»Die Doppelfunktion der Beurteilungsinstrumente. Warum die Pluralität der Marktklassifikationen zählt«. This article aims to advance understanding of the dual function of judgment devices (Karpik 2010) in markets. First, these devices support the construction of markets and their segmentation into classes of products, each segment being associated with different procedures for judging the quality or value of goods. Second, they organize classifications and a ranking of the things traded in the same market segment. The fragmentation of markets, understood as the cohabitation of several types of judgment devices, each one associated with different configurations of actors and practices, can then be seen as a welcome source of diversity, preventing the standardizing effects that would result from over-similar judgment devices. This article studies the classification operations that accompany changes in the French market that provides funding for social-sector organizations through financial and banking channels. We observe the arrival on this market of impact investing, the name given since the end of the 2000s to a set of venture capitalisminspired financing methods that originated in the USA and the UK. We study these classification operations at three levels: the boundary-building work needed to create the idea of a new financing market (the impact investing (II) market), the fragmentation of the existing market for financing social organizations into sub-spaces governed by different assessment and classification regimes, and the effect of these classifications on the organizations being judged.


This report was prepared for the Centre for Housing Research Aotearoa New Zealand (CHRANZ). The aim of this study is to identify a set of housing research projects addressing two related topics. First, the impact of economic, social and environmental changes on housing in New Zealand's non-metropolitan regions; and second, the economic, social and environmental impacts of the New Zealand housing market. Identification of these projects is designed to help CHRANZ in developing and prioritising its research agenda pertaining to policy-relevant housing research within New Zealand. By doing so, we aim to outline coherent programmes of research that develop a comprehensive body of knowledge about the housing sector and its interactions with other key elements of society. The study suggests a set of research questions leading to coherent programmes of research, rather than to answer the research questions. We concentrate on posing questions that are of policy concern. Some are matters of current official policy concern. Others relate to issues that non-official sources consider should be of policy concern or which we judge may become of official concern in future years. Thus our analysis is informed by current policy priorities, but seeks to take a strategic look also at forthcoming priorities that may emerge over the next five years.


Structural transformation has been recognized as a critical mechanism for improving living standards for developing countries in Africa. However, the growing evidence indicates that such change is associated with considerable damage to the environment quality and, hence, challenging sustainable development. The present study investigates industrialization's influence on the environment quality for 20 low-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa during 1980-2018. We employed two measurements for environmental quality, which are CO2 and nitrous dioxide emissions. Likewise, the study applied the Fully modified OLS and the Dynamic OLS as the most modern and suitable techniques related to the panel data analysis. Overall, the FMOL and DOLS results show that industrialization has an insignificant influence on environmental quality. The results also show that these countries' population size is the main driver for environmental quality changes. This finding implies that these countries should continue in their current efforts regarding promoting the industrial sector without wondering about sustainable development.


This edition of the Caribbean Economics Quarterly (Q2-2022) is a collaboration between the IDBs Caribbean Country Department and IDB Invest, which focuses on firms access to finance. The report begins by considering both the nature and history of the regions financial sector development, highlighting key measures of financial access and adequacy. It then leverages enterprise survey data developed by the Compete Caribbean partnership to assess legacy and emerging challenges facing firms from across the region, including those owned and/or operated by women. Newly available data from 2020 are compared with a previous vintage of the surveys from 2014, providing important insights into how circumstances have evolved, especially considering the COVID-19 shock. The analysis suggests that: (i) financial sectors and firms across the Caribbean face outsized challenges, particularly when compared to peers across the globe; (ii) the COVID-19 crisis appears to have further constrained access to finance; (iii) smaller firms appear to face more significant hurdles than larger ones; and, (iv) women-owned and/or operated firms face more severe challenges with respect to financial access than other firms across the region. Policies and reforms with the potential to improve financial development, access, and inclusion are highlighted, as well as successful examples of IDB support and collaboration in related areas across the Latin American and Caribbean region.


Natural products have been the source and inspiration of numerous drugs. However, as
they need to be isolated from natural sources, they are often obtained in minute
quantities. Hence, total syntheses of natural products and their analogues give us a
better chance to look into their biological activities and perform SAR studies for drug
discovery.
During my doctoral tenure I have synthesised a number of natural products and also
some fragments. CPI-2081, a 2:1 mixture of two pentapeptides 1.8 and 1.9, were
isolated from Streptomyces species NCIM 2081. These peptides are potent inhibitors
(IC50 36.9 ± 1.8 nM) of the cysteine protease papain and inhibit cancer cell migration.
However it was not clear which peptide is responsible for the observed biological
activities. Both peptides have been prepared synthetically in our lab and they are being
tested.
Myriastramide C (2.23) is a modified cyclic octapeptide isolated from M. clavosa. The
complete series of myriastramides A-C represent the first peptide metabolites isolated
from M. clavosa. They were assumed to be cytotoxic, however myriastramide A was
found inactive against 10 different human cancer cell lines. Myriastramides B and C
were isolated in insufficient quantities so similar tests cannot be performed.
Furthermore, the stereochemistry of the tryptophan residue in myriastramide C was not
confirmed due to insufficient material isolated. Myriastramide C has been synthesised
in our laboratory using L-tryptophan, however a mixture of products were obtained due
to the two proline residues in the peptide. A pure product was purified by our
collaborator and further NMR and biological studies is underway.
Goadsporin (3.14) is a linear oligopeptide that was isolated in 2001. Its unique structure
contains 19 amino acids, six of which are cyclised to form four oxazole and two
thiazole rings. Goadsporin was found to be active specially in streptomycetes, with the
ability to promote morphogenesis and secondary metabolism. It can also promote
antibiotic production. The synthesis of this natural product was challenging, and
I
I
unfortunately with the limited time of my PhD study, we did not complete the total
synthesis. However, we have synthesised several fragments of it, and they are going to
be tested in the future.
Breitfussin B (4.35) was first isolated in 2007 from the sample of Thuiaria breitfussi
collected from Bear Island. Its highly unsaturated nature prevented its structure
elucidation until 2012: Hanssen et al. proposed a structure using a combined atomic
force microscopy and computational approach. However no biological activity was
reported. The total synthesis of breitfussin B was completed in our lab, and tested for its
antimicrobial ability. Further biological studies are underway.


End‐member mixing models have been widely used to separate the different components of a hydrograph, but their effectiveness suffers from uncertainty in both the identification of end‐members and spatiotemporal variation in end‐member concentrations. In this paper, we outline a procedure, based on the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) framework, to more inclusively evaluate uncertainty in mixing models than existing approaches. We apply this procedure, referred to as G‐EMMA, to a yearlong chemical data set from the heavily impacted agricultural Lissertocht catchment, Netherlands, and compare its results to the "traditional" end‐member mixing analysis (EMMA). While the traditional approach appears unable to adequately deal with the large spatial variation in one of the end‐members, the G‐EMMA procedure successfully identified, with varying uncertainty, contributions of five different end‐members to the stream. Our results suggest that the concentration distribution of "effective" end‐members, that is, the flux‐weighted input of an end‐member to the stream, can differ markedly from that inferred from sampling of water stored in the catchment. Results also show that the uncertainty arising from identifying the correct end‐members may alter calculated end‐member contributions by up to 30%, stressing the importance of including the identification of end‐members in the uncertainty assessment.


Summary and Conclusions
The study here reported had for its object the investigation of the effects of quinine and plasmochin on infections with Plasmodium circumflexum, and comparison of the results with those already obtained by similar treatment of infections with the other four species of avian malaria (Plasmodium capistrani excepted). A total of fifty-five female canaries were used in the treated series. The results may be summarized as follows:
1.
Basing the list which is given below partly on the data reported in the present paper and partly on data previously reported, the susceptibility of the five species of avian plasmodia here considered to treatment with quinine and plasmochin appears to be as follows, the most susceptible being given first:
Quinine
Plasmochin
1. Plasmodium rouxi
1. Plasmodium elongatum
2. Plasmodium praecox
Plasmodium rouxi
3. Plasmodium cathemerium
2. Plasmodium praecox
4. Plasmodium circumfiexum
3. Plasmodium circumfiexum
5. Plasmodium elongatum
4. Plasmodium cathemerium
It should be noted that in the first list (quinine) the differences between Praecox, cathemerium and circumflexum are very small, and that this is also true of praecox and circumflexum in the second list. Elongatum and rouxi are placed at the top of the second list, and rouxi heads the first list, chiefly because infections with this species could be readily sterilized with the drug in question. Cathemerium and circumflexum occupy the positions they do (even though plasmochin is effective in removing parasites from the peripheral blood in a relatively short time) largely for the contrary reason; in other cases the percentage of parasite-free days was the chief factor governing the place of the species in the scale.
2.
As with the other species, Plasmodium circumflexum is more amenable to plasmochin than to quinine. When sterilization is not brought about relapse within a month generally occurs, but does so less frequently than in praecox infections, and may be deferred for two months or even longer. This is correlated with the fact that the parasite-level in chronic infections of circumflexum is generally established at a much lower level than in the case of praecox, and is to be compared in this respect only to cathemerium.
3.
Plasmochin in combination with quinine is apparently no better than when used separately, and may even be less satisfactory—due possibly to quinine intoxication.
4.
As with the other species, treatment during the incubation period is much more effective than when postponed until parasites appear. A considerable proportion of cases may be completely aborted in the former case, as demonstrated by continued freedom from relapse and by subinoculation, with subsequent reinfection, but so far no case in which parasites had already appeared has been sterilized.
5.
There is little evidence that gametocytes are either more or less susceptible to plasmochin and quinine than the asexual stages.
6.
Study of the rates of reproduction of the different species, and other peculiarities of the life-cycle, suggests that the degree of susceptibility to drug therapy may depend in large part on these factors—particularly in the case of plasmochin.


Pleistocene humans in tropical rainforest The tropical rainforest environment is nutritionally poor and tricky to navigate as compared to open habitats. This poses challenges for human subsistence. There has been little evidence to suggest that human populations relied on rainforest resources before the start of the Holocene, 10,000 years ago. Roberts et al. analyzed earlier fossil human and animal tooth enamel from Sri Lanka. The diet of these humans suggests rainforest rather than open-habitat foraging. Thus, humans were effectively exploiting rainforests in Sri Lanka since at least 20,000 years ago throughout periods of considerable climatic and environmental flux. Science, this issue p. 1246 Sri Lankan prehistoric human foragers relied primarily on rainforest resources from at least ~20,000 years ago. Human occupation of tropical rainforest habitats is thought to be a mainly Holocene phenomenon. Although archaeological and paleoenvironmental data have hinted at pre-Holocene rainforest foraging, earlier human reliance on rainforest resources has not been shown directly. We applied stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis to human and faunal tooth enamel from four late Pleistocene–to–Holocene archaeological sites in Sri Lanka. The results show that human foragers relied primarily on rainforest resources from at least ~20,000 years ago, with a distinct preference for semi-open rainforest and rain forest edges. Homo sapiens' relationship with the tropical rainforests of South Asia is therefore long-standing, a conclusion that indicates the time-depth of anthropogenic reliance and influence on these habitats.


This review describes a meta-analysis of findings from 50 controlled evaluations of intelligent computer tutoring systems. The median effect of intelligent tutoring in the 50 evaluations was to raise test scores 0.66 standard deviations over conventional levels, or from the 50th to the 75th percentile. However, the amount of improvement found in an evaluation depended to a great extent on whether improvement was measured on locally developed or standardized tests, suggesting that alignment of test and instructional objectives is a critical determinant of evaluation results. The review also describes findings from two groups of evaluations that did not meet all of the selection requirements for the meta-analysis: six evaluations with nonconventional control groups and four with flawed implementations of intelligent tutoring systems. Intelligent tutoring effects in these evaluations were small, suggesting that evaluation results are also affected by the nature of control treatments and the adequacy of program implementations.


Early cancer diagnosis and prediction of responsivity to treatments are crucial elements for favorable prognosis and increased effectiveness of therapies in cancer patients. This special issue compiles relevant articles focused on the development of innovative cancer biomarkers and their validation.

Availability of advanced molecular biology tools, including deep-sequencing and RNA-seq, allowed the identification of new unique biomarkers for more sensitive and specific diagnosis and the possibility to select new candidate therapeutic targets for personalized medicine.

The negative prognostic role of stem cell markers, with higher progression rate, has been reported by G. Chene et al. in preinvasive tubal lesions of ovarian carcinoma, F. Collina et al. in triple negative breast cancers, and S. H. Kim et al. in prostate cancer patients, where high level of GAPDH mRNA is a significant predictor of recurrence. The negative prognostic value, particularly for head and neck cancers, of cell-to-cell internalization was reported by M. Schwegler et al., and inverse correlation with expression levels of iNOS was reported by L. Yang et al.

Different biomarkers have been analyzed for early diagnosis and follow-up monitoring spanning within serum detection of glycosylated biomarkers (described by A. Kirwan et al.), serum levels of 15-F2t-isoprostane in non-melanoma skin cancer (B. Freitas et al.), and methylation levels of GALR1 promoter in endometrial lesions by pyrosequencing analysis (C. Kottaridi et al.). Early diagnosis of liver metastasis by CT perfusion has been reported by Y. Wang et al.

Predictive therapeutic biomarkers have been described to chemoradiation in locally advanced rectal cancer by R. Conde-Muino et al. and to radiotherapy in localized prostate cancer by A. Wilkins et al.

The role of miRNAs in cancers and their prognostics relevance has been analyzed by A. Min et al. in oral carcinogenesis. J. Long et al. have focused on miRNA 193b in human breast cancer, and S. Wu et al. on miRNA 125b in gastric cancer.

Finally identification of HHV-8 sequences in conjunctival neoplasia of Uganda patients offers the possibility to unveil a further cancer association to such herpesvirus and highlights the need to look for indirect role of virus with low-modest oncogenic potential in immunodeficient patients (including low risk HPVs in HIV-positive patients).

By compiling these papers, we hope to enrich our readers and researchers with respect to the current wide range of cancer biomarkers, actively pursued by several worldwide research groups.

Franco M. Buonaguro

C. David Pauza

Maria Lina Tornesello

Pierre Hainaut

Renato Franco


Background: The comprehensive ICF Core Set for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a selection of 96 categories from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), representing relevant aspects in the functioning of RA patients. Objectives: To study the reliability of the ICF Core Set for RA in rheumatological practice, and to explore the metric of the qualifiers' scale. Methods: 25 RA patients from an outpatient department of rheumatology were interviewed using the ICF Core Set for RA (76% females, mean (SD) age 57.5 (12.5) years, disease duration 15.9 (14.6) years). Interviews were performed independently by both a physiotherapist and an occupational therapist on the same day and again after one week by one of them. The severity of the patients' problems was quantified on a qualifier scale ranging from 0 (no problem) to 4 (complete problem). Analyses of intra-rater and inter-rater agreement, kappa statistics, and Rasch analyses were applied. Results: Mean intra-rater (inter-rater) complete agreement for all categories was seen in 59% (47%) of observations, ranging from 29% (0%) to 96% (80%) for individual categories. Weighted kappa statistics with value ⩾0.4 showed reliability in 86% of categories within raters, and in 43% of categories between raters. Improved inter-rater and intra-rater reliability was observed with a reduced number of qualifiers for the categories. Conclusions: Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the ICF Core Set of RA was low to moderate. The metric of the qualifiers' scale may be improved by reducing the number of qualifiers to three for all components.


Hypothetical proteins comprise roughly half of the predicted gene complement of Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum and represent the largest class of uniquely functioning proteins in these parasites. Following the idea that functional relationships can be informed by the timing of gene expression, we devised a strategy to identify the core set of apicomplexan cell division cycling genes with important roles in parasite division, which includes many uncharacterized proteins. We assembled an expanded list of orthologs from the T. gondii and P. falciparum genome sequences (2781 putative orthologs), compared their mRNA profiles during synchronous replication, and sorted the resulting set of dual cell cycle regulated orthologs (744 total) into protein pairs conserved across many eukaryotic families versus those unique to the Apicomplexa. The analysis identified more than 100 ortholog gene pairs with unknown function in T. gondii and P. falciparum that displayed co-conserved mRNA abundance, dynamics of cyclical expression and similar peak timing that spanned the complete division cycle in each parasite. The unknown cyclical mRNAs encoded a diverse set of proteins with a wide range of mass and showed a remarkable conservation in the internal organization of ordered versus disordered structural domains. A representative sample of cyclical unknown genes (16 total) was epitope tagged in T. gondii tachyzoites yielding the discovery of new protein constituents of the parasite inner membrane complex, key mitotic structures and invasion organelles. These results demonstrate the utility of using gene expression timing and dynamic profile to identify proteins with unique roles in Apicomplexa biology.


A new solar feature termed a dark jet is identified from observations of an extended solar coronal hole that was continuously monitored for over 44 hr by the Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer on board the Hinode spacecraft in 2011 February 8–10 as part of Hinode Operation Plan No. 177 (HOP 177). Line of sight (LOS) velocity maps derived from the coronal Fe xii λ195.12 emission line, formed at 1.5 MK, revealed a number of large-scale, jet-like structures that showed significant blueshifts. The structures had either weak or no intensity signal in 193 Å filter images from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory, suggesting that the jets are essentially invisible to imaging instruments. The dark jets are rooted in bright points and occur both within the coronal hole and at the quiet Sun–coronal hole boundary. They exhibit a wide range of shapes, from narrow columns to fan-shaped structures, and sometimes multiple jets are seen close together. A detailed study of one dark jet showed LOS speeds increasing along the jet axis from 52 to 107 km s−1 and a temperature of 1.2–1.3 MK. The low intensity of the jet was due either to a small filling factor of 2% or to a curtain-like morphology. From the HOP 177 sample, dark jets are as common as regular coronal hole jets, but their low intensity suggests a mass flux around two orders of magnitude lower.


This thesis explores the relationship between urban restructuring and working-class communities in the context of post-industrial neoliberalism. While working-class communities were the bedrock of classical sociological analysis in the industrial period, it is thought that class no longer provides a meaningful social identity and increasing individualisation is often said to signify that agency is set free from the confines of structure. In this thesis, I attempt to, first, confront these assertions by reasserting the relationship between urban restructuring working-class communities and, second, represent contemporary working-class lives, through an ethnographic case study of gentrification in working-class neighbourhood, Partick in Glasgow. Substantively, in this thesis I take gentrification as a key process of class restructuring which is spatially articulated and is the leading edge of urban policy both in the UK and globally. While gentrification intimates that urban restructuring and working-class communities are inextricably connected, this relationship is not always fully explicated within research; orthodox definitions separate economic and cultural fields and working-class experiences are underrepresented. Thus theoretically, in this thesis, I attempt to attend to these shortcomings by using hegemony as framework. Hegemony refers to a form of rule relevant to how transformations in social relations are managed whilst the capitalist system is maintained overall. This involves a mix of consent and coercion which combine structural and agential processes, highlighting the reciprocal relationship between material and the phenomenological levels. Within this, gentrification is conceived as a political strategy, which not only seeks to create space for the more affluent user; it seeks to, consensually, create the more affluent user which, in the context of neoliberalism, relates to a moral and financial economy. This new sociological perspective on gentrification combines cultural and material understandings, whilst making working-class communities and their everyday lives the centre point of analysis. This focus is imperative since working-class people and places are the principal targets of policy-led gentrification, yet current representations of and conceptual language used to describe working-class lives have waned within mainstream sociology. I examine how working-class residents receive, negotiate and resist gentrification processes to reveal the 'hidden injuries' as well as the 'hidden rewards' of urban restructuring.

This study aims to do this by collecting 'locational narratives' of 49 residents of Partick. These accounts revealed that respondents' rejection of traditional class identity did not signify the end of class, rather, it demonstrated that there was a material rationale underpinning individualisation and their disassociation with class, which relate to neoliberal ideologies that decontextualise class and promote self-determination. Residents' place-based attachment is revealed to be a crucial class signifier – on both phenomenological and material levels. Elective fixity describes the choice and control residents' have over their ability to stay fixed within their neighbourhood. Respondents are shown to have a paradoxical relationship with gentrification whereby they are invited to participate in processes as consumer citizens, through homeownership or consuming privatised neighbourhoods services, yet are not provided with the means to consume. Residents' experiences of gentrification are characterised by tensions around control and choice and lack thereof. While gentrification brought new rewards whereby working-class respondents could, provided they had the means, act as gentrifiers, they were also confronted with novel forms of displacement, identified as new typologies which relate to the increased privatisation of social housing. Thus, an emergent negotiated culture of contemporary working-class communities is revealed which is set within the confines of structure within a post-industrial neoliberal context. Using a framework of hegemony to understand the political project of gentrification reveals the reciprocal relationship between urban restructuring and the remaking of the working-class subject.


Objective: To identify cancer patients' most influential barriers to expressing concerns during cancer consultations in a new manner by examining patients' reports of perceived barriers and perceived occurrence of barriers in consultations. Methods: Two online focus groups ( N = 16) and an online survey ( N = 236) were conducted among cancer patients and cancer survivors. The online focus groups and survey were used to examine two elements of patients' barriers, i.e., patients' reports of perceived barriers and perceived occurrence of barriers in consultations. Composite scores of these two elements were calculated to determine influential barriers. Results: Results showed that the most influential barriers were related to providers' behavior (e.g., providers do not explicitly invite patients to express concerns) and the environment where the consultation takes place (e.g., perceived lack of time). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that influential barriers to expressing concerns are barriers that patients cannot overcome themselves (i.e., they are related to providers' behavior or the environment of the consultation). A collaborative approach between researchers, providers and policy makers is needed to overcome these barriers. Practice implications: The results of this study can be used to develop strategies to overcome barriers to patients expressing concerns.


This paper presents results from the measurement in indoor office scenario at 3.5 GHz. The measurement was performed using vertical-polarized dipole antennas (VDA) and omni-directional array (ODA). Three cases including corridor-to-corridor, corridor-to-room and room-to-room, have been measured and comprehensive propagation characteristics have been investigated. Based on the measurement, large-scale, delay and spatial models are built and compared with the standard models. Path loss turns out to be 3-5 dB smaller in indoor line-of-sight condition, while it is larger in non-line-of-sight condition because of the attenuation of concrete walls. Delay spread is the maximal in corridor-to-corridor case due to a strong reflection multipath component and angular spread in space domain is much larger than standard models in indoor scenario.


Due to information asymmetry, finding optimal policies for Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (Dec-POMDPs) is hard with the complexity growing doubly exponentially in the horizon length. The challenge increases greatly in the multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) setting where the transition probabilities, observation kernel, and reward function are unknown. Here, we develop a general compression framework with approximate common and private state representations, based on which decentralized policies can be constructed. We derive the optimality gap of executing dynamic programming (DP) with the approximate states in terms of the approximation error parameters and the remaining time steps. When the compression is exact (no error), the resulting DP is equivalent to the one in existing work. Our general framework generalizes a number of methods proposed in the literature. The results shed light on designing practically useful deep-MARL network structures under the"centralized learning distributed execution"scheme.


According to Aristotle, justice consists of giving each person his due: equal members of society should be treated equally, and unequal members, unequally. This justice, in turn, comes in two flavors: distributive and corrective. Distributive justice — which has as its purview society at large — is concerned with distributing society's shares to individuals according to merit. Whereas, the purview of corrective justice concerns voluntary (e.g., contracts) and involuntary (e.g., torts) transactions, and it seeks to rectify unjust alterations in the distributive scheme by returning the parties to the position they occupied before the distributive scheme was altered, which is to say, before a particular harm occurred.
Even today, Aristotle's classification of these two types of justice holds a firm grip on the judicial imagination, and perhaps nowhere is this truer than in contract law. There, it is taken for granted that the distributive shares held by members of society are determined both prior to, and outside of, contract law. The distributive question having been settled, it is believed that the proper role of contract law is merely to (a) facilitate the just exchange of these distributive shares by allowing parties to bargain and form agreements with one another and (b) rectify any unjust alteration to these previously established distributive shares. To couch this in Aristotelian terms, contract law should be concerned with enforcing the rules of corrective justice — which will facilitate and rectify the just exchange of previously allocated distributive shares — but should not be concerned with the initial distribution of those shares.
This Article challenges that view, and argues that the seemingly value-neutral rules of contract law are fundamentally distributive in nature, and that to ignore these distributive considerations is more than just bad policy — it is to misunderstand how the fundamental building blocks of the law are arranged to form contract law in the first place. Indeed, given the distributive nature of contract law, even the most non-activist judge imaginable, who sees it as his or her role to simply apply the law as written, and who views it as entirely improper to consider notions of distributive justice for the purpose of achieving a fairer distribution of wealth among members of society, nevertheless cannot help but make distributive decisions whenever he or she selects among or administers the rules of contract law, which have embedded within their very structure a deeply entrenched view of distributive justice.
This is because every determination of law, including the determination of which rights ought or ought not to exist, or ought to be applied in a particular contractual setting, is the product (intentional or otherwise) of a policy decision regarding not whether the legal relationship in question ought or ought not to be regulated, but how that relationship should be regulated. And this regulation, in turn, requires that judges — even judges who adamantly view themselves as non-activist judges — make an ex ante distributive decision regarding which rights ought and ought not to exist, which rules ought and ought not to apply, and how those rights and rules ought and ought not be protected. These decisions, in turn, must all be made as a matter of policy rather than law.
Teasing out the implications of these insights can fundamentally alter the way we view and understand contract law. For instance, once we realize that the various legal rules that govern contract law are made up of a conglomeration of policy decisions regarding how to regulate (rather than whether to regulate) the relationship between the contracting parties, one of the largest obstacles to regulation — that of the perceived judicial interference with the rights of the parties — is removed as the need for regulation is now seen as mandatory rather than permissive. And because regulation is mandatory, the real question ought to be how we should understand, if not change, the manner in which the selection, application, and interpretation of contract rules affects the distributive arrangements between the parties to a contract.


Conducted by NFER on behalf of the LGA, this report examines how local authorities support and challenge their schools, using informal, formal and statutory strategies. Supporting school improvement has consistently been a key concern for the Government, policymakers and practitioners over the past decade. Local authorities are a central component of the school improvement process, and can use a range of strategies (including statutory powers) to assist schools that are struggling to effect necessary changes and improve their schools. This report examines the formal and informal strategies that LAs have developed to support and challenge their schools, and focuses in particular on whether LAs have (or have not) used the intervention powers that have been available to them, and the reasoning behind their approach. This report draws on a series of interviews that were conducted with LA officials, school improvement partners and teachers in schools facing challenging circumstances. These interviews provide the basis of a number of key findings about how LAs have used statutory powers and other strategies to support and challenge schools, and a series of recommendations for future developments. This research is important reading for all local authority staff, policy makers and practitioners concerned with school improvement.


The terms "sustainable architecture", "green building" and "ecological design" have emerged, along with a host of similar permutations, in recent practice as environmentally friendly modes of design, construction and operation geared towards producing healthy enduring communities. However, the terms are still vague and lead to much ambiguity in their implementation. This paper consolidates the current foci of sustainable architecture through a review of several projects and institutional guidelines that are geared towards achieving sustainability in the built environment. A contemporary checklist of desirable design strategies and building practices for a green building is presented. Consideration is given to attempts at ranking the importance of these strategies. While it is concluded that the implementation of green building design cannot be prescriptive, the checklist is intended to be an awareness-raising tool that provides the foundation for greater innovation in the designer's approach to building projects. The concept of a "healing building" is proposed as perhaps the next level of sustainable architecture.


Isolated medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries occur frequently (95,000 per year in the US) and heal with conservative treatment. Long-term clinical outcome is generally excellent because the structural properties of the Femur-MCL-Tibia complex (FMTC) naturally return to normal especially the stiffness. However, the quality of the healing ligament, as described by its histomorphological appearance, as well as biochemical, mechanical, and viscoelastic properties, remain poor [37, 70, 108, 109, 116]. Functional tissue engineering techniques such as the use of extracellular matrix (ECM) bioscaffolds have shown promise in improving healing of soft tissues after injury. In particular, small intestine submucosa (SIS) is especially attractive due to its chemoattractant properties, organized fiber alignment, and natural concentration of growth factors [9, 13, 48]. The objective of this thesis is to use SIS to improve MCL healing in a clinically relevant injury model. Sixteen New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to a mop-end tear (Weiss et al. 1991) in order to simulate a clinically relevant injury, which included damage to the ligament insertion sites, over-stretching of collagen fibers, and a frayed appearance of the torn ligament ends. After 12 weeks of healing, seven rabbits per group were euthanized and subjected to a well-established biomechanical testing protocol [111], including a load to failure test. The remaining rabbits (n=2 per group) were evaluated histologically. It was found that SIS treatment resulted in a marked improvement for the tangent modulus of the healing MCL midsubstance over non-treatment (404 ±120 MPa vs. 273 ± 91 MPa, respectively, p<0.05). However, this difference did not translate into a change in the measured structural properties of the FMTC. Nearly half of the specimens in each treatment group failed at the tibial insertion, this indicates asynchronous healing between the ligament insertion and midsubstance. In conclusion, these results confirm SIS enhances the quality of the healing MCL. SIS positively effects the local healing response of an MCL regardless of injury model. This work provides a basis to explore the effect of applying SIS to ligaments which do not heal well naturally, such as the anterior cruciate ligament.


Power line communication (PLC) is a promising smart grid application for information transmission using existing power lines. We analytically model a finite-source PLC network subject to channel failure through a queueing theoretic framework. The proposed PLC network model consists of a base station (BS), which is located at a transformer station and connected to the backbone communication networks, and a number of subscriber stations that are interconnected with each other and with the BS via the power line transmission medium. An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based technique is assumed for forming the transmission channels in a frequency spectrum. The channels are subject to failure during service due to noise. We determine the steady-state solution of the proposed model and derive a set of performance metrics of interest. Numerical and simulation results are presented to provide further insights into the analytical results. The proposed modeling method is expected to be used for evaluation and design of future PLC networks.


Integrated assessment models (IAMs) have commonly been used to understand the relationship between the economy, the earth's climate system and climate impacts. We compare the IPCC simulations of CO2 concentration, radiative forcing, and global mean temperature changes associated with five SRES 'marker' emissions scenarios with the responses of three IAMs—DICE, FUND and PAGE—to these same emission scenarios. We also compare differences in simulated temperature increase resulting from moving from a high to a low emissions scenario. These IAMs offer a range of climate outcomes, some of which are inconsistent with those of IPCC, due to differing treatments of the carbon cycle and of the temperature response to radiative forcing. In particular, in FUND temperatures up until 2100 are relatively similar for the four emissions scenarios, and temperature reductions upon switching to lower emissions scenarios are small. PAGE incorporates strong carbon cycle feedbacks, leading to higher CO2 concentrations in the twenty-second century than other models. Such IAMs are frequently applied to determine 'optimal' climate policy in a cost–benefit approach. Models such as FUND which show smaller temperature responses to reducing emissions than IPCC simulations on comparable timescales will underestimate the benefits of emission reductions and hence the calculated 'optimal' level of investment in mitigation.


Flexibility is often proposed as a valuable capability to cope with uncertainty and change. However, there is no consensus about what constitutes flexibility across the literature. A review of publications on flood management, real options and manufacturing reveals remarkable commonalities along with substantial inconsistencies in the use of flexibility. These observations are used for structuring the discussion of flexibility in this paper. A framework is proposed in the form of four self-consistent and step-wise questions: (Q1) why is flexibility needed; (Q2) what is it that flexibility is required for; (Q3) what are the dimensions of flexibility; (Q4) what needs to change or be adapted? In order to answer the questions in the context of multifunctional flood defences (MFFDs), eight characteristic features of flexibility in connection with the four questions are distilled from the synthesized publications. Subsequently, a working definition of flexibility is developed. An illustrative case study examines the framework's potential for the development of a MFFD. It is shown that the iterative use of the framework can serve as a guideline for identifying and evaluating flexibility for MFFDs. The paper ends with some challenges for future research.


Abstract The housing market in Russia has shifted from one in which the government produced most housing units to one in which the private market produces most units. This research examines the state of the housing market in the Tomsk region, located in the center of Russia. Because of the lack of functional mortgage markets, families must save enough money to finance the full purchase price of the housing unit. This research determines how much savings is available for a typical Tomsk family and how long it will take them to save enough money to buy a housing unit. Introduction Satisfying the population's demand for modern housing services is a major social and economic problem in post cold war Russia. In the planned economy of the Soviet Union, housing construction was completed at the government's expense. Most construction projects were apartment units in multi-story buildings. Such units were owned by the state and distributed free-of-charge, although many families waited years to receive their apartments based on the rules of disposition. The political transformation of Russia after the disintegration of the Soviet Union resulted in a major national economic crisis. Economic and political instability, hyperinflation and the outflow of capital from the country caused a deep investment crisis that spread to the housing market. The housing market opened in 1991 but because of limited financing, housing construction slowed. The annual increase in the housing stock slowed from 3% growth in the decade preceding the reforms to 1% during the reforms (Guzanova, 1997). Beginning in 1991, local governments could transfer title of state-owned dwellings to their tenants, in some instances for a fee (but after 1992, for free) and the general population was allowed to engage in rental and sales transactions (Kaganova, 1999). The sale of housing has resulted in a redistribution of housing and a change in ownership patterns. At the beginning of the economic reforms, state-owned property holdings accounted for 80% of the housing stock. Today, more than half of the housing stock is privately owned (Daniell and Struyk, 1997). However, the government has not totally withdrawn from the provision of housing. Some families continue to receive free government-sponsored housing, including those who are war veterans, invalids, or have very large families. With the shift to private ownership, a private housing market has emerged in Russia. High inflation (20.2% in 2000, World Bank, 2002) and little new construction have led to a significant rise in the price of housing, making it unaffordable to the majority of the Russian population. The home purchase hurdle is particularly high because the mortgage market is almost nonexistent. As a result, potential homebuyers must save enough money not just for a downpayment but for the full cost of the home. This lack of affordability is especially evident in the areas where income growth has been outpaced by the appreciation in home prices. One of these areas is Tomsk, which is located in the geographical center of Russia. This paper examines the housing market in Tomsk and focuses on the severe affordable housing shortage, which is common in many emerging markets. Results clearly show that for the typical Tomsk family, homeownership is not a realistic option given the savings needed to purchase a residence. Housing Market Characteristics in Tomsk On the demand side of the housing market, more than one million people live in the Tomsk region. However, the standard of living is extremely low compared to many developed countries. The average annual income in the Tomsk region is $1,110 per person (Tomsk Statistical Bulletin, 2001). In comparison, the World Bank (2003) estimates the standard of living to be $36,322 per person in the United States and $2,127 per person for the Russian Federation as a whole. On the supply side, the housing stock measures 202 million square feet (in Russia, the housing stock is measured in square feet, not number of housing units), of which 66. …


This study examines whether government policies have an impact on non-performing loans (NPL) ratio of domestic banks during dissimilar financial periods from 1994 to 2008. The influence variables in the NPL ratio include the followings: loan to deposit ratio (DL), debt ratio (DB), bank size (ASSETS), earnings per share (EPS), capital adequacy ratio (Basel ratio; BIS) and directors and supervisors shareholding ratio (HOLD). To comprehend the relation between a bank's ownership structure and its NPL ratio, we categorize banks according to their ownership structure: public banks, privatized banks, financial holding banks and private banks. During the 15 year period, the following conclusions can be made: Every bank can expand assets and reduce debt ratio to effectively reduce the probability of NPL ratio occurrence. During the first financial reform implementation, banks not only restrict loans to increase lending quality but also use their own capital or retained earnings to write off loans to reduce NPL ratio. Regarding HOLD, we find that when the government promotes policies to lower NPL ratio, directors and supervisors perform their supervision responsibilities more diligently.


The Early Childhood Outcomes (ECO) Center was funded by the Office of Special Education Programs to promote the development and implementation of child and family outcome measures for infants, toddlers, and preschoolers with disabilities. An evidence-based process with extensive stakeholder input led to the identification of five outcomes by which the effectiveness of services for families could be assessed: (a) families understand their child's strengths, abilities, and special needs; (b) families know their rights and advocate effectively for their child; (c) families help their child develop and learn; (d) families have support systems; and (e) families are able to gain access to desired services and activities in their community. These outcomes provide a framework by which states and the federal government could document whether early intervention and preschool programs are providing demonstrable benefits for families, and provide the basis for developing measurement systems to determine the extent to which such benefits have been attained.


In this article, Nadar and Potgieter use the Worthy Women's Conference as a case study, describing and analyzing how this movement creates and maintains what they call the formenist position. Formenism, like masculinism, subscribes to a belief in the inherent superiority of men over women, but unlike masculinism it is not an ideology developed and sustained by men, but an ideology designed, constructed, and sustained by women. Like its phonetics suggests, this is a concept for men—that is to say, men are the chief beneficiaries of the hierarchical social positioning that it advocates. They conduct their evaluation of the movement through a feminist analysis of the discourses presented in various sources. Nadar and Potgieter argue that the complementarian "liberation through submission" discourse created through the formenist position seems palatable for at least three reasons: (1) because it relies on a power that is not forceful (sovereign) but disciplinary à la Michel Foucault's notion of power, (2) because patriarchal bargaining pays a dividend of increased responsibility for men that ultimately reduces the burdens of family life that women have traditionally carried, and (3) because it aids in the reduction of existential anxiety caused by radical changes in South Africa. Nadar and Potgieter assert that while the formenist discourse might seem liberatory and harmless, when one views it through a feminist lens, a number of drawbacks come into focus—drawbacks that can ultimately put women's well-being and fundamental freedoms at risk.


There is a real need for the public to be informed about personal financial matters (such as debt, savings, life insurance and retirement. The media can play an important role in informing and educating the public in this regard. Over the last decade a number of general newspapers and magazines have realised this need. The functions of the media in this regard may involve providing information, education and/or advice. A number of important personal financial topics may be identified for the media agenda. The content of the reporting can be considered in terms of its significance, applicability and complexity. It is difficult to determine the characteristics of the audience. The media can improve its effectiveness in reporting on personal financial matters through such research.


Sams Teach Yourself Web Publishing with HTML and CSS in One Hour a Day, Sixth Edition is the latest edition of the original worldwide bestseller. The entire book has been thoroughly revised and refined to include new detailed coverage of HTML5, the next major revision of the core language of the World Wide Web, HTML. Work on the HTML5 specification is still ongoing, but parts of HTML5 are already being implemented in new versions of Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari and Opera.


© 2015 Geological Society of America. Geodetic and seismologic studies support a tectonic model for the central Himalaya wherein ~2 cm/yr of Indo-Asian convergence is accommodated along the primary decollement under the range, the Main Himalayan thrust. A steeper midcrustal ramp in the Main Himalayan thrust is commonly invoked as driving rapid rock uplift along a range-parallel band in the Greater Himalaya. This tectonic model, developed primarily from studies in central Nepal, is commonly assumed to project along strike with little lateral variation in Main Himalayan thrust geometry or associated rock uplift patterns. Here, we synthesize multiple lines of evidence for a major discontinuity in the Main Himalayan thrust in western Nepal. Analysis of topography and seismicity indicates that west of ~82.5°E, the single band of steep topography and seismicity along the Main Himalayan thrust ramp in central Nepal bifurcates around a high-elevation, low-relief landscape, resulting in a two-step topographic front along an ~150 km segment of the central Himalaya. Although multiple models could explain this bifurcation, the full suite of data appears to be most consistent with a northward bend to the Main Himalayan thrust ramp and activation of a young duplex horse to the south. This poorly documented segmentation of the Main Himalayan thrust has important implications for the seismogenic potential of the western Nepal seismic gap and for models of the ongoing evolution of the orogen.


A 44-year-old female was referred to our outpatient clinic with metabolic acidosis and vomiting. She had a history of toxic hepatitis, but no medications. On admission, her blood pressure was 120/70 mmHg with a pulse of 68 beats/min. The laboratory findings showed normal anion gap metabolic acidosis: Na 140 mmol/L, K 1.4 mmol/L, Cl 113 mmol/L, pH 7.192, and bicarbonate 12 mmol/L. The urine chemistry was pH 7.0, Na 55 mmol/L, K 14 mmol/L, and Cl 63 mmol/L (hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis of renal origin). Abdominal computed tomography revealed medullary nephrocalcinosis (Fig. 1). The renal pathology was non-specific. There was decreased net H+ secretion in the collecting tubules, resulting in a high urine pH. Acidification in the collecting tubules is primarily achieved via H secretion by luminal H+-ATPase. However, immunostaining for H+-ATPase was negative (Fig. 2). After alkali replacement with sodium bicarbonate, the serum bicarbonate recovered to above the lower normal limit (26.6 mmol/L). She was discharged in an improved condition.

Figure 1

Non-contrast computed tomography shows medullary nephrocalcinosis (arrows).

Figure 2

Immunostaining for aquaporin-2 and H+-ATPase in patient kidney (× 100). (A) Immunostaining for aquaporin-2 in principle cells of collecting tubule (arrows). (B) No immunostaining were observed in the collecting tubule (open arrows).


This research uses four micro-data sets to examine differences in married women's labor force participation between Communist and post-Communist Czech Republic and Slovakia. Descriptive statistics show that participation has dropped in both regions following the regime change, particularly for young women. To explain this phenomenon, one hypothesis is that own and spouse wage elasticities of participation are the same during and after Communism and the behavior change results from different offered wages. An alternative hypothesis is that wage elasticities changed. We expect higher elasticities in the regime which offers a broader set of options to families making time allocation decisions. Rejecting the hypothesis that elasticities are unchanged, the analysis uses probits stratified by age to examine own and spouse earnings effects on participation. While own earnings effects rose after Communism in Slovakia, they dropped in the Czech Republic, suggesting that constraints on married women's participation decisions have increased there. Although earnings affect participation less after Communism, children have an increased effect, particularly for young women in the Czech Republic.


Photochemically Induced Reactions of 3-Amino-2H-azirines

Irradiation of 3-(N-methylanilino)-2H-azirines with a mercury low pressure lamp induces the cleavage of the C(2), C(3)-ring bond thus affording nitrilio-methanide dipols, substituted by an amino group at C(1). Depending on the substitution pattern at C(3), these intermediates can be trapped by dipolarophiles to yield five-membered heterocycles with high regioselectivity, or they undergo a 1,4-H-shift forming 2-azabutadiene derivatives. Further, the dipol is protonated at C(1) even by weak CH–acids.


A prototype vacuum-compatible, fast-acting, long-life shutter unit that generates very little vibratory disturbance during switching is reviewed. This is one of a number of shutters designed to satisfy requirements specific to an experiment, to be performed aboard a spacecraft in flight, in which laser beams must be blocked rapidly and completely, without generating a vibratory disturbance large enough to adversely affect the power and frequency stability of the lasers. Commercial off-the-shelf laboratory shutter units -- typically containing electromagnet-coil-driven mechanisms -- were found not to satisfy the requirements because they are not vacuum-compatible, their actuators engage in uncompensated motions that generate significant vibrations, and their operational lifetimes are too short. Going beyond the initial outerspace application, the present vacuum-compatible, fast-acting, long-life shutter units could also be used in terrestrial settings in which there are requirements for their special characteristics. In designing these shutter units, unbalanced, electromagnetically driven mechanisms were replaced with balanced mechanisms that include commercial piezoelectric bending actuators. In each shutter unit, the piezoelectric bending actuators are configured symmetrically as opposing cantilever beams within a housing that contains integral mounts for lenses that focus a laser beam to a waist at the shutter location. In operation, the laser beam is blocked by titanium blades bonded near the free ends of the piezoelectric benders. The benders are driven by shaped electrical pulses with a maximum voltage differential of less than 60 V. Preliminary measurements indicate that rise and fall times are less than 1 ms.


A general scaling law for ecology Despite the huge diversity of ecological communities, they can have unexpected patterns in common. Hatton et al. describe a general scaling law that relates total predator and prey biomass in terrestrial and aquatic animal communities (see the Perspective by Cebrian). They draw on data from many thousands of population counts of animal communities ranging from plankton to large mammals, across a wide range of biomes. They find a ubiquitous pattern of biomass scaling, which may suggest an underlying organization in ecosystems. It seems that communities follow systematic changes in structure and dynamics across environmental gradients. Science, this issue 10.1126/science.aac6284; see also p. 1053 The number and size of predators and their prey scale across a broad range of terrestrial and aquatic animal communities. [Also see Perspective by Cebrian] INTRODUCTION A surprisingly general pattern at very large scales casts light on the link between ecosystem structure and function. We show a robust scaling law that emerges uniquely at the level of whole ecosystems and is conserved across terrestrial and aquatic biomes worldwide. This pattern describes the changing structure and productivity of the predator-prey biomass pyramid, which represents the biomass of communities at different levels of the food chain. Scaling exponents of the relation between predator versus prey biomass and community production versus biomass are often near ¾, which indicates that very different communities of species exhibit similar high-level structure and function. This recurrent community growth pattern is remarkably similar to individual growth patterns and may hint at a basic process that reemerges across levels of organization. RATIONALE We assembled a global data set for community biomass and production across 2260 large mammal, invertebrate, plant, and plankton communities. These data reveal two ecosystem-level power law scaling relations: (i) predator biomass versus prey biomass, which indicates how the biomass pyramid changes shape, and (ii) community production versus community biomass, which indicates how per capita productivity changes at a given level in the pyramid. Both relations span a wide range of ecosystems along large-scale biomass gradients. These relations can be linked theoretically to show how pyramid shape depends on flux rates into and out of predator-prey communities. In order to link community-level patterns to individual processes, we examined community size structure and, particularly, how the mean body mass of a community relates to its biomass. RESULTS Across ecosystems globally, pyramid structure becomes consistently more bottom-heavy, and per capita production declines with increasing biomass. These two ecosystem-level patterns both follow power laws with near ¾ exponents and are shown to be robust to different methods and assumptions. These structural and functional relations are linked theoretically, suggesting that a common community-growth pattern influences predator-prey interactions and underpins pyramid shape. Several of these patterns are highly regular (R2 > 0.80) and yet are unexpected from classic theories or from empirical relations at the population or individual level. By examining community size structure, we show these patterns emerge distinctly at the ecosystem level and independently from individual near ¾ body-mass allometries. CONCLUSION Systematic changes in biomass and production across trophic communities link fundamental aspects of ecosystem structure and function. The striking similarities that are observed across different kinds of systems imply a process that does not depend on system details. The regularity of many of these relations allows large-scale predictions and suggests high-level organization. This community-level growth pattern suggests a systematic form of density-dependent growth and is intriguing given the parallels it exhibits to growth scaling at the individual level, both of which independently follow near ¾ exponents. Although we can make ecosystem-level predictions from individual-level data, we have yet to fully understand this similarity, which may offer insight into growth processes in physiology and ecology across the tree of life. African large-mammal communities are highly structured. In lush savanna, there are three times more prey per predator than in dry desert, a pattern that is unexpected and systematic. [Photo: Amaury Laporte] Ecosystems exhibit surprising regularities in structure and function across terrestrial and aquatic biomes worldwide. We assembled a global data set for 2260 communities of large mammals, invertebrates, plants, and plankton. We find that predator and prey biomass follow a general scaling law with exponents consistently near ¾. This pervasive pattern implies that the structure of the biomass pyramid becomes increasingly bottom-heavy at higher biomass. Similar exponents are obtained for community production-biomass relations, suggesting conserved links between ecosystem structure and function. These exponents are similar to many body mass allometries, and yet ecosystem scaling emerges independently from individual-level scaling, which is not fully understood. These patterns suggest a greater degree of ecosystem-level organization than previously recognized and a more predictive approach to ecological theory.


A bold plan is being embarked upon by the city of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, that could offer a sustainable and attractive city center road delivery alternative. Because of its narrow streets, Amsterdam's city center has had a chronic access problem for trucks. Hurried deliveries, increased morning rush hour traffic congestion, and increased emissions have resulted from truck deliveries, which are limited to 7:00-11:00 in the morning. Set up for cargo tram operations, the company City Cargo Amsterdam drew up plans to bring the concept of using light-rail vehicles (LRVs) for freight delivery purposes after a local entrepreneur saw the concept being used at Dresden, Germany's Volkswagen plant. A small-scale trial was approved by the Amsterdam city council in November 2006 and implemented in March 2007. Approximately 150 million Euros are being invested in the project's initial phase. Under the plan, freight will be unloaded from trucks, grouped by destination, and then loaded onto cargo trams. After the trams are unloaded at inner city transfer hubs, the freight will then be transferred into E-cars, small electrically-powered road vehicles, for delivery to customers.


This paper presents a method to design power system stabilizer based on robust gain scheduling control theory. Power system operating conditions vary with system configurations and loading conditions in a complex manner. The gain scheduling control has been proven as a successful design methodology for nonlinear systems. In this paper, shunt load and reference voltage are chosen as scheduling parameters which directly reflect fluctuations of operating conditions. The power system is regarded as a linear system with scheduling parameters and a sufficient condition for stability and H/sup /spl infin// performance is derived. The improvement of the dynamic performance of the power system is demonstrated by some numerical simulation studies for a variety of operating conditions and disturbances.


Exerdse can be an effective way to stabilize or slow the degenerative process of osteoarthristis-provided convenient, safe, and enjoyable activities are selected and achievable goals are set. Implement an osteoarthritis exerdse plan in phases, and progress gradually from one phase to the next; this will help both you and your patient anticipate difficulties and gauge progress. The first phase - the initial evaluation - includes gathering baseline data, targeting an area of the body to focus on first, and identifying potential contraindications to activities. Subsequent phases include range of motion exerdses (stretching), isometric and isotonic strengthening exerdses, and recreational or functional activities. Encourage patients to continue stretching exerdses throughout the program.


Water shortages and water pollution are a global problem. Increases in population can have further acute effects on water cycles and on the availability of water resources. Thus, wastewater management plays an important role in mitigating negative impacts on natural ecosystems and human environments and is an important area of research. In this study, we modelled catchment-scale hydrology, including water balances, rainfall, contamination, and urban wastewater treatment. The entire water resource system of a basin, including a forest catchment and an urban city area, was evaluated synthetically from a spatial distribution perspective with respect to water quantity and quality; the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique was applied to optimize wastewater treatment management with the aim of improving water quality and reducing CO₂ emissions. A numerical model was developed to predict the water cycle and contamination in the catchment and city; the effect of a wastewater treatment system on the urban region was evaluated; pollution loads were evaluated quantitatively; and the effects of excluding rainwater from the treatment system during flooding and of urban rainwater control on water quality were examined. Analysis indicated that controlling the amount of rainwater inflow to a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in an urban area with a combined sewer system has a large impact on reducing CO₂ emissions because of the load reduction on the urban sewage system.


Martin Steininger: What intrigues me personally about Cafe Royal Books is the mixture of publisher and archive, which I think gives your venture a strong dynamism.

I would like to start off with referring to the possibility of a British archive - In our Bookshop we don't normally distinguish territorially but the changing political landscape in recent months – potentially culminating ( for now) in next week's triggering of article 50 by the British government - have led me to looking more into the representation of this small island. What does British actually mean? We have been trying to put on more or less relevant Bookshop displays on this topic recently to maybe find an answer ( at least from the photographers…).
So - Is Cafe Royal Books the ultimate place to go to find out about Britishness?

Craig Atkinson: Ha, not sure I'd be so arrogant to say yes, but perhaps the books collectively say something. I think it's easy to find things on the eccentricities, or the history, or the former industry etc etc…I don't focus on any of those in particular but hope the books are a window in, to many of those sections of society, history, politics etc.

MS: How do you actually select what you publish?– you had mentioned before you get a lot of submissions …( understandably – you might be an easy target for people to say oh I have this quirky project - lets do a CRB…)

CA: I get a couple of submissions each day. Many are addressed to 'hey guys', and signed, 'thanks mate'. Usually these are unsuitable, not because of the language used but because they're sent to multiple publishers in one batch email, with no consideration to what each publish.

Some submissions are replicas of what has already been published by Cafe Royal Books. Some are excellent. It's all very subjective, but I have always had a rule that I'll never publish work that I don't like. The books are about the pictures.

So, short answer is, some subs and others I find / chase / hound…Chris Killip, for example, has been on my 'hit list' for many years, and things have always been 'in the future'. We spoke the other week and are working on a book for later in the year. It's always exciting to get work from people I've never heard of too though, and work that's never been seen.

MS: Chris Killip is kind of the ultimate CRB artist – I am sure it will be a classic!!!

On that note -  I do somehow feel the programme shows a tendency towards white male middle aged artists – can I say this?
Do you think there is a specific CRB community?
Having said that – anecdotally and interestingly I am selling a lot of CRB titles books to younger ladies…

CA: Yes, do say it, it's true. Over 99% of submissions are from men. I don't like 'positive discrimination', so will never put a call out for women photographers, but when I do make a call for submissions I always make a point of stating exactly this, and still very few. I don't know what the answer is but it certainly isn't intentional.

I don't think there is a specific Cafe Royal Books community. I sell mostly through the website and there are a wide variety of names / genders seemingly. I don't get personal details or ages so can't comment too much, but there's certainly a mix of male and female names on the orders! Likewise, at the fairs I take part in, custom is totally mixed in terms of gender and age, and reasons for buying. Nostalgia, place, gift, the photographer, a collector…I like, and encourage the mix.

MS: Yes – I feel the same what I observe in the shop, it is a good customer mix, in that respect CRB is entirely in line with TPG's mission, ha!

I personally find the strongest Cafe Royal Books publications are the ones dealing with the built environment, postwar architecture, housing issues, gentrification – the modernist references go well together with the design system and the materiality of the books.
Most of those I think are photographed by yourself – I remember a particular one including an essay by Owen Hatherley, it was on a symposium in Preston I believe, the first CRB I had ever seen.
The postwar architecture/environment is your true passion?

CA: I do like post war architecture generally. What I like more is when the building / place is used and accessible to wander through, so you kind of become a tourist in that environment. So the books I've made on the subject are about the architecture and the mass of it but about the space and the walk too.

There was a book with parts of a conversation with Hatherley. It was made as part of the Revisiting Utopia Symposium by In Certain Places. That was indeed one of the first Cafe Royal Books of this type.

Madness in London right now? Shooting / stabbing / cars ploughing on the bridge - look at the news...

MS: Yeah shots outside the parliament I hear from my colleague… - starting off the conversation with the image of Britain, this is now a way to end it I guess…

To really end on a positive note – we love your work, and I also can tell you this: we will be getting out a spinner for CRB books so we have a even better dedicated space for the books, and: looking forward to the Killip book, maybe he will be available for a signing…

CA: Ha, the spinner's finally coming! Ace!

Yes, Killip is on, the book is at proof now. Definitely happening. Maybe more than one…He sent me an amazing book the other day, I think there must only be a handful of copies. Self published, made for his friend, Sting.

MS: Haha talking about middle aged men!

CA: ha, yes


The extreme prevalence of diabetes in the United States has not always existed; the number of cases has dramatically risen in recent history. Previous research has indicated 2-aminoanthracene (2AA) causing alteration of gene expression and systemic injury in adult rats. This project determines the effects of 2AA on the in utero pups after being ingested by the dams. The goal was to identify any systemic injuries or effects on the in utero pups after ingestion of 2AA by their dams. This information is useful to determine the possible effects of pregnant humans ingesting 2AA, which is a compound that could easily be ingested in large quantities because of its prevalence in products and prepared food. 2AA could have potential effects on the pregnant mother and her unborn child. 2AA may cause alteration in gene expression or systemic injury that could last into adulthood and encourage or even cause insulin resistance or Type-II diabetes (T2D). Weight gain differed between the test groups and the control group. The low dose of 2AA promoted weight gain and the high dose inhibited. No significant difference in CD68+ (cluster differentiation 68) cell count between the treated and untreated groups occurred. Alteration in gene expression because of 2AA exposure was found. mRNA quantification revealed that adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), fatty acid synthase(FASN) and peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor alpha (PPARA) were not expressed, while cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1(PCK1) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1(SOCS1) were upregulated. Findings from this study suggest intrauterine exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particular 2-aminoanthracene, may lead to susceptibility to T2D.


Financial Institutions Examination Fairness and Reform Act - Amends the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Act of 1978 to require a federal financial institutions regulatory agency to make a final examination report to a financial institution within 60 days of the later of: (1) the exit interview for an examination of the institution, or (2) the provision of additional information by the institution relating to the examination. Sets a deadline for the exit interview if a financial institution is not subject to a resident examiner program. Sets forth examination standards for financial institutions. Prohibits federal financial institutions regulatory agencies from requiring a well capitalized financial institution to raise additional capital in lieu of an action prohibited by the examination standards. Establishes in the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council an Office of Examination Ombudsman. Grants a financial institution the right to appeal a material supervisory determination contained in a final report of examination. Requires the Ombudsman to determine the merits of the appeal on the record, after an opportunity for a hearing before an independent administrative law judge. Declares the decision by the Ombudsman on an appeal to: (1) be the final agency action, and (2) bind the agency whose supervisory determination was the subject of the appeal and the financial institution making the appeal. Amends the Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994 to require: (1) the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) to establish an independent intra-agency appellate process in connection with the regulatory appeals process; and (2) appropriate safeguards to protect an insured depository institution or insured credit union from retaliation by the CFPB, the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) Board, or any other federal banking agency for exercising its rights.


Laycock's Legacy RELIGIOUS LIBERTY, VOLUME ONE: OVERVIEWS & HISTORY. By Douglas Laycock. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2010. 888 pages. $35.00. Douglas Laycock is a towering figure in the law of religious liberty. He has been a path-breaking scholar, a successful appellate litigator, a legislative advocate instrumental in the development of statutes protecting religious liberty, and a commentator known for his ability to summarize church-state law and debates cogently and with sympathy for the conflicting sides.1 He has defended the rights of individuals and groups of almost every possible religious view, from evangelical Christians to Santeria animist worshipers to atheists. As a result, he is respected by people on both sides of the culture wars that animate many Religion Clause controversies. Now a forthcoming four-volume set of Laycock's collected writings on religious liberty will help to assess his remarkable (and still unfinished) legacy. This first volume, Overviews & History,2 actually does not include his most immediately influential work: articles, testimony, and other writings on the Free Exercise Clause and on religious liberty statutes, such as the Religious Freedom Restoration Act,3 whose enactment owed much to his efforts.4 These will have to wait until volumes 2 and 3.5 Taking one volume at a time, however, at least makes the reviewer's task manageable. It is hard to see how a review article could do justice to the full range of Laycock's religious liberty work. Any review I write about Doug Laycock is inevitably a tribute, for he was an inspiration to me when I entered law teaching almost twenty years ago and remains so today. His ideas on religious liberty have deeply shaped my own, but the influence has gone beyond ideas. His combination of scrupulous scholarship and powerful advocacy has been a model for me, even though (as this collection reminds me) it is nearly impossible to carry it out as well as he has. As we have shared ideas in the settings of scholarship, litigation, or legislation, he has taught by example how to communicate crisply, how to think strategically and tactically, and how to offer assistance to others with both generosity and rigor. Among my greatest professional satisfactions has been to collaborate with him on articles and briefs.6 I begin this Review by describing what I see as Laycock's greatest contributions to the theory of religious liberty. Then I examine the one area where I have material doubts about his position. I. Laycock's Achievements A. Liberty, Neutrality, Voluntarism Laycock's greatest contribution to theory has been to explain how religious liberty can coincide with government neutrality and evenhandedness toward religion. All these values are associated with the Religion Clauses, but one might easily conclude they conflict. Religion involves not only belief and speech but also conduct, and the modern state affects conduct pervasively through both regulation and subsidies. Preserving meaningful religious liberty therefore can require the state to treat religion differently from many other activities. But special treatment of religion might be said to violate neutrality and evenhandedness toward religion. These are also important First Amendment values, since the existence of two provisions, nonestablishment and free exercise, suggests that government's treatment of religion must be in some sense balanced-neither promotion nor discouragement. Laycock tackled this problem in the context of the debate over whether the Free Exercise Clause requires government to exempt religious practice from generally applicable laws. Exemptions are necessary to preserve meaningful liberty for religious exercise, because in a modern, pluralistic state with many laws and many different religions, inadvertent conflicts between regulations and religious practices will be frequent. After mandating some exemptions in the 1960s and 70s,7 the Supreme Court began to turn against them. …


Dynamic systems are characterize by a collection of variables and their interrelationships over time. hence, a dynamic system refers to anything that evolves or changes over time like your bank account or a countries economic growth. resilience is the ability of a dynamic system to return to a steady state or stable periodic orbit after a (not to big) disturbance and therefore the systems behaviour will be stable or marginally stable. resilience behaviour of the system strives to minimize regret and mitigate risk by being a stable or marginally stable system. in mathematical terms this definition of resilience refer to convergence, for all starting values near the equilibrium (or small disturbance to the equilibrium) the system will not move away from the/a equilibrium, i.e. a stable (steady state) system or the stable periodic orbit. hence the system will oscillate between a finite number of points on the long term. to achieve sustainability within a system (e.g. transportation networks, etc.), the way of thinking, planning, project design and implementation needs to be resilient in order to contribute to the system wide sustainability. it thus implies a need for quantitative data and information to optimise planning and to support decision making in an adaptive fashion. through being able to describe how the system evolves over time, it enable ways to define preconditions or input that will ensure a dynamic system remain stable to promote resilience and sustainability. At present, theory and practices do not make provision for the development of improved adaptive capacities in all phases of planning through dynamic transportation systems planning and development. the aim of this paper is to introduce and develop resilience-orientated frameworks and approaches based on application of mathematical, statistical and decision-making tools, which can be used to enhance the interface between resilience and sustainability alignment though dynamic thinking, planning and implementation in transportation systems. in the end, this will lead to improved management and sustainable transport planning.


The Harry Potter series has been a phenomenal publishing success for their author J. K. Rowling. This thesis argues for the use of these books as a worthwhile teaching asset, especially in the promotion of values in our schools. It particularly focuses on the use of these books for Values Education in the curriculum area of Religious Education. While the world continues to change and evolve there are some aspects of our societies that remain unchanged and the power of stories is one of these stable forces. This thesis looks at the importance of stories in teaching our youth about values, especially Christian values. It also provides research on how critics and youth have responded to the stories about Harry Potter through undertaking a review of critical comments and by actually asking young people what they feel about aspects of the novels. Comment is made on what Christian values can be found in the Harry Potter series and how they are shown through the choices characters make. This thesis also looks at how the power to choose is a fundamental basis of Christian religion and that through our choices we live out our humanity. Mention is made of Values Education in both State and Catholic schools and how, in recent years, we have seen increased moves by both Federal and State Governments to instigate Values Education programmes in Australian schools. This study also looked at how curriculum changes in Tasmania, at both State and Catholic levels, encourages the teaching of values through the use of resources that connect with our young people and teaching strategies that encourage higher-order thinking skills. An analysis is also made regarding the connection between the Harry Potter series and the hero journey motif.;Through research and analysis this thesis found that the Harry Potter series is popular with our youth and that they are connected to the characters in the books and the choices they make. This study also found that the series, through the characters and choices they make, provides itself as a valuable teaching tool because it is able to be used in both secular and Catholic schools regardless of attacks on the books by Christian groups. Studies undertaken indicated that the values presented in the books are compatible with our Australian societal values and that with the use of good teaching strategies the books can assist students in developing their higher-order thinking skills. The Harry Potter series can be used to assist youth in acquiring values that will assist them in their personal development and to help them become useful contributors to our modern world. Through the character of Harry Potter and his experiences students can learn more about themselves and the values they need to overcome those difficulties that they, like all of us, face in life.


Copper interconnects are currently used extensively within the data center environment. Fiber optic technology is used as a connectivity solution when higher performance is required and the cost differential compared to a copper solution is affordable. Fiber optic technology offers several key advantages over copper solutions for data transmission. This report looks at silicon photonics as a potential optical interconnect solution and addresses the issues and technology paths being pursued.


In this thesis, I investigate several ways to probe gravity in the strong-field regime. These investigations focus on observables from the gravitational dynamics, i.e. when time derivatives are large: thus I focus on sources of gravitational waves. Extreme mass-ratio inspirals (EMRIs) can be very sensitive probes of strong-field physics. Predicting observables from EMRIs must be done numerically, so accurate numerical methods are required to ensure that any comparison with measurement is not spoiled by numerical artefacts. The first investigation of this thesis is a spectral (in the angular sector), pseudospectral (in the radial sector) time-domain PDE solver for perturbations of a Kerr black hole (i.e. solving the Teukolsky equation). The method exhibits good convergence and prompts much future investigation. A second approach to probing strong gravity is to consider theories which are general relativity (GR) with a few small corrections and investigate the effect of these corrections on observables. Since gravitational waves are the prime observable and they control the long-term evolution of dynamical systems, I investigate their properties in almost-GR theories. The second investigation of this thesis is a study of the propagation and energy content of gravitational waves in these theories. I find that in a large class of theories, approaching the asymptotically flat part of spacetime, gravitational waves propagate in the same fashion as in GR and have the same effective stress-energy tensor as in GR. Next, I study the strong-field correction to the structure of a Schwarzschild black hole in a class of theories. Finally, with these ingredients, I investigate the leading corrections to the dynamics and observables of a comparable mass-ratio inspiral using post-Newtonian techniques. The main result is the appearance of dipolar scalar radiation in this class of theories. The dipolar radiation has a frequency dependence which does not arise in GR and is a distinct signature of corrections. Such signatures should be testable using gravitational wave detection and pulsar timing. Thesis Supervisor: Scott A. Hughes Title: Associate Professor


The design of coffee shops is increasingly on the move. Where cafes have traditionally been viewed as places principally to enjoy a coffee, they have evolved to show a broad range of multifunctional purposes and amenities: They can, for instance, exist as cozy lunch-time meeting spots before abruptly transforming into vibrant late-night bars after sundown. "Cafe! Best of Coffee Shop Design" shows the wide scope of different cafe concepts, including coffee bars as integral parts of cutting-edge multipurpose buildings, flagship stores and traditional shops with a contemporary twist. The 40 projects featured comprise an extensive variety of designs and styles, ranging from minimalist, strict and reduced, to opulent and extravagant.


In a study on the variation of Polistes and other Vespidae, K. Zimmermann (Zeitschr. Morph. Oek. Tiere, 22, 1931, pp. 173-230) concluded that the variation of the Indo-Australian Eumenes arcuatus (Fabricius) differs in a remarkable way from that of several European species of wasps. The geographic variation of the palaearctic Polistes, Odynerus and Eumenes was found to be strongly influenced by external factors: black pigments increase in cold and humid environments, whereas the yellow pigments dominate in hot and dry areas. According to Zimmermann, there is considerable individual variation in this respect in the palaearctic region, and no constant geographic races have developed here. On the other hand, the Indo-Australian Eumenes arcuatus occurs in a number of clearly separated geographic races in which no influence of climatic factors on the distribution of the black and yellow pigments is recognizable. Zimmermann distinguished twelve subspecies of E. arcuatus, all differing in colour characters; some of these are widely distributed, others inhabit only a restricted area. Some overlapping of the areas of distribution was said to occur: the Ceylonese flavopicta was recorded as "vereinzelt auf Sumatra und Java" (where this form certainly does not occur!); the Javanese blanchardi was recorded from Sumatra (incorrectly!) and the Saleyer Islands; in the latter locality it was therefore supposed to fly together with the black saleyerensis, described by Zimmermann from these same islands. New Britain was said to harbour both typical arcuatus and the subsp. praslinius. Zimmermann published a series of diagrams showing the different colour patterns of the various subspecies, and was the first author to distinguish the form inhabiting continental South East Asia and Sumatra (subsp. continen-


At the national level the employment system consists of the set of institutions, and policies affecting institutions, which together moderate the level of production, employment and unemployment in the country (Schmid, G. & Gazier, B. eds. 2002. The Dynamics of Full Employment. Edward Elgar). These institutions include employment legislation, taxation policy and the education and training systems. However, the dynamics and the complexity of the national labour markets could only be understood by analysing the systemic character of employment at the regional and local levels. The regional and local social systems function as filters or restrictions, resulting in differing performance of local labour markets. The interaction between the labour market and the local educational and private household systems – including its various preferences and life-style options - is reflected in, and allowing for, differing rates of transition between alternative statuses at the labour market. This seems particularly valid in a country like Sweden, where there is a wide variation of functional labour markets in terms of size, differentiation, settlement and demographic structure. Also, the recent cut backs and weakened intervention of the welfare state in general combined with an increasingly dominating role of the public sector as an employer in regions with an ageing population suggest an emerging divergence in the performance of local labour markets. In this paper, we suggest that the performance of local employment systems should be evaluated in terms of the rate of activation of local pools of labour force and of immigration. Well functioning employment systems should facilitate voluntary and temporary entries to and exits from employment to other statuses, e g to and from education and training. Rapid activation should be facilitated of the local pools of unemployed and other non-employed including persons on long-term sick leave. Preliminary results from empirical analysis based on longitudinal data reveal that there is a wide variation in performance of Swedish local labour markets in these terms and that there are no signs of convergence over the period 1990-99. The results suggest that national policies to affect institutions within the employment system has to be synchronized with and supported by regionally differentiated measures to improve the local social systems, in particular within the local education system, to improve working conditions in certain sectors and also to promote local mobility between economic and non-economic sectors.


Rooted in theories of radical media and social movements, this article explores the role of the Havana-based weekly anarchist newspaper ¡Tierra! in forging both a Cuban-wide and larger Caribbean-wide anarchist network from 1902-1915. Between 1898 and 1915, Cuban anarchists published no fewer than 15 newspapers, but ¡Tierra! was the longest-lived and most widely distributed. Besides distributing news and propaganda to workers in small towns, cities and mining communities across Cuba, these workers became key correspondents back to the Havana readership. Consequently, the paper became a crucial venue for readers across Cuba to communicate with one another and share tales of repression, compare conditions, and heighten awareness of the complexities of the island-wide struggle. In addition, a review of the newspaper finances reveals that the rural readership regularly provided between 35 and 60% of the urban paper's income. Also, the paper played a larger role as the journalistic hub for anarchists throughout the Caribbean. In particular, anarchist correspondents from Florida, Puerto Rico and the Panama Canal Zone contributed money and analyses about the status of the movements in those lands, providing readers throughout the distribution areas a means to compare their situations and develop a larger international consciousness.


Internationally, there are efforts to develop standardised toxicity testing and risk assessmentmethods for engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). To this end, health risk assessments need tobe conducted on ENMs synthesised in South Africa. Country-specific risk characterisationrequires specific exposure assessments for those ENMs for which the likelihood exists foroccupational and environmental exposure in that country. A challenge in hazard identificationand risk assessment related to ENMs, regardless of country of origin, is that data on toxicity,carcinogenicity, pharmacokinetics, and occupational or environmental exposure are generallynot available for most ENMs. Although the mechanisms previously identified as importantin the toxicity and carcinogenicity of particles and fibres may be applicable, the possibilityexists that the unusual physicochemical properties of ENMs may give rise to unique, andas yet unidentified, adverse effects. Moreover, generalised exposure scenarios that considerthe life cycle of the agent have not been developed and are needed for the complete riskcharacterisation of ENMs. As health risk assessment is both resource and labour intensive, it isimperative to identify the aims of such an exercise prior to embarking on large-scale projects,to ensure that the data most useful for public health decision-making is provided. Identifyingpriorities in South Africa, in coordination with international efforts, can facilitate the effectiveuse of research efforts for risk assessment and risk management decision-making.


Abstract Marrale, M., Brai, M., Barbon, A. and Brustolon, M. Analysis of the Spatial Distribution of Free Radicals in Ammonium Tartrate by Pulse EPR Techniques. Radiat. Res. 171, 349–359 (2009). Using pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) on a series of l(+)-ammonium tartrate (AT) dosimeters exposed to radiations with different linear energy transfer (LET), we assessed the ability of pulse EPR spectroscopy to discriminate the quality of various radiation beams such as 60Co γ-ray photons, protons and thermal neutrons at various doses by analyzing the local radical distributions produced by the different beams. We performed two types of pulse EPR investigations: two-pulse electron spin echo decay obtained by varying the microwave power, and a double electron-electron resonance (DEER) study. Both methods provide information about the dipolar interactions among the free radicals and about their spatial distributions. The first method provided information on the instantaneous diffusion and hence the microscopic concentration of the radicals that is compared with the macroscopic one obtained by CW-EPR. The DEER spectra yielded the distributions of distances between pairs of radicals two to five crystal cells apart produced by the same radiation event, a result reported here for the first time. The inter-radical distributions given by the DEER results have been simulated by modeling the radical distributions according to the details of the matter-radiation interactions for the various beams. The results of both types of pulse experiments are strongly dependent on the radiation quality. This was also observed for samples giving indistinguishable CW-EPR spectral profiles. We conclude that the pulse EPR measurements can be valuable tools for distinguishing the LET of the radiation beams, an important parameter for radiobiological considerations.