Inference on parameters within a given model is familiar, as is ranking different models for the purpose of selection. Less familiar, however, is the quantification of uncertainty about the models themselves. A Bayesian approach provides a posterior distribution for the model but it comes with no validity guarantees, and, therefore, is only suited for ranking and selection. In this paper, I will present an alternative way to view this model uncertainty problem, through the lens of a valid inferential model based on random sets and nonadditive beliefs. Specifically, I will show that valid uncertainty quantification about a model is attainable within this framework in general, and highlight the benefits in a classical signal detection problem.


Volume 29 (4), 2009 ABSTRACT: Climate warming is predicted to cause boreal forests in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW), Minnesota, to shift to savanna andlor ternperate forest in the next century. Invasive earthworms, exotic tree pests, and deer overabundance will rnagnify the impacts of warmer temperatures. Seldom do we assess potential threats to ecosystem and wilderness integrity in a systematic way and develop policy and management strategies ahead of time to mitigate the situation. Debates on several issues involving wilderness users, managers, and scientists need to be resolved for the BWCAW. These include whether, when, and how to: (1) use fire; (2) restore tree species to wilderness areas lost through human actions (e.g., logging of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) that occurred before wilderness designation and potential loss of ash species from the introduced pest emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire»; (3) manage the potential overabundance of deer that threaten reproduction of some tree species; (4) facilitate (or prevent) migration of new tree species currently native south of the wilderness; (5) employ local (within wilderness) or regional assisted migration for species that cannot migrate fast enough on their own to keep up with climate change; and (6) manage invasive species. Some of these activities would not be allowed under the wilderness laws of 1964 and 1978, and may be difficult to enact or limited in effectiveness. Major change in forests of the BWCAW is a certainty, and facilitation of a 'graceful transition' to native species rather than exotic species is desirable.


Research on impact of teacher beliefs on their practices has been recognized as one of the important aspects in the discipline of mathematics education. This study reports the results of a case study that gives an insight about the influence of professed beliefs of pre-service secondary mathematics teachers on their instructional practices in the Sri Lankan context. The pre-service teachers' professed beliefs were examined by using a questionnaire of six-point Likert scale items. Data on instructional practices were collected through classroom teaching observations and follow-up post-lesson interviews. Qualitative analysis of the audio-taped classroom teaching observation transcripts was performed, using a list of sensitizing concepts that reflected flexible and rigid beliefs aspects. The results reveal that professed beliefs encouraged them to adopt flexible practices, but to differing extents due to the influence of social expectations and contextual demands embedded within this educational context


In Part I of this two-part paper, we introduce several possible methods for integrating wind power, price-responsive demand and other distributed energy resources (DERs). These methods differ with respect to information exchange requirements, computational complexity, and physical implementability. A novel look-ahead interactive dispatch that internalizes inter-temporal constraints at the DERs level, and dispatches the results of distributed decisions subject to spatial security constraints, is proposed as a possible effective algorithm. This method requires only the use of today's static security-constrained economic dispatch (SCED) by the system operators. The optimization accounting for inter-temporal constraints, and ramping rates in particular, is done by the DERs while they create their own supply and demand functions. To implement this method, today's supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) needs to be transformed into a multi-directional, multi-layered information exchange system.


ABSTRACT Despite clear messages from current physical education (PE) curricula about the importance of adopting socially critical perspectives, dominant discourses of gender relating to physical activity, bodies and health are being reproduced within this school subject. By drawing on interview data from a larger ethnographic account of boys' PE, this paper aims to contribute to our understanding of boys' experiences of gendered discourses in PE, particularly by acknowledging boys not only as docile or disciplined bodies but also as active subjects in negotiating power relations. In the analysis of the data, particular emphasis is placed on whether the boys recognise the influence of gendered discourses and power relations in PE, how they act upon this knowledge and how they understand themselves as gendered subjects through these particular discourses/power relations. Using Foucault's (1985. The use of pleasure: The history of sexuality, vol. 2. London: Penguin Books) framework related to the 'modes of subjectivation', this paper explores boys' problematisation of dominant discourses of gender and power relations in PE. In summary, these boys perform gendered selves within the context of PE, via negotiation of gendered discourses and power relations that contribute to an alternative discourse of PE which creates spaces and opportunities for the production of more ethical and diverse masculinities.


With offshore computing becoming more prevalent [1], it is essential that we increase our students' employability by providing new and relevant experiences in software development and project management; giving them valuable skills that are essential in an ever-increasing and changing global market. What is new about the work we discuss here is how collaborative technologies have facilitated a year-long cross-site software engineering project between Durham University and Newcastle University students. The introduction of this cross-site perspective to our software engineering modules is a new and innovative development in the UK undergraduate Computer Science curriculum. Our use of various collaboration technologies such as online discussion forums, video-conferencing, company repositories, version control software etc., as part of the collaborative team project has not only encouraged students to develop technical 'transferable' skills but also gain an understanding, through realistic experiences, of how the use of these technologies involves more than just learning their technical aspects and operation, but that it is essential to develop and implement the soft processes and skills required to use them successfully and effectively and hence optimize their cross-site working partnerships and productivity. In this paper we describe the project, the technologies employed by the student teams and the results and anecdotal evidence of staff and students that show the successes and, it must be admitted, occasional failures of this work. We discuss how we have tried to manage the expectations of the students throughout the project, how the technologies we have provided have affected the students' experience of cross-site collaboration and the impact of cross-site collaboration on our assessment strategies and curriculum design. © 2007 University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Printed and published by the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Computing Science, Claremont Tower, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England. Bibliographical details DEVLIN, M., DRUMMOND, S., HATCH, A.. Using Collaborative Technology in CS Education to facilitate Cross-Site Software Development [By] M. Devlin, S. Drummond and A. Hatch. Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle upon Tyne: Computing Science, 2007. (University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Computing Science, Technical Report Series, No. CS-TR-1060)


A recently developed continental-scale air mass-based classification is used to identify the spatial occurrences of 6 air masses (dry polar, dry temperate, dry tropical, moist polar, moist temperate, and moist tropical) in the eastern United States for summer from 1961 to 1990. This procedure, the spatial synoptic classification (SSC), is based on 'seed' day identification of synoptic events and discriminant analysis to group days together which are within the same air mass type. Thus, the evaluation of the frequency and modification of air masses across a large region is possible. Using the SSC, maps of air mass frequencies and afternoon temperatures and dew points are developed. Rates of modification are determined as each air mass traverses the region. As an example of the environmental applicability of the SSC, the impact of climate upon human mortality is analyzed at 3 climatically different locations (New Orleans, LA; Memphis, TN; and Chicago, IL). Results show how the day-to-day mortality fluctuations are sensitive to air mass type. A particular air mass which is associated with distinctly high mortality is identified for Memphis and Chicago; no such air mass is apparent for New Orleans, where the weather/mortality signal is very weak.


3D printing on textiles is a possible future application for mass customization of fabrics and textile products. In this paper we investigate three test methods to quantify the adhesion of 3D printed PLA parts to a textile substrate. The first proposed test method is a perpendicular tensile test, the second is a shear test, and the third is a peel test. These three tests are used to characterise the adhesion of a 3D printed shape on six different textile substrates. The test methods are compared and it is shown how they can help in standardizing the research of 3D printing on textiles.


In many countries such as Austria the energy demand is mainly covered by fossil fuels. The negative impact on the climate and their decreasing availability brings up the need for a shift to a possible future energy system using solely renewable energy sources. The goal of the modelling is to compare and possibly match the energy demand of Austria with the long-term potentials of Austria's renewable energies. In different scenarios, possible ways of covering the energy demand should be visualised and analysed, taking into account the necessary use of biomass for food, for animal feed and for products. To reach this goal, a static model of the demand in all different energy sectors versus all the various energy sources available per year was developed. Many parameters allowed one to change settings on both sides for the scenarios easily. We use a top-down modelling approach for the energy balance and apply bottom-up approach for functional modelling of the important parts of the system, due to high energy consumption, efficiency or trade-off potentials. Via the applied parameters it is possible to examine the effects of enforcing or reducing various energy supply and energy conversion technologies. Our conclusion is that – against common opinion – it is possible to provide full coverage of Austria's energy demand by just using renewable energy sources, even with the still existing technologies. However, significant changes in the structure of buildings and in means of transportation are necessary. Introducing high construction standards leads to a definite reduction of heat losses. Room heating can then be done preferably by solar collectors, heat pumps and low-temperature district heating, reusing industrial waste heat wherever possible. The main part of biomass should be converted into CHP to process heat. The mobility structure has to change towards electrically driven technologies with much higher conversion efficiencies.


Developing software for the cloud usually implies using the tools and libraries supplied by cloud vendors for each of their platforms. This strongly couples the software to specific platforms and penalizes its migration or interoperability with external cloud services, in what is known as vendor lock-in. Under these circumstances multicloud applications become difficult to build and maintain since they require multidisciplinary teams with expertise on multiple platforms, and the redevelopment of some components if the cloud deployment scenario is altered. The MULTICLAPP framework described in this paper tackles these issues by presenting a three-stage development process that allows multicloud applications to be developed without being coupled to any concrete vendor. MDE and adaptation techniques are used throughout the software development stages in order to abstract the software from each vendor's service specifications. As a result of this, multicloud applications or their subcomponents can be reassigned to different cloud platforms without having to undergo a partial or complete redevelopment process.


José Alvarez de Toledo y Dubois (1779–1858) was either a freedom-fighter turned traitor to the cause of Mexican independence or a spy for the Spanish empire at a time of intense competition among European powers and the early American Republic for dominance over northern New Spain and what would become Texas. In the course of his assimilation or appropriation of liberal discourse and his inciting rebellions, he became a pioneer in the use of the printing press to generate propaganda to recruit troops and financing in advance of military action. His various proclamations and pamphlets exhorted New Spain and other Spanish colonies in America to separate from the motherland and establish republics; a more lasting contribution, however, may have been his being partially responsible for the introduction of the first printing press and publication of the first newspaper in Texas during the early 19th century,


Abstract Three recent experimental campaigns at Los Alamos National Laboratory have required unique application of traditional machining techniques to manufacture the components. For pRad experiments at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANCE), unique planar targets with varying profiles required unique fixturing: a custom programming software to create concentric rings with a 2-deg taper that had five different sine waves machined across the face. Also, experiments using P8 modulated capsules for Asymmetric Burn Experiment (ABEX) experiments at Omega made use of a water-soluble ultraviolet-curable glue, which was used for holding and locating purposes during machining operations to produce an indicating datum, as well as a custom fixturing system, which allowed the ability to apply the impression gum from behind. Finally, for the milling of a 125-μm-thick silica aerogel for dense-plasma equation-of-state experiments, we used an ultraprecision milling machine with a high-speed spindle and precise positional accuracy that permits micrometer depth of cuts at higher feed rates, which allowed for a reduction in machining time.


Adjectives like good, great, and excellent are similar in meaning, but differ in intensity. Intensity order information is very useful for language learners as well as in several NLP tasks, but is missing in most lexical resources (dictionaries, WordNet, and thesauri). In this paper, we present a primarily unsupervised approach that uses semantics from Web-scale data (e.g., phrases like good but not excellent) to rank words by assigning them positions on a continuous scale. We rely on Mixed Integer Linear Programming to jointly determine the ranks, such that individual decisions benefit from global information. When ranking English adjectives, our global algorithm achieves substantial improvements over previous work on both pairwise and rank correlation metrics (specifically, 70% pairwise accuracy as compared to only 56% by previous work). Moreover, our approach can incorporate external synonymy information (increasing its pairwise accuracy to 78%) and extends easily to new languages. We also make our code and data freely available.


Background Non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL) is the most common sensory impairment in humans. Until recently its extreme genetic heterogeneity precluded comprehensive genetic testing. Using a platform that couples targeted genomic enrichment (TGE) and massively parallel sequencing (MPS) to sequence all exons of all genes implicated in NSHL, we tested 100 persons with presumed genetic NSHL and in so doing established sequencing requirements for maximum sensitivity and defined MPS quality score metrics that obviate Sanger validation of variants. Methods We examined DNA from 100 sequentially collected probands with presumed genetic NSHL without exclusions due to inheritance, previous genetic testing, or type of hearing loss. We performed TGE using post-capture multiplexing in variable pool sizes followed by Illumina sequencing. We developed a local Galaxy installation on a high performance computing cluster for bioinformatics analysis. Results To obtain maximum variant sensitivity with this platform 3.2–6.3 million total mapped sequencing reads per sample were required. Quality score analysis showed that Sanger validation was not required for 95% of variants. Our overall diagnostic rate was 42%, but this varied by clinical features from 0% for persons with asymmetric hearing loss to 56% for persons with bilateral autosomal recessive NSHL. Conclusions These findings will direct the use of TGE and MPS strategies for genetic diagnosis for NSHL. Our diagnostic rate highlights the need for further research on genetic deafness focused on novel gene identification and an improved understanding of the role of non-exonic mutations. The unsolved families we have identified provide a valuable resource to address these areas.


Mounting evidence is demonstrating roles for the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its proteolytic product Aβ in metal homeostasis. Furthermore, aberrant metal homeostasis is observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and this may contribute to AD pathogenesis, by enhancing the formation of reactive oxygen species and toxic Aβ oligomers and facilitating the formation of the hallmark amyloid deposits in AD brain. Indeed, zinc released from synaptic activity has been shown to induce parenchymal and cerebrovascular amyloid in transgenic mice. On the other hand, abnormal metabolism of APP and Aβ may impair brain metal homeostasis as part of the AD pathogenic process. Aβ and APP expression have both been shown to decrease brain copper (Cu) levels, whereas increasing brain Cu availability results in decreased levels of Aβ and amyloid plaque formation in transgenic mice. Lowering Cu concentrations can downregulate the transcription of APP, strengthening the hypothesis that APP and Aβ form part of the Cu homeostatic machinery in the brain. This is a complex pathway, and it appears that when the sensitive metal balance in the brain is sufficiently disrupted, it can lead to the self‐perpetuating pathogenesis of AD. Clinical trials are currently studying agents that can remedy abnormal Aβ–metal interactions.


Reasoning about visual relationships is central to how humans interpret the visual world. This task remains challenging for current deep learning algorithms since it requires addressing three key technical problems jointly: 1) identifying object entities and their properties, 2) inferring semantic relations between pairs of entities, and 3) generalizing to novel object-relation combinations, i.e., systematic generalization. In this work, we use vision transformers (ViTs) as our base model for visual reasoning and make better use of concepts defined as object entities and their relations to improve the reasoning ability of ViTs. Specifically, we introduce a novel concept-feature dictionary to allow flexible image feature retrieval at training time with concept keys. This dictionary enables two new concept-guided auxiliary tasks: 1) a global task for promoting relational reasoning, and 2) a local task for facilitating semantic object-centric correspondence learning. To examine the systematic generalization of visual reasoning models, we introduce systematic splits for the standard HICO and GQA benchmarks. We show the resulting model, Concept-guided Vision Transformer (or RelViT for short) significantly outperforms prior approaches on HICO and GQA by 16% and 13% in the original split, and by 43% and 18% in the systematic split. Our ablation analyses also reveal our model's compatibility with multiple ViT variants and robustness to hyper-parameters.


The first Castilian Passion treatises presented meditations on the Passion of the son and the mother. In order to understand the implications of a Passion with two main characters, the method is situated in relation to its medieval European precedent of the compassionate, emotional Virgin as well as Iberian Marian devotion. In three Franciscan treatises published in Andalusia (1511–28), the authors began to forefront the physicality of Mary's body in scenes of multiple swoons and even crucifixion. It is argued that the swoons serve as the marker that emotion can be felt bodily, thus allowing logically for a proposal of physical torture as an element of the Virgin's experience, a suggestion never expurgated by the Inquisitors who compiled the Index of Prohibited Works.


Systemic inflammation has been recognized as a risk factor for a number of diseases, including type 2 diabetes. There is a growing awareness that inflammatory diseases have an oxidative pathology, which can result in specific oxidation of amino acids within proteins. Patients with inflammatory disease have higher levels of plasma protein 3-nitrotyrosine than healthy controls. Fibrinogen is an abundant plasma protein, and has been shown to be highly susceptible to such oxidative modifications, and is therefore a potential marker. Oxidative damage and modifications to fibrinogen offer potential as biomarkers of disease, and for diagnosis and a greater understanding of the pathology. The aim of this study was to map the in-vitro locations of oxidatively-modified fibrinogen, and test the possibility of producing antibodies that show increased binding to protein-specific modification sites. Fibrinogen was nitrated using the peroxynitrite generator SIN-1, and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Several modified peptides that consistently occurred were identified with the Mascot© search engine and manually validated. Based on literature or mass spectrometry results, peptides with the core amino acid sequence STSYGTGC or DYEDDQQKQLC, either unmodified, or containing 3-chlorotyrosine or 3-nitrotyrosine were synthesized and subsequently antibodies were produced. Each subsequently produced sheep anti-serum was tested against various native and modified peptides containing a variety of different amino acid sequences. Anti-STSY-(NO2)-GTGC serum showed modification site specificity, whereas anti-DY-(Cl)-EDDQQKQLC serum showed sequence specificity but was unable to distinguish between 3-chlorotyrosine and 3-nitrotyrosine. This cross-reactivity between chlorinated and nitrated modification sites might allow broader detection of modified fibrinogen in inflammation. The anti-STSY-(NO2)-GTGC serum was also tested against plasma from healthy control volunteers and type 2 diabetic patients, but showed limited binding and ability to discriminate the disease state. In conclusion, it has been shown that antibodies can be produced to differentiate between native and modified proteins; however, further work is required to understand sequence-specificity better and monoclonal antibodies might be better suited to achieving sequence-specificity.


BRCA mutation carriers are at high risk of developing ovarian cancer. Ovarian malignancies are usually identified at an advanced stage with poor prognosis, attributed to inadequate options of early detection. Because of its risk-reducing effect of nearly 96%, prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy is still the leading option for risk-reduction in women with a positive BRCA mutation status. The presence of ovarian cancer precursor lesions, such as epithelial inclusion cysts (EICs) or cortical invaginations (CIs), has previously been discussed in several studies with diverse conclusions. We retrospectively investigated a large and consistent population (n=94) of BRCA mutation carriers for the presence of potential preneoplastic and neoplastic changes. We also examined the role of specific lifestyle factors. Ninety-four women with disease-associated germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations were included in this retrospective study. All women had undergone genetic counseling and prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy, which was performed at a mean age of 43.33 years (range 27–66). Histological slides of both ovaries were reviewed by an independent pathologist. Data concerning lifestyle factors were collected from medical files and questionnaires. Two malignant lesions (2.1%), one bilateral serous papillary adenocarcinoma of the epithelial surface and one adenocarcinoma of the peritoneum with involvement of the left adnexa, and one lesion (1.1%) with obvious malignant potential, one mucinous borderline tumor of the right ovary, have been identified. We registered a high prevalence of CIs (30; 31.9%) and EICs (44; 46.8%) in prophylactically removed ovaries of BRCA mutation carriers. A significant correlation (P=0.002) was found with regard to the presence of EICs in women with increased BMI. Concerning the regular consumption of alcohol as a risk factor for premalignant lesions, in particular CIs, a statistically insignificant trend (P=0.083) was noted. Overweight women seem to be at risk of developing more cortical invaginations than women of normal weight. To improve the final outcome of the disease, women at increased risk of ovarian cancer should be appropriately informed of potential increased risk factors.


I argue that the estimation technique - widely used in the poverty mapping literature - introduced by Elbers, Lanjouw and Lanjouw, is highly sensitive to specification, severely biased in finite samples, and almost certain to fail to estimate the poverty headcount consistently. First, I show that the specification of the first-stage model of household expenditure strongly influences the estimated headcount; the range of obtainable estimates is on the order of 20% for many districts, and is as high as 48% for some areas. Further, some specifications imply province-level headcounts which diverge from the direct estimates by many as six standard deviations. Secondly, I construct bootstrap confidence intervals for the difference between the estimates under alternative specifications, which shows that (at a 2% level of significance) finite sample-bias is present in more than 42% of districts in even the best-performing regions. I calculate approximate lower bounds for the bias; I find it to be on the order of 3% for most areas, but the lower bounds range as high as 19.6% in some provinces. Finally, I argue that consistent estimation of the first stage model is necessary for consistent second-stage imputations and I decompose the difference between the true and estimated headcount into a sampling component and a specification component, the latter of which is asymptotically persistent. Given these results, it appears that the poverty maps estimated by this technique reflect primarily the arbitrary and unexamined methodological choices of their authors rather than robust features of the data.


The author examines the main feature of crime, determined in Article 182 fraud) of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, the way of committing this crime. The article gives some different definitions of the deception, generalizes the variety of it features. We can see that the definition of deception is not permanent, ob the contrary, it changes according to historical perspective together with the life of society and with technological progress. After summarizing various positions about deception, existing in the literature of criminal law of Lithuanian and foreign countries, the author defines deception from a new point of view, which is actual and contemporary. Also the article analyses new types of deception, which are not in line with the old definition, for instance, electronic system deception, third person deception or deception of third parties. The author points out the importance of these new types of deception in understanding the existing definition of deception. The need to change definition is explained. Next the article discusses deception, when the criminal uses false intentions: the author recognizes such way of fraud as positive. The author reviews the problems of abusing trust, as the way of committing the fraud. In spite of some different opinions about this way, the author suggests that abusing trust should not be explained as a substantive way to commit the fraud. Finally, the focus of the article is in finding the dividing line between fraud and tort. The author collected court and pre-trial institution decisions, analysed them and highlighted the mistakes in court decisions as well as positive court practices. The article concludes in proposing key criteria which can help to separate fraud from tort: a) substantial deception; b) aggravating the position of a creditor; c) the criterion of attentive and a careful victim. These criteria could be used in Criminal Law theory and court decisions to strengthen the motives for determining criminal liability.


This article examines changes in the valency marking in the history of English. I start with a discussion of the typological literature on measuring basic valency and point out the problems with such an approach. A sample of 18 Old English verbs provides no basic valency pattern for Old English; this makes Old English different from the other Germanic languages. I then review the evidence, presented in, for instance, Visser (1963), that there is an increase in transitivity in the history of English and argue that this increase is partly due to verbs ceasing to mark Theme-preserving alternations, between anticausative and causative. I also examine Theme-changing alternations, between intransitive and transitive, and argue that, due to the changes in aspect marking, objects become licensed by a light verb, v. I conclude by suggesting a syntactic structure that accounts for the various stages of English and argue that the main changes are due to an increase in morphological intransparency.


In this paper, a method for predicting the evolution of fatigue deterioration of structural components using continuum mechanics numerical simulation is presented. At a first stage, prediction will be limited to the evaluation of the end of the initiation phase of the fatigue process. The method is intended for cases where the loading history demonstrates certain repetitiveness (as it is the case for railway traffic induced loading) and is based on the characterization of the deterioration potential of these loading histories by means of the physical quantity of generated entropy per generalized loading cycle. The basic steps towards the development of this method are also presented. At the end, an example of application on a simple reinforced concrete railway underpass is outlined and the expected benefits of the application of this method are explained.


Victorian England was, in Tennyson's phrase, an awful moment of transition. A society based largely on agriculture, traditional values, and social hierarchies was transformed into one both stimulated and unsettled by unprecedented growth in science, technology, industry, urbanization and population, and profound questioning of politics, morality, and religion. Its writers energetically revealed their responses to the times and the effect that such a rapidly changing world had upon them. This collection of some of the best, wittiest, and most unusual Victorian writing uses careful observations and acute comments to bring to life the variety, the energy, and the often harsh reality of the society that produced and inspired one of England's most famous authors. In addition to Dickens, Pritchard uses selections that cover all aspects of Victorian life, including Henry Mayhew (on the London poor), Elizabeth Gaskell and Engels (on the industrial classes and conditions), William Cobbett and Francis Kilvert (on rural life), Trollope (on Church life), Huxley and Darwin (on science and evolution), and Carlyle, Ruskin, and Matthew Arnold (on art and culture). He also provides excerpts from visiting commentators such as the Americans Ralph Waldo Emerson and Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville. Together with 50 illustrations, these selections combine to express the spirit of what Elizabeth Barrett Browning called this live, throbbing age, that brawls, cheats, maddens, calculates, [and] aspires.


A biofuel that fulfills the petrodiesel engine standard EN 590 was generated from rapeseed oil methyl ester and (bio)ethylene. Rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) and (bio)ethylene are converted into biofuel with an evenly rising boiling point curve, which fulfills the strict boiling specifications prescribed by the fuel standard EN 590 for modern (petro)diesel engines. Catalyzed by a Pd/Ru system, RME undergoes isomerizing metathesis in a stream of ethylene gas, leading to a defined olefin, monoester, and diester blend. This innovative refining concept requires negligible energy input (60°C) and no solvents and does not produce waste. It demonstrates that the pressing challenge of increasing the fraction of renewables in engine fuel may be addressed purely chemically rather than by motor engineering.


From her experience as an instructor, the author finds that it is valuable to engage graduate students in conducting a study within their qualitative methods course. In this article, the author discusses how she used a collaborative autobiographical research approach. Class members generate autobiographical writing to be shared with the group, and then the group collaboratively analyzes and interprets the set of autobiographical materials. The author goes on to describe two examples of collaborative autobiographical projects grounded, respectively, in memory-work and narrative inquiry frameworks. The complexity of autobiographical writing and the value of collaboration are discussed, along with ethical issues relating to role blurring, coresearcher relationships, anonymity, Research Ethics Board timelines, and cycles of consent.


The aim of this paper is to sharpen the ways in which power dynamics can be analytically 'seen' in complex governance contexts where particular ways of governing, and their associated horizons of thought, shape and are in turn shaped by intricate interactions between actors. A theoretical approach is proposed, combining a governmentality perspective with Stewart Clegg's theory of circuits of power. The framework is applied in a case study of experimentation by the World Bank with a new tool for Environmental Policy Integration (EPI). Rather than conceptualising the EPI tool as a governmental technology through which the World Bank could promote its favoured vision of political culture in a local setting (here urban planning in Dhaka, Bangladesh), an alternative account is generated that reveals a will to power among the international development community, realised through the construction of knowledge. This alternative approach suggests that the primary motivation for the will to power is not, as a neo-colonial perspective might suggest, power over developing countries, but relational power at the international scale. It is concluded that the narrative generated through our hybrid analytical perspective demonstrates the usefulness of multi-theoretic approaches and offers a useful extension to the analytical purchase of governmentality.


We have discussed the effect of black body radiation on self-gravitational instability of infinite homogeneous, optically thick quantum plasma carrying a uniform magnetic field. With the help of relevant linearized perturbation quantum magneto-hydrodynamic equations of the problem, using normal mode technique, a general dispersion relation is obtained with black body radiation, quantum correction and magnetic field. Discussed when propagation vectors are longitudinal and transverse to the magnetic field, separately. The new Jeans condition of instability due to quantum correction, magnetic field and black body radiation is discussed. We find that in transverse mode of propagation the condition of Jeans instability of gaseous plasma is modified by quantum correction, magnetic field and black body radiation. In the case of longitudinal mode, it is unaffected by a magnetic field, as this mode provides the Alfven mode separately with the gravitational mode. From the curves we found that the effects of quantum correction, black body radiation and magnetic field have a stabilizing influence.


Cross-cultural studies of personality have shown cultural similarities and differences in the manifestation of personality traits. In interpreting cultural differences in personality traits, we should consider not only the experiences of people in different cultures, but also the measures adopted and the cultural orientations of researchers themselves. In this chapter, we discuss the considerations in adapting an instrument from one culture to another culture. We illustrate the alternative approach of developing an indigenous personality measure in the Chinese culture. Creative Commons License Creative Commons AttributionNoncommercialNo Derivative Works 3.0 License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This article is available in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture: https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol4/iss4/5


Occupational exposure of the skin to toxic chemicals is a recognized health problem. The magnitude of the problem is evidenced by the fact that dermatitis is the major occupational disease in the United States. Perhaps more important, the occurrence of a dermatitis of unknown etiology may be indicative of a more serious and insidious systemic exposure. Very little research has been published on the significance of dermal exposures as they relate to the incidence of occupational disease from toxic chemicals. This is evidenced by the lack of any published standards or recommendations for "safe" levels of skin exposure to most toxic chemicals. The majority of workers having a potential for skin contact with hazardous materials are protected by utilizing some form of chemically resistant clothing or gloves. These applications range from simple latex gloves to totally encapsulating suits. However, the selection, use, and maintenance of these protective garments have largely been determined empirically. More important, the commonly accepted belief that most rubber garments are "impermeable" has been recently dispelled through the development and use of standard resistance tests by ASTM and others. It is now known that most chemical protective clothing has some level of permeation to toxic chemicals. Additionally, a steady-state rate of release, with the garment base material acting as a toxic reservoir, is possible. The author has termed this phenomenon "matrix release." The question therefore arises, "What is an acceptable level of dermal exposure?" Obviously, many variables will distinguish the level of risk to the worker. These include the toxicity of the chemical or chemicals, permeability through the skin, location of the exposure site, rate and extent of contact, synergistic or additive effects of other routes of exposure, and other factors. Confounding the evaluation of an acceptable level of skin exposure to toxic chemicals are the pragmatic questions of the effects of reuse, situations requiring entry into atmospheres in which no dermal contact is acceptable, and the potential effects of garment failure. Pragmatically, the previously discussed assessment criteria must be scrutinized within cost/benefit constraints. These constraints, plainly expressed, could be the choice between using a $2 glove that leaks a little or a $12 glove that leaks a little less. This paper suggests a need for 1) a series of recommended dermal exposure levels within the framework of atmospheric exposure limits and 2) a field-validated method to measure exposure quantitatively inside the protective garment or glove.


The triceps surae primarily acts as plantarflexor of the ankle joint. However, the group also causes inversion and eversion at the subtalar joint. Despite this, the Achilles tendon moment arm is generally measured without considering the potential influence of inversion/eversion of the foot during plantarflexion. This study investigated the effect of foot inversion and eversion on the plantarflexion Achilles tendon moment arm. Achilles tendon moment arms were determined using the centre-of-rotation method in magnetic resonance images of the left ankle of 11 participants. The foot was positioned at 15° dorsiflexion, 0° or 15° plantarflexion using a Styrofoam wedge. In each of these positions, the foot was either 10° inverted, neutral or 10° everted using an additional Styrofoam wedge. Achilles tendon moment arm in neutral foot position was 47.93 ± 4.54 mm and did not differ significantly when the foot was positioned in 10° inversion and 10° eversion. Hence, inversion/eversion position of the foot may not considerably affect the length of the Achilles tendon moment arm. This information could be useful in musculoskeletal models of the human lower leg and foot and when estimating Achilles tendon forces during plantarflexion with the foot positioned in inversion or eversion.


Background The tennis serve is the most common stroke in tennis and is the single stroke most associated with musculoskeletal injury in tennis. Previous investigations have utilised marker-based systems which are prone to error and also have not evaluated all three types of serves. Objective Utilise a novel markerless video system to determine whether the kick and slice serves produced greater forces/torques about the torso and upper extremity versus the flat serve. Design Single recording session. Setting Outdoor regulation tennis court. Participants Seven NCAA Division I male tennis players. Interventions Three successful flat, kick, and slice serves. Main outcome measurements Back extension angle; total forces at back, shoulder, elbow, and wrist. Results Maximum back extension angle was significantly higher for the kick serve versus the slice (40.5 vs 37.3°; p=0.01) while there was a trend towards significance in the kick compared to the flat serve (40.5 vs 38.6°; p=0.096). Maximum external rotation of the shoulder was not significantly different between flat, kick, and slice serves (89.8 vs 90.1 vs 91.5°; p>0.67). The kick serve showed greater total back force (2974 vs 2138 vs 2568 N; p<0.05) and posterior shoulder force (1370 vs 809 vs 741 N, p<0.05) versus the flat and slice. The slice serve demonstrated lower torques at the elbow (71.1 vs 87.0 vs 89.3 N-m; p<0.05) and wrist (20.9 vs 33.5 vs 27.9 N-m; p<0.05) compared to the flat and kick serves. Conclusion The kick serve places higher stresses on the back and shoulder while the slice is the least injurious to the elbow and wrist. This data may help provide guidelines for injury prevention, rehabilitation, and possibly for return to play after injury or surgery.


The article describes a model of interaction dynamics between a dislocation and dipolar dislocation loops. The interaction is essential for dipolar dislocation structure formation in early stages of a hardening process. For the description of the dislocation curve a direct parametric approach is employed whereas the loops are treated as rigid objects. The model equations are solved approximately by means of the finite-volume method. Physically interesting phenomena can be captured by the model provided the simulation covers long time periods. The strong interaction between the dislocation and the loops causes growing nonuniformity of distribution of discrete nodes along the dislocation curve. This effect is balanced by two proposed types of tangential redistribution of the discrete nodes. The redistribution is tested in simulations of loop clustering.


This article aims to explore the relationship between economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions of five Central Asian countries between 1998 and 2017. We found that per capita energy consumption has a positive relationship with per capita GDP, while per capita CO2 emissions negatively affect per capita GDP in Central Asia. Further, per capita GDP has a negative impact on per capita energy consumption in the region. Results reflect that the economic growth of Central Asian countries still heavily depends upon energy consumption. However, CO2 emissions in this region should be reduced because it has been defined as a determinant leading to a decrease in economic growth. In the short run, we also found that there is a directional relationship running from per capita GDP to per capita energy consumption and per capita CO2 emissions; and from per capita energy consumption to per capita GDP. Results show that there is a co-integration among variables in the long run. Finally, policies are recommended to enhance economic growth and achieve sustainable development in Central Asia.


Possible ion pair formation in highly concentrated aqueous potassium halide solutions (fluoride, chloride, and bromide) has been investigated using Auger electron spectroscopy. The potassium Auger spectra exhibit features at high kinetic energy which are related to final states with vacancies on the potassium ion and a neighbouring water molecule. The potassium ion could possibly associate with a halide ion as well, giving rise to additional final states with a vacancy on the halide instead of a water molecule which should give rise to separable spectral features. The necessity of close proximity of the ions for such decays to occur would be strong evidence that contact ions pairs are present in the solution, but no features related to final states involving the anion were observed.


Trans-border railroad in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to the early 20th century in Saudi Arabia. Over the recent decades due to increasing population and developing industrial zones, the demands are growing up over time. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is now embarking on one of the largest modern cross-border rail networks in the world. This is an ambitious step regarding the planning and establishment of the rail network connecting all the six GCC countries. This railway network will go through at least one city in each country to link the cities of Kuwait in Kuwait, Dammam in Saudi Arabia, Manama in Bahrain, Doha in Qatar, the cities of Abu Dhabi and Al Ain in the United Arab Emirates and Sohar and then Muscat in Oman in terms of cargo and passengers. The area of investigation covers different aspects of the shared Arabian countries rail routes called 'GCC line' and their national rail network. The aim of this article is to study the existing future plans and policies of the GCC countries shared line and domestic railway network. This article studies the national urban (light rail transportation (LRT), metro (subways) and intercity rail transportation to appraise the potential of passenger movement and commodity transportation at present and in the future. The tabular informative technical aspects of operation, such as traffic load yearly, speed, cost of the project, tracks length and track types, are supplied. Result of the analysis gives an overview of the Gulf Arabian countries railway plan and project properties to generate opportunities for international companies and researchers. It shows that there is a big boom and development for the upcoming railway transportation in the GCC countries. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Operation, planning and policy, Railway network, Railway track, urban and intercity transportation.


GPS data from Challenging Mini-satellite Payload (CHAMP) is used for its orbit determination for the epoch day of January 1st 2002. The orbit of CHAMP is computed from the GPS data and ionospheric effects are removed by frequency combination. Further, the orbits of CHAMP for the same epoch day are computed using the satellite tool kit (STK) employing simplified general perturbations (SGP4) and a high precision orbit propagator (HPOP).Furthermore, orbits computed using GPS data are also compared with jet propulsion laboratory's published CHAMP spacecraft orbit and we have found that root mean square difference in ECEF position X component is below 0.01km other than some spikes at poles. The standard deviation of the difference in ECEF position X coordinate (JPL results – GPS computed results) is 11.7m. Since JPL computed orbits are considered as true orbits of CHAMP with accuracy of centimeter level (https://gipsy-oasis.jpl.nasa.gov/). Therefore this difference can also be referred as observed error in GPS computed orbits. Considering above discussion, we can expect that accuracy of our computed satellite positions (using GPS data) is about 12 metres for other than poles area. However there are some occasional spikes, especially at poles, having maximum errors (about 0.055 km).


Founded in 1879 by John L. Hinners, the Hinners Organ Company developed a number of stock models of small mechanical-action instruments that were advertised throughout the Midwest. Operating without outside salesmen, the company was one of the first to conduct all of its affairs by mail, including the financial arrangements, selection of the basic design, and custom alterations where required. Buyers first met a company representative when he arrived by train to set up the crated instrument that had been shipped ahead of him. Tracker organs with hand-operated bellows were easily repaired by local craftsmen, and were suited to an area that, for the most part, lacked electricity. In all, the company constructed nearly three thousand pipe organs during its sixty years of operation. Rapid decline of the firm began in the decade prior to 1936 during which the company sold fewer than one hundred instruments, and closed in that year when John's son Arthur found himself without sufficient financial resources to weather the lengthy depression. The studies of the original-condition Hinners organs in the Dakotas include extensive photographs and measurements, and provide an excellent cross section of the smaller instruments produced by the company. They are loud, excellently crafted, functionally attractive, tonally typical of the early twentieth-century American Romantic organ, and utilize designs and materials typical of this era. Only recently has it been acknowledged that these Hinners organs represent a "meat and potatoes" class of instrument, as it were, an honest meal without the pretense of delicate appetizers, vintage wine, and gourmet dessert. In this way the company offered churches a serviceable and respectable musical alternative to grandeur, and was able to fulfill the needs and meet the budget of a small congregation without the expense of a custom instrument.


Spherical arrays facilitate processing and analysis of sound fields with the potential for high resolution in three dimensions in the spherical harmonic domain. Using the captured sound field, robust source localisation systems are required for speech acquisition, speaker tracking and environment mapping. Source localisation becomes a challenging problem in reverberant environments and under noisy conditions, leading to potentially poor performance in cocktail party scenarios. This paper evaluates the performance of a low-complexity localisation approach using spherical harmonics in reverberant environments for multiple speakers. Eigen-beams are used to estimate pseudo-intensity vectors pointing in the direction of sound intensity. This paper proposes a clustering approach in which the intensity vectors of active sound sources and strong reflections are extracted, yielding an estimate of the source direction in azimuth and inclination as an approach to source localisation.


Background Local control has historically been a prominent principle in education policy-making and governance. Culminating with the passage of No Child Left Behind (NCLB), however, the politics of education have been nationalized to an unprecedented degree, and local control has all but disappeared as a principle framing education policymaking. During the same period, policies imposed upon locales by state and federal governments have shifted from an emphasis on equity to accountability. Purpose This paper examines what the eclipse of local control through NCLB and related policies means for democracy. Research Design Drawing upon contemporary normative democratic theory, we distinguish two dimensions of democracy that are at issue—democratic policymaking and democratic education—and conclude that the effect of NCLB has been to frustrate democracy along both of these dimensions. Findings In terms of democratic policymaking, we argue that NCLB oversteps the boundaries that may be legitimately imposed upon local participation in policymaking on the basis of democratic principles. In terms of democratic education, we show how NCLB undermines both the content and the context of schooling likely to inculcate the skills, knowledge, and dispositions required for meaningful participation in democratic politics. Conclusions Based upon this analysis, we offer a set of guidelines to aid in the assessment of future federal education policy vis a vis democracy. First, reform efforts should embrace a participatory model for engaging local communities. Second, curriculum standards adopted by states and locales should include a conscious and substantive focus on developing the deliberative skill and dispositions required of democratic citizenship. Third, efforts must be made to keep individuals and organizations that receive public funds accountable to the public through democratic procedures. Fourth, reform efforts must seek ways to more adequately and equitably finance schools. Fifth, the goal of better integrating schools across important categories of social difference should be revitalized in order to help ensure access to equal educational opportunities and the diverse context of learning that all students need for the inculcation of democratic character.


To optimize phototherapy and photodetection of cancer, one of the important variables is the localization of the dye after injection. To study this in a clinical context, we have constructed an apparatus based on a non-invasive optical fiber that detects the dye by light induced fluorescence. The time course of the fluorescence signal can be used directly for optimizing photodetection. However, complementary information on the detailed localization of the drug by fluorescence microscopy, and a correlation of this data with tumor necrosis efficacy, are necessary to optimize PDT timing. This will be demonstrated for the case of Photofrin II and tetra (meta- hydroxyphenyl) chlorin (mTHPC) and the two sets of data will be compared.


This paper describes a new tool for preprocessed visibility. It puts together view space and object space partitioning in order to control the render cost and memory cost of the visibility description generated by a visibility solver. The presented method progressively refines view space and object space subdivisions while minimizing the associated render and memory costs. Contrary to previous techniques, both subdivisions are driven by actual visibility information. We show that treating view space and object space together provides a powerful method for controlling the efficiency of the resulting visibility data structures.


Mobile phones have become the most hated device that people cannot live without. For its primary usage as a communication device, it has surpassed any other medium. But it comes with a high price, interruption, anywhere anytime. These unwanted interruptions cause loss of productivity and also mostly not beneficial to the immediate task at hand, and moving them few minutes into the future can increase productivity. Considering receiver's unavailability, it is possible to manage cell phone disruptions using advanced features like sensing capability, ubiquitous computing and context aware systems. This paper proposes the architecture of a system named Mobile Intelligent Interruptions Management (MIIM), created for the automated administration of personal unavailability with regard to cell phones. We provide the problem description of interruption and its impact. Next, we state the desirable characteristics and architecture of the MIIM system. We also provide a case study implementation of MIIM system on the Android platform. Simulation and evaluation results show that its computational volumes are low enough for a mobile device. The analysis of the system also successfully satisfies all the characteristics requirements.


A general-relativistic model is formulated for hypothetical ultra-compact astrophysical objects composed of fluid infused with charges carrying a generalized massless Maxwell-Proca field. The chosen interior metric has the algebraic property that ; the fluid consequently possesses a negative pressure which halts gravitational collapse and establishes hydrostatic equilibrium. For an object containing a global distribution of non-interacting Maxwell-Proca charges, it is shown that physical considerations define the relationship between the charge density and the metric function uniquely, corroborating an earlier finding (for an electrostatic distribution of charge) that the interior field must increase with radial distance and the exterior field necessarily follows an inverse-square law. For the case of a charged fluid envelope surrounding a core of uncharged fluid, numerous solutions are possible. Assuming the interior field to vary as rn and requiring its strength to increase with radial distance while the charge density decreases, the range of values for n is found to be 0 n ≤ 1 (where n is not necessarily an integer) with n = 1 denoting the special case of a continuous distribution of charge. For both continuous and stratified charge distributions, the exterior field is found to decrease as 1/r2 regardless of the interior field's dependence on r.


Australia began a comprehensive process of federal civil service reform in the 1970s, culminating in the introduction of a set of ambitious administrative reforms in the 1980s. Faced with the challenges of reform implementation, the traditional approach to public management development in the Australian Public Service (APS) was found wanting. By the end of the 1980s it was broadly accepted within the APS that the correct management development path to follow involved the articulation of management competences. The next challenge was to determine how best to inculcate these desired competences. Public management education emerged as one strategy. By placing emphasis on civil servants' management competences, however, public management education compounds the risk that civil servants may become less able, even less willing, to understand and address the complexities of the regulatory and accountability regimes, and the ethical challenges created by the juxtaposition of administrative power with ambiguity, complexity and indeterminacy. All of these affect, if not govern, the way they must manage.


In an adversarial system such as ours, the administration of justice relies heavily on the acumen and knowledge of legal representatives. This insight is dependent on many factors including an understanding of the different forms of evidential material, which may include scientific evidence, involved in the case. Although the use of expert witnesses compensates for the lack of forensic knowledge on the part of practitioners,there is no doubt that practitioners still need to be knowledgeable about science for various reasons. A practitioner can only fully engage with forensic evidence presented by experts if he or she has an understanding of how to engage with such evidence. It is only then that a practitioner would be able to apply the test for reliability, credibility and even admissibility, in some cases.


Abstract. WIRA is a ground-based microwave Doppler spectroradiometer specifically designed for the measurement of profiles of horizontal wind in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere region where no other continuously running measurement technique exists. A proof of principle has been delivered in a previous publication. A technical upgrade including a new high-frequency amplifier and sideband filter has improved the signal to noise ratio by a factor of 2.4. Since this upgrade the full horizontal wind field comprising zonal and meridional wind profiles is continuously measured. A completely new retrieval based on optimal estimation has been set up. Its characteristics are detailed in the present paper. Since the start of the routine operation of the first prototype in September 2010, WIRA has been measuring at four different locations at polar, mid- and tropical latitudes (67°22' N/26°38' E, 46°57' N/7°26' E, 43°56' N/5°43' E and 21°04' S/55°23' E) for time periods between 5.5 and 11 months. The data presented in this paper are daily average wind profiles with typical uncertainties and resolutions of 10 to 20 m s−1 and 10 to 16 km, respectively. A comparison between the data series from WIRA and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model data revealed agreement within 10% in the stratospheric zonal wind. The meridional wind profiles agree within their error bars over the entire sensitive altitude range of WIRA. However, significant differences in the mesospheric zonal wind speed of up to 50% have been found.


Background: Retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) permits quantification of retinal layer atrophy relevant to assessment of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). Measurement artefacts may limit the use of OCT to MS research. Objective: An expert task force convened with the aim to provide guidance on the use of validated quality control (QC) criteria for the use of OCT in MS research and clinical trials. Methods: A prospective multi-centre (n = 13) study. Peripapillary ring scan QC rating of an OCT training set (n = 50) was followed by a test set (n = 50). Inter-rater agreement was calculated using kappa statistics. Results were discussed at a round table after the assessment had taken place. Results: The inter-rater QC agreement was substantial (kappa = 0.7). Disagreement was found highest for judging signal strength (kappa = 0.40). Future steps to resolve these issues were discussed. Conclusion: Substantial agreement for QC assessment was achieved with aid of the OSCAR-IB criteria. The task force has developed a website for free online training and QC certification. The criteria may prove useful for future research and trials in MS using OCT as a secondary outcome measure in a multi-centre setting.


Homophily and stochastic equivalence are two primary features of interest in social networks. Recently, the multiplicative latent factor model (MLFM) is proposed to model social networks with directed links. Although MLFM can capture stochastic equivalence, it cannot model well homophily in networks. However, many real-world networks exhibit homophily or both homophily and stochastic equivalence, and hence the network structure of these networks cannot be modeled well by MLFM. In this paper, we propose a novel model, called generalized latent factor model (GLFM), for social network analysis by enhancing homophily modeling in MLFM. We devise a minorization-maximization (MM) algorithm with linear-time complexity and convergence guarantee to learn the model parameters. Extensive experiments on some real-world networks show that GLFM can effectively model homophily to dramatically outperform state-of-the-art methods.


High-dimensional time series data need dimension-reduction strategies to improve the efficiency of computation and indexing. In this paper, we present a dimension-reduction framework for time series. Generally, recent data are much more interesting and significant for predicting future data than old ones. Our basic idea is to reduce to data dimensionality by keeping more detail on recent-pattern data and less detail on older data. We distinguish our work from other recent-biased dimension-reduction techniques by emphasizing on recent-pattern data and not just recent data. We experimentally evaluate our approach with synthetic data as well as real data. Experimental results show that our approach is accurate and effective as it outperforms other well-known techniques.


Database Management Systems (DBMS) need to handle large updatable datasets in on-line transaction processing (OLTP) workloads. Most modern DBMS provide snapshots of data in multi-version concurrency control (MVCC) transaction management scheme. Each transaction operates on a snapshot of the database, which is calculated from a set of tuple versions. High parallelism and resource-efficient append-only data placement on secondary storage is enabled. One major issue in indexing tuple versions on modern hardware technologies is the high write amplification for tree-indexes. Partitioned B-Trees (PBT) [5] is based on the structure of the ubiquitous B+-Tree [8]. They achieve a near optimal write amplification and beneficial sequential writes on secondary storage. Yet they have not been implemented in a MVCC enabled DBMS to date. In this paper we present the implementation of PBTs in PostgreSQL extended with SIAS. Compared to PostgreSQL's B+-Trees PBTs have 50% better transaction throughput under TPC-C and a 30% improvement to standard PostgreSQL with Heap-Only Tuples.


This paper describes and alternative to the rental equivalence and the user cost approaches for imputing consumer expenditures on owner-occupied housing services. The alternative uses the estimated value of the dwelling relative to the median value of similar homes as an adjustment to the rental equivalence method.


Background Lung cancer survival in the UK lags behind other developed nations, and excess early deaths following diagnosis suggest advanced disease at presentation. Patients diagnosed with lung cancer following emergency presentation to hospital have poorer survival than those patients referred to outpatient clinic (1 year survival 9% vs 39% respectively). Leeds has an excess of lung cancer deaths per year compared with the rest of UK, and Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust (LTHT) sees the highest number of lung cancer cases nationwide. Methods NHS Leeds and LTHT undertook a 12 month campaign to encourage earlier diagnosis of lung cancer comprising four key elements: a marketing communications campaign, a community education programme, a primary care educational programme, and a self request chest X-ray service. Outcome measures for the intervention year (2011) were compared to historical controls (2008–2010). Results The number of community-ordered CXRs increased from 18,909 per annum (2008–2010) to 29,278 in 2011 (55% increase, p<0.0001). The 2011 figure includes 2,515 patients who self-referred for CXR. Overall diagnoses of lung cancers rose by 8% in 2011 compared to 2008–2010 (mean±SD 44.9±8.6 vs 41.6±6.4 respectively, p=0.15). There was no significant change in stage of lung cancer or patient performance status at presentation (although the study was not powered to demonstrate this). The proportion of patients diagnosed with lung cancer following emergency presentation reduced from 32.9% (2008–2010) to 27.8% (2011, p=0.035). There was an increase in the proportion of lung cancer patients first seen in the fast-track lung cancer clinic following GP referral or CXR recall (39.3% in 2008–2010 compared to 46.6% in 2011, p=0.02). 180 day mortality (assessed in July 2012) was 44.7% for 2008–2010 and 40.4% in 2011 (p=0.10) and survival curves are shown below. Further mortality data will be available in late 2012. Conclusion Improvements in survival and a reduction in emergency admissions are likely to reflect increase referral of symptomatic patients for CXR. Further analysis of Cancer Registry survival data will allow comparison with other UK centres over the same time period. No stage or performance status shift was seen. Abstract S91 Graph 1


Seismic piezocone device (SCPTu) together with Resonant Column and Cyclic Triaxial test apparatus are employed to measure small strain shear modulus (G0) of carbonate sandy and clayey soils of southern coasts of Iran. A large area of southern regions of Iran is formed from clay, silt and sand. In this study, maximum shear modulus that is derived from both field (by seismic piezocone) and laboratory (by Resonant Column and Cyclic Triaxial) tests on soil samples from the southern region, indicated a meaningful effect of sample disturbance. Results show that in laboratory tests, loose samples tend to become denser and therefore exhibit greater stiffness whereas dense samples tend to become looser, showing a reduction in stiffness. According to the results of the present study, there are narrow limits of soils shear moduli for which the laboratory tests and the field measurements yield approximately the same amounts. This limit of shear moduli is about 30-50(MPa) for clay deposits and 70-100 (MPa) for sandy deposits. Since the shear moduli of soils in small strains can also be computed from the shear wave velocity, also correlations based on parameters derived from SCPTu test for shear wave velocity determination of sandy and clayey soils of the studied area are presented. This study shows that shear wave velocity can be related to both corrected tip resistance and total normal stress. The measurements of the damping ratio and shear module, because of a great disturbance of stiff deposits during the sampling process and also due to considerable differences between the laboratory and field results, by the laboratory approaches are not reliable and advised.


The application of sewage sludge to agricultural soils is practiced to minimize landfill disposal. Organic matter amendments to soil are generally thought to improve soil quality, but pesticide application to these soils may lead to groundwater contamination problems. The complexation of pesticides with a water-soluble carrier such as dissolved organic matter (DOM) may facilitate chemical movement through soil. Sewage sludge amendments may lead to greater downward movement of organic chemicals if associated with DOM. Napropamide [2-α-napthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide] was applied to a silt loam soil with (SS) and without (NoSS) sewage sludge application. Laboratory batch equilibrium and soil column studies were performed to determine the potential for herbicide complexation with DOM. Over 98% of the herbicide in soil columns followed typical adsorption and transport behavior as the center of mass of the lower organic matter soil (NoSS) moved twice the depth as that of SS. However, napropamide was detected in the initial leachate eluted from repacked soil columns with steps taken to prevent preferential flow. Napropamide concentrations in the initial leachate of SS were twice that from NoSS with <1.5% of the total applied chemical mass cluting from the bottom of each column. A strong positive relationship was found between napropamide concentration and DOM content in soil leachates. Equilibrium dialysis methods were used to determine that napropamide moving through the soil columns was complexed with DOM. The results show that DOM can facilitate herbicide movement through soil and that sewage sludge-derived DOM may lead to enhanced chemical transport in sludge-amended soils.


Although successful nuclear transfer (NT) has been reported in the rat 6 years ago, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in the rat could not be repeated. Our experiments with rat SCNT reveal the difficulties related to rat cloning. We first focussed on the most appropriate rat strain that could be used as an oocyte donor. Then we describe how rat oocytes can be kept in a nonactivated state during in vitro culture, because the latter undergo spontaneous partial activation through rapid extrusion of the second polar body after isolation from the oviduct. In the SCNT experiments performed with the one-step manipulation technique it was possible to produce rat embryos, which developed in vivo up to the blastocyst stage. In addition, we identified the implantation sites of SCNT rat embryos reconstructed with Sprague-Dawley (SD) oocytes. Furthermore, different rat strains were used as oocyte donors and their oocytes were cultured under different conditions to establish a stable nonactivating oocyte culture system. The ratio of activated to nonactivated oocytes was measured by spindle-stability and maturation promoting factor (MPF) activity. These measurements indicated that a substrain of the SD rat strain, the so-called OFA-SD strain, is the one providing the most stable oocytes, when their oocytes are cultured in the presence of the proteasome inhibitor MG132. However, it was not possible to obtain any implantation sites with reconstructed oocytes derived from the OFA-SD strain transferred to foster mothers. This goal was not achieved, even when the trichostatin A (TSA) treatment was used, which is known to enhance the cloning efficiency of reconstructed mouse, porcine, bovine, and rabbit oocytes both in vitro and in vivo by enhancing the reprogramming efficiency of the recipient nucleus.


This publication presents the results of a pre-feasibility study to introduce a green hydrogen (GH2) market in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T). The study analyzed the potential supply and competitiveness of producing GH2 in T&T and the actions needed to build a foundation for producing green ammonia and methanol. The study updated previous estimates of renewable energy generation potential in the country. The study also highlighted Trinidad and Tobago's comparative advantage to produce GH2, with its ability to capitalize on existing infrastructure, its know-how and capabilities, and its long-standing trade relations. Lastly, the study identifies demonstration projects and created a roadmap for developing a low carbon hydrogen economy in Trinidad and Tobago.


Online social media is a powerful platform for dissemination of information during important realworld events. Beyond the challenges of volume, variety and velocity of content generated on online social media, veracity poses a much greater challenge for effective utilization of this content by citizens, organizations, and authorities. Veracity of information refers to the trustworthiness / credibility / accuracy / completeness of the content. Over last few years social media has also been used to disseminate misinformation in the form of rumors, hoaxes, fake images, and videos. We aim to address this challenge of veracity or trustworthiness of content posted on social media. The spread of such untrustworthy content online has caused the loss of money, infrastructure and threat to human lives in the offline world. We focus our work on Twitter, which is one of the most popular microblogging web service today. We provide an in-depth analysis of misinformation spread on Twitter during real-world events. We propose and evaluate automated techniques to mitigate misinformation spread in real-time. The main contributions of this work are: (i) we analyzed how true versus false content is propagated through the Twitter network, with the purpose of assessing the reliability of Twitter as an information source during real-world events; (ii) we showed the effectiveness of automated techniques to detect misinformation on Twitter using a combination of content, meta-data, network, user profile and temporal features; (iii) we developed and deployed a novel framework for providing indication of trustworthiness / credibility of tweets posted during events. We evaluated the effectiveness of this real-time system with a live deployment used by real Twitter users. First, we analyzed Twitter data for 25+ global events from 2011-2014 for the spread of fake images, rumors, and untrustworthy content. Some of the prominent events analyzed by us are: Mumbai blasts (2011), England Riots (2011), Hurricane Sandy (2012), Boston Marathon Blasts (2013), Polar Vortex (2014). We identified tens of thousands of tweets containing fake images, rumors, fake websites, and by malicious user profiles for these events. We performed an in-depth characterization study of how this false versus the true data is introduced and disseminated in the Twitter network. Second, we showed how features of meta-data, network, event and temporat from user-generated content can be used effectively to detect misinformation and predict its propagation during realworld events. Third, we proposed and evaluated an automated methodology for assessing credibility of information in tweets using supervised machine learning and relevance feedback approach. We developed and deployed a real-time version in TweetCred, a system that assigns a credibility score to tweets. TweetCred, available as a browser plug-in, has been installed and used by 1,808 real Twitter users. During ten months of its deployment, the credibility score for about 12 million tweets was computed, allowing us to evaluate TweetCred in terms of accuracy, performance, effectiveness and usability. The system TweetCred built as part of this thesis work is used effectively by emergency responders, firefighters, journalists and general users to obtain credible content from Twitter. This thesis work has shown that measuring credibility of the Twitter content is possible using semi-automated techniques, and the results can be valuable to the real-world users. The insights obtained from this research and deployment provide a basis for building more sophisticated technology to tackle similar problems on different social media.


Despite much effort to decrease food intake by altering portion sizes, "super-sized" meals are the preferred choice of many. This research investigated the extent to which individuals can be subtly incentivized to choose smaller portion sizes. Three randomized experiments (2 in the lab and 1 in the field) established that individuals' choice of full-sized food portions is reduced when they are given the opportunity to choose a half-sized version with a modest nonfood incentive. This substitution effect was robust across different nonfood incentives, foods, populations, and time. Experiment 1 established the effect with children, using inexpensive headphones as nonfood incentives. Experiment 2--a longitudinal study across multiple days--generalized this effect with adults, using the mere chance to win either gift cards or frequent flyer miles as nonfood incentives. Experiment 3 demonstrated the effect among actual restaurant customers who had originally planned to eat a full-sized portion, using the mere chance to win small amounts of money. Our investigation broadens the psychology of food portion choice from perceptual and social factors to motivational determinants.


We investigate how the use of slow-light methods can enhance the performance of various types of spectroscopic interferometers under practical conditions. We show that, while in ideal cases the enhancement of the spectral resolution is equal to the magnitude of the group index of the slow-light medium, the ratio between the associated gain or loss and the group index of the slow-light medium actually determines the spectral resolution under more-general conditions. Moreover, the dispersion of this ratio leads to frequency-dependent spectral resolution, which limits the useful working bandwidth of the interferometer. We also evaluate the performance of interferometers using three specific slow-light processes in terms of the achievable spectral resolution and the effective working finesse. We show that the spectral resolution is typically limited by the characteristic linewidth of each slow-light process and that there is no fundamental upper limit for the effective working finesse.


Purpose: To describe a distinctive pattern of induced higher order aberration (HOA) after LASIK for mixed astigmatism Case reports: Wavefront-guided LASIK with iris recognition and eye tracking (Excimer laser: Technolas 217z; APT protocol; Microkeratome: Moria CB) was performed in six eyes with moderate to high mixed astigmatism for a nominal optical zone of 6.3 mm. The patients were re-examined beyond 9 months postoperatively. Results: Postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuities (UDVA) equaled preoperative corrected distance visual acuities (CDVA). The cycloplegic cylinder increased an average of about 2.50 D compared with dry retinoscopy. Significant increases in HOAs were detected with pupils dilated, specially in the amounts of secondary astigmatism (mean change=0.41 μm) and horizontal coma (HC) (mean change=0.29 μm). Large kappa angles were detected in all of the eyes studied (mean= ). Conclusion: The bitoric ablation profile of mixed astigmatism LASIK may induce significant secondary astigmatism which causes a remarkable disparity between dry and wet refraction and manifests as an unusual skiascopic reflex during wet retinoscopy. A large kappa angle may cause tilted ablation and induce HC.


Lamins are evolutionary conserved nuclear intermediate filaments. They are the major component of a protein network, termed the nuclear lamina, which is located underneath the inner nuclear membrane of the nuclear envelope. A small fraction of lamins also localise throughout the nucleoplasm. Lamins are involved in most nuclear functions including mechanical stability, cytoskeletal organisation, genome stability, chromatin organisation, differentiation and tissue-specific functions. During the past two decades, interest in lamins increased due to the discovery of over 450 missense mutations in the human LMNA gene causing more than 15 different heritable diseases. These disorders are collectively known as nuclear envelopathies or laminopathies and range from muscular dystrophies to accelerated ageing disorders, affecting a range of different tissue types. Understanding lamins' structure, dynamics and functions is key in elucidating the elusive molecular mechanisms leading to these disorders.

Key Concepts

The nuclear envelope separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm and is composed of an outer nuclear membrane, an inner nuclear membrane, nuclear pore complexes and nuclear lamina.
Lamins are the main components of the nuclear lamina.
Unique features of lamins include a nuclear localisation signal (NLS), an immunoglobulin fold and a carboxyl tail CaaX (C = cysteine, a = aliphatic amino acid, X = any amino acid) motif.
Lamins are grouped into A- and B-type lamins based on their biochemical properties and behaviour during mitosis.
Each metazoan cell expresses at least one B-type lamin.
Lamins are involved in most nuclear functions.
In mammals, the A- to B-type lamin ratio regulates the differentiation state of cells.
Mutations in lamins can have dramatic effects on their higher order structures.
Lamins interact with a plethora of proteins in the nuclear membrane and nucleoplasm.
Mutations in human lamin genes, and especially the LMNA gene, cause over 15 distinct diseases effecting different tissues.

Keywords:

intermediate filaments;
nuclear lamina;
nuclear envelope;
laminopathies;
lamin dynamics;
lamin assembly;
lamin structure


Background: A veld fire disaster in the Tlokwe Local Municipality on 23 August 2011, resulted in an estimated monetary loss of over R43 million. The veld fire disaster was characterised by a lack of strategic management and a subsequent lack of planned, coordinated communication between all role players involved. The lack of strategic communication management indirectly contributed to the losses suffered during the disaster, and afterwards relationships between many role players were strained. Objectives and method: The objectives for the qualitative research project were to determine the different role players' perception of communication management during the veld fires of 23 August 2011, and in what way relationships between role players were affected by the lack of communication management during the veld fire disaster. Data were gathered by means of semi-structured interviews with the relevant role players. Results and conclusion: Most of the role players were convinced that communication was not managed effectively on 23 August 2011. It resulted in, most especially, a loss of trust and perceived lack of commitment between some of the role players. It is recommended that emergency services and other role players receive more training (also focusing on communication management), participate in simulations and incorporate a communication and relationship management approach to disaster risk management.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, but whether Aβ is responsible for triggering AD is unclear. Excessive Ca2+ signaling, which is very toxic to neurons, is another potential culprit. The γ secretase complex, whose core components are the presenilin (PS) proteins, processes the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to produce Aβ. Cells containing mutant PS proteins associated with familial AD (FAD) exhibit excessive Ca2+ signaling. Because the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) is the channel responsible for Ca2+ egress from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Cheung et al. investigated a role for PS proteins in modulating IP3R activity. Coimmunoprecipitation assays showed the physical association of either wild-type or FAD PS proteins with IP3Rs in mouse brain lysates. Single-channel patch-clamp current recordings showed that basal and IP3-stimulated channel activity in chick DT40 cells overexpressing FAD PS proteins was enhanced compared with that in cells expressing wild-type PS proteins and was more sensitive to lower concentrations of IP3. The increased Ca2+ flux in FAD PS–expressing cells was associated with the IP3R being in an open state for longer durations than was the case in wild-type PS-expressing cells. Similar electrophysiological experiments showed that FAD PS1 enhanced IP3R-mediated Ca2+ signaling in transfected mouse brain cortical neurons. Although overexpression of FAD PS1 increased Aβ production by APP-expressing DT40 cells compared with that observed when wild-type PS1 was overexpressed, this enhancement of APP processing was blocked in DT40 cells deficient in all IP3R isoforms. Together, these data suggest that increased Ca2+ signaling through mutant PS-mediated enhancement of IP3R activity may play a role in the pathogenesis of AD. K.-H. Cheung, D. Shineman, M. Müller, C. Cárdenas, L. Mei, J. Yang, T. Tomita, T. Iwatsubo, V. M.-Y. Lee, J. K. Foskett, Mechanism of Ca2+ disruption in Alzheimer's disease by presenilin regulation of InsP3 receptor channel gating. Neuron 58, 871-883 (2008). [PubMed]


Over the past three decades, passive acoustic telemetry has significantly helped marine scientist to study and understand the spatial ecology, migratory behaviors, and mortality rates of aquatic animals. A popular telemetry system consists of two components: an acoustic transmitter tag attached to an aquatic animal and powered by a small battery, and a stationary station that receives the acoustic signals from the tagged animal and determines its location. The added weight and increased size of the tag introduced by the battery limit the implementation of this system to relatively large animals. Moreover, these tags have a limited operational time determined by the lifetime of the battery in combination with the measurement frequency and data resolution and transfer rate. In this paper, a self-powered magneto-acoustic resonator for animal tracking is proposed. It is achieved by utilizing the low-frequency motions of the animals to excite high-frequency acoustic pulses. The measurement results show that the device is capable of producing an average acoustic sound of 55 dB sound pressure level at 1 m of distance with a resonant frequency of 15 kHz.


This article defends the classical liberal view of human interactions that gives strong protection to associational freedom except in cases that involve the use of force or fraud or the exercise of monopoly power. That conception is at war with the modern antidiscrimination or human rights laws that operate in competitive markets in such vital areas as employment and housing, with respect to matters of race, sex, age, and increasingly, disability. The article further argues that using the "human rights" label to boost the moral case for antidiscrimination laws gets matters exactly backwards, given that any program of forced association on one side of a status relationship (employer, not employee; landlord, not tenant) is inconsistent with any universal norm governing all individuals regardless of role in all associative arrangements. The articled also discusses the tensions that arise under current Supreme Court law, which protects associational freedom arising out of expressive activities (as in cases involving the NAACP or the Boy Scouts), but refuses to extend that protection to other forms of association, such as those involving persons with disabilities. The great vice of all these arrangements is that they cannot guarantee the stability of mandated win/lose relationships. The article further argues that a strong social consensus against discrimination is insufficient reason to coerce dissenters, given that holders of the dominant position can run their operations as they see fit even if others do otherwise. It closes with a short model human rights statute drafted in the classical liberal tradition that avoids the awkward line drawing and balancing that give rise to modern bureaucracies to enforce modern antidiscrimination laws.


Rotational FRFs have not been measured in experimental modal analysis even though the importance of rotational FRFs have been recognized recently. Consequently it is difficult to utilize the FRFs on the basis of vibration testing for the structure modification analysis. The authors have proposed an estimation of the auto FRFs in rotation of structures. In the method a T-shaped rigid block whose inertia properties were known was attached to the measurement point on the structure. The estimation of three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) FRFs (one DOF in rotation and two DOFs in translation) of the beam structure using the T-shaped rigid block was demonstrated. The effect of estimated rotational FRFs against the random noise of measured FRFs were evaluated as a Reliability Factor. In this paper the estimation method of the cross FRFs in rotation and the reliability of the estimated FRFs are presented. A new rigid block whose overview is the cross-shape is designed for measuring 6-DOF FRFs. The 6-DOF FRFs of the beam structure is estimated. The structure modification analysis of 3D-rahmen structure based on experimental data is carried out.


This paper proposes a micro-simulation assessment of the distributional impacts of the French carbon tax. It shows that the policy is regressive, but could be made progressive by redistributing the revenue through a flat-recycling. However, it would still generate large horizontal distributive effects and harm an important share of low-income households. The determinants of the tax incidence are characterized precisely, and alternative targeted transfers are simulated on this basis. The paper shows that given the importance of unobserved heterogeneity in the determinants of energy consumption, horizontal distributive effects are much more difficult to tackle than vertical ones. JEL classification: D12, H23, I32


This article argues that Joon-ho Bong's Snowpiercer (2013) is a transnational film. It identifies how categorizing it as either Korean cinema or American cinema falls short of accounting for its unprecedented mode of production, distribution, and storytelling. This is a case study that compensates for the existing literature on the movie that often omits its significance in Korean cinema, neglects the ongoing discourse on transnational cinema, and dismisses the filmic text as having nothing to do with the idea of the nation. This study situates Snowpiercer in the larger context of Korean cinema by identifying the heritage it belongs to, shows that the filmic text embodies the complex notion of nation in today's world, and argues that cultural signs in the film indicate a transnational imaginary. The results contribute to identifying how national cinema is changing in relation to increasing transnational film productions and theorizing what the transnational may be for a useful framework.


Abstract The pyroclastic carbonatitic rocks from the Catanda volcanic area (Angola) contain annite and phlogopite grains which have been affected to a significant extent by vermiculitization. A mineralogical study of these micas has revealed that the annite was altered to K-vermiculite while vermiculitization of phlogopite generated Ca-vermiculite. Intermediate alteration products such as intergrowths of phlogopite/Ca-vermiculite were also found, but interstratified crystals of phlogopite/ vermiculite, a common intermediate product during vermiculitization processes, are not reported in the Catanda rocks. The two types of vermiculitized micas show 'accordion' textures, related to the expansion of vermiculite. To the authors' knowledge, the present study is the first report of expanded vermiculites described in natural rocks and not generated as a consequence of industrial processing.


This thesis aims to explore how student learning in higher education may be improved. It builds upon research which links perception of assessment tasks to approaches to learning. The thesis therefore investigates how messages about assessment are conveyed by staff and how students' interpret them. In doing so, it embraces a humanistic approach to learning that stresses the interrelation of context, individual orientation and approach to learning.
The thesis documents the findings of qualitative interviews conducted with staff and students at one UK university. As such, it is a study of perceptions about teaching, learning and assessment in the ethnographic tradition. Data analysis is concerned with representing the values and conceptions of learning held by individuals, therefore by unveiling the social world the thesis identifies with interpretive and naturalistic approaches to education research.
Demands made of assessment by staff, student and government result in a tension between the facilitation of learning and the maintenance of standards. It is argued that this tension results in the use of two separate and discreet discourse; of assessment and learning. Therefore, a case is made for the conceptualisation of a discourse of development conditioned by improved communication about assessment and learning.
Based on empirical research the thesis calls for a deconstruction of existing assessment paradigms in favour of a negotiated learning. This would enable students to acquire skills in critical judgement and decision-making necessary for contribution
to a learning society. It is this theoretical rationale for self assessment which distinguishes it from other research and represents an original contribution to the field of education research.


Fifty years ago, the Supreme Court decided Gideon v. Wainwright, the landmark case that constitutionally guaranteed counsel to defendants in criminal prosecutions in the United States. In evaluating the ripple effects of that decision, it is critical to remember that the Court's decision rested on the Sixth Amendment right to counsel for the accused in criminal cases. American law sharply demarcates between the many rights available to criminal defendants and the significantly more limited bundle of protections for civil litigants. As is often true for dichotomies, the differences between civil and criminal proceedings blur at the margins. There are, for example, civil cases where the stakes are extraordinarily high, so high that they arguably approximate the life and liberty interests implicated by a criminal prosecution. For example, a loss of public benefits, or potential eviction from an apartment, can have devastating impacts on the lives of the indigent. The assistance of a lawyer obviously can make all the difference to the ultimate outcome of such high stakes civil proceedings. This Essay studies the right to counsel in a particular category of civil cases – immigration removal cases, which implicate life and liberty interests similar in important respects to those at stake in criminal prosecutions. The existing scholarship analyzing the right of counsel for noncitizens in removal proceedings generally has highlighted the great need for representation, as well as the weighty interests at issue, but has not fully fleshed out the legal arguments for guaranteed representation. Alternatively, some commentators argue for a right to counsel for narrow categories of particularly sympathetic noncitizens facing removal, such as detained immigrants, asylum-seekers, or juveniles. In contrast, this Essay contends that classic Due Process analysis, including the constitutional protections previously extended by the Supreme Court to lawful permanent residents, requires guaranteed counsel for lawful permanent residents, the group of noncitizens most likely to have the strongest legal entitlement to remain in, as well as the likelihood of having the deepest community ties to, the United States. Temporary visitors and undocumented immigrants generally lack such a legal interest and community ties. Recent developments in U.S. immigration law and enforcement, including the dramatic increase in removal proceedings instituted by the U.S. government over the last ten years, limits imposed by Congress on judicial review of agency removal decisions, and the racially disparate impacts of immigration enforcement, make guaranteed representation for lawful permanent residents more necessary now than ever.