38 mN. No heating was observed.

CONCLUSION
The absence of any substantial movement, the weak measured deflection force and absence of observed heating speaks for the safe use of MR imaging with transponder 3T. Local artefacts makes evaluation impossible adjacent to transponders.


Accountability is a core public law, if not constitutional, value. It has close ties to the rule of law and separation of powers principles. Despite this status, the Australian public law system presents only a thin reflection of accountability. This is because it provides control of public power, but not restoration or punishment in cases of abuse of power. If accountability were adopted as a unifying theme to support the "thickening" of Australian public law so as to serve these neglected functions, the concept of fault would play a key role. We do not tend to think about public law in terms of fault. However, on closer analysis, it is possible to identify benchmarks of fault within the existing public law grounds of review. By linking these benchmarks of fault to the functions of accountability, punitive remedies might be available for conduct rising to the level of bad faith, and reparative remedies might be available for conduct rising to the level of legal unreasonableness. This approach represents the first step in sketching out the parameters of a public law regime that is underpinned not only by the goal of controlling public power, but by the goal of supporting the broader legitimacy of government through accountability.


Cooking loss and elongation are primary noodle quality parameters that depend on microstructure of the noodle. The noodle microstructure is strongly influenced by degree of gelatinization, moisture content, and shear force experienced by the dough. These parameters are controlled by temperature and screw speed of the extruder. The objective of this research was to optimize three processing variables i.e., corn flour moisture (70, 75, 80% dry basis), extruder temperature (80, 85, 90°C), and screw speed (110, 120, 130 rpm). Corn noodles were processed using Scientific Laboratory Single Screw Extruder type LE25-30/C. Optimizations Using Response Surface Methodology were based on four parameters, i.e., hardness, stickiness, elongation, and cooking loss characteristics .Results showed that the optimum processing condition was obtained at moisture of 70% (dry basis), extruder temperature 90°C, and screw speed 130 rpm. Under this condition, corn noodles has hardness of 3039.79 gf, stickiness of -116.2 gf, elongation of 318.68%, and cooking loss of 4.56%.


OBJECTIVE
Insulin resistance is common in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and may be partly explained by modifiable risk factors. In the general population, vitamin E supplementation has been suggested to improve both insulin sensitivity and secretion. We here explore the potential role of vitamin E as a modifiable risk factor for insulin resistance among individuals with CKD.

DESIGN
Observational study.

SETTING
A total of 273 nondiabetic men aged 70 to 71 years with CKD defined as either cystatin C estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/minute/1.73 m(2) or urinary albumin excretion rate ≥ 20 mg/minute from the third examination cycle of Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men.

SUBJECTS
A total of 273 nondiabetic men aged 70 to 71 years with CKD defined as either cystatin C estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/minute/1.73 m(2) or urinary albumin excretion rate ≥ 20 μg/minute.

METHODS
Serum α-, β-, and γ-tocopherol concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and expressed as μmol/total serum cholesterol and triglycerides (in mmol). Dietary vitamin E intake was estimated from 7-day food records.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Insulin sensitivity index (M/I ratio) was measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic glucose clamps. Univariate and multivariate regression models were fitted to assess the association between M/I and circulating concentrations of tocopherols.

RESULTS
The mean serum concentration of α-, β-, and γ- was 37.4 ± 6.58, 0.89 ± 0.23, and 4.32 ± 1.69 μmol/mmol, respectively. Median dietary vitamin E intake was 6.14 (interquartile range, 5.48-6.82) mg/day. In crude and fully-adjusted multivariate regression analyses, serum α-tocopherol levels were directly and strongly associated with M/I (standard β = 0.17, P = .003). No such association was observed for dietary vitamin E, serum β-, and γ-tocopherol concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS
Serum α-tocopherol concentration associates with insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic older men with CKD.


Microzonation is widely used in seismic risk evaluations to define the predominant period values, which are usually associated with extended areas of a few hundred meters. However, the representative values corresponding to these areas are obtained from few measurements in each area. Thereby, results are accurate only in the case of depth-dependent soils. However, not detected narrow and sharp lateral changes in soil are potentially the cause of imprecision and could be a source of specific errors. This article aims to present several tests conducted in order to emphasise the importance of accurate selection of points, to underscore the necessity of more precise and detailed evaluations, and to suggest a possible methodology to select the most appropriate data acquisition points. Results highlight the need to divide microzonation areas into smaller zones for a precise evaluation in locations where sudden changes in soil characteristics exist. Therefore, in such sites the requirement of nanozonation appears; defining zones with the same soil response. Distance between vibration measurements could be the main problem for nanozonation; data acquisition in areas with irregular geology can be time consuming when a precise analysis is required. In the most complicated environments or in dense cities, it could even be unfeasible. Consequently, it is necessary to establish a functional methodology to adequately distribute the measurement points throughout the area. On this occasion, three sites in Barcelona city were studied. This city is surrounded by mountains at NW, W, and S, and by the Mediterranean Sea at N and E. As a consequence, the shallow geology is characterized by many paleochannels and streams that are currently buried. These geological structures most likely affect the soil response. Several tests were carried out to determine this dependence. The tests were based on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) surveys to define the paleochannels position and on vibration measurements in order to define properly the soil response. The results from both methods were compared to the known geology to accurately define the effect of the shallow geological structures in the predominant period and in the GPR images. Areas with the same geological unit but different materials were identified in the GPR images, allowing the selection of the most appropriate distance between vibration measurements in each place. As a final result, predominant periods that were measured over the same geological unit but over different material showed changes higher than the 40% in short distances. This procedure could improve the soil response maps, including nanozonation.


The efficient use of generalization in textbooks, which are regarded as a supplementary teaching material and constitute a substantial place in the processes of learning and teaching, is important for effective mathematics learning and teaching, as well as for developing mathematical and algebraic thinking. This research seeks to understand how and to what extent middle school mathematics textbooks include both components of generalization in terms of developing algebraic thinking. This study uses the document analysis approach, a qualitative research method, for collecting data. The tasks and exercises in the textbooks have been analyzed using a coding matrix based on the two basic dimensions of the research's analytical framework. As a result of the research, the tasks and exercises in the textbooks are seen to sufficiently support the component of Generalizing Arithmetic and Quantitative Reasoning, while partially ignoring the component of Patterns and Functional Relationships/Variables. Moreover, the tasks and exercises that are expected to allow students to explore and express generalizations are seen to have been mostly ignored. In addition, generalizations are observed to have been generally associated with everyday life, in parallel with the curriculum.


Discrimination against transgender individuals in housing is pervasive. Nonetheless, American jurisprudence has not explicitly addressed whether there are legal protections available to transgender individuals who are the targets of housing discrimination. This Note argues that courts should utilize a broad and literal understanding of the Fair Housing Act's prohibition against discrimination on the basis of "sex," thereby recognizing that animus towards an individual's sex and his or her expression thereof, is, by its very terms, discrimination on account of "sex." In so doing, courts will find that transgender housing discrimination constitutes actionable "sex" discrimination within the meaning of the Fair Housing Act. I. INTRODUCTION Societal preconceptions of a rigid binary system in which gender matches anatomical sex are deeply engrained. Transgender individuals, who blur these sharp lines of gender and sex, face discrimination in virtually every aspect of their lives.1 This discrimination is relentless and widespread, manifesting itself in social interactions, employment, housing, and even acts of overt violence.2 The right to return each day to a home that feels safe and warm, to a haven that shelters you from the harsh realities of life, is a right that should be afforded to all members of our society. Unfortunately, for many of this nation's transgendered individuals, this right remains both unprotected and unavailable. As "crissyinmaine," a recent Craigslist3 poster on the transgender forum, described: The Madness of it All . . . Discrimination that is . . . Looking on C/L for a room to rent, find a suitable one, go to visit, everything seems fine . . . nice person, we chat .... I leave to look for some others also . . . several days later [I] call back and am told on the phone that the place is not avail [a] ble . . . ok . . . me thinks . . . but the waves of discontent and suspicion are stirred to life in my mind .... [I] quickly compose an email from a non/gender specific account and am told [J "[Y] es the apt is still available, let me know when you want to see it" ... that prom [p] ted (before the tears of sadness and the sobbing of non acceptance flowed) a[ ] reply saying thanks and then revealing that I was the person they earlier told that the apt wasn[']t available . . . with some sprinkling of shame on them [I] hope . . . also the details of this to the Maine Human Rights Conunission .... I just know that during my 20 years in the Coast Guard, [I] didn[']t care what the person that we were trying to save from the sea was all about, [i]t didn[']t matter to me the color of the skin of the person needing a helicopter to lift them off a sinking ship[ ]nor did the thought that a (in my case) transgendered person wasn[']t worthy of human respect and acknowledgment as a person as equal to them . . . .4 The denial of access to housing is not the only form of housing discrimination that transgender individuals face. Housing discrimination also plagues transgender individuals in the homes in which they already live.5 Lorena Borjas, a transgender woman, fell victim to housing discrimination in her own home after a new realty company took over her building and brought in a new superintendent, Mr. Fernando Batista. Mr. Batista has called me a faggot on a nearly daily basis. He has asked me when I will move out because faggots are not allowed in the building, instructed painters not to paint my apartment, cut my cable wires and turned off my electricity, asked me "Why don't you die?", and told me that in his country they kill people like me. Though I live as a woman, Mr. Batista has consistently referred to me as a man, and has said to other people, "Why would you call her a woman? She's a man." When my friends have come to visit me, Mr. Batista has told them that I was dead and told them to get out because they don't allow faggots in the building. Mr. Batista has also talked about me to other tenants, and other tenants have started to call me and my friends faggots. …


Constitutional standing doctrine requires that a private party seeking to defend the validity of a state statute must possess a "particularized" interest in the statute's validity. When California officials refused to defend the constitutionality of Proposition 8, no one, not even the initiative's official ballot sponsors, could demonstrate standing in order to defend the statute in federal court. This outcome led many to assume that state attorneys general could easily invalidate popular initiatives through nondefense, establishing a new form of veto. By applying public choice theory to constitutional standing doctrine, this Note argues that only certain statutes will lack private-party defendants, because most laws distribute particularized private benefits. The group of statutes vulnerable to an attorney general veto includes statutes like Proposition 8, but also many environmental and campaign finance laws, among others. Importantly, statutes enacted both by the state legislature and via initiative are vulnerable to the veto. After discussing the circumstances necessary for an attorney general veto to occur and why initiatives have so far been the major targets, this Note discusses the normative implications of this power. This Note then reviews proposed reforms designed to limit the veto's use and concludes that structural modifications to formalize the process are the best solution.


OBJECTIVE
The influence of obesity on cancer development has been proven for numerous tumours. In contrast, the association between obesity and non-secreting adrenal incidentaloma has never been proven. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate this relationship in a large sample of patients.

METHODS
143 patients with benign non-secreting adrenal incidentalomas treated in the Department of Endocrinology at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences between the years 2000-2007 were examined. To rule out subclinical hyperfunctioning lesions, serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, cortisol (8 am, 6 pm, and after 1 mg dexamethasone suppression), sodium and potassium, along with concentrations of sodium, potassium, vanillylmandelic acid, metanephrine and normetanephrine in 24-hour urine collection were determined. Radiological evaluation included computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging. Only non-secreting lesions and those of benign radiologic appearance were considered. The patients body mass index was compared to that of the general population of Poland and the Western Poland Region of Wielkopolska.

RESULTS
The average body mass index of our patients was 28.77 kg/m2 (SD=4.71), with a 40% prevalence of obesity in the study group. One-proportion z-test showed a statistically significantly higher prevalence of obesity as compared to the general population of Poland and Wielkopolska (40% vs 12.5%, p<0.005); the results were similar for the whole cohort, and for each gender separately.

CONCLUSIONS
This clinical research study demonstrates a strong association between obesity and incidentally discovered non-functioning adrenal tumours.


This essay endeavors to document and to preserve the story of the origins of the book Taxing America (NYU Press 1997) edited by Karen B. Brown and Mary Louise Fellows. The publication of that text was a key milestone in the development of critical tax theory as an intellectual discipline. By identifying and bringing together lawyers and scholars with an interest in the political and discriminatory aspects of tax law, Professors Brown and Fellows created one of the first working groups of critical tax theorists. In this essay, the book's two editors reflect on the book's intellectual antecedents and its material creation. The editors describe the book's reception and influence. Together the essay's three authors consider the future of critical tax theory.


Many problems in machine learning involve calculating correspondences between sets of objects, such as point clouds or images. Discrete optimal transport provides a natural and successful approach to such tasks whenever the two sets of objects can be represented in the same space, or at least distances between them can be directly evaluated. Unfortunately neither requirement is likely to hold when object representations are learned from data. Indeed, automatically derived representations such as word embeddings are typically fixed only up to some global transformations, for example, reflection or rotation. As a result, pairwise distances across two such instances are ill-defined without specifying their relative transformation. In this work, we propose a general framework for optimal transport in the presence of latent global transformations. We cast the problem as a joint optimization over transport couplings and transformations chosen from a flexible class of invariances, propose algorithms to solve it, and show promising results in various tasks, including a popular unsupervised word translation benchmark.


We present an analysis of bar length measurements of 3150 local galaxies in a volume-limited sample of low-redshift (z < 0.06) disc galaxies. Barred galaxies were initially selected from the Galaxy Zoo 2 project, and the lengths and widths of the bars were manually drawn by members of the Galaxy Zoo community using a Google Maps interface. Bars were measured independently by different observers, multiple times per galaxy ( 3), and we find that observers were able to reproduce their own bar lengths to 3 per cent and each others' to better than 20 per cent. We find a colour bimodality in our disc galaxy population with bar length, i.e. longer bars inhabit redder disc galaxies and the bars themselves are redder, and that the bluest galaxies host the smallest galactic bars (<5 h−1 kpc). We also find that bar and disc colours are clearly correlated, and for galaxies with small bars, the disc is, on average, redder than the bar colours, while for longer bars the bar then itself is redder, on average, than the disc. We further find that galaxies with a prominent bulge are more likely to host longer bars than those without bulges. We categorize our galaxy populations by how the bar and/or ring are connected to the spiral arms. We find that galaxies whose bars are directly connected to the spiral arms are preferentially bluer and that these galaxies host typically shorter bars. Within the scatter, we find that stronger bars are found in galaxies which host a ring (and only a ring). The bar length and width measurements used herein are made publicly available for others to use (http://data.galaxyzoo.org).


Abstract.
 Biotic invasions in the fossil record provide natural experiments for testing hypotheses of niche stability, speciation, and the assembly and diversity of regional biotas. We compare ecological parameters (preferred environment, occupancy, median abundance, rank abundance) of genera shared between faunal provinces during the Richmondian Invasion in the Late Ordovician on the Laurentian continent. Genera that spread from one faunal province to the other during the invasion (invading shared genera) have high Spearman rank correlations (>0.5) in three of four ecological parameters, suggesting a high level of niche stability among invaders. Genera that existed in both regions prior to and following the invasion (noninvading shared genera) have low correlations (<0.3) and suggest niche shift between lineages that diverged at least 8 Myr earlier. Niche shift did not accumulate gradually over this time interval but appears to have occurred in a pulse associated with the onset of the Taconic orogeny and the switch from warm-water to cool-water carbonates in southern Laurentia.