This book offers a radical reassessment of the modern European literary canon. The book's reinterpretations of Goethe, Schiller, Büchner, Döblin, Musil, and Kafka show how literary and scientific narratives have determined each other over the past three centuries, and it argues that modern literature not only contributed to the development of the human sciences but also established itself as the privileged medium for a modern style of case-based reasoning. The book traces the role of narrative fiction in relation to the scientific knowledge of the individual from eighteenth-century psychology and pedagogy to nineteenth-century sexology and criminology to twentieth-century psychoanalysis. The book demonstrates how modern authors consciously engaged casuistic forms of writing to arrive at new understandings of literary discourse that correspond to major historical transformations in the function of fiction. It argues for the centrality of literature to changes in the conceptions of psychological knowledge production around 1800; legal responsibility and institutionalized forms of decision-making throughout the nineteenth century; and literature's own realist demands in the early twentieth century.


To continue the shift from batch operations to continuous operations for a wider range of products, advances in real-time process management (RTPM) are necessary. The key requirements for effective RTPM are to have reliable real-time data of the critical process parameters (CPP) and critical quality attributes (CQA) of the materials being processed, and to have robust control strategies for the rejection of disturbances and setpoint tracking.Real-time measurements are necessary for capturing process dynamics and implement feedback control approaches. The mass flow rate is an additional important CPP in continuous manufacturing compared to batch processing. The mass flow rate can be used to control the composition and content uniformity of drug products as well as an indicator of whether the process is in a state of control. This is the rationale for investigating real-time measurement of mass flow of particulate streams. Process analytical technology (PAT) tools are required to measure particulate flows of downstream unit operations, while loss-in-weight (LIW) feeders only provide initial upstream flow rates. A novel capacitance-based sensor, the ECVT sensor, has been investigated in this study and demonstrates the ability to effectively measure powder mass flow rates in the downstream equipment.Robust control strategies can be utilized to respond to variations and disturbances in input material properties and process parameters, so CQAs of materials/products can be maintained and the amount of off-spec production can be reduced. The hierarchical control system (Level 0 equipment built-in control, Level 1 PAT based PID control and Level 2 optimization-based model predictive control) was applied in the pilot plant at Purdue University and it was demonstrated that the use of active process control allows more robust continuous process operation under different risk scenarios compared to a more rigid open-loop process operation within predefined design space. With the aid of mass flow sensing, the control framework becomes more robust in mitigating the effects of upstream disturbances on product qualities. For example, excursions in the mass flow from an upstream unit operation, which could force a shutdown of the tablet press and/or produce off-spec tablets, can be prevented by proper control and monitoring of the powder flow rate entering the tablet press hopper.In this study, the impact of mass flow sensing on the control performance of a direct compaction line is investigated by using flowsheet modeling implemented in MATLAB/Simulink to examine the control performance under different risk scenarios and effects of data sampling (sampling time, measurement precision). Followed by the simulation work, pilot plant studies are reported in which the mass flow sensor is integrated into the tableting line at the exit of the feeding-and-blending system and system performance data is collected to verify the effects of mass flow sensing on the performance of the overall plant-wide supervisory control.


This study examines the spatial and temporal variation of onset and cessation of rainfall and greenness in the North East Arid Zone of Nigeria. Onset and cessation of greenness dates were determined from mean monthly time series of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) using Advance Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data for five meteorological stations in the zone for a period of nineteen years (1981-1999). Lowest growing days of six weeks were observed in Nguru (12.53°N, 10.28°E, alt.343 m), Potiskum (11.42°N, 11.02°E, alt.415 m) and Maiduguri (11.51°N, 13.05°E, alt. 354 m), while Yola (12.28°N, 9.14°E, alt.174 m) and Bauchi (10.17°N, 9.49°E, alt.609 m) have growing days of 15 and 16 weeks respectively. Highest rate of greenness of 0.18/month was observed inMaiduguriwhile the lowest rate of green-up of 0.07/month was observed in Bauchi. Similarly, highest rate of senescence (0.08/month) was observed in Bauchi while lowest rate of senescence (0.04/month) was observed in Nguru.


This study makes use of a dataset which contains material relating to young Swedish people who have recently completed their studies and started working. It explores whether using social networks as such or using individuals' resources which are accessible through social networks (social capital) provides relative advantages in the competition for better jobs. Interest in this topic stems from the recent development of sociological theories in this field. The results indicate that the use of social ties is a common way to find a job in the highly regulated Swedish labour market, but that informal recruitment methods per se provide no relative advantages in the competition for better jobs. On the other hand, given the same demographic characteristics, socioeconomic background and educational attainments, there is a positive association between resources embedded in an individual's social network (social capital) and the quality of the jobs obtained.


As it is well established that almost all galaxies host a central supermassive black hole (SMBH), it is natural to ask, how many of these SMBHs are actively accreting? Studies aimed at answering this question can better define the fraction of nearby galaxies that harbour active galactic nuclei (AGNs), provide constraints on the growth of local SMBHs, and further our understanding towards the connection between AGN activity and galaxy evolution.

In the first part of this thesis, we use high-quality mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopy to investigate the ubiquity of AGN activity in a complete volume-limited sample of nearby galaxies to D<15 Mpc. We present analyses based on the detection of high-excitation emission lines to unambiguously identify AGNs in even the most heavily dust-obscured and gas-rich galaxies. We find that almost half of the AGN population are not identified in large-scale optical surveys, most likely due to strong circumnuclear star-formation activity and/or extinction through the host galaxy. In the second part of this thesis, we use sensitive hard X-ray (2-10 keV) and mid-IR constraints to calculate bolometric luminosities of these D<15 Mpc AGNs and combine these luminosities with well-constrained SMBH masses to estimate relative mass accretion rates. We use these data to calculate the volume-average SMBH growth rate of galaxies in the local Universe and find that AGNs hosting SMBHs with M_BH ~ 10^6-10^7 M_o are dominated by optically unidentified AGNs. These relatively small SMBHs are acquiring a significant proportion of their mass in the present-day and are amongst the most rapidly growing in the local Universe.

In the third part of this thesis, we using [NeV]3427A as an unambiguous indicator of AGN activity to assess the incidence of AGNs in a statistically significant galaxy sample derived from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). On the basis of [NeV], we find strong empirical evidence that the theoretical maximum starburst limit provides a good identification threshold for AGNs. However, we find that only ~27% of Seyfert galaxies have strong detections of [NeV]3427A in their optical spectroscopy. Using spectral stacking analyses we determine that the lack of high-ionisation emission line signatures are due to poor spectral sensitivity and/or high levels of dust extinction.

In the final part of this thesis, we use a suite of mid-IR, optical and X-ray luminosity indicators to search for Compton-thick AGNs at z~0.03-0.2, a region of parameter space which is currently poorly constrained by deep narrow-field X-ray surveys. We use the XMM-Newton serendipity survey and the SDSS to select a sample of 14 candidate Compton-thick AGNs. On the basis of the optical [OIII], mid-IR [OIV] and 6um AGN continuum luminosities we conservatively find that the X-ray emission in almost half of our sample appear to be attenuated by a factor >15, i.e., they are likely to be obscured by Compton-thick material with N_H > 1.5 x 10^24 cm^-2. Under the reasonable assumption that our 14 AGNs are representative of the overall X-ray undetected AGN population in the SDSS-XMM parent sample, we estimate that >20% of the optical Type-2 AGN population are likely to be obscured by Compton-thick material. These Compton-thick AGNs identified in our sample harbour some of the most rapidly growing SMBHs in the nearby Universe. Overall, the techniques and results presented in this thesis have arguably provided the most complete and unambiguous census of AGN activity in nearby galaxies to date.


Femtocell networks have the potential to satisfy the increasing demand of mobile data usage. The recently proposed concept of cognitive femtocell network provides an effective way to further improve the spectrum spatial and frequency reuse. In this paper, we study the subchannel allocation problem for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)-based hybrid overlay/underlay cognitive femtocell networks. While most of the previous related studies did not fully exploit the potential of spatial and frequency reuse of the network, we propose a hybrid overlay and underlay spectrum access mechanism to further improve the performance of cognitive femtocell networks. We formulate the subchannel allocation problem as a coalition formation game among femtocell users under the hybrid access scheme, and analyze the stability of the coalition structure. We propose an efficient algorithm based on the solution concept of recursive core, and achieve a stable and efficient allocation. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves an improvement in aggregate network throughput up to 72% comparing to the overlay only scheme, 35% comparing to the underlay only scheme, and 18% comparing to a recently proposed coalition formation algorithm in the literature.


This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. Please check back later for the full article.

 The Andean highland region of South America was a center for the domestication of crops and the development of novel agricultural intensification strategies. These advances provided the social and economic foundations for one of the largest pre-Hispanic states in the Americas—the Inca—as well as numerous preceding and contemporaneous cultures. The legacy created by Andean agriculturalists includes terraced and raised fields that remain in use today as well as globally consumed foods including chili pepper (Capsicum spp.), potato (Solanum tuberosum), and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa).
 Research on modern forms of traditional agriculture in South America by ethnographers, geographers, and agronomists can be grouped into three general themes: (1) the physical, social, and ritual practices of farming; (2) the environmental impacts of farming; and (3) agrobiodiversity and genetic conservation of crop varieties. Due to conquest by European invaders in the 16th century and the resulting demographic collapse, aspects of native knowledge and traditions were lost. Consequently, much of what is known about pre-Hispanic traditional agricultural practices is derived from archaeological research.
 To farm the steep mountainous slopes in the quechua and suni zones, native Andean peoples developed a suite of field types ranging from rainfed sloping fields to irrigated bench terracing that flattened the ground to increase surface area, raised soil temperatures, and reduced soil erosion. In the high plains or puna zone, flat wetlands were transformed into a patchwork of alternating raised fields and irrigation canals. By employing this strategy, Andean peoples created microclimates that resisted frost, managed moisture availability, and improved soil nutrient quality.
 These agricultural approaches cannot be divorced from enduring Andean cosmological and social concepts such as the ayni and minka exchange-labor systems based on reciprocity and the ayllu, a lineage and community group that also integrates the land itself and the wakas (nonhuman agentive beings) that reside there with the people. To understand traditional agriculture in the highland Andes and how it supported large populations in antiquity, facilitated the rapid expansion of the Inca Empire, and created field systems that are still farmed sustainably by populations today, it is essential to examine not only the physical practices themselves, but also the social context surrounding their development and use in ancient and modern times.


A number of studies have documented cases in which sounds in an Indigenous minority language have been replaced by similar sounds from the dominant language (e.g. Babel, 2009; King et al., 2009; Carrera-Sabate, 2009). The resulting variation in pronunciation is particularly likely to occur when the minority language is learnt as a second language because of first (dominant) language influences (Flege, Schirru & Mackay 2003), and is often perceived negatively by community members (Dorian, 1994; King et al., 2009). To determine whether and how to approach such variation when teaching pronunciation, it is crucial first to document the facts: On the one hand, how is pronunciation likely to vary across speakers, and why? On the other, what attitudes exist among language users towards this variation? These questions were addressed in a multi-faceted project (see Basham & Fathman 2008). Two studies were undertaken with four different generations of SENCOŦEN (a dialect of North Straits Salish) speakers - three speakers per generation: elders, younger elders (with varying levels of fluency), teachers, and language learners (young adults). In the first study, each speaker answered a series of questions designed to have them reflect on their attitudes towards pronunciation - e.g. is there such a thing as "correct" pronunciation, and how important is it in the context of language learning/revitalization? Preliminary results indicate that speakers and learners feel it is important to pronounce words the way their elders do, but that they also acknowledge variation among different speakers and families within the community. Young adult learners respect these differences, and may try to adapt their pronunciation to approximate that of the particular elders they are speaking to.
 In the second study, speakers were recorded pronouncing a set of 78 words illustrating the sounds considered impressionistically to be the most difficult. Preliminary results show that in some cases, variation is likely due to English-related influences (e.g. use of /d/ vs. /t'/), as found in Babel (2009) and others. In other cases, variation is due instead to familial/dialectal differences (e.g. use of /tθ'/ vs. /ts'/). Speakers are generally more aware of the latter type of variation than of the former.
 Together, this research highlights the need to tease apart different kinds of variation in pronunciation when developing pedagogical materials in the context of language revitalization: familial/dialectal variation can simply be acknowledged, whereas variation (and change) resulting from English influences may warrant further attention. References
 Babel, M. (2009). The phonetic and phonological effects of obsolescence in Northern Paiute. In J. Stanford & R. Preston (eds.) Variation in Indigenous Minority Languages (pp. 23-46). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
 Basham, C. & A.K. Fathman (2008). The latent speaker: attaining adult fluency in an endangered language. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 11 (5): 577-597.
 Carrera-Sabate, J. (2009). Affricates in Lheidata: a sociophonetic case study. In J. Stanford & R. Preston (eds.) Variation in Indigenous Minority Languages (pp. 77-108). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
 Dorian, N. (1994). Purism vs. compromise in language revitalization and language revival. Language in Society 23: 479-494.
 Flege, J.E., C. Schirru & I.R.A. MacKay (2003). Interaction between the native and second language phonetic subsystems. Speech Communication 40: 467-491.
 King, J., R. Harlow, C. Watson, P. Keegan, & M. MacLagan (2009). Changing pronunciation of the Maori language: Implications for revitalization. In J. Reyhner & L. Lockard (eds) Indigenous Language Revitalization: Encouragement, Guidance & Lessons Learned (pp. 85-96). Flagstaff AZ: Northern Arizona University.


The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-inducing kinase (NIK) was originally identified as a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK, MEKK) that phosphorylated IκB kinase (IKK) α and activated NF-κB. Subsequently, NIK-deficient mouse studies revealed that NIK is not essential for cytokine-dependent IKK activiation. A naturally occurring NIK gene mutation results in alymphoplasia (aly) in mice, which leads to defective antibody responses, and the aly phenotype resembles the nfkb2-deficient phenotype. The 100-kD NFkB2 precursor protein is cleaved to a mature 52-kD protein that heterodimerizes with Rel proteins members of the NF-κB family to form a functional transcription factor. Overexpression of NIK and p100 in different cell lines promoted the accumulation of mature p52 protein, suggesting a role for NIK in the processing of p100. The presence of p52 required the kinase activity of NIK, was independent of IKK phosphorylation, and was blocked by proteasomal inhibitors. NIK phosphorylation of p100 at Ser866 and Ser870 was essential for the subsequent ubiquitination of p100 and processing to p52. Assays done with NIK from aly-/- and aly-/+ mice revealed that the amounts of NFkB2 proteins were the same but that p52 was barely detectable in aly-/- cells. Additionally, cells overexpressing the NIK aly allele were completely defective for p100 processing. Thus, the real function of NIK may be to regulate the maturation of p52, instead of activating NF-κB from inactive cytoplasmic complexes. G. Xiao, E. W. Harhaj, S.-C. Sun, NF-κB-inducing kinase regulates the processing of NF-κB2 p100. Mol. Cell 7, 401-409 (2001). [Online Journal]


A vibration suppression control problem by using on-off valves for a pneumatic isolation table is considered. In this system, positioning control is difficult because the system possesses a non-linear quantizer essentially. As a result, positioning error is remained in general. To overcome this problem, we have proposed a method considering the common multiple constraint, which is the appropriate relationship between the number of inhalation times and the number of exhalation times. By using this method, high convergence performance can be obtained without any offset. However, only vibration in the vertical direction is considered. Thus, we propose a method of suppressing the vibration of the two-axis direction by generalizing the previous method. The effectiveness of the control method is verified by numerical simulation.


Background: The Asia-Pacific region has made significant progress in combatting malaria since 2000 and a regional goal for a malaria-free Asia Pacific by 2030 has been recognised at the highest levels. External financing has recently plateaued and with competing health risks, countries face the risk of withdrawal of funding as malaria is perceived as less of a threat. An investment case was developed to provide economic evidence to inform policy and increase sustainable financing. Methods: A dynamic epidemiological-economic model was developed to project rates of decline to elimination by 2030 and determine the costs for elimination in the Asia-Pacific region. The compartmental model was used to capture the dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria for the 22 countries in the region in a metapopulation framework. This paper presents the model development and epidemiological results of the simulation exercise. Results: The model predicted that all 22 countries could achieve Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax elimination by 2030, with the People's Democratic Republic of China, Sri Lanka and the Republic of Korea predicted to do so without scaling up current interventions. Elimination was predicted to be possible in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Timor-Leste and Vietnam through an increase in long-lasting insecticidal nets (and/or indoor residual spraying) and health system strengthening, and in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, India and Thailand with the addition of innovations in drug therapy and vector control. Elimination was predicted to occur by 2030 in all other countries only through the addition of mass drug administration to scale-up and/or innovative activities. Conclusions: This study predicts that it is possible to have a malaria-free region by 2030. When computed into benefits and costs, the investment case can be used to advocate for sustained financing to realise the goal of malaria elimination in Asia-Pacific by 2030.


Indigenous Peoples across the world are calling on nation-states to "decolonize" laws, structures, and institutions that negatively impact them. Though the claims are broad based, there is a growing global emphasis on issues pertaining to Indigenous Peoples' cultural property and the harms of cultural appropriation, with calls for redress increasingly framed in the language of human rights. Over the last decade, Native people have actively fought to defend their cultural property. The Navajo Nation sued Urban Outfitters to stop the sale of "Navajo panties," the Quileute Tribe sought to enjoin Nordstrom's marketing of "Quileute Chokers," and the descendants of Tasunke Witko battled to end production of "Crazy Horse Malt Liquor." And today, Indigenous Peoples are fighting to preserve sacred ceremonies and religious practices at places like Standing Rock, Oak Flat, and Bear's Ears. Though the claims range from "lands to brands," these conflicts are connected by a common thread: they are all contemporary examples of Indigenous Peoples' efforts to protect their cultural property.

As issues surrounding cultural property play out on the global stage, there is a parallel movement underway within Indigenous communities themselves. More than fifteen years ago, in 2005, I conducted a comprehensive study of tribal law to understand what American Indian tribes were doing to protect their own cultural property within tribal legal systems. Since my original study, the ground around issues of cultural preservation and appropriation has shifted dramatically. Transformative changes in human and Indigenous rights—including the 2007 adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, among others—have reignited interest in Indigenous Peoples' own laws. Inspired by a convergence of global events impacting cultural rights, in 2020 and 2021, I set out to update my survey results and analyze the tribal cultural preservation systems and tribal laws of all 574 federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaskan Native Villages in the United States.

This Article reports those findings, situating the results in a human rights framework and leading to a core, central thesis: the data reveal a striking increase in the development of tribal cultural property laws, as Indian tribes seek to advance human and cultural rights in innovative and inspired ways. Indeed, in this Article, I contend we are witnessing a new jurisgenerative moment today in the cultural property arena, with tribal law already influencing decisionmakers at multiple 'sites'—international, national, and subnational—in real time, with great potential for the future. To further demonstrate this phenomenon, I highlight the case study of the recent agreement to repatriate the Maaso Kova, a ceremonial deer head, from Sweden to the Yaqui peoples, and I also introduce several other examples where the seeds have been planted for the growth of the next jurisgenerative moment in Indigenous cultural property rights.


ABSTRACT Laboratory studies of clay-water systems and field observations of the properties of argillaceous rocks of the Paleozoic systems in the Illinois Basin suggest a close relationship between the environments of deposition of such rocks and the origin of such internal structures such as fissures, slickensides, fissility, and synaeresis cracks. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to suggest a possible origin for fissility, slickensides, synaeresis cracks, and fissures. Clay minerals in fissile argillaceous rocks, such as shales, are oriented with the longest dimensions more or less parallel to the bedding. The shales generally contain few slickensides, are relatively resistant to disaggregation in water, and generally contain the better-developed crystalline clay minerals. In contrast, the clay minerals have random orientation in shales that show poor or no fissility. Such rocks commonly contain an abundance of slickensides, break down readily in water, and generally contain a larger percentage of mixed-lattice clay minerals than the fissile shales.


Using the contingent valuation method, this article estimates the value of public goods the National Football League's Jaguars produce for Jacksonville, Florida, including the value of elevating Jacksonville to "major league" status and the value of improving racial relations. It also estimates the incremental value of public goods potentially produced by a National Basketball Association team in Jacksonville. The present value of public goods created by the Jaguars is $36.5 million or less, far below subsidies provided to attract the Jaguars. For a basketball team, the figure is less than $22.8 million. The results add to the growing body of CVM literature indicating that sport public goods probably cannot justify the large public expenditures on stadiums and arenas.


We introduce a scheme for the calculation of nonresonant hyper-Raman spectra of vitreous materials within a density-functional formulation. Hyper-Raman tensors are obtained through the application of finite electric fields and explicitly account for the nonlinear modulation of the dielectric susceptibility by longitudinal vibrational modes. We apply our scheme to a model of vitreous silica in various scattering geometries and polarization conditions, finding good agreement with experiment. The calculated spectra are analyzed both in terms of transverse and longitudinal modes and in terms of underlying atomic vibrations.


Nitric oxide (NO), the 1992 'Molecule of the Year', is the focus of immense medical and scientific exploration. Interest in NO has grown exponentially since the initial and relatively recent discovery that NO is the long sought after endothelial relaxing factor. There is intense research that is continuing to expose the extensive physiologic impact of NO in virtually all organ and tissue systems under both normal and pathological conditions. Both the rate of delivery and the amount of site-specific generated NO modulate a balance between cytoregulatory and cytotoxic activities. This balancing act and the very short lifetime of NO under physiological conditions pose an extreme challenge with respect to harnessing the exceptional therapeutic potential of this molecule. Over the past two decades, the race to translate the therapeutic potential of NO to the bedside has been overwhelmingly through the development of numerous NO delivery devices/vehicles. So far no one product has emerged as a clearcut winner. This review: discusses and evaluates NO-donating platforms that are available at present; attempts to enhance delivery and efficacy through encapsulation in silane-based hydrogel matrices; and discusses and evaluates the future direction of these advances.


This monograph is devoted to the spectral theory of the Sturm- Liouville operator and to the spectral theory of the Dirac system. In addition, some results are given for nth order ordinary differential operators. Those parts of this book which concern nth order operators can serve as simply an introduction to this domain, which at the present time has already had time to become very broad. For the convenience of the reader who is not familiar with abstract spectral theory, the authors have inserted a chapter (Chapter 13) in which they discuss this theory, concisely and in the main without proofs, and indicate various connections with the spectral theory of differential operators.


Progressive Voices in an Academic Wilderness For approximately three decades social justice has persisted in publishing papers dealing with fairness in law, crime, and other cultural practices. The vision of the journal has always been at odds with the dominant paradigms found in academic criminology. Through most of this history, I have been a member of the editorial board and have always been proud of this association. The journal has not been alone in offering an alternative vision for the study of crime and law. Troy Duster (1995) delivered a passionate and devastating criticism of the racism inherent in the war on drugs, including the significantly more severe punishments for offenses involving crack as opposed to powder cocaine. Such patterns resulted in a prison-building boom and an ever-increasing proportion of arrest and incarceration of black males. Some criminology, noted Travis Hirschi (1993), lacked a sense of intellectual history and showed a consequent movement toward shopworn and outmoded biological explanations of criminal behavior. This was often coupled with a theoretical vacuum and increased federal funding. Hirschi called this type of research "administrative criminology," consistent as it is with the requirements of government bureaucrats. For these reasons, and others, Stanley Cohen (1988) concluded that he was "against criminology." Cohen assumed that the scope of criminology consists of addressing only three questions: "Why are laws made? Why are they broken? What do we do or what should we do about this?" (Ibid.: 9). He laments the fact that there is a "political timidity" (Ibid.: 52) whereby the first question regarding the origins of laws is largely ignored in favor of behavioral research asking merely why people break existing laws. "If 80% of students on a campus smoke marihuana, the question should not be 'Why do they do it?' but 'Why have those in power allowed such a law to remain?'" (Ibid.: 47). Thus, "the concept of crime is meaningful only in terms of certain acts being prohibited by the state...[and] drug taking, homosexuality, and abortion would be very different if they were not 'criminalized'" (Ibid.: 40). Mainline criminology thus "managed the astonishing feat of separating the study of crime from the contemplation of the state" (Ibid.: 4). The question that remains is, how did American criminology get into these straits? A Short History of the Saddest Science Cohen addresses this question by focusing on the institutional domains of criminology, which in turn: are shaped by their surroundings: how academic institutions are organized, how disciplines are divided and subdivided, how disputes emerge, how research is funded, and how findings are published and used. In criminology an understanding of these institutional domains is especially important, for our knowledge is situated not just, or even primarily, in the pure academic world, but in the applied domain of the state's crime control apparatus (Ibid.: 67). In the following paragraphs we will see how patterns of funding, both in and outside of academe, have influenced the organization and division of academic criminology. Akers (1992) noted that until the mid-1960s, all criminology was taught in sociology departments and all criminology texts were written by sociologists. Undoubtedly influenced by the urban riots of the 1960s, beginning in the early 1970s, the federal government began to sponsor criminal justice programs through the Law Enforcement Assistance Association LEAA (Cronin et al., 1981). At colleges and universities, large and small, such programs quickly emerged to take advantage of this newfound largess. Initially these programs had little research impact, but were designed to train police officers already on the job (Ibid.). Soon, applied training emerged for undergraduate majors interested in preparing for a law enforcement career. Farrell and Koch (1995) have illustrated this applied orientation, both in their experiences in teaching such programs and in a review of criminal justice textbooks. …


Reinforced concrete walls are commonly selected as the lateral resisting systems in seismic design of buildings. The design procedure requires reliable/robust models to predict the wall response. Many researchers, thus, have focused on using the available experimental data to be able to comment on the quality of models at hand. What is missing though is an uncertain attitude towards the experimental data since such data can be affected by different sources of uncertainty. In this paper, we introduce the database created for model quality evaluation purposes considering the uncertainties in the experimental data. This is the first step of a larger study on experience-based model quality evaluation of reinforced concrete walls. Here, we briefly present the database as well as six sample validations of the developed numerical model (the quality of which is to be assessed). The database contains the information on nearly 300 wall specimens from about 50 sources. Both the database and the numerical model, built for uncertainty/sensitivity analysis purposes, are mainly based on ten parameters. These include geometry, material, reinforcement layout and loading properties. The validation results prove that the model is able to predict the wall response satisfactorily. Consequently, the validated numerical model could be used in further quality evaluation studies.


From the Publisher:
Java Primer Plus guides the reader through the Java programming language from the basic concepts (basic syntax, variable, literals, operators, loops, conditional statements, etc.) through advanced topics (RMI, JDBC, Network socket programming, etc.). It provides a deep explanation of Java programming concepts and technologies using classroom tested and proven techniques. What makes this book unique is that it spends the last part showing the reader how to integrate Java technologies into everyday Web related practices and with other technologies.
The dual purpose of the book is:
1. To provide a complete introduction to the Java programming language that balances theory with practicality: it will allow readers to (1) become Java certified programmers and (2) become productive in their Java development.
2. To give concrete experience with integrating Java programming technologies.


This paper reports on an experiment implementing a data-intensive approach to discourse organisation. Its focus is on enumerative structures envisaged as a type of textual pattern in a sequentiality-oriented approach to discourse. On the basis of a large-scale annotation exercise calling upon automatic feature markup alongside manual annotation, we explore a method to identify complex discourse markers seen as configurations of cues. The presentation of the background to what is termed " multi-level annotation " is organised around four issues: linearity, complexity of discourse markers, top-down processing, granularity and the multi-level nature of discourse structures. In this context, enumerative structures seem to deserve scrutiny for a number of reasons: they are frequent structures appearing at different granularity levels, they are signalled by a variety of devices appearing to work together in complex ways, and they combine a textual role (discourse organisation) with an ideational role (categorisation). We describe the annotation procedure and experimental framework which resulted in nearly 1,000 enumerative structures being annotated in a diversified corpus of over 600,000 words. The results of two approaches to the rich data produced are then presented: firstly, a descriptive survey highlights considerable variation in length and composition, while showing enumerative structure to be a basic strategy resorted to in all three sub-corpora, and leads to a granularity-based typology of the annotated structures; secondly, recurrent cue configurations—-our " complex markers " —-are identified by the application of data mining methods. The paper ends with perspectives for further exploitation of the data, in particular with respect to the semantic characterisation of enumerative structures.


Background Hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration at diagnosis is associated with outcome in cancer. In a recently reported simplified 3-factor prognostic score in Hodgkin lymphoma, Hgb, along with age and clinical stage, outperformed the classical International Prognostic Score with seven parameters. Methods In the present study, we investigated if pretherapeutic Hgb concentration added prognostic information to the NCCN-IPI in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. We included patients from the Danish Lymphoma Registry (LYFO; N = 3499) and from the Molecular Epidemiology Resource (MER; N = 1225), Mayo Clinic and University of Iowa. Four sex-specific Hgb groups were defined: below transfusion threshold, from transfusion threshold to below lower limit of normal, from lower limit of normal to the population mean, and above the mean. We used multivariable Cox regression to estimate the hazard rate ratios (HR) and 95% CIs for overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS), adjusting for sex, NCCN-IPI, comorbidity, and rituximab treatment. Results Approximately half of the patients had Hgb levels below the lower limit of normal. Compared to patients with Hgb levels above the mean, an inferior OS was directly correlated with lower pretreatment Hgb within the predefined groups (HR=1.23, HR=1.51, and HR=2.05, respectively). These findings were validated in the MER. Conclusion Based on multivariable analysis, lower pretreatment Hgb, even within the normal range but below the mean, added prognostic information to established indices such as the NCCN-IPI and the Charlson comorbidity index.


Tax scams involving the rich and famous make eye-catching news copy. They also are part of a significant and growing economic problem - the "shadow economy" that defrauds the government. Frank Cowell is one of the worlds leading contributors to the theoretical economic analysis of tax evasion. In this book he systematically studies the underground economy to examine how certain types of economic analysis can be applied to tax evaders. He also recommends measures that can be taken to counteract the problem. Cowell's investigation raises questions that go to the heart of public economics and reveals the shortcomings of applying standard economic models of crime to tax evasion. He develops an analytical framework that shows how the underground economy grows and suggests simple economic mechanisms that will induce the behavior that leads to tax evasion. Having laid the analytical groundwork, Cowell turns to policy. He observes that standard welfare-based arguments against cheating are "decidedly flaccid" and points toward an enforcement policy that is informed by economic analysis, particularly in terms of scope and practicality. Frank A. Cowell is Reader in Economics at the London School of Economics and the author of Measuring Inequality and Microeconomic Principles.


This paper gives an overview of some ways in which our understanding of performance evaluation measures for machine-learned classifiers has improved over the last twenty years. I also highlight a range of areas where this understanding is still lacking, leading to ill-advised practices in classifier evaluation. This suggests that in order to make further progress we need to develop a proper measurement theory of machine learning. I then demonstrate by example what such a measurement theory might look like and what kinds of new results it would entail. Finally, I argue that key properties such as classification ability and data set difficulty are unlikely to be directly observable, suggesting the need for latent-variable models and causal inference.


Following the enactment of Decentralization Laws No. 22/1999 and No. 25/1999, and several Forestry Ministry's decrees issued in 1999, district governments throughout Indonesia were given a greater authority to formulate local regulations over forest resources. The District Government of Tanjung Jabung Barat in Jambi took this opportunity to introduce three policies regarding small-scale timber utilization and forestry revenues. This report begins with a normative legal analysis and basic evaluation of these policies. It then explores the district's policy-making processes and mechanisms for implementing district regulations and describes the functions and roles of the relevant district institutions. The report then figures out the players in the process and how they influence the policy agenda and at the end provides an analysis of the impacts of decentralized forest policies on local people, focusing on small-scale timber concession licences. This work is the result of research meant to generate information and analysis to facilitate negotiated recommendations for improving forest policies and policy making processes by supporting public input to shape the decentralized forestry policy agenda for the district, and help develop a forest management model oriented to increased prosperity and justice for local people. The research calls for the District to draft a new regulation on public participation in district policy making, with the policy objective of building consensus and synergy amongst local stakeholders by using appropriate public involvement mechanisms.


The overwhelming threat may be a challenge to general security system. Fundamentally diverse alert and threat techniques are been researched in order to reduce deceptive warnings. Threat Detection Systems generates huge amount of alerts which becomes challenging to deal with them and prepare solution. The detection System checks inbound and outbound network activities and finds an suspicious pattern that indicate an ongoing steps for attack. Large amount of alert may contain false alarm therefore need of alert analysis mechanisms to offer high level information of seriousness of threat, how dangerous device are and which device admin has to pay more attention. To solve this query we would make use of time and space based alert analysis technique that provides a solution in form of attack graph and its evaluation that provides severity of attack to


Existing fluorescent protein highlighting techniques are irreversible and preclude repeated monitoring of the same protein to study its temporal regulation. Within cells, protein movement is regulated by many different factors and may be altered by changes in the cellular state. Measurements of protein dynamics are affected by the geometry of both the cells and the highlighted regions, and any changes in movement should ideally be assessed with data from a single cell. Ando et al. describe the engineering and application of a fluorescent protein, Dronpa, that can be reversibly highlighted to study spatiotemporal protein dynamics in living cells. The authors directly visualized the influx and efflux of a key regulator of intracellular signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase, into and out of the nucleus. R. Ando, H. Mizuno, A. Miyawaki, Regulated fast nucleocytoplasmic shuttling observed by reversible protein highlighting. Science 306, 1370-1373 (2004). [Abstract] [Full Text]


CPR (Checkpoint Processing and Recovery) is a physical register management scheme that supports a larger instruction window and higher average IPC than conventional ROB-style register management. It does so by restricting mis-speculation recovery to checkpoints created at rename, and leveraging this restriction to aggressively reclaim registers that don't appear in checkpoints. The cost of CPR is checkpoint overhead, which is incurred when a mis-speculation occurs on an instruction for which a checkpoint was not created a priori. Here, CPR must recover to the immediately older checkpoint, squashing instructions older than the mis-speculation itself. In contrast, a ROB processor performs minimal recovery and only squashes instructions younger than the mis-speculation. CPROB is a hybrid register management scheme that preserves CPR's aggressive reclamation while opportunistically minimizing checkpoint overhead. CPROB extends CPR to track and hold the registers needed to perform minimal recovery to un-executed branches within each checkpoint. Recovery registers are held on a best-effort basis only. A checkpoint's recovery registers can be freed spontaneously when all branches in the checkpoint execute. They can also be aggressively victimized if dispatch needs registers to proceed. CPROB naturally adapts the register reclamation policy to dynamic branch behavior. When branch mis-predictions are infrequent and registers are needed to support a large window, CPROB victimizes registers and behaves like CPR. When mis-predictions are frequent and the window is small, CPROB holds on to registers and behaves like ROB. As a result, it out-performs both CPR and ROB for a given program. This performance improvement, combined with reduced checkpoint overhead, makes CPROB more energy-efficient than either ROB or CPR.


In a remarkable paper [Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 100503 (2006)], Gioev and Klich conjectured an explicit formula for the leading asymptotic growth of the spatially bipartite von Neumann entanglement entropy of noninteracting fermions in multidimensional Euclidean space at zero temperature. Based on recent progress by one of us (A. V. S.) in semiclassical functional calculus for pseudodifferential operators with discontinuous symbols, we provide here a complete proof of that formula and of its generalization to Rényi entropies of all orders α>0. The special case α=1/2 is also known under the name logarithmic negativity and often considered to be a particularly useful quantification of entanglement. These formulas exhibiting a "logarithmically enhanced area law" have been used already in many publications.


The problem of projecting future use patterns of agricultural biotechnology products in order to evaluate their potential for development and commercialization is a challenging proposition for economists. While many have attempted ex ante methods of projecting adoption and diffusion rates, very few have tested their ex ante results after the fact. In this paper, we use the results of a continuous survey of California dairy producers ex post to test the predictions of an ex ante study of adoption of recombinant bovine Somatotropin (rbST) carried out using data 4-7 years prior to the availability of the new technology.


There are many examples in the literature of a positive correlation between the distribution of a species and its local abundance, i.e., widely occurring species tend to be more abundant locally when they do occur. Such relations have been documented over a wide range of taxa and spatial scales. There are five major hypotheses seeking to explain the relation: Random placement, Sampling error, Niche width, Demography, and Metapopulation dynamics. However, there is little evidence to distinguish between them, especially for plants. In this study, plant species presence in a short tussock grassland in inland Canterbury, New Zealand was sampled at three spatial scales (i.e. quadrat sizes; sizes of spatial grain): 0.2×0.3 m, 0.4×0.6 m, and 1.0×1.5 m, each divided into 0.1×0.15 m sub-quadrats for recording local frequency. The data were also analysed at different ranges of soil pH, water content, organic content and fertility (by bioassay). Significant positive correlations between species distribution and local abundance were found at the two larger spatial grain scales. There was no significant relation for native species, but the relation for exotic species was considerably stronger than that over all species. Reduction of environmental heterogeneity, by restricting the dataset to narrower ranges of soil factors, produced higher correlations at the two smaller grain scales. In contrast to reports in the literature, many species (most of them native) showed narrow regional distributions but high local abundance when they were at a site. It is concluded that the Sampling-error hypothesis cannot be an explanation of the results obtained here. Aspects of the results are inconsistent with the Random-placement, Demography and Niche-width hypotheses. The results are most compatible with the Metapopulation dynamics hypothesis. However, it is likely that several mechanisms are operating simultaneously. Whilst detailed analysis of empirical distributions at different spatial grains and over different ecological ranges can exclude some of the hypotheses, detailed studies of the autecology of species are the next necessary step.


There is considerable potential in examining images associated with atrocity that do not depict the actual act of violence or the victim itself, but rather depict the circumstances around which such acts occurred. Such images of the absence of visible violence can lead the viewer into an imaginative engagement with the nature of atrocity, and the nature of those who perpetrate it. In exploring this absence, Hannah Arendt's "banality of evil" can be taken to mean that the spaces in which atrocities take place are often nondescript, everyday and banal, and that the people who commit them may appear on the surface to be so as well, even if their interior motivations and rationales are far more complex than that they were simply following orders. Photography, with its optical -mechanical process, is adept at recording such banal facts of the scene, and, by inviting the viewer to scan the image for minute details, often generates a tension between such mundanities and the audience's knowledge of the potential import of the situation garnered via a caption.

This strategy of the "aesthetics of the banal" has become a common one in contemporary photographic practice.1 However, the idea that an image that appears on the surface to be of an ordinary scene or person but which the viewer then discovers contains another, deeper and more imaginative reading is one that has long been effective. In order to explore the possibility of an absence in the image being a key to understanding, it is useful to examine a constellation of images that gather around a key perpetrator of the Holocaust, images that do not overtly show either the victims or the violence itself, but by the very absence of such evidence propel the viewer into an imaginative act of engagement with the nature of evil.

Publishers notes about the book 'Picturing Atrocity: Photography in Crisis':

Picturing Atrocity
Photography in Crisis

Geoffrey Batchen, Mick Gidley, Nancy K. Millers and Jay Prosser

'It is hard to look: My Lai, Dachau, Abu Ghraib, Wounded Knee. We know these atrocities through the painful evidence of unforgettable documentary photographs. But these images are far from innocent. Just as "atrocity" itself is a loaded term, every photograph of such an event is a bit of high-level propaganda in a moralized political argument, encouraging the viewer to bear witness, make judgments, take sides. This important new collection of essays by some of the most brilliant analysts of photography shows how deliberately horrifying pictures have shaped – and continue to shape – the ethics and politics of the modern era.'
– Brian Wallis, Chief Curator, International Center of Photography

'Picturing Atrocity is an excellent examination of the dilemmas implicit in photography's representation of human suffering, whether caused by torture, war, poverty, the political chaos and neglect that multiplies the toll from natural disasters (as in Africa's Horn region today), or other gross rights violations. Multi-layered and lucid, these essays demolish any lingering pretence that images of suffering can be understood without also considering the context and media in which they are presented, and the often far-from-the-scene viewer who consumes them. Picturing Atrocity is critical reading for communicators in the aid, development and human rights communities who participate in the dissemination of these essential but volatile images.' –Ellen Tolmie, Senior Photography Editor, UNICEF

Ever since the landmark publication of Susan Sontag's On Photography, it has been impossible to look at photographs, particularly those of violence and suffering, without questioning our role as photographic voyeur. Are we desensitized by the proliferation of these images? Or do the images stir our own sense of justice and act as a call to arms? Are we consuming the suffering of others? What should our responses to these images be?

To answer these questions, Picturing Atrocity brings together essays from some of the foremost writers on photography today, including Rebecca Solnit, Alfredo Jaar, Ariella Azoulay, John Lucaites, Robert Hariman and Susan Meiselas, to offer close readings of images that reveal the realities behind the photographs, the subjects and the photographers. From the massacre of the Sioux Indians at Wounded Knee to the torture of prisoners at Abu Ghraib, from famine in China to apartheid in South Africa, Picturing Atrocity examines a broad spectrum of photographs. Each essay focuses specifically on an iconic image, offering a distinct approach and context, in order to enable us to look again – this time more closely – at the picture. In addition, four photo-essays showcase the work of photographers involved in the making of photographs of brutality as well as the artists' own reflections on these images.

Together these essays cover the historical and geographical range of atrocity photographs and respond to current concerns about such disturbing images. Picturing Atrocity is an important read, not just for insights into photography, but for its reflections on human injustice and suffering. In keeping with that aim, all royalties from the book will be donated to Amnesty International.

Geoffrey Batchen is a photography historian and Professor of Art History at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.

Mick Gidley is Emeritus Professor of American Literature and Culture at the University of Leeds, UK.

Nancy K. Miller is Distinguished Professor of English and Comparative Literature, the Graduate Center, CUNY.

Jay Prosser is Reader in Humanities in the School of English at the University of Leeds, UK.


Recent years have seen a growing interest in understanding deep neural networks from an optimization perspective. It is understood now that converging to low-cost local minima is sufficient for such models to become effective in practice. However, in this work, we propose a new hypothesis based on recent theoretical findings and empirical studies that deep neural network models actually converge to saddle points with high degeneracy. Our findings from this work are new, and can have a significant impact on the development of gradient descent based methods for training deep networks. We validated our hypotheses using an extensive experimental evaluation on standard datasets such as MNIST and CIFAR-10, and also showed that recent efforts that attempt to escape saddles finally converge to saddles with high degeneracy, which we define as `good saddles'. We also verified the famous Wigner's Semicircle Law in our experimental results.


A significant proportion of the prison inmates have an IQ level corresponding to intellectual disability (ID) or borderline ID. These persons are rarely identified and subsequently not offered any compensation for their learning and comprehension deficits. The purpose of this study was to explore and help providing methods for better identification of ID at an early stage during criminal proceedings. 143 randomly selected prisoners serving sentences in prisons were assessed using The Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) and the Hayes Ability Screening Index (HASI) while a semi-structured interview was carried out to obtain data on health as well as social and criminological issues. A total of 10.8% (n = 15) of the participants showed an IQ below 70. From previous analyses of the semistructured interview, a checklist was extracted and found to have good predictive validity on ID (AUC = 93%). The resulting identification referred 32% (n = 46) of the sample for comprehensive assessment. Within this group, all participants with an IQ below 70 were included. Identification through this checklist, the screening and a full assessment is essential in improving the quality of the services.


INTRODUCTIONSCHOOLS APART? This report is a successor of the two earlier works published as Schools Apart?, (Darby, et al, 1977) and Schools Together?, (Dunn, et al, 1984) . It is concerned with the contribution that the two schools systems in Northern Ireland might make to the promotion of cross community relations, in particular through the development of structured and coherent inter school links. The first research in this series was an attempt to try to "fill the gap between the wide general interest in the subject of integrated schooling in Northern Ireland and the shortage of information about segregated schools". (Darby, et al, 1977) . The questions posed by this work were basic and to do with the need for factual information. First: what proportion of children in the province are educated separately according to religion? Or, to put that another way, do the terms Catholic School and Protestant School represent a fair description of the schools? Second: what are the essential differences between the two sets of schools? And in what do these differences lie? Is it in curriculum, or in managerial and administrative structures, or in the qualifications of the teachers, or in the pervading religious ethos, or the cultural choices as in school visits, text-book choices, media programmes listened to, games played, and so on? Third: how do the two school systems perceive each other, and do these perceptions match up with any form of reality. The report indicated that at that time there was a genuinely segregated system. There was little evidence of any significant level of crossover between the two systems, and this was equally true of teachers and of boards of management. But the results also seemed to indicate that in broad terms the differences were less immediately obvious than the similarities. For example, they were certainly more like each other than they were like schools in England or in France. With respect to such matters as teacher qualifications, work profiles of principals, classroom practices such as streaming, many aspects of the curriculum, many of the games played, there was little obvious difference. Later Dominic Murray carried out a more detailed study with two neighbouring primary schools, with broadly similar results. (Murray, 1983 and 1985). SCHOOLS TOGETHER? There were two particular results of this research which seemed to contradict each other. The first was a conviction, expressed by almost all those interviewed, that large scale integration of the two school systems (whether desirable or not) was not likely in the immediate future. And the second was a high level of regret and anxiety about the consequences (or just the possible consequences) of the existing separated schools. The most logical way to reconcile these two apparently contradictory views was to try to discover to what extent the separateness of the two systems was complete and unbroken. It was this that led to a follow-up research, which began in 1982. This looked closely at the extent to which links existed between the two school sectors at local level, by carrying out a survey in four different communities in the province. The results were published as Schools Together? (Dunn, et al, 1984). The results could be summarised as indicating that, in the context of the contribution that schools might make to the promotion of cross-community relations, very little that was worthwhile was going on. Most contacts between schools took the form of singular, one-off isolated events, which tended to have no structure or follow-up or enduring quality. The characteristics of worthwhile activities were not defined by the researchers but emerged out of interviews with teachers and school principals. They were: Children need to be brought together systematically and on a long-term basis. Short-term activities without development are of limited value. Children must be brought together for a valuable and well-planned purpose, and not just to learn to like each other: that is, growth in relationships can only take place within a context that has some worth in itself. Travel outside the region is important, since, in Northern Ireland, venues and context have so much hidden meaning and local symbolism built into them. The sum total of these characteristics suggested that this kind of activity required subtlety, creativity and a great deal of thought and planning. It was unlikely to happen overnight, and it was not always likely to be within the capability of a single school or pair of schools to think it out and plan it properly. INTER SCHOOL LINKS The project, Inter School Links, which is described in this report, is a consequence of these two researches. It's task was to try to seek answers to questions such as the following: What can schools do, and what do schools do, to ameliorate the consequences of separation? What forms do joint activities or partnerships or inter school involvements take? How can inter school cooperation be generated and made part of the fabric of a school so that it persists after the period of the project? What resources are needed to make co-operation feasible, and how can they be costed? How can successful procedures and initiatives be transferred and disseminated to other schools and to other areas? Which approaches fail, or do not persist, and why? There is a tendency for initiatives not to survive after the project ends. Can this be avoided? It can be argued that this approach, through the 'development of co-operative links, is the most problematic way to go about the promotion of better community relations though the schools, and that the only really worthwhile approach is to promote a general and widespread form of school integration. However, even if this were true - and taking into account the continuing growth in the number of integrated schools - the great majority of children in this province will continue for the foreseeable future to be taught in religiously separated schools. This is not to express a preference, or to try to play down the importance or the growth potential of integrated schools, but only to acknowledge the current reality. And so, if we wish to have influence on a considerable part of the problem, we must do it through the existing system, and one obvious and important way to do this is through inter school links. Since the Inter School Links project was established there have been a number of developments in education in Northern Ireland which have important implications for work of this kind. These have included a considerable increase in the availability of money from the Department of Education for Northern Ireland, (DENI), specifically for cross-community work between schools; the preparation of a printed guide for teachers by the Northern Ireland Council for Educational Development, (NICED), which will soon be published; and a dramatic increase in the number of new planned integrated schools. Recently, this project has been funded to continue for another two years until 1990, so this report is in a sense a preliminary one and will eventually be succeeded by a final report at that time. We are grateful to all the schools involved in this project for their co-operation and enthusiasm at all stages in the work. In particular the principals and staffs who were always available, not only with support and ideas, but with the levels of energy and work that made progress possible. We are also grateful to the DENI for the funding which made this project possible, and in particular to the support and counsel of Donald Davidson. Eric Bullick, the full-time field officer for Mutual Understanding, attached to the Western Education and Library Board, (WELB), must be thought of as a full member of the team and his contribution to the development of the project was extensive and complete at all levels. We are also grateful to the WELB, and in particular to the chief officer Michael Murphy, and to David Vaughan and Victor Carson for their support and willingness to help at all times. At the beginning of the project a liaison committee, which met regularly, was formed to provide counsel, help and advice and we are extremely grateful to all members for their patience and support. The members were: Eric Bullick. Field Officer, Western Education and Library Board. Victor Carson. Western Education and Library Board. Donald Davidson. Department of Education for Northern Ireland. Vivian McIver. Department of Education for Northern Ireland. Very Reverend Dean McLarnon. Council for Catholic Maintained Schools. David Stevens. Irish Council of Churches. Finally, an earlier draft of this report was read by the involved school principals in Strabane, by all members of the liaison committee, by two external referees, and by Valerie Morgan of the Faculty of Education of the University of Ulster. We are grateful to all of these for suggestions and advice.


This paper presents the details of a novel method for passive resource discovery in cluster grid environments, where resources constantly utilize inter node communication. This method offers the ability to non-intrusively identify resources that have available CPU cycles; this is critical for lowering queue wait times in large cluster grid networks. The benefits include: 1) low message complexity, which facilitates low latency in distributed networks, 2) scalability, which provides support for very large networks, and 3) low maintainability, since no additional software is needed on compute resources. Using a 50-node (multicore) test bed (DETER lab), this paper demonstrate the feasibility of the method with experiments utilizing TCP, UDP, and ICMP network traffic. I use a simple but powerful technique that monitors the frequency of network packets emitted from the Network Interface Card (NIC) of local resources. I observed the correlation between CPU load and the timely response of network traffic. A highly utilized CPU will have numerous, active processes which require context switching. The latency associated with numerous context switches manifests as a delay signature within the packet transmission process. This method detects that delay signature to determine the utilization of network resources. Results show that the method can consistently and accurately identify nodes with available CPU cycles (<70 percent CPU utilization) through analysis of existing network traffic, including network traffic that has passed through a switch (non-congested). Also, institutions where there is no existing network traffic for nodes, ICMP ping replies can be used to ascertain this resource information.


Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were co-sensitized with three custom molecularly engineered organic dyes containing butyloxyl chain induced dye (Y1), boron dipyrromethene (bodipy) dye (TP2A), and squaraine (SQ) ring configured dye (HSQ4). The individual power conversion efficiencies of the DSSCs sensitized with Y1, TP2A and HSQ4 sensitizers were 3.44%, 4.26% and 5.78%, respectively. Co-sensitized TP2A + HSQ4 dyes at a 2 : 1 molar ratio showed an efficiency of 7.02%. Further addition of Y1 dye with optimal TP2A + HSQ4 increased the VOC from 0.580 V to 0.605 V. The co-sensitized Y1 + TP2A + HSQ4 based DSSCs showed a new optimal efficiency (η) of 7.48%. This is the highest efficiency recorded for DSSCs based on co-sensitization of triple organic dyes. Intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy further confirms the longer lifetime of co-sensitized Y1 + TP2A + HSQ4 compared to that of each individual TP2A and HSQ4 and co-sensitized TP2A + HSQ4 dye.


I will begin by stating three theses which I present in this paper. The first is that it is not profitable for us at present to do moral philosophy; that should be laid aside at any rate until we have an adequate philosophy of psychology, in which we are conspicuously lacking. The second is that the concepts of obligation, and duty—moral obligation and moral duty, that is to say—and of what is morally right and wrong, and of the moral sense of "ought," ought to be jettisoned if this is psychologically possible; because they are survivals, or derivatives from survivals, from an earlier conception of ethics which no longer generally survives, and are only harmful without it. My third thesis is that the differences between the wellknown English writers on moral philosophy from Sidgwick to the present day are of little importance.


Age determination and some growth parameters were studied in a population of Rana ridibunda from Yıldızlı Stream, Trabzon, Turkey by skeletochronology. Age was determined for individual frogs by counting the number of resting lines (RL) in cross-sections taken from phalanges. The maximum longevity of females and males was 6 and 7 years, respectively. The minimum age at maturity was 2, at 55 mm snout-vent length (SVL), for females, and 2, at 46 mm, for males. Males were sexually mature after the third or fourth winter although some females mature after the fifth winter. SVL was ranged from 55 to 99 mm (74.64±13.37) in females and 38 to 83 mm (64.58±11.09) in males. Male SVL was significantly correlated with age, but no significant correlation was obtained between female SVL and age. Gonad weights show highly significant correlation with SVL in both sexes but no significant correlation with age.


A technique is described for measuring the modulation transfer functions (MTF) of recording media. In this technique, a coherent optical system interferometrically generates a signal suitable for recording on the medium being tested. A second coherent optical system is used to obtain the MTF; spatial filters are used to remove the effects of film-grain noise, phase errors in the emulsion of the film, and extraneous light distributions. Since both systems are coherent, this technique can be used equally well to measure the MTF of phase-modulated media or bleached photographic film. A satisfying feature of this technique is that the MTF is displayed at the output of the second optical system as an easily detectable light distribution.


El Niño in the eastern and central Pacific has different impacts on the rainfall of South America, and the atmospheric pathways through the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) and Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) are poorly understood. To address this, we performed linear regression analysis of E (eastern Pacific) and C (central Pacific) indices of sea surface temperature (SST), as well as precipitation indices for the SPCZ and ITCZ, with gridded precipitation and reanalysis data sets during the austral summer (December–February) for the 1980–2016 period. Positive C induces dry anomalies along the tropical Andes and northern South America (NSA), while wet anomalies prevail over southeastern South America (SESA). Moreover, it produces wet conditions in the northwestern Peruvian Amazon. In contrast, positive E enhances wet conditions along the coasts of Ecuador and northern Peru associated with the southward displacement of the eastern Pacific ITCZ and induces dry conditions in Altiplano, Amazon basin, and northeastern Brazil (NEB). Both El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices are associated with weakened upper‐level easterly flow over Peru, but it is more restricted to the central and southern Peruvian Andes with positive E. Both SPCZ indices, the zonal position of the SPCZ and its latitudinal displacement, suppress rainfall along western Peruvian Andes when are positive, but the latter also inhibits rainfall over the Bolivian Altiplano. They are also linked to upper‐level westerly wind anomalies overall of Peru, but these anomalies do not extend as far south in the first. The southward displacement of the eastern Pacific ITCZ also induces wet anomalies in SESA while dry anomalies prevail over NEB, the western Amazon basin, and Bolivia. Oppositely, the southward displacement of the central Pacific ITCZ induces dry anomalies in NEB and along the northern coast of Peru; while wet anomalies occur mainly in eastern Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia through an enhancement of the low level jet.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the effects of a major disaster on the management of human resources in the construction sector. It sets out to identify the construction skills challenges and the factors that affected skills availability following the 2010/2011 earthquakes in Christchurch. It is hoped that this study will provide insights for on-going reconstruction and future disaster response with respect to the problem of skills shortages.

Design/methodology/approach

A triangulation method was adopted. The quantitative method, namely, a questionnaire survey, was employed to provide a baseline description. Field observations and interviews were used as a follow-up to ascertain issues and potential shortages over time. Three focus groups in the form of research workshops were convened to gain further insight into the feedback and to investigate the validity and applicability of the research findings.

Findings

The earthquakes in Christchurch had compounded the pre-existing skills shortages in the country due to heightened demand from reconstruction. Skills shortages primarily existed in seismic assessment and design for land and structures, certain trades, project management and site supervision. The limited technical capability available nationally, shortage of temporary accommodation to house additional workers, time needed for trainees to become skilled workers, lack of information about reconstruction workloads and lack of operational capacity within construction organisations, were critical constraints to the resourcing of disaster recovery projects.

Research limitations/implications

The research findings contribute to the debate on skills issues in construction. The study provides evidence that contributes to an improved understanding of the industry's skills vulnerability and emerging issues that would likely exist after a major disaster in a resource-limited country such as New Zealand.

Practical implications

From this research, decision makers and construction organisations can gain a clear direction for improving the construction capacity and capability for on-going reconstruction. Factors that affected the post-earthquake skills availability can be considered by decision makers and construction organisations in their workforce planning for future disaster events. The recommendations will assist them in addressing skills shortages for on-going reconstruction.

Originality/value

Although the study is country-specific, the findings show the nature and scale of skills challenges the construction industry is likely to face following a major disaster, and the potential issues that may compound skills shortages. It provides lessons for other disaster-prone countries where the resource pool is small and a large number of additional workers are needed to undertake reconstruction.


ABSTRACT Dinosaur reproductive biology is often inferred from the biology of extant taxa; however, taphonomic studies of modern nest sites have focused exclusively on avian, rather than reptilian species. We documented eight Agassiz's desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) nests and ten loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) nests. Gopherus agassizii excavated burrows up to 70 cm long and laid rigid-shelled eggs 10–12 cm below the burrow floor. The 19 cm × 12 cm depressions consisted of hard consolidated sand surrounded by a 3–4-cm-high rim and contained 2–5 hatched eggs in a single layer. These hatched egg bottoms represent ∼ 25% of the original egg, and five of 27 contained fully developed dead neonates. Desiccated membrane separated from the egg interior forming pockets that filled with eggshell and sand. Of 106 and 79 eggshell fragments in the hatched egg and surrounding sand, 48% and 23% occurred concave up, respectively. However, the combined numbers of eggshell fragments inside the eggs and in the immediately surrounding sand approximates the 60∶40 ratios at in situ avian nests. Therefore, this ratio may provide reliable evidence for hatching sites regardless of the incubation strategy employed by the adult. Caretta caretta nests differed from those of tortoises in their greater depth (∼ 50 cm) and occurrence in moist, cohesive sand. Clutches contained over 100 pliable-shelled eggs that tore and collapsed upon hatching, without brittle fracture. Failed eggs in two clutches showed five development stages, indicating that the deaths occurred over an extended time period. With the exception of predation, the G. agassizii and C. caretta nests showed no significant eggshell or hatched eggs above the egg chamber.


Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, the most common neoplasm to arise in the nasopharynx, is a locally aggressive tumor with a high incidence of cervical nodal metastases. This study aimed to investigate the role of computed tomography in the evaluation of tumor stage (T stage) and nodal stage (N stage) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods: CT scans of 338 newly diagnosed nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients were reviewed. All patients were restaged according to the 8th edition of the Union for International Cancer Control/ American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system relies on evaluation of the primary tumor (T category), the draining nodal groups (N category). Results: The 338 patients included in this analysis comprised 92 men and 246 women with a median age at diagnosis of 49 years (range, 10-89 years). WHO histopathologic type of non-ker?tinizing undifferentiated c?rcinom? was accounted 281/338 (83.1%), non-ker?tinizing differenti?ted c?rcinom? was 15.1%, and keratinizing squ?mous cell c?rcinom? was 1.8%. With CT scan staging, the proportions of T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 8.9% (30/338), 17.7% (60/338), 32.8% (111/338) and 40.5% (137/338), respectively; the proportions of N0, N1, N2 and N3 were 12.7% (43/338), 31.9% (108/338), 45.0% (152/338), and 10.4% (35/338), respectively. Conclusion: Computed tomography is essential for detection of early NPC, staging of the primary tumor, and evaluation of associated local lymphadenopathy.


ABSTRACT Rising auto ownership in China brings significant urban and environmental challenges. Since China is still in the early stages of motorization, there are opportunities to introduce alternatives to personal vehicle ownership. The authors conducted a survey with 800 Beijing residents, collecting data on transportation patterns, automobile ownership, environmental attitudes, and carsharing response. Fifteen of those participants were selected to complete an in-depth questionnaire discussing how they would use carsharing services. This paper assesses the potential for carsharing systems within Beijing, China, based on this exploratory study. While the results suggest that carsharing models integrated into existing transit networks could become an important mobility option within China's rapidly growing cities, further study is recommended.


Human-Rhesus monkey conflicts were studied in the Rampur Village of Narsingdi District in Bangladesh. The village supports good homestead vegetations where three troops of Rhesus monkeys are living. Monkeys consumed plant parts of 10 species. Betel leaf vein (Piper betel), an unpalatable plant species of the monkey, was greatly damaged by them in this area but it is the main economic source for the local people.  As a result, it is the major issue for human-Rhesus conflicts in this area. Local people are aggressive towards monkeys for damaging their major economic crops. For mitigating conflicts with monkeys, 60% people opined to strike them with stick and 30% preached to throw stones towards them. From this study, it indicates that unpalatable crops are not only damaged by Rhesus monkeys but also monkeys are injured during human-Rhesus conflicts. Scarcity of food and human aggression influence monkeys to invade and damage unpalatable crop of human settlements areas.


Potassium channels are key determinants of neuronal excitability. We recently identified KChIPs as a family of calcium binding proteins that coassociate and colocalize with Kv4 family potassium channels in mammalian brain (An et al. [ 2000 ] Nature 403:553). Here, we used light microscopic immunohistochemistry and multilabel immunofluorescence labeling, together with transmission electron microscopic immunohistochemistry, to examine the subcellular distribution of KChIPs and Kv4 channels in adult rat cerebellum. Light microscopic immunohistochemistry was performed on 40‐μm free‐floating sections using a diaminobenzidine labeling procedure. Multilabel immunofluorescence staining was performed on free‐floating sections and on 1‐μm ultrathin cryosections. Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry was performed using an immunoperoxidase pre‐embedding labeling procedure. By light microscopy, immunoperoxidase labeling showed that Kv4.2, Kv4.3, and KChIPs 1, 3, and 4 (but not KChIP2) were expressed at high levels in cerebellar granule cells (GCs). Kv4.2 and KChIP1 were highly expressed in GCs in rostral cerebellum, whereas Kv4.3 was more highly expressed in GCs in caudal cerebellum. Immunofluorescence labeling revealed that KChIP1 and Kv4.2 are concentrated in somata of cerebellar granule cells and in synaptic glomeruli that surround synaptophysin‐positive mossy fiber axon terminals. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that KChIP1 and Kv4.2 immunoreactivity is concentrated along the plasma membrane of cerebellar granule cell somata and dendrites. In synaptic glomeruli, KChIP1 and Kv4.2 immunoreactivity is concentrated along the granule cell dendritic membrane, but is not concentrated at postsynaptic densities. Taken together, these data suggest that A‐type potassium channels containing Kv4.2 and KChIP1, and perhaps also KChIP3 and 4, play a critical role in regulating postsynaptic excitability at the cerebellar mossy‐fiber/granule cell synapse. J. Comp. Neurol. 484:144–155, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


A significant proportion of today's information and communication technology (ICT) systems are entrusted with high value assets, and our modern society has become increasingly dependent on these systems operating safely and securely over their anticipated lifetimes. However, we observe a mismatch between the lifetimes expected from ICT-supported systems (such as autonomous cars) and the duration for which these systems are able to remain safe and secure, given the spectrum of threats they face. Whereas most systems today are constructed within the constraints of foreseeable technology advancements, we argue that long term, i.e., sustainable security & safety, requires anticipating the unforeseeable and preparing systems for threats not known today. In this paper, we set out our vision for sustainable security & safety. We summarize the main challenges in realizing this desideratum in real-world systems, and we identify several design principles that could address these challenges and serve as building blocks for achieving this vision.


In order to obtain detailed information on the interaction of bivalent cations with alginates especially the effects of sequence and acetylation degree the several types of alginates were treated with different solutions of manganese(II)and analysed by 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)spectroscopy. The usage of paramagnetic manganese(II) ions lead to a strong influence on the NMR signals of all adjacent nuclei which is based on the dipolar coupling with electron spins of the paramagnetic species. It was found that there are different carbons involved in the interaction of polymannurante and polyguluronate. In alternating sequences the GM/MG parts of the alginates show the strongest interaction with manganese. Additionally it was found that the acetylated parts of the chain show no interaction with the paramagnetic ion. The strong affinity of manganese to the GM/MG-pairs could be a reason for the founded preference of the bacteria to produce alternating alginates. That applies for the amount of the acetyl groups in the alginate. The acetylation degree is another tool to affect the stability of the alginate/cation complexes and therewith for the gelmatrix of alginate/cation gels


We asked a representative sample of European banks to judge messages
released by ECB members (from February 1999 to February 2000) in terms of their
ambiguity. In this paper, we use the answers provided by the surveyed sample to
derive a definition of ambiguity and to evaluate ECB communication. Also, we give
examples on how to use our definition of ambiguity for econometric purposes. A
Structural Vector Autoregression model is estimated and the results show that
ambiguous messages were able to affect agents' expectations for a limited period
after a speech by ECB members; moreover, they show that ambiguity had temporary
effects also on volatility and moved rates away from the policy rate.


Practical factor of information resources processing in electronic content commerce systems (ECCS) is related to solving problems with increase in content amount on Internet, active development of e-business, rapidly spreading Internet accessibility, information products and services extension set, increasing demand for content. The aim was to develop methods and software of information resources processing to improve the efficiency of ECCS due to increased sales of content. Article is devoted to the standardized methods and software development of information resources processing in ECCS. In this paper an actual scientific problem of development and research in methods and means of information resources processing ECCS was solved with use of designed classification, mathematical providing and software and generalized ECCS architecture. ECCS classification was researched and improved on the basis of analyzing and evaluating of such systems. It made possible to determine, detail and justify choice of their functional possibilities for content lifecycle designing. The task of developing methods and software formation, management and support of information products resolved with a theoretically grounded concept by automating information resources processing in ECCS to increase content selling for constant user, by involvement of potential users and expanding the boundaries of the target audience.


This paper explores the relationship between private sector participation, institutional reform, and performance of the electricity sector in 18 Latin American countries over the last four decades. As part of this study, an updated description of private participation and regulatory characteristics is provided, showing that private investment reaches US$155 billion translating into a participation of above 40 percent in generation and distribution, and around 25 percent in transmission. Still, it seems un-clear what are the positive outcomes that could be associated to this process; remaining performance challenges related with low coverage in rural areas, significant levels of electricity losses and high end-user prices. The empirical analysis herein addresses this issue by focusing on dimensions of efficiency, quality, and accessibility to the electricity service. The results suggest that privatization is robustly associated with improvements in quality and efficiency, but not with accessibility to the service. In contrast, regulatory quality is strongly associated with better performance in terms of both quality and accessibility. That is, regardless of the level of private participation, well-designed and stable sectoral institutions are essential for improving the performance of the electricity sector.


Abstract In order to determine the stability of the context shift effect over time, rats were trained in a passive avoidance task and tested at four different intervals afterward. Half of the subjects at each interval were tested for retention of the avoidance response in the context in which they were trained; the other half were tested in a different one. Rats tested in the different context at 1 and 21 days following learning showed the context shift effect, while those tested at 7 and 14 days did not. These results indicate that the context shift effect may be a phenomenon that changes over time.


Increased concern is being paid to the health and environmental risk caused by trace natural and synthetic hormones discharged from sewage treatment plant (STPs). This study, which is part of a larger project on investigation of hybrid membrane processes for trace hormones removal, focuses on binding of hormones to microfiltration hollow fibre membranes in filtration of solutions containing trace hormones. The adsorption capacity of the membrane, kinetics of adsorption and desorption of to/from microfiltration hollow fibre membranes, and the factors affecting adsorption to the membranes have been studied using estrone as model solute. The experiments showed that the adsorption of estrone to the microfiltration membranes could result in high retention of estrone molecules. However, since the mechanism of retention is adsorption rather than sieving, the retention decreases with increase in the amount of estrone accumulated on the membrane and breakthrough occurs when the accumulated estrone on the membrane reaches an equilibrium concentration corresponding to the feed concentration. For long-term operation, although membranes could be saturated by hormone molecules the membrane processes could still have a function of buffer for instantaneous high hormones concentration because the saturation surface concentration increased with the increase in the feed concentration. In addition, the experiments also indicated that the adsorption capacity of the membranes for hormones could be affected by membrane types, pH, affinity of hormones to water, as well as the presence of other organics. These results are of relevance to the potential release of trace hormones from water treatment systems where microfiltration membranes are used as a process barrier.


Abstract The efficiency of a control scheme may be improved by relating the sampling interval to the observed values of the control statistics: for instance, using a longer sampling interval if the sample statistic is close to the target and a shorter one otherwise. The resulting scheme is said to have variable sampling intervals (VSIs). Numerical results on the advantages of using the VSI feature have been presented by Reynolds et al. (1988), for the -scheme; Shobe (1988), for count data control schemes; and Reynolds et al. (1990), for cumulative sum (CUSUM) schemes. Moreover, Reynolds and Arnold (1989) and Reynolds (1989) showed that if the sampling interval is to be chosen from a range of possible values then, under some conditions, one-sided and two-sided schemes are optimal (in some specific sense) in case they make use of the shortest and largest possible sampling intervals. Bearing these results in mind, this paper discusses several properties of the in-control and out-of-control TS of Shewhart schemes with VSIs that have a discrete geometric compound distribution, in opposition to the geometric-like time to signal (TS) of Shewhart schemes with fixed sampling intervals (FSIs). This paper also focus on analytical answers to the question, What is the impact of VSIs in the performance of a Shewhart control scheme? Thus, we provide a qualitative basis for a more effective comparison of Shewhart schemes with FSIs and VSIs than the comparisons based entirely on numerical results.


It has been shown that machine-learning driven optimizations often outperform bundled optimizations or human-constructed heuristics in selecting suitable optimizations for particular classes of applications. In this dissertation, we propose using new modeling and program characterization techniques to mitigate the current issues in selecting the proper compiler optimizations that improve the performance of a given program. First, we propose a new modeling technique, named tournament predictor, that outperforms two state-of-the-art modeling techniques, sequence predictor and speedup predictor. Second, we discuss two novel techniques for characterizing a given program with a prediction model. One is a graph-based program characterization that uses a graph-based program representation and another is a pattern-based program characterization, which allows user-level definitions of expressive features that cannot be easily constructed using current state-of-the-art techniques. These novel techniques were evaluated and compared to three previously state-of-the-art program characterization techniques: performance counters, reactions, and source code features. The techniques introduced in this dissertation that automatically select compiler optimizations are not only novel and practical, but also outperform state-of-theart techniques in prediction capability. Our proposed techniques will assist users in understanding and optimizing applications, ultimately helping them to better take advantage of emerging architectures rather than hand tuning or standard compiler optimizations.


Recent advancements in computational methods have facilitated large-scale sampling of protein structures, leading to breakthroughs in protein structural prediction and enabling de novo protein design. Establishing methods to identify candidate structures that can lead to native folds or designable structures remains a challenge, since few existing metrics capture high-level structural features such as architectures, folds, and conformity to conserved structural motifs. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been successfully used in semantic segmentation — a subfield of image classification in which a class label is predicted for every pixel. Here, we apply semantic segmentation to protein structures as a novel strategy for fold identification and structural quality assessment. We represent protein structures as 2D α-carbon distance matrices ("contact maps"), and train a CNN that assigns each residue in a multi-domain protein to one of 38 architecture classes designated by the CATH database. Our model performs exceptionally well, achieving a per-residue accuracy of 90.8% on the test set (95.0% average accuracy over all classes; 87.8% average within-structure accuracy). The unique aspect of our classifier is that it encodes sequence agnostic residue environments and can assess structural quality as quantitative probabilities. We demonstrate that individual class probabilities can be used as a metric that indicates the degree to which a randomly generated structure assumes a specific fold, as well as a metric that highlights non-conformative regions of a protein belonging to a known class. These capabilities yield a powerful tool for guiding structural sampling for both structural prediction and design.


Collaborative filtering (CF) is a successful approach commonly used by many recommender systems. Conventional CF-based methods use the ratings given to items by users as the sole source of information for learning to make recommendation. However, the ratings are often very sparse in many applications, causing CF-based methods to degrade significantly in their recommendation performance. To address this sparsity problem, auxiliary information such as item content information may be utilized. Collaborative topic regression (CTR) is an appealing recent method taking this approach which tightly couples the two components that learn from two different sources of information. Nevertheless, the latent representation learned by CTR may not be very effective when the auxiliary information is very sparse. To address this problem, we generalize recently advances in deep learning from i.i.d. input to non-i.i.d. (CF-based) input and propose in this paper a hierarchical Bayesian model called collaborative deep learning (CDL), which jointly performs deep representation learning for the content information and collaborative filtering for the ratings (feedback) matrix. Extensive experiments on three real-world datasets from different domains show that CDL can significantly advance the state of the art.


This report provides background information and import/export statistics on the ports of New Orleans, South Louisiana, and Baton Rouge. These ports provide important access to world markets and sources of exported and imported raw materials. The three ports are usually discussed together because of their shared geography, ship traffic, and cargo. When Hurricane Katrina made landfall on August 29, 2005, it stalled the transportation supply lines for imports and exports in the area. Port Fourchon, which is a multi-use port and services offshore oil and gas facilities and the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port will not be covered in this report. For additional information on this topic, see CRS Report RS22257, Hurricane Katrina: Shipping Disruptions, by John Frittelli; and CRS Report RL33075, U.S. Agriculture After Hurricane Katrina: Status and Issues, by Randy Schnepf and Ralph Chite. This report will be updated as needed.