I. INTRODUCTION In this Decade of International Law,(1) economic integration is undoubtedly the greatest achievement of global and regional communities. New institutions -- particularly the World Trade Organization (WTO);(2) the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA);(3) the Treaty Establishing a Common Market Between the Argentine Republic, the Federal Republic of Brazil, the Republic of Paraguay, and the Eastern Republic of Uruguay (MERCOSUR);(4) and the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC)(5) -- are monumental and, on balance, popular achievements. In the United States, President Clinton relied on his ability to gain political support for increased economic integration as a means of bolstering public opinion of his administration during its first two years. II. Transformation of Unilateral Measures into Public International Law Nowhere is international cooperation in the progressive development and codification of international economic law more evident than in the sphere of intellectual property rights.(6) The creation of new regimes for the protection of these rights excites practitioners and scholars alike. Consider the NAFTA, the first trade agreement to include a comprehensive scheme for protecting intellectual property rights.(7) The pertinent provisions are striking examples not simply of regional integration in traditional terms, but of the capacity of a regional agreement to internationalize what had previously been a domain largely reserved for sovereign authority and private law. Although the NAFTA parties have also been parties to a variety of multilateral agreements on intellectual property law that supplement and give effect to domestic regulations,(8) the NAFTA provides a wholly new organizational framework of collaboration.(9) Although its requirements are largely consistent with, and therefore a reflection of, domestic legislation,(10) they also harmonize and progressively develop the law to form a more comprehensive, intergovernmental regime." In this way the protection of intellectual property rights is becoming part of the mainstream in public international law, at least in the Western Hemisphere.(12) While it is arguable that intellectual property rights are no more in the mainstream of public international law than trade, investment, and other topics of international economic law, the NAFTA's provisions for intellectual property rights, in concert with other international agreements, represent a particularly noteworthy transformation in the character of the legal regime.(13) It might also be argued that the protection of intellectual property rights has always been a topic of transnational law, defined to blend elements of public and private law. However, it was a marginal topic at best, and in Romano-Germanic (civil law) terms, it clearly fell on the private side of the law in both the academic world and in practice.(14) Although the distinction between "public" and "private" law often seems abstract to common law attorneys, it has considerable significance in countries like Mexico, which has a civil law tradition. To call this distinction academic is precisely the point: it serves to help determine the curriculum of law faculties, focus scholarly attention, and eventually set the diplomatic agenda. The NAFTA framework of intellectual property rights is significant in both the practice and the study of international law. As an academic matter, it deserves a more prominent place in the classroom, as well as in basic treatises and textbooks on international law.(15) Not long ago, international protection of intellectual property rights relied heavily on efforts to apply national laws extraterritorially.(16) To be sure, these agreements have significantly influenced domestic law and have introduced public international law into the transnational regulation of intellectual property law. Nevertheless, it would seem that the regulatory regime has remained essentially private and unilateralist. …


Objective The current article empirically investigated differences in fandom and rivalry between fans of a sport team and fans of the Marvel or DC comic brands. Methods An online survey was distributed to fans of a sport team and/or the comic genre to measure how fans identified with their favorite brands (both sport and comics), and how they felt toward their rival brands. Results Results illustrated that sport fans reported higher identification with their favorite teams than did fans of Marvel or DC toward their favorite brands. Additionally, fans of sport reported more negative perceptions of their rival teams than fans of the comic genre. Finally, people who were fans of both a sport team and the comic genre were more positive regarding their rival than fans who were a fan of only a sport team or the comic genre. Conclusion Theoretical implications include support for the measures in a nonsport setting along with support for the common in‐group model. Practical implications deriving from the findings are discussed, and avenues for future research are presented.


Crystals of zircon up to 3 mm in length occur in jadeitite veins in the Osayama serpentinite mélange, Southwest Japan. The zircon porphyroblasts show pronounced zoning, and are characterized by both low Th/U ratios (0.2-0.8) and low Th and U abundances (Th = 1-81 ppm; U = 6-149 ppm). They contain inclusions of high-pressure minerals, including jadeite and rutile; such an occurrence indicates that the zircon crystallized during subduction-zone metamorphism. Phase equilibria and the existing fluid-inclusion data constrain P-T conditions to P > 1.2 GPa at T > 350°C for formation of the jadeitite. Most U/Pb ages obtained by SHRIMP-RG are concordant, with a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 472 ± 8.5 Ma (MSWD = 2.7, n = 25). Because zircon porphyroblasts contain inclusions of high-pressure minerals, the SHRIMP U-Pb age represents the timing of jadeitite formation, i.e., the timing of interaction between alkaline fluid and ultramafic rocks in a subduction zone. Although this dating does not provide a direct time constraint for serpentinization, U-Pb ages of zircon in jadeitite associated with serpentinite result in new insights into the timing of fluid-rock interaction of ultramafic rocks at a subduction zone and the minimum age for serpentinization.


Misten Bog has through time received homogeneous pollen rain dominated successively by Fagus, Quercus and Picea. Based on the limits separating six pollen zones across nine cores, we show that the areas of major peat production have moved with time from one side of the bog to the other. The reduction of thickness of peat was strongly dependant on the proximity of peat cutting area since the 12 th Century. Before the cutting, an Alnus wood that encircled the bog regressed during the Vandal Minimum (500-800 AD) and never recovered. During this age interval, testate amoebae indicate a drier period on the peat bog. From the 12 th to the 14 th Centuries, there was a slight increase of non arboreal pollens linked to farming. From the 14 th to the 16 th Centuries testate amoebae indicate again a drier period on the peat bog but whether this is linked to climate change or human pressure is unclear. From the 16 th Century onwards, Sphagnum sect. Cuspidata almost disappeared but Sphagnum imbricatum persisted until the 19 th Century. Pollens linked to farming culminated again during the early part of the 19 th Century. High concentration of Si, Ti and N are probably linked to the increasing farming in the neighborhood as well as to industrial mining processes in the region and might have influenced these changes on the peat bog. The theory of cyclical hollow/hummock succession versus rather stationary hummocks is discussed.


This paper studies the relationship between permanent income and homicides, estimating an income-crime elasticity. We assume that this elasticity varies across geographical areas. We estimate different specifications of Spatial Panel Models using information of urban areas in Medellin (Colombia), areas known as communes. Spatial Models consider the importance of location and the type of neighbors of each commune. We simulate an intervention over permanent income in order to estimate the income elasticity for each commune and the average elasticity of income-crime on the city. We provide evidence about spatial dependence between the homicides per commune and their neighbors, and about a relationship between homicides and neighbor's income. In our case of study, the average estimated impact of 1% increase in permanent income in a specific commune produces a decrease in the homicide rate on average in 0.39%. Finally, permanent income plays a crime deterrent role, but also this effect of income on crime varies across the city, showing that some areas are strategically located to this kind of intervention.


Anticipation and adaptation of individuals to the upcomming daily and seasonal variations are a prerequisite for species survival, particulary mammals. Life has developed the ability to measure and manage time, using light as the most reliable environmental time cue. These timing processes involve a photoneuroendocrine axis comprising the retina, various hypothalamic structures of which is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN - seat of the master circadian clock), and the pineal gland which rhythmically releases the hormone melatonin to distribute timing information to the whole organism. Recently, major advances have been made in the understanding of the molecular events underlying circadian rhythms, with the discovery of specific "clock genes" working in double positive and negative transcriptional feedback loops. In contrast, much less is known about the molecular mechanisms operating on a seasonal time-scale and regulating yearly functions such as reproduction, hibernation, weight regulation, or seasonal pathologies in humans. This project initially aimed at identify genes underpinning the seasonal adaptations of animals for which several functions are regulated by photoperiod (i. E. Day length). The approach involved two steps: 1) To identify unknown genes which display photoperiodic or melatonin-dependent changes of expression within the photoneuroendocrine system; 2) To determine how these genes and their products may regulate the seasonal functions. For this research, we have used a well defined photoperiodic model, the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), in which photoperiod greatly influences physiology and behaviours, in particular the reproductive activity. Hamsters maintained under long summer days (LD) are sexually active, while reproduction is dramatically inhibited after a few weeks in hamsters kept under short winter days (SD).


During the last few decades, the emphasis in structural design of ships has moved from the allowable stress design to the ultimate limit state design. The ultimate limit state represents the collapse of the structure due to loss of structural stiffness and strength. Recently IACS CSR projects for tankers and bulk carriers introduced the first real implementation of calibrated ULS rule requirements. As a result, there is a need to compare and harmonize structural requirements for different ship types, not only the tankers and bulk carriers separately. This thesis deals with the ultimate strength and reliability-based design of ship hull girders with particular emphasis on combined global and local loads. The ultimate strength of both stiffened panels and hull girder under combined loadings was investigated numerically using FE analysis. The stiffened panel is assumed to be under pitting corrosion. This is considered to be relevant for conventional ships, e.g. tankers and bulk carriers. The ultimate strength of the hull girder under combined global and double bottom bending was also investigated. The possibility of applying simplified approaches, such as linear elastic approach or simplified progressive collapse approach, for a hull girder under combined loads was discussed in this thesis. The development of a semi-probabilistic design format for ultimate strength design of ship hulls under combined global and local loads was discussed. The thesis consists of four papers presenting the main findings as well as a summary part giving the context of the work. Here it is shown that thickness" model does not represent the true structural b plate under pitting corrosion. The main parameters of influence were found to be the level of DoP (Degree of Pitting), the smallest sectional area and the location of concentration of pits. It is also shown that the ultimate hull girder strength of a bulk carrier under AHL condition is significantly reduced as a result of combined global and double bottom bending. The FE analyses showed that an interaction exists between the initial imperfections and combined global and local loads which depend upon the geometry of the hull girder and loading conditions. The difference in the stress distribution in both longitudinal and transverse directions may cause first failure to occur at a different location. Based on the results obtained by FE analyses, it was found that the linear approach yields very conservative results. It is also shown that a linear elastic analysis of a multi span "strip-beam" model of the double bottom could be applied to include the rotation of the double bottom into a "Smith-type" progressive collapse approach. The most viable simplified method suitable to deal with combined global and local loads in design was found to be an interaction formula based on an "effective weighted average" pressure that depends upon the average outside pressure and average inside pressure. A linear elastic approach with first failure criterion was found to be practical for the time being. Regarding reliability-based design of ship hulls, it was found that the most relevant definition of characteristic still-water load for tankers and bulk carriers is μ+1.5σ (with μ = mean and σ = standard deviation), while μ+2.24σ is more relevant for container vessels. For bulk carriers and other vessels with significant double bottom bending, it was shown that the interaction formula results in a consistent safety level. The effect of high correlations between global and local loads for both still-water and wave loads was found to be relatively important. It was shown that for container vessels, the effect of nonlinearity on the failure probability is less for hogging than the sagging, because wave loads in hogging contrary to sagging wave loads are less sensitive to nonlinearity. The container vessels had approximately the same failure probability as the other main class vessels, given that the flexibility of the ship hull is properly accounted for. The safety level for different ships was found to be in reasonable harmony.


Judith Suissa, Anarchism and Education: A Philosophical Perspective, 2nd edition Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2010; 164pp, $19.95 ISBN: 978-1-60486-114-3 Anarchist theory. The words alone are enough to strike fear in most that hear them, making anarchism often maligned and misunderstood. In education, radical theories have been centered in Marxism in the works of scholars like Paulo Freire and Peter McLaren. Interestingly, anarchism has been heavily invested with educational projects globally but has not been sufficiently theorized in the educational context. Luckily, Judith Suissa explores what she calls a 'social anarchist' engagement with anarchist theory and education. Originally published in 2006 (Routledge), this second edition has now been published by PM Press. There has been recent work since its initial publication, which should have been covered in a more thorough introduction that places the book within its historical conjuncture (see, for example, Antliff, 2007; DeLeon, 2008). Despite this, the book produces a critical and informative narrative about what social anarchism can mean for education. Suissa highlights five important claims that can be gleaned from the social anarchist literature: mutualism, federalism, collectivism, communism and syndicalism. It is through these that I will position this book and its implications. Mutualism is an important feature of social anarchist thought, and supports the notion that 'society should be organized not on the basis of a hierarchical, centralist, top-down structure such as the state, but on the basis of reciprocal voluntary agreements between individuals' (p.l 1). Cooperation and the ideal of mutual community building lies at the heart of many anarchist projects, especially when we think about the role(s) that anarchists envision education to assume. According to Suissa, it can be the role of education to 'systematically promote and emphasize cooperation, solidarity, and mutual aid', which will 'undermine the values underlying the capitalist state' (p.32). Suissa speaks to several historical examples, specifically an excellent treatment of the Escuela Moderna project of Francisco Ferrer in Spain (p.80). She also points to anarchist conceptions of federalism. This is envisioned as a loosely organized series of communities and networked through councils - 'established spontaneously to meet specific economic or organizational needs of the communities; they would have no central authority, no permanent bureaucratic structure, and their delegates would have no executive authority' (p. …


What is science? Science, Culture and Society tackles this difficult question. We used to be quite certain about science, and science used to be quite certain about the world: it was the form of knowledge and set of practical activities that would allow us to unravel the 'mysteries of creation' and the 'laws of nature'. Yet despite the important contribution made by science to today's knowledge economies and knowledge societies, it is considered by many to be remote, and even dangerous. As science becomes more important, we have less understanding of what science actually is. Science, Culture and Society attempts to redress this knowledge gap and to provide an alternative framework for making sense of science. The book addresses key questions of what science is and how it is carried out, what the relationship between science and society is, how science is represented in contemporary culture, and how scientific institutions are structured. Drawing on methods from cultural studies and sociology the book locates science in a social and cultural perspective and provides a wide-ranging introduction to the social and cultural dimensions of science. Designed as a primary text for undergraduates at all levels it will be key reading on courses in the sociology of science, cultural studies of science and technology, philosophy of science, and science and technology studies.


We review a number of multi-population mortality models: variations of the Li & Lee model, and the common-age-effect (CAE) model of Kleinow. Model parameters are estimated using maximum likelihood. Although this introduces some challenging identifiability problems and complicates the estimation process it allows a fair comparison of the different models. We propose to solve these identifiability problems by applying two-dimensional constraints over the parameters. Using data from six countries, we compare and rank, both visually and numerically, the models' fitting qualities and develop forecasting models that produce non-diverging, joint mortality rate scenarios. It is found that the CAE model fits best. But we also find that the Li and Lee model potentially suffers from robustness problems when calibrated using maximum likelihood.


A clear, logical, and timely evaluation of the present bicycle boom is given with relation to urban planning and transportation. Part 1 is a brief summary of the historic development of the bicycle viewed from its scientific as well as artistic use, and also prepares the reader to better understand part II of the paper. Part II is an examination of the problems related to the bicycle boom, particularly the broad misconception of bicycle usage. It discusses briefly several points: difficulty in promoting a sound program of bicycle facilities; lack of design standards, need for advancement of bicycling as a sport, safety rules and regulations, separate versus shared facilities for bicyclist and motorist, utilization of secondary roads and railroad rights-of-way for bicycles, and the prospect of the bicycle for solving some of the urban transportation problems. The summary proposes organizational and legislative actions that are needed.


The most used expression for the slip length in the slip flow regime where slip conditions are needed for flow prediction comes from a Maxwell description of kinetic boundary conditions and depends on one coe dient only. Even if generally associated to the tangential accommodation coe dient, this coe dient equals any kind of kinetic property accommodation coe dients. The slip length so predicted by Maxwell increases strongly for the small values of the Maxwell accommodation coe dient whereas it seems, according to experiments that the slip length keeps a finite value and remains of the mean free path magnitude order. In addition, this enhancement of the Maxwell slip length for the small values of the Maxwell accommodation coe dient leads to some anomalous behaviors in theoretical flow predictions such as the so called inverted velocity profile in the cylindrical Couette flow of rarefied gas. In this work, we consider the calculation of the slip velocity based on another modelling of the gaz/surface interaction which involves distinguishable accommodation co-e dients for the normal and the tangential momentum components. The result shows that the slip length remains in the magnitude order of the mean free path when the values of the various momentum accommodation coe dients are varying. Then, the flow anomalous behaviors exhibited in flow fields where the boundary effects become important should be due to the unsuitable application of the Maxwell diffuse-specular boundary conditions for small values of the Maxwell accommodation coe dient. These anomalous behaviors should disappear when more accurate description of the boundary conditions was used.


In this paper, we demonstrate the advantage of the inherent algebraic structure of lattice codes, for the uplink channel of a cellular deployment. The out-of-cell interference is assumed to be symmetric, as in Wyner's model. We employ a new relaying technique, compute-and-forward, which allows cell-sites to decode equations of the transmitted bits by exploiting the channel interference. However, the standard compute-and-forward technique is penalized whenever the channel coefficients are non-integer. We develop a superposition strategy to mitigate this penalty. By using part of the power towards a private message, we can effectively modify the channel seen by compute-and-forward. We demonstrate that, in certain regimes, this mixed strategy significantly outperforms decode-and-forward, compress-and-forward, and ordinary compute-and-forward.


Michael J Cohen - Bar-ilan University - publication unknown "Joseph Heller has written an original if esoteric study of the complex - at times bzarre - ideologies flirted with by Ster/Lehi. His diligent, meticulous research in to the group"s multifarious publications affords the general reader an unprecedented glimpse into the Lehi"s private world, generally quite divorced from the real one around it ... Yet, even if history does not repeat itself, this volume contains many lessons that need to be learned by some." Middle East Journal, Vol 51, No 1, 1997 "One must admire Heller"s ability to gain access to so much documentary archival material, to extract useful reminiscences from interviews with cooperative former activists, and to assemble his evidence with a critical eye. The result is an erudite text." Middle East Quarterly, June 96 "An excellent, well-researched, and probably unsurpassed study." Digest of Middle East Studies, Fall 96 "A superb treatment of the subject matter ... Heller"s research efforts are impeccable." Jerusalem Post, 31/5/1996 "The overall sweep of its masterful analysis and exposition could well make it the definitive presentation of this fiercely intriguing chapter of Israel"s pre-natal period." Times Literary Supplement, 7/6/96 "The distinguishing merit of Heller"s book, which produced scandalized responses when it was first published in Hebrew, is his delineation of the theoretical basis of the Sternist movement ... Heller"s is the first study to place Stern and his little movement within a comprehensible ideological and diplomatic context." Middle East International, 26/4/96 "Heller"s work is thorough and well documented." Contemporary Review, 1/7/96 "This is an important book ... Thanks to Heller, many readers will benefit from a better understanding of the dilemma faced by the Zionist movement at the end of the 1930s." Jewish Chronicle, 15/3/96 "This definitive, fascinating work." Choice, Nov 96 "Heller has written a useful and engaging study ... Carefully documented and well argued, this work fills an important niche in Zionist history.


Root biomass is one of the most relevant root parameters for studies of plant response to environmental change, soil carbon modeling or estimations of soil carbon sequestration. A major source of error in root biomass quantification of agricultural crops in the field is the presence of extraneous organic matter in soil: dead roots from previous crops, weed roots, incorporated above ground plant residues and organic soil amendments, or remnants of soil fauna. Using the isotopic difference between recent maize root biomass and predominantly C3-derived extraneous organic matter, we determined the proportions of maize root biomass carbon of total carbon in root samples from the Swiss long-term field trial "DOK." We additionally evaluated the effects of agricultural management (bio-organic and conventional), sampling depth (0–0.25, 0.25–0.5, 0.5–0.75 m) and position (within and between maize rows), and root size class (coarse and fine roots) as defined by sieve mesh size (2 and 0.5 mm) on those proportions, and quantified the success rate of manual exclusion of extraneous organic matter from root samples. Only 60% of the root mass that we retrieved from field soil cores was actual maize root biomass from the current season. While the proportions of maize root biomass carbon were not affected by agricultural management, they increased consistently with soil depth, were higher within than between maize rows, and were higher in coarse (>2 mm) than in fine (≤2 and >0.5) root samples. The success rate of manual exclusion of extraneous organic matter from root samples was related to agricultural management and, at best, about 60%. We assume that the composition of extraneous organic matter is strongly influenced by agricultural management and soil depth and governs the effect size of the investigated factors. Extraneous organic matter may result in severe overestimation of recovered root biomass and has, therefore, large implications for soil carbon modeling and estimations of the climate change mitigation potential of soils.


The conflict between cooperation in distributed state estimation and the resulting leakage of private state information (competitive privacy) is studied for an interconnected two regional transmission organizations (RTOs) model of the grid. Using an information theoretic rate-distortion-leakage (RDL) tradeoff model, each RTO communicates at a rate chosen to optimize an objective function that is dependent on two opposing quantities: a rate-distortion based pricing function that encourages cooperation, and a leakage function that impedes it. It is shown that strictly non-zero pricing incentives are required to achieve non-trivial target distortions.


This paper examines the efficacy of the current system of public foodgrains management and policies in promoting food security in the country. It argues that the system has outlived its usefulness, and that continuing with the same only stifles growth in foodgrains, with very little welfare benefits to the poor. The paper then presents a series of suggestions for reforming and modernizing the foodgrains management system in the country that would be welfare improving and also efficient, saving vast amounts of resources that can be used to invest in augmenting agricultural, especially foodgrains output.


The effects of water current increment on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture were investigated during a 35 day experiment. Fish weighing 5.5 g were stocked in aquarium tanks. Four different water speeds (0, 3.5, 7, 10.5 cm/s) were provided for each treatment in three replicates. These different currents water were provided by reusing outlet water of each culture unit. Length, weight, daily growth rate (DGR), specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor (CF) and survival rate (SR) were evaluated in each treatment. Also, the changes of NO2, NO3, NH3, NH4+, total hardness and pH were measured. The data variance analysis showed significant differences among all treatments during the first week (P<0.01). However, these results were not observed in following days. Based on Duncan's test results, the best survival rate (97%), daily growth rate (1), SGR (6%) and average weight (24g) were achieved in 10.5 cm/s.


On Santa Catalina Island, southern California, bluechist to amphibolite facies metasedimentary, metamafic, and meta-ultramafic rocks show veining and alteration that reflect fluid flow and mass transfer at 25-45 km depths in an Early Cretaceous subduction zone. Synkinematic and postkinematic veins record fluid transport and metasomatism during prograde metamorphism and uplift. Vein and host-rock mineralogy and whole-rock compositions demonstrate large-scale chemical redistribution, especially of Si and alkali elements. Veins and host rocks trend toward isotopic equilibration with aqueous fluids with {delta}{sup 18}O{sub SMOW}=+13{per thousand} {plus minus} 1{per thousand}. The likely source for these fluids is in lower temperature, sediment-rich parts of the subduction zone. Carbon isotope systematics support this conclusion and indicate the influence of an organic C source. Quartz solubility relations indicate the importance of fluid-flow paths in chemical redistribution during subduction. These results document large-scale fluid flow and the complexity of possible metasomatic and mechanical mixing processes at intermediate levels of subduction zones. The record of subduction-zone mass transfer in the Catalina Schist is compatible with the record inferred for greater depths from geochemical and petrologic studies of arc magmatism.


Ten galahs (Eolophus roseicapillus) were anesthetized twice with isoflurane and twice with halothane. For anesthetic induction, either isoflurane or halothane was administered by mask attached to a T-piece circuit. For maintenance, the same volatile agent was administered by mask or by endotracheal tube. Anesthesia was maintained for 60 minutes in all birds. Data were collected immediately postinduction (0 to 5 minutes of anesthesia), and comprised respiratory rate, heart rate, electrocardiogram (ECG), cloacal temperature, and venous blood gas analysis. The same measurements were then recorded at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes of anesthesia, with the exception of venous blood gas analysis, which was recorded at 20, 40, and 60 minutes of anesthesia. Both halothane and isoflurane resulted in significant (P < .05) respiratory and cardiac depression. The degree of depression was more severe with mask administration than with endotracheal tube administration of each agent. Hypothermia, hypercapnia, and ECG abnormalities were more marked with halothane than with isoflurane. We conclude that isoflurane is preferable to halothane for inhalant anesthesia in galahs, and mask administration of isoflurane is preferable to endotracheal administration of halothane.


This paper presents a case study program implemented at Columbia University Libraries that trains copy catalogers in Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) and Name Authority Cooperative Program (NACO) principles. Under the guidance of the NACO coordinator and cataloging supervisors, copy catalogers create PCC-level records for belles lettres materials, construct name and uniform title headings, and submit classification number proposals for literary authors in a variety of languages in both roman and nonroman scripts. The benefits of the program include timely and efficient processing of materials, high-quality bibliographic records, better collocation of belles lettres, and upgrade of vendor or member records utilized by the shared cataloging community. The program serves as an important step in the professional development of copy catalogers and contributes to the growth of training and mentoring skills of professional catalogers. The skills acquired by copy catalogers can be used in future cataloging projects such as metadata creation and name disambiguation.


OBJECTIVE--This study investigated the changes in regional myocardial ultrasonic backscatter, measured as myocardial echo amplitude, that occur during reversible myocardial ischaemia in humans. DESIGN--Left anterior descending coronary angioplasty was used to produce reversible myocardial ischaemia in human subjects. Regional myocardial echo amplitude was studied in the interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior free wall before, during, and after coronary occlusion with the angioplasty balloon. Wall motion analysis of the left ventricle was performed from simultaneous cross sectional echocardiographic imaging. Patients were studied prospectively. PATIENTS--Six patients (mean age 56 (SD 11), range 46 to 69 years) with single vessel, left anterior descending coronary artery stenoses, were investigated during elective coronary angioplasty. A total of 11 balloon inflations were studied. SETTING--All patient studies were performed at Harefield Hospital. Echo amplitude analysis was performed at the Royal Brompton Hospital. INTERVENTIONS--Angioplasty was performed by the usual procedure at Harefield Hospital for elective coronary angioplasty. All routine medication including beta blockers and calcium antagonists were continued. Inflation pressures were up to 12 atm (1212 kPa) and mean inflation time ranged from 30 to 120 (86 (31)) s. In four studies the first inflation was examined, in three the second, in two the third, and in one each the fourth and fifth inflations. Echo amplitude and cross sectional echo-cardiographic studies were recorded with a 3.5 MHz Advanced Technology Laboratories (ATL) (720A/8736 series) mechanical sector scanner and an ATL Mark III (860-1 series) echocardiograph system with 45 dB logarithmic grey scale compression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Regional echo amplitude was examined in four regions of the left ventricle--namely, the basal and mid-septum, and basal and mid-posterior wall. Consecutive end diastolic and end systolic frames were analysed and cyclic variation was determined as the difference between the level of echo amplitude at end diastole and at end systole. Measurements were made before balloon inflation, at peak inflation, and after balloon deflation. Regional wall motion and systolic wall thickening were analysed qualitatively. RESULTS--Before balloon inflation, cyclic variation in echo amplitude was noted in all regions (basal septum, 2.4 (SD 1.1) dB; mid-septum, 2.5 (1.1) dB; basal posterior wall, 3.3 (2.1) dB; mid-posterior wall, 3.9 (1.6) dB). During balloon inflation there was a significant fall in cyclic variation to 0.4 (0.9) dB (p < 0.0002) in the mid-septum. This was predominantly owing to an increase in end systolic echo amplitude from 5.4 (2.0) dB to 9.3 (1.9) dB (p < or = 0.01). This was associated with the development of severe hypokinesis or akinesis in the mid-septum. No significant changes in echo amplitude occurred in the three other regions examined. Changes were completely reversed after balloon deflation. CONCLUSIONS--These results suggest a causal relation between occlusion of the supplying coronary artery and blunting of myocardial echo amplitude cyclic variation. It is suggested that balloon occlusion produced myocardial ischaemia. The resultant impairment of myocardial contraction then caused a blunting of cyclic variation in echo amplitude. The results of this study provide further data about the ability of quantitative studies of ultrasonic backscatter to identify alterations in the myocardium during injury.


On January 21, 2006, a guided missile destroyer accomplished the U.S. Navy's first capture of suspected pirates in recent memory. As the Staff Judge Advocate for the NASSAU Strike Group, the Author advised the seizure, led the onboard investigation, oversaw the shipboard detentions, and testified at the trial in Kenya. Drawing upon this experience, the Author constructs a comprehensive legal and strategic theory for piracy. He defines the legal status of pirates and derives the due process rights that should be afforded them. The Article also analyzes the evolution of customary and positive international law to demonstrate that, contrary to conventional wisdom, sufficient international law exists to counter the reemergence of piracy. It is also sufficient to tackle the growing threat of piratical terrorism as well. Finally, given the state of international law and the status of pirates as international maritime criminals, the Author argues that the United States should initiate seven domestic reforms and two regional reforms to achieve "optimal deterrence," a naval posture sufficiently robust to minimize the economic, environmental, and humanitarian costs of piracy through strong multi-lateral and unilateral deterrence efforts, while maximizing the due process rights for detained individuals.


In this study, soil samples from three different hills of three topographic positions were evaluated on the basis of buffer capacity and organic matter. Maximum soil samples were found to have good buffer capacity where soil samples of topographical positions hill base and hill top showed maximum and minimum values respectively, leaving hill slope samples in medium value of buffer capacity. Our study suggested this variation of buffer capacity may be due to the differences of organic matter amongst the topographical positions and profiles.


This paper explores the rights of undocumented migrants in Turkey to engage the broader question of whether the language of rights can serve emancipatory ends for subordinated groups by focusing on the narrower and virtually nonexistent terrain of the rights of undocumented migrants in Turkey. As in other capitalist regimes, the question of the rights of undocumented migrants in Turkey presents a major paradox. On the one hand, the undocumented migrants' lack of right to residence, work, and any form of social security intensifies their vulnerability in the flexible, predominantly informal labor market. On the other hand, to the extent that the demands for legal and social rights often gloss over the historically specific ground of the very demand for such rights, they naturalize the inegalitarian relations upon which contemporary capitalist societies are founded. The predicament of Bulgarian Turkish migrants brings its own twist to the thorny question of rights for undocumented migrants. Historically the most privileged among migrants in Turkey because of their "Turkish origins," the recent Turkish migrants from Bulgaria continue to deploy the language of ethnic privilege in pursuing their claims. While such particularistic claims may result in individual gains for some migrants, they tend to preclude collective forms of migrant organizing and foreclose the articulation of more radical political and economic demands. After demonstrating the double binds of the specific rights claims available to Bulgarian Turkish migrants in Turkey, I will go on to inquire whether rights claims in general are invariably depoliticizing and complicit with the existing hierarchies of contemporary neoliberal regimes. I conclude by pondering the possibilities for and the significance of an alternative, incipient discourse of rights that takes labor, rather than ethnicity, as the basis of entitlement.


The road construction industry in Uganda has been boosted in recent years in an effort to foster economic development. Safety practices within the industry, however, leave a lot to be desired and this exposes workers to unnecessary occupational risks. This paper presents research findings on various safety aspects pertaining to interaction of traffic with workers, material handling, and plant and equipment used on road construction sites, and the risks these pose to workers. Various accidents and injuries that occur on road construction sites have been studied and remedial measures have been proposed. Conclusions that were drawn point towards proper work zone layouts, fairly good traffic management on the sites, good condition of plant and equipment and regular provision of first aid on the one hand; and inadequate usage of personal protective equipment, poor state of hygiene, insufficient training and inefficient safety committees on the other. As recommendations, traffic management should be emphasised, with the provision of personal protective equipment, observation of hygiene and emphasis of safety at tendering stage.


Latin America loses about nine trillion cubic meters of water each year, or some 30 percent of the water collected and treated for public consumption. While it is impossible for water systems to deliver 100 percent of their water to the household tap, Latin America could cut those losses by more than three-quarters by applying international standards to the management and operation of water systems. Spilled Water shows that the problem is not a result of insufficient capital, or lack of technical or manpower capability, but rather related to the political economy of the sector. The nature of the sector, coupled with the nations' political institutions, create incentives for governments to behave opportunistically, for water companies to operate inefficiently, and for the public to withhold support from the sector.


The launch of spacecraft should synthesise various incomplete and uncertain symptoms of extreme events to dynamically assess the possibility of disaster during the launch readiness process. However, there are still many technical problems in disaster assessment of spacecraft launch engineering. For example, the problem of how to effectively use the disaster symptoms is not addressed well yet and the fact that group decision-making can be easily lead to the minority opinion being ignored. Based on the extreme event symptom obtaining technique, a disaster warning model combining both virtual and real evidence is built through information fusion and network inference, using evidence theory and Bayesian theory. Using information fusion, the proposed model shows good performance with regard to complementary evidence, elimination of data redundancy and reduction of uncertainty. Using symptom information-based network inference, this model guarantees the identification of the correct minority. Finally, the effectiveness, correctness and feasibility of the model are verified by analysis of the 'Challenger' space shuttle explosion.


The integration of technology into teaching and learning has come as new in education. It is a shifting of paradigm from one way of educational thinking to the other. Before entering their classrooms for the first time students already have been using technology devices and educators' cannot ignore this facts. The South African Ministry of Education has responded to this issue by designing implementation strategies and has mandated all schools in the country to have integrated Technology in the curriculum by 2013. The study anticipated to understand how Educational Video (EV) is used to facilitate learning of mathematics in two Secondary schools in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal Province. The underlying principle was to ascertain the challenges educators encounter in facilitating teaching and learning of mathematics, using EV in two secondary schools in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal Province. A qualitative research approach and case methodology were used to explore these experiences of educators in mathematics instruction. Semi-structured interviews, classroom observations and documents review methods were used to collect data that were analysed and discussed, using the principles of Engagement and Activity theories. Four purposively selected educators and ten grade ten students were interviewed and their mathematics lessons observed. The findings indicated that the integration of video in teaching and learning appears to assist both learners and educators in two schools, and the educators from the two Secondary Schools in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal Province. have shown to be comfortable with its use in facilitating mathematics instruction for it enables authentic and higher order thinking in learners by engaging them in complex tasks within collaborative learning contexts. Issues of professional empowerment financial support, and lack of materials, delay the integration of EV in two schools. This would be solved easier if all stakeholders in the education sector were effective in their individual roles for the betterment of education in the whole country


This study integrates gravity data with interpreted lineaments from remotely sensed images and geological fault in an effort to understand the geological structure of the Aynak-Logar Valley (ALV) and its surrounding area in eastern Afghanistan. Integrated analysis of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data was applied for lithological mapping and extraction of geological lineaments and landforms. Gravity data were used to delineate a detailed picture of the subsurface structure. Several gravity interpretation techniques such as horizontal gradient (HG), tilt derivative (TD), and analytic signal (AS) were applied to the gravity data with the objective of making geological features such as faults and contacts more visible, and also a three-dimensional (3-D) inversion model of gravity data was developed to show the density distributions in the study area. The combination of these geoscience data provides information about the subsurface structure of ALV. The interpreted faults from remote sensing are striking NE-SW. The faults and contacts from geological map and gravity data analysis are striking mainly in NNE-SSW, which is the direction of the Kabul block trending fault structure.


Brighter molybdenum layers The confined layers of molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) exhibit photoluminescence that is attractive for optolectronic applications. In practice, efficiencies are low, presumably because defects trap excitons before they can recombine and radiate light. Amani et al. show that treatment of monolayer MoS2 with a nonoxidizing organic superacid, bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide, increased luminescence efficiency in excess of 95%. The enhancement mechanism may be related to the shielding of defects, such as sulfur vacancies. Science, this issue p. 1065 Superacid treatment enhances the luminescence efficiency of monolayer molybdenum disulfide from 1% to >95%. Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides have emerged as a promising material system for optoelectronic applications, but their primary figure of merit, the room-temperature photoluminescence quantum yield (QY), is extremely low. The prototypical 2D material molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is reported to have a maximum QY of 0.6%, which indicates a considerable defect density. Here we report on an air-stable, solution-based chemical treatment by an organic superacid, which uniformly enhances the photoluminescence and minority carrier lifetime of MoS2 monolayers by more than two orders of magnitude. The treatment eliminates defect-mediated nonradiative recombination, thus resulting in a final QY of more than 95%, with a longest-observed lifetime of 10.8 ± 0.6 nanoseconds. Our ability to obtain optoelectronic monolayers with near-perfect properties opens the door for the development of highly efficient light-emitting diodes, lasers, and solar cells based on 2D materials.


We study the problem of defending deep neural network approaches for image classification from physically realizable attacks. First, we demonstrate that the two most scalable and effective methods for learning robust models, adversarial training with PGD attacks and randomized smoothing, exhibit very limited effectiveness against three of the highest profile physical attacks. Next, we propose a new abstract adversarial model, rectangular occlusion attacks, in which an adversary places a small adversarially crafted rectangle in an image, and develop two approaches for efficiently computing the resulting adversarial examples. Finally, we demonstrate that adversarial training using our new attack yields image classification models that exhibit high robustness against the physically realizable attacks we study, offering the first effective generic defense against such attacks.


Objective: to determine the usefulness of reagent strips in the evaluation of pleocytosis, cerebrospinal fluid glucose and protein levels for early and rapid diagnosis of meningitis in children. Methods: we included cerebrospinal fluid samples of 164 children admitted to the outpatient clinic of Communicable Diseases of the General Pediatric Center (Fundacao Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, CGP-FHEMIG) during the daytime hours from May of 1997 to May 1999, and who presented with clinical suspicion of meningitis. Patients ranged in age from one month to 12 years (median 12 months). Results from the cytological and biochemical assay (cellularity, cerebrospinal fluid glucose and protein levels) were obtained from 154 patients. These results were subsequently compared with the reaction of cerebrospinal fluid in reagent strips. Results: the cytological and biochemical assay identified 43 cases of probable bacterial meningitis, 19 of probable viral meningitis, and 83 with no alterations. According to the reagent strips, there were 41 cases of probable bacterial meningitis, 2 of probable viral meningitis, and 71 with no alterations. By comparing the results of reagent strips and those of the cytological and biochemical assay, we obtained values for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy (respectively 90.7; 98.1; 95.1; 96.4; and 96.1). Statistical analysis using McNemer test did not indicate significant differences between the two methods in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis (P=0.68). Kappa statistics indicated a high level of agreement between the tests (P<0.0001). Conclusions: our results suggest that reagent strips may be a useful additional resource in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, especially when it is difficult to collect a sufficient amount of cerebrospinal fluid or to indicate the initial treatment.


The EPR effect, for a bipartite pure quantum system, is that "as a consequence of two different measurements performed upon the first system, the second system may be left in states with two different wavefunctions." In a recent work [Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 140402 (2007)] we provided an operational definition of this effect that works also for mixed states. Here we apply this concept to a split single photon state (|1,0>+|0,1>)/?2. Using only homodyne detection it seems impossible to violate a Bell inequality with this state. However, it is possible to demonstrate the EPR effect, even with substantial vacuum admixture.


Phase reconstruction is used for feedback control in adaptive optics systems. To achieve performance metrics for high actuator density or with limited processing capabilities on spacecraft, a wavelet signal processing technique is advantageous. Previous derivations of this technique have been limited to the Haar wavelet. This paper derives the relationship and algorithms to reconstruct phase with O(n) computational complexity for wavelets with the orthogonal property. This has additional benefits for performance with noise in the measurements. We also provide details on how to handle the boundary condition for telescope apertures.


The new public diplomacy is a major paradigm shift in international political communication. Globalisation and a new media landscape challenge traditional foreign ministry 'gatekeeper' structures, and foreign ministries can no longer lay claim to being sole or dominant actors in communicating foreign policy. This demands new ways of communicating foreign policy to a range of nongovernmental international actors, and new ways of evaluating the influence of these communicative efforts. But where do the lines between old and new public diplomacies actually meet? How much current PD policy and practice conforms to older styles of communication, and how much can truly be considered new? What are the practical constraints upon the adoption of an entirely 'new' PD? This PhD thesis investigates the methods and strategies used by 5 foreign ministries and cultural institutes in 3 countries as they attempt to adapt their PD practices to the demands of the new public diplomacy environment. The question is not simply of how government actors have phased out their archaic old PD practices, but of how the continual need for short-term influence – for discernable impact, outcomes, value-for-money – complicates the paradigm shift. The case studies are based around an analysis of US, British, and Swedish strategies. Each chapter covers national policy, evaluation methods, and examples of individual campaigns. Material consists of 25 interviews with PD practitioners, detailed policy studies, reconstructions of 5 PD campaigns, and analysis of communication models and evaluation methodologies (Less)


Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that sustain lifelong blood production are created during embryogenesis. They emerge from a specialized endothelial population, termed hemogenic endothelium (HE), located in the ventral wall of the dorsal aorta (DA). In Xenopus, we have been studying the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) required for the formation of HSCs, and critically found that the hemogenic potential is defined at an earlier time point when precursors to the DA express hematopoietic as well as endothelial genes, in the definitive hemangioblasts (DHs). The GRN for DH programming has been constructed and, here, we show that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is essential for the initiation of this GRN. BMP2, -4, and -7 are the principal ligands expressed in the lineage forming the HE. To investigate the requirement and timing of all BMP signaling in HSC ontogeny, we have used a transgenic line, which inducibly expresses an inhibitor of BMP signaling, Noggin, as well as a chemical inhibitor of BMP receptors, DMH1, and described the inputs from BMP signaling into the DH GRN and the HE, as well as into primitive hematopoiesis. BMP signaling is required in at least three points in DH programming: first to initiate the DH GRN through gata2 expression, then for kdr expression to enable the DH to respond to vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) ligand from the somites, and finally for gata2 expression in the DA, but is dispensable for HE specification after hemangioblasts have been formed.


Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by mutations on the GBA1 gene leading to deficiency in acid β-glucosidase (GCase) and subsequent accumulation of its substrates, glucosylceramide (GlcC) and glucosylsphingosine (GlcS). GlcS in plasma has been proposed as a highly sensitive and specific biomarker for the diagnosis of GD and for monitoring disease progression and response to therapy. Here we report a novel robust and accurate hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method (HILIC-MS/MS) for the direct measurement of glucosylsphingosine (GlcS) in dried plasma spots (DPS). The method was also capable of resolving the isomeric pair, glucosylsphingosine and galactosylsphingosine, the latter of which was proposed as a promising biomarker for Krabbe disease. The method was fully validated and applied to the analysis of 19 GD patients and carriers. The GlcS levels in 9 GD type I patients who have been on enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) were reduced to a mean of 31.0 nM, much lower compared to a pre-treated specimen at a level of 85.8 nM, but still significantly elevated compared to healthy controls. GlcS concentrations in three treated type III GD patients were much lower compared to an untreated patient. In our preclinical GD studies, 4L;C* mice (subacute nGD model) exhibited comparable levels of plasma GlcS, but had much higher GlcS accumulation in the brain than those of 9V/null mice (chronic neuropathic GD model). Our method for the measurement of GlcS in DPS proved to be a very convenient approach for sample collection, storage and shipping nationwide and internationally.


Abstract. The study of single streamflow recession events is receiving increasing attention following the presentation of novel theoretical explanations for the emergence of power law forms of the recession relationship, and drivers of its variability. Individually characterizing streamflow recessions often involves describing the similarities and differences between model parameters fitted to each recession time series. Significant methodological sensitivity has been identified in the fitting and parameterization of models that describe populations of many recessions, but the dependence of estimated model parameters on methodological choices has not been evaluated for event-by-event forms of analysis. Here, we use daily streamflow data from 16 catchments in northern California and southern Oregon to investigate how combinations of commonly used streamflow recession definitions and fitting techniques impact parameter estimates of a widely used power law recession model. Results are relevant to watersheds that are relatively steep, forested, and rain-dominated. The highly seasonal mediterranean climate of northern California and southern Oregon ensures study catchments explore a wide range of recession behaviors and wetness states, ideal for a sensitivity analysis. In such catchments, we show the following: (i) methodological decisions, including ones that have received little attention in the literature, can impact parameter value estimates and model goodness of fit; (ii) the central tendencies of event-scale recession parameter probability distributions are largely robust to methodological choices, in the sense that differing methods rank catchments similarly according to the medians of these distributions; (iii) recession parameter distributions are method-dependent, but roughly catchment-independent, such that changing the choices made about a particular method affects a given parameter in similar ways across most catchments; and (iv) the observed correlative relationship between the power-law recession scale parameter and catchment antecedent wetness varies depending on recession definition and fitting choices. Considering study results, we recommend a combination of four key methodological decisions to maximize the quality of fitted recession curves, and to minimize bias in the related populations of fitted recession parameters.


Abstract Similarity is an important concept in music cognition research since the similarity between (parts of) musical pieces determines perception of stylistic categories and structural relationships between parts of musical works. The purpose of the present research is to develop and test models of musical similarity perception inspired by a transformational approach which conceives of similarity between two perceptual objects in terms of the complexity of the cognitive operations required to transform the representation of the first object into that of the second, a process which has been formulated in information-theoretic terms. Specifically, computational simulations are developed based on compression distance in which a probabilistic model is trained on one piece of music and then used to predict, or compress, the notes in a second piece. The more predictable the second piece according to the model, the more efficiently it can be encoded and the greater the similarity between the two pieces. The present research extends an existing information-theoretic model of auditory expectation (IDyOM) to compute compression distances varying in symmetry and normalisation using high-level symbolic features representing aspects of pitch and rhythmic structure. Comparing these compression distances with listeners' similarity ratings between pairs of melodies collected in three experiments demonstrates that the compression-based model provides a good fit to the data and allows the identification of representations, model parameters and compression-based metrics that best account for musical similarity perception. The compression-based model also shows comparable performance to the best-performing algorithms on the MIREX 2005 melodic similarity task.


The iridium complex of pentamethylcyclopentadiene and (S,S)-1,2-diphenyl-N'-tosylethane-1,2-diamine is an effective catalyst for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of imine substrates under acidic conditions. Using the Ir catalyst and a 5 : 2 ratio of formic acid : triethylamine as the hydride source for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of 1-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline and its 6,7-dimethoxy substituted derivative, in either acetonitrile or dichloromethane, shows unusual enantiomeric excess (ee) profiles for the product amines. The reactions initially give predominantly the (R) enantiomer of the chiral amine products with >90% ee but which then decreases significantly during the reaction. The decrease in ee is not due to racemisation of the product amine, but because the rate of formation of the (R)-enantiomer follows first-order kinetics whereas that for the (S)-enantiomer is zero-order. This difference in reaction order explains the change in selectivity as the reaction proceeds - the rate formation of the (R)-enantiomer decreases exponentially with time while that for the (S)-enantiomer remains constant. A reaction scheme is proposed which requires rate-limiting hydride transfer from the iridium hydride to the iminium ion for the first-order rate of formation of the (R)-enantiomer amine and rate-limiting dissociation of the product for the zero-order rate of formation of the (S)-enantiomer.


This paper deals with a class of bi-level linear programming problem (BLPP) with fuzzy data. Fuzzy data are mainly considered to design the real-life BLPP. So we assume that the coefficients and the variables of BLPP are trapezoidal fuzzy numbers and the corresponding BLPP is treated as fuzzy BLPP (FBLPP). Traditional approaches such as vertex enumeration algorithm, Kth-best algorithm, Krush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) condition and Penalty function approach for solving BLPP are not only technically inefficient but also lead to a contradiction when the follower's decision power dominates to the leader's decision power. Also these methods are needed to solve only crisp BLPP. To overcome the difficulty, we extend Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) in fuzzy environment with the help of ranking function. Fuzzy TOPSIS provides the most appropriate alternative solution based on fuzzy positive ideal solution (FPIS) and fuzzy negative ideal solution (FNIS). An example is included how to apply the discussed concepts of the paper for solving the FBLPP.


Introduction 1 Part I: Introducing Behavioral Economics: The Science of Making Real-World Choices 7 Chapter 1: Decoding Behavioral Economics 9 Chapter 2: Getting Real about Assumptions 19 Chapter 3: Neuroeconomics: Exploring the Brain for Economic Analysis 41 Chapter 4: Why Incentives and Markets Matter, but Money Isn t Everything 65 Part II: Understanding Choice 89 Chapter 5: Exploring the Limits to Free Choice 91 Chapter 6: Quick and Simple Heuristics and Real-World Decision Making 107 Chapter 7: How the Framing of Choices Affects Decision Making 131 Chapter 8: How Norms, Peers, History, and Culture Influence Choice 153 Chapter 9: Why Gender, Children, and Age Matter for Economic Analysis 167 Part III: Growing the Economic Pie: The Economic Importance of Ethics, Well-Being, and Culture 181 Chapter 10: Why Smart People Pay Taxes, Recycle, and Even Break the Law 183 Chapter 11: Labor Supply in the Real World 197 Chapter 12: The Black Box of the Firm: Human Relationships and Productivity 215 Chapter 13: The Good Economy: How Ethical Behavior Can Grow the Economy 229 Chapter 14: Why Institutions Matter 243 Part IV: When Bubbles and Busts and Inefficiencies Are Possible: Some Behavioral Insights into the Strange World of Economic Reality 257 Chapter 15: Deciphering Behavioral Finance 259 Chapter 16: Looking into Recessions and Depressions 275 Chapter 17: The Art and Science of Happiness: Can You Be Happy without More Money? 291 Part V: The Part of Tens 309 Chapter 18: Ten (Or So) Key Public Policy Implications of Behavioral Economics 311 Chapter 19: Ten (Or So) Experiments in Behavioral Economics 321 Chapter 20: Ten Decision-Making Lessons from Behavioral Economics 333 Index 341


A dream in which a man has sex with his mother may promise him political or commercial success--according to dream interpreters of late antiquity, who, unlike modern Western analysts, would not necessarily have drawn conclusions from the dream about the dreamer's sexual psychology. Evidence of such shifts in perspective is leading scholars to reconsider in a variety of creative ways the history of sexuality. In these fifteen original essays, eminent cultural historians and classicists not only discuss sex, but demonstrate how norms, practices, and even the very definitions of what counts as sexual activity have varied significantly over time. Ancient Greece offers abundant evidence for a radically different set of sexual standards and behaviors from ours. Sex in ancient Hellenic culture assumed a variety of social and political meanings, whereas the modern development of a sex-centered model of personality now leads us to view sex as the key to understanding the individual. Drawing on both the Anglo-American tradition of cultural anthropology and the French tradition of les sciences humaines, these essays explore the iconography, politics, ethics, poetry, and medical practices that made sex in ancient Greece not a paradise of liberation but an exotic locale hardly recognizable to visitors from the modern world. In addition to the editors, the contributors to this volume are Peter Brown, Anne Carson, Franoise Frontisi-Ducroux, Maud W. Gleason, Ann Ellis Hanson, Franois Lissarrague, Nicole Loraux, Maurice Olender, S.R.F. Price, James Redfield, Giulia Sissa, and Jean-Pierre Vernant.


Gene-editing techniques are revolutionizing the way we conduct genetics in many organisms. The CRISPR/Cas nuclease has emerged as a highly versatile, efficient and affordable tool for targeting chosen sites in the genome. Beyond its applications in established model organisms, CRISPR technology provides a platform for genetic intervention in a wide range of species, limited only by our ability to deliver it to cells and to select mutations efficiently. Here, we test the CRISPR technology in an emerging insect model and pest, the beetle Tribolium castaneum. We use simple assays to test CRISPR/Cas activity, we demonstrate efficient expression of guide RNAs and Cas9 from Tribolium U6 and hsp68 promoters and we test the efficiency of knockout and knock-in approaches in Tribolium. We find that 55-80% of injected individuals carry mutations (indels) generated by non-homologous end joining, including mosaic bi-allelic knockouts; 71-100% carry such mutations in their germ line and transmit them to the next generation. We show that CRISPR-mediated gene knockout of the Tribolium E-cadherin gene causes defects in dorsal closure, which is consistent with RNAi-induced phenotypes. Homology-directed knock-in of marker transgenes was observed in 14% of injected individuals and transmitted to the next generation by 6% of injected individuals. Previous work in Tribolium mapped a large number of transgene insertions associated with developmental phenotypes and enhancer traps. We present an efficient method for re-purposing these insertions, via CRISPR-mediated replacement of these transgenes by new constructs. Summary: CRISPR-based technology can mediate efficient gene targeting and transgene replacement in the beetle Tribolium, which is emerging as a powerful insect model organism.


Analysis of results from an eddy-resolving general circulation model showed two subsurface velocity cores in the mean within the depth range between 400 and 1000 m below the Mindanao Current (MC). One is confined to the inshore edge at about 126.8 degrees E and connected with the Sulawesi Sea. The other takes place somewhat offshore around 127.7 degrees E, being closely related to the intrusion of South Pacific water. Both cores are referred to as the Mindanao Undercurrent (MUC). The MC/MUC is approximately a geostrophic flow, except on the inshore edge of the MUC where up to 50% of the mean flow can be explained by ageostrophic dynamics. In contrast with the well-defined southward flowing MC, the MUC is of high velocity variance relative to the mean. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis shows that approximately 60% of the total velocity variance is associated with two meandering modes, with their major signatures in the subthermocline. The dominant time scale of variability is 50-100 days. An ensemble of these meso-scale fluctuations provides a northward freshwater flux on the offshore edge of the Philippine coast, which to a certain extent explains why water of South Pacific origin appears to extend farther northward than the mean MUC. In the offshore velocity core of the MUC, for example, eddy induced freshwater flux is equivalent to a mean flow of about 0.3 m s(-1) in the density range between 26.9 and 27.3 kg m(-3), which is greater than the mean current by a factor of 6.


The IT sector is characterized by two market failures, the "tragedy of the commons" and the "tragedy of the anti-commons", both of which must be resolved if IT innovation is to flourish and lock-in avoided. This involves a careful balancing of IPR protection and standard- setting, while avoiding hold-up and preserving opportunities for the significant innovation provided by the open source movement. The Author examines the shortcomings of the present system from a European Law perspective and expresses a plea for Open Standards in the interest of innovation and technological progress. As IT progresses, more and more products are compound items, incorporating technology co-owned by many different patent holders, co-manufactured by different producers, and interoperating with other complex products. A hold-up by a non-practicing entity or a rival using a single patent on a single component can kill an entire product. This article explores the criteria for "open standards", and explains why royalty-free licensing of interoperability standards is appropriate in the software area (since RF standards can be implemented in both open source and proprietary software, thus allowing both models to compete on quality and functionality), while FRAND licensing is necessary for telecommunications. The notion of FRAND terms is further explored from a legal and economic perspective, explaining ways to determine fair pricing, and the need to ensure non- discriminatory terms in order to preserve competition in products implementing the standard. The article concludes with some comments on an interesting report by RAND Europe on "Trends in Connectivity Technologies and their Socio-Economic Impacts – Policy Options for the Ubiquitous Internet Society".


This paper discusses the initial use of interactive computer-mediated communication (CMC) (asynchronous and synchronous) to help create an environment of peer-supported self-learning and community within a highly populated and geographically dispersed first year university student cohort. Learning needs and student study skills were addressed through the use of interwoven CMC tools, with particular emphasis on chat rooms and discussion forums. Significant changes were shown in student attitudes, study skills and acceptance of personal responsibility in academic undertakings.


Andrew Plaks reinterprets the great texts of Chinese fiction known as the "Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel" (ssu ta ch'i-shu). Arguing that these are far more than collections of popular narratives, Professor Plaks shows that their fullest recensions represent a sophisticated new genre of Chinese prose fiction arising in the late Ming dynasty, especially in the sixteenth century. He then analyzes these radical transformations of prior source materials, which reflect the values and intellectual concerns of the literati of the period. Originally published in 1987. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


We present a synthetic test that uses a workflow consisting of a new frequency-dependent traveltime tomography (FDTT) method to provide a starting model for full waveform inversion (FWI) for near-surface seismic velocity estimation from refraction data. Commonly used ray-theory-based traveltime tomography methods may not be valid in the near surface given the likelihood of relatively large seismic wavelengths compared to the length scales of heterogeneities that are possible in the near surface. FDTT makes use of the frequency content in the seismic waves in both the forward and inverse modeling steps. In this application to a nearsurface benchmark model, the results show that FDTT can better recover the magnitude of velocity anomalies than infinite frequency (ray-theory) traveltime tomography (IFTT). FWI can fail by converging to a local minimum when there is an absence of sufficiently low frequency data and an accurate starting model, either of which, if present, can provide long-wavelength
constraints on the inverted velocity model. Both IFTT and FDTT models can serve as adequate starting models for FWI. However, FWI produces significantly better results starting from the FDTT model as compared to the IFTT model when low frequency data are not available. The final FWI models provide wavelength-scale structures allowing for direct geologic interpretation from the velocity model itself, demonstrating the effectiveness of FDTT and FWI in nearsurface studies given the modest experiment and data requirements of refraction surveys.


Pixel value differencing (PVD) and least significant bit substitution (LSB) are two widely used schemes in image steganography. These two methods do not consider different content in a cover image for hiding the secret data. The content of most digital images has different edge directions in each pixel, and the local object shape or appearance is mostly characterized by the distribution of its intensity gradients or edge directions. Exploiting these characteristics for embedding various secret information in different edge directions will eliminate sequential embedding and improve robustness. Thus, a histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) algorithm is proposed to find the dominant edge direction for each $2\times 2$ block of cover images. Blocks of interest (BOIs) are determined adaptively based on the gradient magnitude and angle of the cover image. Then, the PVD algorithm is used to hide secret data in the dominant edge direction, while the LSB substitution is utilized in the other two remaining pixels. Extensive experiments using various standard images reveal that the proposed scheme provides high embedding capacity and better visual quality compared with several other PVD- and LSB-based methods. Moreover, it resists various steganalysis techniques, such as pixel difference histogram and RS analysis.


We discuss the emergence of spatial structures in a ring laser model with transverse effects. The emphasis of this study is on the development of a description that can capture the essential features of transverse dynamics without the need for large-scale numerical efforts. We introduce an extension of the uniform field limit and derive a set of modal equations that we solve with conventional numerical methods. Our solutions show evidence of transverse mode competition in the laser dynamics, leading to both time-dependent and multimode stationary (cooperative frequency-locking) behaviors. In the time-dependent regime we analyze the resulting spatial structures and suggest a scheme for the investigation and characterization of spatial complexity.


OBJECTIVE: To determine the preferences of nursing home residents regarding the use of tube feedings and to characterize the clinical, functional, and psychosocial factors that are associated with preferences. DESIGN: In-person survey. SETTING: Forty-nine randomly selected nursing homes. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred seventy-nine randomly selected, decisionally capable, nursing home residents. MAIN RESULTS: Thirty-three percent of participants would prefer tube feedings if no longer able to eat because of permanent brain damage. Factors positively associated with preferences for tube feedings include male gender, African-American race, never having discussed treatment preferences with family members or health care providers, never having signed an advance directive, and believing that tube feeding preferences will be respected by the nursing home staff. Twenty-five percent of the participants changed from preferring tube feedings to not preferring tube feedings on learning that physical restraints are sometimes applied during the tube feeding process. CONCLUSIONS: Demographic and social factors are associated with preferences for tube feedings. The provision of information about the potential use of physical restraint altered a proportion of nursing home residents' treatment preferences.


In social decision-making games, uninvolved third parties usually severely punish norm violators, even though the punishment is costly for them. For this irrational behavior, the conflict caused by punishment satisfaction and monetary loss is obvious. In the present study, 18 participants observed a Dictator Game and were asked about their willingness to incur some cost to change the offers by reducing the dictator's money. A response-locked event-related potential (ERP) component, the error negativity or error-related negativity (Ne/ERN), which is evoked by error or conflict, was analyzed to investigate whether a trade-off between irrational punishment and rational private benefit occurred in the brain responses of third parties. We examined the effect of the choice type ("to change the offer" or "not to change the offer") and levels of unfairness (90:10 and 70:30) on Ne/ERN amplitudes. The results indicated that there was an ERN effect for unfair offers as Ne/ERN amplitudes were more negative for not to change the offer choices than for to change the offer choices, which suggested that participants encountered more conflict when they did not change unfair offers. Furthermore, it was implied that altruistic punishment, rather than rational utilitarianism, might be the prepotent tendency for humans that is involved in the early stage of decision-making.


Analysis of high dimensional data is a common task. Often, small multiples are used to visualize 1 or 2 dimensions at a time, such as in a scatterplot matrix. Associating data points between different views can be difficult though, as the points are not fixed. Other times, dimensional reduction techniques are employed to summarize the whole dataset in one image, but individual dimensions are lost in this view. In this paper, we present a means of augmenting a dimensional reduction plot with isocontours to reintroduce the original dimensions. By applying this to each dimension in the original data, we create multiple views where the points are consistent, which facilitates their comparison. Our approach employs a combination of a novel, graph-based projection technique with a GPU accelerated implementation of moving least squares to interpolate space between the points. We also present evaluations of this approach both with a case study and with a user study.


Drug addiction is a subject of national concern. Dr. Erickson is one of the nation's leading researchers on the physiology of drug addiction, and his research has helped us to better understand the physical basis of addiction. Dr. Erickson regularly travels around the country giving lectures to help dispel some of the commonly held myths about addiction. In this lecture he will talk about some of the myths our society has about drug addiction. He will also give a brief introduction into the working of the brain and describe the effect of some drugs on particular neural pathways. This lecture is designed to address students in high school and above.


Crucial to our understanding of melt migration and segregation from source rocks beneath mid-ocean ridges and volcanic provinces is the intimate relationship with ductile mantle deformation. For this reason, numerous experiments and theoretical studies have been performed to simulate the process of melt extraction from deforming mantle rocks, with the emerging view that segregation occurs into melt-rich bands that are inclined relative to the direction of deformation. This is seemingly in contrast, however, to observations made on mantle rocks exposed at the Earth's surface, which display evidence for melt migration in bands that were originally parallel to the direction of deformation. Here, we present experimental evidence that reconciles these contradictory observations. Olivine aggregates containing 10 wt% of a melt that reacts with olivine to precipitate orthopyroxene were deformed at 2 GPa and 1150 °C in simple shear experiments. In agreement with previous studies, we observe the development of a melt-preferred orientation that is inclined (∼30°) with respect to the main compression axis σ 1 . However, the alignment of newly crystallized orthopyroxene aggregates defines a fabric that develops perpendicular to σ 1 and rotates toward the shear direction with increasing shear strain (γ of 0.3–2). This misalignment significantly changes the interpretation of evidence for melt channeling and transport in exposed upper mantle rocks: the fabric formed by the phases that have crystallized from a melt during deformation cannot be used directly as a marker for the melt migration direction.


Bullying represents a substantial issue facing Canadian youth, and is associated with negative outcomes across domains of function throughout the lifespan. Despite significant literature examining bullying involvement among adolescents in Canada, a paucity of research explores the bullying experiences of First Nations, Metis and Inuit (FNMI) youth. This is particularly concerning, as these youth may be at higher risk for bullying and its related consequences due to the cultural marginalization and systemic inequalities experienced by Indigenous peoples nationwide. The present study aims to address this gap in the literature, examining the bullying experiences of FNMI youth, the effects of these experiences on mental health and well-being, and the potential moderating effect of three protective factors (cultural, school and peer connectedness), using longitudinal data collected from a cohort of FNMI adolescents in a large school district in southwestern Ontario. Findings indicated that FNMI youth in this sample experienced increased bullying victimization and perpetration as compared to national averages, and that greater cumulative bullying victimization was associated with more negative mental health. Further, despite no apparent moderating effect, all three of the identified protective factors predicted mental wellbeing independent of bullying victimization. Results support a tiered approach to intervention, confirming the merit of culturally relevant, school-based programming that incorporates these factors, as well as suggesting the need for targeted bullying interventions to promote resilience and well-being, and mitigate risk among FNMI youth experiencing bullying.


When a grain of sand is delivered to the sea by erosion it begins a journey being transported along beaches or bars, or offshore by waves and currents. The history of this journey can be extremely complex for the grain might spend a few seconds in one place and many years trapped in another before being released again for travel. It is therefore important at the outset to place some limitations upon our study. Firstly, our time scale is limited to the past seventy years, the time over which data were gathered. Secondly, the geographical position is limited to a strip of the east coast of Cape Cod 29,400 yards in length (Figure 1), extending seaward to where water depth is about forty feet. After a grain of sediment leaves this area we are no longer concerned with it. We define residence time as the average number of years a grain of eroded sediment is likely to spend in this prescribed area before it is transported elsewhere. We will further try to show that sediment takes a preferred path, some of it moving along the beach and some along the bars. It makes no difference to us if specific environments share grains; that is to say, some material will be on the beach one day and on the bar the next. In the end those grains which tend to be more stable in the beach environment will spend more time there and will travel with a characteristic velocity which is different from the velocity of those grains which are in hydrodynamic equilibrium on bars. The method used to compute residence time involves volume stability. We measured the volume of the beaches and bars in the definition area and assumed that these volumes have not changed within the time limits of our study. We also measured the yearly addition of sediment to the area. In-as-much as there is neither gain nor loss of the average volume of sand -built features, i.e., the beaches and bars, sand must be moving out of the study area at the same rate it is being introduced. Therefore, the residence time in years is the average volume of a beach or bar divided by the yearly volume of sediment added by erosion to the beach or bar.


The production management system used by most manufacturers today is comprised of disconnected planning and execution processes, and lacks the support for interoperability for enterprise wide integration. This situation often prevents the manufacturer from fully exploring market opportunities in a timely fashion. To address this problem, we propose an agent-based framework for intelligent enterprise integration. A set of agents with specialized expertise can be quickly assembled to help with the gathering of relevant information and knowledge, to cooperate with each other and with other management systems and human managers and analysts to arrive at timely decisions in dealing with various enterprise scenarios. The proposed multi-agent system, including its theoretical foundation, architecture, and implementation are presented. The work of this system is demonstrated through an integration scenario involving real management software systems.


Objective: the aim was to study psychometric properties of the Perceived Global Distress Scale (PGD) for peo- ple with severe mental illness, mainly with schizophrenia disorders. Methods: PGD is a Visual Analogue Scale included in "The Quality Star", a minimal platform for clinical follow-up and efficiency documentation of men- tal health services in eight dimensions used in Sweden. Naturalistic data was used. Validating instruments in- cluded Quality of Life-100, Symptom Check List-90, Consumer Satisfaction Rating Scale—self-rating version, Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA), Global Quality of Life scale, Care Burden Scale for Relatives, Perceived Global Burden, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Side Effect Rating Scale (SERS), and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)—the split-GAF version. Concurrent validity with corresponding item in MANSA was explored. Test-retest reliability of the GQL was examined. Results: the content validity was clarified by associations with validating measures from several contexts in three studies, supporting con- struct validity. Concurrent validity with the last item MANSA, "How satisfied are you with your mental health?", was demonstrated. Test-retest reliability was indicated. Conclusion: the Perceived Global Distress Scale (PGD) was shown to have acceptable psychometric properties and valid for serious mental ill persons with schizophre- nia disorders. Its use as an easy-to-use instrument for the screening of perceived global mental distress was sup- ported.


In 68 years of oil industry history in Alaska, the independent has already played a substantial role. Eighty-three independent oil companies or operators have participated in drilling 82 exploratory wells or stratigraphic tests. Their activities extended from the discovery of first commercial oil at Katalla in 1902, to the extension of the Prudhoe Bay field in 1970. The success ratio for wildcat wells in Alaska is considerably higher than "outside," and fields have all been major in statute, thereby reducing the cost per barrel of finding oil. The most immediate deterrent to the success of the independent in Alaska is the land freeze resulting from the lack of settlement of the claims of Alaska natives. The hoped for lifting of the freeze will afford success to those operators prepared to take advantage of the opportunities.


The study aims to explore three semantic domains (My Self, My Family, and Social Perception) tied to emotional daily life experience. A semantic differential (SD) scale was administered to a sample of 799 Italian college students: 387 of them had sought psychological help, 412 had not. The original Osgood, Suci, and Tanebaum (1957) three-factor structure (Evaluation, Potency, and Activity) was imposed and a mean score for the three domains was calculated. MANOVAs were conducted for all factors and their mean scores, comparing the two samples in each domain. Significant differences were found in all three factors in each domain as well as in their mean scores. The most negative attitudes were expressed by students who had sought psychological help: moreover, our analysis highlighted a specific effect tied to gender. Results also suggested female predisposition to emphasize judgments, particularly being more negativistic than males in the counseling sample and more positivistic in the non counseling sample.


Urbanization and the resulting land-use change strongly affect the water cycle and runoff-processes in wa- tersheds. Unfortunately, small urban watersheds, which are most affected by urban sprawl, are mostly ungauged. This makes it intrinsically difficult to assess the consequences of urbanization. Most of all, it is unclear how to reliably assess the predictive uncertainty given the structural deficits of the applied models. In this study, we therefore investigate the un- certainty of flood predictions in ungauged urban basins from structurally uncertain rainfall-runoff models. To this end, we suggest a procedure to explicitly account for input uncer- tainty and model structure deficits using Bayesian statistics with a continuous-time autoregressive error model. In ad- dition, we propose a concise procedure to derive prior pa- rameter distributions from base data and successfully apply the methodology to an urban catchment in Warsaw, Poland. Based on our results, we are able to demonstrate that the au- toregressive error model greatly helps to meet the statisti- cal assumptions and to compute reliable prediction intervals. In our study, we found that predicted peak flows were up to 7 times higher than observations. This was reduced to 5 times with Bayesian updating, using only few discharge mea- surements. In addition, our analysis suggests that imprecise rainfall information and model structure deficits contribute mostly to the total prediction uncertainty. In the future, flood predictions in ungauged basins will become more important due to ongoing urbanization as well as anthropogenic and climatic changes. Thus, providing reliable measures of un- certainty is crucial to support decision making.


Organisations can use artificial intelligence to make decisions about people for a variety of reasons, for instance, to select the best candidates from many job applications. However, AI systems can have discriminatory effects when used for decision-making. To illustrate, an AI system could reject applications of people with a certain ethnicity, while the organisation did not plan such ethnicity discrimination. But in Europe, an organisation runs into a problem when it wants to assess whether its AI system accidentally leads to ethnicity discrimination: the organisation may not know the applicants ' ethnicity. In principle, the GDPR bans the use of certain ' special categories of data ' (sometimes called ' sensitive data ' ), which include data on ethnicity, religion, and sexual preference. The proposal for an AI Act of the European Commission includes a provision that would enable organisations to use of special categories of data for their auditing AI systems. This paper asks whether the GDPR ' s rules on special categories of personal data hinder the prevention of AI-driven discrimination. We argue that the GDPR does prohibit such use of special category data in many circumstances. We also map out the arguments for and against creating an exception to the GDPR ' s ban on using special categories of personal data, to enable preventing discrimination by AI systems. The paper discusses European law, but the paper can be relevant outside Europe too, as many policymakers in the world grapple with the tension between privacy and non-discrimination policy.


This seminar will analyse which conditions may predict a better salary for people with a PhD in the social sciences and humanities in 13 European countries. The research takes into account the number of years after attainment of a PhD, age, gender, children, macro disciplines, the prestige of the awarding institution and the type of contract and sector of employment. The study also accounts for the power of purchase parity and country of residence. Further models try to predict salary also by examing: change of country of residence, the percentage of time spent respectively in research and managerial activities, and different types of impacts – 'objective' impacts achieved during one's PhD programme and a posteriori 'subjective' impacts relating to one's career. Findings reveal some interesting policy suggestions both for PhD programme planners and PhD candidates. Some specific impacts, such as whether a person has advised policymakers, has given media interviews or has managed and coordinated projects, appear to be profitable (other things being equal) for PhD holders in the social sciences and humanities. Moving geographically, as opposed to moving sector, is also a good predictor of better wages.


We propose a rank‐dependent portfolio choice model in continuous time that captures the role in decision making of three emotions: hope, fear, and aspirations. Hope and fear are modeled through an inverse‐S shaped probability weighting function and aspirations through a probabilistic constraint. By employing the recently developed approach of quantile formulation, we solve the portfolio choice problem both thoroughly and analytically. These solutions motivate us to introduce a fear index, a hope index, and a lottery‐likeness index to quantify the impacts of three emotions, respectively, on investment behavior. We find that a sufficiently high level of fear endogenously necessitates portfolio insurance. On the other hand, hope is reflected in the agent's perspective on good states of the world: a higher level of hope causes the agent to include more scenarios under the notion of good states and leads to greater payoffs in sufficiently good states. Finally, an exceedingly high level of aspirations results in the construction of a lottery‐type payoff, indicating that the agent needs to enter into a pure gamble in order to achieve his goal. We also conduct numerical experiments to demonstrate our findings.


The purpose of the Innovation Study was to identify and assess the factors that contributed to building innovation capability in the Coal River Valley.
The specific objectives of the Study were to:
 Assess the role and impact of the following factors in building innovation capability in the Coal River Valley including: public policies and regulatory framework, public and private investment, sector innovators, community leadership and culture, collaborative industry groups and R&D providers.
 Apply the findings and conclusions to develop a model for regional innovation in Tasmania.