Near-solar metallicity (and low-redshift) Pair-Instability Supernova (PISN) candidates challenge stellar evolution models. Indeed, at such a metallicity, even an initially very massive star generally loses so much mass by stellar winds that it will avoid the electron-positron pair-creation instability. We use recent results showing that a magnetic field at the surface of a massive star can significantly reduce its effective mass-loss rate to compute magnetic models of very massive stars (VMSs) at solar metallicity and explore the possibility that such stars end as PISNe. We implement the quenching of the mass loss produced by a surface dipolar magnetic field into the Geneva stellar evolution code and compute new stellar models with an initial mass of $200\,M_\odot$ at solar metallicity, with and without rotation. It considerably reduces the total amount of mass lost by the star during its life. For the non-rotating model, the total (CO-core) mass of the models is $72.8\,M_\odot$ ($70.1\,M_\odot$) at the onset of the electron-positron pair-creation instability. For the rotating model, we obtain $65.6\,M_\odot$ ($62.4\,M\odot$). In both cases, a significant fraction of the internal mass lies in the region where pair instability occurs in the $\log(T)-\log(\rho)$ plane. The interaction of the reduced mass loss with the magnetic field efficiently brakes the surface of the rotating model, producing a strong shear and hence a very efficient mixing that makes the star evolve nearly homogeneously. The core characteristics of our models indicate that solar metallicity models of magnetic VMSs may evolve to PISNe (and pulsation PISNe).


The British Industrial Revolution triggered a reversal in the social order whereby the landed elite was replaced by industrial capitalists rising from the middle classes as the economically dominant group. Many observers have linked this transformation to the contrast in values between a hard-working and thrifty middle class and an upper class imbued with disdain for work. We propose an economic theory of preference formation in which both the divergence of attitudes across social classes and the ensuing reversal of economic fortunes are equilibrium outcomes. In our theory, parents shape their children's preferences in response to economic incentives. If financial markets are imperfect, this results in the stratification of society along occupational lines. Middle-class families in occupations that require effort, skill, and experience develop patience and work ethic, whereas upper-class families relying on rental income cultivate a refined taste for leisure. These class-specific attitudes, which are rooted in the nature of pre-industrial professions, become key determinants of success once industrialization transforms the economic landscape.


This paper introduces a new rainfall runoff model called ERM (Effective Rainfall routed by Muskingum method), which has been developed based on the popular IHACRES model. The IHACRES model consists of two main components to transfer rainfall to effective rainfall and then to streamflow. The second component of the IHACRES model is a linear unit hydrograph which has been replaced by the classic and well-known Muskingum method in the ERM model. With the effective rainfall by the first component of the IHACRES model, the Muskingum method is used to estimate the quick flow and slow flow separately. Two different sets of input data (temperature or evapotranspiration, rainfall and observed streamflow) and genetic algorithm (GA) as an optimization scheme have been selected to compare the performance of IHACRES and ERM models in calibration and validation. By testing the models in three different catchments, it is found that the ERM model has better performance over the IHACRES model across all three catchments in both calibration and validation. Further studies are needed to apply the ERM on a wide range of catchments to find its strengths and weaknesses.


Regularization, a means for people living with precarious immigration status to legalize or "regularize" their status, is a central demand of immigrant rights groups across Canada. From a perspective of No Borders, does the demand for regularization, while challenging the dayto- day practices of Citizenship and Immigration Canada, also unintentionally reinforce state power? Historical research on regularization programs in Canada suggests that regularization programs do not eliminate migrant illegality but reconfigure it. In this way, regularization may be implicated in processes that both makes and unmakes illegality within the context of immigration and citizenship in Canada.


This article examines the domestic political sources of immigration control in advanced market economy countries after World War II. Immigration control can be distinguished from the broader concept of immigration policy by its emphasis on state policies that define the permissible level of resident alien admissions. The analysis is based on the well-established fact that immigrant communities are geographically concentrated. I argue that this geographic concentration creates an uneven distribution of costs and benefits, providing a spatial context for immigration politics. In this context, net public demand for tighter immigration control increases in localities where immigrants concentrate when those areas experience higher unemployment, rapid increases in immigration, higher immigrant proportions, and more generous immigrant access to social services. Each of these conditions aggravates competition between immigrants and natives, and hence native hostility, in these communities while employer support for immigration usually diminishes. Yet national politicians may ignore changes in the demand for immigration control unless these constituencies are also able to swing a national election from one party to another. The larger and less "safe" the local constituencies, the greater their influence in this sense. Evidence from the United Kingdom between 1955 and 1981 is consistent with these propositions.


The Fairness Doctrine, one of the most famous and controversial media policies ever enacted, suffered a final deathblow in August 2011 when the Federal Communications Commission permanently struck it from the books. However, the Doctrine continues to be invoked by proponents and detractors alike. Using mixed methods, this study historically contextualizes the Fairness Doctrine while drawing attention to how it figures within contemporary regulatory debates. By tracing over time the shifting ideologies and discourses surrounding the Fairness Doctrine, we can see how political conflict shapes the normative foundations of core media policies, especially those involving positive freedoms.


Cross-linguistic research has renewed old questions concerning universal vs. language-specific determinants of child language. Our experiments show differences in how French vs. English speakers from three years on talk about static and dynamic spatial entities. In English frequent satellites encode static spatial relations or path, verb roots focus on posture or manner. French verbs express varied information about location or caused motion (entity properties, manner of attachment, functional disposition) and focus on path with spontaneous motion. Developmental progressions occur in both languages, but most strikingly in French, where children increasingly rely on verbs and combine them with other devices in denser utterances. The discussion highlights how such variations in information locus and focus may affect language and cognitive development.


Stream structure is usually dominated by various human activities over a short term. An analysis of variation in stream structure from 1979 to 2009 in the Qinhuai River Basin, China, was performed based on remote sensing images and topographic maps by using ArcGIS. A series of river parameters derived from river geomorphology are listed to describe the status of river structure in the past and present. Results showed that urbanization caused a huge increase in the impervious area. The number of rivers in the study area has decreased and length of rivers has shortened. Over the 30 years, there was a 41.03% decrease in river length. Complexity and stability of streams have also changed and consequently the storage capacities of river channels in intensively urbanized areas are much lower than in moderately urbanized areas, indicating a greater risk of floods. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the urban disturbance to rivers.


Award-winning investigative food journalist, Joanne Blythman turns her attention to the current hot topic - the state of British food. What is it about the British and food? We just don't get it, do we? Britain is notorious worldwide for its bad food and increasingly corpulent population but it's a habit we just can't seem to kick. Welcome to the country where recipe and diet books feature constantly in top 10 bestseller lists but where the average meal takes only eight minutes to prepare and people spend more time watching celebrity chefs cooking on TV than doing any cooking themselves, the country where a dining room table is increasingly becoming an optional item of furniture. Welcome to the nation that is almost pathologically obsessed with the safety and provenance of food but which relies on factory-prepared ready meals for sustenance, eating four times more of them than any other country in Europe, the country that never has its greasy fingers out of a packet of crisps, consuming more than the rest of Europe put together. Welcome to the affluent land where children eat food that is more nutririonally impoverished than their counterparts in South African townships, the country where hospitals can sell fast-food burgers but not home-baked cake, the G8 state where even the Prime Minister refuses to eat broccoli. Award-winning investigative food journalist Joanna Blythman takes us on an amusing, perceptive and subversive journey through Britain's contemporary food landscape and traces the roots of our contemporary food troubles in deeply engrained ideas about class, modernity and progress.


Bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum is known to infect hundreds of plant species including economically important crops such as tomato, potato, pepper and banana. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical areas of the world and with the globalization of agriculture, plant pathogens are frequently moved into new environments. Bacterial wilt can be disseminated via a variety of hosts including high dollar value ornamentals such as geranium, anthurium, and pothos. Most bacterial wilt strains are limited in their range by temperature; however, a concern has always been that cool tolerant strains of R. solanacearum might be introduced and spread into potato and tomato production areas in North America. Due to their potential to cause major economic damage, cool tolerant Race 3 Biovar 2 (R3B2) R. solanacearum wilt strain has been designated as a Select Agent under the U.S. Agriculture Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002. Using molecular techniques and environmental chamber studies, we have been able to identify additional Race and Biovar populations of R. solanacearum that are cool tolerant and have the ability infect tomato under cool temperature conditions. By comparing the proteomics profile of different strains of R. solanacearum, including R3B2 and other strains able infect plants at 18°C, we have identified a number of candidate proteins with functions related to pathogenicity at low temperatures. We are currently comparing total genome sequences of cool tolerant strains to identify regions that might contribute to virulence at low temperatures.


Any geometrical change and material transition renders a weak point accumulating stress concentrations in structural members. This research focuses on the transition between a sandwich panel and a single skin laminate, a setup commonly seen in yachts today. The need for different material layouts over a yacht's complete structure leaves theses transitions inevitable. While the sandwich provides a strong and stiff, yet lightweight solution, the single skin is far more compliant and stronger when subjected to localised loads. The project included applying both finite element modelling and practical testing of the studied transition. Combining a computer based evaluation method with physical testing shortened production time and helped to focus the research on problematic areas of the design. Part of the project was also to highlight differences with these methods, their shortcomings and benefits, as well as how they can be used together as an effective way of research. The studied setups combined of three tapers including one to one, three to one, four and a half to one ratios and two different core thickness of the sandwich panel. Theses where partly modelled and tested in four point bending in a series of three load cases. Ranging from a shear load dominated to a much more mixed loading case including bending moment, the shear strength of the core could be seen as a reoccurring weak point of the structure. Results from modelling support earlier research on the benefits of a longer taper, lowering the stress concentrations at the tip of the transition, thus lowering the risk of further delamination. The practical testing indicated how the compression of the taper increased the shear strength of the core, making the taper far stronger than anticipated, leaving the uncompressed core material as the weakest point and the majority of times the source of failure. Successful in locating the critical element in the construction new difficulties with theconstruction could also be detected. The influence of the asymmetric laminate used, could be shown to affect the stress distributions but leaves more to be researched on how the laminates and core work together over the taper. The results and conclusions show that more work on this subject is needed, the complexity of the problem still needs tackled by decreasing the numbers of variables to reach a more general how tapers behave depending on the materials in use.


Management programs aimed at reducing wildlife damage to row crops rely on information concerning the spatial nature of wildlife damage at local and landscape scales. In this study we explored spatial patterns of wildlife damage within individual corn and soybean fi elds by describing relationships between specifi c locations where wildlife damage was recorded and distances from such locations to various habitat types that presumably infl uenced animal abundance and movements in our study area. Using stratifi ed random sampling, we conducted depredation surveys of 100 corn fi elds and 60 soybean fi elds from May through October both in 2003 and 2004 and recorded the specifi c global positioning satellite (GPS) coordinates of wildlife damage to individual corn and soybean plants. We then generated random point locations in the same fi elds using a geographic information system (GIS) and evaluated whether damage point locations and random point locations differed with respect to distances to the nearest patches of forest, developed area, or grassland and shrubland habitats. For both crop types, damage point locations were signifi cantly closer to forest patches than were random point locations, but farther from developed areas than random point locations. Logistic regression analyses further indicated that distance to forest infl uenced the probability of wildlife damage within fi elds, although pseudo r 2 values of the best models were low (0.15). Our results clearly indicated that fi eld portions that were nearest to forested habitats were more likely to suffer wildlife damage than fi eld portions farther from forested habitats. We suggest that targeted removals of depredating species, concentrated along crop-forest interfaces, may be an effective, cost-effective means of reducing corn and soybean damage in areas where wildlife damage is especially problematic.


Aim To compare clinical outcomes of two approaches to birth after primary caesarean; i) planning elective repeat caesarean section (ERCS) ii) planning to attempt vaginal birth after previous caesarean (VBAC), with outcomes of second and third pregnancies evaluated. Methods The population of this retrospective cohort study was identified from the Aberdeen Maternity and Neonatal Databank. Those included were women and offspring of pregnancies following primary caesarean delivery between 1993 and 2007. Planned mode of delivery was ascertained using four recorded variables; gestation at delivery, induction of labour, actual mode of delivery and indication for emergency caesarean section. Main Outcomes Mode of delivery, pre-eclampsia, antepartum haemorrhage, postpartum haemorrhage, bladder injury, scar rupture and hysterectomy in the women. Neonatal unit admission, hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy and cerebral palsy in the offspring. Results Of 2350 women identified, 1211 planned ERCS and 1139 planned to attempt VBAC. One in four women planning ERCS delivered by emergency caesarean section before their planned delivery date. Of those planning VBAC, 796 delivered vaginally. Women planning ERCS were less likely to experience pre-eclampsia {adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6–0.9)}. antepartum haemorrhage {adjusted OR 0.7 (95% CI 0.5–0.9)} or postpartum haemorrhage {adjusted OR 0.5 (95% CI 0.4–0.7)} than those attempting VBAC. Neonatal unit admission was more likely if ERCS was planned {adjusted OR 1.3 (95% CI 1.1–1.6)}, but this was gestation-related. Conclusion Delivery by repeat caesarean appears safer for women as the benefits of a slightly shorter duration of pregnancy include less morbidity associated with late pregnancy.


IN THE LAST ISSUE OF SOCIAL EDUCATION, we took a serious look at the role that "values" (in their many interpretations) are playing in the 2004 presidential election. In doing the research on that column, I came across several websites with content somewhat less serious, but just as illuminating, and perhaps even more interesting to students and teachers. I found sites with music, photography, primary documents, political cartoons, and other non-traditional content that was related to contemporary and historical presidential campaigns and presidents. I've had a great time exploring these sites and think you will enjoy them too. When I do these columns, I seek sites that will be useful to both teachers and students. First, I identify and describe sites that classroom teachers and supervisors will use in their instruction--either because the sites provide teaching plans and ideas for teaching, or because they provide documents that can be used as student handouts or bulletin board displays. I also hope teachers may be able to recommend these sites to students as part of an assignment or because the students will learn from the site. The second part of my imagined audience is comprised of students in K-12 social studies classrooms. I try to find sites and information that will appeal to student interest and span the elementary, middle, and high school grade levels. I probably select more middle and high school information, just because I think that, in most schools, use of the internet as part of instruction is more often found at those grade levels. Most of these sites look at presidential elections, the presidents themselves, and their administrations throughout U.S. history. However, many of them have content that can be used to help students compare issues that determined history, such as Lyndon Johnson's decision not to run for re-election in 1968 because of the Vietnam War. The sites that include inaugural addresses by the presidents can be used to compare what a president promised with what actually happened during his administration. The ones that include campaign songs, many of which can be heard on most computers, also provide a (sometimes whimsical) look into what issues were important at that time. Presidents of the United States www.presidentsusa.net This has to be the ultimate U.S. presidential website. It has everything a teacher, or for that matter a doctoral candidate in political science, could want. It has links to all academic centers in the nation, lists of the cabinets and top staff of all presidents, pictures of coins, currency, and presidential stamps, and even different presidential nicknames. Did you know that Grover Cleveland's nickname was the "Hangman of Buffalo?" Or, that Millard Fillmore and John Tyler were both called "His Accidency?" There is a listing of all White House pets, portraits and photographs of First Ladies, and copies of the actual tax returns of recent presidents. There are links to sites with all inaugural addresses, audio files of speeches given by presidents, and presidential commercials run on both radio and television. The Living Room Candidate livingroomcandidate.movingimage.us Television commercials from every election since 1952 are included on this site. A superb cross-index makes it easy to view commercials from various years that have a similar theme (such as "trust" or "family"). I watched the 1964 Lyndon Johnson commercial with the little girl plucking daisy petals as a booming voice starts a missile launch countdown just before the world explodes in a mushroom shaped cloud. It gave me the same queasy feelings as when I had seen it in the past. Johnson's voiceover at the conclusion is intriguing: "We must either love each other or must die." Barry Goldwater's best commercial that year shows alternating views of a middle school class reciting the Pledge of Allegiance with shots of Nikita Khrushchev shouting "We will bury you! …


In a finite projective plane $\pi$ we consider two configuration conditions involving arcs in $\pi$ and show via combinatorial means that they are equivalent. When the conditions hold we are able to obtain embeddability results for arcs, all proofs being elementary. In particular, when $\pi=PG(2,q)$ with $q$ even we provide short proofs of some well known embeddability results.


Grasping systems that build upon meticulously planned hand postures rely on precise knowledge of object geometry, mass and frictional properties - assumptions which are often violated in practice. In this work, we propose an alternative solution to the problem of grasp acquisition in simple autonomous pick and place scenarios, by utilizing the concept of grasp envelopes: sets of constraints on gripper postures. We propose a fast method for extracting grasp envelopes for objects that fit within a known shape category, placed in an unknown environment. Our approach is based on grasp envelope primitives, which encode knowledge of human grasping strategies. We use environment models, reconstructed from noisy sensor observations, to refine the grasp envelope primitives and extract bounded envelopes of collision-free gripper postures. Also, we evaluate the envelope extraction procedure both in a stand alone fashion, as well as an integrated component of an autonomous picking system.


Abstract. On 4 June 2011, the volcanic complex Puyehue–Cordon Caulle located in the Chilean Andes erupted, producing a plume of gases and particles that eventually circled the Southern Hemisphere, disrupting air travel and depositing ash in large quantities. On eight occasions, the plume passed over the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina, leading local authorities to close the two international airports. The eruption occurred during an on-going field campaign when measurements of the properties of atmospheric aerosol particles were being made in Buenos Aires as part of a year-long study of the concentration and optical properties of aerosol at one site in the city. The suite of instruments deployed in Buenos Aires were not tailored to measurements of volcanic ash, but were designed to characterize urban conditions. Nevertheless, these measurements were analysed for periods when vertical profiles of aerosol backscatter, made with a ceilometer, clearly showed the presence of the volcano plume over the research site and resulted in airport closure. Aerosol optical thickness derived from AERONET, MODIS and a ceilometer at our research site, all show enhanced values clearly indicating that the three platforms identified the volcanic plume simultaneously. However, a quantitative comparison of the different estimates proves difficult, suggesting large spatial and temporal variability of the plume. Our results indicate that the number concentration of condensation nuclei (CN), the mass concentration of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH) and the light absorption coefficient exceeded the average background values by more than one standard deviation during the events of volcanic plume. The anomalous concentrations of CN suggest new particle formation, presumably from the conversion of SO2, while the anomalous concentrations of PPAH may come from the uptake of PAHs on the plume particles or from chemical reactions on the surface of plume particles. The anomalous absorption coefficients indicate that plume particles may contain certain compounds that can absorb radiation at 550 nm. Another possible explanation consistent with the observations is the scavenging of black carbon from urban sources as the plume descends through the boundary layer to the surface. In addition, the volcanic plume influenced the local meteorology resulting in a decrease of the temperature when compared to the average temperature during days with no plume present.


The main goal of this study is to determine a suitable set of thermal comfort criteria for naturally ventilated buildings in hot-humid climate by reanalysing the ASHRAE RP-884 database. The results reveal that the regression coefficient in the adaptive algorithm for naturally ventilated buildings in hot-humid climate is 0.52, which is steeper than ASHRAE Standard 55 and EN15251, even after considering the effects of indoor air speed. While higher air speed is effective to elevate indoor comfort temperature in hot-humid climate, the relationship between increased indoor air speed and increasing indoor operative temperature is also different from the above existing standards. In contrast, allowance for increased air speed may not be applicable to hot-dry climate. The daily mean outdoor air temperature may give more varied indoor operative temperatures that reflect the day's conditions more closely compared to the monthly mean, running mean and prevailing mean outdoor air temperatures which tend to group together as a result of averaging. An Adaptive Comfort Standard for Hot-Humid Climate is proposed for application to naturally ventilated buildings in all tropical climates and hot-humid summer season of temperate climate based on these findings.


Understanding the personality-contextual attributes of target users can help developers design tools that increase the effectiveness of social media sites or identify appropriate lead users to seed products already in development. This paper illustrates that users' personality traits serve as a distinguishable set of characteristics that can be meaningfully related to YouTube usage. A model outlining the structural relations among: personality and motives (predictors), involvement (mediator), and video preferences and user activities on YouTube (dependent constructs) was proposed and successfully tested. The analysis was able to capitalize on the full statistical advantage of structural equation modeling in testing the unattenuated effects of the constructs through the use of fully latent variables. In particular, through the use of the new exploratory structural equation modeling technique, a full set of Big Five personality factors was modeled as latent variables – which was not methodologically viable until recently. Modeling a fuller set of predictors allows researchers to control for the influence of non-salient predictors and to ascertain the unique and common variances among predictors. Each of the Big Five personality factors was found to have a significant influence on at least one aspect of user participation. Extraversion and openness to experience had the most number of significant effects, showing not only proximal effects on motives but direct effects on video preferences and user activities as well. Although the effects of the other personality factors — neuroticism, conscientiousness, and agreeableness — were limited to motives, they were moderately stronger than extraversion and openness to experience.


This thesis considers how to establish respect for labour rights. It aims to inform
the analysis of compliance problems and create a diagnostic approach to
implementing labour rights. The ultimate goal is to provide insight into the
interventions necessary to progressively implement labour rights as defined in
international law.
The project creates a conceptual framing of labour rights by joining two
theoretical approaches: institutions theory and compliance theory. Drawing on
institutions theory from political economy, the thesis reframes labour rights
regulations, as holistic institutions comprised of rules, norms and actual
behaviours, the so-called 'rules of the game' in employment. In this context,
problems in implementing labour rights are understood as employment practices
that are embedded in a web of formal and informal rules governing work within
society. Once, reframed in institutional terms, employment practices that violate
labour rights can then be analyzed and shortcomings identified using compliance
theory. Compliance theory is well suited to institutional approaches because it,
like institutions theory treats norms, rules and behaviours as critical components
in achieving compliance.
The thesis integrates the framework into a diagnostic methodology and tool for
comparison of labour rights compliance among the countries that are parties to the
Dominican Republic, Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA). It
applies the methodology to two cases. The first case examines obligatory
overtime and trafficking and the second focuses on freedom of association. The
analyses are based on publicly available documentary evidence from distinct
perspectives such as the International Confederation of Trade Unions (ICFTU),
the United States State Department Human Rights Reports and ILO Committee of
Experts reports and observations.
The thesis concludes that the diagnostic methodology can help to uncover
institutional patterns associated with labour rights compliance problems as well as
problems with the international legal norms themselves.


We study the consistency of listwise ranking methods with respect to the popular Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG) criterion. State of the art listwise approaches replace NDCG with a surrogate loss that is easier to optimize. We characterize NDCG consistency of surrogate losses to discover a surprising fact: several commonly used surrogates are NDCG inconsistent. We then show how to modify them so that they become NDCG consistent. We then state a stronger but more natural notion of strong NDCG consistency, and surprisingly are able to provide an explicit characterization of all strongly NDCG consistent surrogates. Going beyond qualitative consistency considerations, we also give quantitive statements that enable us to transform the excess error, as measured in the surrogate, to the excess error in comparison to the Bayes optimal ranking function for NDCG. Finally, we also derive improved results if a certain natural \low noise" or \large margin" condition holds. Our experiments demonstrate that ensuring NDCG consistency does improve the performance of listwise ranking methods on realworld datasets. Moreover, a novel surrogate function suggested by our theoretical results leads to further improvements over even NDCG consistent versions of existing surrogates.


Planning programs are loose, high-level, declarative representations of the behavior of agents acting in a domain and following a path of goals to achieve. Such programs are specified through transition systems that can include cycles and decisions to make at certain points. We investigate a new effective approach for solving the problem of realizing a planning program, i.e., informally, for finding and combining a collection of plans that guarantee the planning program executability. We focus on deterministic domains and propose a general algorithm that solves the problem exploiting a planning technique handling goal constraints and preferences. A preliminary experimental analysis indicates that our approach dramatically outperforms the existing method based on formal verification and synthesis techniques.


A typical example how quasi academics and politicians prefer to use HEIS success ratesis the term "throughput" which is remarkably similar to the conveyer belt syndrome of a
factory. This kind of terminology, based on input and output jargon tends to create the
"revolving door" for learners to move through as fast as they can. This often contributes to
the unnecessary failure rate of learners who are still in the articulation phase. Whether it
is vertical or horizontal articulation or mobility from one institution to another, these
ambitions clash with the term "throughput". It merely becomes another direction for the
"revolving door" phenomenon to take.
 Academic pass rates, achievement and lifelong learning are eminently more suitable for
investigation. The real causes of failure rates and the factors that affect learner success
may be discovered. It may also lead to enhancing learner successes by redesigning
institutional management styles. The learner should not be regarded as an industrial
product but as a human being. In this regard, therefore, it is a first priority to investigate
how learners cope with academic failure, especially those learners who were previously
disadvantaged in developing countries. Finally, it is not fair to discriminate against
learners by characterising them as "at risk" but, instead, it may be more correct to refer to
risk courses such as mathematics, science and technology.
 It is so often debated in conferences all over the world that HEIS cannot willy-nilly adapt
industrial approaches to monitor course delivery in their quality assurance evaluations. In
short, universities are not factories. One good example is staff-learner ratios. How does
one analyse the so called throughput for a science lecturer vis-a-vis a ceramic arts
teacher? The philosophical debate around the world to extend the theory and practice of
academic development has shown that it is far too complex to compare numerical output
and statistical figures only.


The effects of 12 wk of physical training in addition to hypocaloric diet (DPT group, N = 10) on body composition, carbohydrate (CHO) tolerance, and insulin secretion and action were compared with the effects of diet therapy alone (D group, N = 8) in CHO-intolerant and non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Fat mass, fat-free mass (FFM), mean fasting plasma glucose, serum C-peptide, and insulin concentrations decreased similarly in both groups. The mean plasma glucose response to a mixed meal decreased approximately 20% in both treatment groups, and, after i.v. glucose, decreased 12% in the D group (P < 0.05), but did not change in the DPT group (NS between groups). The acute serum insulin response (0–6 min) after IG increased significantly in the DPT group only (NS between groups). The mean basal endogenous glucose production (BEGP) decreased 17% (P < 0.025) in the DPT group and by 31% (P < 0.01) in the D group (NS between groups). Hepatic sensitivity to insulin, estimated by BEGP suppression during the euglycemic clamp, increased significantly by 25% in both groups. Total glucose disposal during the euglycemic clamp increased from 3.51 ± 0.04 milligrams of glucose per kilogram of fat-free mass per minute (mg/kg-FFM/min) to 4.45 ± 0.54 mg/kg-FFM/min (P < 0.05) in the DPT group, but no change occurred in the D group (NS between groups). Separation of total glucose disposal rates into CHO oxidative and nonoxidative rates using indirect calorimetry during the euglycemic clamp showed that the mean CHO oxidation rate increased in the D group (P < 0.05), but not in the DPT group (NS between groups). There was, however, a significant difference in the mean CHO nonoxidative rate between the two groups (P < 0.05), increasing in the DPT group but decreasing in the D group. In both groups, the improvements in fasting plasma glucose and meal tolerance appeared to be attributable mostly to decreased BEGP, with increased hepatic sensitivity to insulin. However, glucose disposal was accomplished by different mechanisms in the two groups.


This extensive collection of history exercise books covers the school career from age 11 to 16 of a boy who attended Morecambe Grammar School in the 1960s. The pages include colourful drawings and nicely hand-written notes. There are some imaginative writing in the first year work, such as 'A Day in My Life by a Roman Soldier', 'A Guided Tour round Rochester Keep' and 'Things a (medieval) Page Should Not Do in Public'. The curriculum was a traditional run-through of British history starting with the Romans in Britain, through the Conquest and then focusing on each king and the events of his reign, particularly the struggles with the barons and early parliaments. By the end of their first year, the boys had reached the Black Prince, but then skipped to start the Tudors at the start of their second year. Each book has numbered pages and an index.


The purpose of this investigation is to determine relationships between speeds and intermembral lengths and supporting surfaces of 23 species of bats. The indices used were aspect ratio, total loading, wing span, wing area, uropatagial area, length from the wrist to the tip of the wing, and forearm. Generally the more maneuverable bats were found to be smaller, with a lighter loading per unit area, and a larger uropatagial area in comparison to the wing area. The speed, in general, was found to be closely correlated to the overall size of the bat. Determining flight speed by a single index was found to be best accomplished by suing aspect ratio, although single index was found to be infallible in all cases.


The predominant culture within accident and emergency (A&E) departments is to save lives. Consequently, end-of-life care (EoLC) may be given low priority in the A&E setting. As death approaches, patients may become restless, agitated or delirious. All potential causes of agitation at the end of life should be considered, assessed and treated if possible. The source of agitation can be difficult to ascertain when a patient is unconscious. Terminal agitation should always be considered a palliative care emergency. This article is based on a case scenario detailing the EoLC provided to a 70-year-old man following trauma-induced cerebral haemorrhage within an A&E department. The assessment and management of the dying process is discussed, in particular, the management of terminal agitation in a patient with severe head injury. The aim of this work is to enable A&E nurses to consider the means by which EoLC can be provided to dying trauma patients in an environment where time constraints and curative treatment models often prevent such care provision. Anonymity of the patient is maintained by the use of a pseudonym ([Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008][1]). Conflicts of interest: none

 [1]: #ref-48


Commercial trusts are one of the United States' most important types of business organizations, holding trillions of dollars of assets and operating nationally and internationally as a "mirror image" of the corporation. However, commercial trusts remain underappreciated and undertheorized in comparison to corporations, often as a result of the mistaken perception that commercial trusts are analogous to traditional intergenerational trusts or that corporations reflect the primary or paradigmatic form of business association.The treatment of commercial trusts reached its nadir in early 2016, when the U.S. Supreme Court held in Americold Realty Trust v. ConAgra Foods, Inc. that the citizenship of a commercial trust should be equated with that of its shareholder-beneficiaries for purposes of diversity jurisdiction. Unfortunately, the sheer number of shareholder-beneficiaries in most commercial trusts (often amounting to hundreds if not thousands of individuals) typically precludes the parties' ability to establish complete diversity and thus eliminates the possibility of federal jurisdiction over most commercial trust disputes. As a result, virtually all commercial trust disputes will now be heard in state court, despite their complexity, their impact on matters of national public policy and their effect on the domestic and global economies. Americold will also result in differential treatment of commercial trusts and corporations for purposes of federal jurisdiction, even though courts and commentators have long recognized the functional equivalence of the two types of business associations. Furthermore, as this research shows, there is no theoretical justification for this type of unequal treatment. This Article therefore suggests, as a normative proposition, that Congress override Americold and provide commercial trusts with access to federal courts in a manner similar to that enjoyed by corporations. This recommendation is the result of a rigorous interdisciplinary analysis of both the jurisprudential and practical problems created by Americold as a matter of trust law, procedural law and the law of incorporated and unincorporated business associations. The Article identifies two possible Congressional responses to Americold, one involving reliance on minimal diversity, as in cases falling under 28 U.S.C. §§1332(d) and 1369, and the other involving a statutory definition of the citizenship of commercial trusts similar to that used for corporations under 28 U.S.C. §1332(c). In so doing, this Article hopes to place commercial trusts and corporations on an equal footing and avoid the numerous negative externalities generated by the Supreme Court's decision in Americold.


The general purpose of this dissertation is to study picture communication in picture books and it addresses the following questions: What is the illustrator's role in the process of making a picture book? What communicative qualities do pictures have in picture books and how do pictures interact with texts? What methods do illustrators use to visualize the meaning of stories in picture books? A genre analysis, a literature study and an interview of a professional illustrator has been conducted to answer the questions. I found that all objects that make up pictures, the arrangement, colours and shapes contribute to the meaning in diverse ways. Pictures also communicate in a different way than texts. An important difference between pictures and texts in the context of picture books is that pictures are more open for interpretation. Text in picture books can help to define the meaning of pictures but if the text and the pictures are too coherent the message may feel repetitive and might not engage the reader. Pictures do more easily provoke feelings and are more suited for descriptions. The notion of movement is also essential in picture books. The illustrator's task is to interpret the text and form characters, scenes and ambiences, and to keep the story moving forward. After my study it is clear that communication in picture books varies a lot. Illustrators relate to texts very differently and have a lot of possibilities to use different methods and styles to approach the meaning of stories.


My task is to try to sift out the principles of therapeutic work that I am actually using in my daily work with individuals, couples, business leaders, and groups. I am allowing myself this privilege after some 50 years of dedicated person-centered activities as a clinician, academic teacher, and researcher. I have found certain principles that to me seem necessary for a truly positive person-centered outcome. Some examples are: "You Must Love People, Including Yourself," "Offer the Client a Relationship Between Two Persons," and "Bring to the Session Your Honest, Genuine Self."


Hegel's philosophy of religion is characterized by what seems to be a deep tension. On the one hand, Hegel claims to be a Christian thinker, viewing religion, and in particular Christianity, as a manifestation of the absolute. On the other hand, however, he seems to view modernity as largely secular, devoid of authoritative claims to transcendence. Modernity is secular in the political sense of requiring the state to be neutral when it comes to matters of religion. However, it is also secular in the sense of there being no recourse to authoritative representations of a transcendent God. Drawing on Charles Taylor's view of secularization, the article focuses on the second strand of his religious thinking, exploring how Hegel can be thought of as a theorist of secularization. It is claimed that his dialectic of religious development describes a process of secularization. Ultimately, Hegel's system offers a view of the absolute as immanent, suggesting that an adequate account of religion will necessarily have to accept secularization as the end-point of spirit's development. This is how the tension between religion and secularization can be resolved.


Abstract The study indicates that political, economic and social faces of Slovenia have changed substantially during the half-decade of the crisis. While the ability of citizens to influence important political decisions has been curtailed on both the national and transnational level, instability has become endemic and social solidarity has been eroded. By using quantitative and qualitative content analysis the study analyses how the unfolding crisis has been communicated in the media in the 2008–2013 period with respect to the dynamics between structure and agency as well as regarding the key (inter)national features and contours of the crisis. The study indicates Slovenian news media hardly served as an integrative force and a common forum for an inclusive and open debate. Namely, results of the quantitative content analysis indicate that journalism communicated the "causes" for the crisis by portraying it as something purely accidental, while rarely pointing at the possibility of its systemic nature. Similarly, "solutions" have been predominantly portrayed within the prevailing paradigms or through the neoliberal prism favoured by holders of political and economic power. Qualitative content analysis of how Slovenian news media communicated the decisive breaks and formative moments of the unfolding crisis shows they mostly relied on event-orientation, simplistic juxtapositions and naturalisation of the established power divisions on national as well as international levels.


The Emergency Department is a melting pot of almost every aspect of humanity. It can be a place of pain, disease, despair, and death. It can be a place of overloaded systems where increasing patient numbers and need can overwhelm available staffing, technological and physical resources. Much of this overshadows other truths about the Emergency Department – that it is also a place of care, compassion, and excellence where many acts of kindness and genuine heroism occur every day. It can be a place of deeply meaningful connection, of achievement and joy in learning and teaching. These positive aspects align with what wellbeing research and philosophy consider living a life beyond merely surviving, one of thriving. This research project is one of exploring and accentuating the positive aspects within the Emergency Department, to discover, nurture, and value thriving now and into the future. A process called appreciative inquiry, utilising four stages to draw out the best of a system, has been used to incorporate these discoveries into dreams for the future, to design practical and realistic ways of reaching these dreams and to embed these designs within the system. Data were gathered in interviews and workshops that involved as many members of the Emergency Department staff as possible, including myself. A hermeneutic phenomenological approach to this data enabled a deeper understanding of our way of thriving, coming to know our 'being' as well as our 'doing'. Eight themes of thriving emerged from our stories. These themes and the dreams they inspired were used to develop recommendations for the department. These included actions to promote thriving and to embed its consideration into 'the way we do things around here'. A framework of thriving was developed as a tool to value the oftenimmeasurable aspects of our job that promote thriving. The benefits of thriving, the upward spiral of positive wellbeing, impact almost every aspect of our lives. This enables our own lives to be happier, healthier and more satisfying, as well as better outcomes in terms of the care we give our patients and the efficiency and effectiveness of our healthcare systems. We all reciprocally influence our own and one another's wellbeing; with effort and awareness perhaps we can do this in a positive way for the benefit of all.


The paper studies the increasing impact of transaction costs on the development of national economies under globalization. Two levels of transaction costs regulation (supranational and national) are described in the paper. The authors believe that international organizations facilitate the global reduction of transaction costs; however, negative tendencies were discovered in the modern development conditions, which consist in an imbalance between the interests of participants. In terms of the national regulation level, it is necessary to search for a vector of development, taking into account the policies of import substitution and the place of transnational corporations in the global value chains. The policy of institutional infrastructure development, based on the estimation of transaction costs, will allow ensuring the development of the national economy under globalization.


This study examined the dreams of 34 women, (17 who had been diagnosed with breast cancer and 17 who had not) and the meaning of their dreams via dream interpretation. Results were compared between those with breast cancer and those without. As expected, the women with breast cancer had dream imagery that specifically reflected their waking day experiences in relevant ways. Furthermore, the significant difference between the two groups provides support for the continuity hypothesis of dreaming. The women with breast cancer had significantly more medical figures, torso imagery, pain, disease reference, and death imagery in their dreams. When examining the meaning of the dreams with dream interpretation, the women with breast cancer had meaning pertinent to their waking life such as insight about their disease, medical events and figures, fear, and death. The women without breast cancer interpreted their dream imagery mainly to be about their romantic relationships, future, stress, family, and friends. This research illustrates that dream imagery is specific and relevant for women with and without breast cancer, and furthermore, that they make meaning of their dream imagery in beneficial ways. Implications and future directions are discussed in relation to dream imagery, interpretation of imagery, and breast cancer.


Social spammers disseminate unsolicited information on social media sites that negatively impacts social networking systems. To detect social spammers, traditional methods leverage social network structures to identify the behavioral patterns hidden in their social interactions. They focus on accounts that are affiliated with groups comprising known spammers. However, since different parties are emerging to generate various spammers, they may form different kinds of groups, and some spammers may even detach from the flock. Therefore, it is challenging for existing methods to find the optimal group structure that captures different spammers simultaneously. Employing different approaches for specific spammers is time-consuming, and it also lacks the adaptivity of dealing with emerging spammers. In this work, we aim to propose a group modeling framework that adaptively characterizes social interactions of spammers. In particular, we introduce to integrate content information into the group modeling process. The proposed framework exploits additional content information in selecting groups and individuals that are likely to be involved in spamming activities. In order to alleviate the intensive computational cost, we transform the problem as a sparse learning task that can be solved efficiently. Experimental results on real-world datasets show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches.


Cold stress syndrome (CSS) is the term used to describe the range of clinical signs and chronic disease processes that can occur in Florida, USA, manatees Trichechus manatus latirostris exposed to water temperatures below 20°C for extended periods. Although no cold-related adverse events have been described in the closely related dugong Dugong dugon thus far, it has been established that they make movements in response to water temperatures lower than about 17 to 18°C. In this study, archive reports for dugong carcasses submitted to The University of Queensland School of Veterinary Science for post mortem examination during 2010 to 2012 were examined. These animals had been recovered from Moreton Bay, southeast Queensland, Australia, and 10 out of 14 fulfilled the criteria for 'potential cold stress cases.' Epidermal hyperplasia and secondary bacterial infection, serous atrophy of pericardial adipose tissue, and multisystem abscessation were features commonly noted in these cases. Water temperature data were correlated with the time of year that carcasses were submitted for examination. Higher numbers of carcasses diagnosed with potential CSS were noted during sustained periods in which water temperature was below 20°C. Given the pattern of increased submission of non-specifically, chronically unwell animals in the colder months and evidence that environmental conditions known to precipitate CSS occur in southeast Queensland, it is probable that, like manatees, dugongs in this area are affected by CSS. Further investigation to confirm and to better characterize the syndrome is recommended to refine management practices and improve treatment of affected animals.


This paper focuses on the interface between planning and religiosity of the Nigerian people with particular reference to the location of the mosque. It examines the ways in which the mosque intersects with the town and country planning laws of Nigeria and identifies means of improvement for sustainable development. It highlights land use planning and management policies and regulations of the city, discusses their implications for the uncoordinated land use management in relation to the mosque and suggests how to improve on the present inefficient practice. It suggests how the symbolic construction of mosques should be located within the deliberative processes of urban planning in the country arguing that this is in tune with the teachings of Islam The paper draws on a systematic survey of land use mechanisms to establish an interaction of the Nigerian Muslim Community with their surroundings, with the teachings of their religion and with the planning process.


Abstract Irradiation in the red/near-infrared spectrum (R/NIR, 630–1000 nm) has been used to treat a wide range of clinical conditions, including disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), with several clinical trials currently underway for stroke and macular degeneration. However, R/NIR irradiation therapy (R/NIR-IT) has not been widely adopted in clinical practice for CNS injury or disease for a number of reasons, which include the following. The mechanism/s of action and implications of penetration have not been thoroughly addressed. The large range of treatment intensities, wavelengths and devices that have been assessed make comparisons difficult, and a consensus paradigm for treatment has not yet emerged. Furthermore, the lack of consistent positive outcomes in randomised controlled trials, perhaps due to sub-optimal treatment regimens, has contributed to scepticism. This review provides a balanced précis of outcomes described in the literature regarding treatment modalities and efficacy of R/NIR-IT for injury and disease in the CNS. We have addressed the important issues of specification of treatment parameters, penetration of R/NIR irradiation to CNS tissues and mechanism/s, and provided the necessary detail to demonstrate the potential of R/NIR-IT for the treatment of retinal degeneration, damage to white matter tracts of the CNS, stroke and Parkinson's disease.


Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) was applied to measure the lignin syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio in E. dunni, E. grandis, E. nitens, E. urograndis, and E. urophylla woods. A total of 41 compounds were identified, of which 11 were derived from carbohydrates and 30 from lignins. The S/G ratio was calculated on the basis of the areas of peaks recorded in the pyrograms and compared with the results obtained by alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation. The values of S/G found by pyrolysis were similar for all the species using the compounds guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, 4-vinylguaiacol, vanillin, 4-ethylsyringol, 4-vinylsyringol, homosyringaldehyde, acetosyringone, and syringylacetone, as lignin markers. The selected markers were efficient for the deter-mination of S/G ratio in eucalyptus wood by Py-GC-MS. The Py-GC-MS technique produced results that are comparable to the nitrobenzene oxidation method, with the advantage of requiring small wood samples and a short analysis time.


Abstract. Except for a few reactions involving electronically excited molecular or atomic oxygen or nitrogen, atmospheric chemistry modelling usually assumes that the temperature dependence of reaction rates is characterized by Arrhenius' law involving kinetic temperatures. It is known, however, that in the upper atmosphere the vibrational temperatures may exceed the kinetic temperatures by several hundreds of Kelvins. This excess energy has an impact on the reaction rates. We have used upper atmospheric OH populations and reaction rate coefficients for OH(v=0...9)+O3 and OH(v=0...9)+O to estimate the effective (i.e. population weighted) reaction rates for various atmospheric conditions. We have found that the effective rate coefficient for OH(v=0...9)+O3 can be larger by a factor of up to 1470 than that involving OH in its vibrational ground state only. At altitudes where vibrationally excited states of OH are highly populated, the OH reaction is a minor sink of Ox and O3 compared to other reactions involving, e.g., atomic oxygen. Thus the impact of vibrationally excited OH on the ozone or Ox sink remains small. Among quiescent atmospheres under investigation, the largest while still small (less than 0.1%) effect was found for the polar winter upper stratosphere and mesosphere. The contribution of the reaction of vibrationally excited OH with ozone to the OH sink is largest in the upper polar winter stratosphere (up to 4%), while its effect on the HO2 source is larger in the lower thermosphere (up to 1.5% for polar winter and 2.5% for midlatitude night conditions). For OH(v=0...9)+O the effective rate coefficients are lower by up to 11% than those involving OH in its vibrational ground state. The effects on the odd oxygen sink are negative and can reach −3% (midlatitudinal nighttime lowermost thermosphere), i.e. neglecting vibrational excitation overestimates the odd oxygen sink. The OH sink is overestimated by up to 10%. After a solar proton event, when upper atmospheric OH can be enhanced by an order of magnitude, the excess relative odd oxygen sink by consideration of vibrational excitation in the reaction of OH(v=0...9)+O3 is estimated at up to 0.2%, and the OH sink by OH(v=0...9)+O can be reduced by 12% in the thermosphere by vibrational excitation.


Mr C. J. Dixon writes: J. K. Leggett et al .have made an interesting contribution of particular importance to economic geologists who are interested in the development of mineral deposits during geological time. The authors make passing reference to iron-stone, but this aspect of early Palaeozoic sedimentation might be further developed. The vagaries of economic change and technological development have rendered most of the early Palaeozoic iron deposits uneconomic but a fair bit is known about them from mining in the past. Marine haematite ironstonebeds, frequently oolitic, occur throughoutEurope and its adjoining areas (Zitzmann 1977) from Anglesey to Morocco, and from Asturias in Spain to Czecho-slovakia. In North America similar ironstones occur in a discontinuous belt along the Appalachian foreland from Wabana in Newfoundland to Birmingham in Alabama. They are of special interest to the study of ironstones because they occur in rock sequences which can be classified stratigraphically in detail, unlike the larger and more economically important ironstones of the middle Proterozoic; however, they are too early to be understood in the same way as those of the Mesozoic. It is clear that organic processes play a major role in the deposition and diagenesis of iron in the sea and thus a relationship between their formation and the 0 and 'G' states of Fischer is to be expected. The distribution of ironstones in space and time is probably controlled by the availability of the metal. If the mounting evidence for the evolution of the oxygen content of the atmosphere


Purpose - Sustainability reporting serves as a means of communication between corporations and their stakeholders on sustainability issues. This study aims to identify and account for the contents of sustainability reporting communicated through the websites of the plants in five continents of the same multinational mining corporation. Design/methodology/approach - This study uses data published by Newmont Mining Corporation. The corporation has regional headquarters in five continents: Africa, Asia, Australia and North America and South America. The data were drawn from the websites of the five plants adjacent to those regional headquarters. Economic, environmental and social aspects of sustainability as reported by each plant were identified; to do so, a disclosure analysis based on the elements of the Global Reporting Initiative and the United Nations Division for Sustainability Development was used. These aspects were then compared and contrasted to highlight if, and to what extent, institutional isomorphism influences variations in sustainability disclosures among plants compared with the parent company. Findings - It was found that most of the reporting about sustainability matters comprises narratives; there were also a few physical measures but very little financial information. Notwithstanding that the websites of all five plants used similar headings, the contents of reports differed. The reports from the plants in Australia, South America and Africa were more comprehensive than those from the plants in Asia and North America. The authors attribute these differences to institutionalisation of location-specific characteristics, including management discretion, legislation and societal pressures influencing sustainability reporting. The authors argue that managers responsible for preparing sustainability reports and who work essentially as sustainability accountants should develop templates and measures to raise the standard and comprehensiveness of reports for improved communication, information and behaviour. Originality/value - Extant studies on sustainability reporting have focused mainly on comparisons between sustainability reports published by different corporations or sustainability reports published in different years by the same corporation. The authors believe that this is one of the first studies to have examined differences in sustainability information published by different subsidiaries within the same large corporation and the first to show how concurrent disclosures can differ.


Various control strategies are employed to insure that sufficient amount of chlorine has been applied to the wastewater effluent to achieve desired disinfection goals. In the commonly used control strategies, such Feed Back Control and Compound Loop Control, the combination of effluent flow rate, chlorine flow rate and chlorine residual are measured for dosing control with the chlorine residual used as a set point parameter. Recently Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) has been employed as a control measurement and set point parameter for effluent chlorine dosing control as well. Theoretically, use of chlorine residual or ORP set point makes the chlorine dosing possible to simultaneously respond to changes in effluent flow rate and in process (such as fluctuating effluent ammonia levels), which cause variations in chlorine demand and thus the ORP or chlorine residual after the dose point. This would also potentially reduce chlorine feed requirements. Specific ORP or residual chlorine residual levels to ensure effective disinfection could be effectively monitored and maintained under changing effluent quality conditions. In addition, immediate detection of chlorine feed malfunction could be achieved when analyzers are employed at the chlorine dosing point.

This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series

ISBN: 9781843397175 (eBook)


This thesis reports on a study investigating the role of strategic human resource management (SHRM) within the Indonesian context. This study is significant for two important reasons. The first is that the link between strategy and HR management in Indonesia appears to have excited little interest from researchers, despite that SHRM has a great deal to offer in assisting organizations manage one of their most valuable assets. The second is that greater understanding of this relationship will enable more strategic formulation and implementation of SHRM. The research has three main foci. The first is to examine how Indonesian organizations align their human resource management (HRM) practices to the business or organizational strategies. Second is to explore the factors that link the HR department to the strategic decision process. The third is to identify key determinants of successful implementation of HR strategy.

No apparent studies so far provide a clear picture of how strategic HR management is implemented in Indonesian organizations; therefore, a grounded theory methodology was used. Data was collected by interviewing sixty-three HR managers from the industry sectors of hotels, hospitals, agriculture and textile manufacturing. Participants were drawn from eight states across Indonesia. Consistent with grounded research principles, data was analyzed using five stages of coding procedure; –open coding, axial coding, selective coding, conditional matrix, theoretical proposition, as described by Strauss & Corbin (1998).

The findings of the study fall into three themes. First, is the approach Indonesian organizations use to align HRM to business or organizational strategies, which usually follows one of two approaches; a best practice or universalistic approach, or a best fit or contingency approach. The best practice perspective confirms a general pattern for managing Indonesian employees and this relates to organizations working within the three following conditions: the organizational process is simple; they have a captive market; and the organization is in a mature life stage. The best fit or contingency domain is adopted by organizations when business or competitive strategy is the major variable for determining the HR strategy. Other factors influencing HR strategy include internal (organizational) and external (environmental) factors such as the organization's size, structure, life cycle, access to capital, market competition, technological changes, government rules, global changes, economic condition, culture, and the unions. The interactions among these influence HR strategy, either directly or indirectly by influencing the business strategy.

In addition, SHRM occurs through an integrative or two-way linkage. The integrative linkage is where the HR department is involved throughout the whole process and included in formulating strategy, decision-making and implementing strategy. In twoway linkage, the HR department participates in formulating and implementing strategy but is not involved in the decision making process. The choice for each approach depends on the fit with the organizational mindset, the organizational structure, and informal strategic decision process. Finally the determinants of HR strategy implementation match the central determinants of credibility, organizational support and the role and skills of the HR professional, as found in Western or international organizations. Understanding which factors are being utilized or adapted offers not only a significant contribution to our knowledge of the strategy – HR link, but will also have significant implications for practice in Indonesia and ample opportunity for further testing of this link.


Theorizing Transition provides a comprehensive examination of the development of the economic, political, social and cultural transformations in post-Communist Europe and offers an important critique of transition theory and policy. The authors create the basis of a theoretical understanding of transition in terms of a political economy of capitalist development. The diversity of forms and complexities of transition are examined through a wide range of examples from post-Soviet countries and comparative studies from countries such as Vietnam and China. Theorizing Transition challenges many of the comfortable assumptions unleashed by the euphoria of democratisation and the triumphalism of market capitalism in the first flush of 'post-Glasnost' openess, showing transition to be much more complex than mainstream theory suggests.


BACKGROUND AND AIMS
The presence of fruit has been widely reported to act as an inhibitor of flowering in fruit trees. This study is an investigation into the effect of fruit load on flowering of 'Moncada' mandarin and on the expression of putative orthologues of genes involved in flowering pathways to provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying alternate bearing in citrus.

METHODS
The relationship between fruit load and flowering intensity was examined first. Defruiting experiments were further conducted to demonstrate the causal effect of fruit removal upon flowering. Finally, the activity of flowering-related genes was investigated to determine the extent to which their seasonal expression is affected by fruit yield.

KEY RESULTS
First observations and defruiting experiments indicated a significant inverse relationship between preceding fruit load and flowering intensity. Moreover, data indicated that when fruit remained on the tree from November onwards, a dramatic inhibition of flowering occurred the following spring. The study of the expression pattern of flowering-genes of on (fully loaded) and off (without fruits) trees revealed that homologues of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), SUPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1), APETALA1 (AP1) and LEAFY (LFY) were negatively affected by fruit load. Thus, CiFT expression showed a progressive increase in leaves from off trees through the study period, the highest differences found from December onwards (10-fold). Whereas differences in the relative expression of SOC1 only reached significance from September to mid-December, CsAP1 expression was constantly higher in those trees through the whole study period. Significant variations in CsLFY expression only were found in late February (close to 20 %). On the other hand, the expression of the homologues of TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) did not appear to be related to fruit load.

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest for the first time that fruit inhibits flowering by repressing CiFT and SOC1 expression in leaves of alternate-bearing citrus. Fruit also reduces CsAP1 expression in leaves, and the significant increase in leaf CsLFY expression from off trees in late February was associated with the onset of floral differentiation.


This article presents the results of a systematic review of the literature involving writing interventions in the preschool setting. The information presented is timely considering the current expectations for young children to write. Framing the empirical literature within different philosophical approaches, trends were analyzed to identify instructional strategies related to increases in emergent literacy outcomes and where gaps in the literature existed. The results from 22 intervention conditions from 1990 to 2013 indicated the overall effect size was g = .44, 95% CIs [.27, .60], suggesting that preschool writing interventions enhanced children's early literacy outcomes. The findings also highlighted the importance of quality literacy environments and adult involvement. The findings from this article have important instructional implications for writing instruction in the preschool setting.


Virologic surveillance for dengue through the detection of the prevalent serotype(s) circulating in the human population during inter- and intra-epidemic periods constitutes a reliable sentinel system for dengue outbreaks. We have applied a rapid and sensitive, semi-nested, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay using nonstructural protein 3 gene primers for the type-specific-detection of dengue viruses in artificially infected and in field-caught adult Aedes mosquitoes. In laboratory experiments, the assay was sensitive enough to detect one virus-infected mosquito head in pools of up to 59 uninfected heads. In a prospective field study conducted from April 1995 to July 1996, female adult Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were caught from selected dengue-sensitive areas in Singapore and assayed by RT-PCR. Approximately 20% of 309 mosquito pools were positive for dengue viruses. Of the 23 RT-PCR-positive Ae. aegypti pools (containing 1-17 mosquitoes each), 18 pools (78.3%) were positive for dengue 1 virus. There were 40 RT-PCR-positive Ae. albopictus pools (containing 1-33 mosquitoes each) of which 31 (77.5%) were positive for dengue 1 virus. The predominant virus type responsible for the current dengue epidemic since 1995 was also dengue 1. The geographic locations of the virus-infected mosquitoes correlated with the residences or workplaces of patients within dengue outbreak areas. A total of 43.5% of the positive Ae. aegypti pools and 25.0% of the positive Ae. albopictus pools contained only a single mosquito. Both Aedes species showed similar overall minimum infection rates of 57.6 and 50 per 1,000 mosquitoes. Infected Ae. aegypti were detected as early as six weeks before the start of the dengue outbreaks in 1995 and 1996. However, infected Ae. albopictus appeared later, when the number of cases was increasing. Virologic surveillance by RT-PCR for detecting dengue virus-infected Aedes mosquitoes in the field may serve as an early warning monitoring system for dengue outbreaks.


Interphase chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are tethered to the nuclear envelope at their telomeres and to the spindle pole body (SPB) at their centromeres. Using a polymer model of yeast chromosomes that includes these interactions, we show theoretically that telomere attachment to the nuclear envelope is a major determinant of gene positioning within the nucleus only for genes within 10 kb of the telomeres. We test this prediction by measuring the distance between the SPB and the silent mating locus (HML) on chromosome III in wild–type and mutant yeast strains that contain altered chromosome-tethering interactions. In wild-type yeast cells we find that disruption of the telomere tether does not dramatically change the position of HML with respect to the SPB, in agreement with theoretical predictions. Alternatively, using a mutant strain with a synthetic tether that localizes an HML-proximal site to the nuclear envelope, we find a significant change in the SPB-HML distance, again as predicted by theory. Our study quantifies the importance of tethering at telomeres on the organization of interphase chromosomes in yeast, which has been shown to play a significant role in determining chromosome function such as gene expression and recombination.


Abstract Beside quasi-stationary plasma operation, short transient thermal pulses with deposited energy densities on the order of several tens of MJ/m2 are a serious concern for next-step devices, in particular, for tokamak devices such as ITER. The most serious of these transient events are plasma disruptions. Here, a considerable fraction of the plasma energy is deposited on a localized surface area in the divertor strike zone region. The timescale of these events is typically on the order of 1 ms. In spite of the fact that a dense cloud of ablation vapor will form above the strike zone, only partial shielding of the divertor armor from incident plasma particles will occur. As a consequence, thermal shock–induced crack formation, vaporization, surface melting, melt layer ejection, and particle emission induced by brittle destruction processes will limit the lifetime of the components. In addition, dust particles (neutron-activated metals or tritium-enriched carbon) are a serious concern from a safety point of view. Other transient heat loads that occasionally occur in magnetic confinement experiments such as instabilities in the plasma positioning (vertical displacement events) also may cause irreversible damage to plasma-facing components (PFCs), particularly to metals such as beryllium and tungsten. Other serious damage to PFCs is due to intense fluxes of 14-MeV neutrons in D-T burning plasma devices. Integrated neutron fluence of several tens of displacements per atom in future thermonuclear fusion reactors will degrade essential physical properties of the components (e.g., thermal conductivity). Another serious concern is the embrittlement of the heat sink and the plasma-facing materials (PFMs). To investigate the performance of carbon-based and metallic PFMs under the aforementioned thermal loads, simulation experiments have been performed in highly specialized high-heat-flux test facilities. The neutron-induced degradation of materials and components was investigated on selected test samples that were irradiated in high-flux material test reactors.


Developing Methods to Assess the Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on Deer Creek Reservoir Using Water Quality Modeling Reed Chilton Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, BYU Master of Science To evaluate the potential impacts of future climate change on a temperate reservoir, I used a calibrated water quality and hydrodynamic model validated using three years of data (2007-2009) from Deer Creek Reservoir (Utah). I evaluated the changes due to altered air temperatures, inflow rates, and nutrient loads that might occur under Global Climate Change (GCC). I developed methods to study GCC on reservoirs. I produced Average Water Temperature Plots, Stratification Plots, and Total Concentration Plots. Average Water Temperature Plots show the sensitivity of the water temperature to various parameters. Stratification Plots quantify stratification length and strength as well as ice-cover periods. Total Concentration Plots analyze the reservoir as a whole concerning water quality parameters. Increasing air temperature increased the water temperature, lengthened stratification time, increased stratification strength, decreased the ice-cover period, decreased the total algae concentration, decreased the flows, and caused peak nutrient concentrations to occur earlier. Decreasing flows caused increased water temperature, shorter stratification periods, weaker stratification, and increased nutrient concentrations. Increasing phosphate concentrations caused increases in total algae, dissolved oxygen, and phosphate concentrations. Variations in NitrateNitrite concentrations did not influence the tested parameters. I found that the reservoir is only sensitive to these changes during the spring and summer. The tools which I developed were used to run the model scenarios, organize the data, and plot the results. They can be used on other reservoirs and for other water quality parameters.


Dazed by the Haze was written for Darragh Morgan in 2002 as a result of our shared interest in the music and persona of Jimi Hendrix. The somewhat tongue-in-cheek title refers to the fact that the piece was inspired by the Hendrix classic Purple Haze.The structure of Dazed by the Haze loosely follows that of a live recording I heard of Purple Haze in which Hendrix, after opening with the familiar riff-verse-riff format, shifts gear suddenly in the middle of the piece to unleash an incandescent blues solo before returning to the riff-verse-riff material and ending with a virtuosic cadenza.Most of the violin material is derived from pitch collections and rhythmic figures gleaned from the many transcriptions I have made of different versions of Purple Haze, and the on-the-edge character of the solo part is intended as a homage to the Hendrix guitar style. The tape part is constructed using transformations of samples taken from the violin and from recordings of Purple Haze. The relationship between the violin and the tape part in the piece is modelled on the approach adopted by Hendrix when using special effects and sonic transformation – the tape part plays a subservient role, being used to expand the sound world created by the soloist.


Security bugs in software systems are often reported after incidents of malicious attacks. Developers often need to resolve these bugs quickly in order to maintain the security of such systems. Bug resolution includes two kinds of activities: triaging confirms that the bugs are indeed security problems, after which fixing involves making changes to the code.

It is reported in the literature that, statistically, security bugs are reopened more often compared to others, which poses two new research questions: (a) Are developers "rushing" to triage security bugs too soon under the pressure of deadlines? (b) Do developers need to spend more time fixing security bugs to avoid frequent reopening?

This thesis explores these questions in order to determine whether security bug fixing should take a higher priority than other bugs to avoid malicious attackers exploiting vulnerabilities before the problems are fixed, and whether security bug fixing should take a higher priority than other bugs.

In this thesis a quantitative approach has been adopted by conducting statistical empirical studies to observe the behaviour of software developers engaged in dealing with security bugs.

Firstly, the concept of "rush'' has been borrowed from the time management literature to refer to the behaviour of people delivering work under the pressure of deadlines. By observing how developers deliver bug resolution before the deadline of releases, the degree of rush has been measured as the ratio between the actual time spent by developers during triaging and the theoretical time the developers have by delaying the fixes until the next regular release.

In this thesis, a suggest that delaying bug assignment helps find the right developer and gives the developer more time to prepare for the same workload with more relaxed planning constraints. Secondly, to analyse the complexity of security bug fixes, the fan-in complexity of functions relevant to security bugs has been measured, rather than simply measuring the time spent by the software developers on the fixing of such bugs.

The first null hypothesis is tested using a Man-Whitney method on five software case studies, Samba, MozillaFirefox, RedHat, FreeBSD and Mozilla. The second null hypothesis is tested by comparing the results of fixing security and non-security bugs from the Samba and MozillaFirefox case studies.
Statistically significant results suggest that security bugs are triaged in a rush compared to non-security bugs for RedHat, FreeBSD and Mozilla.

In terms of fan-in, the results of the Samba and MozillaFirefox case studies suggest that security bugs are more complex to fix compared to non-security bugs.


Objective: Lumbar discopathy is the most common cause for lower back-pain with the exception of non-specific lower back-pain. Lumbar microdiscectomy is the number one neurological surgery procedure performed in the country and is the first major spine surgery to transition to the ambulatory setting. Analysis on a national level is important to understand the transition in healthcare. The authors aim to report on the incidence of lumbar microdiscectomy and the associated procedural reimbursement costs over a seven-year period using a national database in the United States of America (USA). Methods: A query was performed for patients who underwent lumbar microdiscectomy using the Pearldiver Supercomputer (Warsaw, IN) from 2007 to 2014. Patients were identified by current procedural terminology (CPT) codes 63020, 63030 and 63035 and their demographics, location of surgery and reimbursement costs were later analysed. Results: The query returned a total of 38 636 lumbar microdiscectomies over the seven-year study period of 2007 to 2014. The total number of procedures performed as outpatients increased significantly from 906 in 2007 to 2647 in 2014 (p = 0.015); whereas those performed as inpatients had a smaller increase from 2437 in 2007 to 2788 in 2014 (p = 0.888). Of the total amount of surgeries, 20 884 (60.1%) were performed in the inpatient setting compared to 12 765 (39.9%) in an outpatient setting, (p < 0.001). The seven-year mean reimbursement cost for lumbar microdiscectomy done in the inpatient setting was $809.75 compared to $4181.88 in the outpatient setting, which was statistically significant (p = 0.027). Correlation analysis demonstrated that the increase in the incidence of outpatient lumbar microdiscectomy being performed had a high correlation (R = 0.914) to reimbursements, with a significance of p = 0.002. Conclusion: There has been a significant increase in lumbar microdiscectomy over the past seven years being performed as outpatient procedures. Mean reimbursement was shown to be a significant correlating factor for this increase.


The term 'biofilms' fills us with excitement. For many microbial scientists biofilms represent a new perception of microbial existence, and this new perception is leading to innumerable new insights. The predominance of microbial existence on surfaces has long been recognized. However, due to the early development of liquid and pure culture techniques, microbiology was dominated by the study of planktonic cells for over one hundred years. In the early 1980s an important trend began among some environmental microbiologists and engineers to analyze surface associated microbes both in the field and in the laboratory. For almost every organism that has been investigated, one can now draw working models for the steps in the pathways of biofilm formation and these steps have genes associated with them. There are genes expressed during each step of development that can serve as reporters of that stage, and there are genes whose function has been shown to be essential for each particular step to be completed successfully. Biofilm genetics is still in its infancy because researchers are still predominantly finding genes essential for biofilm formation or genes expressed in biofilms. Analyses of microbial activities on surfaces will continue to provide new insights into the marvelous and astounding diversity of the microbial world.


In order to investigate the nature of Spleen deficiency and the mechanism of immunodepression due to Spleen deficiency and explore the pharmacological action of Chinese drugs of Yiqi Jianpi decoction (YQJP), the authors had established the rats model by administration Rhubarb. The preliminary results demonstrated that the symptoms manifested in rats were similar to those of Spleen deficiency syndrome. The changes of cyclic nucleotides in the spleen and plasma were unanimous. The cAMP level and the ratio of cAMP/cGMP decreased significantly while cGMP level increased significantly. Adenylate cyclase (AC) activity in the spleen reduced remarkably while cAMP-PDE activity had little changes. After the administration of YQJP, the symptoms of Spleen deficiency improved to normal extent. YQJP elevated the cAMP level, the ratio of cAMP/cGMP and AC activity while it lowered the cGMP level. The results showed that the changes of cyclic nucleotides level and the ratio of cAMP/cGMP were important targets of Spleen deficiency and that the action of YQJP followed the change of the ratio of cAMP/cGMP. The results of this study indicated that immunodepression of Rhubarb was due to depressing AC activity and reducing the ratio of cAMP/cGMP. The readjusting action of YQJP was concerned with AC system. This study supplied Spleen deficiency and YQJP with certain data in biochemical mechanism and pharmacological function.


Every year thousands of courses, seminars, and training sessions in entrepreneurship and small business are offered. However, it is not obvious that the education and training needs of entrepreneurs and business owners are being met. The study examines the competencies that owner/managers and entrepreneurs of growing businesses identify as deficient. It then analyzes the self-identified training needs of people owning growth-oriented businesses, and compares and contrasts them to those of individuals owning stagnant or declining firms. If those needs differ, the results can help instructors and trainers make the content of their offerings more relevant to their target audience, whether it is entrepreneurs with growth intentions or small-business managers with their life-style intentions.


In recent years there has been considerable interest in the variation of optical element properties in the environment of earth orbital space. This has primarily occurred due to the requirements of astronomical researchers, since orbiting optical observatories could potentially contribute so much to this science. One of the presently active efforts to generate an investigation capability in this area is associated with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) Program.1 Since about mid 1966, one particular area of optical property variation has been actively investigated. This is the potential problem of optical degradation of sophisticated optical systems due to spacecraft efuences.2–5 This degradation would occur through one of two mechanisms6: (a) particulates in a suspended (vapor) state of various size distributions producing spurious scattering of light, and/or (b) direct degradation by deposition (or condensation) of particulate contaminants onto critical optics by physical adsorption. This latter process could be followed by polymerization reactions and chemical adsorption due to solar uv irradiation.


Date Presented 04/04/19
 This study evaluated the Specific Test of Early Infant Motor Performance (STEP), a rapid screening test of preterm infants at risk for developmental delay. The STEP administered at term and three months showed excellent reliability, required 6 to 10 minutes to administer, and had significant correlations with the Bayley III at 12 months. Although the STEP needs to be validated in a larger cohort, this new rapid assessment may identify infants at risk for delays early in the first three months of life.
 Primary Author and Speaker: Patty Coker-Bolt
 Additional Authors and Speakers: Dorothea Jenkins


Making tools for technology accessible to everyone is important for diverse and inclusive innovation. Significant effort has already been made to make software innovation more accessible, and this effort has created a movement of citizen developers. These citizen developers have the drive to create, but not necessarily the technical skill to innovate with technology. Software, however, has limited impact in the real world compared to hardware and here, physical computing is democratising access to technological innovation. Using microcontroller programming and networking, citizens can now build interactive devices and systems that respond to the real world. But building a physical computing device is riddled with complexity. Memory efficient but hard to use low-level programming languages are used to program microcontrollers, implementation efficient but hard to use wired protocols are used to compose microcontrollers and peripherals, and energy efficient but hard to configure wireless protocols are used to network devices to each other and to the Internet. This consistent trade off between efficiency and ease of use means that physical computing is inaccessible to some. This thesis seeks to democratise microcontroller programming and networking in order to make physical computing accessible to all. It provides a deep exploration of three areas fundamental to physical computing: programming, hardware composition, and wireless networking, drawing parallels with consumer technologies throughout. Based upon these parallels, it presents requirements for each area that may lead to a more intuitive physical computing experience. It uses these requirements to compare existing work in the space and concludes that no existing technology correctly strikes the balance between efficient operation for microcontrollers and intuitive experiences for citizen developers. It therefore goes onto describe and evaluate three new technologies designed to make physical computing accessible to everyone.


This study described a process of making ultra-low density fiberboard (ULDF) and investigated the properties of samples of ultra-low density fibreboard made from wood fiber using a liquid frothing approach. The fiberboard had a density of 56.3 kg/m3 and a layered cross-linked interior structure. Density profiles showed a relatively high density in the surface layers and low density in the core layer. The results showed that the fiberboard had an internal bond strength of 0.15 MPa, a modulus of rupture of 0.70 MPa, a modulus of elasticity of 8.91 MPa, and a compressive strength of 0.17 MPa at 10% deformation. Thickness swelling after 24 hours water immersion was 0.57%. It had a low thermal conductivity of 0.035 W/mK, and a high sound reduction coefficient of 0.67. Resin was uniformly distributed on the fiber surface. The fiberboard can be used as buffer material for packaging and insulation material for building.


Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have become global health concern. The uses of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been shown to improve health but are associated with a wide array of immunologic, endocrinologic and metabolic abnormalities. This study determined the levels of fertility hormones, CD4 and CD8+Tcells in HIV seropositive subjects and seronegative subjects. A total of one hundred and seventy HIV seropositive subjects were investigated while fifty HIV seronegative subjects served as controls. Eighty-five HIV seropositive subjects were on antiretroviral therapy consisting of three drug combinations (Zidovudine 300mg twice daily; Lamivudine 150mg twice daily; Tenofovir 300mg once daily; Efavirenz 600mg once daily and Stavudine 30mg twice daily for body weight of 60kg). Eighty five HIV seropositive subjects were not on antiretroviral therapy. Fertility hormones (Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Leutinising Hormone, Prolactin and Testosterone) were determined using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. CD4+Tcells and CD8+Tcells were determined using flow cytometry. The serum levels of the fertility hormones in HIV seropositive males on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and those not on ART showed significant reduction (P<0.05) when compared with that of HIV seronegative male control subjects. The serum levels of the hormones in HIV seropositive females on ART and those not on ART showed no significant difference compared with those of HIV seronegative control female subjects. The CD4+T cell counts of HIV seropositive male and female subjects on ART and those not on ART showed significant reduction (P<0.05) when compared with the HIV seronegative control subjects. There was significant increase in the levels of CD8+T cell counts of the HIV seropositive males and females on ART. HIV infection is associated with variations in the male hormonal fertility profiles but without significant effect on women hormonal fertility profiles. However, CD4+Tcells decrease while CD8+T cells increase as HIV/AIDS progresses.


Many empirical studies suggest that females often prefer to mate with older males. It is generally assumed that females prefer older males because older males are of higher genetic quality. We used a viability-based simulation model to determine whether female preference for older mates is more likely to evolve than female preference for younger mates when males provide only sperm to females. The results of our simulations suggest that female preference for young and intermediate age mates is more likely to evolve than a strong preference for older mates, and that female preference based on male age will not evolve if there is a cost associated with the preference. Therefore, based on the results of our model, female preferences for older mates cannot be explained by 'good genes' models of sexual selection. A comparison of our results with those of a previously published model suggest that whether female preference for older males can be explained by 'good genes' models of sexual selection depends on age-specific survival probabilities. When juvenile survival is high and adult survival is low, older males have higher mean viability than younger males. As a result, female preference for older males will evolve. In contrast, when juvenile survival is low and adult survival is high, mean viability does not differ among males of different ages. Therefore, female preference for older males is unlikely to evolve. The importance of age-specific survival rates in determining the importance of a 'good genes' process suggests that future studies of sexual selection should consider potential effects of life-history variation.