Risk Management Strategies to Prevent and Mitigate Emerging Operational Security Threats by Nancy Page Larrimore MBA, Webster University, 2013 BS, Coker College, 1999 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Business Administration Walden University March 2018 Abstract Dependence on technology brings security compromises that have become a global threat that costs businesses millions of dollars. More than 7.6 million South Carolinians incurred effects from the 162 security breaches reported in 2011–2015. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the risk management strategies small business leaders use to prevent and mitigate operational security threats that produce financialDependence on technology brings security compromises that have become a global threat that costs businesses millions of dollars. More than 7.6 million South Carolinians incurred effects from the 162 security breaches reported in 2011–2015. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the risk management strategies small business leaders use to prevent and mitigate operational security threats that produce financial losses. The population for this study consisted of 6 business leaders in South Carolina who have demonstrated successful experience in preventing and mitigating operational security threats. Transformational leadership theory provided the conceptual framework for exploring the overreaching research question. Data collection consisted of semistructured interviews with each participant and the collection of company documents that pertained to security procedures, audits, and reviews. Conducting semistructured interviews allowed participants to provide details of real-life experiences. Recorded interviews and transcriptions were analyzed through Moustakas's modified van Kaam method of analysis to identify emerging topics. The 4 themes that emerged were: (a) operational security training and awareness, (b) operational security culture and behavioral effects, (c) operational security policy and compliance, and (d) operational security challenges and risk management. By developing strategies and processes that reflect these themes, small business leaders can reduce financial losses to improve profitability and reduce unemployment, achieving social changes that can benefit society as a whole. Risk Management Strategies to Prevent and Mitigate Emerging Operational Security Threats


It is tedious to handwrite long passages of text by hand. To make this process more efficient, we propose predictive handwriting that provides input predictions when the user writes by hand. A predictive handwriting system presents possible next words as a list and allows the user to select one to skip manual writing. Since it is not clear if people are willing to use prediction, we first run a user study to compare handwriting and selecting from the list. The result shows that, in Japanese, people prefer to select, especially when the expected performance gain from using selection is large. Based on these observations, we designed a multimodal input system, called speech-pen, that assists digital writing during lectures or presentations with background speech and handwriting recognition. The system recognizes speech and handwriting in the background and provides the instructor with predictions for further writing. The speech-pen system also allows the sharing of context information for predictions among the instructor and the audience; the result of the instructor's speech recognition is sent to the audience to support their own note-taking. Our preliminary study shows the effectiveness of this system and the implications for further improvements.


OBJECTIVE
Ménière's Disease (MD) is a chronic, non-life threatening inner ear disease, with attacks of disabling vertigo, progressive hearing loss, and tinnitus as the major symptoms. All three symptoms, separately or in combination, cause great distress and have a considerable impact on the quality of life of the patients. The aims of this study were to develop a disease-specific quality of life survey for patients with MD and to analyze the relationships between the audiovestibular findings and the survey.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Following Ear-Nose-Throat examination and audiovestibular tests, the Dokuz Eylül University Meniere's Disease Disability Scale (DEU-MDDS) and Turkish version of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI-T) were administered to 93 patients with definite MD. Reliability and validity analyses of the scale were performed.

RESULTS
There were 45 (48.4%) male and 48 (51.6%) female patients and the mean age was 48.9±12.1 years. Cronbach's alpha was 0.92 and intraclass correlation coefficients of the DEU-MMDS were significant (p<0.001). Results of the Goodness of Fit Statistics showed that the expression levels of the items were high and the correlation coefficients of each item with the scale were sufficient. There was a statistically significant correlation between DHI-T scores and MDDS. DEU-MDDS was not related to the vestibular tests, age or gender (p>0.05).

CONCLUSION
The MDDS is a valid and reliable scale as a disease-specific quality of life questionnaire for patients with MD.


This paper will explore how motifs of Scotland and Scottishness are portrayed in medieval versions of the Arthurian Legend. I will discuss how the context of what is alleged to be the first literary reference to Arthur, found in a poem, dated to the sixth century by scholars mourning the death of warriors from the kingdoms of Gododdin and Rheged in Southern Scotland, is very different to the portrayal of the Scottish faction, King Lot of the Orkneys and Lothian and his family, in Sir Thomas Malory's Marte Darthur, written in 1470. Whereas in Y gadaddin, warriors settled in the southern regions of Scotland, are praised and compared to an Arthur, who is portrayed as the ultimate exponent of fighting prowess, in Sir Thomas Malory's Marte Darthur, it is the family of Lot who set in motion the events that lead to Arthur's final battle on Salisbury Plain where he is mortally wounded by his son, Mordred, and his glorious civilization is swept away. Although the first mention of Arthur could be in a Scottish poem, by the end of the medieval period, the Scottish characters in Malory have an ambiguous status. To arrive at how this literary turnaround occurred, the history and context of Arthurian literature must be explored and this is a journey that takes us throughout Britain. It only by following the development of the legend that we can come to understand how the Arthurian legend, whose literary life seems to begin in Scotland, is fully integrated into the literary lore of England and how the Scottish characters associated with the legend are problematized.


Combining anecdotal evidence (the personal stories of rhetoric and composition teachers) with hard data, Theresa Enos offers documentation for what many have long suspected to be true: lower-division writing courses in colleges and universities are staffed primarily by women who receive minimal pay, little prestige, and lessened job security in comparison to their male counterparts. Male writing faculty, however, also are affected by factors such as low salaries because of the undervaluation of a field considered feminized. As Enos notes in her preface: "The rhetoric of our institutional lives is connected especially to the negotiations of gender roles in rhetoric and composition."Enos describes and classifies narratives gathered from surveys, interviews, and campus visits and interweaves these narratives with statistical data gathered from national surveys that show gendered experiences in the profession. Enos discusses the ways in which these experiences affect the working conditions of writing teachers and administrators in various programs at different types of institutions.Enos points out that fields in which women exceland are acknowledgedreceive less prestige than other fields. On the university level, those genres in which women have demonstrated competence are not taken as seriously as those dominated by men. In practical terms, academia affords more glory for teaching literature than for teaching rhetoric and composition.Within the field of rhetoric and composition, however, Enos finds it difficult to determine why the accomplishments of women receive less credit than those of men. She speculates as to whether it is part of the larger pattern in societyand in academiato value men more than women or something in the field itself that keeps women from real power, even though women make up the majority of composition and rhetoric teachers.Enos provides fascinating personal histories of composition and rhetoric teachers whose work has been largely disregarded. She also provides information about writing programs, teaching, administrative responsibilities, ranks among teachers, ages, salary, tenure status, distribution of research, service responsibilities, records of publication, and promotion and tenure guidelines."


Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become very popular nowadays because they are widely used in military application, tracking the object, forest fire detection, disaster management, in navigation systems and many more applications. Implementing the WSNs has large number of benefits as well as obstacles. There are several issues in WSN such as security, data aggregation, data dissemination, data routing, localization etc. Localization is the challenging issue, because without knowing the location of the data where it is coming from, processing that data becomes totally inappropriate. Finding the location of the unknown sensor node using anchor node is localization of that node. Anchor nodes or the beacon nodes are the nodes with Global Positioning System (GPS) in it. Taking these anchor nodes as reference nodes we are finding out the position of the unknown sensor nodes. In this work we are proposing range based localization algorithm using modified quadrilateral approach. Here we are considering four anchor nodes forming the quadrilateral structure, based on their Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values. The distance from the sensor node to all four anchor nodes are estimated using the radio model equations which uses RSSI values of the anchor nodes to estimate the distances and finally by applying enhanced approach equation the (x, y) coordinate values are obtained. Results shows that proposed quadrilateral method is having less error and it has more localization accuracy compared to the trilateral method. Results are shown in simulation part.


Simulators for wireless sensor networks are a valuable tool for system development. However, current simulators can only simulate a single level of a system at once. This makes system development and evolution difficult since developers cannot use the same simulator for both high-level algorithm development and low-level development such as device-driver implementations. We propose cross-level simulation, a novel type of wireless sensor network simulation that enables holistic simultaneous simulation at different levels. We present an implementation of such a simulator, COOJA, a simulator for the Contiki sensor node operating system. COOJA allows for simultaneous simulation at the network level, the operating system level, and the machine code instruction set level. With COOJA, we show the feasibility of the cross-level simulation approach


Abstract Dynamically developing terrestrial laser scanning technology (TLS)provides modern surveying tools, that is, scanning total stations and laser scanners. Owing to these instruments, periodic control surveys of concrete dams were performed as a part of geodetic monitoring yield point models characterised by quasicontinuity. Using the results of such measurements as a base, one can carry out a number of geometric analyses as well as acquire information for detailed analytical and calculative considerations. The scanner, similar to total station, by determining distances and angles, identifies spatial coordinates (X, Y, Z) of the surveyed points. Registration of the reflected laser beam's intensity value (Intensity) emitted by the scanner provides additional information on the surveyed object. Owing to high working speed and the large amount of the collected data, the scanners became an indispensable tool for geodesists. The article assesses the possibility of application of terrestrial laser scanning in surveying changes in the surface of a concrete dam based on the experimental measurements. The condition of the dam's downstream concrete wall was evaluated. The evaluation included changes in the surface's roughness, cracks, seepage points, erosion caused by plant overgrowth and the degressive durability parameter of the used material (concrete). The article presents an example of the application of the results of a laser scan in the assessment of the condition of a water dam's external concrete surfaces. The results of experimental measurements were analysed – the results of a scan of the downstream concrete wall of a dam in Ecker (Germany) using two laser scanners characterised by different technical parameters, that is, laser wavelength (laser's colour), range, definable point density, method of distance measurement – Leica C10, Z+F Imager 5006h. The measurement was carried out in the same weather conditions from the same sites of the test base. The results of the measurements were analysed using, inter alia, statistical methods by defining template fields and supervised and unsupervised classification methods in reference to the selected fragments of the surface characterised by known concrete surface properties. Various classification algorithms were used. The obtained results make it possible to assess the suitability of the proposed methodology of evaluating the concrete surface's condition and establish tool selection principles to match the practical application requirements.


Pachycondyla sennaarensis is the most common ant in the savannah regions of Sudan. Its habit of eating seeds has been described as unique within Ponerinae. Pachycondyla sennaarensis was reported from Saudi Arabia in 1985 and from the United Arab Emirates in 1997 (a recent introduction). This stinging ant was recorded in southern Iran in 2004 and is now spreading rapidly into most human settlements. The distribution of P. sennaarensis in Iran was studied through field surveys and examination of museum specimens. The species is currently limited to the southern provinces of SistanBaluchestan, Kerman, Fars, Hormozgan, and Bushehr with Jiroft City representing the northernmost extension of the species' range worldwide.


This thesis investigates the provision of orchestral training in Great Britain through the opportunities offered in pre-graduate, undergraduate and postgraduate areas. The research follows on from the 1965 and 1978 Gulbenkian Reports, "Making Musicians" and "Training Musicians" and investigates those conclusions and recommendations of the reports which appertain to this thesis. The research was carried out by surveys, interviews and through literature available to the author. Surveys were carried out by questionnaire and interviews were undertaken in person. The research aimed to prove three particular points. Firstly that British youth orchestras perform a vital task in providing the initial training of orchestral musicians. Secondly, whether the view taken by some of the British professional orchestras that British conservatoires do not devote sufficient curriculum time to complete orchestral training to the standards required by the professional orchestras is accurate. Thirdly that better opportunities for postgraduate orchestral training are required. This thesis thus concentrates on the provision for those students who show ability in playing an orchestral instrument and have attained entry into the higher levels of orchestral performance. Thus the research looks at orchestral provision at county level, conservatoire junior departments, national youth orchestras, conservatoires, universities, postgraduate opportunities and the summer music schools. The conclusions drawn from the research are that, despite serious financial pressures, the provision of orchestral training before entry to higher education is continuing to produce very high quality playing opportunities. In nearly all cases this is a good depth of provision, with young players being offered subsidised orchestral training courses on a regular basis and for many, the opportunity of working alongside professional conductors and tutors. The responses indicate the positive value placed on the training opportunities provided at this level and that they are held in high esteem by the music profession. The research also shows that conservatoires have not yet come to terms with the dilemma of developing high profile master musicians whilst at the same time ensuring that the training of instrumentalists encompasses all aspects of the orchestral profession and other changes in employment opportunities for their students. Postgraduate training that is already available receives high praise, but there are significant findings indicating that a greater provision is necessary.


ICRISAT in partnership with Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GAAS), and Yunnan
Academy of Agricultural Sciences (YAAS) implemented two benchmark watersheds namely
Lucheba Watershed at Guizhou and Xiaoxincun watershed in Yunnan provinces for the ADBICRISAT
project on "Improving Management of Natural Resources with Sustainable Rainfed
Agriculture" during 2003-2006. Both the watersheds in China had vast untapped potential for
enhancing agricultural productivity, however due to low adoption of improved management
practices and lack of knowledge to the farmers, the yields till 2002 were low and natural
resources like soil and water were prone to severe degradation. Through participatory
management, the consortium embarked on implementing integrated watershed management
program (IWMP) through improved rainwater management and harvesting, improved soil,
crop and pest management options as well as income-generating microenterprises for the
community members. The Lucheba benchmark watershed with 1284 mm amount of rainfall
annually undertook two drinking water schemes for the villagers as an entry point activity
by bringing spring water from hills by pipe to the village. Construction of 151 rainwater
harvesting structures cum irrigation water storage tanks, plantation of 133,600 trees on
100 ha wasteland, construction of approach road and crop diversification with high-value
vegetable crops in the watershed were undertaken by the community through IWMP. As a
result, the family income in Lucheba watershed increased to US$ 2582 in 2007 against the
baseline of US$ 973 per annum in 2002. In both the watersheds, empowerment of women
was evident with improved livelihoods and incomes which they could spend. The IWMP
interventions resulted in enhancing rainwater use efficiency along with the net incomes in
Xiaoxincun watershed also. The vegetable growers association and the farmers groups in both
the watersheds effectively implemented the watershed activities and successfully protected
the natural resources by reducing the erosion using the biogas production from the pig
excreta, avoiding cutting the trees for cooking, controlling soil erosion, enhancing water use
efficiency and diversifying the crops and livelihood options.


In the last decade, there has been a massive increase in network research across both the social and physical sciences.In Physics and Mathematics, there have been extensive work on phenomenological models and generative models concerning large networks with applications tobiology and social networks.In the social sciences, on the other hand, much attention has been devoted to the study of personal networks (PN) which examine the ties an individual has with others and their social characteristics and dynamics. In this paper, we seek to bridge the gap between social and mathematical sciences by exploring how variation in personal network size influences information flow through a complete network.We find that there is a significant negative correlation between a particular combination of personality traits and personal network size. A simulation modelling information flow through a complete network reveals that a mixture of small and large personal networks produces the optimal relative convergence rate at which information disseminates through the networks.


At the UN Climate Negotiations in Copenhagen, 117 heads of state concluded that low-carbon development is necessary in order to combat climate change. However, they also understood that transition to a low-carbon economy requires the implementation of a portfolio of policies and programs - a challenging endeavour for any nation. This book addresses the need for information about factors impacting climate policy implementation, using as a case study one effort that is at the heart of attempts to create a low-carbon future: the European Emission Trading Scheme. It explores problems surrounding the implementation of the ETS, including the role of vested interests, the impact of design details and opportunities to attract long-term investments. It also shows how international climate cooperation can be designed to support the domestic implementation of low-carbon policies. This timely analysis of carbon pricing contains important lessons for all those concerned with the development of post-Copenhagen climate policy.


India, because of its size, population, history and composition of different ethnic and religious groups and strategic position, apart from its political, cultural, social, religious, and economic special position, has a particular economic significance. As a result, advertising in general and outdoor advertising, in particular, is widely seen in urban areas. In today's world, outdoor advertising is largely present in urban areas due to conjoining with all the needs of society, i.e. the economy, politics, religion, culture, religion, and dominant values. It is an aspect of reading, outdoor manifestations in that the society. Indian cities are no exception to this fact, so that some emphasis and reflection can reveal manifestations of urban landscape behind outdoor advertising. The present study is aimed to investigate the content and form of outdoor advertising Indian cities in order to read the characteristics of Indian society and manifestations of these advertisements. Outdoor advertising in Indian cities is in accordance with social, economic, cultural, and political structures of life of Indian people in terms of form and structure. However, in terms of content, it does not match the Indian people's needs, economic conditions, and social classes. Respond to the following questions can better explain the aforementioned idea: 1. What manifestations do Indian cities' outdoor advertising content and form have with regard to the following cases? • Outdoor advertising and structure of cities in terms of urban furniture and its compliance with or contrast to the environment • Outdoor advertising and social structure of Indian cities in terms of social classes of people in cities and its compliance with or contrast to the environment • Outdoor advertising and religious structure in terms of diversity of religions and beliefs of people and its compliance with and contrasts to these beliefs • Outdoor advertising and political structure in terms of the diversity of parties, views and property to foreign countries and its compliance with and contrast to politicians willingly to the people 2. What outdoor manifestations do outdoor advertising have in different cities of India with regard to the economic, political and religious structure and position of these cities? Through field observations and library studies, we will investigate and analyze the presence form and content of outdoor advertising in three Indian cities with political, economic and religious features, and finally we will discover manifestations of outdoor advertising in India through the obtained reviews and tables.


Voluntary environmental management systems (EMS) based on the international standard ISO 14001 have become widespread globally in recent years. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of voluntary management systems on energy efficiency in the Swedish manufacturing industry by means of objective industrial energy data derived from mandatory annual environmental reports. The study focuses on changes in energy efficiency over a period of 12 years and includes both ISO 14001-certified companies and non-certified companies. Consideration is given to energy improvement efforts in the companies before the adoption of ISO 14001. The analysis has been carried out using statistical methods for two different industrial energy parameters: electricity and fossil fuel consumption. The results indicate that ISO 14001 adoption and certification has increased energy efficiency regarding the use of fossil fuel. In contrast, no effect of the management systems has been found concerning the use of electricity. The mixed results of this study are only partly in line with the results of previous studies based on perceptions of company representatives.


DNA polymerase (pol) epsilon is essential for DNA replication and is thought to be a component of DNA repair systems in eukaryotic cells. The activities of pol epsilon have been examined using a series of synthetic oligonucleotides designed with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP)-modified specific guanine residues. Pol epsilon was incapable of synthesis over cis-DDP-modified single guanine or adjacent guanine residues present in the template strand. Both single and double guanines modified by cis-DDP present at the 3'-OH end of a primer strand completely inhibited the synthetic activity of pol epsilon and, in addition, sequestered pol epsilon at the platinated 3'-OH termini. The sequestering of pol epsilon on cis-DDP modified DNA may interfere with the function of this enzyme in DNA repair in vivo. The intrinsic 3' to 5' proofreading exonuclease activity of pol epsilon was also examined. Pol epsilon was capable of degrading a single-strand template with internal cis-DDP-modified guanines up to, but not through, the platinated nucleotides. A single platinated guanosine was sufficient to block the 3' to 5' exonuclease activity of pol epsilon. These results suggest that cis-DDP-DNA adducts inhibit DNA synthesis mediated by DNA polymerase epsilon and that platinated sites can arrest the nuclease of pol epsilon, a function exhibited during DNA repair.


 ABSTRACT : The purpose of this paper is to offer some suggestions on the performance of Menander's plays in the Theater of Dionysus in Athens. The issues under discussion are as follows: use of a stage with three doors (as entrances either to three houses or to a temple and two houses); the lack of a door in the case of shrines; representation of a two-story house; on-stage dances; use of an altar; the staging of internal scenes; the possible existence of a raised stage separating the chorus from the characters; and relics of the tradition incorporating the chorus into the action. To corroborate the argumentation, reference is made to Latin comedies, Aristophanic plays and Greek tragedies, as well as to mosaics depicting scenes from Menander's


Conditions for the formation of extensive floodplains are extremely limited in South Africa, for they require that a river should regularly break the confines of its normal channel to flood a substantial adjacent area which includes a number of suitable depressions to retain water over the dry season. These requirements are usually only met where a river carrying significant run-off attains grade on a flat plain. The coastal plain of northern Zululand is the only such area in the high rainfall zone of the Republic and, because of its unusual south-north course, the Pongolo River has formed a floodplain of some 10 000 ha along the eastern foot of the Lebombo Mountains. This floodplain comprises a low-lying area, incorporating a series of shallow pans, separated from the main river channel by low levees.


Through our scientific and technological genius, we have made of this world a neighborhood and yet we have not had the ethical commitment to make of it a brotherhood. But somehow, and in some way, we have got to do this. We must all learn to live together as brothers or we will all perish together as fools. We are tied together in the single garment of destiny, caught in an inescapable network of mutuality. And whatever affects one directly affects all indirectly. For some strange reason I can never be what I ought to be until you are what you ought to be. And you can never be what you ought to be until I am what I ought to be. This is the way God's universe is made; this is the way it is structured. (Stanford University, Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, n.d.)


In this paper we present an approach to the synthesis of fault-tolerant schedules for embedded applications with soft and hard real-time constraints. We are interested to guarantee the deadlines for the hard processes even in the case of faults, while maximizing the overall utility. We use time/utility functions to capture the utility of soft processes. Process re-execution is employed to recover from multiple faults. A single static schedule computed off-line is not fault tolerant and is pessimistic in terms of utility, while a purely online approach, which computes a new schedule every time a process fails or completes, incurs an unacceptable overhead. Thus, we use a quasi-static scheduling strategy, where a set of schedules is synthesized off-line and, at run time, the scheduler will select the right schedule based on the occurrence of faults and the actual execution times of processes. The proposed schedule synthesis heuristics have been evaluated using extensive experiments.


The low-Reynolds-number gravitational settling of a sphere through a fluid interface is investigated experimentally. By varying the viscosity ratio between the two fluids and the Bond number, two different modes of interfacial deformation are observed: a tailing mode and a film drainage mode. In the tailing mode, the interface deforms significantly as the sphere approaches, and the sphere becomes enveloped by a layer of the upper fluid. A tail forms, connecting the sphere to the bulk of the upper phase. In the film drainage mode, the interface deforms much less and the sphere impacts onto the interface, which either ruptures to form a contact line on the sphere or leaves a very thin wetting film. Additionally, two types of sinking profiles are observed: steady sinking, where the sphere velocity changes monotonically as it sinks, and stalled sinking, where the sphere's progress is inhibited by the interface, before it accelerates into the lower fluid. We present a regime diagram showing the different behaviors. Finally, the dependence of the sinking time on the Bond number and viscosity ratio is investigated. For the film drainage regime a simple scaling law is deduced; the tailing regime exhibits more complicated dynamics, possibly explained by a multistage sinking process.


Efficient content-based access to large multimedia collections requires annotations that are human-meaningful, and user tagging of media is one means to obtain such semantic metadata. Tags can also act as user feedback essential for quality of multimedia experience assessment; however, tags can lack user context and become ambiguous between different users. Further, user tagging is a deliberate and discrete event where a user's response to the media can significantly vary in-between tagging events. This paper extends upon the authors' social multimedia adaptation framework to explore the use of EEG biosignals obtained from consumer EEG headsets to form context around explicit tagging activities and as user emotional feedback in-between user tagging events. Preliminary user studies investigating grouped participant responses indicate the most indicative emotional states to be short-term excitement, engagement and frustration in addition to gyroscope information.


Korea's foreign direct investment in the European Union is expected to increase as a consequence of the Korea‐EU FTA. Korean companies planning to invest in the European market will often choose the form of a joint venture as the preferred business vehicle. This article analyzes the formation of joint ventures under EU competition law and shows that two areas can be concerned with it - European antitrust law and merger control law. The article argues that by creating the joint venture as 'concentrative full-function undertaking' the founders will be able to achieve a high and satisfactory level of certainty about the legality of their intended business, because the formation process will be subject to merger control proceedings with the possibility of a pre-clearance by the European Commission. Over such a joint venture parent companies must maintain common control, and they have to ensure that it operates independently from them in the market on a lasting basis. In addition, the founders need to fully withdraw from the joint venture's market and any adjacent markets. The article also points out that joint ventures which only take over one specific function within the parents' business activities or which induce 'spill-over effects' can hardly be subject to merger control but will be dealt with Art 101 TFEU exclusively and will thus forego the chance of receiving a 'clean bill' by the European Commission.


Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields A Classic Reissue in the IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory Donald G. Dudley, Series Editor "When I begin a new research project, I clear my desk and put away all texts and reference books. Invariably, Harrington's book is the first book to find its way back to my desk. My copy is so worn that it is falling apart."--Dr. Kendall F. Casey, SRI "In the opinion of our faculty, there is no other book available that serves as well as Professor Harrington's does as an introduction to advanced electromagnetic theory and to classic solution methods in electromagnetics."--Professor Chalmers M. Butler, Clemson University First published in 1961, Roger Harrington's Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields is one of the most significant works in electromagnetic theory and applications. Over the past forty years, it proved to be a key resource for students, professors, researchers, and engineers who require a comprehensive, in-depth treatment of the subject. Now, IEEE is reissuing the classic in response to requests from our many members, who found it an invaluable textbook and an enduring reference for practicing engineers. About the IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory The IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory offers outstanding coverage of the field. It consists of new titles of contemporary interest as well as reissues and revisions of recognized classics by established authors and researchers. The series emphasizes works of long-term archival significance in electromagnetic waves and applications. Designed specifically for graduate students, researchers, and practicing engineers, the series provides affordable volumes that explore and explain electromagnetic waves beyond the undergraduate level.


We investigate the emergence of discrimination in an experiment where individuals affiliated to different groups compete for a monetary prize, submitting independent bids to an auctioneer. The auctioneer receives perfect information about the bids (i.e. there is no statistical discrimination), and she has no monetary incentive to favour the members of her own group (the bidders are symmetric). We observe nonetheless some discrimination by auctioneers, who tend to assign the prize more frequently to a member of their own group when two or more players put forward the highest bid. Out-group bidders react to this bias and reduce significantly their bids, causing an average decay of their earnings throughout the game, with cumulative effects that generate strongly unequal outcomes. Because the initial bias is costless, such mechanism can survive even in competitive market, providing a rationale for a well-known puzzle in the literature, i.e. the long-run persistence of discrimination.


Background Decision aids (DAs) may be used to facilitate an autonomous, informed decision to cease smoking and promote the uptake of evidence-based cessation assistance (ie, behavioral support, nicotine replacement therapy, or prescription medication). However, knowledge is lacking regarding their effective elements and (cost-)effectiveness. Objective We describe the development process of an online DA (called "VISOR") that helps smokers to choose evidence-based cessation assistance. Additionally, we provide a description of the protocol of an ongoing randomized controlled trial in which the DA containing an explicit value clarification method (VCM) and tailored advice is compared with a DA without an explicit VCM and tailored advice. Methods The development of "VISOR" was based on the International Patient Decision Aid Standards guidelines. Viewpoints of end users (collected through 20 interviews with smokers) and clinical and scientific experts (assessed using 2 Delphi studies with 24 scientists and 38 clinicians) were assessed regarding cessation tool decision making and preferred DA content. These findings, together with principles from the Self-Determination Theory, served as input for the development of the online DA. A first DA prototype was alpha-tested in September 2019 and beta-tested for usability in December 2019; feedback was incorporated and resulted in a final version. The final DA contains (1) an information section, (2) an optional knowledge quiz, (3) a brief smoking assessment, (4) intuitive decision, (5) intermediate advice, (6) an explicit VCM, (7) tailored advice, and (8) access information. A randomized controlled trial is currently being conducted to assess the DA's (cost-)effectiveness compared to a DA that does not include the explicit VCM and the tailored advice; specifically, the DA's effect on smoking abstinence, uptake of evidence-based cessation assistance, smoking abstinence mediated through uptake of evidence-based cessation assistance, and decisional conflict are investigated. Participants are randomly allocated to receive access to 1 of the 2 DAs and are asked to complete 5 questionnaires (including the baseline questionnaire) over a period of 12 months. To evaluate the effects of the DA on the outcome measures, logistic and linear regression analyses as well as mediation analyses will be carried out. An economic evaluation will be performed to assess the cost-effectiveness. Results Data regarding the effect of the VISOR DA are currently being collected, and data collection is expected to be concluded in 2021. Conclusions By making use of an iterative process that integrated different stakeholders' perspectives (including end users), we were able to systematically design an evidence-based DA. The study will contribute to the current knowledge regarding smoking cessation DA application, the added value of explicit VCMs, and the effect of behavioral and informed decision-making outcomes. Trial Registration Netherlands Trial Register NL8270; https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/8270 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/21772


This thesis examines issues of international technology transfer (ITT), focusing on the exploitation of foreign technology between countries with contrasting strengths and capabilities. The tendency in ITT is that it has mostly been limited to the triad countries and to some latecomer economies in East Asia. An explanation for this tendency is that the extent of this shared common ground between countries directly affects a recipient country's capability to exploit and absorb foreign knowledge. This thesis examines cases of ITT which successfully occurred without such common grounds and offers explanations for specific cases.
The conceptual framework was developed to explain how such extraordinary capabilities are created in order to overcome barriers to technological transfer. In addition, several other mechanisms and special factors are hypothesised as candidates for explaining the technology transfer process as one involving bridging and overcoming the barriers. These hypotheses are examined in relation to the Korean-Russian technology transfer, the main target of the investigation. Korea and Russia are countries that had no interaction prior to or during the Cold War period and shared little or no common ground. Nonetheless, after 1990 Korean firms have actively attempted to exploit Russian technology and some of them, though not many, have succeeded in exploiting and commercialising Russian technology.
Important contextual issues for this examination are the military and mission-focused body of Russia's technological knowledge and the often cheaper importation of Western technology. Taking these contextual issues into account, this thesis identifies two principal issues that were overcome in the cases of successful technology transfer: a) the tacitness of Russian technological knowledge and b) the locality of the Russian "context of origin" in terms of the socio-cultural, economic, and political environment.
The empirical content of the thesis involves a mixed approach with document analysis, interviews, a survey, and case studies. The research results show that the public agency programme's facilitating role as an intermediary (developed by the Korean government) creates the extra capacity to bridge the gaps involved in adapting Russian technology.


This thesis is aimed to study the paleoecology of the southern Gran Sabana region (GS; SE Venezuela) since the Late Glacial to the present. This region is characterized nowadays by the occurrence of large extent of savannas in a climate suitable for rainforests. For this purpose, three sequences (two from peat bogs and one from lake sediments) have been analyzed for pollen and spores, non‐pollen palynomorphs (NPP), and microscopic charcoal particles. Among the sequences analyzed, two of them are located currently within treeless savannas (Lakes Chonita and Encantada); whereas the third one is placed in the boundary between GS savannas and Amazon forests (El Pauji). The Late Glacial interval of Lake Chonita was characterized by a shrubland that was replaced by a treeless savanna at the end of Younger Dryas (YD) and the onset of the Holocene, linked to the occurrence of regional fires since ca. 12.4 cal kyr BP. The beginning of local fires was dated synchronous with the vegetation replacement, ca. 11.7 cal kyr BP. A similar shrubland, though not identical, is located nowadays around 200 m elevation above the lake, so the replacement by surrounding savannas was interpreted as a probably upward displacement of the former vegetation and an increase in average temperatures of approximately 0.7 ‐ 1.5oC. This section represents the oldest interval analyzed for GS so far, and the presence of fires during the Late Pleistocene is among the oldest fire records documented for northern South America. The peat bog records of Lake Encantada and El Pauji showed the main vegetation trends of the last 8 cal kyr BP, which were characterized by the continuous occurrence of regional fires. In Lake Encantada, the presence of treeless savannas was reported during the whole interval analyzed as the dominant vegetation type, despite variations in forest abundance and composition taxa of the community also occurred. The vegetation changes in this record were interpreted as mainly due to climatic shifts until the Late Holocene. At El Pauji, the occurrence of forests and savanna/forest mosaics was reported during the same interval, and fire was postulated to have been the major driver of the vegetation shifts. In this sequence, a treeless savanna was not recorded as the dominant vegetation of the landscape until the last millennia, and the presence of two different indigenous cultures was postulated as responsible of the shifts in fire regime registered, with an interval of human land abandonment between them. This interval was characterized by the cessation of fires, and the establishment of a secondary dry forest. The Late Holocene was characterized, in the three sequences studied, by a sudden increase of fires, which likely favored the expansion of savannas and the establishment of the present GS landscape. The join interpretation of the records presented in this thesis, together with previous analyses in the region, highlighted some key aspects for understanding the main trends of GS landscape and vegetation, e.g., the appearance and establishment of morichales (Mauritia palm stands typical of current southern GS landscapes) has been restricted to the last two millennia, synchronous with the increase in fire incidence. Moreover, it has been possible to gather empirical evidence for testing some previous hypothesis regarding GS. For example, the proposal of an extended aridity prior the Holocene has been rejected, whereas the hypothesis about the post‐glacial expansion of morichales has been supported. In this sense, with all the available information to date, some suggestions have been proposed: (i) Climate and fire have been the major forcing factors operating in the GS; (ii) During the Late Glacial and the beginning of the Early Holocene, the landscape of southern GS was likely formed by a mosaic of forests, shrubs, and savannas, without the current supremacy of the last vegetation type, which only established during the last 2 cal kyr BP onwards; (iii) Some general climatic trends have been inferred for the study area, as for example an increase in average temperatures around the Late Glacial/Early Holocene transition, a dry interval from 8 to 5 cal kyr BP, and a wetter phase during the Mid‐Holocene centered around 4 cal kyr BP; (iv) The establishment of Mauritia in the region has been likely driven by a synergism between biogeographical, climatic and anthropogenic factors, as well as the likely pyrophilous nature of this palm given its synchronous appearance with the increase of fires; (v) The settlement of the modern indigenous culture (Pemon) occurred at least since around ca. 2000 cal yr BP onwards, 1500 yr earlier than previously thought, but previous human presence in the region has been also documented; and (vi) The fire activity observed in the long‐term has caused a huge impact on GS landscape.


Pathway analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) offer a unique opportunity to collectively evaluate genetic variants with effects that are too small to be detected individually. We applied a pathway analysis to a bladder cancer GWAS containing data from 3,532 cases and 5,120 controls of European background (n = 5 studies). Thirteen hundred and ninety-nine pathways were drawn from five publicly available resources (Biocarta, Kegg, NCI-PID, HumanCyc, and Reactome), and we constructed 22 additional candidate pathways previously hypothesized to be related to bladder cancer. In total, 1421 pathways, 5647 genes and ∼90,000 SNPs were included in our study. Logistic regression model adjusting for age, sex, study, DNA source, and smoking status was used to assess the marginal trend effect of SNPs on bladder cancer risk. Two complementary pathway-based methods (gene-set enrichment analysis [GSEA], and adapted rank-truncated product [ARTP]) were used to assess the enrichment of association signals within each pathway. Eighteen pathways were detected by either GSEA or ARTP at P≤0.01. To minimize false positives, we used the I2 statistic to identify SNPs displaying heterogeneous effects across the five studies. After removing these SNPs, seven pathways ('Aromatic amine metabolism' [PGSEA = 0.0100, PARTP = 0.0020], 'NAD biosynthesis' [PGSEA = 0.0018, PARTP = 0.0086], 'NAD salvage' [PARTP = 0.0068], 'Clathrin derived vesicle budding' [PARTP = 0.0018], 'Lysosome vesicle biogenesis' [PGSEA = 0.0023, PARTP<0.00012], 'Retrograde neurotrophin signaling' [PGSEA = 0.00840], and 'Mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition' [PGSEA = 0.0040]) remained. These pathways seem to belong to three fundamental cellular processes (metabolic detoxification, mitosis, and clathrin-mediated vesicles). Identification of the aromatic amine metabolism pathway provides support for the ability of this approach to identify pathways with established relevance to bladder carcinogenesis.


This article reports a study of coauthor Laura Wright as she learned to teach secondary school grammar in four settings: university teacher education program, student teaching, her first job, and second job. Data for her university program came from Laura's journals and projects from her course work. Data from student teaching and her first job included interviews and field notes from observations and interviews and self-reports by Laura of teaching conducted on other occasions. Information from her second job came from self-reports by Laura. The data were analyzed using a system that identified the pedagogical tools Laura employed and the attributions she made for learning how to use them. The data suggest that Laura sought to teach in ways that students found engaging, meaningful, enjoyable, and relevant. How she was able to make grammar instruction fit this goal varied according to the setting in which her instruction took place.


Abstract Recent changes in seaweed communities due to rapid shifts of their environment have been largely documented in temperate waters; however, long-term studies are much scarcer. In this study, we investigated the potential of Dinard Herbarium to inform us on temporal changes in seaweed communities of Brittany since the second half of the 19th century. From nearly 3000 specimens collected in France, we identified and, when possible, corrected taxonomic and localisation errors usually encountered in unchecked natural history collections therefore minimising data inaccuracies. This original study aimed to describe the temporal dynamics of this collection and discuss the relevance of Dinard Herbarium in assessing temporal changes in seaweed communities of Brittany. The use of herbaria to assess spatio-temporal changes of seaweed biodiversity is limited, and to our knowledge, this is the first study trying to investigate this potential in the European Atlantic. This work presents new perspectives for inferring temporal changes of seaweed biodiversity.


For a longer period of time, manufacturing was the core business activity and hence service has gained lesser attention. However, a time came when manufacturers faced a huge challenge to stay profitable which apparently gave service to get more attention. The reason to this can be classified in to three categories: economic reasons, customer satisfaction and competitive advantage (Oliva et al., 2003). Understanding this, Volvo Group has set high target for revenues from soft products including service. In order to achieve this it is necessary to expand existing service offerings and explore more new service offerings. As part of this goal, Volvo Technology has been working on several projects. One of the projects which are closely related to this thesis is the Hauler Development Service (HDS) which started in 2008 for the trucking (Hauling) industry. HDS has two versions; HDS Green Field and HDS Efficiency and Effectiveness. HDS Green field focuses on starting up new road transport operations and establish business processes including system support on emerging markets. HDS Efficiency and Effectiveness focuses on performing assessments and improvement programs on already established firms on mature markets. These business offerings started to get their orders from customers and thus proving their functionality. However, unlike the trucking industry, the construction equipment business area within Volvo Group is lacking such business offerings today. Volvo Construction Equipment is the second largest business area within the Volvo group generating about 16 % of the total sales. Volvo CE is mostly offering hard products and wants to expand its service offerings and assume a better position as a professional service solution provider. The development of HDS for the trucking industry and the need for Volvo CE to expand its service offerings laid the background for this thesis. One of the market segments Volvo CE provides equipments is to the quarry and aggregate business segment. Customers with in this business area were successfully contacted and collaborated in this study. This master thesis investigated what the customers in the quarry and aggregate business area needs and problems are and developed a service concept which Volvo CE can offer while at the same time solving customer problems. This service concept was found out to be Energy Efficiency Improvement Service intended to help lower production costs of the customer by eliminating or lowering energy wastes and improve environmental impacts by lowering carbon emissions. Moreover, customer energy performance measures were studied and analysed if they are robust enough to be used as measures to the improvements inevitable by the new service offer, the Energy Efficiency Improvement Service. Results show that the energy performance measures currently in use are not robust enough, and suggest further development of energy performance measure system. In order to realize the service offer in a practical manner, the five lean principles (define value, identify value stream, floe, pull and continuous improvement) were tested if they can be used as tools to identify and measure energy wastes at the customers operation site and proved to be useful.


In a 1989 Paris Review interview, William Trevor speaks of his fascination with the focusing power of the story form: "I like the whole business of establishing its point," he states, "for although a story need not have a plot it must have a point" (Stout 143). The point in Trevor's stories appears to be of a moral nature. Indeed, one could call them "moral mysteries." His typical tale builds through a series of concealments and partial apprehensions, until, with details and identities established, moral truths, or more precisely, moral implications that emanate from truths, begin to resonate, forming the story's ending. But because he takes such pains to avoid the didactic, and because he seems to have such respect for the relativity, and the ambiguity of each situation, one may question whether or not Trevor's stories promote a general moral vision. In the same 1989 interview, Trevor states that he has no message, no philosophy imposed upon his characters beyond "the predicament they find themselves in" (Stout 145-46). His declared preference for the story form testifies to his distrust of philosophic generalization and yet also to his desire to dramatize the need for truth, a truth that, perhaps, can only be glimpsed in the momentary and the miniature. Although truth in Trevor's world is difficult to define in general and objective terms, it can be said to exist to the extent to which his characters recognize and respond to it. In a moral sense, there are two kinds of Trevor characters: those who try to evade the truth and those who gravitate, often in spite of themselves, toward it. In a 1979 essay entitled "The Truth-tellers of William Trevor," Julian Gitzen suggests that the majority of Trevor's characters evade truth by cultivating "comforting illusions, ranging from harmless daydreams and fantasies to compulsive and profound convictions" (60). Indeed, it is through such strenuous evasions of truth by many of his characters that Trevor establishes a moral,reality. Like an insinuating disturbance, it emerges from the sub-structure of the story to its surface. In each individual story, however, it is no easy matter to determine whether Trevor's moral portraiture also implies a moral assertion. One critic goes so far as to suggest that Trevor creates moral situations only to reveal their absurdity. In an essay published in 1988, Michael Ponsford places an emphasis on "the destructive energy of truth," its inevitable insinuating power to "flourish and breed," even to a point where it achieves nothing but humiliation for all concerned. Because truth becomes an avenger in the lives of the characters, Ponsford asserts that Trevor is questioning its "validity" (86). Perhaps the best indicators of the consistency of Trevor's moral vision are his significant minority, those characters who find themselves pursuing rather than fleeing truth. They climb, often unconsciously, out of the general complacency to a moral high ground, obeying an instinct rather than formulating a conceptual ideal. In all cases they suffer for the truth, sacrificing the comfortable arrangements that exist among the less conscience -driven. Three examples may serve to reveal a pattern. In the curiously amusing "The Third Party," for example, Trevor may be suggesting that truth is like an elusive third party in all relationships. Two men, a provincial named Boland and a Dubliner named Lairdman, meet in a Dublin bar to discuss the future, since Lairdman, who has had a clandestine affair with Boland's wife, is now openly taking her from him. Boland, unlike the adulterous couple, is quite given to truth-telling. Indeed, it seems that his truthfulness is the catalyst of the breakup of his marriage to Annabella, a compulsive liar: "He believed that his wife actually disliked the truth-a rare enough attribute, he imagined, "in any human being" (36). Perhaps because he has lived with a self-deluder for 12 years, Boland is eager for honesty. …


We calculate the electrically induced spin accumulation in diffusive systems due to both Rashba (with strength $\alpha)$ and Dresselhaus (with strength $\beta)$ spin-orbit interaction. Using a diffusion equation approach we find that magnetoelectric effects disappear and that there is thus no spin accumulation when both interactions have the same strength, $\alpha=\pm \beta$. In thermodynamically large systems, the finite spin accumulation predicted by Chaplik, Entin and Magarill, [Physica E {\bf 13}, 744 (2002)] and by Trushin and Schliemann [Phys. Rev. B {\bf 75}, 155323 (2007)] is recovered an infinitesimally small distance away from the singular point $\alpha=\pm \beta$. We show however that the singularity is broadened and that the suppression of spin accumulation becomes physically relevant (i) in finite-sized systems of size $L$, (ii) in the presence of a cubic Dresselhaus interaction of strength $\gamma$, or (iii) for finite frequency measurements. We obtain the parametric range over which the magnetoelectric effect is suppressed in these three instances as (i) $|\alpha|-|\beta| \lesssim 1/mL$, (ii)$|\alpha|-|\beta| \lesssim \gamma p_{\rm F}^2$, and (iii) $|\alpha|-|\beta| \lesssiM \sqrt{\omega/m p_{\rm F}\ell}$ with $\ell$ the elastic mean free path and $p_{\rm F}$ the Fermi momentum. We attribute the absence of spin accumulation close to $\alpha=\pm \beta$ to the underlying U (1) symmetry. We illustrate and confirm our predictions numerically.


Analytic systems increasingly allow companies to draw inferences about users' characteristics, yet users may not fully understand these systems due to their complex and often unintuitive nature. In this paper, we investigate inference literacy: the beliefs and misconceptions people have about how companies collect and make inferences from their data. We interviewed 21 non-student participants with a high school education, finding that few believed companies can make the type of deeply personal inferences that companies now routinely make through machine learning. Instead, most participant's inference literacy beliefs clustered around one of two main concepts: one cluster believed companies make inferences about a person based largely on a priori stereotyping, using directly gathered demographic data; the other cluster believed that companies make inferences based on computer processing of online behavioral data, but often expected these inferences to be limited to straightforward intuitions. We also find evidence that cultural models related to income and ethnicity influence the assumptions that users make about their own role in the data economy. We share implications for research, design, and policy on tech savviness, digital inequality, and potential inference literacy interventions.


Introduction to the new Freee manifesto - The New Text Art (of) and Making (Books) a Difference by Ulises Carrion Freee

An introduction to a manifesto is an opportunity to give an account of oneself. One of the most conspicuous and interesting aspects of any manifesto, in fact, is that it almost always seems to demand or require some kind of defence or account. Why is the manifesto needed? Why now? Whose manifesto is it? What is it against? What is it for? Why a manifesto rather than a poem or a joke? However, unlike in the formats assumed by Judith Butler for 'giving an account of oneself', in which the individual faces a demand from a figure of authority, the call to give an account of oneself in the introduction to a manifesto is a declaration to the public.

Insofar as every manifesto is a public declaration, every manifesto also calls forth the question: who is the public of this manifesto? Manifestos are not written by the masses but usually by a very small number of people, but they are written in the hope of capturing the anger and dissatisfaction shared by great numbers of people. The public of the manifesto does not always exist prior to its publication, however, since the purpose of the manifesto is to provide a focal point for the construction of a new social body, a new public, a new class, a new social movement.

Manifestos contain not individual likes and dislikes; the aim of the manifesto is to identify collective positions and collective actions. A manifesto, from mid 17th century Italian (from manifestare, from Latin) meaning to 'make public' (from manifestus 'obvious') it is not the act of going to market with your private opinions or personal taste, it is not a disclosing to others what you have done by and for yourself, it is public in a more fundamental sense than this. The manifesto cannot but be public; even before it is published, the manifesto belongs to the public, is formed by the public-to-be, and is addressed to the public (not to readers). That is to say, like a slogan or a political chant at a march, it survives only by being utilized by others.

Manifestos and slogans are acts of montage because they cut through the social body in so far as they are 'carried' by people and they are continually pasted into other situations. Unlike photomontage, which cuts and pastes images, manifestos and slogans perform what Freee call a real montage of people and spaces. Real montage is a political act of displacement, cutting through reality and reordering the world.

Freee use the genre of the manifesto, like the genre of the slogan, to connect contemporary art after the social turn with a much longer and deeper tradition of collective action and common culture. Manifestos by Freee are examples of text art but they are also a means by which to reunite text with action, and language with politics. Rather than text art being subject to a giddy range of interpretations, Freee's manifestos ask the participant (of a spoken choir reading) or the reader (of a manifesto published in a book) to agree or disagree with the statements made in the manifesto.

This is why each manifesto is prefaced with guidance on how it is to be used: 'In order to participate you need to print out the pdf of Freee's new manifesto and underline every sentence that you agree with. Bring the manifesto with you to the spoken choir event and read out only those sections of the manifesto that you have underlined.'

A manifesto, therefore, does not give an account of oneself, but gives an account of the social and political situation of the time. It is not a description, though: it makes declarations, proclamations, pronouncements, announcements and it sets forward a programme. Manifestos are not performative language in the classic sense: it is not the words themselves that effect change. Manifestos call for action. Language is essential to this transformative activity but it is not the action itself and cannot take its place. Manifestos light the fire but the bodies of the politically engaged are its social agents. In one sense, manifestos do nothing at least not by themselves, but in another sense - in which what we say is tied to what we do - manifestos are essential to the collective action of social change.


Summary The distribution of systemically or locally administered 5-fluorouracil-2-14C (5-FU) in brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the monkey (Macaca mulatta) has been investigated. Following controlled i.v. injection, there was rapid penetration of the 5-FU into brain and CSF, concomitant with a rapid loss of 5-FU from the systemic plasma compartment. CSF repeatedly sampled from various sites (lumbar, cisternal, intraventricular, and cortical surface) displayed characteristic and different kinetic profiles (drug concentrations versus time) following initial i.v. injection of 5-FU. Despite the fact that 91% of the injected dose of 5-FU was cleared from the vascular compartment within 5 min after the start of the i.v. injection (5 ml at 1.086 ml/min) and 98% of the injected dose was cleared by 1 hr, approximately 0.126% of the total administered dose represented the average integrated content of the drug in the entire CSF compartment over the experimental hr. Similarly, the average integrated content of the drug in the brain over the experimental hr represented 0.172% of the total administered dose of 5-FU, as determined by sampling cerebral and cerebellar cortex, subcortical cerebral and cerebellar white matter, striatum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Labeled 5-FU gained access to the CSF from the plasma by simple diffusion. The average integrated concentration of 5-FU in CSF over the experimental hr was increased by 48% when the rate of i.v. injection was increased fourfold. As demonstrated by bilateral perfusion over the exposed cerebral cortex or by bilateral ventriculocisternal perfusion, 5-FU in the CSF was an adequate source for delivery of the drug to contiguous brain tissue. Studies of the regional brain contents of 5-FU following combined i.v. and ventriculocisternal administration of the drug are presented, together with investigations of the physicochemical and metabolic characteristics of the drug. Our studies provide in the primate a model for the determination of the kinetics of distribution of antineoplastic agents in brain and CSF following i.v. administration or following perfusion into the CSF pathway.


Slow movements of natural slopes are quite frequent in mountainous or hilly areas. They may display occasional crises, mostly related to the increase of pore water pressures induced by exceptional climatic conditions. A methodology consisting of combining the hydrogeological analysis and the geomechanical analysis is presented for the analysis of these phenomena. The evolution in space and time of pore water pressures obtained from hydrogeological modelling is used as input data for finite elements geomechanical modelling, in order to calculate stress variations and displacements. The proposed framework is applied to analyze a natural slope with three strategic infrastructure assets located at its toe. After being calibrated and validated, the model is applied to improve the understanding of the physical processes involved and to predict the landslide behaviour under different possible scenarios.


In this Review, we look at the relation between bereavement and physical and mental health. Although grief is not a disease and most people adjust without professional psychological intervention, bereavement is associated with excess risk of mortality, particularly in the early weeks and months after loss. It is related to decrements in physical health, indicated by presence of symptoms and illnesses, and use of medical services. Furthermore, bereaved individuals report diverse psychological reactions. For a few people, mental disorders or complications in the grieving process ensue. We summarise research on risk factors that increase vulnerability of some bereaved individuals. Diverse factors (circumstances of death, intrapersonal and interpersonal variables, ways of coping) are likely to co-determine excesses in ill-health. We also assess the eff ectiveness of psychological intervention programmes. Intervention should be targeted at high-risk people and those with complicated grief or bereavement-related depression and stress disorders.


Devolution in Kenya is about decentralising political, financial and administrative powers to forty seven counties. Kenya had practised devolution through the one year Majimbo government which lasted in 1964, before the highly centralised provincial administration was established. The provincial administration was centralised and gained control over all decentralized ministerial functions in the country; as an extension of the executive office of the president in the field. The Constitution stipulates that the provincial administration be restructured to align with the devolved administrative structure. Little research has been done on the structural frictions that arise from the fact that central governments are keen to retain or recapture the same authority that have been devolved to the lower level governments. Therefore, on this basis this study sought to establish the effects of implementing devolution on the operations of the Provincial Administration. The study was anchored on the objectives of establishing how devolution had shaped the structure of the Provincial Administration in Kenya; examine the extent to which functions of both County and National Government Administrators are interlinked and to identify the challenges faced in the implementation of Schedule Four of the Constitution. Both primary and secondary data were used. The study was guided by the Structural Functionalism theory of Emile Durkheim, which compare the society to an organism comprising of structures that influence each other for its own existence. A case study design was used with Nairobi City County as the study area. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the sample size for the questionnaires from the sample frame. Further the study used purposive sampling technique to select key informants for the interview guide. SSP version 21 and Content analysis were used to analyse the descriptive data. Data was presented in tables, charts and prose form. The study found out that the provincial administration had restructured through change of tittles and administrative units but not functions, there were points of roles interlinkages some of which are not procedurally and devolution was facing challenges such as: revenue allocation, administrative and bureaucratic culture, organisational capacity and stakeholder mistrusts. The study concluded that duplication of functions by both levels of government still exists and that the aligning of the provincial administration with the schedule four was yet to be fully attained. Devolution advance national unity by recognising diversity and that it promotes participatory and transparent exercise of authority. The study recommends the enactment of legislation on functions to regulate the constitutional functions of the two levels of government and that commission on Revenue allocation to focus on Wards as the point of reverence in budgeting as they happen to be the service delivery vocal point. It further recommends the need for concerted efforts in creation of awareness on matters devolution through a structured civic education program. The fourth schedule needs to be implemented in tandem with the county government act 2012, for separation of functions between the National and County governments. There is need further research on devolution in future and to widen the study by including a bigger samples size, widening its scope and other variables not covered by this study. International Journal of Current Aspects, Volume 4, Issue 2, 2020, PP 50-68, ISSN 2616-6976


Abstract. Ripples are common morphological features in sandy marine environments. Their shapes and dimensions are closely related to local sediment properties and forcing by waves and currents. Numerous predictors for the geometry and hydraulic roughness of ripples exist but, due to their empirical nature, they may fail to properly reflect conditions in the field. Here, measurements of tide and wave generated ripples in a shallow shelf sea are reported. Discrete and continuous methods for the extraction of ripple dimensions from digital elevation models (DEMs) are inter-compared. The range of measured ripple dimensions is quantified and compared to the results of empirical predictors. The repeatability of a measurement for inactive conditions is taken as the precision of measurements of bedform dimensions. The accuracy of measurement is assessed via comparison to predicted dimensions. Results from field data show that the precision of measurements is limited to 10 % of the absolute ripple dimensions. The application of different methods for the detection of ripple heights may result in form roughness heights differing by a factor of up to 2 between the traditional statistical estimate and a full evaluation of the spatial bathymetry.


Viral hepatitis poses a serious threat to mankind. Hepatitis B and C Virus are blood borne pathogens that affect millions of individually globally. This study was conducted on a hospitalbased population in Islamabad, Pakistan over a period of 4 months, utilizing ELISA as the diagnostic technique which suggested a higher seroprevalence rate for both HBV and HCV i.e. 2.07% and 8.24% respectively. A correlational analysis of the biochemical parameters of these individuals with HBV and HCV infection was carried out and the results indicated a positive correlation of HBV with Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), HCV with Total Bilirubin (TBil) and both the viruses with Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT). Furthermore, the risk factors in relation to these viral infections were explored upon which our data suggested that surgery, blood transfusion and contact with contaminated instruments at the barber for haircut/shaving and jewelers for piercings were the major risk factors responsible for aiding the contraction of the viral disease by patients in the hospital. These high percentages of the viral infection among the population require proper management and prevention techniques to minimize the number of casualties and further cases to provide a healthier surrounding for the people to live in.


This paper presents a novel unifying framework of anytime sparse Gaussian process regression (SGPR) models that can produce good predictive performance fast and improve their predictive performance over time. Our proposed unifying framework reverses the variational inference procedure to theoretically construct a non-trivial, concave functional that is maximized at the predictive distribution of any SGPR model of our choice. As a result, a stochastic natural gradient ascent method can be derived that involves iteratively following the stochastic natural gradient of the functional to improve its estimate of the predictive distribution of the chosen SGPR model and is guaranteed to achieve asymptotic convergence to it. Interestingly, we show that if the predictive distribution of the chosen SGPR model satisfies certain decomposability conditions, then the stochastic natural gradient is an unbiased estimator of the exact natural gradient and can be computed in constant time (i.e., independent of data size) at each iteration. We empirically evaluate the trade-off between the predictive performance vs. time efficiency of the anytime SGPR models on two real-world million-sized datasets.


We show that, leaving aside accelerated cosmic expansion, all experimental data in high energy physics that are commonly agreed to require physics beyond the Standard Model can be explained when completing the model by three right-handed neutrinos that can be searched for using present-day experimental techniques. The model that realizes this scenario is known as the Neutrino Minimal Standard Model (nu MSM). In this article we give a comprehensive summary of all known constraints in the nu MSM, along with a pedagogical introduction to the model. We present the first complete quantitative study of the parameter space of the model where no physics beyond the nu MSM is needed to simultaneously explain neutrino oscillations, dark matter, and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. The key new point of our analysis is leptogenesis after sphaleron freeze-out, which leads to resonant dark matter production, thus evading the constraints on sterile neutrino dark matter from structure formation and x-ray searches. This requires one to track the time evolution of left-and right-handed neutrino abundances from hot big bang initial conditions down to temperatures below the QCD scale. We find that the interplay of resonant amplifications, CP-violating flavor oscillations, scatterings, and decays leads to a number of previously unknown constraints on the sterile neutrino properties. We furthermore reanalyze bounds from past collider experiments and big bang nucleosynthesis in the face of recent evidence for a nonzero neutrino mixing angle theta(13). We combine all our results with existing constraints on dark matter properties from astrophysics and cosmology. Our results provide a guideline for future experimental searches for sterile neutrinos. A summary of the constraints on sterile neutrino masses and mixings has appeared in Canetti et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 061801 (2013)]. In this article we provide all details of our calculations and give constraints on other model parameters.


This study aimed to evaluate the use of optimization algorithm to determine functional types of animals Braford for different environmental conditions. We used specific optimization algorithms through the computer program SYNCSA in order to determine optimal subsets of attributes that define different functional types in view the efficiency of grazing by animals. These algorithms are based on the definition of incidence matrices that relate the variables of interest. In this study the matrix B defined the relationship animals x body measurements; the matrix W the relationship accumulated productivity x blood degree; and the matrix E the relationship blood degree x environments (with and without food restriction). These results showed the existence of three functional types: animals with larger body structure, intermediate structure and animals with less structure, except the trait width of the chest. The higher body structure animals had more 30 and 47.7kg of weaned calves, in the environment without food restriction, than animals of medium and small body frame, respectively. In the environment with dietary restriction, animals with intermediate body structure productive performed 18.5 and 36.8% better than higher and lower body structure types, respectively. These results demonstrate that the algorithm designed for determination of functional types be used in search of better animal biotype for different production systems.


In this paper, ICT is proposed to create or strengthen social capital of rural female entrepreneurs. A model of the impaction of ICT on rural female social capital and self-employment was founded under the framework of social capital theory and entrepreneurship theory. A field survey conducted in Liaoling province was reported to valid the propositions by the author. The result indicated that the implement of ICT encouraged female rural entrepreneurs to create, maintain, and extend their bonding, bridging, and linking forms of social capital, and to impulse the entrepreneurs during self-employing, finally. Some suggestions about how to build social capital with ICT implementing and how to impel rural female to self-employ were put forward as the conclusion.


Hekla is a Holocene volcanic ridge in southern Iceland, which is notable for the link between repose periods and the composition of the first-erupted magma. The two largest explosive silicic eruptions, H4 and H3, erupted about 4200 and 3000 years ago. Airfall deposits from these eruptions were sampled in detail and analysed for major and trace elements, along with microprobe analyses of minerals and glasses. Both deposits show compositional variation ranging from 72 % to 56 % SiO2, with mineralogical evidence of equilibrium crystallization in the early erupted rhyolitic component but disequilibrium in the later erupted basaltic andesite component. The eruptions started with production of rhyolitic magma followed by dacitic to basaltic andesite magma. Sparse crystallization of the intermediate magma and predominant reverse zoning of minerals, trending towards a common surface composition, indicate magma mixing between rhyolite and a basaltic andesite end-member. The suggested model involves partial melting of older tholeiitic crust to produce silicic magma, which segregated and accumulated in deep crustal reservoir. Silicic magma eruption is triggered by basaltic andesite dyke injection, with a proportion of the dyke magma contributing to the production and eruption of a mixed hybrid magma. Both the volume of the silicic partial melt, and the proportion of the hybrid magma depend on the pre-eruptive repose time.


Major population shifts shape both economic and physical landscapes of nations because demographic and economic drivers are inextricably linked. This study follows a three essay approach focused on the impact of population aging on two broad categories, physical and economic development in the United States. Specifically, this dissertation investigates later life entrepreneurship, elder housing choices and the impact of aging on rural prosperity. It appears that age is a factor in later life labor force participation choices, with 61 to 70 year olds and those over 70 years of age exhibiting a greater tendency toward self-employment than their 50 to 60 year old counterparts. However, individuals over age 60 are more likely to retire than transition to self-employment. Still, economic developers should consider small business development programs that include even those ahead of the baby boomer cohort. Amongst recent mover households, age influences dwelling selection. Households headed by 50 to 69 year olds are more likely to move to single family dwellings of 1,000 to just under 3,000 square feet. Conversely, households headed by individuals aged 70 years or more, are more likely to select multi-family dwellings and in particular, smaller units (under 1,000 square feet). Thus, oldest individuals are more likely to relocate to the smallest, highest density units even after controlling for increased housing costs, shocks, income and children. These results suggest that older households are not homogenous in their housing preferences. As expected, population aging impacts rural prosperity. The effect is not significant for the proportion of the population aged 70 to 79 years. However, the greater the percentage of the population that is 50 to 59 years of old or 60 to 69 years old, the less likely a rural county is to be prosperous. Contrary to this finding, the greater the proportion of the population that is 80 years of age or older, the greater the likelihood of rural prosperity. It was originally hypothesized that rural areas may fall short of prosperity because of a mismatch between an aging labor force and the prevalence of physically demanding occupations this is likely not the case.


Random attacks that jointly minimize the amount of information acquired by the operator about the state of the grid and the probability of attack detection are presented. The attacks minimize the information acquired by the operator by minimizing the mutual information between the observations and the state variables describing the grid. Simultaneously, the attacker aims to minimize the probability of attack detection by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between the distribution when the attack is present and the distribution under normal operation. The resulting cost function is the weighted sum of the mutual information and the KL divergence mentioned above. The trade-off between the probability of attack detection and the reduction of mutual information is governed by the weighting parameter on the KL divergence term in the cost function. The probability of attack detection is evaluated as a function of the weighting parameter. A sufficient condition on the weighting parameter is given for achieving an arbitrarily small probability of attack detection. The attack performance is numerically assessed on the IEEE 14-Bus, 30-Bus, and 118-Bus test systems.


Whilst many developing countries engage in sound policy processes on macro level as far as economic and social development are concerned, the day-to-day victual needs of impoverished communities also depend on sound policies as well as appropriate arrangements, which take effect in the municipal sphere. Such needs, as food security, is dependant on the establishment of effective partnership agreements among all stakeholders, including local councils, district councils as well as metropolitan councils; the actual entities that are responsible to create the enabling environment in which food security could be enhanced.
In this article, issues relating to food security, partnership models, the enabling environment, and community involvement in this partnership process, are discussed briefly. Public administration practitioners should ensure they contributively involve themselves in this debate. The article concludes by emphasising the need for a proper and structured approach to be followed, of a food security policy is due to be operationalised in practice.


ThinkPad: A Different Shade of Blue tells the exciting inside story behind the creation of one of the most successful brand names in computing. Through interviews with the ThinkPad Team and IBM executives, and access to internal documents and memoranda, the book provides a rare inside view into the workings of an IBM brand team. Here is the inside scoop on the cultural and personality differences that almost killed one of the most significant development efforts in IBM history. More importantly, it offers valuable lessons on what it takes to build a world-class, enduring brand or product.


In this paper, we evaluate the performance of an OFDM switched-beam system based on Kalman filtering for joint channel estimation and beam selection. For this purpose, we develop a system-level simulator which computes the signal to interference ratio (SIR) for a reference mobile user. For a given system capacity in terms of average number of users per cell, the resulting SIR distribution collected from a large number of system-level snapshots translates the link-level throughput vs. SNR results into a system-level cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the user throughput from which different meaningful system-level performance measures such as the average throughput can be computed. Simulations suggest that the proposed Kalman-based OFDM switched-beam system offers improved performance over slow fading channels in terms of link-level frame error rate (FER) and system-level capacity or average throughput per user or cell.


1. Iron metabolism has been investigated in patients suffering from chronic renal failure, using a whole body monitoring technique. 2. Absorption of labelled inorganic iron was decreased. 3. Radio-iron was lost from the body at a rate comparable to that found in normal subjects. 4. The red cell incorporation of radioactive iron was diminished. 5. The results suggest that anaemia in these patients was due to decreased erythropoiesis and not due to iron deficiency despite the evidence of markedly abnormal iron handling presented.


This paper isolates the demand and supply factors of credit extension. We construct a new dataset that combines loan application information from the credit register with individuals' income and banks' balance sheet for the period 2014-2016. Using this dataset, we verify the importance of banks' balance sheet (supply factor) and individuals' income (demand factor) in determining housing and car loan approval empirically. We have two main findings. First, we find that banks' balance sheet matters. Banks with a higher funding ratio, higher capital ratio, and lower liquidity ratio are more likely to approve a housing and car loan. Among the supply factors, the funding ratio of the banks is the strongest determinant of household lending. Second, we find that the supply factors have a greater impact on household loan approval than the demand factor. Specifically, the effect of banks' funding ratio on loan approval is twice the size of income. Therefore, the declining funding ratio due to higher net external outflows may potentially explain the moderation in aggregate household loan approval growth in 2014-2016. The findings fill a research gap for the Malaysian economy and could serve to inform policies, especially in relation to the discussion on the role of banks' balance sheet in lending activities.


Emotions are pivotal in the manifestation and functioning of character traits. Traits such as virtues and vices involve emotions in diverse but connected ways. Some virtues (justice, generosity, compassion, truthfulness) are exemplified, in important part, by feeling emotions. Others (self-control, perseverance, courage) are exemplified in managing, bypassing, or even eliminating emotions. And one virtue at least (humility) is exemplified in not-feeling a certain range of emotions. Emotions are a kind of perceptual state, namely construal, involving concern or caring (motivation) about something, in which the elements of a situation are organized and understood in terms of their significance or import. Emotional understanding can be morally right or wrong. As such construals, emotions can be morally excellent (the feeling of joy about a rectified injustice) or perverse (envy and contempt of persons). Emotions thus have a logic or grammar that is crucial to their entering into, or being set upon by, or simply not occurring because of, virtues. The virtuous person is attuned, implicitly or reflectively, to this grammar, and that attunement constitutes one of the major dimensions of practical wisdom. An associationist psychology (behaviorist or Humean) attempts to reduce the conceptual and intentional richness of emotions to mere associations or correlations of pleasant or unpleasant "affect" with various things (behaviors, "values"). Such a psychology is fundamentally unfit to represent practical wisdom, and thus the moral life. We sketch an account of the generation and degeneration of character traits using the above conceptual framework and contrasting it with an associationist framework.


Most existing Vision-and-Language (V&L) models rely on pre-trained visual encoders, using a relatively small set of manually-annotated data (as compared to web-crawled data), to perceive the visual world. However, it has been observed that large-scale pretraining usually can result in better generalization performance, e.g., CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training), trained on a massive amount of image-caption pairs, has shown a strong zero-shot capability on various vision tasks. To further study the advantage brought by CLIP, we propose to use CLIP as the visual encoder in various V&L models in two typical scenarios: 1) plugging CLIP into task-specific fine-tuning; 2) combining CLIP with V&L pre-training and transferring to downstream tasks. We show that CLIP significantly outperforms widely-used visual encoders trained with in-domain annotated data, such as BottomUp-TopDown. We achieve competitive or better results on diverse V&L tasks, while establishing new state-of-the-art results on Visual Question Answering, Visual Entailment, and V&L Navigation tasks. We release our code at https://github.com/clip-vil/CLIP-ViL.


We introduce a class of multiplicative dynamic models for realized covariance matrices assumed to be conditionally Wishart distributed. The multiplicative structure enables consistent three-step estimation of the parameters, starting by covariance targeting of a scale matrix. The dynamics of conditional variances and correlations are inspired by specifications akin to the consistent dynamic conditional correlation model of the multivariate GARCH literature, and estimation is performed by quasi maximum likelihood. Simulations show that in finite samples the three-step estimator has smaller bias and root mean squared error than the full estimator when the cross-sectional dimension increases. An empirical application illustrates the flexibility of these models in a low-dimensional setting, and another one illustrates their e ectiveness and practical usefulness in high dimensional portfolio allocation strategies.


Since the terrible shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, lawmakers and school officials continue to deliberate over new laws and policies to keep students safe, including putting more police officers in schools. Yet these decisionmakers have not given enough attention to the potential negative consequences that such laws and policies may have, such as creating a pathway from school to prison for many students. Traditionally, only educators, not law enforcement, handled certain lower-level offenses that students committed, such as fighting or making threats without using a weapon. Drawing on recent restricted data from the US Department of Education, this Article presents an original empirical analysis revealing that a police officer's regular presence at a school is predictive of greater odds that school officials refer students to law enforcement for committing various offenses, including these lower-level offenses. This trend holds true even after controlling for: (1) state statutes that require schools to report certain incidents to law enforcement; (2) general levels of criminal activity and disorder that occur at schools; (3) neighborhood crime; and (4) other demographic variables. The consequences of involving students in the criminal justice system are severe, especially for students of color, and may negatively affect the trajectory of students' lives. Therefore, lawmakers and school officials should consider alternative methods to create safer learning environments


Noise is an unwanted sound caused by its high pressure level and frequency that can disturb people's comfortable and health. A highly noisy-level area will cause some interference, physically or mentally. One of activities which produce noise are urban society's activities dominated by trading and transportating activities. Kawasan Sentral Pasar Raya is one of urban society's mobilization centrals which produces worried-noise level. According to result of measuring in nine (9) points at Monday, measurable sound level (Lp) ranges from (33,2-105,5) dBA. Measurable equivalent energy level ranges from (51,86-89,06) dBA. Noise level at day (LS) ranges from (67,20-85,76) dBA and its distributing system is concentrated on third point which is dominated by trading activities. Night noise level (LM) ranges from (60,02-79,70) dBA and its distributing system is concentrated on fifth point which is dominated by transportation. Day-night noise level (LSM) ranges from (67,51-84,44) dBA and it is concentrated on fifth points dominated by transportation. If LSM is compared to standard, 7 of 9 measured points (78%) have exceeded standard, according to Kep Men LH no KEP-48/MENLH/11/1996 for trading and servicing area that only allowed about 70 dBA. It may cause some significant impacts to sensitive receptor in Pasar Raya area, especially places of religious service and office complex. Some possibly controlled efforts are reduce noise from its sources especially limitation vehicles current entering Pasar Raya area, locate public vehicle's terminal and parking area in the right place, increase green plants in many possible area, apply noise regulation including prohibite vehicle modification and its soundsystem, and periodically examine noise emission of vehicles. Keywords : measured sound level (Lp), noise level at day (LS), noise level at night (LM), noise level at day-night (LSM), Central area of Pasar Raya Padang, noise distribution system


Objectives: As populations age, there will be a need for more volunteers in social welfare, and consequently a need to better understand potential effects of volunteering for older people. Whilst there is a body of international literature exploring health benefits of volunteering in later life, there are currently no longitudinal studies of Australian populations. Internationally, there is a lack of studies focusing on older women, who comprise the majority of the ageing population. The aim of this article was to explore the relationship between volunteering and psychosocial and health factors for a cohort of older Australian women over time. Method: Data for this study were from the oldest cohort of Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, a 20-year longitudinal survey of Australian women aged 70–75 years in 1996. Volunteering status was the factor of interest and study factors included a broad range of demographic, health and social factors. A longitudinal model was developed for mediators of volunteering over time. Results: Of 7088 women in 2005, 24.5% reported actively volunteering, 15.5% were continuing, 7.5% were new, 15.3% were intermittent and 34.7% had never been volunteers. Volunteering was associated with increased quality of life and social support. Women were more likely to continue volunteering over time if they lived in a rural area, had higher socioeconomic indicators, and better levels of physical and mental health. Conclusions: This study contributes to the literature on the relationship between volunteering and health for older women. Understanding the potential health implications of volunteering is a critical issue in current policy debates.