Within the archives of Springfield College are the unofficial minutes of the Gulick Academy of Physical Education from 1906–1909. Surprisingly, the attendance, participation, and presentations of Clark W. Hetherington were not very impressive, which raised the question, what had he accomplished to warrant the Academy designating him as its first member and president—or for making the Hetherington Award its highest honor? The answer is complex, but insights can be obtained from the results of an early association with Thomas D. Woods and from the implementation of his philosophy of play by select schools and states. By 1926, many universities had adopted his objectives and curricula for physical education, while his philosophy for physical education began to be promoted by the physical education profession. However, since 2010 the term physical education has been removed from our title and bylaws. Consequently, should we continue to have our highest honor be identified with the Hetherington Award? I sincer...


Felicia Hemans' religious poetry reaches its apex in Scenes and Hymns of Life, with Other Religious Poems (1834), the last book she published during her lifetime. Although rarely studied, (2) this volume's sonnet sequence "Female Characters of Scripture" clarifies contemporary debates concerning Hemans' attitude toward domesticity, revealing her as a spokesperson for the ambivalence she and many of her contemporaries held toward the position of women in society and religion. Uncomfortable with large-scale social change, Hemans uses these sonnets to reveal the price of separate-sphere ideology without completely rejecting its values. She accomplishes this through poetic depictions of biblical women, providing nineteenth-century readers with role models who broadened standard definitions of domestic and spiritual roles. As "poetess of the hearth" or unofficial spokeswoman of the religiously charged domestic sphere, Hemans always showed concern for spiritual themes. However, her treatment of religion defies the assumptions of current scholarship, which often depicts nineteenth-century religion as either compensatory or promoting revolutionary social change, ignoring the vast array of intermediate options. Hemans' approach falls m this middle ground, as she consistently depicts religion as a source of mediated agency. Through these sonnets, Hemans claims the power of biblical women for herself, her writing, and the position of nineteenth-century women. Scenes and Hymns of Life, with Other Religious Poems The eponymous first section of Scenes and Hymns of Life remains consonant with Hemans' earlier religious poetry, rarely addressing the biblical text, but focusing instead on religious themes and the spiritual lives of fictionalized characters. The volume's second section, the "other religious poems" of the title, is internally labeled "miscellaneous poems." These poems deviate from Hemans' previous emphasis on domestic affections and include devotional and meditative poems, as well as biblical interpretation. Although poems such as "Belshazzar's Feast" and "The Hebrew, Mother" offered early and influential forays into scriptural interpretation, (3) these poems take liberal poetic license with the biblical accounts and function primarily as extended scriptural allusions. A collection of fifteen sonnets, "Female Characters of Scripture" is Hemans' first sustained treatment of biblical material, functioning as poetic scriptural interpretation. As the nineteenth century progressed and the German school of higher criticism gained traction in the English-speaking world, scriptural interpretation became an increasingly conflict-ridden field. Due to her familiarity with German literature, Hemans was probably aware of higher criticism, but she was writing before hermeneutic debates were widely disseminated. Therefore, she eschews this emergent approach, maintaining a traditional interpretive style while addressing her social, political, and religious concerns. Approaching the text as authoritative-both sacred and accurate-allowed Hemans to claim authority for herself and her religious poetry, leading to a confidence of tone unparalleled in her canon. Hemans privately referred to Scenes and Hymns of Life as her "best volume," (4) and the book's preface also reflects authorial pride. Apologetic or defensive prefaces, a standard trope for many nineteenth-century women writers, are noticeably absent in Hemans' writings. While this volume's preface contains elements of the conventional apology, her confident opening tempers the self-effacing tendencies: I trust I shall not be accused of presumption for the endeavour which I have here made to enlarge, in some degree, the sphere of Religious Poetry, by associating with its themes more of the emotions, the affections, and even the purer imaginative enjoyments of daily life, than may have been hitherto admitted within the hallowed circle. …


In the formative periods of American "open government" law, the idea of transparency was linked with progressive politics. Advocates of transparency understood themselves to be promoting values such as bureaucratic rationality, social justice, and trust in public institutions. Transparency was meant to make government stronger and more egalitarian. In the twenty-first century, transparency is doing different work. Although a wide range of actors appeal to transparency in a wide range of contexts, the dominant strain in the policy discourse emphasizes its capacity to check administrative abuse, enhance private choice, and reduce other forms of regulation. Transparency is meant to make government smaller and less egregious.
This Article traces transparency's drift in the United States from a progressive to a more libertarian, or neoliberal, orientation and offers some reflections on the causes and consequences — and on the possibility of a reversal. Many factors have played a part, including corporate capture of freedom of information laws, the exponential growth in national security secrecy, the emergence of the digital age and associated technologies of disclosure, the desire to facilitate international trade and investment, and the ascendance of market-based theories of regulation. Perhaps the most fundamental driver of this ideological drift, however, is the most easily overlooked: the diminishing marginal returns to government transparency. As public institutions became subject to more and more policies of openness and accountability, demands for transparency became more and more threatening to the functioning and legitimacy of those institutions and, consequently, to progressive political agendas. Coming to terms with transparency law's ambivalent legacy is the first step toward redeeming its promise in the present day.


Focusing on E. San Juan, Jr.'s The Radical Tradition in Philippine Literature, which forms the matrix of his thought as a historical materialist critic, this essay traces the development of a central argument in the author's body of work: namely, Philippine literature—diverse in form, expansive in reach—is progressive and revolutionary. Using such a fundamental argument with complex effects, I explore its implications for rethinking not only the scope of Philippine literature, but also for reimagining human solidarity, which San Juan aptly terms the New International. As I will suggest, the New International is an important form of planetary consciousness from below that offers an alternative account of internationalism, one that signifies the incorporation of the dispossessed everywhere as new historical agents. To understand this original concept, I will argue, is to grasp the historical truth of decolonization wherein the unprecedented conjuncture of Marxism, anti-colonialism, and vernacularism has enabled the revision of human solidarity that proceeds from the nontotalizing universality of the vernacular, a concept that has huge consequences not only for revitalizing the political philosophy of freedom, but also, and perhaps more important, for securing its flourishing in the future.


In developing countries, diarrhea is known as the major cause of burden among children. Diarrhea is associated to poor quality of drinking water, inadequate sanitation and insufficient hygiene behavior. This work introduces a bottom-up approach for the implementation of a borehole installation in conjunction with proper water handling in rural areas. A pre-intervention survey was performed as a basic decision tool, and a post-intervention survey was performed to evaluate the quality of the intervention. In particular, information was collected regarding the water source, the health status, the water related behavior, hygiene and on other issues. Furthermore, coliforms and fecal contamination of the water sources used during the dry season were determined. Prior to the intervention the monthly diarrhea incidence was estimated to be around 22.0% among children. Microbiological analysis showed that sources of water (river, swamp and waterhole) presented a high fecal contamination (>250 for river and swamp, 110 most probable number index 100 mL–1 for waterhole). After the intervention, the monthly diarrhea incidence dropped to 10.2% among children, showing a significant reduction of 11.8% ( p < 0.01). Even though this represents an exciting result, more intervention projects at household level are required in order to further reduce the diarrhea incidence.


The 'lemon' problem means the informational asymmetries resulted from the products quality uncertainty. It was suggested by the American economist George Akerlof (1970), who is one of Nobel Economics Prize laureates in 2001. The purpose of this paper is to analyze Internet consumer's behaviour under the cyber 'lemon'. With the view from CAS (complex adaptive system) theory, the paper builds up e-consumer's behaviors model that based on Akerlof's 'lemon' model and analyzes the issue stemming from the Internet markets in China. The thesis considers that the cyber 'lemons' in China is more serious than other developed countries, because there are many special influencing factors. This paper put forward the ideas eliminating or avoid the cyber market. Compared to the physical market, we need some particular approaches to eliminate the cyber 'lemons' such as renting reputation, uniting brand and quality-intermediates. Some non-economic approaches such as law, ethics and trust in Internet market are need also.


Trends are ubiquitous in economic discourse, play a role in much economic theory, and have been intensively studied in econometrics over the last three decades. Yet the empirical economist, forecaster, and policy maker have little guidance from theory about the source and nature of trend behavior, even less guidance about practical formulations, and are heavily reliant on a limited class of stochastic trend, deterministic drift, and structural break models to use in applications. A vast econometric literature has emerged but the nature of trend remains elusive. In spite of being the dominant characteristic in much economic data, having a role in policy assessment that is often vital, and attracting intense academic and popular interest that extends well beyond the subject of economics, trends are little understood. This essay discusses some implications of these limitations, mentions some research opportunities, and briefly illustrates the extent of the difficulties in learning about trend phenomena even when the time series are far longer than those that are available in economics.


The start-up process of every firm is unique; backgrounds of the founders differ, the goals of the firm differ, sectors differ. However, in firm demographic research there is a continuing quest for regularities in order to understand the start-up process of firms better. In relation to problems with the new foundings birth rate, an important dimension in the start-up process is the influence of existing firms on the start-up of new ones. Is the new firm an individual effort or is the new firm heavily influenced by another firm? This question can be approached from a organisational and an individual perspective. The organisational view takes the firm as a starting point, whereas the individual perspective focuses on the entrepreneur. Both views allow an analysis of the influence of other firms. Taking the organisational viewpoint, new firms can be classified from totally new entities to diversified parts of large existing firms. The former is a totally new configuration of resources, but the latter heavily builds on existing structures and organisation. The processes are pretty straightforward to recognize as the path history of the firms can be traced back pretty easily. However, little is known about the importance of different groups. How many firms are actual new configurations, and how many built upon existing firms? From the individual viewpoint, the influence of other firms is less easily recognised. Many studies reason along the lines of experience. Firms influence the start-up of new ones by educating their employees and giving them expertise in this way. The entrepreneurs use this to start up their own firm. Experienced founders start better firms than other entrants. Several studies have come up with this logically appealing result. After all, it makes sense that entrepreneurs with a reasonable degree of knowledge about the new firm and its sector will perform better than entrepreneurs with less experience. The experience of founders, however, is usually rather loosely defined and in many cases there is only a dichotomy between sector experience (spin-offs) and entrepreneurship experience (habitual entrepreneurs). At the level of the knowledge itself, very little is known and the mechanisms of knowledge transfer from existing firms to new ones are treated as a black-box. Consequently, the role of existing firms as educational institutes for entrepreneurs is only approximately known. This paper focuses on the question to what extent firms are actually new, or that they can be seen as rearrangements of old firms. Which are the most important resources transferred from firm to firm? Both the organisational approach and the individual are applied. The empirical results are based on a large questionnaire (N=347) of Dutch entrepreneurs and a follow-up in the form of focus interviews with the entrepreneurs. It appears that most entrepreneurs have a solid background in the business they are in. About 80% of all entrepreneurs has built up knowledge during their previous job, that they now use being an entrepreneur. Besides 20% of all entrepreneurs even receive direct help from their previous employers. From an organisational perspective, a large share of all firms has been based on existing firms, either as a continuation of a stopped firm (18%), or a diversified part of a larger company (10%). The paper concludes by proposing a framework, based on the above findings, that facilitates a new approach to birth rate calculation methods.


I. INTRODUCTION The Report on the Human Genome Initiative declared that uncovering the human genome is revealing the "book of man,"(2) that by mapping and understanding the human genome we will understand what it means to be human.(3) Many proponents of the Human Genome Project give a dominant place to an internal mechanism, the gene, as the source of human behavior.(4) Where we as a culture allocate responsibility has profound effects on how we construct our identity and our society. The Human Genome Project is a scientific enterprise under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy and the Department of Health and Human Services. Its task is to order and sequence the human genome.(5) This project will require the mapping of some three billion bases from one genome that will act as the prototype of a "normal" genome.(6) Many of the scientists involved in the Human Genome Project believe the mapping of these three billion bases will lead to major advances in medicine(7) and biotechnology,(8) as well as uncover the essential "text" of what it means to be human.(9) Supporting scientific enterprise is an important function of government; however, science is not immune from the philosophic persuasions of its scientists.(10) The methods of research our government decides to endow will reflect our own culture's belief of where causal agents reside.(11) The assumption that genes are the carrier of our destiny is a profoundly ideological stance. It places reductionist explanations(12) to behavior above all others and, in doing so, allocates other causes such as environment to subsidiary roles. Legal scholars have been quick to jump on this reductionist bandwagon and write of the legal implications resulting from the mapping of the human genome. Articles have been written on the problems of individuals obtaining insurance if a test reveals they carry the gene for a certain disease,(13) or on physicians becoming subject to torts for failing to disclose the presence of a genetic defect in a patient to her family members,(14) or on the pros and cons of genetic privacy.(15) These are important issues and ones that need to be addressed, but what underlies them is an assumption that the claims of the Human Genome Project are true. Legal scholars are not alone in their enthusiasm for this reductionist explanation of human traits. The idea that a map of identifiable sequential regions in DNA can "control" manifested traits, from disease to personality, has been easily accepted by the public.(16) After all, it is a highly plausible theory, to the layperson or even to someone with considerable education. Scientists have identified areas of DNA that, when mutated, affect a trait of the human host, such as the single gene for cystic fibrosis. Furthermore, a tenth-grade biology class can describe Mendelian genetics and how a gene from one's mother and another from one's father will determine the color of one's hair or eyes.(17) The wide adoption of DNA as master molecule in the scientific community is seen in the incredible explosion of trials for differing gene therapies.(18) "The National Institute of Health (NIH) is spending an estimated $200 million a year to develop and test tools and techniques for gene therapy. Private companies have raised hundreds of millions of dollars to enter the field and are now sponsoring most of the clinical trials. Many academic centers have created gene-therapy programs and joined the jockeying for a piece of the action."(19) To date, very little concrete data on the benefits of gene therapy have resulted from all this research.(20) Yet, the allocation of medical research resources continues to increase in this area.(21) The benefactors of the Human Genome Project will undoubtedly be the biotechnology companies. Their interests are served by fostering the "myth" of the genome; moreover, they will be the recipients of funding for new technological breakthroughs in isolating genes and will profit from the marketing of DNA tests to doctors, employers, and genetic counselors. …


The by-product from tuna processing is a potential source of edible protein. Therefore, it is very important to extract protein from such raw materials for human food. In this study the optimum pH for protein extraction from tuna by-products was optimized by using isoelectric solubilization and precipitation processes. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the single factor model were used for optimization of the protein extraction process. From ANOVA (one-factor design) tests, significant effects were detected for process variables, functional properties and stability between tuna protein isolate prototypes extracted at acidic and alkaline pH, the latter having the least Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVB-N) and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), but the highest Water Holding Capacity (WHC), hardness, cohesiveness, springiness and viscosity values. The highest yield percentage was found for the alkaline aided process, too. The alkali-aided process recovered proteins of higher whiteness than the acid-aided process. Accordingly the optimum pH of protein extraction was obtained. The model was then validated and maximized based on the functional properties, stability and recovery yield data. Under the optimized pH, the experimental values were in good agreement with those predicted by the software. Then the properties of the optimum prototypes were compared to the fish protein isolated from different by-products. The results suggest that the proteins recovered from tuna processing by-products could be a valuable source of protein ingredient for fortification/ developing formulated ready-to-eat products.


The use of entangled metallic wires as vibrational dampers and shock isolators is of interest in a variety
of applications. By taking advantage of the frictional contact between the contiguous wires, it has been
shown that significant amounts of energy dissipation can be achieved. The amount of energy dissipation
is highly dependent on many factors with one in particular being the excitation amplitude. When the
excitation amplitude is low, a combination of the number of contact points, in which have relative
motion, and the contact pressure are lessened often leading to a sacrifice in energy dissipation. In this
paper, spherical metallic rigid bodies are embedded within metallic wool. These rigid bodies act as
motion amplifiers in which, locally within the metallic wool, amplify the excitation amplitude leading
to an increase in vibrational damping. Presented are experimental modal results from various metallic
wool/embedded rigid body arrangements within a prismatic hollow aluminium tube. It is found that the
incorporation of the embedded rigid bodies into the steel wool significantly improves the damping
within the system. It is demonstrated that an increase in damping by 2328% has been achieved at only
a 3.8% penalty in mass. It is found that the level of damping from the embedded rigid bodies depends
not only on the excitation amplitude but their quantity and the accompanying steel wool configuration.
A finite element procedure coupled with an analytical model is proposed which accounts for the strain
energy produced within the steel wool to estimate the damping effect that this filler material has on the
behaviour of the overall structure. The model treats the metallic wool/rigid sphere combination as a
homogeneous equivalent solid with amplitude dependent damping properties, thereby reducing the
complexities of the physics-based model while still providing an estimate of the vibrational damping
while in the frequency domain.


The purpose of this paper is to describe the new experiences of the dual training model in engineering education in Hungary. This new model has been introduced recently in the higher education and has become a focus of interest. This is a fa-vorable program for the students to experience the real industry environment pri-or to graduation and it is a good tool to motivate them to study harder. The dual education students study in the institutional academic period together with the regular full-time students at their higher education institute, and parallel to their academic education they participate in the practical training. It gives the students an opportunity to join a specific training program at an enterprise. Being involved in specific "operational" practical tasks and project-oriented work enhances inde-pendent work, learning soft skills and experiencing the culture of work. Our ob-jectives are to analyze the benefits of the dual training for all three parties: the stu-dent, the company and university. The study confirms earlier results from prior studies which show, for example, that students who choose the dual option achieve better program outcomes.


The present study investigates the representation of non-standardised varieties of English in literary prose texts. This is achieved by creating and annotating a corpus of literary texts from Scotland, West Africa, and Southeast Asia. The analysis addresses two major topics. Firstly, the extent of representation reveals clearly distinct feature profiles across regions, coupled with varying feature densities. Feature profiles are also relevant to individual characters, as certain traits such as social status, ethnicity, or age can be signalled by linguistic means. The second topic, accuracy of representation, compares the features observed in literary texts with descriptions of the actual varieties, and suggests that representations of varieties may differ from their real-life models in the sense that highly frequent features may be absent from texts, while less frequent but more emblematic ones, or even invented ones, may be used by authors to render a variety of English in their texts.


At present, 5-axis machining is often realized with ball end mills that do not achieve the advantages of modern circle segment end mills. However, to exploit the potential of these modern tools, it is necessary to use a special CAM software, including hyperMILL from Westcam. This software, increasing the efficiency of machining, was used in the present study, which compared these tools with respect to the quality of the machined surface, machining time and cutting forces. The workpiece material was aluminum alloy EN AW 7075-T6. At given cutting parameters, the circle-segment end mills achieved a lower Ra value and generally higher machining efficiency. At the end of the study, an assessment was made with respect to the economy.


Foreign body ingestion (FBI) is a common clinical condition, especially in childhood age groups. The aim of this study was to analyze and discuss 118 articles related to FBI, to determine the clinical approaches used in FBI, and to emphasize the importance of subject. The data of this study were compiled through a search of the Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, PA, USA). "Foreign body ingestion" was the search term used to select relevant article titles from all years available. The analysis of 118 articles included the publishing journal, the medical specialty of the research, the country of origin, the institution that performed the study, and the date of publication. Pediatric and surgical studies were most common, numbering 37 (31.3%) and 25 (21.1%), in the respective fields of research. The greatest portion of articles, 39 (33%), was published in the United States of America, and the greatest quantity of articles was published in 2005. The mean age of the patient presenting with FBI was 3.1-5 years. FBI can cause asphyxia and mortality in situations affecting the aerodigestive tract. Conservative treatment was the most common approach used; however, at times endoscopy or surgical intervention is required. FBI should be kept in mind, particularly for pediatric patients, when there are complaints of shortness of breath, abdominal pain, and vomiting.


Modern neuroimaging techniques use signals originating from microcirculation to map brain function. In this study, activity-dependent changes in oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and light scattering were characterized by an imaging spectroscopy approach that offers high spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution. Sensory stimulation of cortical columns initiates tissue hypoxia and vascular responses that occur within the first 3 seconds and are highly localized to individual cortical columns. However, the later phase of the vascular response is less localized, spreading over distances of 3 to 5 millimeters.


Four research-based insights are essential to understanding forest bioenergy and "carbon debts." (1) As long as wood-producing land remains in forest, long-lived wood products and forest bioenergy reduce fossil fuel use and long-term carbon emission impacts. (2) Increased demand for wood can trigger investments that increase forest area and forest productivity and reduce carbon impacts associated with increased harvesting. (3) The carbon debt concept emphasizes short-term concerns about biogenic CO2 emissions, although it is long-term cumulative CO2 emissions that are correlated with projected peak global temperature, and these cumulative emissions are reduced by substituting forest bioenergy for fossil fuels. (4) Considering forest growth, investment responses, and the radiative forcing of biogenic CO2 over a 100-year time horizon (as used for other greenhouse gases), the increased use of forest-derived materials most likely to be used for bioenergy in the United States results in low net greenhouse gas emissions, especially compared with those for fossil fuels.


Since the second half of the twentieth century, ethnicity has come to play an increasingly important role in political phenomena, especially in the justification of armed conflicts. To explain this particular role that ethnic identities seem to play, recent research highlights the strategic mobilization of ethnic identities by elites to obtain and legitimize positions of power. Based on this work, this research aims to answer two main gaps that characterize quantitative studies on the subject and which prevent a better understanding of the role of ethnicity in the acceptance of leaders' authority. First, quantitative research on ethnicity typically fails to take the social constructivist stance seriously as shown by the use of measurements (i.e. "fractionalization" or "polarization" indices) that treat ethnic identity as a descriptive characteristic, regardless of its subjective relevance for individuals. Second, research generally focuses on either the societal (national) level or the individual level when trying to understand the relationship between ethnicity and violence, and therefore confuses dynamics that happen at the national level with those occurring at more local scales. Relying on the spiral of silence theory and the social representation approach, I propose the following hypothesis to explain how strong leadership may become uncontested: local contexts where the importance of ethnic identities substantially changes are characterized by a questioning of the political norms (i.e. what political stances can be publicly enacted) and constitutes therefore places where otherwise censored political views (e.g. authoritarian) may come to dominate the public sphere. To test this hypothesis, I use data from the first two rounds of the Afrobarometer survey collected in 10 African countries. Using multilevel logistic models, I examine whether regional change in the salience of ethnic identities interacts with the political attitude of individuals (authoritarian vs Democrats) to predict their political participation. As hypothesized, results show that regional volatility selectively affects the enactment of political views. However, the pattern is more complex than predicted and suggests that the spiral of silence framework is be too simplistic to explain processes occurring in these contexts. LIVES Working Papers – Bady ▪ 1 ▪


Context. Sequential supernova explosions create supershells which can break out a stratified medium, producing bipolar outflows. The gas of the supershells can fragment into clouds which eventually fall toward the disk producing so-called galactic fountains. Aims. The aim of this paper is to calculate the expansion law and chemical enrichment of a supershell powered by the energetic feedback of a typical Galactic OB association at various galactocentric radii. We study the orbits of the fragments created when the supershell breaks out and we compare their kinetic and chemical properties with the available observations of high – and intermediate – velocity clouds. Methods. We use the Kompaneets (1960, Soviet Phys. Dokl., 5, 46) approximation for the evolution of the superbubble driven by sequential supernova explosions and we compute the abundances of oxygen and iron residing in the thin cold supershell. We assume that supershells are fragmented by Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities and we follow the orbit of the clouds either ballistically or by means of a hybrid model considering viscous interaction between the clouds and the extra-planar gas. Results. Given the self-similarity of the solutions, clouds are always formed ∼448 pc above the plane. If the initial metallicity is solar, the pollution from dying stars of the OB association has a negligible effect on the chemical composition of the clouds. The maximum height reached by the clouds above the plane seldom exceeds 2 kpc and when averaging over different throwing angles, the landing coordinate differs from the throwing coordinate by ∼1 kpc at most. Conclusions. The range of heights and [O/Fe] ratios spanned by our clouds suggest that the high velocity clouds cannot have a Galactic origin, whereas intermediate velocity clouds have kinematic properties similar to our modeled clouds but have overabundances observed for the [O/Fe] ratios that can be reproduced only with initial metallicities that are too low compared to those of the Galaxy disk.


The main object of the present investigation was to develop a sustained release matrix tablets of glimepiride with Cordia dichotoma G.Forst fruit mucilage and to study its functionality as a matrix forming agent for sustained release. Physicochemical properties of dried powdered Cordia dichotoma G.Forst fruit mucilage were studied. Various formulations of glimepiride Cordia dichotoma G.Forst mucilage (CD-1, CD-2, CD-3, CD-4 and CD-5) were prepared. They were found to have better uniformity of weight and drug content with low SD values. The swelling behavior and release rate characteristics were studied. The dissolution study proved that the dried Cordia dichotoma G.Forst fruit mucilage can be used as a matrix forming material for making sustained release tablets.


The paper describes the internal organization of the 21264, a 500 MHz, out of order, quad fetch, six way issue microprocessor. The aggressive cycle time of the 21264 in combination with many architectural innovations, such as out of order and speculative execution, enable this microprocessor to deliver an estimated 30 SpecInt95 and 50 SpecFp95 performance. In addition, the 21264 can sustain 5+ Gigabytes/sec of bandwidth to an L2 cache and 3+ Gigabytes/sec to memory for high performance on memory-intensive applications.


The newly evolved trends of transformation in the entrepreneurships, their establishment, operation and management, and subsequent alterations in the entrepreneurship's knowledge arena has brought out the idea of open innovation, suggesting that ideas for innovations can transpire or go to market from outside the company as well as inside. Leaders among the global entrepreneurships, among others including researchers, academics and agencies acting as intermediaries are thriving to achieve success in accommodating open innovation (OI) strategies in their business processes or researches or activities leading to additional value gain. OI strategies, accepted by relatively large corporate business houses through their very nature, but as time passes and strategies mature, seemingly and gradually they are being adapted by the small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) for the benefit of economic and knowledge gain. This paper through a comparative study has tried to incorporate ideas of open innovation that are suitable for SMEs and find answer to the question on the acceptance of OI strategies in SMEs.


Partial shading is a serious obstacle to the effective utilization of photovoltaic (PV) systems since it can result in a significant degradation in the PV system output power. A PV system is organized as a series connection of PV modules, each module comprising a number of series-parallel connected PV cells. Backup PV cell employment and PV module reconfiguration techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of the PV system under the partial shading effects. However, these approaches are not very effective since they are costly in terms of their PV cell count and/or cell connectivity requirements. In contrast, this paper presents a cost-effective, reconfigurable PV module architecture with integrated switches in each PV cell. This paper also presents a dynamic programming algorithm to adaptively produce near-optimal reconfigurations of each PV module so as to maximize the PV system output power under any partial shading pattern. We implement a working prototype of reconfigurable PV module with 16 PV cells and confirm 45.2% output power level improvement. Using accurate PV cell models extracted from prototype measurement, we have demonstrated up to a factor of 2.36X output power improvement of a large-scale PV system comprised of three PV modules with 60 PV cells per module.


a r t i c l e i n f o Automated analysis of MRI data of the subregions of the hippocampus requires computational atlases built at a higher resolution than those that are typically used in current neuroimaging studies. Here we describe the construction of a statistical atlas of the hippocampal formation at the subregion level using ultra-high resolution, ex vivo MRI. Fifteen autopsy samples were scanned at 0.13 mm isotropic resolution (on average) using custom-ized hardware. The images were manually segmented into 13 different hippocampal substructures using a protocol specifically designed for this study; precise delineations were made possible by the extraordinary resolution of the scans. In addition to the subregions, manual annotations for neighboring structures (e.g., amygdala, cortex) were obtained from a separate dataset of in vivo, T1-weighted MRI scans of the whole brain (1 mm resolution). The manual labels from the in vivo and ex vivo data were combined into a single computational atlas of the hippocampal formation with a novel atlas building algorithm based on Bayesian inference. The resulting atlas can be used to automatically segment the hippocampal subregions in structural MRI images, using an algorithm that can analyze multimodal data and adapt to variations in MRI contrast due to differences in acquisition hardware or pulse sequences. The applicability of the atlas, which we are releasing as part of FreeSurfer (version 6.0), is demonstrated with experiments on three different publicly available datasets with different types of MRI contrast. The results show that the atlas and companion segmentation method: 1) can segment T1 and T2 images, as well as their combination, 2) replicate findings on mild cognitive impairment based on high-resolution T2 data, and 3) can discriminate between Alzheimer's disease subjects and elderly controls with 88% accuracy in standard resolution (1 mm) T1 data, significantly outperforming the atlas in FreeSurfer version 5.3 (86% accuracy) and classification based on whole hippocampal volume (82% accuracy). 1 Data used in preparation of this article were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database (adni.loni.usc.edu). As such, the investigators within the ADNI contributed to the design and implementation of ADNI and/or provided data but did not participate in analysis or writing of this report. A complete listing of ADNI investigators can


112 p. Transcription based on: Works: The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Edited by her grandson Lord Wharncliffe, Third Edition, with Additions and Corrections Derived from the original Manuscripts, with Notes, and a New Memoir
By W. Moy Thomas. In Two Volumes. London: Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden. MDCCCLXI
 This etext edition of some of the works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu probably should not exist. It derives from the badly edited 1861 Moy Thomas revision of Lord Wharncliffe's edition of 1837. The present editor recognizes that the text, especially of the poems, as found in Thomas is far from being the best available, but as he will have no opportunity to examine the Harrowby Manuscripts, and as others, notably Robert Halsband and Isobel Grundy, have already done so with excellent scholarship, readers are directed to their editions of Lady Mary's works for the definitive versions. This selection of works from the Thomas edition has been made on the dual assumptions that (a) Thomas is by now safely in the public domain and (b) the vagaries of Dallaway's, Wharncliffe's, and Thomas's editing are of historical interest in themselves. Also, Thomas's edition was printed on a high acid paper which is rapidly crumbling; the time may come when viable copies will be hard to find. I have undertaken to restore vocalic elisions which had been expanded, but all other punctuation, and capitalization and spelling, have been retained as found in Thomas. Pagination is not indicated, although pagination cited by Thomas has been retained in his notes. Endnotes are indicated within braces and hyperlinked. The editor wishes to express gratitude for the guidance and encouragement of Dr. Steven Shankman.


We provide a detailed asymptotic study of gradient flow trajectories and their implicit optimization bias when minimizing the exponential loss over "diagonal linear networks". This is the simplest model displaying a transition between "kernel" and non-kernel ("rich" or "active") regimes. We show how the transition is controlled by the relationship between the initialization scale and how accurately we minimize the training loss. Our results indicate that some limit behaviors of gradient descent only kick in at ridiculous training accuracies (well beyond $10^{-100}$). Moreover, the implicit bias at reasonable initialization scales and training accuracies is more complex and not captured by these limits.


Assesses the effectiveness of social care's contribution to the development of MARACs and the protection of adults facing domestic violence, using the city of Manchester as a case study site. MARACs are multi-agency risk assessment conferences that share information about the top ten per cent of high risk domestic violence cases in order to produce co-ordinated actions to reduce the risk and increase victim safety. The research data collection used a multi-methods approach and included attending MARACs; interviewing agency representatives who attend MARACs (plus some who did not) and adult social workers; focus groups with survivors of domestic violence, and practitioners who specialise in domestic violence support. People whose cases had been considered at a MARAC were also interviewed. The study found that agency representatives attending MARACs showed high levels of commitment to the MARAC approach. However, most attendees felt unsupported by their employer and supervisors in this demanding work while adults at risk of domestic violence who have had their information shared at a MARAC generally did not understand the process. Participants from different agencies considered the MARAC arrangements would benefit from being made statutory, as this would enhance the profile of the work and ensure that key agencies attend.


Synthesis of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals (LDUNs) with controlled morphology and luminescence has long been desired in order to fulfill various application requirements. In this work, we have investigated the effect of the NaF : Ln(3+) molar ratio, in the range of 1 to 20, on the morphology, crystal structure, and upconversion properties of NaxScF(3+x):Yb/Er nanocrystals that are reported to possess different upconversion properties from those of NaYF4:Yb/Er nanocrystals. The experimental results prove that the NaF : Ln(3+) molar ratio influences significantly the growth process of the nanocrystals, i.e. a low NaF : Ln(3+) molar ratio results in hexagonal NaScF4 nanocrystals, while a high NaF : Ln(3+) molar ratio favors monoclinic Na3ScF6 nanocrystals. When the NaF : Ln(3+) molar ratio is as high as 6 or above, phase separation is found and hexagonal NaYbF4 nanocrystals showed up for the first time. Simply by adjusting the NaF : Ln(3+) molar ratio, we have successfully achieved the simultaneous control of the shape, size, as well as the crystallographic phase of the NaxScF(3+x):Yb/Er nanocrystals, which give different red to green (R/G) ratios (integral area), leading to a multicolor upconversion luminescence from orange-red to green. This study provides a vivid example to track and interpret the formation mechanisms and growth processes of NaxScF(3+x):Yb/Er nanocrystals, which shall be instructive for guiding the controlled synthesis of other LDUNs and extending their according applications in optical communication, color display, anti-counterfeiting, bioimaging, and so on.


The strategic model of business is interlinked with the development of organizational productivity. In this context, organizational strategic human resource management (SHRM) practices regarding employee engagement and firm performance have helped to secure a competitive position in the market. Apart from this, a wide range of activities and resource-based views by SHRM has been accomplished to expand professional opportunities for the workforce. Development of the workforce has helped to increase organizational production as well as brand image in the market. Besides, proper implementation of SHRM practices has played a role in developing a healthy work environment for the employees. It is also useful for introducing a positive impact on the market due to appropriate concern on employee activities. This research has discussed the role of SHRM in business strategy with the aid of some evidence based on instances from Indian retail industry.


Purpose: To quantify the effect of bladder contrast on helical tomotherapy prostate dose distributions Method and Materials: Five anonymous early‐stage prostate patients consecutively treated with hypofractionated helical tomotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were planned at 4.3 Gy per fraction for 12 fractions. Contrast was used in the bladder at the time of simulation, but was not converted to water at the time of planning and not used during treatment. The mean density within the contoured bladder was 1.1 g/cm3 averaged over all patients, and bladder volumes ranged from 176.7 cm3 to 341.5 cm3. Matlab® software was used to retrospectively override the density of the bladder contents on the planning image to that of water (1 g/cm3). Original treatment plans were recomputed on the density‐overridden planning images using Planned Adaptive® software. Fractional dose distributions of original plans were compared with the treatment plans recomputed on density‐overridden images.Dose difference maps were created by subtracting the original plan distributions from the density‐overridden distributions and normalizing to the prescribed fraction dose.Results: Differences in dose distributions of up to +3% were observed in all patients, with maximum values ranging from +2.6% to +3.4%. These differences were located primarily within the bladder and along the superior edges of the prostate bordering the bladder. Conclusion: Planning with bladder contrast but treating without contrast can cause dose distribution differences of up to 3% for helical tomotherapy prostate treatments. This effect should be considered at the time of planning. It should also be taken into account as a possible factor when assessing dose distributions on daily images for the purposes of adaptive radiotherapy.


Background: Considerable variations in diagnosis and therapeutic practices are reported for hyperthyroidism (HT) between countries. Methods: A clinical study was conducted among a representative sample of 263 endocrinologists in France. All consecutive patients seen for HT during the study period were included. Diagnosis and treatment modalities were recorded from hyperthyroid patients with Graves disease (GD, n = 802), multinodular goiter (MNG, n = 121), and toxic adenoma (TA, n = 69). Results: Antithyroid antibodies were measured in half of the population (anti-TPO in 48.5% and anti-TSH receptor in 57.8%). Patients had thyroid ultrasonography and scintigraphy in 93.8 and 40.3%, respectively. Therapeutic management depended on the etiology: for the first episode of GD, antithyroid drugs (ATDs) were the first-line treatment in 91% of the patients, combined with surgery in 6.1% and with radioiodine in 2.9%. Surgery was preferred to radioiodine in MNG (52.6 vs. 22.4%) and TA (59.1 vs. 24.2%). Euthyroid status was achieved after 3 months in 64.4% of GD. A "block and replace" protocol was used in 41.2% of patients. After 3 months, 73% of patients were euthyroid in the "block and replace" group compared to 56.2% in the group with ATDs alone (p = 0.009). For MNG and TA, more than 75% of patients were euthyroid at the 3-month follow-up. Conclusions: Large discrepancies remain between clinical practice and international guidelines. These results should boost efforts to improve adherence to these guidelines.


This thesis investigates the subjective meanings surrounding body size and food for women from three different stages of the life span. A qualitative feminist psychological perspective is adopted, which shifts the emphasis from models of individual deficiency to a model of subjective meanings shaped in relation to social and historical discourses surrounding femininity, sexual attractiveness and a `thin ideal' of body size. The life span perspective reduces the emphasis on young women, and explores sexual attractiveness and relationships in relation to ageing discourses which construct women's sexual attractiveness as declining after early adulthood. In addition, the contribution of women's experiences of feeding their families to the meanings of body size and food are explored. The research is located within the tradition of symbolic interactionism (Mead, 1934; Blumer, 1969). It develops a methodology incorporating social constructionist grounded theory (Henwood and Pidgeon, 1995; Charmaz, 1990) and feminist standpoint methodology (Griffin, 1995; Oakley, 1981). The individual is conceptualised as constructing the meanings of her experiences in relation to extra-local discourses through a process of interaction with, and reflection upon, discourses. The empirical research comprised a pilot study (N=3), which used a group interview methodology to explore the experiences of three women in their early twenties. The main studies of the thesis used in-depth individual interviews to explore the meanings of body size and food for women aged between sixteen and eighteen (Study One, N=15); women in the thirty to forty five age group (Study Two, N=18); and women in the over sixty age group (Study Three, N=12). The findings of the thesis indicate that there were a range of different meanings surrounding body size and food for women from the different age groups of the studies. These meanings were related to the different sexual and family relationships in which the women were involved and to the women's sense of themselves in these relationships. The women's experiences of the relationship between self and others were constructed in relation to the social discourses surrounding femininity and women's roles, where there was a reflection upon these discourses in the context of the women's lives and experiences. In addition, some women also constructed their experiences in relation to alternative discourses which minimised the importance of body size and rejected the traditional expectations of women's lives and relationships.


AIMS
To validate the set of clinical and biochemical criteria proposed by consensus by the Academic Research Consortium (ARC) for High Bleeding Risk (HBR) for the identification of HBR patients. These criteria were categorized into major and minor, if expected to carry in isolation, respectively, ≥4% and <4% Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) 3 or 5 bleeding risk within 1-year after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). High bleeding risk patients are those meeting at least 1 major or 2 minor criteria.

METHODS AND RESULTS
All patients undergoing PCI at Bern University Hospital, between February 2009 and September 2018 were prospectively entered into the Bern PCI Registry (NCT02241291). Age, haemoglobin, platelet count, creatinine, and use of oral anticoagulation were prospectively collected, while the remaining HBR criteria except for planned surgery were retrospectively adjudicated. A total of 16 580 participants with complete ARC-HBR criteria were included. After assigning 1 point to each major and 0.5 point to each minor criterion, we observed for every 0.5 score increase a step-wise augmentation of BARC 3 or 5 bleeding rates at 1 year ranging from 1.90% among patients fulfilling no criterion, through 4.01%, 5.98%, 7.42%, 8.60%, 12.21%, 12.29%, and 17.64%. All major and five out of six minor criteria, conferred in isolation a risk for BARC 3 or 5 bleeding at 1 year exceeding 4% at the upper limit of the 95% confidence intervals.

CONCLUSION
All major and the majority of minor ARC-HBR criteria identify in isolation patients at HBR.


This paper discusses work-in-progress on the ESRC-DFID funded research project on Widening Participation in Higher Education in Ghana and Tanzania: Developing an Equity Scorecard (www.sussex.ac.uk/education/wideningparticipation). This project is examining patterns of inclusion and exclusion in higher education in two African countries with a view to interrogating the role that universities play in poverty reduction and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. It is researching strategies and challenges for widening participation via policy analysis, two hundred life history interviews with 'non-traditional' students and two hundred interviews with key academic staff and policy-makers. Working with a public university and a private university in Ghana and Tanzania, the aim is to provide a comprehensive statistical overview of patterns of participation and achievement in higher education in the two countries. The project is developing Equity Scorecards to measure access, achievement and retention of socially and economically excluded groups in the four case study institutions. The statistical data will be illuminated by the multivocality of interviews with stakeholders whose interests are rarely included in international higher education policy arenas. Overarching aims are to build theory about sociocultural aspects of higher education in low-income countries, to expand the research


In bilayer systems consisting of an ultrathin ferromagnetic layer adjacent to a metal with strong spin-orbit coupling, an applied in-plane current induces torques on the magnetization. The torques that arise from spin-orbit coupling are of particular interest. Here we use first-principles methods to calculate the current-induced torque in a Pt-Co bilayer to help determine the underlying mechanism. We focus exclusively on the analog to the Rashba torque, and do not consider the spin Hall effect. The details of the torque depend strongly on the layer thicknesses and the interface structure, providing an explanation for the wide variation in results found by different groups. The torque depends on the magnetization direction in a way similar to that found for a simple Rashba model. Artificially turning off the exchange spin splitting and separately the spin-orbit coupling potential in the Pt shows that the primary source of the ``fieldlike'' torque is a proximate spin-orbit effect on the Co layer induced by the strong spin-orbit coupling in the Pt.


A procedure for the real-time analysis of laser modes using a phase-only spatial light modulator is outlined. The procedure involves encoding into digital holograms by complex amplitude modulation a set of orthonormal basis functions into which the initial field is decomposed. This approach allows any function to be encoded and refreshed in real time (60 Hz). We implement a decomposition of guided modes propagating in optical fibers and show that we can successfully reconstruct the observed field with very high fidelity.


OBJECTIVE
To measure the ultrafiltrable and total plasma calcium in normal pregnancy and pregnancies complicated with hypertension and pre-eclampsia.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Total and ultrafiltrable calcium concentrations were measured in maternal plasma from non-pregnant (35), normal pregnant (35), Pregnancy induced hypertension (35) and pre-eclamptic (20) women. Plasma total calcium level was measured by the o'cresolphthalein method. Ultrafiltrate of plasma was obtained using the Amicon MPS-1 micro-partition device.

RESULTS
There was no significant difference in the plasma total calcium level between the non- pregnant group and the pregnant group (normal, hypertensive and pre-eclamptic). However there was a significant reduction in the ultrafiltrable (protein free and complexed) calcium level in the pregnant group compared to the non-pregnant group (1.15mmol/L +/- 0.23 Vs 1.25mmol/L +/- 0.13) p<0.05.

CONCLUSION
Measurement of the ultrafiltrable calcium in addition to total calcium assay may be more useful in assessing calcium status in normal and complicated pregnancies.


This instructor's manual and reader's guide accompanies the secondedition of Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs,by Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman with Julie Sussman. This instructor's manual and reader's guide accompanies the second edition of Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, by Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman with Julie Sussman. It contains discussions of exercises and other material in the text as well as supplementary material, additional examples and exercises, and teaching suggestions. An appendix summarizes the Scheme programming language as used in the text, showing at what point in the text each element of Scheme is introduced.


Abstract In phenomenological research, layered understandings emerge from a complex process of experiencing and reflection, engaged in by both researcher and participant. Researcher and participant engage in a dance, moving in and out of experiencing and reflection while simultaneously moving through a shared intersubjective space that is the research encounter. If researchers are to empathise - imaginatively project themselves into participants' experience - they need to be open to this intersubjective space. First, I describe and reflect upon two particular moments of empathy which have arisen in two different phenomenological research interviews. I then attempt to make sense of these encounters with reference to phenomenological theory and philosophy related to empathy and intersubjectivity. A final section discusses some dilemmas we face as researchers when we apply empathy in our phenomenological research practice and considers the epistemological status of our empathic findings.


At the end of a marriage, marital debt must be allocated. Under most marital property regimes, a divorce allocation does not preclude a creditor of the marital community from seeking satisfaction from either spouse, community creditors receive a potential windfall when a couple divorces. As a consequence, the divorce enables a community creditor to obtain satisfaction from assets that are separate property assets of a non-debt-incurring spouse, while these assets are unavailable to the creditor during marriage. The current California statutory regime explicitly offers the potential for this windfall whenever the non-debtor spouse is allocated all or a portion of a community debt at divorce, because debts allocated to a spouse at divorce can be satisfied with all of the assets controlled by that spouse, without the need for tracing. At the same time, under the current California statutory regime the creditor can be harmed by the divorce if the non-debtor spouse is not allocated any of a debt at divorce, because none of the assets taken by the non-debtor spouse are available to the creditor, even though the creditor would have had access to them during the marriage. Both currently-existing approaches are undesirable. Windfalls for creditors needlessly impose on non-debtor spouses at divorce, and windfalls for non-debtor spouses create incentives for couples to divorce to minimize the assets available to creditors, place huge pressure on allocation of debt between the spouses at divorce, and lead in the direction of turning every divorce in which there is unpaid community debt into a bankruptcy-style procedure in which the needs of the creditors influence the allocation of debts and assets. A simple solution will eliminate these windfalls from divorces and avoid the incentives created by such windfalls. A post-marital debt structure that is the mirror image of typical premarital debt structures should either be read into current statutes, or enacted, to remove the windfalls. The result would entitle creditors to only those assets that would have been available had there been no divorce. While this will necessitate tracing each asset that a creditor seeks to obtain from a non-debtor spouse, and may raise some difficult untangling matters, such tracing is a familiar activity, already undertaken in creditor/debtor contexts in community debt/separate debt regimes whenever a creditor seeks contested assets against a married creditor. Requiring such tracing will not be overly cumbersome, and the approach avoids the far more encompassing problem of hurting non-debtor spouses at divorce or involving creditors in every divorce in which there is unpaid marital debt.


In this article two different types of e-learning processes in organisations are presented and discussed; adaptive and development-oriented learning. Both adaptive and development-oriented learning are seen as complementary. Two evaluation studies of IT-mediated learning illustrate these types of learning. Consciousness of these types of learning could lead to appropriate design of web-based courses and the organising of project work, supporting both organisational and individual learning processes.


Frequently, it is believed that the adoption of encryption is adequate to ensure the safety of the message. However, encryption only restricts unapproved individuals from decoding the message. Whereas in many circumstances, the mere presence of communication or variations in communication patterns, such as an increase in message rate, is sufficient to raise doubt and initiate alerts. One of the best ways to bypass that is by using covert channels. In this paper, we create innovative protocols that use multiple covert channels working in parallel to exfiltrate data from a remote-controlled machine to our server. The provided protocols guarantee the completeness and unforgeability of the exfiltrated data. We analyze the difference in performance between the created protocols and provide mathematical equations to evaluate them.


Stratification of asthmatic patients based on relevant biomarkers enables the prediction of responsiveness against immune-targeted therapies in patients with asthma. Individualised therapy in patients with eosinophilic asthma has yielded improved clinical outcomes; similar approaches in patients with neutrophilic asthma have yet to be developed. We determined whether colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) in the airway reflect the inflammatory phenotypes of asthma and contribute to disease progression of neutrophilic asthma. We analysed three different mouse models of asthma and assessed cytokine profiles in sputum from human patients with asthma stratified according to inflammatory phenotype. In addition, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of various cytokine blockades in a mouse model of neutrophilic asthma. Among the CSFs, airway granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) contributes to airway neutrophilia by promoting neutrophil development in bone marrow and thereby distinguishes neutrophilic inflammation from eosinophilic inflammation in mouse models of asthma. G-CSF is produced by concurrent stimulation of the lung epithelium with interleukin (IL)-17A and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α; therefore, dual blockade of upstream stimuli using monoclonal antibodies or genetic deficiency of the cytokines in IL-17A×TNF-α double-knockout mice reduced the serum level of G-CSF, leading to alleviation of neutrophilic inflammation in the airway. In humans, the sputum level of G-CSF can be used to stratify patients with asthma with neutrophil-dominated inflammation. Our results indicated that myelopoiesis-promoting G-CSF and cytokines as the upstream inducing factors are potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in patients with neutrophilic asthma. Airway G-CSF identifies neutrophil-dominated inflammation in cases of asthma in mice and humans. Dual inhibition of IL-17A and TNF-α effectively ameliorates airway neutrophilia and hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of neutrophilic asthma. http://bit.ly/36P04dB


"The Prize" recounts the panoramic history of oil - and the struggle for wealth and power that has always surrounded oil. This struggle has shaken the world economy, dictated the outcome of wars, and transformed the destiny of men and nations. "The Prize" is as much a history of the twentieth century as of the oil industry itself. The canvas of history is enormous - from the drilling of the first well in Pennsylvania through two great world wars to the Iraqui invastion of Kuwait and Operation Desert Storm.


This study aims to evaluate the effect of different management systems on the floristic composition and diversity of a fragment of Cerrado sensu stricto vegetation located in Brasilândia de Minas (MG), eleven years after interventions. In 1997, 30 plots were installed in the study site, in a random block design, consisting of ten treatments with three replications: 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% removal of the basal area, involving 20% reduction and increase in the De Liocourt quotient value; clear cutting and control treatment. Prior to treatment installation, an inventory was compiled of original vegetation. In 2004 and 2008 further inventories were produced. It was observed that interventions in the relevant Cerrado area led to changes in the floristic composition and diversity of local vegetation, yet these changes were also observed in undisturbed areas which had not been subjected to management plans.


Anyone Familiar With Current Literature On Child Sexual Abuse Knows That non-offending mothers are routinely blamed for allowing their children to be victimized. This book analyzes and challenges this orthodoxy. It explores why mothers are held responsive when they are not themselves offenders, and presents clear documentation of the institutionalized sexism they encounter in intervening agencies.Central to the study are the cases of twenty-four mothers whose children disclosed incidents of sexual abuse. Betty Carter follows the experiences of these women in detail, documenting the treatment they received from police, child-protection workers, counsellors, schools, courts, physicians, co-workers, and family members. She traces mother-blame to the specific wording of legislation, to the implementation of agency, policies, and to front-line practices.Using a feminist analysis, Carter argues that the practices and policies of various institutions reproduce and maintain familistic ideology and sexist practices. She has drawn on her years of experience as a child-protection worker and child-abuse specialist to formulate this challenging study.


The Gaussian unitary ensemble is a random matrix model (RMM) for the Wigner law. While random matrices in this model are infinitely divisible, the Wigner law is infinitely divisible not in the classical but in the free sense. We prove that any variance mixture of Gaussian distributions – whether infinitely divisible or not in the classical sense – admits a RMM of non Gaussian infinitely divisible random matrices. More generally, it is shown that any mixture of the Wigner law admits a RMM. A key role is played by the fact that the Gaussian distribution is the mixture of Wigner law with the 2-gamma distribution.


Diminishing petroleum reserves, uncertainties in energy supplies, rising demand for transportation fuels, requirement for sustainable economic growth together with global warming and stringent environmental restrictions has promoted our society to explore alternative, renewable processes such as biorefinery processes. The objectives of this work are development of an early stage design decision making approach by implementing optimal mass and energy integration algorithms for process synthesis and unit designs in large scale biorefining systems to identify most promising technologies and optimum configuration and sizes of process units and to make a competitiveness comparison in terms of economic performance and environmental impact. To be able to achieve these goals, a systematic process design methodology is applied to a lignocellulosic biorefinery which utilizes the wood feedstock to produce C5, C6 and lignin platforms of different bio-based fuels and chemicals. An algorithm that allows different conversion pathways to be evaluated inside the superstructure and ordered according to the objective function values is developed. This methodology is used to select and rank different technologies to convert biomass according to objective function.


Commercialization of crops tolerant to application of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and dicamba is a cause of major concern for sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) producers regarding potential negative impacts due to herbicide drift or sprayer contamination events. A field study was initiated in 2016 and repeated in 2017 to assess impacts of reduced rates of combinations of glyphosate with 2,4-D or dicamba on sweetpotato growth and production. Reduced rates of 1/10x, 1/33x, 1/66x, and 1/100x of a 1x rate of glyphosate at 1 lb/acre plus 2,4-D choline at 0.94 lb/acre and glyphosate at 1 lb/acre plus diglycolamine salt of dicamba at 0.5 lb/acre were applied to 'Beauregard' sweetpotato at 10 or 30 days after transplanting. With respect to visual injury, in general glyphosate plus dicamba proved to be more injurious than glyphosate plus 2,4-D, especially within the lower rate range. In most cases injury was greater at the later application timing. In either case, typical hormonal herbicide symptomology was quite evident 35 days after application. With respect to U.S. No. 1 and total (U.S. No. 1, canner, and jumbo grade) sweetpotato yield, greatest negative impact was observed with herbicide application at the upper rate range, particularly the 1/10 and 1/33x rates, and at the later application timing regardless of herbicide applied.


Traditional voltage control in distribution networks typically aims at improving the voltage profile of a distribution feeder by controlling the voltage at the zone substation only. Though useful, this method is not enough to compensate for voltage drops across long, heavily loaded feeders. Volt/var control is one of the techniques to improve overall performance of a distribution network by utilising voltage control at substations and reactive power control. This paper addresses two different types of volt/var control methods; localised and integrated volt/var control (IVVC). The traditional voltage control method, localised volt/var control and IVVC methods are tested on a modified IEEE 13 node test feeder over a 24-hour period. The results obtained using these methods are compared with each other in order to validate the effectiveness of using IVVC in the network. The results obtained demonstrate that IVVC is able to improve the overall voltage profile of the test feeder, reduce the total number of tap operations performed by the on load tap changer at the zone substation while reducing active power losses.


Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a popular tool to determine body composition (BC) in athletes, and is used for analysis of fat-free soft tissue mass (FFST) or fat mass (FM) gain/loss in response to exercise or nutritional interventions. The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of exercise-heat stress induced hypohydration (HYP, >2% of body mass (BM) loss) vs. maintenance of euhydration (EUH) on DXA estimates of BC, sum of skinfolds (SF), and impedance (IMP) measurements in athletes. Competitive athletes (23 males and 15 females) recorded morning nude BM for 7 days before the first main trial. Measurements on the first trial day were conducted in a EUH condition, and again after exercise-heat stress induced HYP. On the second trial day, fluid and electrolyte losses were replaced during exercise using a sports drink. A reduction in total BM (1.6 ± 0.4 kg; 2.3 ± 0.4% HYP) and total FFST (1.3 ± 0.4 kg), mainly from trunk (1.1 ± 0.5 kg), was observed using DXA when participants were HYP, reflecting the sweat loss. Estimated fat percent increased (0.3 ± 0.3%), however, total FM did not change (0.1 ± 0.2 kg). SF and IMP declined with HYP (losses of 1.5 ± 2.9% and 1.6 ± 3% respectively) suggesting FM loss. When EUH was maintained there were no significant changes in BM, DXA estimates, or SF values pre to post exercise, but IMP still declined. We conclude that use of DXA for FFST assessment in athletes must ensure a EUH state, particularly when considering changes associated with nutritional or exercise interventions.


Because the health effects of climate change are likely to be significant and far-reaching, a key component of climate change adaptation will be our public health infrastructure. Perhaps counter-intuitively, recent emphasis in public health law on preparedness for extraordinary events may be to the detriment of our ability to cope with the health impacts of climate change. While existing emergency preparedness law will necessarily be an important backdrop for health-focused climate change adaptation efforts (especially with regard to natural disasters and infectious disease outbreaks), the focus on emergency preparedness in recent years does not necessarily situate us well for handling the substantial, but slowly emerging, intensification of more routine health threats that we expect to see as an impact of climate change. This paper examines the likely demands of climate change on public health infrastructure, law, and policy and argues that the adaptation response to climate change has the potential to improve public health infrastructure in ways that will better position us to handle routine needs as they intensify and to move public health law and policy toward an approach that emphasizes "resilience" rather than "preparedness." Three case studies are used to illustrate the current public health law and policy response to the types of health threats that we are likely to see in the U.S. as a consequence of climate change: (1) the incompatibility of the strategic national stockpile of pharmaceutical and medical supplies with the needs of disaster victims following Hurricane Katrina; (2) privacy-based barriers to public health surveillance programs seeking to track trends in pediatric asthma; and (3) conflicts over the use of pesticides for vector control to fight West Nile Virus in the United States. Upon delving more deeply into these three examples, a picture emerges of the ways in which climate change weighs in on some of the key concerns of public health and public health law. Because the health threats associated with climate change are likely to exacerbate underlying health disparities (in that they are particularly concerning for vulnerable subpopulations such as the poor, city-dwellers, the elderly, and those who suffer from chronic health conditions), climate change adaptation will raise issues of health equity and put pressure on the traditional divide between public and private responsibility for health. Because the health impacts of climate change are predominantly local in nature but are likely to overwhelm local resources, climate change adaptation will require us to revisit jurisdictional issues regarding the funding and control of health programs to emphasize adequate support for community-based responses. Responding to severe health threats that are not immediately urgent, will require new ways of thinking about the balance between individual rights and community needs that go beyond reliance on the concept of a public health "emergency" to override more deliberative processes. Finally, because some measures that might be used to adapt to the impacts of climate change will pose potential risks of their own, adaptation planning will raise the challenge of informing public choices about risk in the context of complex risk-risk trade-offs. I argue that, taken together, these considerations have the potential to move public health law toward a new approach that emphasizes "resilience" rather than "preparedness." This approach would be deliberative, equity-driven, and community-based, and would seek to balance respect for lay values with correction of facts regarding the various risks involved.


This paper studies the impact of the rapid expansion of the Brazilian road network, which occurred from the 1960s to the 2000s, on the growth and spatial allocation of population and economic activity across the country's municipalities. It addresses the problem of endogeneity in infrastructure location by using an original empirical strategy, based on the "historical natural experiment" constituted by the creation of the new federal capital city Brasilia in 1960. The results reveal a dual pattern, with improved transport connections increasing concentration of economic activity and population around the main centers in the South of the country, while spurring the emergence of secondary economic centers in the less developed North, in line with predictions in terms of agglomeration economies. Over the period, roads are shown to account for half of pcGDP growth and to spur a signifficant decrease in spatial inequality.


ABSTRACT The increasing need for engineered alloy nanoparticles (NPs) in diverse fields has spurred efforts to explore efficient/green synthesis methods. In this respect, spark ablation provides a scalable and viable way for producing widely different types of mixed NPs. Most importantly, implementation of the spark has the great advantage to combine a wider range of materials, thereby allowing the synthesis of mixed NPs with virtually unlimited combinations. Here we show that polarity reversal of spark discharges between two electrodes consisting of different materials enables synthesis of alloy NPs, while having a good potential to control the broadness of their composition distribution. A model developed in this work provides a tool for tuning the ablation ratio between the electrodes by adjusting the electric characteristics of the spark circuit. The ablation ratio is equal to the mean composition of the resulting NPs. The model predictions are in accordance with measurements obtained here and in earlier works. The unique way of producing alloy NPs by spark ablation shown in this work becomes especially useful when the starting electrode materials are immiscible at macroscopic scale. Copyright © 2018 American Association for Aerosol Research


Positron emission tomography (PET) is a functional imaging technique used in clinical diagnostic applications and biomedical research. It is used as a non-invasive in vivo imaging modality to observe biochemical processes in small animal models, in particular for the study of diseases and to assist in the development of new treatments. A common approach to improving the spatial resolution of small animal PET scanners is to reduce the size of scintillation crystals and/or employ high resolution pixellated semiconductor detectors. In this thesis, PETiPIX scanner is designed to achieve ultra high spatial resolution for imaging mice brains. Four Timepix pixellated silicon detector modules are placed in an edge-on configuration to form a scanner with a field of view (FoV) 15 mm in diameter. Each detector module consists of 256×256 pixels with dimensions of 55×55×300 μm. Monte Carlo simulations using GEANT4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) were performed to evaluate the feasibility of the PETiPIX design. Simulation results estimate a spatial resolution of 0.26 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM) at the centre of FoV and 0.29 mm FWHM overall spatial resolution with sensitivity of 0.01%. With many of recent small animal PET scanner designs utilising high resolution pixellated semiconductor detectors, the large number of detector elements results in the system matrix an essential part of statistical iterative reconstruction algorithms becoming impractically large. A methodology is proposed in this thesis for system matrix modelling which utilises a virtual single-layer detector ring to greatly reduce the size of the system matrix without sacrificing precision. Two methods for populating the system matrix are compared; the first utilises a geometrically-derived system matrix based on Siddon's ray tracer method with the addition of an accurate detector response function, while the second uses Monte Carlo simulation to populate the system matrix. The effectiveness of both variations of the proposed technique is demonstrated via simulations of PETiPIX. Compression factors of 5×10 and 2.5×10 are achieved using this methodology for the system matrices produced using the geometric and Monte Carlo-based approaches, respectively, requiring a total of 0.5-1.2 GB of memory-resident storage. Images reconstructed from Monte Carlo simulations of various point source and phantom models, produced using system matrices generated via both geometric and simulation methods, are used to evaluate the quality of the resulting system matrix. The Monte Carlo-based system matrix is shown to provide the best image quality at the cost of substantial one-off computational effort and a lower compression factor. In addition, a straightforward extension of the virtual ring method to a three dimensional virtual cylinder is demonstrated using a 3D DoI PET scanner.


Finding "efficiencies" in global HIV programs is the buzzword of the hour. This term has peppered speeches of everyone from Global AIDS Ambassador Eric Goosby to President Clinton and Bill Gates. Even UNAIDS is utilizing new frameworks for costing HIV interventions focusing on strategic investments instead of needs-based costing. "Efficiency" here is generally taken to mean "do more with less" — save lives with fewer resources and win the war against HIV without funding increases.Although there are efficiencies to be gained, additional up-front investments are necessary to turn the tide against HIV and save future costs. It is also important to highlight what efficiency talk avoids: the other 3 "E's": equity, effectiveness, and empowerment. This Commentary will critically examine efficiency rhetoric and discuss achievable efficiencies in treatment and healthcare delivery that also meet equity, effectiveness, and empowerment goals.


Postulating two different specifications for the Canadian Phillips curve (a purely backwardlooking model, and a partly backward-, partly forward-looking model), the authors test for structural breaks in the parameters of the equation. In each case, they account for the possibilities that: (i) breaks can be discrete, or continuous, and (ii) available data samples may be too small to justify using asymptotically valid structural-change tests. Thus, the authors use recent testing procedures that are valid in finite samples, applying the Dufour-Kiviet (1996) methodology for discrete-type breaks, and the Dufour (2002) Maximized Monte Carlo test method for continuous-type shifts. The second test accounts for nuisance parameters that appear only under the alternative. The proposed alternative is a Kalman-filter-based time-varying-parameter specification, with coefficients that follow random walks. The authors find evidence for linear and non-linear breaks, the latter being characterized by continuous and unpredictable-type shifts in the inflation-dynamics coefficients.


Out-of-town recommendation is designed for those users who leave their home-town areas and visit the areas they have never been to before. It is challenging to recommend Point-of-Interests (POIs) for out-of-town users since the out-of-town check-in behavior is determined by not only the user's home-town preference but also the user's travel intention. Besides, the user's travel intentions are complex and dynamic, which leads to big difficulties in understanding such intentions precisely. In this paper, we propose a TRAvel-INtention-aware Out-of-town Recommendation framework, named TRAINOR. The proposed TRAINOR framework distinguishes itself from existing out-of-town recommenders in three aspects. First, graph neural networks are explored to represent users' home-town check-in preference and geographical constraints in out-of-town check-in behaviors. Second, a user-specific travel intention is formulated as an aggregation combining home-town preference and generic travel intention together, where the generic travel intention is regarded as a mixture of inherent intentions that can be learned by Neural Topic Model (NTM). Third, a non-linear mapping function, as well as a matrix factorization method, are employed to transfer users' home-town preference and estimate out-of-town POI's representation, respectively. Extensive experiments on real-world data sets validate the effectiveness of the TRAINOR framework. Moreover, the learned travel intention can deliver meaningful explanations for understanding a user's travel purposes.


Changes in operations can save 5%-30% of building energy use at low cost, yet these changes are often not implemented. Little attention has been directed to understanding why. This project focused on how building operators approach energy use and conservation in their work, viewing the building as a social system. It drew on interviews, a workshop, surveys, and case studies, learning from operators, facilities staff, researchers, policymakers and occupants. We found two clusters of obstacles to lowered energy use. First, while building operators have the technical means to reduce energy use, social, organizational and technical constraints limit ability and motivation. These include low status, customer service practices, poor feedback on occupant environment, little energy data, and technology design shortcomings. A second cluster of obstacles rests on the fact that current combinations of buildings, management, and expectations leave many occupants dissatisfied with indoor environment. Recommendations call for shifting the locus of energy use reduction strategies to better include building operators, who are in an ideal position to shape and vet solutions. These include (1) increasing status and visibility of building operators; (2) improving ability to see how energy is used; and (3) attending to indoor environment in coordination with energy efficiency.


The process of urban design can be viewed as complex negotiations among heterogeneous value agendas representing different stakeholders. As a result, any urban design problem can yield a multitude of framings, each delineates a distinct approach to address its underlying objectives. Planners and designers frequently face the unwieldy challenge of the growing complexity of design problems, characterized by a large set of interwoven and often competing objectives.Shrouded in complex objectives and uncertainty, how can representations of design strategies provide affordance in the framing of urban design problems? Focused on multi-objective street design as the principle subject of investigation, this thesis proposed a representation of design strategies, integrating Object Process Methodology, Dynamic Bayesian Network, and graph data modeling. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that a design strategy represented as system architecture can encode the framing of its value propositions. The incorporation of Bayesian inference can meaningfully compute uncertainties in both the design and its context while supporting evidence-based belief-update. Finally, a graph data model can afford computational analyses that unveil latent interactions between different value framings, synergistic or conflicting, thus informs the reformulation of the design problem.


In this paper we consider online learning in finite Markov decision processes (MDPs) with changing cost sequences under full and bandit-information. We propose to view this problem as an instance of online linear optimization. We propose two methods for this problem: MD2 (mirror descent with approximate projections) and the continuous exponential weights algorithm with Dikin walks. We provide a rigorous complexity analysis of these techniques, while providing near-optimal regret-bounds (in particular, we take into account the computational costs of performing approximate projections in MD2). In the case of full-information feedback, our results complement existing ones. In the case of bandit-information feedback we consider the online stochastic shortest path problem, a special case of the above MDP problems, and manage to improve the existing results by removing the previous restrictive assumption that the state-visitation probabilities are uniformly bounded away from zero under all policies.


We present a novel methodology for decision-making by computer agents that leverages a computational concept of emotions. It is believed that emotions help living organisms perform well in complex environments. Can we use them to improve the decision-making performance of computer agents? We explore this possibility by formulating emotions as mathematical operators that serve to update the relative priorities of the agent's goals. The agent uses rudimentary domain knowledge to monitor the expectation that its goals are going to be accomplished in the future, and reacts to changes in this expectation by "experiencing emotions." The end result is a projection of the agent's long-run utility function, which might be too complex to optimize or even represent, to a time-varying valuation function that is being myopically maximized by selecting appropriate actions. Our methodology provides a systematic way to incorporate emotion into a decision-theoretic framework, and also provides a principled, domain-independent methodology for generating heuristics in novel situations. We test our agents in simulation in two domains: restless bandits and a simple foraging environment. Our results indicate that emotion-based agents outperform other reasonable heuristics for such difficult domains, and closely approach computationally expensive near-optimal solutions, whenever these are computable, yet requiring only a fraction of the cost.


Abstract Knowledge Management (KM) in not a new phenomenon, but is, instead a concept that dates back to ancient philosophy, and which gained significance in the social and psychological sciences in the 1950s. The use of KM in business is however more recent, emerging in the 1980s, (Grover & Davenport, 2001). Knowledge is the key to an organization's performance; hence its methodical distribution assures "innovation, non-duplication of efforts and a competitive edge," (Dubrin, 2004, p. 415). Very often within organizations, there are knowledgeable individuals, (who through their experiences and associations) possess informal knowledge which is resident only in their minds. This knowledge is used in the efficient and effective execution of their daily functions. However, research has shown that organizations often face serious problems when these individuals leave, as this informal information goes with them, often resulting in instability and loss of income to companies (Alavi & Leidner, 2001). It is common practice for these knowledgeable employees to be reluctant to share their knowledge, as their know-how gives them a competitive advantage, and provides them with a certain level of power and recognition. Hence, knowledgeable employees tend to hoard their informal knowledge (De Long & Fahey, 2000). It is therefore incumbent on organizations to create environments within which this informal knowledge may not only be shared, but also documented, forming a part of the policies and procedures, and incorporated in the production of goods and services. This may be achieved by way of organizational culture. Organizational Culture, simply put, is "how things are done around here" (Goffe & Jones, 1998). It speaks to the norms, values and standards in a company, written or un-written which holds the company together, and which distinguishes that company from other businesses. It is organizational culture that assists in identifying informal knowledge. Organizational culture also promotes the need for conversion of this formally documented knowledge to be shared in the interest of innovation, profitability, and posterity. Despite its numerous known advantages, and its potential for the promotion of growth and development, organizational culture could be the greatest hindrance to the transfer of knowledge in an organization, (Watson, 1998). Consequently, it is in the best interest of organizations to foster a culture that is accommodating to the integration of KM. The question of what constitutes knowledge management and organizational culture, the role and importance of these paradigms, and how they may be integrated, are the focus of this thesis. Objectives The research question, How can KM be Integrated into Organizational Culture - The Case of Investment Brokers, incorporated a case study to explore and collect data on KM, using the company's documentation, observations and open-ended questions. The research investigated the culture of the organization being explored using Delong & Fahey (2000) four frameworks of culture. This qualitative approach required direct collaboration with the individuals involved in the study, and facilitated an examination of the physical environment of the company, as well as the cultural factors which impact KM. Methods John Creswell (2003) describes the method of "open-ended questions interview data, observation data, and document data" as qualitative, (Creswell, 2003, p. 17). These approaches were used to gather information on the company being reviewed. The company's documentation – policies and procedures as is listed in Appendix D, were extensively reviewed, and open-ended questions, and observations, (other sources of evidence) were used to validate the findings. Yin (2003) recommends six illustrative structures for composing case studies, namely, Linear-analytic, Comparative, Chronological, Theory building, Suspense, and Unsequenced. I have chosen the Linear-analytical structure, that explains the phenomenon being investigated, the methodology used in this activity, and the findings and conclusions. Major Findings Delong & Fahey (2000) Four Frameworks linking culture and knowledge was used to 'match' the practices at the company under review, to ascertain if the theories hold true in this organization. In analyzing and interpreting the data, the information was arranged and classified into groups to establish any pattern that may exist in the data, after which the conclusions were drawn. Eight of 13 employees were questioned, and review of documentation and observation revealed that the cultural framework used to conduct the research was evident at the company studied. The faith-based, bureaucratic, conservative culture at Investment Brokers influences the knowledge that is resident in the organization, leading to the conclusion that culture not only determines the level of knowledge, its creation and adoption, but also engenders the structure for teamwork and associations between divergent levels of knowledge.


Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is increasingly believed to be a powerful tool for facilitating business in a free trade era, creating a digital revolution. However, such a revolution can potentially hamper the desire to make globalisation work for all by expanding the digital divide; since many rural people do not have sufficient financial, physical and knowledge capital to access ICT. This paper presents our preliminary findings, in which we evaluate the application of ICT in facilitating small-scale furniture enterprises in Jepara District in Central Java, Indonesia, based on three main indicators: effectiveness, efficiency, and equity. We found that effective use of ICT for marketing was more determined by media placement than by media choice. Thus, a bombarding strategy which pervasively advertises products through all available online media is the most effective strategy. On the contrary, efficient use of ICT for marketing is more determined by media choice than by media placement. Thus, with limited capital, media choice is a more efficient strategy than media placement. In general, access to ICT is currently unequal. Without relevant policy interventions and initiatives, this inequity could increase due to the positive feedback loop that exists between ICT accessibility and wealth.


While the literature is increasingly recognising the importance of radical innovation for firms and for markets, our academic understanding of the phenomenon is not complete. We are challenged that firms are moving quickly to improve their management of radical innovation activities. The study reported on in this paper is a longitudinal study conducted over a period of 3.5 years time horizon, in which twelve US large established companies' radical innovation-capability-building initiatives were followed. This qualitative study contributes to our understanding of dynamic capabilities development in situations, where the capability itself is antithetical to the mainstream culture and processes. We provide observations regarding organisations' approaches to building a radical innovation dynamic capability over a lengthy observation period.


This forum is conceived as a broad consideration of the methodological and theoretical challenges sovereignty presents to nineteenth and twentieth century studies, especially when paired with the concept of indigeneity. Participants include Frederick Hoxie, Alyosha Goldstein, and Manu Vimalassery, and each of the scholars draw upon their own research and expertise in history, literature, American Indian, postcolonial and political studies to offer insights into how sovereignty functions as a political, legal, cultural, and governmental category of analysis across time. How has sovereignty functioned as a process of differentiation at the site of racialization, nationalization, and territorialization? What are some of the consequences of pinning indigenous critiques of colonialism to political sovereignty and how did sovereignty become such an important site of intervention in nineteenth century studies of empire? Ranging from late medieval European debates over sovereignty to twentieth-century American Indian activism that prioritized sovereignty and self-determination as constitutive elements of resistance, these essays reflect on the different sovereignty has made within histories of colonialism and imperialism while also pointing to possible new formations and new modes of inquiry that push beyond the bio- and geopolitics of conquest.