SUMMARY To explore the forest harvest effects on biologically active fractions of soil organic matter dynamics, we evaluated soil total carbon (C-total) and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) concentrations, and basal soil respiration (BSR) in old-growth forest (as control) and logged stands (logged one- and 20-yrs ago) in two regions (dry and wet regions) in temperate forests of Oaxaca, Mexico. Mean C-total values were higher in the Dry region than in the Wet region. Greater mean annual precipitation resulted in consistently lower BSR, but had inconsistent effects on the SMBC in dependence upon annual rainfall in the sampling year. In the dry region SMBC was higher in the dry season than in the rainy season, and BSR was higher in soils collected in the rainy season than those collected in the dry season. Forest logging consistently decreased C-total and SMBC concentrations and BSR. In contrast, rainfall seasonality in the Wet region did not affect SMBC concentration or BSR. On the other hand, in this region, the main response to the forest thinning application was an increase in the concentration of C-total. Overall, we conclude that the soil carbon pools and the effects of forest thinning on the biologically active fractions of soil organic matter will vary, depending on the details of the site's annual rainfall amount.


For centuries both primitive and sophisticated societies have been spellbound by persons who claim to have 'psychic' power. Those who present a case for the existence of extrasensory perception (ESP) - mediums, spiritualists, telepaths, clairvoyants, psychokinetics, and others - insist that their unique abilities stand outside the realm of conventional scientific evaluation; that parapsychology offers new hope for understanding the richness and diversity of the human mind and its relationship to the world. In fact, much has been done in recent years in an attempt to convince the scientific community that such phenomena are legitimate and credible. What challenges do these parapsychological claims pose to science? What support is given for the existence of these phenomena? Have the advocates of ESP established their case? In this revised and updated edition of his powerful volume "ESP and Parapsychology: A Re-evaluation", C.E.M. Hansel, one of the first internationally known scholars to evaluate the evidence for ESP, returns once more to the trenches to reassess, rethink, and reconsider some of the major battlefields of this ongoing debate. Undaunted by persistent claims for newly discovered psychical energies and capacities, Hansel remains dedicated to the view that if ESP is to be scientifically established there must be demonstrable proof in the form of replicable experiments. This fascinating volume recounts the scientific community's efforts to provide, test, and analyze such evidence, while at the same time seeking to expose the confusion, trickery, and deception that has permeated the search for psychic power.


Fine weather ionic conduction and convection currents near the Earth's surface have been studied. Air-earth current density, potential gradient, electric space char^ density, number density of ions of either sign have been measured. It has been confirmed that raised earthed antennas can also be used for air-earth current measurements. Air-earth current measurements with a wire and a plate antenna, show- that within the first few metres of the atmosphere the transfer of electric space charge by moving air masses produces currents comparable to the conduction current. The term 'advection current' has been used to denote those currents produced by the horizontal movements of air masses containing electric space charge. An experiment performed in a low-speed wind tunnel shows that ions in moving air streams are not likely to be controlled by potential gradients less than 1000 V m"\Electric space charge measurements show pulses lasting about a-5minute. They usually lie between 10 and 20 pCm(^-3). A qualitative explanation is given by solving the continuity equation. A theoretical account of the movement of ions in the atmosphere is also given. Analysis of the measured parameters using a computer programme suggests the existence of a layer of positive space charge, a few millimetres thick, close to the Earth's surface. Occurrence of extensive air showers has been recorded to see if there is any unobserved relationship with atmospheric electric elements. Measurements did not show much evidence; however, these are by no means conclusive. Simple calculation shows that only showers corresponding to primary energies of 10(^19)eV or 10(^20) eV can give measurable changes in the air-earth current density. The difficulties of measuring separately the two components of the conduction current by the direct method at any point above the Earth's surface is also discussed.


Two new ON supergiant spectra (bringing the total known to seven) and one new ONn giant (total of this class now eight) are presented; they have been discovered by the Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey. These rare objects represent extremes in the mixing of CNO-cycled material to the surfaces of evolved, late-O stars, by uncertain mechanisms in the first category but likely by rotation in the second. The two supergiants are at the hot edge of the class, which is a selection effect from the behavior of defining N iii and C iii absorption blends, related to the tendency toward emission (Of effect) in the former. An additional N/C criterion first proposed by Bisiacchi et al. is discussed as a means to alleviate that effect, and it is relevant to the two new objects. The entire ON supergiant class is discussed; they display a fascinating diversity of detail undoubtedly related to the complexities of their extended atmospheres and winds that are sensitive to small differences in physical parameters, as well as to binary effects in some cases. Serendipitously, we have found significant variability in the spectrum of a little-known hypergiant with normal N, C spectra selected as a comparison for the anomalous objects. In contrast to the supergiants, the ONn spectra are virtual (nitrogen)-carbon copies of one another except for the degrees of line broadening, which emphasizes their probable unique origin and hence amenability to definitive astrophysical interpretation.


AIMS
A left bundle-branch block (LBBB) electrocardiogram (ECG) type may be caused by either a block in the left branch of the ventricular conduction system or by uncoupling in the working myocardium. We used a realistic large-scale computer model to evaluate the effects of uncoupling with and without left-sided block and in combination with biventricular pacing.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Action potential propagation was simulated using a reaction-diffusion model of the human ventricles. Electrocardiograms and cardiac electrograms were computed from the simulated action potentials by solving the bidomain equations. In all situations, diffuse uncoupling reduced QRS amplitude, prolonged QRS duration, and rotated the QRS axis leftward. Uncoupling by 50% increased QRS duration from 90 to 120 ms with a normal conduction system and from 140 to 190 ms when the left bundle branch was blocked. Biventricular pacing did not change QRS duration but reduced total ventricular activation time.

CONCLUSION
Uncoupling in the working myocardium can mimic left-sided block in the ventricular conduction system and can explain an LBBB ECG pattern with relatively low amplitude. Biventricular pacing improves ventricular activation in true LBBB with or without uncoupling but not in case of 50% uncoupling alone.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the benefit of using time-resolved, laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy for diagnosing malignant and premalignant lesions of the oral cavity.

DESIGN
The carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was applied to 1 cheek pouch of 19 hamsters. The contralateral pouch and the cheek pouches of 3 hamsters without DMBA exposure served as controls.

SETTING
University of California, Davis.

PARTICIPANTS
Twenty-two golden/Syrian hamsters.

INTERVENTION
A nitrogen pulse laser was used to induce tissue autofluorescence between the wavelengths of 360 and 650 nm.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Spectral intensities and time-domain measurements were obtained and compared with the histopathologic findings at each corresponding site.

RESULTS
Spectral intensities and lifetime values at 3 spectral bands (SBs; SB1 = 380 +/- 10 nm; SB2 = 460 +/- 10 nm, and SB3 = 635 +/- 10 nm) allowed for discrimination among healthy epithelium, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma. The lifetime values at SB2 were the most important when distinguishing the lesions using only time-resolved parameters. An algorithm combining spectral fluorescence parameters derived from both spectral and time-domain parameters (peak intensities, average fluorescence lifetimes, and the Laguerre coefficient [zero-order]) for healthy epithelium, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma provided the best diagnostic discrimination, with 100%, 100%, 69.2%, and 76.5% sensitivity and 100%, 92.2%, 97.1%, and 96.2% specificity, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
The addition of time-resolved fluorescence-derived parameters significantly improves the capability of fluorescence spectroscopy-based diagnostics in the hamster buccal pouch. This technique provides a potential noninvasive diagnostic instrument for head and neck cancer.


Thermal recovery involves well-known processes such as steam injection (cyclic steam stimulation, steam drive, and steam-assisted gravity drainage), in situ combustion, and a more recent technique that consists of heating the reservoir with electrical energy. When high frequency is used for heating, it is called electromagnetic (EM) heating. The applications of EM heating for heavy-oil reservoirs can be especially beneficial where conventional methods cannot be used because of large depth, reservoir heterogeneity, or excessive heat losses. This process can be modeled to determine temperature distribution in the porous reservoir rock during EM heating. In this paper, the homotopy perturbation method (HPM), a powerful series-based analytical tool, is used to approximate the temperature distribution, which has been modeled using a partial differential equation and special assumptions when high frequency currents are used. This method decomposes a complex partial differential equation to a series of simple ordinary differential equations which are easy to solve. According to the comparison of the solutions obtained by HPM with those of a numerical method (NM), good agreement is achieved. Moreover, a sensitivity study is done to determine the effect of initial temperature, oil rate, frequency and input power on the accuracy of HPM.


Therapists are often thrust into supervisory positions with little preparation. Here is a book that gives them not only the basics of supervision but also creative, active techniques to open up new perspectives on therapeutic situations. Both beginning and experienced supervisors - whether psychologists, social workers, counselors, psychiatrists, or family therapists - will find the discussion and many case illustrations enriching. To help their trainees develop "clinical wisdom" - timing, judgment, and a deep understanding of therapeutic possibility - supervisors play several roles. In turn, they may be teachers, facilitators, consultants, or evaluators. The author defines these roles, as well as their associated functions and precepts, and demonstrates the supervisory stance in each role. Supervisors also focus on one of six areas, three from the therapy system and three from the supervisory system. The adept supervisor will help the trainee-therapist take the experiential learning from one arena and apply it in another. Sometimes trainees are restrained from "hearing" what their supervisor says; the supervisor's advice does not fit with their "map of the world." Moreover, using words alone, supervisees cannot surprise themselves - they have heard it all before. At those times, in particular, the author recommends visual and active techniques. These methods allow multiple and even contradictory maps or realities to be presented, opening trainees' eyes to new possibilities. Meaning becomes intensely personal, yet systemic. Dramatic and narrative enactments of therapeutic dilemmas, often using evocative objects (for example, magnets of horses, Superman, or the Virgin Mary), capture suchelusive elements as closeness, boundaries, and position, which are the very meat of therapy.


This study aims to compare internet portal sites for rural tourism, and to suggest the improved contents for homepage information on mountain villages under the Korea Forest Service. Design, interface, information source, and communication as estimation indicators were used to understand the characteristics of portal sites, and sub-items under indicators to analyse the portal sites were established. Nationwide portal sites were compared for rural tourism information. Also, German and Italian portal sites were compared as overseas cases. As a result, an internet portal site for information on mountain villages under the Korea Forest Service has to be improved as compared with other portal sites related to rural tourism. Firstly, it is necessary to modify and improve the category explaining mountain villages. Secondly, homepage for developing mountain villages has to be established and linked to potential visitors. Thirdly, portal sites for developing mountain villages subsequently have to be constructed under the site of the Korea Forest Service.


The 19th century in Sweden, like in many other European countries, saw a large decline in the quantity of Neo-Latin literary production. However, a range of skillful Latin poets may be named from this period: Johan Lundblad, Johan Tranér, Emil Söderström, Johan Bergman and others, engaged as well in translating from Swedish into Latin as in composing poems of their own. It was also in the 19th century that the longest Latin poem ever written in Sweden came out – De diis arctois libri VI by Carl Georg Brunius (1792–1869), remarkably neglected by the scholars, although it was published twice during the lifetime of its author (1822 and 1857). The subject of the poem ts perfectly in the intellectual movement of the period, namely national romantic interest in the Nordic antiquities. The six books represent a summary of Eddaic mythology from the creation of the Universe until the Ragnarök. Brunius' admiration for the Scandinavian Middle Ages is apparent; later it turned out to be productive in architecture, the eld in which Brunius is most remembered nowadays. Brunius does not seek to turn Scandinavian gods into Greek ones. He accurately follows his sources (both the prosaic and, to a somewhat smaller extent, the poetic Edda) in content, sometimes even in wording. However, it should be born in mind that the writer was a classicist by his education. Although many compositional traits of ancient epos are lacking in the poem, it is full of the allusions to classical authors at the phrasal level. Some of them are formulaic verse elements, others deliberate and exquisite quotations. It is this elegant combination of close adherence to the sources with the use of the ancient authors (Virgil, Lucretius, Ovid, Horace) that the paper is mainly focused on.


Abstract Excluded and/or marginalized social groups frequently face problems involving representation in the public sphere. Moreover, the very notion of exclusion typically refers to communicatively or discursively produced mechanisms of being considered irrelevant in public processes of communication. Exclusion and marginalization, understood as processes of silencing or invisibilizing social groups, are particularly serious in cases involving social suffering, i.e. socially produced suffering and/or suffering that can be eliminated or alleviated socially. Making silence heard, giving voice to the silenced and bringing the invisibilized back into the public domain are therefore fundamental tasks of solidarity in reaching a higher degree of social integration. The main aim of this article is to reveal how it is possible to disclose and understand the social grammar of the normative claims of silenced and invisibilized social groups. Therefore, grounded in Axel Honneth's Theory of Recognition, I first develop a theoretic model of criticism that elucidates silent and invisible suffering as universal normative language (I). Next, I develop a typology of silencing and invisibilizing that allows research attention to be directed towards specific fields of normative claims with different validity claims (II). Finally, I offer some general advice with regard to performing empirical research aimed at normative social criticism that considers the grammar of the silenced and invisible language of suffering (III).


This conversation about poetry/writing therapy germinated from many discussions between two authors with long experience in the field. Their conversation has an essentially European quality, deepened by cultural differences. They talk about fundamental principles and values used in their practice and professional writing; their own personal writing experience that brought them to this work; characteristics and history of European approaches; its foundations in education, psychology, and philosophy; the difference and similarities between published literary writing and therapeutic writing; and the role of metaphor, narrative, and descriptive observation writing. An eclectic range of references, vital to the field, including selected research trial evidence from the United States and Europe, are drawn upon and critically discussed.


ABSTRACT Severe hemorrhage with necessity of allogeneic blood transfusion is common complication in intensive care unit and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Prompt recognition and treatment of bleeding causes becomes essential for the effective control of hemorrhage, rationalizing the use of allogeneic blood components, and in this way, preventing an occurrence of their potential adverse effects. Conventional coagulation tests such as prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time present limitations in predicting bleeding and guiding transfusion therapy in critically ill patients. Viscoelastic tests such as thromboelastography and rotational thromboelastometry allow rapid detection of coagulopathy and goal-directed therapy with specific hemostatic drugs. The new era of thromboelastometry relies on its efficacy, practicality, reproducibility and cost-effectiveness to establish itself as the main diagnostic tool and transfusion guide in patients with severe active bleeding.


We propose an approach to learn spatio-temporal features in videos from intermediate visual representations we call "percepts" using Gated-Recurrent-Unit Recurrent Networks (GRUs).Our method relies on percepts that are extracted from all level of a deep convolutional network trained on the large ImageNet dataset. While high-level percepts contain highly discriminative information, they tend to have a low-spatial resolution. Low-level percepts, on the other hand, preserve a higher spatial resolution from which we can model finer motion patterns. Using low-level percepts can leads to high-dimensionality video representations. To mitigate this effect and control the model number of parameters, we introduce a variant of the GRU model that leverages the convolution operations to enforce sparse connectivity of the model units and share parameters across the input spatial locations.
We empirically validate our approach on both Human Action Recognition and Video Captioning tasks. In particular, we achieve results equivalent to state-of-art on the YouTube2Text dataset using a simpler text-decoder model and without extra 3D CNN features.


In this article, we investigate whether increased participation offers a way of addressing wicked policy problems. We utilize a natural policy experiment in the form of a 2010 reform of Swedish wildlife management policy aiming to solve longstanding conflicts over predators through increased stakeholder participation in regional Wildlife Management Boards. Using a panel study design containing quantitative and qualitative data, we estimate pre- and post-reform levels of three wickedness-reducing mechanisms: legitimacy, deliberation, and conflict intensity. Despite a substantial increase in participation, we find no evidence of reduced wickedness after the reform.


Over the past two decades, Congress has gradually usurped the power of state regulators to enforce state securities laws and the power of state courts to adjudicate securities disputes. This Paper evaluates the impact of Congressional preemption and preclusion upon state court securities class actions. Utilizing a proprietary database, the Paper presents and analyzes a comprehensive dataset of 1500 class actions filed in state courts from 1996-2010. The Paper first examines the permissible space for state securities class actions in light of Congressional preclusion and preemption embodied in the 1998 Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act (SLUSA) and Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 (CAFA). The Paper then presents the state class action filing data detailing the numbers, classifications, and jurisdictions of state class action cases that now occupy the state forums. First, as expected, the data indicates that there are few traditional stock-drop securities class actions litigated in state court today. Second, in spite of the debate over the impact of SLUSA and CAFA on 1933 Act claims, very few plaintiffs attempt to litigate these matters in state court. Finally, the number of state court class actions involving merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions is skyrocketing and now surpasses such claims filed in federal court. Moreover, various class counsel file their M & A complaints in multiple jurisdictions. The increasingly large number of multi-forum M&A class action suits burden the defendants and their counsel, the judiciary and even plaintiffs' lawyers themselves. The paper concludes that absent effective state co-ordination, further Congressional preemption is possible, if not likely.


The p53 gene is required for the normal apoptotic response of mammalian cells to DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation and DNA damaging drugs. DNA damage results in the accumulation of biologically active p53. This response is potentially lethal and is therefore highly regulated. By using both biochemical and cell biological approaches a number of discrete control pathways have been identified. These include analysis of cellular and viral proteins that bind to p53 to inactivate its function, the discovery of cells with defects in the p53 activation pathway and the analysis of an allosteric regulation of p53 function controlled by phosphorylation.


Author(s): FINN, MEGAN | Advisor(s): Saxenian, AnnaLee; Duguid, Paul | Abstract: This dissertation analyzes Californians' information infrastructure after three Bay Area earthquakes: 1868 Hayward Fault Earthquake, 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire, and 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. I use qualitative and historical research approaches, focusing on documents produced by state and local governments, newspapers and letters by Californians. In my analysis, I employ the construct of "information infrastructure" from the field of Science and Technology Studies to describe the complex constellation of practices, technology and institutions that underpins the public sphere. Four themes help develop the idea of public information infrastructure: continuity, reach, informational authority and multiple infrastructures. First, major disruptions such as earthquakes challenge the continuity of public information infrastructure while making infrastructure visible. For example, after the 1906 earthquake and fire, refugees had to reassemble their social geography. Friends, loved ones, employers and employees all wanted to locate each other and notify others of their well-being. While the physical information infrastructure was destroyed, the ways that people worked and organized was not. Thus, with some work-arounds, information infrastructure within San Francisco was reassembled to working order. Second, I look at one of the qualities of information infrastructure that is considered fundamental - that of the reach of infrastructure across space. In 1868, the circulation of documents to far away audiences shaped the earthquake narrative locally. Third, I examine claims to informational authority. My dissertation begins in 1868, at a time when there were not shared scientific earthquake descriptors such as magnitude, when it took weeks for a newspaper to travel from San Francisco to New York, and when there was no professionalized class of "responders" or specialized government response. The Chamber of Commerce claimed the authority to explain the earthquake. The bureaucratization of disaster response and the rise of scientific explanations for earthquakes shaped infrastructure and information practices, such that by the 1989 earthquake government officials claimed the authority to explain what had happened. The intertwining of science, the state, and infrastructure helped constitute and legitimize a new set of informational authorities, and provide a lens with which to design post-disaster information systems and policy today. Last, I argue that there is not just one information infrastructure, but multiple infrastructures supporting multiple publics. Alternate infrastructures supported Chinese people in 1906 and Spanish-speakers in 1989 when attempting to get aid or find loved ones. My research ties together how technology, media organizations, government institutions, and scientific explanations of earthquakes contribute to a sensemaking epistemology for Californians.


Clonostachys spinulosispora is introduced as a new species of Clonostachys (syn. Bionectria), based on material collected in French Guiana on dead palm leaves of Astrocaryum vulgare. The placement of the new species in Clonostachys is supported by morphological characters of the asexual morph obtained in culture and the bionectria-like sexual morph of the specimen in nature as well as analysis of ITS sequences. Its segregation from other known species of Clonostachys is primarily based on its striking ascospore ornamentation


This discussion paper explores issues around how regional transport infrastructure provision might be transformed by integration with appropriate digital infrastructure. As MK:Smart, a three and a half year £16m smart city programme has moved to its conclusion, and its digital and virtual tools come into place, there has also come into place a major regional planning initiative in the form of the Cambridge-Milton Keynes-Oxford corridor. This is now attracting major transport infrastructure funding. Yet the role of digital infrastructure in this substantial initiative appears to be entirely peripheral.
 But whereas the National Infrastructure Commission report on the report Cambridge-Milton Keynes-Oxford corridor only mentions digital infrastructures in passing, these have formed a major focus for a number of transport projects within the corridor itself, and are set to become a central element in transport strategy nationwide. A digital infrastructure perspective represents an entirely different approach to that of the traditional provision of physical infrastructure. Two examples of digital transport infrastructure are provided that are being developed by communities within the Cambridge-Milton Keynes-Oxford corridor.
 The first is at Milton Keynes within the £16m MK:Smart project. This involves the development of a city-wide transport information app based on real-time movements of people and vehicles. Called MotionMap, it goes beyond existing commercial sat nav systems, drawing on a variety of data feeds and a city-wide sensing network provided as part of the overall big data approach of MK:Smart. Big data information systems like MotionMap, in many ways, represent the digital successor to the earlier concept of Personalised Travel Plans which provide enhanced travel information through traditional means to households and to employees in workplaces. In addition, by providing the data platform to support new digital era services, such as demand responsive buses, shared cabs and autonomous pods, MotionMap could facilitate a range of new sustainable transport services, providing even further traffic reductions.
 The second example is OneTRANSPORT, which seeks to standardise and commercialise transport data across Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire, Northamptonshire and Oxfordshire. The intention is to connect hundreds of siloed datasets so they can be used to create smart city transport applications for residents.
 Such smart city transport initiatives could shift to the regional level, and the emerging concept of 5G connected and autonomous corridors suggests a way forward that could take conventional regional/corridor transport infrastructure approaches into the digital regime. A key unrealised potential is for digital infrastructure to manage the physical. For the Cambridge-Milton Keynes-Oxford corridor this could be the key action that lifts this corridor into the digital age through a 5G corridor in which the digital infrastructure manages the physical infrastructure to provide an order of magnitude improvement in its productivity.


Volumetric deformations of triaxial specimens of sand measured with a burette are burdened with an error caused by a rubber membrane penetrating into the peripheral voids of the specimen. This effect is of the same order of magnitude as volumetric deformation of the soil skeleton and should be eliminated. To this end, a method has been proposed based on the K0-stress path. Membrane penetration for the particular material has been approximated by logarithmic and hyperbolic curves. The resulting correction considerably surpasses most published expressions because the latter usually do not consider the porosity of specimens.


Engineered optical waveguide structures with a controlled photon tunneling rate are shown to provide an experimentally accessible optical system to test universal features of dynamic control of quantum mechanical decay [Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 270405 (2001)]. Examples of deceleration and acceleration of photon tunneling, as well as of suppression of fractional decay, are presented for a periodically curved waveguide coupled to a semi-infinite waveguide array.


A multimodal methodology for spectral imaging of cells is presented. The spectral imaging setup uses a transmission diffraction grating on a light microscope to concurrently record spectral images of cells and cellular organelles by fluorescence, darkfield, brightfield, and differential interference contrast (DIC) spectral microscopy. Initially, the setup was applied for fluorescence spectral imaging of yeast and mammalian cells labeled with multiple fluorophores. Fluorescence signals originating from fluorescently labeled biomolecules in cells were collected through triple or single filter cubes, separated by the grating, and imaged using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Cellular components such as nuclei, cytoskeleton, and mitochondria were spatially separated by the fluorescence spectra of the fluorophores present in them, providing detailed multi-colored spectral images of cells. Additionally, the grating-based spectral microscope enabled measurement of scattering and absorption spectra of unlabeled cells and stained tissue sections using darkfield and brightfield or DIC spectral microscopy, respectively. The presented spectral imaging methodology provides a readily affordable approach for multimodal spectral characterization of biological cells and other specimens.


Abstract This research examines the relationship of abiotic factors to the autumn number increase of Eurasian woodcocks in a wintering area. Data on the number of woodcocks spotted per day using dogs for 12 years in an area of Macedonia are presented. From these records, we attempt to correlate the increase in number of woodcocks with moon phase, photoperiod, temperature, precipitation, visibility, wind intensity and barometric pressure. Meteorological data were obtained from five meteorological stations located in the study area, breeding areas and along the migration route. Descriptive and applied statistics [Factor Analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Binary Logistic Regression] were used for the analysis. Woodcock numbers increase significantly in October and November. Barometric pressure, wind and precipitation, as measured by the nearer climatic stations to the study area, influence the increase in number of woodcocks. The between-years analysis showed that woodcocks' arrival was delayed in warmer autumns. Correlating the numerical increase of woodcocks with abiotic factors is a complicated phenomenon, but the constructed model provides evidence for some patterns and it facilitates the design of a future study.


After discussing the unique opportunity for linguistic investigation afforded by so-called "speech-islands," speech communities embedded in a linguistic/cultural context far removed from the parent linguistic/cultural situation, we examine the appropriateness of the theoretical concept "speech-island," determining that a vaguer concept of "speech settlement" allows for a more accurate depiction of the linguistic interaction with the surrounding dominant culture. After a sketch of German settlements in Kansas, we conclude that the current status of these settlements is rapidly approaching language death. In this context, a number of unusual developments in the phonology (e.g., velarization of [f]), morphology (emergence of a prepositional case) and lexicon (semantic transfer of English 'to like') in Kansas German varieties present linguists with explanatory challenges.


In Respawn Colin Milburn examines the connections between video games, hacking, and science fiction that galvanize technological activism and technological communities. Discussing a wide range of games, from Portal and Final Fantasy VII to Super Mario Sunshine and Shadow of the Colossus, Milburn illustrates how they impact the lives of gamers and non-gamers alike. They also serve as resources for critique, resistance, and insurgency, offering a space for players and hacktivist groups such as Anonymous to challenge obstinate systems and experiment with alternative futures. Providing an essential walkthrough guide to our digital culture and its high-tech controversies, Milburn shows how games and playable media spawn new modes of engagement in a computerized world.


Exoplanetary transmission spectroscopy in the near-infrared using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) NICMOS is currently ambiguous because different observational groups claim different results from the same data, depending on their analysis methodologies. Spatial scanning with HST/WFC3 provides an opportunity to resolve this ambiguity. We here report WFC3 spectroscopy of the giant planets HD 209458b and XO-1b in transit, using spatial scanning mode for maximum photon-collecting efficiency. We introduce an analysis technique that derives the exoplanetary transmission spectrum without the necessity of explicitly decorrelating instrumental effects, and achieves nearly photon-limited precision even at the high flux levels collected in spatial scan mode. Our errors are within 6% (XO-1) and 26% (HD 209458b) of the photon-limit at a resolving power of λ/δλ ∼ 70, and are better than 0.01% per spectral channel. Both planets exhibit water absorption of approximately 200 ppm at the water peak near 1.38 μm. Our result for XO-1b contradicts the much larger absorption derived from NICMOS spectroscopy. The weak water absorption we measure for HD 209458b is reminiscent of the weakness of sodium absorption in the first transmission spectroscopy of an exoplanet atmosphere by Charbonneau et al. Model atmospheres having uniformly distributed extra opacity of 0.012 cm2 g−1 account approximately for both our water measurement and the sodium absorption. Our results for HD 209458b support the picture advocated by Pont et al. in which weak molecular absorptions are superposed on a transmission spectrum that is dominated by continuous opacity due to haze and/or dust. However, the extra opacity needed for HD 209458b is grayer than for HD 189733b, with a weaker Rayleigh component.


Renowned artist and design legend Malcolm Grear has permanently shaped the design world with his work, lecturing, writing and teaching. Grear approaches design by looking at the inner parts of an object, process, or idea in order to understand the whole. He believes that form and structure are the underpinnings of effective design, which stands contrary to the reductive approach taught in most modern design education. Deftly and sparingly capturing the essence of his subject matter, Grear offers unique insight into the design process with images and forms drawn from nature, typography, art and design. These examples from both his teaching (inside) and professional practice (outside) begin with design problems and illuminate the processes by which the best solutions are found. Grear skillfully bridges the gap between design theory and real-world practice. Malcolm Grear has played a vital role as designer and educator in the field of visual communication for 48 years. Malcolm Grear Designers was founded in 1960 and has had more than 28 solo exhibitions in museums and galleries. He taught in Rhode Island School of Design from 1960 to 1998 where he received the Honorary Alumnus Award for "...professional achievements as an internationally acclaimed graphic designer (that) brought overwhelming recognition to Rhode Island School of Design's Department of Graphic Design and its graduates." Malcolm Grear has been awarded five honorary doctorate degrees and was selected by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design, comprising 190 institutions, to receive the Citation for Distinguished Service ini? the Visual Arts. Grear continues to design, lecture, and conduct design workshops throughout the country and will occasionally teach a graduate design course. Visit www.mgrear.com for more information.


This thesis reports on a CAD-based integrated model developed to aid the planning of the
construction of in-situ concrete structures. The main aim of this model is to automate the
planning process of in-situ concrete structures using data generated by CAD systems. In
order to achieve this goal, the integration of a CAD system (AutoCAD 10) and a
computerised planning system (Artemis 2000) via a database program (dBase IV) has
been achieved on an IBM PS2 Model 70 microcomputer. This enables the generation
of network plans in the AutoCAD system which are then automatically transferred to the
Artemis system for time and cost analyses. Currently, the system can handle concreting,
steel fixing and formwork activities associated with in-situ concrete design elements.
However, further enhancement of the model is possible in order to automate the
generation of most construction activities.
In order to develop this CAD-based integrated planning model, it was necessary to
undertake a questionnaire survey on the current status of planning techniques and
information technology uses amongst the main UK and US contractors. This survey
reveals that many of these contractors are now aware of the benefits that a CAD system
can offer to the management and planning of in-situ concrete structures. It was also
found that many aspects of information technology such as computer aided design and
project management are well within the reach of most of the companies surveyed, and
that many recent developments could be used to develop integrated systems as an aid to
the planning of construction projects. These findings indicate that the application of such
systems could soon become a reality. However, the practicality of these techniques has
to be assessed on real life projects which could be the subject of a further research.
The CAD-based integrated model described in this thesis offers many facilities for:
modeling, drafting, materials and quantities scheduling, time and cost analyses and
reporting which were all integrated and incorporated within such a single system. These
facilities which have been fully customised within the developed package are easy to be
run as the software is user friendly with pull-down and pop-up menus, and help facilities
provided at almost all levels.
This thesis demonstrates that current software and hardware technologies are more than
sufficient to establish new approaches to the planning and management of in-situ
concrete structures, particularly in the area of computer aided design. Such approaches can rectify many of the deficiencies found in traditional planning systems. For instance,
a CAD-based system could eliminate the re-extraction of information from conventional
drawings and documents which could be error prone as an access to the original
electronic building model is provided within such a system. In addition, accurate
quantities associated with sets of design elements and relevant to the planning process
are automatically generated within the system.


The University of Texas at Austin Center for Electromechanics (UT-CEM) is under contract to develop high-speed composite flywheel systems for a number of energy and power averaging applications in the transportation and space industries. Safe and reliable design of composite flywheels requires well-characterized material properties. Efforts have been focused on design optimization of a hydroburst test technique that demonstrates a useful method for characterizing the hoop (circumferential) properties of filament wound composite rings, and those results are then available to predict the performance of full-scale flywheels. To demonstrate the usefulness of this method, this paper discusses typical hydroburst techniques to determine material properties for filament-wound composite rings. Test results are also presented. Seal design is a key element of this fixture, and a design has evolved that provides nearly uniform radial loading on the inside surface of the composite ring, while minimizing axial bending. Correlations of tow strand data with hydroburst lamina data are presented. Also discussed are hydroburst test applications for flaw assessment and fatigue property evaluation.


Particle size and velocity are two of the most significant factors that impact the deposition of pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) sprays in the mouth cavity. pMDIs are prominently used around the world in the treatment of patients suffering from a variety of lung diseases. Moreover, Soft Mist Inhalers (SMIs) are a new-generation of propellant-free Inhalers. The first delivery inhalation spray system of this kind is the Spiriva Respimat inhaler, which has its advantages, such as better medication delivering to the lungs. In the current study, particle velocity and size distribution are measured at three different locations along the centerline of the pMDI and the SMI spray using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA). pMDIs from four different pharmaceutical companies are tested, each pMDI using salbutamol sulfate as the medication, whereas the Spiriva Respimat inhaler using tiotropium bromide. Measurements along the pMDI centerline (at 0, 75, and 100 mm downstream of the inhaler mouthpiece) showed that the spray velocities were bimodal in time for all four pMDI brands. The first peak occurred as the spray was leaving the mouthpiece, while the second peak (at the same location, 0 mm) occurred at around 60, 95, 95, and 115 ms later, respectively, for the four tested inhalers, with a drop in the velocity between the two peaks. Three probability density functions (PDFs) were tested, and the Rosin-Rammler PDF best fit the empirical spray size distribution data. These results suggest that there is a difference in the mean particle velocities at the centerline for the tested pMDIs and the diameter of released particles varied statistically for each brand. Particle size distribution for the Spiriva Respimat inhaler using the Anderson Cascade Impactor (ACI) is also assessed. The results indicate that high percentage of inhaled medication was delivered to the lungs, which is still quite significant when compared to common pressurized metered dose inhalers. Computational fluid dynamics, implementing mean-flow and turbulent tracking of particles, is used to determine the ability of the software ANSYS CFX package, to emulate the Ventolin HFA spray behavior. The results exhibit very good agreement between both numerical and experimental results.


Deep learning has recently been introduced to the field of low-level computer vision and image processing. Promising results have been obtained in a number of tasks including super-resolution, inpainting, deconvolution, filtering, etc. However, previously adopted neural network approaches such as convolutional neural networks and sparse auto-encoders are inherently with translation invariant operators. We found this property prevents the deep learning approaches from outperforming the state-of-the-art if the task itself requires translation variant interpolation (TVI). In this paper, we draw on Shepard interpolation and design Shepard Convolutional Neural Networks (ShCNN) which efficiently realizes end-to-end trainable TVI operators in the network. We show that by adding only a few feature maps in the new Shepard layers, the network is able to achieve stronger results than a much deeper architecture. Superior performance on both image in-painting and super-resolution is obtained where our system outperforms previous ones while keeping the running time competitive.


Much research on language control in bilinguals has relied on the interpretation of the costs of switching between two languages. Of the two types of costs that are linked to language control, switching costs are assumed to be transient in nature and modulated by trial-specific manipulations (e.g., by preparation time), while mixing costs are supposed to be more stable and less affected by trial-specific manipulations. The present study investigated the effect of preparation time on switching and mixing costs, revealing that both types of costs can be influenced by trial-specific manipulations.


The effectiveness of natural enemies to control pests can be enhanced through habitat manipulation. However, due to the differences in their ecology, generalist and specialist species may respond differently to the same manipulation. Moreover, interactions among natural enemies (i.e. cannibalism, intraguild predation, hyperparasitism) may complicate the assumption that a higher density of natural enemies would increase the level of biological control. We investigated the natural enemy guild composition and the predation rate along flower vs. grass margins at the edge of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) fields in Denmark. Natural enemies were sampled by pitfall trapping and by suction sampling; predation intensity was measured using two different sentinel prey methods: artificial caterpillars made of plasticine, and sentinel aphid colonies. Specialist and generalist species responded differently to the two margin types: specialists (mostly parasitic wasps) were attracted by the flower margins, while generalists (ground beetles, rove beetles and spiders) were more active in grass margins. The number of artificial caterpillars attacked was significantly greater in grass margins (mean = 48.9%, SD = 24.3) than in flower margins (mean = 30.7%, SD = 17.4). We found a significant positive relationship between the number of artificial caterpillars attacked by chewing insects, and activity density for large (≥15 mm) ground beetles. Predation of sentinel aphids in wheat fields did not vary significantly in relation to margin type. Our results suggest that flowering margins may be beneficial for canopy‐active specialist natural enemies, but grassy margins are more useful for ground‐active generalist predators.


In recent decades, there has been an increase in the development of sub-annual earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) width tree-ring chronologies that have been used to make long-term inferences about discrete seasonal moisture variability for different regions of North America. This doctoral research developed a new network of EW, LW, and adjusted latewood (LWa) treering chronologies from the western Great Plains. These chronologies were used to reconstruct 300+ years of spring and summer moisture variability over the northern and southern Plains. The reconstructions document new information about the long-term seasonal climate history of the Great Plains, including the unusual nature of persistent spring dryness in the midto late-19 century and the unprecedented summer drought conditions of the 1930s. Using daily precipitation data, a regional average of four LWa chronologies from eastern Colorado was shown to be significantly correlated (r = 0.83) with the heaviest rainfall day that occurs during the wettest two weeks of year in late-July. A 238-year reconstruction estimates there has been an increase in the frequency of the most extreme events (>90 percentile), especially during the late-20 century. The heaviest midsummer rainfall days are associated with strong Canadian cold fronts and a negatively tilted upper-level ridge over the western United States that increases atmospheric moisture advection from the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific. Sixty-nine Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine LWa chronologies from the Southwest were compared with gridded daily rainfall data to objectively define the length and timing of the precipitation intervals best correlated with independent LW growth during the warm season. The majority of LWa chronologies are significantly correlated with early-season monsoon precipitation and are related to the start of the local monsoon season. Ponderosa pine is largely correlated with sub-monthly precipitation totals during the early-monsoon season across the Southwest. Douglas-fir tends to be correlated with precipitation summed over longer intervals, and there is substantial geographic variability in terms of the timing of the best warm season precipitation signals. The intensity of the monsoon during the month of July appears to be the primary factor in determining geographically which sites contain a monsoon precipitation signal.


Abstract Objective: Study groups from three age cohorts of 70–75 year-olds were investigated to search for possible correlations between dietary habits and auditory function. Design: A cross-sectional, epidemiological study. Study sample: A total number of 524 people (275 women, 249 men) were recruited from three age cohorts. The study sample was representative of the general population. All participants answered a diet history and were tested with pure-tone audiometry. Eleven categories of food consumption were related to pure-tone averages of low-mid frequency hearing, and high frequency hearing. Results: Two consistent correlations between diet and hearing were observed. One was a correlation between good hearing and a high consumption of fish in the male group. The other was a correlation between poor high frequency hearing and a high consumption of food rich in low molecular carbohydrates in both genders; a larger effect size was seen in females. Conclusions: The study indicates that diet is important for aural health in aging. According to this study fish is beneficial to hearing, whereas consumption of "junk food", rich in low molecular carbohydrates, is detrimental. Other correlations, e.g. between high consumption of antioxidants, were not demonstrated here, but cannot be excluded.


ABSTRACT
This study reassesses the significance of education in the lives and
thinking of the early modern English Separatists. For this purpose,
'early modern' is construed as the period from the accession of
Elizabeth I in 1558 to the outbreak of the First Civil War in 1642.
,The thesis first describes the origins, nature and development of
Separatism during this period, and then sets the study in context by
delineating the nature of education in those eight or so decades. In
order to facilitate the handling of the material germane to the study,
the leading original proponents of the distinctive Separatist ideology
are considered in chapters three and four. Chapter three deals with
the three men who in the late Tudor years set the parameters for
the subsequent groVV'ch of a comprehensive and self-consistent
Separatist philosophy. Chapter four examines the contributions of
the 1 7 most prominent men who built on their work in the early
Stuart period.
The very fact of their prominence, however, entails the likelihood
that they were better-educated than the majority of their fellowbelievers,
and perhaps to that extent unrepresentative of them. The
resulting possible distortion is therefore corrected by investigating
the educational levels of 52 Separatist prisoners in London gaols at
the turn of the ninth and tenth decades of the sixteenth century.
Past work in this field has tended to a minimalist interpretation of
the available evidence. This thesis concludes that both the
educational achievements of the first early modern English religious
Separatists, and their attitudes to education, have been underestimated.
It seeks to correct this misrepresentation with a
judgement more closely corresponding to the evidence yielded by an
objective review of the facts.


This literature review explores societal attitudes about older individuals and the influence of these attitudes on the self-esteem of older persons. These topics are examined: identification of common stereotypes and myths about older persons; media depiction of older persons; influence of stereotypical images on older persons' self-perceptions; adverse effects due to lowered self-esteem; and counseling interventions for counteracting adverse effects of stereotyping. These conclusions are presented: (1) society's attitude toward older persons is unfavorable; (2) various forms of mass media serve to transmit and perpetuate the negative images of older persons; (3) not all older persons allow stereotypes to adversely influence them, although some individuals ace more vulnerable and do experience decreased self-esteem; (4) older persons who develop a lowered self-esteem are at risk for developing depression, alcoholism, loss of control, and a sense of helplessness; and (5) persons suffering from these adverse effects can be helped with counseling intmxventions. It is recommended that counselors become aware of aging stereotypes and that practitioners should determine how prevailing images of older persons have affected their attitudes. References are included. (ABL) *********0************************************************************* * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************


Identification of genes expressed in a cell-cycle-specific periodical manner is of great interest to understand cyclic systems which play a critical role in many biological processes. However, identification of cell-cycle regulated genes by microarray gene expression data is complicated by the factor of synchronization loss, thus remains a challenging problem. Decomposing the expression measurements will allow to better represent the single-cell behavior and improve the accuracy in identifying periodically expressed genes. In this paper, we propose a resynchronization-based algorithm for identifying cell-cycle-related genes, where we present a simple synchronization loss model by modeling the gene expression measurements as a superposition of different cell populations growing at different rates. The underlying expression profile is reconstructed through resynchronization and is further fitted to the measurements in order to identify periodically expressed genes. Results from both simulations and real microarray data show that the proposed scheme is promising for identifying cycling genes and revealing underlying gene expression profiles


The lower Palaeozoic Mathinna Beds are intruded and contact metamorphosed by sixteen Devonian, granitoid plutons in the southern Ferneaux Group, northeastern Tasmania.
Contact metamorphic aureoles range from 200m to 2km wide and on Clarke Island the
metamorphic assemblage cordierite-andalusite-biotite-quartz-potash feldspar is preserved.
Approximately 70 per cent by area of the granitoid terrain is composed of
garnet and/or cordierite-bearing biotite granites (eight plutons), 20 per cent biotite
granites (five plutons) including two altered plutons, and 10 per cent hornblendebiotite
granodiorites (three plutons). The granitoids were intruded by widespread
dolerite dykes of pre-Tertiary age. Cainozoic sedimentary sequences are thin and
irregularly distributed. Mid-Tertiary sediments formed in lagoonal and shallow water
marine environments have been reworked during the Quaternary by alluvial and aeolian
processes In the Rooks River tinfield the cassiterite, which was eroded from
pervasively altered Rooks River granite, is thought to be a lag deposit derived by
reworking of the Tertiary sediments. Potential areas of exploration include
southern end of the Lee River valley near the strongly altered RooksRiver granite and
the alluvial fans north and south of the altered Hogans Hill granite pluton.


Abstract The energy needs of most urban populations are serviced with centralised, fossil fuel based generation and transmission infrastructure. However, with the advent of affordable solar and storage technology, this will likely move towards an increasingly hybridised and decentralised model. While many households presently benefit from stand-alone solar photovoltaic systems, in higher density areas this technology is difficult to provide due to the way multi-dwelling buildings are governed. This paper examines a case study for a multi-dwelling, residential building called Gen Y within a bigger innovative development called WGV, in which a planning and governance structure has been developed to provide both financial incentive for the installation of renewable energy in multi-dwelling buildings, as well as to demonstrate how planning can best optimise the behind-the-meter installation and management of solar and battery technology. It suggests the building management company can become a precinct-scale utility.


State-of-the-art analysis of geological structures has become increasingly quantitative but traditionally, graphical methods are used in teaching. This innovative lab book provides a unified methodology for problem-solving in structural geology using linear algebra and computation. Assuming only limited mathematical training, the book begins with classic orientation problems and progresses to more fundamental topics of stress, strain and error propagation. It introduces linear algebra methods as the foundation for understanding vectors and tensors, and demonstrates the application of geometry and kinematics in geoscience without requiring students to take a supplementary mathematics course. All algorithms are illustrated with a suite of online MATLAB functions, allowing users to modify the code to solve their own structural problems. Containing 20 worked examples and over 60 exercises, this is the ideal lab book for advanced undergraduates or beginning graduate students. It will also provide professional structural geologists with a valuable reference and refresher for calculations.


The authors propose novel nongrooming, optical path cross-connect (OXC), single-layer optical path (OP) networks that can route multigranularity optical paths with reduced optical switch (OSW) size. Since the multigranularity OPs are handled in one OP layer, the configuration and path administration of the OXCs become simple. The authors evaluate the network topology dependency of the network elements, i.e., the required number of OSW ports and fibers in networks consisting of 36 fixed nodes with different network topologies as well as that of a 16-OXC, 25-link NSFNET. The proposed networks require 60% fewer OSW ports, enabling efficient link resource utilization. A 60% reduction in total network cost is also confirmed.


On September 21, 1953, U.S. airmen at Kimpo Air Base near Seoul, Korea, were startled to see landing a MiG-15, the most advanced Soviet-built fighter plane of the era, piloted by Senior Lieutenant No Kum-Sok, a 21-year-old North Korean Air Force officer. Once he landed, Lieutenant No found that his mother had escaped to the South two years earlier, and they were soon reunited. At his request, No came to the United States and became a U.S. citizen. His story provides a unique insight into how North Korea conducted the Korean War and how he came to the decision to leave his homeland.


In the pharmaceutical industry, originator companies researching and developing new medicines will typically obtain a range of patents to protect these medicines against generic competition. On the other side, generic suppliers seeking to enter the market will often challenge the validity of these patents or may simply launch their products, forcing the originators to bring litigation to enforce their patents and prevent the generics' entry. In the context of the corresponding litigation, the originators and generic suppliers often decide to enter into a settlement. While the settlement terms will vary from case to case, a number of settlements have involved a payment made from the patent holder (the originator) to the accused infringer (the generic supplier) in order to settle the dispute (these settlements are known as "reverse-payment patent settlements"). The legality of such settlements is the subject of a heated debate, both in Europe and in the United States ("US"). Competition authorities on both sides of the Atlantic are concerned that such settlements may unduly delay market entry of generic drugs, to the detriment of consumers and governments' health care budgets. In June 2013, both the US Supreme Court and the European Commission ("Commission") addressed the legality of reverse-payment patent settlements between originator and generic drug companies, reaching rather different conclusions. In order to explain the causes and consequences of this divergence, this paper discusses first the relevant Hatch-Waxman Act provisions and explore the evolution of the US case-law with regard to patent settlements (Part II). Thereafter, we analyse the EU regulatory context and current investigation activity of the Commission and the national competition authorities (Part III). Finally, we compare the US approach to reverse-payment patent settlements, as highlighted by the recent Actavis ruling, to the approach endorsed by the Commission in the Lundbeck decision (Part IV).


Many Twain scholars believe that his skepticism was based on personal tragedies of later years. Others find skepticism in Twain's work as early as The Innocents Abroad. This study determines that Twain's atheism is evident in his earliest writings. Chapter One examines what critics have determined Twain's religious sense to be. These contentions are discussed in light of recent publications and older, often ignored, evidence of Twain' s atheism. Chapter Two is a biographical look at Twain's literary, family, and community influences, and at events in Twain's life to show that his religious antipathy began when he was quite young. Chapter Three examines Twain's early sketches and journalistic squibs to prove that his voice, storytelling techniques, subject matter, and antipathy towards the church and other institutions are clearly manifested in his early writings.


The aim of this study was to describe the effect of environmental factors on the variation in population structure of phytoplankton in a hypertrophic reservoir and to analyse the size variability of dominant species, and finally to try to find a linkage between environmental factors and phytoplankton size structure. Species composition and dynamics of phytoplankton were typical of highly trophic conditions and were frequently characterized by the dominance of cyanobacteria, Microcystis, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon. Some environmental parameters play an important role in determining the phytoplankton community succession and their size structure, favouring or limiting the growth of the different groups of the phytoplankton. The results indicate that overall nutrient concentrations in Bidighinzu Lake were not limiting the phytoplankton growth in general. On the contrary, concentrations of nutrient were always above the required levels for phytoplankton growth. The results show that phytoplankton community succession and their seasonal variability of size structure (consequently cell surface area, cell volume and surface area to volume ratio) were mostly influenced by the temperature and nutrients. However, these affecting factors (especially nutrients) on seasonal variability of size structure of common species in Lake Bidighinzu showed difference among the species.


The nonrestoring division algorithm offers the advantages of speed and logical simplicity when working with signed, two's-complement binary numbers. The algorithm does not assure sign agreement between the calculated quotient and remainder, however, which is a disadvantage in some applications. This paper describes a postcorrection that will force sign agreement between quotient and remainder. The corrective operation is very simple to implement, especially in microprogrammed arithmetic units.


This book brings together a team of experts in the field of forensic psychology to demonstrate the scope of the discipline and the techniques employed in key areas of research, policy and practice. Its aim is to go beyond the introductory texts on the subject to challenge perceptions, to raise questions for research, to pose problems for practice, and to inspire and stimulate, demonstrating the ways in which forensic psychology can aid the practice of criminal justice. It will be essential reading for students, academics and practitioners.

The book is divided into seven sections, addressing key topics with which the discipline is concerned − its broader context, investigation and prosecution, testimony and evidence, correlates of criminality, persistent offending, intervention and prevention and punishment and corrections. The contributors include both academics and practitioners, and are drawn from the UK, the USA and Australasia.


The relationship between sexuality and politics has always been an underlying assumption of the avantgarde. In recent East German avant-garde literature, the notion of authorship as production has become associated with technological rationality and the patriarchal socialist state. The ensuing crisis of the traditional male author has thus led necessarily to a radicalization of subjectivity and to the politics of gender. A comparison of two contemporary texts, one by a female author, one by a male, shows that the crisis of authorship assumes two distinctly different forms when differences in gender are taken into account. The East German authors Heiner Müller and Christa Wolf have exhibited remarkably similar literary and political developments. Two of their most recent texts, Mülller's Hamletmachine and Wolf's No Place. Nowhere, both address the problematic of traditional male authorship and the disintegration of a preconceived literary gender identity. Yet, these two texts exemplify very different assumptions about the relationship between authorship and the literary tradition. Müller's text suggests the imprisonment of the male author within a petrified system of tradition and images, and hence the necessity of deconstruction. Wolf's text manifests a process of creating a new form of female-identified authorship and the possibility of redefining the tradition of literature and its future.


This experimental study investigates the heat transfer in a narrow, rib-roughened, rectangular channel with the width-to-height ratio of 10 for its cross-sectional shape. Two flow entrances with equal areas are respectively opened at the upper and side ends of this channel that allows for increasing the coolant-flow fed into the enhanced channel without increasing the height of cooling device. At a fixed total coolant mass flow rate, three test scenarios, namely the single-blow from the side or upper entrance and the twin-blow with the coolant mass flow ratio of 2:1 between the side and upper blows are performed. A selection of detailed heat transfer measurements, evaluated from infrared thermal images over the rib-roughened surface, illustrates the manner by which the flow entry direction and the twin-blow condition affect the local and spatially averaged heat transfers. Relative to the heat transfer results acquired from the single-blow tests, the present twin-blow entry condition could augment the spatially averaged heat transfers to the levels of 150–180% of the single-blow reference levels. A regression-type analysis is subsequently performed to develop the correlation of spatially-averaged Nusselt numbers over rib-roughened surface, which permits the effect of Reynolds number, evaluated from the total amount of coolant consumption, on heat transfer to be determined for three test scenarios.Copyright © 2004 by ASME


This paper analyses the choice between targeting core or headline inflation in Thailand. It frames the choice as one of whether a measure of core inflation serves as a useful intermediate target between the operating target of a short-term interest rate and the ultimate objective of headline inflation or some broader measure of price stability. It is argued that the shift in the global terms of trade between manufactures and commodities has presented a systematic challenge to the usefulness of core measures as intermediate targets, analogous to the role of financial innovation in breaking down the relationship between monetary aggregates and nominal GDP a generation ago. In light of this discussion, the paper examines international practice. Then the record of core inflation as an intermediate target is examined for the inflation targeting period in Thailand. The deficiency of the measure of core inflation used may not be unique to it: an alternative measure of core inflation would not have performed in a satisfactory manner either. Finally, transition and design issues are highlighted in a potential shift away from using core as an intermediate target, drawing on the experience of similar shifts by Sweden, the United Kingdom and Korea.


Neither War, Nor Peace: Everyday Politics, Peacebuilding and the Liminal Condition of BosniaHerzegovina and Northern Ireland By Branka Marijan This thesis focuses on cultural and everyday practices of local populations in post-conflict peacebuilding. It builds on the "everyday" turn in critical peacebuilding literature by recognizing the everyday as political. Rather than examining the practices of political elites this thesis is concerned with the ordinary citizens of these societies. In other words, I show that it is through practices and cultural forms of expression that local populations enact their agency, at times supporting and at times contesting the broader peacebuilding project. Moreover, rather than viewing the everyday acts as hidden or as evidence of resistance to the dominant peacebuilding approaches this thesis calls for greater attention to the ways that these practices and cultural forms of expression are made visible and provide meaning to the ordinary citizens of these societies. Through the case studies of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Northern Ireland, this thesis aims to generate an account of everyday peace politics that allows for the inclusive, exclusionary and ambivalent practices of the ordinary citizens in these societies. It does so through three key lenses: practices of place-making and "inscription", symbolic practices and competing narratives and performances. While proponents of the liberal peace approach envision peace as "tricklingdown", this thesis illustrates that peacebuilding strategies are always interpreted in contextspecific ways. Although the literature on "hybrid peacebuilding" recognizes the relationship between local practices and external peacebuilding efforts, a closer look at the liminal conditions of these post-agreement societies shows us how local populations respond to the uncertainty of the war to peace transition in ways not always captured by the literature on hybrid peacebuilding. As a result, this thesis contributes to our understanding of local agency in post-peace accord societies.


This case-study explores the effects of a school-wide writing competition and the implementation of a poetry-writing unit across all junior English classes in a rural New Zealand school. Teacher interview data were thematically analysed using a social constructionist lens. Results highlight the varied strategies adopted by teachers, while indicating commonalities of approach. The competition proved a spur to teachers, challenging them to address matters of activity sequencing and design, and their classroom roles. Somewhat unexpectedly, the competition was found to be an extrinsic motivator that worked synergistically with teachers' choices of learning activities and approaches to motivate students, and helped produce whole-class, collective efficacy effects.


The era of old certainties, of self-satisfaction, is over. Public Space, its use, and the shaping of it are the future subjects of negotiations. The public is raising new demands regarding the fundamental principles of democracy and the design of Public Space. In cities, Public Space is the network of streets, squares, and parks that constitutes and represents urban communities. Public Space is, because we are civic society. DEMO:POLIS presents the pluralism of the contemporary meaning of Public Space. Exemplary projects, models, designs, and concepts by artists and architects as well as participatory processes highlight the potentials inherent in Public Space for our civic society. Incorporating plans and models, photographs and films, the exhibition DEMO:POLIS illustrates how architects, city planners, artists, students and the general public design and use public space. Examples range from Brooklyn Bridge Park in New York, to the Campo de Cebada in Madrid, to the Tempelhofer Feld in Berlin. The exhibition shows spatial designs that affect both small squares as well as entire strips of coast. It displays documentation from demonstrations and critical art interventions and gives insights into the work of successful bottom-up initiatives for safeguarding public spaces. Viewers are invited to take part in interactive discussion events to co-create the cities of the future. On display are works by Barkow & Leibinger, Foster + Partners, Hans Haacke, Sean Harrington and A2 Architects, Reinhild Hoffmann, Kleihues + Kleihues, Lacaton & Vassal, Andres Mignucci, Elfi Mikesch, Rozana Montiel, Michael Najjar, Michael Ruetz, Stih & Schnock, Sadar + Vuga, Michael van Valkenburgh, Wermke/Leinkauf, Zuloark, et al.In October 2015, as part of a scholarly workshop, students at four higher education institutions discussed the central issues in the exhibition and afterwards drafted contributions to it. The workshop, led by Barbara Hoidn, focused on the town of Anklam (13,000 residents) and the city of Berlin (3.5 million residents) as the object of the research and draft designs. The art works and urban and architectural designs are intended to constructively critique and contribute to the public space debate. The participating universities were: Technische Universitat Berlin (Matthias Graf von Ballestrem, Regine Leibinger); Media Lab Berlin (Albert Lang, TUB, Jorg Stollmann, TUB, Thomas Arslan, UdK, Nina Fischer, UdK; Kunsthochschule Weisensee: Hannes Brunner, Gunter Nest; Fachhochschule Potsdam: Bernd Albers, Heike Hanada. An extensive catalogue is published in an English and a German edition by Park Books, Zurich. A diverse event programme during the course of the exhibition continues the debates it activates. At the symposium, marking the opening on 11 and 12 March, talks will be given by Andrew Keen, Blanca Zuniga, Wermke/Leinkauf, Sean Harrington, Peter Carroll, representatives of 100% Tempelhofer Feld, et al. Every Tuesday the "Urban Parliament" opens a forum for debates, in which, among other aims, activists from city initiatives and visitors will prepare the "Berlin Urban Rights Charta". Academy fellows present their projects for the exhibition in a programme night of events. "Decentralized Music" introduces musical models of communitarisation through concerts and actions. During the 36-hour conference "Public Space: Fights and Fictions", a cooperation with the Goethe-Institut, participants from around the world will discuss the developments and threats to public space. Fuhrungen und Werkstatten fur Kinder und Jugendliche vermitteln die Inhalte der Ausstellung.The exhibition is curated by Wilfried Wang, Berlin, member of the Akademie der Kunste and O'Neil Ford Professor, University of Texas at Austin; Barbara Hoidn, Berlin, is the editor of the catalogue. An exhibition by the Akademie der Kunste. With kind support of the University of Texas at Austin, School of Architecture, as well as the Society of Friends of the Akademie der Kunste.


In the presence of persistent perturbations in both unactuated and actuated dynamics of crane systems, an observer-based robust control method is proposed, which achieves the objective of trolley positioning and cargo swing suppression. By dealing with the unac- tuated and unknown perturbation as an augmented state variable, the system dynamics are transformed into a quasi-chain-of-integrators form based on which a reduced-order augmented-state observer is established to recover the perturbations appearing in the unactuated dynamics. A novel sliding manifold is constructed to improve the robust per- formance of the control system, and a linear control law is presented to make the state variables stay on the manifold in the presence of perturbations in unactuated dynam- ics. A Lyapunov function candidate is constructed, and the entire closed-loop system is proved rigorously to be exponentially stable at the equilibrium point. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed observer-based robust controller are verified by numeri cal simulation results.


This multivolume field guide covers the species of interest to fisheries of the major marine resource groups exploited in the Western Central Pacific. The area of coverage includes FAO Fishing Area 71 and the southwestern portion of Fishing Area 77 corresponding to the South Pacific Commission mandate area. The marine resource groups included are seaweeds, corals, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods, stomatopods, shrimps, lobsters, crabs, holothurians, sharks, batoid fishes, chimaeras, bony fishes, estuarine crocodiles, sea turtles, sea snakes and marine mammals. The introductory chapter outlines the environmental, ecological and biogeographical factors influencing the marine biota as well as the basic components of the fisheries in the Western Central Pacific. Within the field guide, the sections on the resource groups are arranged phylogenetically according to higher taxonomic levels such as class, order and family. Each resource group is introduced by general remarks on the group, an illustrated section on technical terms and measurements and a key or guide to orders or families. Each family generally has an account summarizing family diagnostic characters, biological and fisheries information, notes on similar families occurring in the area, a key to species, a checklist of species and a short list of relevant literature. Families that are less important to fisheries include an abbreviated family account and no detailed species information. Species in the important families are treated in detail (arranged alphabetically by genus and species) and include the species name, frequent synonyms and names of similar species, an illustration, FAO common name(s), diagnostic characters, biology and fisheries information, notes on geographical distribution and a distribution map. For less important species, abbreviated accounts are used. Generally, this includes the species name, FAO common name(s), an illustration, a distribution map and notes on biology, fisheries and distribution. Each volume concludes with its own index of scientific and common names.


The paper presents a brief analysis of the most important issues related to the implementation of international standards in Serbian contract law. In that respect, the paper examines main transnational documents relevant for contract law - international conventions and other sources of uniform contract law, the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), the sphere of its application, the main differences between the CISG and the Serbian Law of Obligations, the application of the CISG by Serbian courts and arbitrations and the advantages of its application in business practice. Furthermore, it provides readers with an overview of the future Civil Code of Serbia, its central principles, solutions and reforms in the field of contract law, particularly with regard to the acceptance of international standards and principles. The analysis has lead the authors to the conclusion that the future codification in the form of Civil Code is a continuation of the process of full harmonization of Serbian contract law with the internationally accepted standards and achievements of European legal civilization, which can strongly contribute to the overall improvement of business environment in Serbia.


We report the discovery of a new class of oxides – poly-cation oxides (PCOs) – that consist of multiple cations and can thermochemically split water in a two-step cycle to produce hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). Specifically, we demonstrate H2 yields of 10.1 ± 0.5 mL-H2 per g and 1.4 ± 0.5 mL-H2 per g from (FeMgCoNi)Ox (x ≈ 1.2) with thermal reduction temperatures of 1300 °C and 1100 °C, respectively, and also with background H2 during the water splitting step. Remarkably, these capacities are mostly higher than those from measurements and thermodynamic analysis of state-of-the-art materials such as (substituted) ceria and spinel ferrites. Such high-performance two-step cycles ≤1100 °C are practically relevant for today's chemical infrastructure at large scale, which relies almost exclusively on thermochemical transformations in this temperature regime. It is likely that PCOs with complex cation compositions will offer new opportunities for both fundamental investigations of redox thermochemistry as well as scalable H2 production using infrastructure-compatible chemical systems.


All surgical disciplines that deal with the human face must rely on an exact knowledge of its highly complex topographic-anatomical relationships. This atlas provides a unique contribution to the study of facial anatomy in which readers are allowed to explore deeper into the anatomy as the layers are stripped away, one by one. This book features elaborate composite illustrations created in layers, starting from the skeleton and working out to the surface of the skin. CT scans are used for the skeletal template, MRI series depict the inner layers of the facial region, angiographs report the anatomy of the blood vessels, and photographs of anatomical specimens as well as a living model fill out the rest. The final products are anatomical images of hyper 3D clarity and arresting beauty. Significant landmarks, anatomical details, and clinically relevant groupings of nerves and blood vessels are the primary focus of each image series to preserve clinical relevance. Accompanying text and figure legends emphasize key points, but the focus is always on the vivid anatomical images.


Uterine artery pseudo aneurysm is a rare cause of late postpartum hemorrhage following Cesarean or uncomplicated vaginal delivery, gynecologic surgery such as dilatation and curettage, hysterectomy and myomectomy. In this article a case of uterine artery pseudo aneurysm is introduced. Patient is a 27-year-old female, Gravida2; Para 2 who presented to the emergency department with episode of heavy vaginal bleeding after a cesarean section in 42 days ago. In clinical examination there was no pathological sign except paleness and agitation. In gynecological examination there was vaginal bleeding more than normal menstruation bleeding, cervix was dilated 1 centimeter and uterus was about 14 weeks of pregnancy. A diagnosis of pseudo aneurysm of the uterine artery was diagnosed by Doppler ultrasonography and Total abdominal hysterectomy was performed. The aim of presenting this case is emphasis on considering uterine artery pseudo aneurysm as one of the causes of late postpartum hemorrhage. In these situations Doppler ultrasonography is essential for diagnosis. Patient situation and hospital equipments determine treatment methods.


Though Mexico is only one-fifth the size of the continental United States, it is home to nearly two-thirds as many freshwater fishes as those that swim the waters of the United States and Canada combined. Mexico's diverse freshwater fauna can be attributed to the country's highly varied physical geography, a wide latitudinal range, the largest river system in middle America, and, ironically, its oceans many marine groups left the brine for the inland springs and never returned to the sea. No one knew these Mexican freshwaters or the fish that inhabit them better than the late world-renowned ichthyologist Robert Rush Miller. A pioneer of the field, Miller undertook his first field excursion more than fifty years ago and, in the decades following, amassed the information necessary to write the first encyclopedia of Mexican inland ichthyology. Providing keys to more than 500 native species accompanied by detailed distribution maps and illustrations "Freshwater Fishes of Mexico" offers a historical overview of the country's ichthyology, as well as syntheses of the unique biogeography of Mexican fishes and their current conservation status. Organized by family, the species accounts are supplemented with color galleries containing photographs of live fishes in their native environments and natural habitats. Exploring ecological, biological, and taxonomic issues, the book also considers the evolutionary history of the ichthyofauna itself and the human history of the scientists who researched it during the last several centuries. The life's work of Robert Rush Miller, the long-awaited "Freshwater Fishes of Mexico" will be welcomed not only by students of Mexican fishes, but by all ichthyologists working in Central and North America. This book will also find an audience among home aquarium hobbyists, fishery managers, conservation biologists, and environmental planners and managers."


Traditional law and economics scholarship predicts that no companies will adopt takeover defenses prior to IPOs, because defenses increase agency costs between shareholders and managers, and reduce IPO proceeds. In fact, data from 357 IPOs in the 1990s show that many companies adopt defenses prior to IPOs. Even more puzzling for conventional scholarship, defenses vary widely at the IPO stage. Analysis shows that more of this variation in defenses can be explained by characteristics of law firms advising owner-managers than by traditional theories about defenses. Among other findings: (1) Companies advised by larger law firms with more takeover experience adopt more defenses; (2) In 1991-92, companies with Silicon Valley lawyers adopted almost no defenses; by 1998, Silicon Valley lawyers' clients were as likely to use defenses as clients of other lawyers; (3) Companies with high quality underwriters and venture capital backing adopt more defenses; (4) The overall rate of defense adoption increased in the 1990s. Together, these findings provide strong evidence that lawyers determine key terms in the "corporate contract", due to agency costs between owner-managers and their lawyers.


Following is an edited excerpt from one of the Rapid Responses generated by this article, which can be read in their entirety at http://bmj.com/cgi/eletters/326/7383/251—Editor


Colorectal cancer is the third most lethal cancer in the United States and is the third most common type of cancer. In 2016, 134,490 cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed in the United States. The diagnosis is usually made with screening colonoscopy on asymptomatic patients, while other patients are diagnosed after presenting symptoms such as hematochezia, iron deficiency anemia, changes in bowel movements, and abdominal pain. Also on emergency surgical procedures, a tumor may be found. We present a case of a 50-year-old Hispanic woman, G3P3AO, with a past medical history of hypertension, major depressive disorder and hysterectomy in 2003 without any toxic habits or family history of colon cancer or inflammatory bowel disease. Patient arrived with left lower quadrant pain, fever, and loss of appetite and was treated with IV antibiotics for an acute diverticulitis. Patient had multiple visits to urgency room for fecal material that discharged from the vaginal area and multiple intraabdominal abscesses in addition to obstruction. On imaging studies, patient had rectovaginal fistula and multiple abscesses. The patient's clinical condition became more complicated with enterocutaneous fistula and enterocolonic fistula 4 months later, suggesting inflammatory bowel disease. Sigmoid adenocarcinoma was diagnosed on the second colonoscopy. The clinical presentations of this patient with multiple abscesses and fistulas are commonly found on inflammatory bowel disease and can also be found in complicated intraabdominal infections. Rectovaginal fistulas which were the first fistula more commonly are caused by obstetric complications. Other common causes associated include surgery, inflammatory bowel disease, radiation therapy, and malignancy. These findings can mask the diagnosis of colorectal cancer and make the diagnosis challenging. J Med Cases. 2018;9(1):29-33 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc2959w


We assessed the effects of historical (1931–1998) changes in both land use and climate on the water budget of a rapidly urbanizing watershed, Ipswich River basin (IRB), in northeastern Massachusetts. Water diversions and extremely low flow during summer are major issues in the IRB. Our study centers on a detailed analysis of diversions and a combined empirical/modeling treatment of evapotranspiration (ET) response to changes in climate and land use. A detailed accounting of diversions showed that net diversions increased due to increases in water withdrawals (primarily groundwater pumping) and export of sewage. Net diversions constitute a major component of runoff (20% of streamflow). Using a combination of empirical analysis and physically based modeling, we related an increase in precipitation (2.7 mm/yr) and changes in other climate variables to an increase in ET (1.7 mm/yr). Simulations with a physically based water‐balance model showed that the increase in ET could be attributed entirely to a change in climate, while the effect of land use change was negligible. The land use change effect was different from ET and runoff trends commonly associated with urbanization. We generalized these and other findings to predict future streamflow using climate change scenarios. Our study could serve as a framework for studying suburban watersheds, being the first study of a suburban watershed that addresses long‐term effects of changes in both land use and climate, and accounts for diversions and other unique aspects of suburban hydrology.


In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, activation of a member of the so-called "forkhead" family of transcription factors can cause an increase in life-span of the organism, perhaps by promoting resistance to oxidative damage or other forms of stress. Tran et al. examined the role of mammalian forkhead family member FOXO3a in stress responses and found that activation of the transcription factor caused a delay in the cell cycle and promoted repair of damaged DNA. Analysis of the transcriptional profile of cells expressing activated FOXO3a revealed a group of genes implicated in cellular stress responses and DNA repair. The results indicate that forkhead transcription factors are key regulators of stress responses in mammals, as well as in worms, and could conceivably influence organismal life-span in this manner. H. Tran, A. Brunet, J. M. Grenier, S. R. Datta, A. J. Fornace Jr., P. S. DiStefano, L. W. Chiang, M. E. Greenberg, DNA repair pathway stimulated by the Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a through the Gadd45 protein. Science 296, 530-534 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text]


In this book, one of our country's most distinguished scholar-judges shares with us his vision of the law. For the past two thousand years, the philosophy of law has been dominated by two rival doctrines. One contends that law is more than politics and yields, in the hands of skillful judges, correct answers to even the most difficult legal questions; the other contends that law is politics through and through and that judges wield essentially arbitrary powers. Rejecting these doctrines as too metaphysical in the first instance and too nihilistic in the second, Richard Posner argues for a pragmatic jurisprudence, one that eschews formalism in favor of the factual and the empirical. Laws, he argues, are not abstract, sacred entities, but socially determined goads for shaping behavior to conform with society's values. Examining how judges go about making difficult decisions, Posner argues that they cannot rely on either logic or science, but must fall back on a grab bag of informal methods of reasoning that owe less than one might think to legal training and experience. Indeed, he reminds us, the greatest figures in American law have transcended the traditional conceptions of the lawyer's craft. Robert Jackson did not attend law school and Benjamin Cardozo left before getting a degree. Holmes was neither the most successful of lawyers nor the most lawyerly of judges. Citing these examples, Posner makes a plea for a law that frees itself from excessive insularity and takes all knowledge, practical and theoretical, as grist for its mill. The pragmatism that Posner espouses implies looking at problems concretely, experimentally, without illusions, with an emphasis on keepingdiverse paths of inquiry open, and, above all, with the insistence that social thought and action be evaluated as instruments to desired human goals rather than as ends in themselves. In making his arguments, he discusses notable figures in jurisprudence from Antigonc to Ronald Dworkin as well as recent movements ranging from law and economics to civic republicanism, and feminism to libertarianism. All are subjected to Posner's stringent analysis in a fresh and candid examination of some of the deepest problems presented by the enterprise of law.


In addition to traditional sources of uncertainties, such as market price volatility and animal and plant health-related risks, the impacts of climate change have recently become a major concern in the agricultural sector throughout the world. Insurance has been commonly proposed as a key instrument in farm risk management, and agricultural insurance schemes have become more widespread both in developed and developing countries. We conducted a case study in the UK to investigate farmers' risk perception and willingness to pay for crop insurance by using contingent valuation method (CVM). Similarly to the experience from developing countries, we found that farmers are less willing to pay for insurance, however they do take actions to reduce their risks. While these results suggest that the provision of premium subsidies to European farmers can be justified; in order to avoid counter-productive policy outcomes, one may consider the introduction of a risk-based approach in agricultural risk management.


European researchers have created a software standard named the Open Modeling Interface (OpenMI; http://www.openmi.org) that facilitates the integration of numerical hydrologic models with each other. Nearly 10 million euros have been invested in the development and testing of OpenMI through projects cofunded by the European Commission.

Seven hydrologists representing various modeling-related initiatives in the United States traveled to Wallingford, United Kingdom, to learn about OpenMI and to discuss with European hydrologists the experiences and challenges inherent with developing integrated hydrologic models. The workshop was sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and the European Union (EU).


Selection of the adequate lining systems for each specific application requires a knowledge of materials, installation techniques and availability of design alternatives.

Performance of materials and their interaction in composite multilayered applications and desiccation cracking of the clay layers underneath geomembranes are studied.

The design needs to meet all of the needs of the user/owner. The lining system must be practical, constructable and functional. The quality assurance function, therefore, should start at the design stage. The design should be reviewed for constructability by material supplier and/or installer as a checking function to ensure problems won't arise during construction. This participation contributes to the successful construction of the lining system and helps ensure that the intent of the design is met.


This paper surveys gender and ethnic wage gaps in 18 Latin American countries, decomposing differences using matching comparisons as a non-parametric alternative to the Blinder-Oaxaca (BO) decomposition. It is found that men earn 9-27 percent more than women, with high cross-country heterogeneity. The unexplained pay gap is higher among older, informal and self-employed workers and those in small firms. Ethnic wage differences are greater than gender differences, and educational attainment differentials play an important role in explaining the gap. Higher ethnic wage gaps are found among males, singleincome generators of households and full-time workers, and in rural areas. An important share of the ethnic wage gap is due to the scarcity of minorities in highpaid positions.