The theoretical limit of the noise correlation between the signal and idler outputs of a nondegenerate optical parametric amplifier (NOPA) with a coherent state signal and vacuum state idler input can be enhanced if a non-vacuum coherent state idler input is employed. By choosing a balanced signal and idler input, the noise correlation is $1/{({\root}g + {\root}{g-1})}^2$ , where g is the intensity gain of the NOPA, and that is superior to the prediced outputs with single signal input by approximately 3dB. The result is applicable to all the schemes that use the NOPA to produce a sub-shot noise light generation such as feed-back or feed-forward control.


This document provides information about the Russian Federal standard
for digital signatures (GOST R 34.10-2012), which is one of the
Russian cryptographic standard algorithms (called GOST algorithms).
Recently, Russian cryptography is being used in Internet applications,
and this document provides information for developers and users of
GOST R 34.10-2012 regarding digital signature generation and
verification. This document updates RFC 5832.


Effective documentation and display of ancient objects is an essential task in the field of cultural heritage conservation. Digitization plays an important role for the process of creating, preserving and accessing objects in digital space. Up to the present day, industrial scanners are used for this task that focus mainly on the detailed reconstruction of the object's geometry only. However, important for a faithful digital presentation of the object is in particular the appearance information, i.e. a description of the used materials and how they interact with incident light. Using the worlds first full-spherical scanner, we propose a user friendly reconstruction process that is specifically tailored to the needs for digitizing and representing cultural heritage artifacts. More precisely, our hardware specifically addresses the problem that invaluable or fragile artifacts may not be turned over during acquisition. Nevertheless, we can digitize the object completely including its bottom. Further, by integrating appearance information into our digitization we achieve a far more faithful digital replica with a quality comparable to a real picture of the object. But in contrast to a static picture, our representation allows to interactively change the viewing and lighting directions freely. In addition, the results are very memory efficient, consuming only several MB per scanned object and hence are suited to be accessed and visualized interactively in a web browser. In cooperation with museums and a private collector, we digitized several cultural heritage artifacts in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed process.


The treatment of housing in the definition of income used to measure poverty makes a big difference to who is counted as poor. Both the Before Housing Costs (BHC) and After Housing Costs (AHC) measures in current use in the UK pose problems. We compare BHC and AHC income with an alternative measure, overcoming their respective flaws by including in income the difference between the estimated value of housing consumed and housing costs, or net imputed rent. We investigate whether findings about poverty among children and pensioners, and the effectiveness of poverty-reducing policies, are affected by accounting for housing in this way.


A new distributed optical fiber sensor system for long-distance oil pipeline leakage and external damage detection is presented. A smart and sensitive optical fiber cable is buried beneath the soil running along the oil pipeline, which is sensitive to soakage of oil products and mechanical deformation and vibration caused by leaking, tampering, and mechanical impacting. The region of additional attenuation can be located based on the optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR), and the types of external disturbances can be identified according to the characteristics of transmitted optical power. The Golay codes are utilized to improve the range-resolution performance of the OTDR sub-system and offer a method to characterize the transmitted optical power in a wide range of frequency spectrum. Theoretic analysis and simulation experiment have shown that the application of Golay codes can overcome the shortcomings of the prototype based on the conventional single-pulse OTDR.


We hypothesized that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced pathologies could be mediated, in part, by vascular active cytokines elaborated during virus infection. To address this hypothesis, we determined whether RSV stimulated vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF)/vascular permeability factor (VPF) elaboration in vitro. Supernatants from unstimulated A549 cells and normal human bronchial epithelial cells contained modest levels of VEGF. In contrast, supernatants from RSV-infected cells contained elevated levels of VEGF/VPF. This stimulation was seen after as little as 2 h, was still prominent after 48 h, and, by immunoblot, was specific for the 165- and 121-amino acid isoforms of VEGF/VPF. It was not associated with significant cell cytotoxicity or alterations in VEGF messenger RNA. It did, however, require new protein biosynthesis. In accordance with these findings, the 165- and 121-amino acid isoforms of VEGF/VPF were also found in the nasal washings from patients with RSV infections. These studies demonstrate that RSV is a potent stimulator of VEGF/VPF elaboration and that, in vitro, this stimulation is mediated via a noncytotoxic translational and/or post-translational biosynthetic mechanism. VEGF/VPF may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RSV-induced disorders.


Constructive geometry programming languages, such as OpenSCAD, are often used by blind 3D modelers because a text-based interface is accessible with established technology, such as refreshable braille lines or text-to-speech synthesizers. However, there is currently no direct feedback for blind users to check a constructed 3D mesh object for errors. This prevents a work pipeline independent from support by a sighted person. In this paper, we present a system that gives blind modelers an audio-haptic preview of their 3D object using an inexpensive haptic system with a single end effector. We first define a baseline approach that contains state-of-the-art features for an audio-haptic system, which we call "free mode". We then propose a novel guided mode that automatically moves the end effector along the contour of the orthographic projection of the model and improves the perception of the absolute position on the contour through audio clues. In a user study with total and near-total blind participants, the novel guided mode improves the users' identification task by 34 percent compared to the baseline system. Furthermore, 3D models created with our full audio-haptic system contain significantly fewer mistakes and are rated on average 28 percent better than models created with the baseline system and 84 percent better than models without any audio-haptic preview.


The digitisation of historical documents continues apace and offers an expanding range of opportunities for detailed investigation of demographic, economic and social patterns of historic living spaces. The wealth of spatial information contained in historic-geographic sources in recent years has enabled such data to be explored with a GIS-framework and has resulted in the creation of national Historical GIS projects. This paper takes a more local focus and is based on data relating to individuals, households and addresses from the 1901 and 1911 British Population Censuses for six local authorities in the historic counties of London and Middlesex. These local government areas were selected for their contrasting trends (growth, stability and decline) in respect of population change during the first decade of the 20th century and for representing both the densely populated centre of London as well as localities that were to become developed as a result of 20th century suburbanisation. Although historical records bring their own problems, they may offer the opportunity to explore questions at the micro-geographical scale that are difficult to address with contemporary data on account of access and confidentiality issues. The research on which this paper is based is seeking to unlock the socio-economic and demographic geography of London in the first decade of the 20th century through micro-scale analysis and to make comparisons with the current situation by aggregating historical data to current spatial units. This paper starts to explore these historical records at the level of households and individuals and outlines the geoprocessing techniques employed to geocode the historical census records, thereby enabling investigation of geographical patterns of household structure and composition.


This paper examines the major changes in income inequality in Canada since the 1970s and collects them as a distributional paradigm for Canada. It focuses on labour market changes in terms of shares of workers and earnings shares for lower earners, middle-class workers and higher earners in a flexible general framework. Polarization of full-time workers, loss of middle-class earnings share and increase in a higher earnings gap are highlighted. Changing returns to human capital, role of demographics and cohort effects and declining labour share are examined. The paper also reviews evidence of changing economic mobility and estimating the role of inequality of opportunity.


This thesis presents an examination of the change in position of George (Gennadios) Scholarios on the question of the Union of the Roman and Eastern churches. The question I will address concerns the reason for Scholarios' dramatic change of position from pro-Union to anti-Union, within a few years of the Council of Florence 1438-1439, where the Union of churches had been agreed. I will argue that Scholarios' changed position on Union is best explained by political factors that influenced his decision, and was not simply governed by the theological questions debated at the Council of Florence.
In Chapter One, the Introduction, I will introduce a critical analysis of the existing field of research, to set the thesis in the context of Scholarios scholarship that has previously been undertaken.
In Chapter Two, Research Questions and Methodology, I will outline the scope of this thesis, discussing the crucial questions that need to be addressed and the method I will use to develop my arguments.
In Chapter Three I examine the key cultural role that the philosophy of Aristotle and Aquinas played in the fifteenth century, and the extent to which Scholarios' views were formed and shaped by this philosophical context. This chapter will argue that these philosophical influences provided the initial motivation that moved Scholarios towards Union. As the implications of such political aspirations warrant further investigation; I go on to examine Scholarios' writings, not only on philosophy, but also on theology. I will explore whether the political guidance offered in taking up the study of philosophy was also to be discerned in the study of theology.
In Chapter Four, I will examine how Aristotelian philosophy was deployed as an explanatory tool in interpretations of polemics, debates, and panegyric and rhetoric works of the period. I will suggest that Byzantine preambles, poems, sermons and theological panegyrics were also subject to general imperial legislation.
In Chapter Five, I will argue that Scholarios' study of Aristotelian philosophy allowed him to form a view of how the political future of the Empire might to be developed. I explore Scholarios' visionary ideas of reform and contrast these with Plethon's political perspective. I suggest that the acrimonious relationship between Scholarios and Plethon was due to their political and philosophical differences, which defined the way they viewed the future of the Empire.
In Chapter Six, I argue that the primary key to comprehending the relationship between East and West lies in understanding the vested commercial interests. I argue the Byzantine state had deteriorated owing to foreign powers—the Italian city states, Catalonians, Franks and the Ottoman Turks—attempting to acquire and dominate the commercial and strategic political domains of the Eastern Roman Empire. This was initially driven by trade and commercial rivalry between the Latins; commercial interests also prompted the development of naval and military power by the Latins at the expense of the Eastern Roman Empire, which eventually left the Empire militarily and financially destitute. One result of this deterioration in the commercial and military power of the Empire was to allow the progressive rise in dominance of the Ottoman Turks. In light of the dangerous situation the Empire was facing, Scholarios—in the service of the imperial bureaucracy and under the dominance of the Emperor's political policy—sought to solve the dilemma and reconstruct the Empire's political power.
In Chapter Seven, I will argue that these political events, together with the political aspirations of Scholarios, led to his change of position from pro-Union to anti-Union. I will suggest that examination of the cultural, commercial and political influences in play leads to the conclusion that Scholarios' pro-Union position was primarily motivated by the objective of obtaining military aid. When it became apparent that such aid was not forthcoming, his position changed from pro-Union to anti-Union, as it was politically expedient for him to do so in light of the growing dominance of the Ottoman Turks. I argue that Scholarios followed the political policy concerning pro-Unionism proposed by Dimitrios Kydonis, and it was not until the political event of the Battle of Varna in 1444, when the Latin military forces lost to the Ottoman Turks that Scholarios formally openly declared his anti-Union stance.
In the conclusion, I will argue that, following my presentation of the evidence as outlined above, the political motivations constitute the strongest reasons for Scholarios' decision to change his stance on the Union.
This conclusion allows us to understand the vested commercial and political interests at stake, since the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine state), had deteriorated owing to the dominance of foreign powers. The ramifications are to be seen in the outcome of the Council of Florence where the Byzantines sought the aid from the West, but also demonstrated its dependency upon them. In the light of the growing power of the Ottoman Turks, the Emperor's political policy sought to solve the dilemma and reconstruct the Empire's political power.


The pursuit of "excellence" is a preoccupation for leaders and change agents who wish their organisations to be the best that they can be. "How do we achieve excellence?", they ask. "Is there a formula, a roadmap?" There is no shortage of offerings: total quality management, business excellence, process redesign, lean thinking... the list seems endless. Advocates of the latest offering trumpet its efficacious properties, sceptics see reinvented wheels, scholars bemoan hype that threatens to discredit worthy methodologies. Diagnostic benchmarking attempts to bottle organisational excellence and make it accessible and usable for change agents and their colleagues. It presents in various forms, from Ishikawa's quality diagnostic to the Baldrige Framework, the EFQM Excellence Model, the PROBE tools and many others. It offers a means of checking the organisation's health and identifying actions that will help it to progress on its journey towards excellence. This study has subjected diagnostic benchmarking to intensive scrutiny to better understand its role as an enabler of organisational improvement, thus addressing an important gap in the body of knowledge. It has deployed an inductive methodology in the case study setting of an English local authority, which has committed energy and resources to diagnostic benchmarking and has been officially designated as an "Excellent Council". Through the eyes and interpretations of those who are engaged in its deployment, the role of diagnostic benchmarking is revealed to be less formula or roadmap, more stimulus and aid to reflection and learning. Its meaning for participants ranges from "a gold bar that others won't share" to "a waste of time when I might have been doing my job". The study concludes that diagnostic benchmarking has played a role as an enabler in this particular setting, and suggests contingent factors that may have worked for and against its effectiveness in that role.


External and internal performance feedback triggers neural and visceral modulations such as reactions in the medial prefrontal cortex and insulae or changes of heart period (HP). The functional coupling of neural and cardiac responses following feedback (cortico-cardiac connectivity) is not well understood. While linear time-lagged within-subjects correlations of single-trial EEG and HP (cardio-electroencephalographic covariance tracing, CECT) indicate a robust negative coupling of EEG magnitude 300 ms after presentation of an external feedback stimulus with subsequent alterations of heart period (the so-called N300H phenomenon), the neurotransmitter systems underlying feedback-evoked cortico-cardiac connectivity are largely unknown. Because it has been shown that acute tryptophan depletion (ATD), attenuating brain serotonin (5-HT), decreases cardiac but not neural correlates of feedback processing, we hypothesized that 5-HT may be involved in feedback-evoked cortico-cardiac connectivity. In a placebo-controlled double-blind cross-over design, 12 healthy male participants received a tryptophan-free amino-acid drink at one session (TRP−) and a balanced amino-acid control-drink (TRP+) on another and twice performed a time-estimation task with feedback presented after each trial. N300H magnitude and plasma tryptophan levels were assessed. Results indicated a robust N300H after TRP+, which was significantly attenuated following TRP−. Moreover, plasma tryptophan levels during TRP+ were correlated with N300H amplitude such that individuals with lower tryptophan levels showed reduced N300H. Together, these findings indicate that 5-HT is important for feedback-induced covariation of cortical and cardiac activity. Because individual differences in anxiety have previously been linked to 5-HT, cortico-cardiac coupling and feedback processing, the present findings may be particularly relevant for futures studies on the relationship between 5-HT and anxiety.


Why have some countries adopted consociational constitutions after civil wars, while others have not? This contribution analyses the advent of constitutional provisions and their rationale in the five deeply divided societies that adopted the most 'radical' constitutional reforms in 2001–10 (Burundi, Comoros, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nepal and Sudan). In places where norm-diffusing external actors played a major role in ending an intra-state war, constitutional change was particularly profound. It appears that strong outside mediators have followed a blueprint approach to constitutional engineering in post-war societies with power sharing as a guiding principle, more often than not of the consociational type. There is reason to believe that the strong outside involvement in turn depends on a relative weak bargaining position of sitting governments.


Three-dimensional molecular-structural images of apatite grains and associated minerals embedded in a banded quartz-pyroxene-magnetite supracrustal rock from Akilia, southern west Greenland, were constructed by using Raman confocal spectroscopy. The rock sample is the same as that from which apatite-hosted isotopically light graphitic inclusions were reported by Mojzsis and colleagues in 1996; the results were challenged in 2005 by Lepland and colleagues who failed to find carbon-bearing inclusions in this and other Akilia samples. Here we demonstrate that inclusions of graphite wholly contained within apatite occur in this rock. The carbon isotopic composition of one such inclusion, its graphitic composition established by Raman spectroscopy, was measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry to be isotopically light (δ 13 C = –29‰ ± 4‰), in agreement with earlier analyses. Our results are thus consistent with the hypothesis that graphite-containing apatite grains of the older than 3830 Ma Akilia metasediments may represent chemical fossils of early life.


This letter introduces a piezomagnetoelastic device for substantial enhancement of piezoelectric power generation in vibration energy harvesting. Electromechanical equations describing the nonlinear system are given along with theoretical simulations. Experimental performance of the piezomagnetoelastic generator exhibits qualitative agreement with the theory, yielding large-amplitude periodic oscillations for excitations over a frequency range. Comparisons are presented against the conventional case without magnetic buckling and superiority of the piezomagnetoelastic structure as a broadband electric generator is proven. The piezomagnetoelastic generator results in a 200% increase in the open-circuit voltage amplitude (hence promising an 800% increase in the power amplitude).


Prediction models are fundamental at the early stages of the software development where decisions must be taken without the required information. A typical information that is not available in these stages is the number of lines of code (LOC), that is the most known and used software size metric. LOC estimation is a hard task that includes historical data and empirical studies. Usually, models for LOC estimation are obtained using statistical regression methods. However, the characteristics of the LOC estimation task make this problem specially interesting for the application of neural network techniques. This work explores Neural Networks techniques in this context. Two different data sets were used to obtain two models to estimate LOC using respectively the metrics function points and number of components, as independent variables. The results show some insights about the use of Neural Network for this task.


Workplace stress is becoming an acknowledged problem, and employee assistance programmes are widely invested into reducing workplace stress. However, there is still a group of people who are neglected: senior executives. There is a taboo among this group about admitting to overwhelming stress, as the executives themselves can consider it a sign of weakness. Executive coaches often pick up symptoms of underlying stress, including sleep deprivation, or substance abuse in leadership development programmes or executive coaching sessions. However, unless the coach is a trained stress expert, medical doctor, or psychotherapist, he or she may feel unequipped to help a senior executive deal with stress. This article introduces an interpretative protocol to gage senior executive stress to flag up potential stress issues and areas to be addressed in coaching or by health professionals.Based on a literature review on common workplace stress factors and symptoms, we identified five areas in which senior executive stress may arise. In a next step, following a psychodynamic approach, we developed an interpretative protocol that can be used in conversational or observational approach to gage stress in these areas.Our intent was to achieve a delicate balance between flexibility, face validity, and academic rigour. The protocol helps the coach to detect and interpret stress indicators despite possible self-deception and impression management by the coachee.


So long as we are alive, so long as we feel, so long as we love, everything in us is an energy we can use. He is born into a world of poverty, ignorance and injustice, but Azaro awakens with a smile on his face. Despite belonging to a spirit world made of enchantment, where there is no suffering, Azaro chooses to stay in the land of the Living: to feel it, endure it, know it and love it. This is his story.


SUMMARY Sweetpotato breeding requires at least 5 years to obtain an advanced breeding clone for further testing with the goal of cultivar release. An accelerated breeding scheme (ABS) can be feasible if the genotype × year interaction is low. The objectives of the present study were to describe an ABS for sweetpotato and to investigate the efficiency of this breeding scheme for selecting high-yielding and well-adapted orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) cultivars with high β-carotene (BC) content. More than 198 500 seeds from two crossing blocks were germinated and rapidly multiplied for evaluation in observation trials at four breeding locations in Mozambique. Breeding clones with storage root yields above 10 t/ha were advanced to preliminary and advanced yield trials across four sites and for 3 years. As a result, 64 high-yielding OFSP breeding clones were selected and evaluated in four mega-environments following a randomized complete block design with three replicates at Angónia, Chókwè, Gurúè and Umbelúzi. Data from multi-environment trials were subjected to single site and combined analysis of variance as well as to stability analysis. The genotype × environment interaction was highly significant for storage root and vine yields, dry matter (DM) and BC content. Storage root yield and DM content for 15 OFSP breeding clones ranged from 14·9 to 27·1 t/ha and from 24·8 to 32·8%, respectively. BC content, iron and zinc ranged from 5·9 to 38·4, 1·6 to 2·1 and 1·1 to 1·5 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively. The OFSP breeding clones also met the culinary tastes required by local consumers in Mozambique. The proposed ABS seems to be an attractive scheme for genetic enhancement of sweetpotato.


This paper reports the recent discovery of a bird bone necklace from Amato, an Early Intermediate Period site located in the Acari Valley of Peru. The necklace was found in association with an approximately 60 year-old adult male, around whom had been buried several dozen headless human individuals of different sexes and ages, the likely victims of ritual sacrifice. The necklace was made from about 200 carpometacarpus bones of a small bird species that remains to be identified.


Despite the political contention surrounding climate change, scientists almost universally agree that sea levels are rising and will continue to do so. In light of this inevitability, commentators and policymakers have begun to recognize that retreat—the withdrawal of people and development from coastal areas—will become necessary, at least in certain areas. Even so, many still question the viability of retreat given the exorbitant economic, political, and legal costs it generally faces. In particular, hardline opposition to retreat runs strong among many coastal landowners. This Note introduces a device for implementing retreat with the potential to overcome these obstacles: real estate options that do not vest until sea level rise materially harms coastal properties. By establishing a plan for retreat today but delaying withdrawal until necessary, such options can reduce the ultimate costs of retreat while still protecting coastal communities. Even more significantly, this approach invites landowners to bet on the likelihood of sea level rise, leveraging their current resistance so as to secure a promise to relocate if—and more likely when—retreat becomes the only available option.


We model and analyze a User-Equipment (UE) based wireless network selection method where individuals act on their stochastic knowledge of the expected behavior off their available networks. In particular, we focus on networks with millimeter-wave (mmWave) radio. Modeling mmWave radio access technologies (RATs) as a stochastic 3-state process based on their physical layer characteristics in Line-of-Sight (LOS), Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS), and Outage states, we make the realistic assumption that users have no knowledge of the statistics of the RATs and must learn these while maximizing the throughput obtained. We develop an online learning-based approach to access network selection: a user-centric Multi-Armed Bandit Problem that incorporates the cost of switching access networks. We develop an online learning policy that groups network access to minimize costs for RAT selection, analyze the regret (loss due to uncertainty) of our algorithm. We also show that our algorithm obtains optimal regret and in numerical examples achieves 24% increase in total throughput compared to existing techniques for high throughput mmWave RATs that vary over a fast timescale.


A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a distributed system that comprises thousands of sensor nodes and a sink. The sensor nodes communicate with other sensor nodes by using broadcast in the WSN and this leads to a severe problem. Hence many researchers proposed cluster schemes to prevent the broadcast storm. Cluster-based wireless sensor networks (CWSNs) have been studied more recently. In order to increase the capability of the fault-tolerance and reliability of CWSNs, the Byzantine agreement problem is revisited. A protocol for achieving the task of agreement between nodes in a CWSN is proposed in this paper. The proposed protocol is referred to as the optimal agreement protocol and is demonstrated to make each healthy node reach an agreement value to cope with the influence from faulty components in the CWSN.


Written most probably in the fourth century AD, the "Jatakamala" is generally considered the masterpiece of Buddhist literature in Sanskrit. In elegant, courtly style, Arya Sura retells thirty-four traditional stories about the Buddha in his previous incarnations, both human and animal. Whether a king, a Brahmin, a monkey, or a hare, the Great One is shown in assiduous pursuit of virtue and compassion. Though primarily intended as exemplary tales illustrating the Buddhist virtues, these stories also paint a vivid picture of life at a high point in ancient Indian culture - city life in ordinary households or at the royal court, and country life against a backdrop of mountain, desert, and jungle. Peter Khoroche's translation, based on a fresh study of the original Sanskrit manuscripts, conveys the tone as well as the content of the original. Accompanying explanatory notes will assist student and general reader alike in appreciating this classic from an ancient and exotic civilization.


Abstract.
 White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is an important grain legume crop in Australia. The anthracnose incursion in the mid-1990s wiped out the white lupin industry in Western Australia (WA). Since then, incorporation of anthracnose resistance has been a major focus in white lupin breeding. After a series of experiments and targeted breeding in WA, high-yielding anthracnose-resistant genotypes were developed. One of these lines, Amira, was released in 2012 as a replacement for the then-benchmark variety Andromeda. Amira is high-yielding and early-maturing and it has substantially improved resistance to anthracnose compared with Andromeda. Its yield and grain quality are similar to Kiev Mutant and it will be suitable for growing in parts of the Northern Agricultural Region of WA where anthracnose risk is moderate to low. With the adoption of this new variety, reliable production of white lupin can recommence in WA. The growing season in WA is characterised by terminal drought, and early flowering is as important as anthracnose resistance. However, combining these traits was difficult and their combination was not achieved at a desired level in earlier work. The incorporation of the early-flowering trait from a different genetic source from France demonstrated that it is possible to combine these traits at an appropriate level. There was no genetic linkage between the two traits, and consequently, new genotypes with earlier phenology and higher levels of resistance than Amira were developed. The combination of early flowering and anthracnose resistance represents a breakthrough that will significantly improve the adaptation and profitability of white lupin production in WA.


This paper examines the effects of territorial differentiation of damage to wheat, maize, barley, sunflower and rapeseed production caused by drought and heavy rain. Our study evaluated the differences between LAU1 micro-regions in Hungary in the effects of the weather on agricultural production and found that there are extremely high differences in the probabilities of damage occurring. Therefore the design of agricultural insurance products should be based on different absolute deductibles and different insurance premiums for micro-regions. Furthermore, we found that within a micro-region individual producers face a very high diversity of risks which implies that in the long term only a bonus-malus system developed for individual agricultural producers can mitigate different risks, and that this can be the basis of a well performing risk management system that is suitable for a wide risk community.


OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of stacked wedge pads and chains applied to the forefeet of Tennessee Walking Horses on behavioral and biochemical indicators of pain, stress, and inflamation. ANIMALS 20 Tennessee Walking Horses. PROCEDURES Horses were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups: keg shoes (control; n = 10) or stacked wedge pads and exercise with chains (10). Ten days before treatment application, an accelerometer was attached at the left metatarsus of each horse to record daily activity. Horses were exercised for 20 minutes daily, beginning on day -7. On day 0, exercise ceased, the forefeet were trimmed, and the assigned treatment was applied. From days 1 through 5, horses were exercised as before. Blood samples for measurement of plasma cortisol, substance P, and fibrinogen concentrations were collected on days -5, 1, and 5 before and after exercise and every 30 minutes thereafter for 6 hours. RESULTS No significant differences in plasma concentrations of cortisol, substance P, and fibrinogen were detected between groups. Although lying behaviors changed after shoes were applied, these behaviors did not differ significantly between groups. Shoeing appeared to have altered behavior to a greater extent than did the type of treatment applied. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Application of stacked wedge pads and chains to the forefeet of horses for a 5-day period as performed in this study evoked no acute or subacute stress or nociceptive response as measured. Although these findings should not be extrapolated to the long-term use of such devices in Tennessee Walking Horses performing the running walk, the data should be considered when making evidence-based decisions relating to animal welfare and the use of stacked wedge pads and chains.


Australian Treasury bond futures contracts are used by market participants to manage interest rate exposures. Relative to other financial instruments, the market generally has high turnover and low transaction costs. However, the global financial crisis saw a decline in liquidity, with market participants reacting to increased volatility by trading smaller parcels more frequently, and at a higher cost. More recently, liquidity in the market has improved. Intraday data suggest that liquidity is deepest following the opening of the market, and that liquidity is affected by the release of economic and financial news, particularly the announcement of the outcome of Reserve Bank Board meetings.


This paper describes a new hair rendering technique for Anime characters. The overall goal is to improve current cel shaders by introducing a new hair model and hair shader. The hair renderer is based on a painterly rendering algorithm which uses a large amount of particles. The hair model is rendered twice: first for generating the silhouettes and second for shading the hair strands. In addition we also describe a modified technique for specular highlighting. Most of the rendering steps (except the specular highlighting) are performed on the GPU and take advantage of recent graphics hardware. However, since the number of particles determines the quality of the hair shader, a large number of particles is used which reduces the performance accordingly.


This report describes one potential biochemical ethanol conversion process, conceptually based upon core conversion and process integration research at NREL. The overarching process design converts corn stover to ethanol by dilute-acid pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and co-fermentation. Building on design reports published in 2002 and 1999, NREL, together with the subcontractor Harris Group Inc., performed a complete review of the process design and economic model for the biomass-to-ethanol process. This update reflects NREL's current vision of the biochemical ethanol process and includes the latest research in the conversion areas (pretreatment, conditioning, saccharification, and fermentation), optimizations in product recovery, and our latest understanding of the ethanol plant's back end (wastewater and utilities). The conceptual design presented here reports ethanol production economics as determined by 2012 conversion targets and 'nth-plant' project costs and financing. For the biorefinery described here, processing 2,205 dry ton/day at 76% theoretical ethanol yield (79 gal/dry ton), the ethanol selling price is $2.15/gal in 2007$.


Online banking is increasingly common. Financial institutions deliver online services via various electronic channels, subsequently diminishing the importance of conventional branch networks. This study proposed an integrated data mining and customer behavior scoring model to manage existing mobile banking users in an Iranian bank. This segmentation model was developed to identify groups of customers based on transaction history, recency, frequency, monetary background. It classified mobile banking users into six groups. This study demonstrated that identifying customers by a behavioral scoring facilitates marketing strategy assignment. Then the bank can develop its marketing actions. Thus, the bank can attract more customers, maintain its customers, and keep high customers' satisfaction.


Free classification was used to explore similarity relations in contemporary musical materials. Thirty-four subsections from the five themes of The Angel of Death by Roger Reynolds were composed identically for piano (Expt. 1) and chamber orchestra (Expt. 2) in terms of pitch, rhythm, and dynamics. Listeners were asked to group together those judged to be musically similar and to describe the similarities between the subsections in each group. Listeners based their classifications on surface similarities related to tempo, rhythmic and melodic texture, pitch register, melodic contour, and articulation. They were to some extent also based on similarity of the mood evoked by the excerpts. This latter factor was more prominent in the verbalizations for the orchestral version. Instrumentation, timbre, and type of timbral change (smooth, disjunctive) also affected classifications in the orchestral version. Perceptual relations among thematic materials within the piece and the interaction of form-bearing dimensions in musical similarity perception are discussed.


Background : Surgical treatment for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) remains controversial. The use of nonelongating rods is considered to be the classic method. This older method is still used by surgeons who are concerned about the possibility of trauma or who are working in developing countries with fewer resources. We are among those who prefer the use of Kirschner wire (K-W). This article presents the results of intramedullary fixation using K-W and Bisphosphonate treament in children with OI and the proper timing of wire exchange to prevent further fracture. Methods :We treated 29 femora in 24 patients with OI by means of stabilization using K-W. The patients divided two Variant: (1) Variant 1: femoral fractures fixed by K-W only (10 patients); (2) Variant 2: femoral fractures fixed by K-W and combined treated with bisphosphonates (14 patients). Our Surgical treatment for acute fracture and for angular deformity correction if present on patients with OI is based on the classic Sofield-Millar technique [1]. Evaluating treatment according to El Sobky [2]. Results: Indications for the primary surgery included: fracture were 4 fracture only, and Fracture and deform were 25. There were 24 Patients, Right/left/Bilateral fracture femur in 12/7/5; Total facture femur 29. There were 45.8% in Type 1, 33.4% in Type 3, and 20.8% in Type 4. The male to female ratio was 1 : 1.7. There were   5 (20.8%)  patients with family history. The mean age at the primary procedure for K-W was 27.9 months old (range, 18-43 months old). The mean follow-up period was 75.5 months (range, 62 months to 89 months). In this study, Variant 2 (accepted was 57.1%) better than Variant 1  (accepted was 20%). Conclusions: Documented that children treated with Bisphosphonate prior to surgery and afterwards do better than children treated with surgery alone. We suggested  that a surgical treatment using non-extensible nails is indicated when complications such as fractures and/ or deformities are present, based on the fact that these nails do not follow bone growth, if early implanted, complications will eventually occur, resulting in a larger number of review surgeries.


A method for automatically identifying the order of fringe pattern traces is presented. It uses the simplified Otsu algorithm for obtaining the threshold, the angular scan in the range of 45 degree for searching the trace positions, and the zone search technique for identifying different traces. Experimental results show that the proposed method may reliably obtain the order of fringe pattern traces orientating from almost 45 to 90 degree.


Fourteen new lignans, tiegusanins A-N (1-14), together with 13 known compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of Schisandra propinqua var. sinensis. The structures and absolute configurations of 1-13 were established using a combination of spectroscopic techniques. Compound 14 was obtained as a racemate. When evaluated for inhibitory activity against HIV-1, tiegusanin G (7) showed anti-HIV-1 activity with an EC(50) value of 7.9 microM and a therapeutic index (TI) of more than 25.


This paper considers the design and assessment of Integrative-STEM courses at senior secondary level in New Zealand. Integrative-STEM education places emphasis on students drawing together knowledge from science, technology, engineering and mathematics, in order to solve design problems. The paper identifies important elements of an integrative-STEM course and whether the current range of NCEA achievement standards provides a suitable fit for assessing students' STEM learning. The conclusion reached is that a partial fit exists at Levels 2 and 3 of NCEA but a stronger fit exists at Level 1. For comparative purposes, the paper also considers how well the design of NCEA social science achievement standards harmonise with cross-curricula course design. The interpretation is suggested that the subject-by-subject development of NCEA standards provides significant limitations on the validity of assessment of cross-curricula learning. Some of the important learning engendered by cross-curricula design lies outside the assessment covered by NCEA standards.


The cognitive-behavioural model of hoarding disorder incorporates information processing difficulties, maladaptive attachment to possessions, erroneous beliefs about the nature of possessions, and mood problems as etiologically significant factors, although developmental experiences such as a compromised early family environment have also been proposed in an augmented model. This study examined the specificity and relevance of variables highlighted in the augmented cognitive-behavioural model. Various clinical participants (n = 89) and community controls (n = 20) were assessed with structured clinical interviews to verify diagnosis. Participants completed self-report measures of hoarding severity, cognitions, meta-memory, and early developmental experiences (e.g., memories of warmth and security in one's family). Hoarding cohorts (with and without obsessive-compulsive disorder) reported poor confidence in memory, but relative to other groups (obsessive-compulsive disorder without hoarding disorder, anxiety disorders, and healthy controls), hoarding-relevant cognitions, need to keep possessions in view, and concerns about the consequences of forgetting were significantly higher. Hoarding groups reported the lowest recollections of warmth in their family, although no differences were found between hoarding and non hoarding clinical cohorts for uncertainty about self and others. Nonetheless, clinical cohorts reported generally higher scores of uncertainty than healthy controls. When predicting hoarding severity, after controlling for age and mood, recollections of lack of warmth in one's family was a significant predictor of hoarding severity, with hoarding-related cognitions and fears about decision-making being additional unique predictors. The study supports the augmented cognitive-behavioural model of hoarding, inclusive of the importance of early developmental influences in hoarding.


This paper reviews the main issues that supply shocks pose for the conduct of monetary policy. A simple version of the Gordon-Phelps model shows that the necessary condition for actual real GNP to be maintained at its equilibrium level in the wake of a supply shock is for the change innominal GNP to exceed the change in the nominal wage by the change in the income share of the raw material in GNP. The required "wedge" between nominal GNP and wage growth can be accomplished by any combination of monetary accommodation and nominal wage flexibility. Without this combination a "macroeconomic externality" occurs, with real CNP falling below its equilibrium level. The obstacles to monetary accommodation are examined in terms of a taxonomic wage adjustment equation that allows for differing responses to current inflation, lagged inflation, and lagged wage change. Monetary accommodation is infeasible when there is full indexation to current inflation and creates a permanent acceleration of inflation following a one-time permanent shock when there is indexation to lagged inflation. With "forward-looking" expectation formation in the sense of Taylor, a supply shock is likely to cause changes in parameters of the wage adjustment equation as workers attempt to avoid the macroeconomic externality. The final section of the paper discusses doctrinal debates that originated in part from the empirical failures of earlier Phillips curves that neglected supply shocks.


This paper attempts to determine the impact of research and development (R&D) expenditure on the financial sustainability of the IT industry as represented by the IT companies listed on the S&P 500 index. The impact of R&D expenditure on the intermediate variables of marketing performance, gross margin and technological performance is first ascertained. Further, the impact of each of these intermediate variables on financial sustainability, i.e. the return on assets (ROA), is determined. The empirical result shows that financial sustainability is most strongly affected by gross margins, which in turn are strongly impacted on by R&D (Note 1) intensity. R&D expenditure has a positive impact on sales revenues but a negative impact on technological performance. However, technological performance has a positive impact on financial sustainability. The non-availability of the decomposition of R&D expenditure in the annual reports of these companies poses a limitation to our research. Further, the impact of the time lag between the point at which R&D expenditure is incurred and the point at which it starts to contribute to financial sustainability varies from firm to firm, thereby making it difficult to ascertain the impact of R&D on financial sustainability. However, the results from our study pinpoint a very significant relationship between R&D intensity and gross margins. This also forms the backbone of the pricing strategy formulated by IT companies. Further, there is a very significant relationship between gross margins and financial sustainability, which is measured by ROA (Note 2).


An infrared (IR) emission cell which is capable of operation up to 1500°C is described. The cell is based on an atomic absorption graphite furnace and is coupled to a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The spectrometer has been used to measure the emission spectrum of quartz from 200 to 1400°C, and the changes in the spectrum occurring with temperature can be related to the formation of cristobalite; transitions between low and high forms (alpha and beta forms) can also be monitored. Aragonite has also been analyzed through the temperature range 100 to 600°C, and the aragonite/calcite transition is clearly evident. The transformation of kaolinite to metakaolinite and through to mullite and cristobalite has also been studied with this in situ technique. The formation of mullite is evident in the spectrum at temperatures as low as 900°C, and the formation of cristobalite is clearly seen at 1200°C.


Abstract Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death in women in sub-Saharan Africa. It is estimated that more than 200 million females older than 15 years are at risk in this region. This paper highlights the current burden of cervical cancer in sub-Saharan Africa, reviews the latest clinical data on primary prevention, outlines challenges in the region, and offers potential solutions to these barriers. Based on these factors, clinical recommendations for the prevention of cervical cancer from the sub-Saharan African Cervical Cancer Working Group expert panel are presented.


Abstract—MAGICCARPET is a new approach to defending systems against exploitable processor bugs. MAGICCARPET uses hardware to detect violations of invariants involving security-critical processor state and uses firmware to correctly push software's state past the violations. The invariants are specified at run time. MAGICCARPET focuses on dynamically validating updates to security-critical processor state. In this work, (1) we generate correctness proofs for both MAGICCARPET hardware and firmware; (2) we prove that processor state and events never violate our security invariants at runtime; and (3) we show that MAGICCARPET copes with hardware-based exploits discovered post-fabrication using a combination of verified reconfigurations of invariants in the fabric and verified recoveries via reprogrammable software. We implement MAGICCARPET inside a popular open source processor on an FPGA platform. We evaluate MAGICCARPET using a diverse set of hardware-based attacks based on escaped and exploitable commercial processor bugs. MAGICCARPET is able to detect and recover from all tested attacks with no software run-time overhead in the attack-free case.MAGICCARPET is a new approach to defending systems against exploitable processor bugs. MAGICCARPET uses hardware to detect violations of invariants involving security-critical processor state and uses firmware to correctly push software's state past the violations. The invariants are specified at run time. MAGICCARPET focuses on dynamically validating updates to security-critical processor state. In this work, (1) we generate correctness proofs for both MAGICCARPET hardware and firmware; (2) we prove that processor state and events never violate our security invariants at runtime; and (3) we show that MAGICCARPET copes with hardware-based exploits discovered post-fabrication using a combination of verified reconfigurations of invariants in the fabric and verified recoveries via reprogrammable software. We implement MAGICCARPET inside a popular open source processor on an FPGA platform. We evaluate MAGICCARPET using a diverse set of hardware-based attacks based on escaped and exploitable commercial processor bugs. MAGICCARPET is able to detect and recover from all tested attacks with no software run-time overhead in the attack-free case.


Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the occurrence of atrial fibrillation and pulmonary vein (PV) arrhythmogenesis. Calcium dysregulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) enhance PV arrhythmogenic activity. The purposes of this study were to investigate whether CKD modulates PV electrical activity through dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and ROS. Methods and Results Biochemical and electrocardiographic studies were conducted in rabbits with and without CKD (induced by 150 mg/kg per day neomycin sulfate and 500 mg/kg per day cefazolin). Confocal microscopy with fluorescence and a whole‐cell patch clamp were applied to study calcium homeostasis and electrical activities in control and CKD isolated single PV cardiomyocytes with or without treatment with H89 (1 μmol/L, a protein kinase A inhibitor) and MPG (N‐[2‐mercaptopropionyl]glycine; 100 μmol/L, a ROS scavenger). The ROS in mitochondria and cytosol were evaluated via intracellular dye fluorescence and lipid peroxidation. CKD rabbits had excessive atrial premature captures over those of control rabbits. Compared with the control, CKD PV cardiomyocytes had a faster beating rate and larger calcium transient amplitudes, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium contents, sodium/calcium exchanger currents, and late sodium currents but smaller L‐type calcium current densities. CKD PV cardiomyocytes had a higher frequency and longer duration of calcium sparks and more ROS in the mitochondria and cytosol than did controls. Moreover, H89 suppressed all calcium sparks in CKD PV cardiomyocytes, and H89‐ and MPG‐treated CKD PV cardiomyocytes had similar calcium transients compared with control PV cardiomyocytes. Conclusions CKD increases PV arrhythmogenesis with enhanced calcium‐handling abnormalities through activation of protein kinase A and ROS.


Using secondary analyses of data from a sample of 265 sexual minority youths, the authors examined correlates of cutting behavior to determine whether patterns are similar to those found in studies of self-injury with community samples of predominately heterosexual youths. The sample consisted of youths who received services at an urban social service agency serving the sexual minority community; youths from the region attending social events, who located the survey through the Internet, or who were referred from other youth-serving agencies; and youths from out of state who found the survey through the Internet or were referred by youth-serving agencies. Prevalence of cutting was higher than that found in community-based samples of similar age groups. However, similar patterns of risk were found with regard to peer victimization, homelessness, suicidality, and depression. Female and transgender respondents were more likely to have engaged in cutting behavior than were male respondents. No significant race-based differences emerged. Both age and having knowledge of a supportive adult were associated with decreased likelihood of cutting. Additional findings link higher levels of "outness," higher occurrence of suicidality among social network, and higher rates of smoking to increased likelihood of cutting. Implications for practice and future research are discussed. KEY WORDS: cutting; gay; lesbian; nonsuicidal self-injury; transgender ********** Historically, nonsuicidal self-injury research has focused on adult populations, on populations that experience developmental disabilities or psychoses, or on clinical samples (Brodsky, Cloitre, & Dulit, 1995).Although rates of self-injurious behavior have been increasing over the past few decades among the adolescent population (Brener, Krug, & Simon, 2000; Briere & Gil, 1998), it is only more recently that attention has turned to examining NSSI among this population (Prinstein, 2008). This study seeks to contribute to the knowledge about NSSI through analyses of secondary data in a number of ways. First, it examines the prevalence of cutting behavior among a nonclinical sample of sexual minority youths and young adults, a population of young people about which very little is known with regard to NSSI. Second, it examines correlates that predict cutting behavior to determine whether the emergent patterns mirror patterns found in NSSI research with other youths and young adult populations. Third, it examines a number of variables not currently explored in other literature with youths and adolescent populations. Finally, it examines what youths and young adults in the sample report as helping them resist urges to cut. NOMENCLATURE The language and definitions used in the literature to indicate intentional self-injurious behavior create confusion. A number of terms, including "self-inflicted injury" (Crowell et al., 2008; Welch, Linehan, Sylvers, Chittams, & Rizvi, 2008) and "deliberate self-harm" (Crawford, Geraghty, Street, & Simonoff, 2003), have been used to refer to a range of behaviors that encompass self-injury with and without suicidal intention. Research that has focused more specifically on self-injurious behavior with nonsuicidal intent has used terms such as "self-injury" (Simeon & Favazza, 2001),"self-mutilation" (Babiker & Arnold, 1997), and "self-injurious behavior" (Whitlock, Eckenrode, & Silverman, 2006; Whitlock & Knox, 2007). In this article, we use the term nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) (Armey & Crowther, 2008; Nock & Mendes, 2008) to indicate self-injurious behavior that occurs without the intent to die, and we use the term deliberate self-harm (DSH) to indicate self-injurious behavior that encompasses both NSSI and behavior with suicidal intent. When the behavior is even more narrowly defined, we use the specific term for that behavior, such as "cutting" or "burning. …


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the use of urinary biomarkers to assess exposure of cats to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).

ANIMALS
61 healthy client-owned cats (19 from households in which smoking was reported and 42 from households in which there was no smoking).

PROCEDURES
Urine samples were obtained from each cat and assayed for total nicotine (nicotine plus nicotine glucuronide) and total cotinine (cotinine plus cotinine glucuronide) content by use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, total urinary content of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a major metabolite of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, was measured by use of gas chromatography with nitrosamine-selective detection.

RESULTS
Cats from households in which smoking was reported had significantly higher concentrations of total nicotine (70.4 ng/mL), total cotinine (8.53 ng/mL), and total NNAL (0.0562 pmol/mL) in urine, compared with concentrations for cats that lived in households in which there was no smoking (4.89 ng/mL, 0.74 ng/mL, and 0.0182 pmol/mL, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Analysis of these data provided biochemical evidence of exposure to ETS and uptake of tobacco-specific carcinogens by cats that live in households with smokers. Biomarkers could facilitate investigation of the health effects of ETS in cats and other species.


Individual valves or valve terminals – which is the most suitable option for actuating pneumatically automated process valves? What are the technological and economic differences between the two? We will use a cost comparison to compare and contrast the two options. And what are the differences in terms of commissioning? Which diagnostic options are available with valve terminals for reducing unscheduled downtime? These are the questions that will be examined in this article.


Hand grenade attacks have increasingly been reported in Sweden. However, to date no research on the topic exists. The present study aims to describe the illegal use of hand grenades and to test its spatio-temporal relationship with gun violence to explore whether the two forms of violence are connected. Data were collected for the years 2011 to 2016 from the Swedish police and from open sources about hand grenade detonations, which were considered alongside shootings as two types of violence commonly attributed to criminal groups. Descriptive data and trends are presented and spatio-temporal analysis of near-repeat patterns was performed using a near-repeat calculator. All in all, there were 77 incidents of detonated hand grenades in Sweden during the six-year observation period, in which nine individuals were injured and one killed. The number of incidents increased, with about half of the them occurring during the last year. A near-repeat analysis was performed on shootings (N = 1048) and hand grenades (N = 55) in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. The shootings exhibit a strong component of near-repeat patterns, but adding hand grenades to the analysis did not strengthen the patterns, suggesting that the two types of violence only partially share spatio-temporal patterns. The study confirms an increase in the use of hand grenades in Sweden, although the reason for the increase is unknown. The increase does fit with the overall changing pattern in violence in urban areas in Sweden, which broadly tends to be attributed to criminal groups in disadvantaged neighbourhoods.


I. INTRODUCTION A. Background on Judicial Elections Unlike the federal model of judicial selection, the model for the selection of state judges has undergone significant change throughout American history. (1) Until the mid-1800s, state judicial selection generally adhered to the federal model, emphasizing the appointment of judges. Typically, judges were selected by gubernatorial appointment coupled with confirmation by a special commission or the legislature; in some cases, judges were appointed directly by the state legislature. (2) The emergence of Jacksonian egalitarian democratic ideals in the nineteenth century brought about a growing belief that judges, like other public officials, should be accountable to the voting public. (3) As that ideal gained acceptance among reformers, states began moving away from legislative and gubernatorial appointment and toward the selection of judges by popular election. In 1832, Mississippi became the first state to provide for the selection of its judges by popular election. New York followed in 1846. For the next sixty-five years, every new state to enter the Union provided for some or all of its judges to be chosen by popular Election. (4) When popular judicial election began in Mississippi and New York, judges typically ran on partisan ballots, campaigning alongside their fellow party candidates. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, however, Progressive reformers grew increasingly concerned with the influence of party bosses, who often gave judicial nominations to the party faithful, instead of the most qualified candidates. (5) To quell judicial selection by party leaders, reformers pressed for nonpartisan judicial elections. (6) In the closing decades of the 1800s, the legal profession also responded to the extraordinary influence of parties over judicial selection. Lawyers began organizing bar associations largely to promote judicial selection based on qualifications rather than party patronage. (7) In the mid-twentieth century, reformers began advocating the "Missouri Plan," which removed the initial selection of judges from popular control but retained the Jacksonian ideal of electoral accountability. (8) Under this plan, judges are appointed by a governor from a list prepared by a judicial nominating committee. The judges appointed under this plan then run in periodic, uncontested "retention" elections where voters are allowed to determine whether the judge remains in office. (9) Contested elections, however, have not been eliminated. Thirty-nine states still select some judges through popular election, and eleven states select their supreme court justices in partisan elections. (10) In spite of the Missouri Plan's initial popularity, the wave of reform that accompanied its early years has waned. Judicial elections are now the norm and their weaknesses require wholesale reform. A clear understanding of judicial elections will shed light on how to improve the process of selecting judges. This Article focuses on Texas, whose history often foreshadows the experience of other states. B. The Case of Texas In its first five years of statehood, Texas was a microcosm of the early national experience with state judicial selection. Initially, judges were appointed by the governor and approved by the Texas senate. (11) Then, in 1850, the influence of Jacksonian Democracy led to the adoption of judicial selection by popular election. (12) Under Reconstruction, Texas returned to the gubernatorial appointment of judges. (13) However, largely in response to abuses of the gubernatorial appointment power during Reconstruction, Texas included a provision in its current constitution, adopted in 1876, for the selection of judges by popular election. (14) While the Texas constitution does not require that judicial candidates run on partisan ballots, Texas election law encourages judicial candidates to run as party Nominees. …


The flow of ice streams, which account for most discharge from large ice sheets, is controlled by processes operating at the ice stream bed. Data from modern ice stream beds are difficult to obtain, but where ice advanced onto continental shelves during glacial periods, extensive areas of the former bed can be imaged using modern swath sonar tools. We present new multibeam swath bathymetry data analyzed alongside sparse preexisting data from the Amundsen Sea embayment. The compilation is the most extensive, continuous area of multi-beam data coverage yet obtained on the inner continental shelf of Antarctica. The data reveal streamlined subglacial bedforms that define a zone of paleo–ice stream convergence, but, in contrast to previous models, do not show a simple downflow progression of bedform types along paleo–ice stream troughs. We interpret high spatial variability of bedforms as indicating a complex mechanical and hydrodynamic regime at the former ice stream beds, consistent with observations from some modern ice streams. We conclude that care must be taken when using bedforms to infer paleo–ice stream velocities.


Urbanization is arguably one of the most pervasive socioeconomic forces affecting economic development, ecosystem health, and humana well-being. This paper analyzes the interaction between urbanization, economic development, and environmental quality and provides an overview of the literature on the interaction. We argue that the complex roles of urbanization in the economic and ecological systems necessitate a new policy approach to urbanization management. This paper also provides a brief overview of land use policies at local, regional and national levels in the European Union and the United States and discusses policy options for urbanization management. It concludes with a brief discussion of policy challenges and research needs for efficient urbanization management.


The effects of neutron irradiation on austenitic stainless steels, usually used for the manufacturing of internal elements of nuclear reactors (e.g. the core shrouds), are the alteration of the microchemistry and the microstructure, and, as a consequence, of the mechanical properties. The present study is aimed at extending knowledge upon the impact of neutron-irradiation on the heat affected zone (HAZ) of welded materials, which was influenced by the thermal cycles upon fusion welding. Two types of austenitic stainless steels welds, AISI 304 and AISI 347, referred to as test materials, have been produced by FRAMATOME ANP (Germany) using a welding procedure that was a compromise between the conditions applied to real reactor components and the restrictions concerning dimensions and the allowable deformation imposed by this research project. The welded test materials have been irradiated with neutrons in a High Flux Reactor in Petten (The Netherlands) at a temperature of around 573 K (approximate operating temperature of light water reactors) to 0.3 dpa and 1 dpa. A welded AISI 304 type austenitic stainless steel, so-called in-service material, originating from a decommissioned light water reactor in Mol (Belgium) which had operated for 25 years and having accumulated different dose levels, to a maximum of 0.3 dpa, was also studied. The effect of neutron irradiation on the HAZ was evaluated by studying the microstructure and mechanical properties before and after irradiation. The characterisation of the microstructure was made by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanical properties were determined by performing microhardness measurements and tensile testing. Tensile tests were conducted on small flat specimens at two deformation temperatures: room temperature and about 573 K. For the unirradiated and very low dose irradiated materials, optical microscopy observations showed that the grain size is larger in the HAZ as compared to the base material (BM) due to the high temperatures reached during welding. The HAZ extends over around 600 µm on both sides of the weld. TEM observations showed that the HAZ contains a higher dislocation density than the BM due to the thermal cycles upon welding. The HAZ also contains small ferrite islands dispersed in the austenite matrix. Concerning the irradiated materials, TEM observations have shown that the austenitic matrix contains a large number of irradiation-induced defects. These defects are black dots, too small to be identified in TEM, and Frank loops, which can be either of vacancy or of interstitial type. In the in-service material the irradiation-induced defect density was found to be higher in the HAZ as compared to the BM. The higher defect density in the HAZ may be due to the higher grain size in the HAZ as compared to the BM, leaving less sinks (e.g. grain boundaries) for irradiation-induced defects annihilation. No irradiation-induced defects have been observed by TEM in the bcc ferritic interphase, which confirms that the irradiation-induced defects accumulate at a smaller rate in bcc materials than in fcc ones. Following tensile testing at room temperature the microstructure of unirradiated materials contains mainly twins. Following tensile testing at high temperature, the microstructure appears composed of dislocation cells. These results are independent on the specimen position from the fusion line. In the case of irradiated materials the deformation microstructure contains mainly stacking faults and twins. It seems to present no significant dependence on the material type, the irradiation dose and the test temperature. Tensile tests performed on all irradiated materials revealed an increase in the yield strength (radiation hardening) and a decrease of the uniform elongation (loss of ductility), at both deformation temperatures. Radiation hardening presents lower values in the HAZ as compared to the BM. The loss of ductility is higher in the HAZ as compared to the BM. Radiation hardening was analysed using the dispersed obstacle hardening model. It was found that the measured radiation hardening cannot be explained solely by the presence of the irradiation-induced defects observed in TEM. Smaller irradiation-induced features (not resolvable in TEM) apparently also contribute to radiation hardening. In conclusion, the HAZ presents a resistance to neutron-irradiation that is similar to the one of the BM, in terms of accumulation of irradiation-induced defects (black dots and Frank loops) and changes in mechanical properties (hardening and loss of ductility). The degradation of the mechanical properties of the HAZ clearly results from irradiation and not from welding. It seems that the threshold dose for peculiar deterioration of the HAZ, in terms of apparition of cracks or microcracks, was not reached in the present study.


Scientific and technological development has spurred large-scale food production, thus enabling a solution, although partial, to one of the biggest global problems of modern civilization – food shortage. Nevertheless, it has been shown that chemicalization and mechanization of agriculture lead to multiple negative environmental impacts and that overuse of pesticides and artificial fertilizers is detrimental to human health. Bearing in mind both local and global tendencies towards necessary ecologization of agriculture in keeping with the generally accepted development model – sustainable development – and acknowledging the opinion that ecological awareness is the basis for avoidance of high-risk activities and mitigation of existing environmental issues, the paper presents data obtained through empirical research pertaining to certain aspects of ecological awareness in individual farmers of the Jablanicki County. Based on these data, we concluded that ecological awareness in this part of the population is partially developed.


In this paper, two variants of the Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) scheme for CAN bus are presented. The basic HARQ uses error-correction code based on the Reed-Solomon (RS) technique and the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) method to detect errors. The second scheme uses the cyclic error-correction method instead of the CRC error-detection method to further improve the throughput. Moreover, the second scheme uses no additional bit overhead when compared with the basic HARQ scheme. This paper presents the performance of the proposed schemes using MATLAB and NS2 simulations. Experimental data of error patterns were used for realistic evaluation. The basic HARQ method corrects 100% of error bursts shorter than 7 bits. When the burst length falls between 7 to 10 the scheme corrects between 86% and 56% of the corrupted frames. Network Simulator (NS2) simulations showed that the throughput increased by 92% when the user message size was increased from the standard 64 bits to 512 bits as a result of reduced overhead per user bit.


U.S. antitrust law has been profoundly influenced by a historical aversion to direct federal superintendence of corporations. This ideological impulse began with Antifederalist opposition to Madison's proposal to grant Congress a general incorporation power and carried over to the Progressive Era where it defeated a proposed corporate regulatory model of antitrust. The antitrust antifederalist impulse thus enabled the rise of the competing crime-tort model, in which antitrust law creates a freestanding norm of industrial competition rather than a regulatory apparatus for policing the capital-concentrating effects of incorporation statutes. As it has interacted with the general features of the U.S. civil litigation apparatus, this crime-tort conceptualization has produced a variety of pathologies including an excessive focus on locating a "bad act" rather than specifying appropriate corporate structure; delegation of adjudicatory decision-making to generalist judges and juries rather than industrial policy specialists; the predominance of private enforcement over public enforcement; extension of antitrust law to non-corporate subjects, particularly the working class; and interference with federal competition policy by parochially interested state regulators. The one major exception to antitrust antifederalism's continuing dominance - the pre-merger notification system adopted in 1976 - reveals the advantages of the corporate regulatory model and suggests some steps that could be taken to rationalize the institutional structure of antitrust law.


Abstract. Quantum calculations are used to determine the stability of reactive gaseous mercury (Hg(II)) compounds likely to be formed in the Br-initiated oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg(0)). Due to the absence of any evidence, current models neglect the possible reaction of BrHg with abundant radicals such as NO, NO2, HO2, ClO, or BrO. The present work demonstrates that BrHg forms stable compounds, BrHgY, with all of these radicals except NO. Additional calculations on the analogous ClHgY compounds reveal that the strength of the XHg-Y bond (for X = Cl, Br) varies little with the identity of the halogen. Calculations further suggest that HO2 and NO3 do not form strong bonds with Hg(0), and cannot initiate Hg(0) oxidation in the gas phase. The theoretical approach is validated by comparison to published data on HgX2 compounds, both from experiment and highly refined quantum chemical calculations. Quantum calculations on the stability of the anions of XHgY are carried out in order to aid future laboratory studies aimed at molecular-level characterization of gaseous Hg(II) compounds. Spectroscopic data on BrHg is analyzed to determine the equilibrium constant for its formation, and BrHg is determined to be much less stable than previously estimated. An expression is presented for the rate constant for BrHg dissociation.


Kierkegaard's writings are interspersed with remarkable stories of love, commonly understood as a literary device that illustrates the problematic nature of aesthetic and ethical forms of life, and the contrasting desirability of the life of faith. Sharon Krishek argues that for Kierkegaard the connection between love and faith is far from being merely illustrative. Rather, love and faith have a common structure, and are involved with one another in a way that makes it impossible to love well without faith. Remarkably, this applies to romantic love no less than to neighbourly love. Krishek's original and compelling interpretation of the Works of Love in the light of Kierkegaard's famous analysis of the paradoxicality of faith in Fear and Trembling shows that preferential love, and in particular romantic love, plays a much more important and positive role in his thinking than has usually been assumed.


Abstract This paper appraises Brown & Levinson (1987 [1978]) from a utilitarian perspective. Rather than assess the veracity, validity, or applicability of their model as a whole, or its relevance to politeness, it identifies and examines several of the claims contained in the model individually, to see which ones can help to illuminate interaction across cultures. Its main contention is that the concepts of positive face(work) and negative face(work) are particularly useful in this context, being applicable to a wider range of interactive moves than the model in which B&L cage them allows. (By way of example, one such interactive move is analyzed in detail.) This potential, however, only becomes clear when (1) these concepts are freed from the constraints of the B&L model as a whole, (2) they are defined in a manner which returns to the original inspiration for the positive-negative opposition and (3) it is understood that this opposition is just one among many aspects of face, so that it is not made to do too much, inappropriate, work. (Examples of these limits are also discussed.)


In this study, we examine how the founding owner-managers' cognitive style, levels of formalisation in their firms, and the interaction of these two variables (cognitive misfit) are related to firm growth in technology-oriented SMEs. We found that an intuitive decision-making style, higher levels of formalisation, and their interaction were significantly associated with firm growth over a five-year period. There has been a recent surge of interest in entrepreneurs' cognition (Mitchell et al., 2002, 2007) and the role of context on cognitive processes (Baron, 1998). Our findings suggest that incorporating individual cognition within a PO fit approach from the field of organisational behaviour can further our understanding of the key role of the founding owner-managers play in the subsequent growth of their firms. The implications of these findings for practitioners, researchers, and policy makers are developed.


Shape-controlled synthesis of uniform noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) is crucial for the development of future plasmonic devices. The use of nanocrystals with well-defined morphologies and crystallinity as seed particles is expected to provide excellent shape control and monodispersity. We report the aqueous-based seed-mediated growth of monodisperse gold octahedra with wide range of sizes (50–150 nm in side length) by reducing different amounts of HAuCl4 on preformed single crystalline gold nanorods using butenoic acid as reducing agent. Butenoic acid plays a key role as a mild reducing agent as well as favoring the thermodynamic control of the reaction. The uniformity of the as-prepared Au octahedra combined with the use of a microfluidic technique based on microevaporation will allow the self-assembly of octahedra into uniform 3D supercrystals. Additionally, these plasmonic substrates exhibit high and uniform SERS signals over extended areas with intensities increasing with the Au nanoparticle size.


Received medical services are increasingly discussed and recommended on physician rating websites (PRWs). The reviews and ratings on these platforms are valuable sources of information for patient opinion mining. In this paper, we have tackled three issues that come along with inconsistency analysis on PRWs: (1) Natural language processing of user-generated reviews, (2) the disagreement in polarity of review text and its corresponding numerical ratings (individual inconsistency) and (3) the differences in patients' rating behavior for the same service category (e.g. 'treatment') expressed by varying grades on the entire data set (collective inconsistency). Thus, the basic idea is first to identify relevant opinion phrases that describe service categories and to determine their polarity. Subsequently, the particular phrase has to be assigned to its corresponding numerical rating category before checking the (dis-)agreement of polarity values. For this purpose, several local grammars for the pattern-based analysis as well as domain-specific dictionaries for the recognition of entities, aspects and polarity were applied on 593,633 physician reviews from both German PRWs jameda.de and docinsider.de. Furthermore, our research contributes to content quality improvement of PRWs because we provide a technique to detect inconsistent reviews that could be ignored for the computation of average ratings.


Th e long-held critical judgment that the I-am sayings of Jesus in the Fourth Gospel have no connection at all with the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth is based primarily on the inference that they are entirely missing from the Synoptics. As a result, John has been expunged from Jesus research, assuming its patent ahistoricity; yet critical analyses have largely overlooked JohannineSynoptic similarities. While the Johannine presentation of Jesus' I-am sayings is indeed distinctive and highly theological, it cannot be claimed that either the I-am convention of speech or its predicate metaphors and themes are absent from the Synoptics. Indeed, some absolute I-am sayings are present in Mark, and each of the nine terms used with the predicate nominative in John are also present in the Synoptics. Th erefore, it cannot be claimed that such terms, on the basis of the Synoptics alone, were never used by the historical Jesus or present within early traditional material. As a means of discerning a plausible understanding of how the Johannine presentation of the I-am sayings of Jesus may have emerged, cognitive-critical analysis poses a way forward. Within the developing memory of the Johannine tradition, earlier words of Jesus likely became crafted into the evangelist's apologetic presentation of Jesus' ministry as a means of convincing later audiences that he was indeed the Messiah/Christ.


Master weavers historically characterize the weaving of a tapestry as a calling, a transformation, a healing or sacred work. Tapestries are created by the collective efforts of many and are configured by the weavers' consciousness and spirit. A holistic framework used to weave a body-mind-spirit tapestry for guiding holistic clinical practice and research is described. Various research studies that document the effects of holistic interventions on patients' outcomes are examined. Implications for clinical practice are explored.


When delegates discussed the structure of the presidency at the Constitutional Convention in June 1787, serious objections to a unitary executive were raised. Edmund Randolph warned, for example, that a one-person presidency would become the "foetus of monarchy." Controversy over the idea of a single president was predictable. Only recently had the framers freed themselves from the tyranny of King George III, and they were firmly committed to creating a new government that would not abuse its powers and oppress its citizens. It must have seemed preposterous to replace a hereditary monarch with an elected monarch.To be sure, the framers invoked important arguments for a unitary executive. While Congress would deliberate, the president would act with decisiveness and dispatch. A single president would bring order and energy to the national government. With the passage of time, however, it has become clear that the founding fathers misjudged the consequences of their choice:They did not anticipate the extent to which executive power would expand and give us an "imperial presidency" that dominates Congress and that too often exercises its authority in ways that are detrimental to the national interest. They did not predict the role that political parties would come to play and how battles to capture the White House would greatly aggravate partisan conflict. They did not recognize that single presidents would represent party ideology much more than the overall public good. And they misjudged the advantages and disadvantages of single versus multiple decision makers.Had the framers been able to predict the future, they would have been far less enamored with the idea of a unitary executive and far more receptive to the alternative proposals for a plural executive that they rejected. Like their counterparts in Europe, they might well have created an executive branch in which power is shared among multiple persons from multiple political parties.If the presidency is to fulfill the founding fathers' vision and function more effectively, it needs to be reconceived. This need for constitutional change led me to the proposal for reform that I consider in this book — the replacement of the one-person, one-party presidency with a two-person, two-party presidency.A coalition presidency carries the potential for many important benefits — a balancing of power between the executive and legislative branches, a dampening of partisan conflict in Washington, an executive branch more representative of the entire electorate, real opportunities for third-party candidates to win election, and wiser presidential decision making.After more than two hundred years with the Constitution's one-person presidency, it may seem preposterous to suggest a plural executive. But a coalition presidency would be far more faithful to the framers' view of executive power. They wanted a president with limited authority who would serve as a co-equal with Congress. They also believed that power should be contained by dividing it and requiring it to be shared. A two-person presidency relies on the framers' structural devices to promote their core values. And by correcting the dysfunction in Washington and making the executive branch operate more effectively, a two-person, bipartisan presidency can be justified even without reference to original intent.


A new micromechanical technique for experimental determination of fiber-matrix interfacial properties is presented. This technique consists in tensile loading of the fiber, with a matrix droplet on it, at both ends, accompanied by continuous direct observation of interfacial crack propagation. In comparison with the well-known microbond test, the new method has two important advantages. First, crack propagation is stable for any embedded fiber length and any relation between adhesion and friction at the interface. Second, compliance of the test equipment does not affect the results, and specimens with long free fiber ends can be successfully tested. A similar result can be reached using the pull-out or microbond test with an 'infinite' (very long) embedded fiber length. An algorithm for separate determination of the interfacial adhesion and friction from experimental relationships between the crack length and applied load is described. The new test was employed to determine the interfacial parameters for composites of glass fibers with polypropylene, polystyrene, and polycarbonate. For each fiber-polymer system investigated, the following parameters were calculated: ultimate interfacial shear strength; critical energy release rate for crack propagation; and adhesional pressure. Our approach to the estimation of the work of adhesion, WA, from micromechanical tests, based on the concept of adhesional pressure, allowed us to calculate the WA values for several thermoplastic matrix-glass fiber pairs and to obtain values consistent with previous estimations made according to other approaches.


Numerous enzymes have been demonstrated to be active in non-aqueous solutions, yet the utility of phosphatases under such conditions has been difficult to determine. Here, we demonstrate the ability to fluorescently detect naphthol AS‐MX in high percentages 1,4-dioxane with a fluorescence differential compared with naphthol AS‐MX phosphate. While intensities and maximum fluorescence wavelengths changed depending on solvent conditions, these results demonstrate this system's potential for testing phosphatase activity in high amounts of dioxane.


Agricultural drainage tiles (ADTs) have become an integral part of the Midwest's economy by their ability to transform fine-grained, poorly drained soils into highly productive farmland. Because of their design and function, they also pose a number of detrimental consequences related to water quality, stream bank erosion, a loss of wetland areas, increased baseflows, and flooding intensity. This research paper explores how ADTs contribute to the agricultural pollutant loading problem experienced in Midwest streams. It also identifies new practices and technologies being pursued to mitigate their impact. ADTs provide unique field-to-water pathways for a number of agricultural pollutants, the most critical of which are nutrients. Since ADTs bypass traditional conservation practices used to mitigate the environmental impact of row crop agriculture, contaminants often reach streams with very little, if any, attenuation. ADTs also represent a major alteration in the Midwest's hydrology as they greatly enhance the connectivity between fields and streams. As a result, natural storage areas that once occupied the landscape and gradually released water to streams have been lost, water tables have been lowered, and baseflows have increased. Because of their profound effect on contaminant transport and hydrology, it's now realized that ADTs play a significant role in nutrient loading of Midwest streams and rivers. To mitigate the negative effect of ADTs on water quality, a strategic combination of targeted management practices and new technologies is needed. These include traditional soil conservation practices, new regulations, constructed wetlands, bioreactors, controlled drainage management, and re-routing tile drainage as sub-surface flow across riparian buffers.


INTRODUCTION AND AIMS
To examine women's drinking behaviour relative to Australian guidelines and identify associated factors over the lifespan.

DESIGN AND METHODS
Data came from three prospective cohorts of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health aged 18-23 (n = 14,247), 45-50 (n = 13,715) and 70-75 years (n = 12,432) when first surveyed in 1996. The same women were re-surveyed at roughly 3-year intervals until 2012. At each survey, four drinking behaviours were based on two guidelines: long-term drinking (no more than two standard drinks per day) and episodic drinking (no more than four standard drinks on an occasion): (i) no risk (within both guidelines); (ii) low episodic risk (less than once a month); high episodic risk (at least once a month); long-term risk (more than two drinks per day regardless of episodic drinking).

RESULTS
No risk drinking increased with age, low episodic risk drinking remained almost constant between ages 18 and 39, and high episodic risk drinking declined rapidly. Few women drank at long-term risk. Factors associated with risky drinking varied with age; however, being a past or current smoker consistently increased the risk, and risks for smokers increased with age. Risky drinking was less likely to be practised by women providing care and needing help with daily tasks, or by pregnant women and those living with children.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Risky drinking behaviour should be addressed in younger women and in those who smoke. Interventions to reduce risky drinking, possibly in combination with reducing smoking, could be offered through general practice centres.


Wireless power transfer (WPT) using magnetic resonance is the technology which could set human free from the annoying wires. In fact, the WPT adopts the same basic theory which has already been developed for at least 30 years with the term inductive power transfer. WPT technology is developing rapidly in recent years. At kilowatts power level, the transfer distance increases from several millimeters to several hundred millimeters with a grid to load efficiency above 90%. The advances make the WPT very attractive to the electric vehicle (EV) charging applications in both stationary and dynamic charging scenarios. This paper reviewed the technologies in the WPT area applicable to EV wireless charging. By introducing WPT in EVs, the obstacles of charging time, range, and cost can be easily mitigated. Battery technology is no longer relevant in the mass market penetration of EVs. It is hoped that researchers could be encouraged by the state-of-the-art achievements, and push forward the further development of WPT as well as the expansion of EV.


During the last ten years, the Swedish Armed Forces has undergone a transformation in its shift toward worldwide peacekeeping operations. Subsequently, the Swedish government is moving away from conscription to an all-voluntary recruitment system. This transition may lead to substantial challenges in recruiting new soldiers for the Armed Forces as well as for peacekeeping operations. A key to successful recruitment is understanding what motivates young men and women to participate in peacekeeping operations. This research note addresses questions about what motivated Swedish peacekeeping soldiers to join the 5th mission to Liberia and the 14th mission to Kosovo in 2006. Fabrizio Battistelli's motivation typology, paleomodern, modern, and postmodern, is used in the analysis. The results show that all three motives were represented but that postmodern motives were by far the most common motivator.


The merger of immigration and criminal law has transformed both systems, amplifying the flaws in each. In critiquing this merger, most scholarly accounts begin with legislative changes in the 1980s and 1990s that vastly expanded criminal grounds of deportation and eliminated many forms of discretionary relief. As a result of these changes, immigrant communities have experienced skyrocketing rates of detention and deportation, with a disparate impact on people of color. Despite increasing awareness of the harshness of the modern system, however, many people still view criminal records as a relatively neutral mechanism for identifying immigrants as priorities for detention and deportation. Drawing on the early history of crime-based deportation, this essay argues that criminal records have never been a neutral means for prioritizing immigrants for detention and deportation from the United States. Rather, as this essay sets forth, racial animus has driven the creation and development of crime-based deportation from the beginning.


Central to this study is the belief that it is important to understand the development of accounting in its social context. Accounting is regarded not as a purely technical apparatus outside the realm of the social, but its knowledge and discipline have attached to a variety of contingent forms within society in the range of rationales and socio-political contexts. Through this understanding, the study seeks to explore the genealogy of accounting history in Indonesia. The aspect of accounting knowledge and discipline focused upon is its emergence and development, in the context of a 'coming into the light' of accounting in the form of a calculus discipline and socio-political knowledge during the Dutch colonisation of Indonesia. This involved a genealogical analysis of accounting in connection with the development of a new knowledge of writing and numerical notation (the Hindu-Arabic numerals) in Indonesia. The development of accounting in Indonesia is understood not as a 'sudden' process, but rather, genealogically, emerged through a long and complex process of history. Long before the arrival of the Dutch in Indonesia, accounting in the form of calculative practices had emerged having definite objects and objectives of calculations. The kingdom periods and the transformation of religious influences from Buddhism and Hinduism to Islam contributed to the development of accounting in Indonesia. During the early seventeenth century, Indonesia changed from a ruralindependent to a colonial society. This was due to the arrival of the Dutch in the Indonesian archipelago. 'Colonialism' determined Dutch policies in the archipelago. It is argued that the development of 'advanced' accounting as a complex form of Sukoharsono: Abstract iv information-production, information-retrieval and systematic double-entry bookkeeping belongs to the period of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia. The Dutch used accounting as an institution and technique to discipline those w h o were subject to their influence. Accounting had an important role as a means of supporting the development of a colonial system in Indonesia. This study concludes that accounting during the period of Dutch colonisation played an important part by not only providing technical calculations (for example, assessing prices, cost and profit), but also diverse roles in social, economic and political life. Sukoharsono: