We present a purely group-theoretical derivation of the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) on the 2-sphere S-2, based on the construction of general coherent states associated to square integrable group representations. The parameter space X of our CWT is the product of SO(3) for motions and R-*(+) for dilations on S-2, which are embedded into the Lorentz group SO0(3, 1) via the Iwasawa decomposition, so that X similar or equal to SO0(3, 1)/N, where N similar or equal to C. We select an appropriate unitary representation of SO0(3, 1) acting in the space L-2(S-2, d mu) of finite energy signals on S-2. This representation is square integrable over X; thus it yields immediately the wavelets on S-2 and the associated CWT. We find a necessary condition for the admissibility of a wavelet, in the form of a zero mean condition. Finally, the Euclidean limit of this CWT on S-2 is obtained by redoing the construction on a sphere of radius R and performing a group contraction for R --> infinity. Then the parameter space goes into the similitude group of R-2 and one recovers exactly the CWT on the plane, including the usual zero mean necessary condition for admissibility. (C) 1999 Academic Press.


Abstract How has the role of observers in the Arctic Council evolved and why is there increased interest in participation by states and international institutions? This article examines the influence and interest of observers in international institutions. The Arctic Council is an international institution founded in 1996 to promote Arctic environmental protection and sustainable development. Ultimately, observers are weak actors in the Council. Despite this weakness, actors seek to become observers for two reasons. First, actors seek to contribute to the governance of environmental issues of global importance. Second, actors strive to gain as states develop the economic potential of the Arctic region.


A study of translational readthrough (TR) and functional translational readthrough (FTR) in Homo sapiens. Translational readthrough involves ribosomes that translate into mRNA sequences downstream of a stop codon at a higher ratio than the normal error rate. Functional translational readthrough is defined as translational readthrough that appends extensions to parental proteins that alter its function. Translational readthrough is employed by viruses to expand the coding potential of their limited genome, however, also in more complex organisms examples of readthrough and even functional readthrough have been found. The study contains a description of the in silico regression model that was used to derive a consensus for nucleotide context based high readthrough in mammals. In a genome wide scan in a human transcriptome 57 candidates for translational readthrough were detected. The results of this genome wide scan for TR are discussed against a background of eight recent studies that applied systems biology approaches (phylogenetic approaches, ribosome profiling, and the in silico regression model) to mammalian genomes/transcriptomes.
A dual reporter assay was used to test and verify the stop codon context of some transcripts. The results of 15 constructs were used to expand the database used to train the model. The database of 42.000 unique stop codon contexts was sorted according to their readthrough potential and a score was computed to estimate the probability for hidden peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS1). The subunit LDHB of lactate dehydrogenase was detected at the first position, exceeding rank two by far. MDH1, the gene coding for cytosolic malate dehydrogenase was detected at rank 175. Both enzymes are evolutionary related and were analysed in detail in terms of their translational readthrough. The proteins showed high readthrough rates and responded to treatment with aminoglycosides with elevated readthrough rates. Analysis of readthrough in multiple cell types suggests that readthrough forms of LDHB (LDHBx) and MDH1 (MDH1x) are expressed in probably all human tissues at varying levels. Their extensions are conserved in mammals, but show no conserved secondary structure. Next to immediate stop codon contexts also elaborate mRNA secondary structures can influence and mediate translational readthrough. The influence of the stop codon and of the stop codon context on TR was tested as well as codon usage frequencies.
The hidden PTS1 found in the extensions of LDHBx was tested. It was found that endogenous LDHBx is imported to peroxisomes by means of translational readthrough and the hidden PTS1. Translational readthrough was quantified and analysed using immunofluorescence imaging and image analysis tools (ImageJ). LDHBx was found to co-import the other subunit LDHA into peroxisomes allowing theoretically nine new isoforms to occur in the peroxisomal matrix.
The potential of the findings lies in the used methods themselves e.g. the in silico regression model, and clinical application in form of drug treatment of genetic disorders caused by premature stop codons. An outline for experiments that could allow the design of a predictor model for the response of stop codon contexts to drug treatment (aminoglycosides and their derivatives) is given.


A global pandemic of coronavirus disease requires a rapid solution by achieving the herd immunity with global vaccination. Production of the vaccines usually requires years of research and testing before they can be used. In 2020, the scientific community launched worldwide research with the aim of producing vaccines in a record time. More than 60 vaccines are currently being tested in human clinical trials, and about 20 of them have reached the final stages of testing. Arrangements are underway to conclude contracts with vaccine manufacturers, and agreements are being reached for the production, purchase and supply of the vaccines. Procurement agreements take a long time and are contracted with several manufacturers. This article reviews currently available data on vaccine efficacy, safety and availability. © 2021 Hrvatski Lijecnicki Zbor. All rights reserved.


A general multiple description video coding (MDVC) framework based on hierarchical B pictures is proposed in this paper. Two or more descriptions are generated by employing the hierarchical B pictures of H.264/AVC scalable extension, where temporal-level-based key pictures are selected in a staggered way among different descriptions. Based on this hierarchical and staggered structure, inter-description redundancy control is studied to achieve a good central/side-distortion-rate tradeoff. Moreover, to better exploit multiple complementary descriptions, a linear combination of received descriptions is employed to optimize decoding results. This proposed MDVC framework is H.264/AVC-compliant for each temporal scalable description. Some existing temporal-splitting MDVC techniques can be considered as a degraded case in the proposed structure. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed design for MDVC.


This paper examines inequality patterns of school and teacher resources as well as student performance in the Philippines. School and teacher resources, measured by pupil classroom and teacher ratios and per-pupil teacher salary, became more unequal over time. Strikingly, a large portion of the variation is attributed to their within-division distributions, especially the non-city areas in each province (rural schools), where pupil classroom and teacher ratios have significantly positive returns in terms of student test scores. Concavity built into the education production function implies that reallocation of teachers and classrooms within a division can potentially increase average test scores. The estimates also imply that it is optimal to deploy young, inexperienced teachers to rural schools and reassign them to urban schools when the teachers are more experienced.


History is what you remember, destiny what you desire. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, England had to conquer its Catholic heritage to reinvent itself as a Protestant nation. The new identity differed from the old in its conception of England's place in the world; no longer in communion with the continent, it was no longer a part of a common Christendom or the multinational, multilingual abortive Plantagenet empire: the petty England that shared even its own islands with several other states and cultures became the Great Britain that projected fleets and finances across the world. "It was Protestantism which gave modern England its sense of manifest destiny," as Jonathan Clark has noted.(1) The "heroic Protestantism,"(2) in Fredric Jameson's phrase, of seventeenth-century Dissent had a historical logic to explain the reformed religion as precOndition of the revolutionary present, but this insurrectionary logic had to be modified to serve the search for stability by the post-Stuart establishment in church and state. The synthesis of Renaissance form and Reformation content exemplified in Andrew Marvell's "Upon Appleton House" proved little more capable of surviving the revolutions of the seventeenth century than the High Church ideal of a cohesively authoritarian church and state. To employ Anthony J. Cascardi's terms to differ with his argument, the novel as it evolved in the eighteenth century represents its culture at once as "discursively heterogeneous and internally divided against itself" and in a way as "essentializing" as Renaissance poetics.(3) This paper argues that Henry Fielding impresses Protestant anti-Papist religious anxieties into the service of a consolidation of sexual, national, and class divisions in Tom Jones and his propaganda during the Jacobite invasion of 1745, but in opposite ways in the two works. That Fielding was politically active as a writer is not something that could escape critical notice. By and large, however, such criticism has failed adequately to integrate the journalist and the novelist.(4) Because "the Richardsonian model" has been perceived as the central wellspring of domestic fiction, and because the mostly-male critic s analyzing Fielding as a political journalist represent a separate critical circle from the mostly-female critics exploring the sexuality of the early English novel, Fielding's interrelation of national and sexual politics has gone largely overlooked.(5) Brian McCrea reduces the violence of True Patriot 3 to "a call for enlightened self-interest," while Thomas R. Cleary acknowledges that the essay is "crude, 'scare' propaganda," but argues that "A vision of London ravaged by highlanders was not utterly mad on November 19, 1745," and that "Fielding was seldom moved to such stridency."(6) Whereas McCrea dissolves Fielding's highly charged particulars into a generalized defense of "'stated rules of Property,'" Cleary recognizes them, but declares them an insignificant aberration.(7) Similarly, Cleary's hypothesis of "a politicizing revision of the central books" of Tom Jones, while in itself plausible, even probable, operates again to deprecate the extent to which the novel is already political and thus receptive to such revision.(8) The topical references to the Jacobite rebellion fit into Tom Jones with minimal disruptiveness because they merely make more explicit a political framework already implicit. A discourse of religiously defined nationalism connects Fielding's "cultural politics" and sexuality.(9) Fielding relocates Addison's economic anti-Papist rationale in an emotive basis by identifying property with the family and the totemic figure of the upper-class virgin; Tom Jones suggests only to suppress an alternative narrative of Papist menace that appears vividly in True Patriot 3 as the negation of domesticity.(10) The identification of Popery with Celtic primitivism, familiar from seventeenth-century tracts justifying English imperialism in Ireland, recurs in Fielding's treatment of the Jacobite rebellion of 1745 in The True Patriot. …


Wetlands are characterized by water at or near the soil surface for all or significant part of the year, are a source for food, fiber and water to society, and because of their position in landscapes and ecological structure help to moderate floods. They are also unique ecosystems with long-persistent flora and fauna. Because water is a driving factor for existence as a wetland, these systems are particularly vulnerable to climate change, especially as warming is accompanied by changes the quality and quantity of water moving through these systems. Because they are such diverse ecosystems, wetlands respond differently to stressors and, therefore, require different management and restoration techniques. In this chapter we consider forested wetland soils, their soil types, functions, and associated responses to climate change. Wetland processes are not well understood and therefore additional information is needed on these areas. In addition, more knowledge is needed on the interface between wetlands, uplands, and tidal waters.


A tenet of statistical energy analysis is that power of an elastic wave is partitioned equally among the substructures of an overall structure, and prevails when modes of each overlap those of the other substructures. Is power equipartition achieved for all complicated structures, specifically, for those in which several wave types spatially coexist? Recent research equivocates: only sometimes! Analysis by He for a finite‐length ringed shell in water shows power equipartition among compressional, shear, and flexural waves. But measurements by Machens and Dyer, and by Bondaryk, on various 3‐D truss structures in air, do not show power equipartition. An explanation for the apparent contradiction in these different structural systems is not, at this writing, worked out. Speculations, however, point to the differences between scattering from one wave type to another, on the shell and in the truss. On the shell, scattering at a ring is distributed with finite width in helical angle. In the truss, scattering is localized at truss joints. Both systems have spatial regularity and hence stopbands, but the helical angle width on the shell can induce good wave–wave spatial overlap, while no ''extra'' dimension is available in the truss to counter the stopband rejections. [Supported by ONR.]


Courts and commentators have lavished attention on the question of what makes a photograph original and entitled to copyright protection. Far less attention has been devoted to the issue of how photographs infringe. This is the first Article to systematically explore the different ways in which a photograph can steal intellectual property. Photographs can infringe in two ways: by replication and by imitation. A photograph infringes by replication when, without permission, a photographer points her camera directly at a copyright-protected work — a sculpture, a painting, another photograph — and clicks the shutter. A photograph can also infringe by imitation. In such cases, the plaintiff's claim is that the infringing photograph imitates the creative expression in her own picture.
One type of photographic infringement by imitation has confounded courts, instances in which the plaintiff photographer stages a tableau before clicking the shutter — e.g., poses a person for a portrait or assembles fruit on a table for a still life — and the defendant imitates that tableau. Copyright law is clear that a photographer has a protected interest against others copying the tableau she staged for a picture. Nonetheless, many courts simply refuse to find infringement in such cases, even when the defendant admits to having imitated that tableau. Looking to the idea/expression dichotomy, these courts excise from consideration the staged tableau as the unprotected "idea" of the plaintiff's photograph. Having cut the heart out of that image, they inevitably find the defendant's photograph not to be infringing.
This Article argues that looking to the idea/expression dichotomy to ignore a plaintiff's staged tableau not only renders a nullity of an entire category of protected photographs, but profoundly misunderstands where to locate a photograph's "idea." That idea exists not on the face of the image. Rather, it is the mental vision that a photographer hopes to capture in taking a picture. If she shares that vision with other photographers, they are free to try their hand at embodying that idea in a photograph with no fear of infringement. Once a photographer clicks the shutter, however, the resulting image is expression — entirely expression.
Courts and commentators have justified applying the idea/expression dichotomy to eviscerate photographs out of a concern for protecting the scope of creativity for downstream photographers. This Article proposes that the "thin copyright doctrine" can offer a much better approach to providing such protection. It proposes a "silver platter" principle for determining when a photograph should be entitled only to thin protection.


Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: As of January 2020, 18 of 50 US states comprehensively banned almost all handheld cellphone use while driving, 3 states and the District of Columbia banned calling and texting, 27 states banned texting on a handheld cellphone, and 2 states had no general cellphone ban for all drivers. However, it remains unknown whether these bans were associated with fewer traffic deaths and whether comprehensive handheld bans are more effective than isolated calling or texting bans. We evaluated whether cellphone bans were associated with fewer driver, non-driver, and total fatalities nationally. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal panel analysis of traffic fatality rates by state, year, and quarter. Population-based rate ratios and 95% CIs were estimated comparing state–quarters with and without cellphone bans. Results: From 1999 through 2016, 616,289 persons including 344,003 drivers died in passenger vehicle crashes in the United States. Relative to no ban, comprehensive handheld bans were associated with lower driver fatality rates (adjusted rate ratio aRR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.90, 0.97) but not for non-driver fatalities (aRR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.95, 1.07) or total fatalities (aRR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.94, 1.01). We found no differences in driver fatalities for calling-only bans (aRR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.97, 1.03), texting-only bans (aRR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.99, 1.05), texting plus phone-manipulating bans (aRR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.93, 1.04), or calling and texting bans (aRR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.88, 1.09). Conclusions: Comprehensive handheld bans were associated with fewer driver fatalities.


Listen to a short interview with Helen VendlerHost: Chris Gondek - Producer: Heron & CraneThe fundamental difference between rhetoric and poetry, according to Yeats, is that rhetoric is the expression of one's quarrels with others while poetry is the expression (and sometimes the resolution) of one's quarrel with oneself. This is where Helen Vendler's "Our Secret Discipline" begins. Through exquisite attention to outer and inner forms, Vendler explores the most inventive reaches of the poet's mind. This book is a space-clearing gesture, an attempt to write about lyric forms in Yeats in unprecedented and comprehensive ways. The secret discipline of the poet is his vigilant attention to forms--whether generic, structural, or metrical. Yeats explores the potential of such forms to give shape and local habitation to volatile thoughts and feelings. Helen Vendler remains focused on questions of singular importance: Why did Yeats cast his poems into the widely differing forms they ultimately took? Can we understand Yeats's poetry better if we pay attention to inner and outer lyric form? Chapters of the book take up many Yeatsian ventures, such as the sonnet, the lyric sequence, paired poems, blank verse, and others. With elegance and precision, Vendler offers brilliant insights into the creative process and speculates on Yeats's aims as he writes and rewrites some of the most famous poems in modern literature.


Background: Activated angiogenesis and impaired host immune response contribute to cancer in renal transplant recipients. Induction of VEGF is crucial for neoangiogenesis in tumors. Functional autoantibodies targeting GPCRs are able to induce endothelial dysfunction. We hypothesized that autoimmune GPCR targeting process may disturb VEGF induced angiogenesis. We identified in an in vitro model PAR-1 as novel activating autoantibody target and assessed the presence of this naturally occurring blocking antibody in 20 Kidney Transplant Recipients (KTR) with and 29 KTR without metastatic cancer. In further in vitro studies, we determined the influence of IgG derived from KTR on PAR-2-dependent G-protein activationMethods/Materials: Human endothelial cells were stimulated with IgG isolated from sera of kidney transplant recipients (KTR-IgG). Transcriptional regulation of VEGF was studied by promoter deletion assay. Transcription factor activation and binding was assessed by qRT-PCR, western blot, EMSA and cFOS knockdown. VEGF secretion was determined by ELISA. Tube formation on matrigel served to study endothelial neoangiogenic response. G-protein activation was measured by reporter assay. All 49 patients enrolled had sera for assessment of PAR antibodies (PAR-Ab) via ELISA in 2016 and at the time of transplantation.Results: Treatment with KTR-IgG reduced ERK1/2-dependent VEGF secretion and tube formation. VEGF secretion and endothelial tube formation could be restored by pretreatment with specific PAR-1 inhibitor. KTR-IgG contributed to deregulated neoangiogenesis via reduced VEGF promoter activity and increased cFos protein expression via its binding to the VEGF promoter. Mutation of extracellular loops of PAR2 receptor increased PAR2-Ab dependent Gq11 Signalling. Levels of PAR1-Ab were statistically significantly lower pre transplant and at diagnosis in those KTR who subsequently developed cancer compared to controls without cancer.Conclusion: We identified the PAR-1 receptor as a new target for functional antibodies in the context of kidney transplantation and tumor angiogenesis. PAR-1 regulated angiogenesis could offer new possibilities for treatment of kidney transplants to obviate tumor angiogenesis.


Marine mammals are thought to have an energetically expensive lifestyle because endothermy is costly in marine environments. However, measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE; kcal/day) are available only for a limited number of marine mammals, because large body size and inaccessible habitats make TEE measurements expensive and difficult for many taxa. We measured TEE in 10 adult common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) living in natural seawater lagoons at two facilities (Dolphin Research Center and Dolphin Quest) using the doubly labeled water method. We assessed the relative effects of body mass, age, and physical activity on TEE. We also examined whether TEE of bottlenose dolphins, and more generally marine mammals, differs from that expected for their body mass compared to other eutherian mammals, using phylogenetic least squares (PGLS) regressions. There were no differences in body mass or TEE (unadjusted TEE and TEE adjusted for fat free mass (FFM)) between dolphins from both facilities. Our results show that Adjusted TEE decreased and fat mass (FM) increased with age. Different measures of activity were not related to age, body fat or Adjusted TEE. Both PGLS and the non-phylogenetic linear regression indicate that marine mammals have an elevated TEE compared to terrestrial mammals. However, bottlenose dolphins expended 17.1% less energy than other marine mammals of similar body mass. The two oldest dolphins (>40 years) showed a lower TEE, similar to the decline in TEE seen in older humans. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show an age-related metabolic decline in a large non-human mammal.


The article analyzes the concept of principles of social justice and their significance to the contemporary lawmaking. The analysis is based on the main ideas of the western legal traditions – liberalism and communitarianism. Firstly, the argumentation of denial of significance of social justice to the social being and the proposals of alternative theories of "radical" liberalists (libertarians) (R. Nozick and F. A. Hayek) are analyzed. Secondly, the concept of social justice in the theories of "restrained" liberal theories (J. Rawls and R. Dworkin) is analysed, the communitarian concept (of M. Walzer and A. MacIntyre) of social justice is researched, and its relation to the liberal tradition is determined. The main criteria of fair distribution, which are acceptable to both traditions, are emphasized. The system of main principles of social justice formulated lexicographically on the grounds of the analysed theories: 1. Each person should be entitled to equal scheme of underlying rights and liberties, which would match the rights and liberties of other individuals and in which equal value would be manifested through equal political freedoms. 2. Social and economic inequality must meet these conditions: 2.1. An individual has to be entitled to dispose of his legitimately acquired wealth. 2.2. Offices and positions have to be open to every individual under conditions of fair equality. 2.2.1. Each individual of the society has to be provided with the part of resources received by cooperation that corresponds to his share and institutional merits. 2.3. Social and economic inequality has to be beneficial for the least advantaged members of the society. 2.3.1. In the situation of the initial equality (when the society distributes common resources, i.e. creates and implements various programmes of social support and care) an individual must be entitled to have that part of resources, which corresponds to his motivated choice of the way of life. 2.3.2. In trying to improve the situation of the least advantaged individuals, attempts must be made to meet their basic needs, considering the objective reasons of that situation.


The design of legal obligations, whether by a public body such as a legislature or by private contract, should anticipate the enforcement process that induces compliance. Judicial enforcement is costly and imperfect, largely because of limits on the court's ability to detect facts accurately. In adversarial litigation, courts are often fooled by fabricated, suppressed, or otherwise manipulated evidence. Given that fabricated evidence is both more costly and less valuable than truthful evidence, one would think that contracting parties should design their agreement so as to deter future evidence fabrication. To the contrary, this article suggests that evidence fabrication may be harnessed by contracting parties to improve the (evidentiary) cost-efficiency of performance incentives in their relationship. This paper thereby addresses the concept of verifiability in contract theory, the puzzling tolerance of the adjudicatory system for fabrication, and the incentives to fabricate created by thresholds in burdens of proof.


A Blockchain technology is the basis of Bitcoin which has acknowledged widespread attentions recently. It is also known as distributed, indisputable and digital ledger which registers the transactions in the same order it is generated in a close real-time. In blockchain, transactions take place in a decentralized manner. The subsequent transactions can be included to the ledger only by the agreement of the participants in the network which is known as nodes The subsequent transactions can be added to the ledger only by the agreement of the participants in the network which is known as nodes. The applications of blockchain extending from banking, crypto currency and financial services, risk managements, social services and Internet of things. This paper explains a broad impression of blockchain technology in banking applications and recent advances.


Peroxynitrite (ONOO−) is a highly reactive oxidant species produced by the reaction of the free radicals superoxide (O2·–) and nitric oxide (NO·). Here we report a marked increase in nitrotyrosine (NT), a marker of peroxynitrite, in islet cells from NOD mice developing spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. By using specific antibodies and immunohistochemical methods, we found that NT-positive cells were significantly more frequent in islets from acutely diabetic NOD mice (22 ± 6%) than in islets from normoglycemic NOD mice (7 ± 1%) and control BALB/c mice (2 ± 1%). The NT+ cells in islets were identified to be macrophages and also β-cells. Most of the β-cells in islets from acutely diabetic NOD mice were NT+ (73 ± 8%), whereas significantly fewer β-cells were NT+ in islets from normoglycemic NOD mice (18 ± 4%) and BALB/c mice (5 ± 1%). Also, the percentage of β-cells in islets from NOD mice (normoglycemic and diabetic) correlated inversely with the frequency of NT+ β-cells. This study demonstrates for the first time that peroxynitrite, a reaction product of superoxide and nitric oxide, is formed in pancreatic islet β-cells of NOD mice developing autoimmune diabetes. This suggests that both oxygen and nitrogen free radicals contribute to β-cell destruction in IDDM via peroxynitrite formation in the islet β-cells.


Mean-spirited cartoons depicting the prophet Muhammad were published by a Danish newspaper in September 2005, eventually provoking world-wide demonstrations that led to scores of deaths. The situation was characterized by the prime minister, Mr. Rasmussen, as Denmark's worst international crisis since World War II. It brought to the world's attention two particular characteristics of this small nation of 5.4 million people. First, it is one of the most secular countries in the western world, where the language of religious conviction figures seldom in public discourse, and where only 4 percent of the population go to church at least monthly (in the United States, 44 percent go to church weekly). second, it is one of the most intentionally homogeneous countries in the western world. Foreigners find it hard to be accepted, laws on immigration and asylum are western Europe's toughest, and cultural identity is a dominant political issue. St. Alban's Anglican Church in Copenhagen thus represents a double minority: it is religious, and it is foreign. On the feast of Epiphany, a day that celebrates the meeting of diverse cultures in Christian faith, a visitor seeks out this little island of faith and internationalism. He finds a community of remarkable national heterogeneity worshipping together in a tolerant and respectful Christian ethos. Located next to one of the canals that are so prevalent in Copenhagen, and quite near the royal palace, Saint Alban's is a beautiful Victorian gothic revival church, emulating Early English style, that towers over Churchill Park. Historical information is given in an excellent booklet available in the narthex for a suggested offering of one euro, and at the church's website (www.st-albans.dk). Only Lutheran churches were allowed in Denmark before 1849, when the Grundlov or Constitutional Act dismantled the absolute monarchy and declared freedom of religion. However, exceptions had generally been allowed for diplomatic legations, and Anglican chaplains could be found in Copenhagen as early as 1728. The little English community began renting quarters for worship in 1834, and in 1853 formed a building committee. An appeal for funds in 1864 to the prince of Wales (later Edward VII), soon after he had married Princess Alexandra of Denmark, was successful, and the two were present when St. Alban's, Copenhagen, was consecrated by the bishop of London in 1887. The church has held services regularly ever since. A thorough restoration was undertaken in the 1980s as a centennial project. The church has always been maintained by voluntary contributions. Since the 1980s it has been part of the Church of England's Diocese in Europe. It is the only Anglican church in Denmark, although an Anglican congregation meets eight times a year in Arhus, served by Saint Alban's clergy. On 7 January 2007, when St. Alban's is celebrating the Epiphany, a visitor arrives for the sung eucharist at 10:30 AM. The building is itself international in inspiration: designed by an English architect, Sir Arthur Blomfield, it uses Danish stone for wall facings and dressings, Swedish stone for the bell tower, and English tiles for the roof. It is oriented to the east. Entering through a south porch at the west end, the visitor finds himself in a narrow and rather small narthex. Entering the nave through a large door at the right, he finds a single central aisle between rows of attractively carved oak pews (there are no side aisles), leading the sight to the very handsome chancel, with choir and sanctuary. Its dominant feature is the altar, adorned with candles; behind it stand three tall stained-glass windows, the central one portraying Jesus Christ crucified. The reredos, font, and pulpit are in terracotta and Doulton ware. A Christmas tree is placed to the left of the altar, which is adorned with a number of candles. In front of the pulpit stands a small table with a nativity scene. The ceiling is made of wood, the walls of Danish stone. …


Neural crest cells are a transient population of cells which differentiate into multiple derivatives. How these derivatives become specified is not well understood but Sox10 is known to be important in many of them. We are interested in defining the precise role of Sox10 in zebrafish melanophores. Current evidence suggests that the only vital function that Sox10 performs in melanophores is to induce expression of the melanocyte master regulator mitfa (Elworthy et al. 2003). We explored a model for Sox10 function in melanophores, based upon a model for Sox10's role in mouse sympathetic neurons (Kim et al. 2003), and tested the following predictions: as well as inducing expression of mitfa, Sox10 will repress expression of genes downstream of Mitfa thus, Sox10 must be downregulated, via Mitfa, to allow melanophore differentiation. We observed derepression of melanophore marker genes in sox10t3 mutants, supporting the hypothesis that Sox10 represses these genes in wild type melanophores. We documented Sox10/sox10 downregulation in developing melanophores and generated transgenic lines to test whether this is necessary for differentiation. Unfortunately our experimental lines did not express our transgene so we were unable to test this hypothesis. However, transgenic lines, generated as controls, which express CFP in melanophores or xanthophores will be useful tools in their own right. Finally we conducted RNA injection experiments to explore regulation of melanophore genes by Sox10 and Mitfa. We found that injection of mitfa induces expression of all our melanophore markers whereas co-injection of mitfa and sox10 does not. We also found that the 7.2 kb sox10 promoter contains six Mitf binding sites and is Mitfa responsive. Our data broadly support our original model but also suggest that it does not describe the complete network. We propose a modified model for the role of Sox10 in the genetic regulatory network controlling melanophore development.


Advancing maize crop maturity is associated with changes in ear-to-stover ratio which may have consequences for the digestibility of the ensiled crop. The apparent digestibility and nitrogen retention of three diets (Early, Mid and Late) containing maize silages made from maize of advancing harvest date [dry matter (DM) contents of the maize silages were 273, 314 and 367 g kg(-1) for the silages in the Early, Mid and Late diets respectively], together with a protein supplement offered in sufficient quantities to make the diets isonitrogenous, were measured in six Holstein-Friesian steers in an incomplete Latin square design with four periods. Dry-matter intake of maize silage tended to be least for the Early diet and greatest for the Medium diet (P=0(.)182). Apparent digestibility of DM and organic matter did not differ between diets. Apparent digestibility of energy was lowest in the Late diet (P = 0(.)057) and the metabolizable energy concentrations of the three silages were calculated as 11(.)0, 11(.)1 and 10(.)6 MJ kg(-1) DM for the Early, Medium and Late diets respectively (P = 0(.)068). No differences were detected between diets in starch digestibility but the number of undamaged grains present in the faeces of animals fed the Late diet was significantly higher than with the Early and Mid diets (P = 0(.)006). The apparent digestibility of neutral-detergent fibre of the diets reduced significantly as silage DM content increased (P = 0(.)012) with a similar trend for the apparent digestibility of acid-detergent fibre (P = 0(.)078). Apparent digestibility of nitrogen (N) was similar for the Early and Mid diets, both being greater than the Late diet (P = 0(.)035). Nitrogen retention did not differ between diets. It was concluded that delaying harvest until the DM content is above 300 g kg(-1) can negatively affect the nutritive value of maize silage in the UK.


We share with Anderson & Lebiere (A&L) (and with Newell before them) the goal of developing a domain-general framework for modeling cognition, and we take seriously the issue of evaluation criteria. We advocate a more focused approach than the one reflected in Newell's criteria, based on analysis of failures as well as successes of models brought into close contact with experimental data. A&L attribute the shortcomings of our parallel-distributed processing framework to a failure to acknowledge a symbolic level of thought. Our framework does acknowledge a symbolic level, contrary to their claim. What we deny is that the symbolic level is the level at which the principles of cognitive processing should be formulated. Models cast at a symbolic level are sometimes useful as high-level approximations of the underlying mechanisms of thought. The adequacy of this approximation will continue to increase as symbolic modelers continue to incorporate principles of parallel distributed processing.


This research was motivated by the identification of a practical problem with theoretical
relevance. Empirical observation of a large infrastructure programme pointed out
managerial difficulties to achieve the expected outcomes of that construction project. The
observed problem is related to the challenge of collectively defining and pursuing a
project's value proposition throughout its entire implementation. In order to better
understand the nature of this problem and search for potential solutions, this research
focused on evaluating the contributions of existing practices to solve the problem in hand.
For that, a design science research methodology was adopted and with emphasis on the
evaluative aspect of such method. Two existing practices were evaluated: the BeReal
model, being developed and tested in healthcare infrastructure projects in the UK; and the
Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS), being developed and tested in different
construction projects in the US. While the BeReal model was specifically designed to
support project teams to collectively define and pursue outcomes throughout project
implementation, the LPDS brings critical elements for establishing the desired conditions
that allow teams to collectively pursue value. The findings of this research indicate that it
is necessary to combine the different underlying rationale of the analysed approaches to
improve value generation in the construction industry: engagement of key players in a
value definition and value pursuit effort; the establishment of favorable conditions for
them to work together and the formulation and specification of goals, which are aligned
with business strategy and reviewed and refined by key players.


In this research piece I set out to shed light on narratives of recovery from adolescent depression. I interview ten adults in their twenties, both male and female who deem themselves to have recovered from adolescent depression, and I analyse their stories from the perspective of Narrative Oriented Inquiry (Hiles & Cermak, 2008). A full picture emerges of individuals who have come to make sense of their experiences of teenage depression by casting their recovery in terms of processes of self-discovery. I specify that participants universally evoke a sense of themselves as being composed of various constituent "parts". Recovery, for participants, involves a redefinition of how one relates to one's vulnerable parts within the context of a multifaceted sense of identity. I conclude the research by situating this finding in its socio-cultural context and by relating it to existing theory pertaining to the phenomenon of multiplicity of mind.


Child migration has garnered widespread media coverage in the 21st century, becoming a central topic of national political discourse and immigration policymaking. Contemporary surges of child migrants are part of a much longer history of migration to the United States. In the first half of the 20th century, millions of European and Asian child migrants passed through immigration inspection stations in the New York harbor and San Francisco Bay. Even though some accompanied and unaccompanied European child migrants experienced detention at Ellis Island, most were processed and admitted into the United States fairly quickly in the early 20th century. Few of the European child migrants were deported from Ellis Island. Predominantly accompanied Chinese and Japanese child migrants, however, like Latin American and Caribbean migrants in recent years, were more frequently subjected to family separation, abuse, detention, and deportation at Angel Island. Once inside the United States, both European and Asian children struggled to overcome poverty, labor exploitation, educational inequity, the attitudes of hostile officials, and public health problems. After World War II, Korean refugee "orphans" came to the United States under the Refugee Relief Act of 1953 and the Immigration and Nationality Act. European, Cuban, and Indochinese refugee children were admitted into the United States through a series of ad hoc programs and temporary legislation until the 1980 Refugee Act created a permanent mechanism for the admission of refugee and unaccompanied children. Exclusionary immigration laws, the hardening of US international boundaries, and the United States preference for refugees who fled Communist regimes made unlawful entry the only option for thousands of accompanied and unaccompanied Mexican, Central American, and Haitian children in the second half of the 20th century. Black and brown migrant and asylum-seeking children were forced to endure educational deprivation, labor trafficking, mandatory detention, deportation, and deadly abuse by US authorities and employers at US borders and inside the country.


Many generic sentences express stable inductive generalizations. Stable inductive generalizations are typically true for a causal reason. In this paper we investigate to what extent this is also the case for the generalizations expressed by generic sentences. More in particular, we discuss the possibility that many generic sentences of the form ' k s have feature e ' are true because (members of) kind k have the causal power to 'produce' feature e . We will argue that such an analysis is quite close to a probabilistic based analysis of generic sentences according to which 'relatively many' k s have feature e , and that, in fact, this latter type of analysis can be 'grounded' in terms of causal powers. We will argue, moreover, that the causal power analysis is sometimes preferred to a correlation-based analysis, because it takes the causal structure that gives rise to the probabilistic data into account.


Purpose: The ubiquitous pace of innovation is spawning a multitude of information and communications technology (ICT) products that are both redefining the manner in which organisations operate and have the potential to engender organisations with strategic advantage through the adoption of these products. However, the challenges that this presents to organisations include developing agile strategies that cater for market instabilities, determining what technology to adopt and ensuring that the appropriate technology is adopted. Thus, the purpose of this article is to perform a critical analysis of ICT adoption in an attempt to determine the influence that the pace of technology has on organisations in their endeavour to stay abreast of their market environment and to develop a comprehensive ICT adoption framework. Design/methodology/approach: This is exploratory research that concentrates on ICT adoption studied through the strategy-as-practice lens. Through critical analysis, the scientific literature was analysed to determine ICT adoption factors and to gain a better understanding of ICT adoption in the modern context. The principles of grounded theory were applied where repetitive reading of selected articles made it possible to identify factors that are associated with ICT adoption. Findings: The study identified three key factors of ICT adoption, namely 'external', 'innovation' and 'organisational'. A number of ICT adoption characteristics were identified which were categorised against the three factors. In addition, the study identified critical management challenges associated with ICT innovation and the adoption thereof in the modern business context. Research limitations/implications: The proposed ICT adoption framework is based on scientific literature only and no popular writings, blogs or forums were included. Practical implications: Strategists need to understand that developing agile strategies involves more than discipline; it embraces an in-depth understanding of ICT adoption factors, insight into the daily operations of managers and an awareness of innovations in ICT. Originality/value: The article aims to enable organisations to better understand the effects of ICT innovation and the influence this has on management roles. Additionally, it presents a comprehensive ICT adoption framework that can aid strategists in understanding the factors that influence ICT adoption.


Born on the Seneca Indian Reservation in New York State, Arthur Caswell Parker (1881-1955) was a prominent intellectual leader both within and outside tribal circles. Of mixed Iroquois, Seneca, and Anglican descent, Parker was also a controversial figure-recognized as an advocate for Indians but criticized for his assimilationist stance. In this exhaustively researched biography-the first book-length examination of Parker's life and career-Joy Porter explores complex issues of Indian identity that are as relevant today as in Parker's time.

From childhood on, Parker learned from his well-connected family how to straddle both Indian and white worlds. His great-uncle, Ely S. Parker, was Commissioner of Indian Affairs under Ulysses S. Grant--the first American Indian to hold the position. Influenced by family role models and a strong formal education, Parker, who became director of the Rochester Museum, was best known for his work as a "museologist" (a word he coined).

Porter shows that although Parker achieved success within the dominant Euro-American culture, he was never entirely at ease with his role as assimilated Indian and voiced frustration at having "to play Indian to be Indian." In expressing this frustration, Parker articulated a challenging predicament for twentieth-century Indians: the need to negotiate imposed stereotypes, to find ways to transcend those stereotypes, and to assert an identity rooted in the present rather than in the past.


Reconstruction of the oesophagus was not attempted until the late 19th century. Over the next 100 years, various reconstructive techniques proliferated, initially for malignant disease but subsequently for end-stage oesophageal failure from a variety of benign conditions. The earliest and simplest technique of applying a split-skin graft over a tubular stent was associated with poor graft survival and a risk of mortality from stent erosion into vital structures in the mediastinum. Management has evolved since then. The use of the pedicled colon has become a popular choice for the thoracic portion. Replacement of the cervical portion is commonly achieved by either free jejunal transfer or the free radial forearm flap. The literature is reviewed and a case report is presented in which three salvage options were exercised after partial failure of colonic transposition for total oesophageal reconstruction.


Scientific Astrophotography is intended for those amateur astronomers who are looking for new challenges, once they have mastered visual observing and the basic imaging of various astronomical objects. It will also be a useful reference for scientifically inclined observers who want to learn the fundamentals of astrophotography with a firm emphasis on the discipline of scientific imaging. This books is not about making beautiful astronomical images; it is about recording astronomical images that are scientifically rigorous and from which accurate data can be extracted. This book is unique in that it gives readers the skills necessary for obtaining excellent images for scientific purposes in a concise and procedurally oriented manner. This not only gets the reader used to a disciplined approach to imaging to maximize quality, but also to maximize the success (and minimize the frustration!) inherent in the pursuit of astrophotography. The knowledge and skills imparted to the reader of this handbook also provide an excellent basis for beautiful picture astrophotography! There is a wealth of information in this book a distillation of ideas and data presented by a diverse set of sources and based on the most recent techniques, equipment, and data available to the amateur astronomer. There are also numerous practical exercises. Scientific Astrophotography is perfect for any amateur astronomer who wants to go beyond just astrophotography and actually contribute to the science of astronomy.


This work focuses on numerical calculations of metallic photonic band-gap structures. Photonic crystals are man-made structures that reflect electromagnetic waves whose frequency value falls within the photonic crystal band-gap. Metallic photonic crystals have been used due to certain advantages over dielectric crystals, which can be relevant for guiding THz radiations. The THz range is localised between microwave and optical frequency regions. THz frequencies have been studied for possible applications in many areas such as, imaging, security, medical, material characterization, spectroscopy to name a few. Metallic photonic crystals are used for various THz waveguides' designs, with the aim of sustaining high power THz transmission.

The transmission properties as well as dispersion relations of metallic photonic crystal are investigated by means of Finite Element Method. Throughout the study, FEM results are often compared to some other methods in order to validate the calculation steps in our modelling process and to assess the boundary conditions. In the simulations frequency dependency and losses have been taken into account.

Dispersion diagrams and guided modes have been studied to achieve further understanding on the transmission characteristics of metallic photonic crystal waveguides. Excellent agreement has been obtained from the comparison of dispersion diagrams and the transmission spectra of waveguides. Special care has been paid to achieve optimized design parameters that give wide bandwidths with high transmission levels. Other passive components have also been studied such as filters, bends and splitters. In order to improve their transmission characteristics, several designs have been investigated. Consistently high transmission levels have been achieved with our waveguides over a wide range of THz frequencies. It was possible to provide innovative designs for the bend and linear waveguides. The transmission spectra of these waveguides have been analysed and a deep understanding of the metallic photonic crystal waveguide has been achieved.


Charles R. Acland and William J. Buxton, eds, Harold Innis in the New Century: Reflections and Refractions. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999, 435 pp. Harold Innis in the New Century is a collection of twenty essays that were originally presented at a conference at Concordia University celebrating the 1994 centenary of Harold Innis's birth. The contributors were selected to represent a diversity of engagements and engagement sites. Yet, the book reads as an integrated whole--in part because the contributors share a common focus on Innis as a public intellectual and in part because they share a model of historiography that restores Innis's writings to their context while allowing contributors to use their reflections on Innis to explore the place of intellectual practice in the twenty-first century. Read in this way, the "work of Innis becomes less like a repository to be mined for ideas than a theoretical shunting point for refracting and juxtaposing various perspectives" (p. 25). Like Innis before them, the contributors to this collection reflect on the impact of ideas produced by academics on social and cultural transformation. And, like those of Innis, these reflections must be read against the backdrop of the very different intellectual and social contexts in which they were written. It is no surprise, then, that this reflection on Innis's legacy challenges past interpretations, including the view that his most lasting legacy would be his work on political economy and economic history, especially Canadian economic history (e.g., The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History, The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy) and the "early" Innis/"late" Innis approach to understanding his intellectual legacy that privileges discontinuities over continuities. In their place this book offers an assessment of the meaning and relevance of Innis's writings for today's world that highlights his concern with the role of the intellectual in the crisis of co ntemporary culture. By focusing attention on Innis's understanding of connections among the intellectual, culture, communications, monopolies of knowledge, and intellectual present-mindedness, these essays accomplish the two goals set out in the book's subtitle: They detail how Innis influenced intellectual practice and organization in Canada and they identify key points where his ideas, appropriately extended, continue to engage intellectuals and social activists. The book is divided into three parts. The eight essays of Part One, "Reflections on Innis," examine the development of his thought, the changing climate for the reception of his ideas, and his approach to intellectual practice. …


While soil moisture patterns can be interesting traits to investigate spatio‐temporal heterogeneity of catchments relevant for various physical processes of soil–atmosphere interaction and soil water redistribution, many of the existing methods to capture spatial patterns are time consuming, expensive or need site‐specific calibration. In this study we present a quick and inexpensive supplementary field method for classifying soil wetness in wet environments. The seven wetness classes are based on qualitative indicators, which one can touch, hear or see on the soil surface. To counter critics that such qualitative methods are considerably affected by subjectivity, we performed systematic testing of the method by taking qualitative measurements in the field with 20 non‐expert raters. We then analyzed these in terms of degree of agreement and assessed the results against gravimetric sampling and time domain reflectometry measurements. In 70% of all classifications raters agreed on the wetness class assigned to the marked sampling locations and in 95% they were not off by more than one wetness class. The seven quantitative wetness classes agreed with gravimetric and time domain reflectometry measurements, although intermediate to wet classes showed an overlap of their range whereas the driest classes showed considerable spread. Despite some potential to optimize the method, it has been shown to be a reliable supplement to existing quantitative techniques for assessing soil moisture patterns in wet environments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Diet quality is an important measure in understanding food security because of the synergistic nature of microand macronutrients (Gerber, 2001 [1]) and the association of healthy diet patterns with reduced risk for diet-related disease and illness (Kant, 1996 [2]). The Diet Quality Index – International (DQI-I) is illustrative of a class of diet quality indices, which include other indicators such as the Healthy Eating Index [3] (HEI). We have chosen to highlight the DQI-I here because it is one of the few indicators that has been tested for a range of cultural contexts and validated for use in a range of countries with different dietary patterns.


Uranium complexes of bis(p-tert-butyl-salicylidene)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine (1) and bis(salicylidene)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine (2) have been synthesized and investigated by X-ray single crystal diffraction and MD calculations in Periodic Boundary Conditions. Both compounds form crystals which are densely packed and do not provide voids accessible to solvent molecules. The configurations adopted by 1 and 2 are determined by well defined T-shaped and π-stacking non covalent interactions between phenyl groups of adjacent molecules as well as by a network of hydrogen bonds. These interactions and the relative arrangements of the molecules, explain the packing in the crystal structures. Each uranyl moiety shows a penta-coordination in the equatorial plane perpendicular to the trans oxygens giving rise, in both compounds, to a bypiramidal geometry. As usual for this class of compounds, the 5th position is characterized by the presence of the coordinated solvent. The in silico simulations confirm this hypothesis in very fine details. Moreover, in 1, even the partial occupancy of the solvent molecule determined from the crystal structure refinement, was shown to be due to a constrained freedom of motion of the solvent molecule that can be reproduced by molecular dynamics. This suggests that the reported disorder is not due to a poor quality of the harvested crystals but to a structural feature. In further agreement with the above mentioned results, DFT calculations demonstrated that the molecular orbital configuration and energies suit the described properties of complexes 1 and 2 suggesting a potential enantioselective activity as already shown by molecules belonging to this class of compounds.


"EVERY MEASURE THAT MAY LESSON THE DEPENDENCE OF A Slave on his master ought to be opposed, as tending to dangerous consequences," a group of slaveholders in Orangeburg District, South Carolina, declared in a petition to the state legislature in 1816. "The more privileges a Slave obtains, the less depending he is on his master, & the greater nuisance he is likely to be to the public." In their district, the petitioners continued, slave owners were far too lax with regard to allowing bondspeople free time on Saturdays to "keep horses, raise hogs, cultivate for themselves every thing for home consumption, & for market, that their masters do." The most pernicious liberty was allowing slaves to plant, harvest, and sell cotton. This gave them the opportunity to "Steal with impunity," and those who did not plant cotton themselves found a ready market for their stolen goods among slaves who did and acted as factors. Trying to locate the pilfered bales, the petitioners lamented, was "like looking for a drop of water lost in a river."1
The origins of these and other "privileges" dated back to the beginnings of slavery in South Carolina. During the early colonial period, slaves enjoyed a large measure of autonomy. Few in number, working on small farms or isolated cowpens, facing the same harsh frontier conditions as their masters, blacks "set the pace of work, defined standards of workmanship, and divided labor among themselves," as one historian has noted, "doubtless leaving a good measure of time for their own use." Even with the importation of large numbers of Caribbean — and African-born — slaves into the colony during the late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth centuries, the labor pattern that evolved in the cultivation of rice — the task system —gave blacks "free time" to cultivate gardens, raise livestock and poultry, and harvest cash crops. Those who adapted to their new land by learning English, embracing Christianity, acquiring skills as carpenters, blacksmiths, coopers, and bricklayers, and those who lived in an urban environment could sometimes be hired out for wages by their owners, or allowed to hire themselves out, retaining a portion of their earnings. As early as 1733-1734, a grand jury in Charles Town noted the practice among slave masters of allowing their bondspeople "to work out by the Week" and "bring in a certain Hire." Some of the most artful and talented slaves moved out on their own and, though still legally in bondage, lived virtually autonomous lives.


Recent legislation has increased the requirements of organizations to report data breaches, or unauthorized access to data. While access control policies are used to restrict access to a database, these policies are complex and difficult to configure. As a result, misconfigurations sometimes allow users access to unauthorized data.

In this paper, we consider the problem of reporting data breaches after such a misconfiguration is detected. To locate past SQL queries that may have revealed unauthorized information, we introduce the novel idea of a misconfiguration response (MR) query. The MR-query cleanly addresses the challenges of information propagation within the database by replaying the log of operations and returning all logged queries for which the result has changed due to the misconfiguration. A strawman implementation of the MR-query would go back in time and replay all the operations that occurred in the interim, with the correct policy. However, re-executing all operations is inefficient. Instead, we develop techniques to improve reporting efficiency by reducing the number of operations that must be re-executed and reducing the cost of replaying the operations. An extensive evaluation shows that our method can reduce the total runtime by up to an order of magnitude.


OBJECTIVES
We aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of methylphenidate (MPH), and especially its influence on seizures, in subjects with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and epilepsy through a retrospective chart review of subjects treated with MPH in a clinical setting. We also evaluated factors that could affect seizure aggravation during MPH treatment.

METHODS
From April 2004 to July 2011, MPH was prescribed to 105 subjects with ADHD and epilepsy. The demographic characteristics, psychiatric and medical history, and electroencephalography (EEG) results were reviewed. Two pediatric neurologists reviewed seizure type, epilepsy diagnosis, changes in seizure frequency, and EEG parameters during MPH treatment. Pediatric neurologists and psychiatrists determined the temporal relationship between seizure aggravation and MPH treatment.

RESULTS
The mean age of the subjects was 14.8 ± 3.4 years (range: 7-24 years). Sixty-five (61.9%) of the subjects were male. The mean duration of MPH treatment was 22 months (range: 2 weeks to 89 months) and the mean dose of MPH was 0.84 mg/kg/day. MPH was effective in controlling ADHD symptoms in both the seizure aggravation and nonaggravation groups. However, 21 (20%) subjects had aggravated seizures and 32 (32.3%) subjects had worsened EEG findings. Subjects with uncontrolled seizure or anxiety disorders at baseline were more likely to show aggravated seizures. Subjects who had epileptiform discharges, anxiety disorders, or were free of antiepileptic drug use at baseline experienced EEG worsening more frequently. The median duration of MPH treatment was significantly longer in subjects who did not show seizure aggravation than in those who did (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
MPH treatment may be related to aggravation of seizures or significant worsening of EEG findings in subjects with ADHD and epilepsy. Thus, clinicians should closely monitor seizure aggravation after MPH administration, especially for high-risk subjects with uncontrolled seizures or anxiety disorders at baseline.


Background Narcolepsy is a rare neurological sleep disorder especially in children who are younger than 10 years. In the beginning of 2010, an exceptionally large number of Finnish children suffered from an abrupt onset of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and cataplexy. Therefore, we carried out a systematic analysis of the incidence of narcolepsy in Finland between the years 2002–2010. Methods All Finnish hospitals and sleep clinics were contacted to find out the incidence of narcolepsy in 2010. The national hospital discharge register from 2002 to 2009 was used as a reference. Findings Altogether 335 cases (all ages) of narcolepsy were diagnosed in Finland during 2002–2009 giving an annual incidence of 0.79 per 100 000 inhabitants (95% confidence interval 0.62–0.96). The average annual incidence among subjects under 17 years of age was 0.31 (0.12–0.51) per 100 000 inhabitants. In 2010, 54 children under age 17 were diagnosed with narcolepsy (5.3/100 000; 17-fold increase). Among adults ≥20 years of age the incidence rate in 2010 was 0.87/100 000, which equals that in 2002–2009. Thirty-four of the 54 children were HLA-typed, and they were all positive for narcolepsy risk allele DQB1*0602/DRB1*15. 50/54 children had received Pandemrix vaccination 0 to 242 days (median 42) before onset. All 50 had EDS with abnormal multiple sleep latency test (sleep latency <8 min and ≥2 sleep onset REM periods). The symptoms started abruptly. Forty-seven (94%) had cataplexy, which started at the same time or soon after the onset of EDS. Psychiatric symptoms were common. Otherwise the clinical picture was similar to that described in childhood narcolepsy. Interpretation A sudden increase in the incidence of abrupt childhood narcolepsy was observed in Finland in 2010. We consider it likely that Pandemrix vaccination contributed, perhaps together with other environmental factors, to this increase in genetically susceptible children.


Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) regulates the extracellular matrix turnover by inhibiting the proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). TIMP-1 also displays MMP-independent activities that influence the behavior of various cell types including neuronal plasticity, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain mostly unknown. The trans-membrane receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) consists of a large extracellular chain with distinct ligand-binding domains that interact with numerous ligands including TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 and a short transmembrane chain with intracellular motifs that allow endocytosis and confer signaling properties to LRP-1. We addressed TIMP-1 interaction with recombinant ligand-binding domains of LRP-1 expressed by CHO cells for endocytosis study, or linked onto sensor chips for surface plasmon resonance analysis. Primary cortical neurons bound and internalized endogenous TIMP-1 through a mechanism mediated by LRP-1. This resulted in inhibition of neurite outgrowth and increased growth cone volume. Using a mutated inactive TIMP-1 variant we showed that TIMP-1 effect on neurone morphology was independent of its MMP inhibitory activity. We conclude that TIMP-1 is a new ligand of LRP-1 and we highlight a new example of its MMP-independent, cytokine-like functions.


This book is an in-depth, systematic and structured technical reference on 3GPP's LTE-Advanced (Releases 10 and 11), covering theory, technology and implementation, written by an author who has been involved in the inception and development of these technologies for over 20 years. The book not only describes the operation of individual components, but also shows how they fit into the overall system and operate from a systems perspective. Uniquely, this book gives in-depth information on upper protocol layers, implementation and deployment issues, and services, making it suitable for engineers who are implementing the technology into future products and services. Reflecting the author's 25 plus years of experience in signal processing and communication system design, this book is ideal for professional engineers, researchers, and graduate students working in cellular communication systems, radio air-interface technologies, cellular communications protocols, advanced radio access technologies for beyond 4G systems, and broadband cellular standards.An end-to-end description of LTE/LTE-Advanced technologies using a top-down systems approach, providing an in-depth understanding of how the overall system works Detailed algorithmic descriptions of the individual components' operation and inter-connection Strong emphasis on implementation and deployment scenarios, making this a very practical book An in-depth coverage of theoretical and practical aspects of LTE Releases 10 and 11 Clear and concise descriptions of the underlying principles and theoretical concepts to provide a better understanding of the operation of the system's components Covers all essential system functionalities, features, and their inter-connections based on a clear protocol structure, including detailed signal flow graphs and block diagrams Includes methodologies and results related to link-level and system-level evaluations of LTE-Advanced Provides understanding and insight into the advanced underlying technologies in LTE-Advanced up to and including Release 11: multi-antenna signal processing, OFDM, carrier aggregation, coordinated multi-point transmission and reception, eICIC, multi-radio coexistence, E-MBMS, positioning methods, real-time and non-real-time wireless multimedia applications


The recipient of the Midgette Award for best student paper, Brian Suttell, takes a familiar North Carolina narrative in a new direction. Whereas many historians have regarded the 1960 establishment of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) at a youth leadership conference at Shaw University as opening a new chapter in organized student activism, Suttell demonstrates that robust student leadership had already developed at a number of historically black universities and colleges. Shifting the story from Greensboro to Raleigh, he highlights developments at Shaw University and St. Augustine's College (today, St. Augustine's University) and introduces readers to new players in the civil rights drama of the 1960s: Carry Gaddy Brock, David C. Forbes, Charles Jones, Barbara Woodhouse, Albert Hockaday and Glenford E. Mitchell. While conceding the tension between conference organizer Ella Baker and Dr. Martin Luther King over the roles each hoped students would play, Suttell makes clear that these tensions should not be exaggerated and that students had already developed "leadership, discipline and courage" in the struggle well before the formation of SNCC.


This single-case qualitative study examines leadership in an institution of higher education using the Responsible Leadership for Performance (RLP) model (Lynham & Chermack, 2006) as a framework. The study explores how using a paradigm of collective leadership as an alternative to models of individual leadership could inform understanding of leadership in higher education organizations. By using the RLP framework, this study seeks to examine conceptualization of leadership as the result of collective action while exploring applicability of the RLP framework in the context of higher education. Although the RLP depiction of leadership as a system could be useful in developing leadership system assessment and categorizing constituent demands on institutional leadership, this study suggests application of RLP in higher education is incomplete without supplementing the RLP framework with theories addressing organizational culture and the influence of organization members on organization outcomes. RLP provides some insight into leadership as the result of collective action with implications for developing new leadership paradigms congruent with collaborative paradigms of organization. There continue to be opportunities for further exploration of emergent leadership theories and expanding conceptualization of leadership to include a collaborative locus.


Causal exponentials play a fundamental role in classical system theory. Starting from those elementary building blocks, we propose a complete and self-contained signal processing formulation of exponential splines defined on a uniform grid. We specify the corresponding B-spline basis functions and investigate their reproduction properties (Green function and exponential polynomials); we also characterize their stability (Riesz bounds). We show that the exponential B-spline framework allows an exact implementation of continuous-time signal processing operators including convolution, differential operators, and modulation, by simple processing in the discrete B-spline domain. We derive efficient filtering algorithms for multiresolution signal extrapolation and approximation, extending earlier results for polynomial splines. Finally, we present a new asymptotic error formula that predicts the magnitude and the Nth-order decay of the L/sub 2/-approximation error as a function of the knot spacing T.


The article seeks to demonstrate that the sudden rise in preoccupations with security and
law and order at the time of the 2002 elections in France cannot be explained solely by circumstantial factors but reflects instead a profound transformation in these concerns. After
the relevance and limitations of an analysis in purely circumstantial terms is shown, the
main demonstration is constructed around the distinction that has been developed between
fear and preoccupation. Data from a survey conducted with near-annual regularity from
1977 to 2002 are then used to demonstrate how security preoccupations have become
repatterned since the mid-nineties in such a way that an autonomous version of this type of
concern is now to be found in social groups previously reluctant to adopt an attitude of concern about security. The last part of the article discusses the import of the results obtained:
How should they be interpreted, and how can they be expected to affect security policy?


Model uncertainty is a challenge that is inherent in many applications of mathematical models in various areas, for instance in mathematical finance and stochastic control. Optimization procedures in general take place under a particular model. This model, however, might be misspecified due to statistical estimation errors and incomplete information. In that sense, any specified model must be understood as an approximation of the unknown "true" model. Difficulties arise since a strategy which is optimal under the approximating model might perform rather bad in the true model. A natural way to deal with model uncertainty is to consider worst-case optimization.

The optimization problems that we are interested in are utility maximization problems in continuous-time financial markets. It is well known that drift parameters in such markets are notoriously difficult to estimate. To obtain strategies that are robust with respect to a possible misspecification of the drift we consider a worst-case utility maximization problem with ellipsoidal uncertainty sets for the drift parameter and with a constraint on the strategies that prevents a pure bond investment.
By a dual approach we derive an explicit representation of the optimal strategy and prove a minimax theorem. This enables us to show that the optimal strategy converges to a generalized uniform diversification strategy as uncertainty increases.

To come up with a reasonable uncertainty set, investors can use filtering techniques to estimate the drift of asset returns based on return observations as well as external sources of information, so-called expert opinions. In a Black-Scholes type financial market with a Gaussian drift process we investigate the asymptotic behavior of the filter as the frequency of expert opinions tends to infinity. We derive limit theorems stating that the information obtained from observing the discrete-time expert opinions is asymptotically the same as that from observing a certain diffusion process which can be interpreted as a continuous-time expert. Our convergence results carry over to convergence of the value function in a portfolio optimization problem with logarithmic utility.

Lastly, we use our observations about how expert opinions improve drift estimates for our robust utility maximization problem. We show that our duality approach carries over to a financial market with non-constant drift and time-dependence in the uncertainty set. A time-dependent uncertainty set can then be defined based on a generic filter. We apply this to various investor filtrations and investigate which effect expert opinions have on the robust strategies.


Defining and quantifying amino acid requirements will become an important consideration in the next generation of feeding schemes for dairy cattle beyond the current emphasis on identification of limiting amino acids. In this context different amino acid profiles of untreated, urea treated, fungal treated, and urea plus fungal treated lignocellulosic feed by both P. ostreatus wild and its two cellulase-minus/ less lignolytic mutants were analyzed. Cellulase-free mutant strains were obtained after 20 minutes of exposure to UV light and 0.4 seconds to X-rays. A UV mutant of P. ostreatus (POM1) exhibited better performance than the X-ray mutant (POM2) in terms of production of less cellulolytic and more lignolytic enzymes. Urea treatment of straw enhanced the total amino acid content by less than a factor of two, while the fungal treatment improved it by 13-14 times. Fungal treatment of urea-treated straw improved the total amino acid content by a factor of 15, indicating the importance of urea in the straw. Further, the fungal treatment of urea-treated straw enhanced the quantity of amino acids such as glutamine, glycine, aspergine, etc. by 15-20 times. The quantity of limiting amino acids such as methionine, lysine, and histidine was also enhanced by 8 to 10 times through the fungal treatment. Maximum amounts of all the amino acids were found in urea plus fungal (POM1) treated paddy straw than in only fungal treated and only urea treated paddy straws.


The volume reports on 2006 excavation project aimed at
preserving a part of Předmosti I site for public display. The
excavation unearths the complex of two Gravettian layers
related to a cold and dry, but generally milder climate of the
interpleniglacial (MIS 3). The majority of the paleontological
and archaeological material belongs to the lower layer. The
excavated area is dominated by the accumulation of large bones
in the center while the lithic artifacts and mineral dye
fragments are accumulated rather on the trench peripheries. The
faunal composition is dominated by mammoth, followed by wolf,
reindeer, fox, hare, and bear. A large portion of the
discovered bones were burnt. As a part of the complex
Gravettian (Pavlovian) lithic industry, the component recorded
at Předmosti Ib – lower layer is important as a good case of
association of the geometric microliths with the Kostenki
knives. Spatially, the 2006 excavation belongs to the southern
zone of Předmosti I which is interpreted as a depository and
specific activity area.


Background and Purpose:
 Education for stroke survivors and their caregivers is an essential part of the plan of care. Often times, only written materials are provided to this population which can be difficult due to varying levels of cognitive function and aphasia after a stroke. Our project sought to find a tool that would help to give education in a different format to help decrease our readmission rates.

 Process:
 A group of nurses and the stroke committee at SwedishAmerican evaluated several types of education that exists for stroke survivors and their caregivers. It was decided that the educational video "You've Had a Stroke, Now What?" contained the information the group that would be most beneficial to this population. Nurses provided a copy of the educational DVD to stroke survivors prior to discharge to take home with them. They also conducted a survey during their follow-up discharge phone calls to ensure that they had the DVD and if they did not a copy was sent to their home.

 Results:
 Pre-data showed that our 7 day readmission rates for stroke ranged from 3.13-7.69%. After implementation of providing the stroke education DVD to patients and their families the 7 day readmission rates dropped to 0%.

 Conclusions:
 Health disparities, such as stroke, can cause tremendous anxiety and are taxing on not only the stroke survivor, but the caregivers as well. Using the "You've Had a Stroke, Now What?" has proven to be a beneficial educational tool that can help to overcome some of the initial anxiety and stress that is often encountered as this population is learning to adapt upon discharge to home from the hospital setting and help to prevent unnecessary readmissions.


Crop-regulation techniques applied as preflowering defoliation (D), early cluster thinning at preflowering (ECT), and cluster thinning at lag-phase of berry growth (LCT) were tested over three seasons on high-yielding Vitis vinifera L. Sangiovese and compared to non-defoliated, unthinned control vines. Treatment severity consisted of removing primary leaves and any laterals developed from nodes 1 to 6 in D and of thinning 50% of clusters chosen from among distal clusters or those inserted on weak shoots in ECT and LCT plots. Although yield per vine was not as reduced in D (−32%) as in ECT and LCT treatments (−45%) as compared to the control, D vines also had largely improved sugar and total anthocyanin concentrations and the highest total phenolics. Yield components were also markedly affected by treatments: D vines had smaller clusters and berries, leading to improved cluster looseness and to higher relative skin and seed growth. While all crop-regulating treatments led to an increase in the final leaf-to-fruit ratio, parameters of technological maturity were essentially uncoupled, as equally high Brix levels corresponded to the highest titratable acidity in D and, conversely, to lowest titratable acidity and highest pH in ECT and LCT. Overall results showed that different final yield-grape composition patterns can be reached depending on the technique used for crop regulation as a primary consequence of a diversified degree of compensation triggered on single-yield components.


When higher education institutions seek to align their research goals with nationally driven imperatives, various members of the institutional community need to work in concert to achieve them. The identification of effective strategies and the development of a contextually appropriate research culture are fundamental elements to progressing institutional objectives and achieving planned performance outcomes. Because all parties frequently have differing motivations, there are obvious challenges for organizational leadership. This article examines some of the issues facing academic leaders in the changing research environment within New Zealand and links them to a research study of efforts made in two differing tertiary institutions to enhance research productivity. Data indicate that there is great complexity in integrating organizational purpose with academic staff aspirations and endeavours. Of necessity, strategy and initiatives need to be situated contextually and leadership becomes a crucial mechanism for dovetailing the institutional agenda with individual enterprise.


In 2007 the Irish National Crime Council recommended that community courts should be established in Ireland, located in the inner city of Dublin, to deal with quality-of-life offences. In 2009 the final report of the National Commission on Restorative Justice recommended that restorative justice be legislated for, and introduced nationally in the criminal justice system in Ireland, by no later than 2015. Now, in 2019, we are still awaiting the introduction of community courts and the national rollout of restorative justice. Some progress, however, has been made in both areas. In 2014 the Minister for Justice announced that a pilot scheme would be established in Dublin, through which a community court would be established. Close monitoring and evaluation would determine whether community courts should then be rolled out on a national level. Several restorative justice schemes around the country have been expanded since the publication of the final report of the National Commission on Restorative Justice (2009), and a small but dedicated restorative justice movement is developing in Ireland. This paper argues that the rollout of restorative justice should coincide with the development and rollout of community courts in Ireland, and that community courts should contain an element of restorative justice. It also argues that the recent expansion of restorative justice schemes should be allowed to continue independently of the development of community courts in order to help facilitate a national rollout of restorative justice in the Irish criminal justice system.


The purpose of this article is to give current information on the effect of aging on heart, clasification of heart failure (HF) in geriatric dogs and therapeutic advances and challenges. The aging process results in a host of physiological and biological changes that lead to progressive HF. Nearly any cardiovascular disease (CVD) can lead to HF. HF in geriatric dogs is broadly classified into: Diastolic heart failure is defined as HF with preserved ejection fraction (HF/PEF), systolic heart failure is also known as HF with low ejection fraction (HF/low-EF). Importantly, HF/PEF accounts for approximately 50% of all HF patients and its prevalence is higher in the elderly. In humans, mortality and morbidity benefits for HF/low-EF have been reported with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers and aldosterone antagonists, and the hydralazine–nitrate combination in patients intolerant to ACE inhibitors or nitrates. Therapies for symptom control and morbidity benefit include diuretics and digoxin. The most common and suggested therapy for dogs with HF by ACVIM panelists is furosemide, ACE-I and pimobendan. Pharmacological therapy is limited for HF/PEF as the results of small trials have been inconclusive. To date, clinical trials in HF/PEF patients have not shown mortality benefit so that management is focused on symptom relief and treatment of the underlying cause.


Some have observed that individuals perform worse after being promoted. The Peter principle, which states that people are promoted to their level of incompetence, suggests that something is fundamentally misaligned in the promotion process. This view is unnecessary and inconsistent with the data. Below, it is argued that ability appears lower after promotion purely as a statistical matter. Being promoted is evidence that a standard has been met. Regression to the mean implies that future ability will be lower, on average. Firms optimally account for the regression bias in making promotion decisions, but the effect is never eliminated. Rather than evidence of a mistake, the Peter principle is a necessary consequence of any promotion rule. Furthermore, firms that take it into account appropriately adopt an optimal strategy. Usually, firms inflate the promotion criterion to offset the Peter principle effect, and the more important the transitory component is relative to total variation in ability, the larger the amount that the standard is inflated. The same logic applies to other situations. For example, it explains why movie sequels are worse than the original film on which they are based and why second visits to restaurants are less rewarding than the first.


This dissertation is composed of three parts: airborne multiple input multiple output (MIMO) communications, physical layer authentication, and software radio design for DARPA Spectrum Challenge. A common theme for the three distinct problems is the system perspective that we have adopted throughout this dissertation. Instead of considering isolated issues within these problems, we have provided a holistic design approach to the three problems and have implemented all three systems using the GNU Radio/USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral) platform. In the first part, we develop a MIMO communication system for airborne platforms. MIMO communication has long been considered to be suitable only for environment that is rich in scatterers. This, unfortunately is not the case for airborne platforms. However, this lack of scattering can be compensated by the large aperture of the airborne MIMO platform; this is corroborated by our careful analysis using real measurement data. Our analysis of the airborne MIMO channels leads to the development of a variable rate MIMO transceiver architecture. This architecture is numerically shown to improve the bit error rate (BER) over conventional transceiver architectures that are developed for rich scattering environments. A software radio based MIMO system is then implemented to demonstrate experimentally the efficacy of the developed architecture. In the second part, we develop a physical layer authentication scheme as a counter measure to primary user emulation attack (PUEA) in cognitive radio (CR) networks. In this attack, a malicious user emulates the signal characteristics of the primary user (PU) when it is silent which prevents unsuspecting secondary users (SUs) from utilizing the network. The developed physical layer authentication is based on embedding cryptographic hash signatures, referred to as authentication tags, within PU's signal constellations. The embedding is performed such that the legacy receivers are not affected. We analyze the scheme using the fast fading Rayleigh channel model and present an optimal scheme to embed signals in PU's constellations which minimizes the tag BER. Experimental results are obtained that corroborate our theoretical claims, thereby establish that reliable authentication can be achieved without sacrificing signal quality at the primary receivers. In the final part, we describe in detail our design of software radios developed as part of the DARPA Spectrum Challenge (DSC), a year long competition that started in January 2013 and concluded in March 2014 with the final tournament held in Arlington, VA at the DARPA headquarter. DSC was comprised of two tournaments, competitive and cooperative. In the competitive mode two radio pairs, each composed of a transmitter and a receiver, are pitted against each other to transmit the most amount of data error-free while operating concurrently in the same frequency band. In the cooperative mode, three radio pairs have to share a frequency band in a cooperative manner wherein the goal is to maximize the throughput of all the three pairs. We describe the design of our software radio system that integrates some key technologies crucial in operating in an environment that does not allow user coordination and spectrum pre-planning, including: spectrum sensing, adaptive transmission both in spectrum utilization and transmission rate, opportunistic jamming, and sliding window feedback. The developed radio is robust in the presence of unknown interference and achieves the desired balance between throughput and reliability in an uncoordinated transmission environment. ON ROBUST AND SECURE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DESIGN USING SOFTWARE-DEFINED RADIOS


Low-income families in the United States tend to live in neighborhoods that offer limited opportunities for upward income mobility. One potential explanation for this pattern is that families prefer such neighborhoods for other reasons, such as affordability or proximity to family and jobs. An alternative explanation is that they do not move to high-opportunity areas because of barriers that prevent them from making such moves. We test between these two explanations using a randomized controlled trial with housing voucher recipients in Seattle and King County. We provided services to reduce barriers to moving to high-upward-mobility neighborhoods: customized search assistance, landlord engagement, and short-term financial assistance. Unlike many previous housing mobility programs, families using vouchers were not required to move to a high-opportunity neighborhood to receive a voucher. The intervention increased the fraction of families who moved to high-upward-mobility areas from 15% in the control group to 53% in the treatment group. Families induced to move to higher opportunity areas by the treatment do not make sacrifices on other aspects of neighborhood quality, tend to stay in their new neighborhoods when their leases come up for renewal, and report higher levels of neighborhood satisfaction after moving. These findings imply that most low-income families do not have a strong preference to stay in low-opportunity areas; instead, barriers in the housing search process are a central driver of residential segregation by income. Interviews with families reveal that the capacity to address each family's needs in a specific manner — from emotional support to brokering with landlords to customized financial assistance — was critical to the program's success. Using quasi-experimental analyses and comparisons to other studies, we show that more standardized policies — increasing voucher payment standards in high-opportunity areas or informational interventions — have much smaller impacts. We conclude that redesigning affordable housing policies to provide customized assistance in housing search could reduce residential segregation and increase upward mobility substantially.


Importance Many patients with acute low back pain do not recover with basic first-line care (advice, reassurance, and simple analgesia, if necessary). It is unclear whether intensive patient education improves clinical outcomes for those patients already receiving first-line care. Objective To determine the effectiveness of intensive patient education for patients with acute low back pain. Design, Setting, and Participants This randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial recruited patients from general practices, physiotherapy clinics, and a research center in Sydney, Australia, between September 10, 2013, and December 2, 2015. Trial follow-up was completed in December 17, 2016. Primary care practitioners invited 618 patients presenting with acute low back pain to participate. Researchers excluded 416 potential participants. All of the 202 eligible participants had low back pain of fewer than 6 weeks' duration and a high risk of developing chronic low back pain according to Predicting the Inception of Chronic Pain (PICKUP) Tool, a validated prognostic model. Participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either patient education or placebo patient education. Interventions All participants received recommended first-line care for acute low back pain from their usual practitioner. Participants received additional 2 × 1-hour sessions of patient education (information on pain and biopsychosocial contributors plus self-management techniques, such as remaining active and pacing) or placebo patient education (active listening, without information or advice). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was pain intensity (11-point numeric rating scale) at 3 months. Secondary outcomes included disability (24-point Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire) at 1 week, and at 3, 6, and 12 months. Results Of 202 participants randomized for the trial, the mean (SD) age of participants was 45 (14.5) years and 103 (51.0%) were female. Retention rates were greater than 90% at all time points. Intensive patient education was not more effective than placebo patient education at reducing pain intensity (3-month mean [SD] pain intensity: 2.1 [2.4] vs 2.4 [2.2]; mean difference at 3 months, –0.3 [95% CI, –1.0 to 0.3]). There was a small effect of intensive patient education on the secondary outcome of disability at 1 week (mean difference, –1.6 points on a 24-point scale [95% CI, –3.1 to –0.1]) and 3 months (mean difference, –1.7 points, [95% CI, –3.2 to –0.2]) but not at 6 or 12 months. Conclusions and Relevance Adding 2 hours of patient education to recommended first-line care for patients with acute low back pain did not improve pain outcomes. Clinical guideline recommendations to provide complex and intensive support to high-risk patients with acute low back pain may have been premature. Trial Registration Australian Clinical Trial Registration Number: 12612001180808


We have fabricated photorefractive InGaAs/GaAs multiple quantum wells operating at a wavelength of 1064 nm and have characterized its photorefractive properties in the Franz-Keldysh geometry. A maximum gain coefficient of 200 cm-1 and a maximum four-wave mixing diffraction efficiency of 0.07% are obtained at an applied field of 15 kV/cm. Adaptive vibration measurement in a two- wave mixing configuration has also been demonstrated. The noise equivalent surface displacement of our measurement system is estimated at about 1.5xl0-6 nm(W/Hz)1/2.