Introduction/aim The European Medicines Agency (EMA) reviewed the use of domperidone containing medicines in March 2014, due to concerns about cardiac abnormalities. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) then responded and issued a drug safety update in May 2014, 1 which listed new restricted indications, dosing, duration and contraindications for domperidone.In May 2015 the Neonatal and Paediatric Pharmacists Group (NPPG) released a statement on the use of domperidone. 2 This was a highly significant document in child health, and empowered paediatric pharmacists to react to national alerts and implement changes locally. The aim of the audit was to collect information on the current prescribing of domperidone in paediatric patients in a hospital setting, and to evaluate the effects of the alerts on prescribing. Method Patients aged 0–18 years were retrospectively identified within a children's hospital (n=60) as having domperidone prescribed between the 1 st of January 2014 and the 31 st of July 2015 using electronic prescribing records. For each patient, data was collected regarding domperidone dose, indication, duration, monitoring and non-pharmacological interventions for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Results A total of 60 patients were included in the audit, of which 10 (17%) were prescribed domperidone after the publication of the NPPG alert.In terms of dosing, 43/50 (86%) achieved the standard before the NPPG alert; for duration 6/50 (12%), for indication 9/50 (18%); for ECG monitoring in high risk patients 12/33 (36%) and for the trial of non-pharmacological treatment in GORD 11/17 (64%).For the patients post implementation, these figures were 10/10 (100%), 1/10 (10%), 1/10 (10%), 0/4 (0%) and 2/3 (66%) respectively. Conclusion In conclusion, this audit has shown that the drug safety updates have been received and acted upon within a secondary care setting, and hospital teams are following the new domperidone prescribing guidelines. Whilst many of the children audited were still receiving domperidone off-licence and long-term to improve gastric motility, this is to be expected as there are currently no licensed paediatric medicines for the management of these conditions.After the NPPG alert no patients received unsafe doses or interacting medicines, and the number of patients trialling non-pharmacological treatment for GORD increased. However, there remains a concern that cardiac monitoring is not being undertaken in patients at risk of cardiac defects. It is important to educate healthcare professionals on the cardiac risks of domperidone, and suggest appropriate monitoring in patients with underlying cardiac disease and those receiving concomitant drugs that prolong the QT interval. Clear national guidance, and the introduction of local protocols that recommend which patients need to be monitored and how often may improve domperidone prescribing. References MHRA. Drug safety update: Domperidone: Risks of cardiac side effects. Gov.uk [Internet]. https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/domperidone-risks-of-cardiac-side-effects [Accessed: 30 May 2014]. NPPG. The use of domperidone in infants and children . Neonatal and Paediatric Pharmacy Group [Internet]. http://www.nppg.scot.nhs.uk/news/Domperidone%20NPPG%20final.pdf [Accessed: May 2015].


Entrepreneurs and Investors found ventures for transferring technology and bringing it closer to the market.
Focusing on a situation in which the investor exercises hold-up at the disadvantage of the entrepreneur, this paper works on three points: We identify (1) conditions which make hold-up possible, and discuss (2) measures which help entrepreneurs to protect themselves against hold-up. (3) The balance of powers in a venture is related to returns to scale.
Overall, the paper contributes to the theory of small-seized firms which are exposed to high uncertainties including behavioral opportunism.


The purpose of this research was to replicate and expand two experimental procedures that have been fundamental to the understanding of problem solving and rigidity: functional fixedness and effects of Einstellung. Functional fixedness can be described as an instance in which negative transfer occurs and there is perceptual "blindness" to the versatility of an object. Einstellung is the tendency to utilize a more complicated and habitually primed procedure at the expense of simpler methods. Results were analyzed to identify individuals resistant to these natural effects and to determine the non-clinical personality factors as assessed by the MyersBriggs Type Indicator (MBTI, Myers, McCaulley, Quenk, & Hammer, 1998) that contribute to rigidity and fixation. A majority of participants (60%) responded in the same manner to the cognitive fixation problems (either susceptible or resistant to both functional fixedness and effects of Einstellung), indicating a salient connection between the cognitive mechanisms activated by these two phenomena. A significant relationship was discovered between susceptibility to cognitive fixation and the Thinking/Feeling dimension on the MBTI.


The article argues that there is a relative lack of territorial power sharing in sub-Saharan Africa, but that this should not surprise us given the socio-ethnic context of most African countries which lack both majoritarian ethnic groups and clear culturally based distinctions between contending groups. A comprehensive analysis of the various federal systems and of some decentralising countries reveals a sobering record of conflict management and discusses some explanatory variables. In this context, forms of power sharing that include provisions on territorial autonomy, amounting to full-fledged federalism or restricted to some degree of decentralisation, should be regarded with caution. Regional autonomy as a solution to civil war will not work in most cases.


More than 450 fiber Bragg gratings have been fabricated in line during the draw process in a period of 1 h with single pulses of a KrF excimer laser. Arrays of gratings have been written at different Bragg wavelengths by using an automated, computer-controlled interferometer.


Editors:  Ahmed K. Elmagarmid  http://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/ake/  Amit Sheth  http://knoesis.wright.edu/amit/  The International Series on Advances in Database Systems addresses the following goals:  • To publish thorough and cohesive overviews of advanced topics in database systems.  • To publish works which are larger in scope than survey articles, and which will contain more detailed background information.  • To provide a single point of coverage of advanced and timely topics.  • To provide a forum for a topic of study by many researchers that may not yet have reached a stage of maturity to warrant a comprehensive textbook.


Bank crises and social problem came into being because of non-performing loans in Japan and Korea and US. Economist and specialist have noticed Bank non-performing loans. The paper applied a social utility function model for bank loans & non-performing loans and simulated the model in Beijing based on low carbon economy from 2003 to 2050, bank non-performing loans will cause high carbon economy. Bank non-performing loans will be harmful to economic growth and social welfare utility. The following result is obvious that from the above scatter simulation result:(1) The social utility increases from about -29042 to -65.63 units in Beijing when the non-performing loans growth rate decrease from 0.07 to 0.01 at 2050 year. (2) The social utility decrease in Beijing from 2003 to 2050 when the non-performing loans growth rate is 0.07, the social utility decrease from about -233.6 to -29042 units in Beijing when the time span is between 2040 and 2050.


The Malay Basin, offshore Peninsular Malaysia, is a large Tertiary basin that developed by extensional and strike-slip tectonics. Subsurface pressure data from the central and northern parts of the basin reveal two major overpressure compartments: one in the basin centre and another on the basin flank. The present-day depth to the top of overpressure has a convex-upward surface; hence, it is shallower at the centre and gradually deepens towards the flanks. The basinward increase in sedimentation and burial rates had resulted in a shallower top of overpressure at the basin centre. The present-day depth to top of overpressure is also influenced by the presence of regional shale seals. In the basin centre, the top of overpressure is generally between 1900 and 2000 m depth and is stratigraphically limited to within the lower part of seismo-stratigraphic unit or "group" E. The top of overpressure is shallower towards the basin flanks, and is less than 1500 m deep along the faulted, western basin margin. It appears that the top of overpressure in the basin centre is influenced by the Group F shale, and that the overpressure in the lower Group E and upper group F interval represents the overpressure transition zone. The Group F regional shale seal had effectively, therefore, deepened the top of overpressure in the basin centre. A simulation of overpressure development by disequilibrium compaction indicates that the basin-centre overpressure had developed very early, during the synrift phase (ca. 30-21 Ma), when sediment burial rates were very high (>1000 m/Ma). The overpressure that developed during this "build-up" phase, however, has been dissipating gradually since the post-rift phase began 21 Ma ago. Overpressure dissipation occurred when burial rates were reduced considerably to less than 1000 m/Ma during the post-rift phase. Hence, disequilibrium compaction as an overpressure-generating mechanism was effective only during the synrift phase of basin development. Lower sediment burial rates during the post-rift phase (generally less than 500 m/Ma) were not sufficient for overpressure to develop. Hence, the overpressure in the post-rift strata, as observed at the present-day, appears to be of secondary origin, derived from the excess pressure in the underlying synrift strata. The present-day distribution of overpressure in the basin, therefore, is not a primary feature, but is due to pressure dissipation and re-distribution during the post-rift phase of basin evolution.


Section 65A (1) of the Magistrate's Court Act 32 of 1944, in the District Court, is a procedure in order to inquire into the financial position of such debtor where he or she has not satisfied a judgment for the payment of a sum of money granted against him, and to enable the court to make such an order which has at its aim the settlement of the judgment debt as it may deem just and equitable (see Lombard v Minister Van Verdediging 2002 (3) SA 242 (T) and see also 'The law reports' 2002 (July) DR 43). This procedure could also be used where judgment was granted in another district or the High Court or of a regional court, a copy of the judgments certified by the clerk or registrar of the court that granted the judgment must first be obtained and filed in the court out of which the s 65A, proceedings are to be instituted.


Given article is devoted to the analysis of scientific activity professor E. Palskys in the field of criminalistics and criminal procedure. In article works of the professor in which he are considered accents application of scientific and technical means of gathering of evidentiary materials (proofs). For the creative period the professor has published over 80 scientific articles. Approximately 22 percent of published articles are devoted to evidentiary materials and questions of fixing of evidentiary materials. It paid a special attention to a legal regulation in criminal procedure code of means of detection, fixing and withdrawal of traces of a crime and means of fixing of evidentiary material. In various articles professor E. Palskys mentioned main principles and conditions of application of means of gathering of evidentiary materials in criminal procedure. E. Palskys recommended the legislator to specify general provisions of use of means in laws. Considering questions of use of the operative data, the professor marked theoretical groundlessness of inclusion of operative means of gathering of the information in criminal procedure. In the article the section "Evidentiary material and averment" the project of criminally remedial code is submitted. Some positions of the given project have found the reflection in accepted in 2003 the Criminal procedure code.


The extensive utilization of aluminum reinforced with silicon carbide in different structural applications has motivated the need to find a cost effective technological production method for these composites. Homogeneity, machinability, and interfacial reaction of the constituents represent the significant problems pertaining to these composites. Production of a homogenous, high strength, and net-shape structural components made from aluminum-silicon carbide composites can be achieved using powder metallurgy (PM) technology. In the present work the problem of low strength of the aluminum-silicon carbide produced by powder metallurgy is solved by raising the sintering temperature of the composite above the melting temperature of the aluminum. This method produces a local fusing and welding of the aluminum particles. Using aluminum powder with a thick oxide layer surrounding the particles prevents the total melting of the composite. Green compacted specimens containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 wt % silicon carbide were prepared. Samples from each composition were sintered at 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, and 900°C separately, while other specimens were left without sintering for comparison. Microstructure examination, a microhardness test, and a compression test were carried out for each of the 49 combinations of SiC contents and sintering temperatures to study the effect of sintering temperature and SiC contents on the composite properties and to detect the optimum sintering temperature for each SiC weight percent. Generally the results show the tendency for both strength and ductility to increase upon increase in the sintering temperature. These specific sintering temperature levels are found to be 650°C for the aluminum with no silicon carbide content, 700°C for composites containing both 5 and 10 wt % SiC, 750°C for composites containing 15 wt % SiC, 800°C for composites containing 20 wt % SiC, 850°C for composites containing 25 wt % SiC, and 900°C for composites containing 30 wt % SiC.


Partial discharge (PD) is regarded as a precursor to plant failure and therefore, an effective indication of plant condition. Locating the source of PD before failure is key to efficient maintenance and improving reliability of power systems. This paper presents a low cost, autonomous partial discharge radiolocation mechanism to improve PD localization precision. The proposed radio frequency-based technique uses the wavelet packet transform (WPT) and machine learning ensemble methods to locate PDs. More specifically, the received signals are decomposed by the WPT and analyzed in order to identify localized PD signal patterns in the presence of noise. The regression tree algorithm, bootstrap aggregating method, and regression random forest are used to develop PD localization models based on the WPT-based PD features. The proposed PD localization scheme has been found to successfully locate PD with negligible error. Additionally, the principle of the PD location scheme has been validated using a separate test dataset. Numerical results demonstrate that the WPT-random forest PD localization scheme produced superior performance as a result of its robustness against noise.


Enterprise storage systems are facing enormous challenges due to increasing growth and heterogeneity of the data stored. Designing future storage systems requires comprehensive insights that existing trace analysis methods are ill-equipped to supply. In this paper, we seek to provide such insights by using a new methodology that leverages an objective, multi-dimensional statistical technique to extract data access patterns from network storage system traces. We apply our method on two large-scale real-world production network storage system traces to obtain comprehensive access patterns and design insights at user, application, file, and directory levels. We derive simple, easily implementable, threshold-based design optimizations that enable efficient data placement and capacity optimization strategies for servers, consolidation policies for clients, and improved caching performance for both.


U.S. water utilities are grappling with a diverse suite of challenges. Aging water infrastructure, changing weather patterns, rising demand for clean water, higher water treatment costs, and other pressures are affecting how water utilities expand, repair, and maintain the infrastructure that carries and cleans our water. The traditional approach to addressing these problems – building more grey infrastructure1 – is not the only option. Green infrastructure may provide a cost-effective alternative that can help water utilities protect source water supplies, reduce stormwater runoff, and improve water quality.

Current municipal accounting standards, however, do not adequately account for the benefits provided by green infrastructure. For example, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board, which establishes standard accounting practices for state and local governments, requires public utilities to value land assets using the historical purchase price, rather than the current market value. This approach frequently does not capture the full value of the benefits provided by green infrastructure and so may limit utilities' ability to accurately compare the benefits and costs of green and grey infrastructure.

The lack of a formal approach for accounting for green infrastructure and its benefits may be a barrier to further utility investment in this area and may predispose utilities to favor more investment in grey infrastructure. The lack of comparable accounting methods may also limit utilities' ability to convey green infrastructure's true benefits to rate payers, municipal governments, and investors.

This project developed new accounting methods to help public water utilities more accurately assess the value provided by their green infrastructure assets. The researchers developed two model accounting frameworks that could be included in the unaudited supplementary disclosure part of a utility's comprehensive annual financial report (CAFR). We pilot tested these two frameworks at three participating utilities: The City of Raleigh (NC) Public Utilities Department, The City of Asheville (NC) Water Resources Department, and Clean Water Services (OR). We conducted surveys and semi-structured interviews to understand the utilities' experiences with the accounting frameworks and how the frameworks could be improved.

This report summarizes the results of these pilot tests, including the frameworks' strengths and weaknesses and recommendations from the piloting utilities for improving future iterations of the frameworks. Several key themes emerged from these results. Each utility faced a unique set of regulatory, political, and other policy drivers that influenced their use of green infrastructure. The extent and type of both inter- and intra-utility communication affected the utilities' access to information and their ability to fully document their green infrastructure assets. Despite the differences among utilities' drivers and communication pathways, however, all utilities noted the need for standardized approaches that allow for cross-utility comparison.

The ability to account for the benefits provided by green infrastructure is critical for further investment in green infrastructure by water utilities, municipalities, and investors. This project contributes to that effort by offering two approaches for accounting that more accurately reflect the value that green infrastructure provides for water utilities.

This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series .

ISBN: 9781780405124 (eBook)


Abstract This article explores the possibility of conceiving South America and Southern Africa as subsystemic unipolarities under Brazilian and South African primacy, respectively. It argues that this concept, when applied to these regions, sheds light not only on the long-term strategies behind the Brazilian and South African foreign policies towards their neighbourhood, but also on the behaviour of secondary regional powers and small states. This hypothesis questions the maxim that considerations related to polarity affect great powers only. After examining the Brazilian and South African cases, the author undertakes a comparative analysis of 17 countries in these regions, showing that the behaviour of politically stable countries in these regions is as predicted by theories of unipolarity.


We examine the impact of the strictness of employment protection legislation on innovation intensity. To this purpose, we use a panel of annual data from OECD countries over the period 1990-1999 and estimate difference-in-difference models to explain the variation of innovation intensity between industries within countries. Our estimates indicate that stricter employment protection legislation led to significantly lower innovation intensity in industries with higher job reallocation rates or higher layoff propensities. Further, we find that the strictness of employment regulations on the use of temporary contracts had a stronger impact on innovation intensity than the strictness of employment protection for regular contracts. Our findings are robust to additional industry covariates and to other labour market institutions that may affect innovation performance and industry job reallocation propensity. In addition, our sensitivity analysis indicates that our results are not driven by the particular measures of employment protection legislation and industry layoff propensity that we use or by any country in our sample.


Abstract To contribute to the understanding of flow phenomena in abdominal aortic aneurysms, numerical computations of pulsatile flows through aneurysm models and a stability analysis of these flows were carried out. The volume flow rate waveforms into the aneurysms were based on measurements of these waveforms, under rest and exercise conditions, of patients suffering abdominal aortic aneurysms. The Reynolds number and Womersley number, the dimensionless quantities that characterize the flow, were varied within the physiologically relevant range, and the two geometric quantities that characterize the model aneurysm were varied to assess the influence of the length and maximal diameter of an aneurysm on the details of the flow. The computed flow phenomena and the induced wall shear stress distributions agree well with what was found in PIV measurements by Salsac et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 560, 2006, pp. 19–51). The results suggest that long aneurysms are less pathological than short ones, and that patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm are better to avoid physical exercise. The pulsatile flows were found to be unstable to three-dimensional disturbances if the aneurysm was sufficiently localized or had a sufficiently large maximal diameter, even for flow conditions during rest. The abdominal aortic aneurysm can be viewed as acting like a 'wavemaker' that induces disturbed flow conditions in healthy segments of the arterial system far downstream of the aneurysm; this may be related to the fact that one-fifth of the larger abdominal aortic aneurysms are found to extend into the common iliac arteries. Finally, we report a remarkable sensitivity of the wall shear stress distribution and the growth rate of three-dimensional disturbances to small details of the aneurysm geometry near the proximal end. These findings suggest that a sensitivity analysis is appropriate when a patient-specific computational study is carried out to obtain a quantitative description of the wall shear stress distribution.


Abstract Rippled metal foils are currently sought for high-strain-rate material strength studies at laser facilities. Because these metals typically cannot be diamond turned, we employ a microcoining process to imprint the [approximately]5-μm-deep by [approximately]50-μm-long ripples into the metal surface. This work details recent process developments to fabricate these rippled metal targets, specifically for iron and tantalum. The process consists of nitriding a steel die, diamond turning the die, and then pressing the die into a polished metal foil of choice. We show: advantages of deeper-nitrided dies, improved foil thickness uniformity and characterization, variation in coining stress over different materials, pattern quality characterization, bowing reduction, and patterning of multimode ripples.


Debates about urban growth and change often center on specialization.However, arguments linking specialization to metropolitan economic development contain diverse, and sometimes conflicting, claims. Is it better to be highly specialized or diversified? Does specialization refer to the absolute scale of an activity in a region, its share within the regional economy, or its share in the nation's economy? Does specialization have static effects, or is its impact chiefly evolutionary? This paper starts by investigating these different theoretical claims. We then turn to an empirical inquiry into the roles of relative and absolute specialization. By analyzing local agglomerations over time, we find that growing absolute specialization is positively linked to wages, while changes in relative concentration are not significantly associated with wage dynamics. This supports notions of specialization based on the absolute size of an agglomeration, and casts doubt on notions of specialization based on shares of an activity in the regional economy.


In the framework of this thesis a first measurement of the p n -> d omega total cross section has been performed at mean excess energies of Q ~= 26 and 60 MeV. The motivation, apparatus, analysis, results and their tentative interpretation are discussed in the following. The comparison of the cross sections for meson production in proton-proton and proton-neutron collisions close to threshold, constrain theoretical models describing the production mechanisms. For eta production the observed cross section ratio R = sigma( p n -> p n eta ) / sigma( p p -> p p eta) ~= 6.5 is generally attributed to isovector dominance in model calculations based on meson exchange. It is therefore interesting to investigate whether a similar isospin dependence is found also for the omega, the next heavier isoscalar meson. Relatively few experiments were performed for the p p -> p p omega reaction, but in proton-neutron collisions no data whatsoever are available. The p n -> d omega reaction was studied in the p d -> pSP d omega reaction at four proton beam momenta between 2.6 and 2.9 GeV/c at the ANKE spectrometer of COSY-JAulich. A deuterium cluster-jet target was used as an effective neutron target, detecting the low momentum recoil protons (pSP), which have momenta of about 80 MeV/c, in a silicon telescope placed close to the target. These recoil protons can be treated as "spectators" that influence the reaction only through their modification of the kinematics. By variation of angle and momentum of the spectator protons, a certain range in excess energy Q is selected experimentally. This range is used to extract results in p-n collisions for the corresponding Q values. The deuterons emitted at angles below 8 degree with a momenta around 2 GeV/c were detected in the forward system of the ANKE spectrometer. Inclined Cerenkov counters in combination with two layers of scintillation counters enabled us to identify these deuterons despite a two orders of magnitude higher proton background. Their momenta were reconstructed using the information from two multi-wire proportional chambers. The p n -> d omega reaction was then identified via the missing mass technique. In order to normalise the data, first the efficiencies of all detectors were evaluated. Secondly the absolute luminosity was determined by the p-d elastic scattering reaction, employing the possibility to identify slow deuterons simultaneously in the silicon telescope. Measurements in p p -> p p omega at SATURNE show there to be a strong contribution from multi-pion production below the omega peak in the missing mass spectrum. This can only be reliably estimated by comparing data above and below the omega threshold. Used are the experimental data at 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 and 2.9 GeV/c beam momentum, which correspond to mean Q values in p n -> d omega of -40, -5, 26 and 60 MeV respectively. At the highest energy, there is clear evidence for an omega peak, whereas at 2.8 GeV/c the residual omega signal depends much more sensitively upon the background description. The cross sections extracted for p n -> d omega at Q ~= 26 MeV and 60 MeV are significantly smaller than theoretical predictions. This suggests that the reaction mechanism for omega production differs from the one for the eta, possibly implying a relatively larger contribution from isoscalar meson exchange. Measurements with higher precision in both Q and in cross section are scheduled already for August 2003. The results are expected to shed even further light on the basic production mechanisms.


Is law and economics anti-democratic? One hears complaints from many quarters that law and economics is a form of technocracy that cuts off legitimate debate and suppresses other important values that people hold dear. (1) On this view, law and economics privileges efficiency and focuses on quantifiable values to the exclusion of other, less measurable values that could have found expression through the political process. These concerns are central to debates in areas ranging from environmental protection to intellectual property. The irony in these complaints is that they are offered by commentators who are heirs of the legal realists, many of whom would in the same breath decry excessive formalism and applaud judicial sensitivity to policy. There may not be an inherent contradiction here, but there is a tension in practice. Law and economics and democracy are not enemies, but I contend that legal realism--or its lingering aftershocks--causes law and economics to be more technocratic and less democratic than necessary. While legal realism as a movement itself may be dead, it rules us from the grave. As the saying goes, "We are all realists now." (2) There is nothing wrong with law-and-economics-inspired theories as theories--or with legal realism as a theory for that matter. Analyzing law and legal relations in their smallest parts and considering micro incentive effects (to the extent data is available) are worthy exercises, but without some sensitivity to institutional detail and competence, the tendency is to substitute the wisdom of the analyzing expert, especially in courts and agencies, for the collective wisdom emerging either from democracy or tradition. (3) Many movements in legal thought draw on legal realism, (4) and law and economics is no exception. Coase's articles on the FCC (5) and social cost (6) are hyperrealist in their assumptions about property, especially in their adoption of the most extreme version of the bundle of rights conception of property. (7) In the bundle of rights conception, property has no content on its own but instead emerges from policy-driven decisions about the actions that people might take. (8) Things are merely a backdrop to this fine-grained analysis of potentially conflicting activities, and rights to exclude from things have no particular status as a starting point. These assumptions were understandable in light of Coase's goal of demonstrating that, in a world of positive transaction costs, it matters how entitlements are assigned. But when it comes to using Coase's insights, his hyperrealist assumptions have been allowed to steal the show. (9) In Coase's analysis of nuisance, we expect judges to figure out ex post which of the conflicting parties should be awarded each stick in the bundle of rights. (10) And in making these decisions, the questions of "who invaded what" or "who caused what to whom" do no work at all. (11) In contrast to traditional and everyday notions of property as a right to things that is good against the world, Coasean agnosticism about causation leads one to see both the trampling animals and the trampled-upon crops as the cause of conflict. And under this conception, one is to ask whether fists or noses cause punches, or, for that matter, which are the cheapest cost avoiders. (12) None of this accords with non-economic intuition. (13) Although causal agnosticism is a useful theoretical construct and fine as far as it goes, it does not go very far: for transaction-cost reasons--not to mention basic moral reasons--causation is unidirectional. We have made ex ante decisions about what counts as an invasion, (14) and absent good reasons--and sometimes good reasons exist--we should stick to those decisions. Now it might be thought that this technocratic tendency in fine-grained analysis is specific to property. Such a view seems unlikely when we consider that Coase and many of the bundle theorists are basically treating property as dissolving into torts. …


The debate on the risks and benefits of the globalisation of international capital markets has focused on the volume and the volatility of the main capital flows — foreign direct investment (FDI), portfolio investment, and foreign bank lending. Financial transfers in the form of worker remittances have received less attention in this context. This paper provides an analysis on the magnitude of remittances, their volatility, and their relationship to other capital flows. Moreover, we provide empirical evidence on the determinants of remittances and private capital flows.


An ensemble of twenty four coupled ocean-atmosphere models has been compared with respect to their performance in the tropical Paci®c. The coupled models span a large portion of the parameter space and di€er in many respects. The intercomparison includes TOGA (Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere)-type models consisting of high-resolution tropical ocean models and coarse-resolution global atmosphere models, coarse-resolution global coupled models, and a few global coupled models with high resolution in the equatorial region in their ocean components. The performance of the annual mean state, the seasonal cycle and the interannual variability are investigated. The primary quantity analysed is sea surface temperature (SST). Additionally, the evolution of interannual heat content variations in the tropical Paci®c and the relationship between the interannual SST variations in the equatorial Paci®c to ¯uctuations in the strength of the Indian summer monsoon are investigated. The results can be summarised as follows: almost all models (even those employing ¯ux corrections) still have problems in simulating the SST climatology, although some improvements are found relative to earlier intercom-parison studies. Only a few of the coupled models simulate the El NinÄ o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in terms of gross equatorial SST anomalies realistically. In particular , many models overestimate the variability in the western equatorial Paci®c and underestimate the SST variability in the east. The evolution of interannual heat content variations is similar to that observed in almost all models. Finally, the majority of the models show a strong connection between ENSO and the strength of the Indian summer monsoon.


International responses to conflicts and humanitarian emergencies have become more crowded. Not only do traditional actors intervene on a greater scale, such as non-governmental organizations and the military, but new actors such as Private Military Security Companies also play an increasingly important role. These actors often differ in their precise objective and the constituencies they are accountable to. Yet, the practices of these actors in operations are intertwined and many of their tasks overlap. Improved communication and coordination of these actors in complex operations can thus be expected to lead to strong increases in mission effectiveness. This Special Issue provides a conceptual platform to understand and explain under what conditions coordination among these actors occurs. The articles cluster around three themes. A first set focuses on who the actors involved are along a private vs public and military vs civilian divide; a second group of articles assesses experiences of coordination of different actors in the field; finally, a third looks at a plurality of elements that may trigger or hinder coordination.


With many new discoveries of giant Mo deposits in the past decade, northeastern China has become the largest molybdenum mineralization region in China. The Xilamulun district is in the southern part of northeastern China and contains 25 Mo deposits and prospects, dominantly of porphyry type. These deposits are mostly along the E-striking Xilamulun fault. Re-Os dating of hydrothermal molybdenite from four deposits in the northern Xilamulun district revealed mineralization ages of 137 to 129 Ma (129.4 ± 3.4 Ma for Aolunhua, 135.3± 2.6 Ma for Shabutai, 136.4 ± 0.8 Ma for Haisugou, and 136.1 ± 6.6 Ma for Banlashan), in general agreement with the crystallization ages of their host granitoids.

The compilation of existing data on Mo-bearing deposits in northeastern China, including the new data of this study, shows that Mesozoic Mo deposits in this region have a wide range of ages, from ~250 to 90 Ma. We propose that they are linked to three tectonic-magmatic events: (1) Triassic Mo deposits (250–220 Ma) are mainly distributed along the E-trending Xilamulun fault and are related to postcollisional crustal extension following the final closure of the Paleo-Asian ocean; (2) Jurassic Mo mineralization (200–140 Ma) displays a clear younging trend from southeast to northwest, coincides with the regional magmatism trend, and is interpreted to be related to the northwestward flat-slab subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate beneath the Eurasian continent that started in the Early Jurassic (ca. 200 Ma); (3) Cretaceous Mo mineralization (140–90 Ma) shows a reversed migration trend from northwest to southeast, and can be explained by the coastward migration of slab rollback related to lower crust delamination, asthenospheric upwelling, and lithospheric thinning in eastern China. The spatial-temporal distribution of Mesozoic Mo mineralization is important for regional metallogeny and exploration. Recently numerous epithermal Au (Cu, Mo) deposits have been recognized in the southeast margin of northeastern China. According to this study, we predict that hidden porphyry/skarn systems could be located beneath these epithermal deposits.


The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) which can operate autonomously in dynamic and complex operational environments is becoming increasingly more common. While the application domains in which they are currently used are still predominantly military in nature, in the future we can expect widespread usage in the civil and commercial sectors. In order to insert such vehicles into commercial airspace, it is inherently important that these vehicles can generate collision-free motion plans and also be able to modify such plans during their execution in order to deal with contingencies which arise during the course of operation. In this paper, we present a fully deployed autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle, based on a Yamaha RMAX helicopter, which is capable of navigation in urban environments. We describe a motion planning framework which integrates two sample-based motion planning techniques, Probabilistic Roadmaps and Rapidly Exploring Random Trees together with a path following controller that is used during path execution. Integrating deliberative services, such as planners, seamlessly with control components in autonomous architectures is currently one of the major open problems in robotics research. We show how the integration between the motion planning framework and the control kernel is done in our system. Additionally, we incorporate a dynamic path reconfigurability scheme. It offers a surprisingly efficient method for dynamic replanning of a motion plan based on unforeseen contingencies which may arise during the execution of a plan. Those contingencies can be inserted via ground operator/UAV interaction to dynamically change UAV flight paths on the fly. The system has been verified through simulation and in actual flight. We present empirical results of the performance of the framework and the path following controller.


Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Cucumovirus, family Bromoviridae. It has the potential and reputation of having the widest host range of any known plant virus including monocotyledons and dicotyledons, herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees. CMV is one of the major diseases in Capsicum annum (chilli). Chilli plant samples exhibiting virus-like disease symptoms were collected from Taman Pertanian Indera Mahkota (location 1) and Greenhouse 12 of Horticulture Research Centre, Serdang (location 2). Viral disease was detected based on symptoms like mosaic-mottling, yellow ringspots and cholorotic that appeared on the leaves. The isolation of total RNA was done by using Vivantis GF-1 total RNA extraction kit. RT-PCR technique was used to detect the presence of virus disease symptoms gene in chillies. Identification of causal agents was based on cDNA amplified product size, using virus-specific oligonucleotides. Actin was used as the internal PCR control. The product size of the DNA fragment was 315 bp. From RT-PCR, the expression of CMV can be detected in chilli plants that exhibited the virus-like disease symptoms. This research revealed that some of the chilli plants at the Taman Pertanian Indera
Mahkota and Greenhouse 12 of Horticulture Research Centre have been affected by this viral disease.


Environmental Impact Assessments and Environmental Statements provide the decision making process with environmental information, in order that a balanced decision may be made by considering environmental as well as economic and social impacts. The credibility of the entire process stands on the ability of the predictive techniques to accurately predict possible impacts. This thesis examines the quality of one predictive technique, the air quality assessment of road schemes, in an attempt to identify areas of deficiency and ways by which the technique can be improved.
Analyses of Environmental Statements (ES5) have shown that they are generally of poor quality and so do not fulfil their potential as an environmental management tool. This study has shown that the air quality aspects of ESs were of poor quality and that the current DOT method for assessing air quality was inaccurate at the sites tested.
Vehicle emission modelling before and after the opening of the Freckleton Bypass indicated that the network total masses of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and lead were less in the "after" situation compared with the "before, and that the oxides of nitrogen were slightly more, due to the increase in average speed.
Average concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, total suspended particles and the average number of carbon monoxide air quality standard violations monitored on the bypassed route were less in the 'after situation than in the "before" Work conducted during this study would also suggest that emissions tend to build up around the road from where they are emitted when the wind speed is approximately 1.5 m/s or less, which can result in potentially dangerous air pollution episodes. Also that meteorological data from weather stations cannot directly be used for traffic air quality modelling without further research being conducted.
The main future uses of air quality modelling are as an environmental management tool to try and avoid potentially dangerous pollution episodes and to assess the impacts of traffic management as well as road building proposals.


BACKGROUND Dietary changes have led to the growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. A hallmark of both disorders is hepatic lipid accumulation, derived in part from increased de novo lipogenesis. Despite the popularity of high-protein diets for weight loss, the effect of dietary protein on de novo lipogenesis is poorly studied. We aimed to characterize the effect of dietary protein on de novo lipid synthesis. METHODS We use a 3-way crossover interventional study in healthy males to determine the effect of high-protein feeding on de novo lipogenesis, combined with in vitro models to determine the lipogenic effects of specific amino acids. The primary outcome was a change in de novo lipogenesis–associated triglycerides in response to protein feeding. RESULTS We demonstrate that high-protein feeding, rich in glutamate, increases de novo lipogenesis–associated triglycerides in plasma (1.5-fold compared with control; P < 0.0001) and liver-derived very low-density lipoprotein particles (1.8-fold; P < 0.0001) in samples from human subjects (n = 9 per group). In hepatocytes, we show that glutamate-derived carbon is incorporated into triglycerides via palmitate. In addition, supplementation with glutamate, glutamine, and leucine, but not lysine, increased triglyceride synthesis and decreased glucose uptake. Glutamate, glutamine, and leucine increased activation of protein kinase B, suggesting that induction of de novo lipogenesis occurs via the insulin signaling cascade. CONCLUSION These findings provide mechanistic insight into how select amino acids induce de novo lipogenesis and insulin resistance, suggesting that high-protein feeding to tackle diabetes and obesity requires greater consideration. FUNDING The research was supported by UK Medical Research Council grants MR/P011705/1, MC_UP_A090_1006 and MR/P01836X/1. JLG is supported by the Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR).


This article revisits Arendt's and Foucault's converging accounts of modern (bio)politics and the entry of biological life into politics. Agamben's influential account of these ideas is rejected as a misrepresentation both because it de-historicizes biological/organic life and because it occludes the positivity of that life and thus the discursive appeal and performative force of biopolitics. Through attention to the genealogy of Arendt's and Foucault's own ideas we will see that the major point of convergence in their thinking is their insistence upon understanding biological thinking from the inside, in terms of its positivity. Agamben's assessment of modern politics is closer to Arendt's than it is to Foucault's and this marks a fascinating point of disagreement between Arendt and Foucault. Whereas Arendt sees the normalizing force of modern society as being in total opposition to individuality, Foucault posits totalization and individuation as processes of normation, which casts a light upon the relative import they place upon politics and ethics.


Doctors and clients sometimes experience interactive clashes during hospital meetings in South-western Nigerian hospitals because of their divergent culture-constrained orientation to politeness cues. The goal of this paper is to unpack the discursive elements that characterize interactive confluence and divergence in selected consultative encounters in the hospitals. The findings indicate that institutional and cultural (dis)alignments occur in respect of adjacency and non-adjacency pair greetings. In both greeting types, face support, threat and stasis are conjointly co-constituted by doctors and Yoruba clients within the affordances of the cultural, institutional and situational context of the Southwestern Nigerian hospital setting. Adjacency pair greetings attract mutual interpretings between the parties; interactive disalignments are differentially pragmatically accommodated by doctors and clients. In non-adjacency pair greeting, doctors' threats are co-constituted as appropriate by both parties, the institutional power of doctor and shared Western cultural orientation playing significant roles.


This volume in the Westminster Handbooks to Christian Theology series provides a compact and lucid treatment of the main elements of the theology of Martin Luther (1483-1546). Janz, a top Luther expert, discusses the theological understandings that made Luther a leading figure in the sixteenth century Protestant Reformation. This splendid guide will serve as a welcome reference for careful and accurate descriptions of the key components of Luther's theology. The Westminster Handbook to Christian Theology series provides a set of resources for the study of historic and contemporary theological movements and Christian theologians. These books are intended to help students and scholars find concise and accurate treatments of important theological terms./p>


Abstract In 2015, the North Sea petroleum province was 50 years old. The celebrations were short lived because oil prices and gas prices were in free fall. The demand from the UK market had outstripped demand back in 2005 and, 10 years on, falling production and increasing operating expenditure, when coupled with falling prices, had brought the North Sea to crisis point. Many fields became unprofitable and companies began to close down. In an effort to avert the developing crisis, this work examines what options exist for better utilizing the North Sea industry, be that monetizing co-produced fluids or using the pore space once occupied by petroleum for waste products such as carbon dioxide. We briefly examine: the possibility of utilizing heat from the co-produced fluids for power generation; extracting gases and ores from co-produced fluids; and evaluation of the role that carbon dioxide could play in enhanced oil and gas recovery, as well as its ultimate long-term storage in geological deep storage.


A clarion call for a new research agenda has been sounded, notably by Berners-Lee et al (2006a 2006b) and Hendler et al (2008) for a 'science of decentralised information systems' to 'discover' generative mechanisms, and synthesise knowledge and technology to push both forwards. Computer Science alone - focussing as it does on the engineering/technology of the web - could not deliver the ambitions of this new agenda. Equally, other disciplines implicated in Web Science might use the web to support their research, or be interested in virtual life, but they lacked a coherent or unifying mandate for engaging with the web. By calling for Web Science these pioneers opened up a new space. But this is uncharted terrain. As a technology the web is still new. While it has grown rapidly and unexpectedly we are only just beginning to think about the web as a phenomena to be studied. The proponents of Web Science had the vision to see that this new approach had to include disciplines beyond their own; it had to be greater than the sum of the parts of individual disciplines. This is a radical call to leave disciplinary silos and work collaboratively to produce something bigger and better. Moreover, it takes in the founding principles of the web and a desire for a web that is pro-human: this is a call for a science that is capable of insight and intervention to create a better world. Our paper aims to take up this challenge and suggests how we might map the Web Science terrain. We come at this from a slightly different direction to the web science pioneers and want to demonstrate how social science can, and indeed must, contribute to developing Web Science. This paper will explore the contribution of social theory and sociological concepts that shape how we engage with the web. We focus on four key aspects which seem to be central to this understanding. Firstly co-constitution, the fact that the web both shapes and is shaped by humans/society. Secondly the importance of heterogeneous networks of multiple and diverse actors (including technologies themselves) that make the web as we know it. Thirdly the significance of performativity, that the web is an unfolding, enacted practice, as people interact with http to build 'the web' moment by moment. Finally, drawing these ideas together we see the web we have now as an immutable mobile or temporarily stabilised network. We use these ideas to map what web science could be and to suggest how we might use sociology to understand the web. Our aim is to provoke and stimulate debate and to move beyond superficial popular psychology and sociology (which envisages engineering human behaviour) and to challenge some of the ways in which social science has engaged with technology and technical actors. To facilitate this, and taking our lead from Donna Harroway, the paper sets out a radical manifesto for web science.


Demonstrating socially responsible behaviour has become increasingly important for corporations. The study identifies the extent of participation of the banking industries in corporate social responsibility, the bank policies as it affects CRS and the impact of the bank the on the practice of CRS. The study utilized primary source of data collection procedure through the administration of questionnaire. 120 copies of the questionnaire were administered on employees of four major banks in Osogbo Osun State. The respondents of this study are employees of the upper, middle and low cadre across all the department of the banks. They were purposely selected for this study. All the copies of the questionnaire were retrieved and analyzed using frequency distribution and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings of the study revealed that about 90% of the respondents indicated the extent of participation in corporate social responsibilities activities is high, the findings also revealed that a significant Pvalue of 0.417 which shows a non-significant relationship was observed from the relationship between the type of the bank and CRS practices. In addition, the findings of the study revealed that a significant P-value of 0.028 which ascertain a significant relationship was observed between bank profitability and CRS practices. Lastly, a significant relationship was observed from the P-value of 0.0317 between bank policies and CRS practices.It is recommended that Governments should minimize the excessive demands they make from corporate organizations, particularly Banks, for financing of projects and events. Usually, expenses incurred on these constitute a huge drain on the scarce financial resources of organizations that would have been spent in other CRS projects that will be more beneficial to the populace and society. And that government at all levels should encourage organizations to implement more of CSR initiatives by granting them tax reliefs, rebates and other concessions,


Soil and water conservation technologies (SWCT) are important to farmers, to the research community, as well as to the policy makers, given that declining soil health, and increasing erosion and moisture stress have implications for agricultural livelihoods, national food security, and more generally for well-being within rural communities. Yet, despite Tunisia was at forefront of introducing them, the uptake of SWCT by farmers has been less broad than desired. This study aims to identify and analyze those factors that have affected the rate of adoption of SWCT within the Sidi Bouzid governorate of Central Tunisia;
a region that is representative of resource-poor environments within the country, and one where land degradation is of both historical and contemporary concern. Employing a binary logistic regression model, with data obtained from a survey of 250 farmers, our results suggest that socio-economic and institutional factors play an important role in the adoption of SWCT. Membership within an agricultural cooperative was positively correlated with adoption. Surprisingly, however, participation in organized trainings for SWCT was negatively correlated with adoption, similarly to livestock holdings. We provide
plausible explanations for this counterintuitive finding, together with an argument that conventional processes for knowledge transfer and dissemination are in need of reform.


Mixtures models have received sizeable attention from analysts in the recent years. Some work on Bayesian estimation of the parameters of mixture models have appeared. However, the were restricted to the Bayes point estimation The methodology for the Bayesian interval estimation of the parameters for said models is still to be explored. This paper proposes the posterior interval estimation (along with point estimation) for the parameters of a two-component mixture of the Gompertz distribution. The posterior predictive intervals are also derived and evaluated. Different informative and noninformative priors are assumed under a couple of loss functions for the posterior analysis. A simulation study was carried out in order to make comparisons among different point and interval estimators. The applicability of the results is illustrated via a real life example.


Green infrastructure is a unique combination of economic, social, and environmental goals and benefits that requires an adaptable framework for planning, implementing, and evaluating. In this study, we propose an experimental framework for policy, implementation, and subsequent evaluation of green stormwater infrastructure within the context of sociotechnical systems and urban experimentation. Sociotechnical systems describe the interaction of complex systems with quantitative and qualitative impacts. Urban experimentation—traditionally referencing climate change programs and their impacts—is a process of evaluating city programs as if in a laboratory setting with hypotheses and evaluated results. We combine these two concepts into a singular framework creating a policy feedback cycle (PFC) for green infrastructure to evaluate municipal green infrastructure plans as an experimental process within the context of a sociotechnical system. After proposing and discussing the PFC, we utilize the tool to research and evaluate the green infrastructure programs of 27 municipalities across the United States. Results indicate that green infrastructure plans should incorporate community involvement and communication, evaluation based on project motivation, and an iterative process for knowledge production. We suggest knowledge brokers as a key resource in connecting the evaluation stage of the feedback cycle to the policy phase. We identify three important needs for green infrastructure experimentation: (i) a fluid definition of green infrastructure in policy; (ii) maintenance and evaluation components of a green infrastructure plan; and (iii) communication of the plan to the community.


In the late 18th century, as a wave of English nationalism swept the country, the printseller John Boydell set out to create an ambitious exhibition space, one devoted to promoting and fostering a distinctly English style of history painting. With its very name, the Shakespeare Gallery signaled to Londoners that the artworks on display shared an undisputed quality and a national spirit. Exhibiting Englishness explores the responses of key artists of the period to Boydell's venture and sheds new light on the gallery's role in the larger context of British art. Tracking the shift away from academic and Continental European styles of history painting, the book analyzes the works of such artists as Joshua Reynolds, Henry Fuseli, James Northcote, Robert Smirke, Thomas Banks, and William Hamilton, laying out their diverse ways of expressing notions of individualism, humor, eccentricity, and naturalism. Exhibiting Englishness also argues that Boydell's gallery radically redefined the dynamics of display and cultural aesthetics at that time, shaping both an English school of painting and modern exhibition practices.


Background: Epithelialization is part of skin tissue regeneration to repair the damage . This process will be inhibited by the presence of bacterial infections, especially Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA ) .
Methods: This study aims to determine the effect of stabbing acupuncture needles on ST36 acupoint on epithelization on the healing process of MRSA infected wounds in the skin of wisting rats . Thirty six Wistar rats , 3 months old , are divided into 6 groups , 2 groups of negative control , 2 groups of positive control , 2 groups of treatment group (All are sacrificed on the fourth day and sixth day ) . Injury to the back skin of rats with a knife along the incised 2 cm and depth to subcutaneous . Wound of positive control groups infected by MRSA , wound in the treatment groups also infected MRSA and stabbing at ST36 acupoints . Each group are sacrificed to / for day 4 and 6 , the skin tissue is fixed , made histological preparations , stained with HE .
Results: The measurement of the epithelial length using Optilab mounted on a light microscope . The data are analyzed by comparing the mean and SD . The epithelial length of the treatment group is higher than the positive control {(0,46±0,19 ) vs (0,21±0,16 );(0,63±0,76 ) vs (0,42±0,301 )} , being compared with the negative control is not much different .
Conclusion: Stabbing acupuncture needles on ST36 acupoint accelerates epithelialization in wound healing of the skin MRSA-infected rat.


Energy is a key driver of the modern economy, therefore modeling and simulation of energy systems has received significant research attention. We review the major developments in this area and propose two ways to categorize the diverse contributions. The first categorization is according to the modeling approach, namely into computational, mathematical, and physical models. With this categorization, we highlight certain novel hybrid approaches that combine aspects of the different groups proposed. The second categorization is according to field namely Process Systems Engineering (PSE) and Energy Economics (EE). We use the following criteria to illustrate the differences: the nature of variables, theoretical underpinnings, level of technological aggregation, spatial and temporal scales, and model purposes. Traditionally, the Process Systems Engineering approach models the technological characteristics of the energy system endogenously. However, the energy system is situated in a broader economic context that includes several stakeholders both within the energy sector and in other economic sectors. Complex relationships and feedback effects exist between these stakeholders, which may have a significant impact on strategic, tactical, and operational decision-making. Leveraging the expertise built in the Energy Economics field on modeling these complexities may be valuable to process systems engineers. With this categorization, we present the interactions between the two fields, and make the case for combining the two approaches. We point out three application areas: (1) optimal design and operation of flexible processes using demand and price forecasts, (2) sustainability analysis and process design using hybrid methods, and (3) accounting for the feedback effects of breakthrough technologies. These three examples highlight the value of combining Process Systems Engineering and Energy Economics models to get a holistic picture of the energy system in a wider economic and policy context.


One of the most promising methods proposed to mitigate global CO2 and one that is useful in enhanced oil recovery is carbon sequestration, a process in which CO2 is pressurized and injected into geologic formations. A technical challenge surrounding the geologic sequestration of CO2 is tracking the movement of the fluids pumped underground. Monitoring, verification, and accounting activities related to CO2 storage are important for assuring that any sequestered CO2 does not escape to the surface and can be considerably aided by reflection seismic-based detection methods. Through the use of lab-scale velocity measurements under in-situ conditions, combined with multiple 3D reflection seismic surveys, we hope to effectively track the movements of CO2 after injection.


The SDN discusses the main policy issues and challenges in building an inclusive and safe Islamic finance industry, with emphasis on Islamic banking and Sukuk markets. To this end, it discuses why Islamic finance matters, taking into account its recent and prospective growth; and, its potential contributions in terms of financial inclusion, support for small- and medium-sized enterprises and investment in public infrastructure and, in principle, reduced systemic risk. It then covers a range of regulatory and other challenges, and offers policy advice, to address factors that hamper the development of the industry and, more generally, the delivery of its potential benefits. The paper covers regulatory and supervisory issues, safety nets and resolution frameworks, access to finance, Sukuk markets, and macroeconomic policies.


Human Geography gets general readers to think geographically across scale and across a wide range of geographical phenomena and global issues. All concepts and themes are touched on with the historical background one would expect, but also with current examples to make the reading more relevant. The content is written in such a way that it is approachable and appealing. It includes all of the important themes in a succinct and engaging narrative style that can easily be understood. From the Field boxes and opening vignettes help anyone who has not personally traveled much of the world. General readers will also find the latest data as they build their understanding of important concepts.


Oblique extension and passive margin segmentation may be attributed to the influence of basement structures. Pre-existing fabrics exert a strong control on the overall rift geometry in extensional settings, and can lead to the development of complex fault patterns, obliquely extending segments, deformation partitioning and transfer zones. In offshore settings, the nature of basement structure cannot easily be determined from seismic data, and onshore studies are increasingly used to assess basement controls. A digital mapping methodology GAVA (Geospatial Acquisition Visualisation and Analysis) has been developed to integrate regional- to outcrop-scale data. Digital field mapping methods using DGPS, Laser-Rangefinder and field-GIS are used to map faults to a dm- to mscale accuracy by collecting spatial co-ordinates on a handheld computer whilst traversing along or across the exposed fault systems. Benefits of digital mapping include: more rapid data collection and analysis; all data geospatially located and stored in a digital database; GIS-based analysis and visualisation techniques; digital data format enables direct comparison with fault arrays interpreted from seismic data. The GAVA workflow has been used to investigate three case studies on the North Atlantic Passive Margin: 1) NW Scotland; 2) Lofoten, NW Norway; and 3) Davis Strait, West Greenland. Each case study combines regional onshore and offshore mapping, using remote sensing and seismic interpretation, with detailed outcrop mapping of onshore fault exposures. Fault attributes (e.g. fault orientation, kinematics, fault linkage, fault-rock, overprinting relationships) observed at individual localities were collected in a GIS database. Kinematic fault analysis was carried out using strain inversion techniques at various scales. Spatial analysis was carried out using ArcGIS to identify relationships between various structures, while 3-D models were constructed in order to visualise these relationships over several orders of magnitude. Results show that the complexity of rifted margins may be linked to changes in the obliquity of pre-existing structures relative to the regional extension vector. However, direct reactivation of structures need not always occur. The influence of pre-existing structures may also lead to localized variations in stress/strain orientations, which if analyzed in isolation can indicate extension non-parallel to regional stresses. Therefore, spatial analysis and studies across a range of scales is essential when analyzing such zones. Digital (GIS) mapping methods are an ideal may to carry out such studies, although further development of analysis and visualisation tools for geosciences is required in the field of GIS.


T he last wild Spix's Macaw Cyanopsitta spixii was reported "missing" hy the Brazilian wildlife authorities of IBAMA on Decemher 1, 2000. There are many possibilities, including the hird had died, either through natural cause or predation, or, that it could have moved from its current range to either its previous range or a new area. The field biologists helieve that there is a real possihility that he might have moved to another area as he had done so hefore. (In the last event, he was found relatively quickly due to sightings from local "cowboys.") At that time, the field hiologist in charge of the program, Marcos Da Re, helieved that the male had changed Illiger's Macaw "partners." We have no concrete evidence that this occurred (except Da Re's firm helief that it was a different Illiger's Macaw), as the hirds were not tagged. There are a numher of theories of what could have contrihuted to its disappearance, such as increased human activities in the area in the months prior to his disappearance (road clearing and ecotourism), hut those will have to he closely evaluated and compared with field data hefore any conclusions can he made. At this time, the only clear fact that we have is that the single Spix's male has not heen observed in the area that he has utilized for the last few years. Since the disappearance of the last Spix's Macaw, the Field Team, coordinated by Yara de Melo Barros, has conducted an extensive survey of the possible areas, following up leads from the communities of the area and getting the information out regarding the Spix's macaw. Field Searches According to the last report from the field hy Yara Barros (December 9, 2000), the team involved in the search efforts followed up all the leads and information from the local population, hut without success. The strategy was to look in the areas closest to the information points and included numerous private ranches which are believed to he part of the traditional range of the last Spix's Macaw. The researchers felt that there was a real possibility that he might he returning to his former range. However, confirming this was a daunting task as it involved finding a single hird in a very large region of the country (aproximately. 5,000 sq. miles). The search area size was not the only complicating factor, as on December 11, the first rains of the season (and therefore breeding season) began, making the search quite difficult as the dirt roads become almost impassable. The search group was comprised of three teams, each including a field biologist and local "vaqueiros" who know the hird well and have been involved in the monitoring of this species in the wild. Although many parrot species were sighted, the Spix's Macaw was not found. Species included Aratinga acuiicaudata, Aratinga cactorum, Amazona aestiva and Ara maracana. The teams experienced some problems in crossing creeks because of flash flooding (which is very common and quite dramatic in this desert habitat). One group was isolated and had to stay at a farm helping with the round up of cattle, goats, and sheep to pre- vent their loss due to the flooding. As the Spix's Macaw is known to occupy the areas around the streambeds, the searchers were in some jeopardy due to the flash flooding concerns. Some of the "vaqueiros" who were on the search teams had to return to their own farms to help secure livestock and families. According to Barros, the rain was a major disruption in the searches as it rained every day until the 17th of December - causing flooding and loss of livestock. Due to the difficulty in getting the vehicles through the area, many of the "vaqueiros" chose to ride their horses (although it took a longer time to get to the area, it was a more reliable method of getting through the flooded "caatinga"). For the third week of search, the teams returned to the first search area closer to the town of Juazeiro, where the macaw had been sighted the last time by local inhabitants (if information was credible). On December 22, the search operation was halted, although continuing on a lower scale by the field team. If the male was still alive, he would have been extremely difficult to find and quite secretive as it is right in the middle of the breeding season. A decision was made to wait for the reproductive period to end, while continuing to provide the local communities in the region with information on this species, the project, and what to do (who to contact) if the Spix's is sighted. The Future Simply because the single bird has disappeared (either died or moved) does not mean that the Spix's Macaw Field Program will he terminated. The reintroduction enclosure and the research base are located on a farm that has been the site of almost 10 years of field research, habitat conservation, and community programs. The integration of the field effort with community-based conservation (schoolhouse program, theater restoration, etc) has been groundbreaking in that it addressed the primary problems that faced the Spix's macaw. Unlike other reintroduction programs that have failed because the primary reasons for the species extinctions were i:ot addressed (habitat loss, poaching, no community support, etc.), this program has focused its efforts on ensuring a safe habitat for the eventual re-establishment of this species. The rural schoolhouse program is continuing and will be expanded to other regions. The reintroduction program is still on-line for implementation although some strategies will have to be changed due to the loss of the male. ' There is a potential for establishing an in-country, breeding facility in the region that will address the captive management of the Spix's and possibly Lear's Macaw. The infrastructure of the nearby town of Curaca has improved considerably in the last 10 years, making this a good location to operate as a base of operation for future conservation of psittacines of the region. The Spix's "model" program of community-based conservation is now being considered for the Lear's Macaw area and it is likely that a joint (more cost-effective) effort will be implemented, as the regions of occurrence for both these species are relatively close to one another. There is still much to be done and the support for this program is now critically needed. The reintroduction of the Spix's Macaw to the wild now depends on the captive-breeding program and the avicultural community more than ever. It is our hope that we will be able to show that in fact it is possible to re-establish a psittacine species to the wild.


Deep neural networks (DNNs) are being prototyped for a variety of artificial intelligence (AI) tasks including computer vision, data analytics, robotics, etc. The efficacy of DNNs coincides with the fact that they can provide state-of-the-art inference accuracy for these applications. However, this advantage comes from the high computational complexity of the DNNs in use. Hence, it is becoming increasingly important to scale these DNNs so that they can fit on resource-constrained hardware and edge devices. The main goal is to allow efficient processing of the DNNs on low-power micro-AI platforms without compromising hardware resources and accuracy. In this work, we aim to provide a comprehensive survey about the recent developments in the domain of energy-efficient deployment of DNNs on micro-AI platforms. To this extent, we look at different neural architecture search strategies as part of micro-AI model design, provide extensive details about model compression and quantization strategies in practice, and finally elaborate on the current hardware approaches towards efficient deployment of the micro-AI models on hardware. The main takeaways for a reader from this article will be understanding of different search spaces to pinpoint the best micro-AI model configuration, ability to interpret different quantization and sparsification techniques, and the realization of the micro-AI models on resource-constrained hardware and different design considerations associated with it.


Loss of precision due to the conservative nature of compile-time dataflow analysis is a general problem and impacts a wide variety of optimizations. We propose a limited form of runtime dataflow analysis, called deferred dataflow analysis (DDFA), which attempts to sharpen dataflow results by using control-flow information that is available at runtime. The overheads of runtime analysis are minimized by performing the bulk of the analysis at compile-time and deferring only a summarized version of the dataflow problem to runtime. Caching and reusing of dataflow results reduces these overheads further. DDFA is an interprocedural framework and can handle arbitrary control structures including multiway forks, recursion, separately compiled functions and higher-order functions. It is primarily targeted towards optimization of heavy-weight operations such as communication calls, where one can expect significant benefits from sharper dataflow analysis. We outline how DDFA can be used to optimize different kinds of heavy-weight operations such as bulk-prefetching on distributed systems and dynamic linking in mobile programs. We prove that DDFA is safe and that it yields better dataflow information than strictly compile-time dataflow analysis.


Sediment, which was fed by ice streams into the southwestern part of the Karoo Basin, was redistributed by sediment gravity flows, turbidity currents, bottom currents and sediment-laden meltwater plumes, and rain-out from icebergs. Together these deposits formed large subaqueous fans and sediment aprons which were controlled by the ice sheet dynamics, sediment flux, substrate relief, and geotechnical properties of the debris. Glacial valleys, striated and eroded bedrock surfaces, soft-sediment pavements, ice-thrust features, cross-bedding, flow folds, clast fabrics and composition, and facies changes were used as directional indicators in reconstructing the sediment transport system. The stratigraphic framework of the Dwyka Group is comprised of an imbricate stacking of four deglaciation sequences (DS), each representing a time slice of the Permo-Carboniferous glacial history. The sediments of the Late Carboniferous DS 1, which were deposited in a small incipient extensional basin, were mainly derived from the northeast (Northern Cape source) with minor inputs from the north and south. All ice streams were deflected westwards as a result of the prominent regional palaeoslope. During deposition of DS 2, when the basin expanded laterally, palaeoslopes were largely inclined towards the southwest where the bathymetric axis was located, as well as to the west-northwest. The major sediment input sources were in the north, northeast, and east, whereas the southern source progressively declined. Interference of sediment transport systems occurred along the northern margin of the study area where the different ice streams merged. During deposition of DS 3, palaeoslopes in the basin remained largely unchanged. The Namaland source became irrelevant in the study area and sediment was fed into the basin primarily by ice flowing from the northeast and east. Where the ice streams merged in the basin, sedimentation rates increased, resulting in a northeastwards shift in the basin depo-axis. An uneven basin floor caused interfingering of gravity flow fans. Ice streams from the southeast and south were the sediment sources during the Late Sakmarian-Artinskian DS 4 event, and glacial debris and post-glacial muds were distributed approximately parallel to the basin depo-axis. During the + or -40 Ma glaciation period there was thus a clockwise shift in the growth of ice-spreading centres within the Gondwana Ice Sheet.


Eighty one subjects were examined for the relationship between BMI, Body fat, arterial oxygen saturation and arterial PO2 with the subjects at rest and after 5 minutes of walking on a treadmill ergometer at 3 mph at a 3% grade. They had BMIs between 19 and 50. All subjects were free of cardiovascular disease and had normal blood pressure making it safe for them to participate in mild exercise. They were all able to walk for at least 10 minutes without cardiovascular complications and were not taking any medications that altered the autonomic nervous system. The age was between 22 and 68. The results showed that above a BMI of about 30, there was an inverse relationship between BMI and oxygen saturation in fingertip blood (correlation -0.81. p<0.001). The reduction in O2 saturation with higher BMI was made much worse when walking at 3 mph at a 3% grade on a treadmill (p<0.01). Upon walking, saturation dropped for the first 5 minutes. Oxygen saturation was reduced by almost 5% after 5 minutes of exercise. The results indicate that caution should be used in people with higher BMIs on using therapeutic exercise and a pulse oximeter should be used for safety.


Both observations and simulations show that major tidal interactions or mergers between gas-rich galaxies can lead to intense bursts of star formation. Yet, the average enhancement in star formation rate (SFR) in major mergers and the contribution of such events to the cosmic SFR are not well estimated. Here we use photometric redshifts, stellar masses, and UV SFRs from COMBO-17, 24 μm SFRs from Spitzer, and morphologies from two deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) cosmological survey fields (ECDFS/GEMS and A901/STAGES) to study the enhancement in SFR as a function of projected galaxy separation. We apply two-point projected correlation function techniques, which we augment with morphologically selected very close pairs (separation <2″) and merger remnants from the HST imaging. Our analysis confirms that the most intensely star-forming systems are indeed interacting or merging. Yet, for massive (M* ⩾ 1010 M☉) star-forming galaxies at 0.4 < z < 0.8, we find that the SFRs of galaxies undergoing a major interaction (mass ratios ⩽1:4 and separations ⩽40 kpc) are only 1.80 ± 0.30 times higher than the SFRs of non-interacting galaxies when averaged over all interactions and all stages of the interaction, in good agreement with other observational works. Our results also agree with hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy interactions, which produce some mergers with large bursts of star formation on ∼100 Myr timescales, but only a modest SFR enhancement when averaged over the entire merger timescale. We demonstrate that these results imply that only ≲10% of star formation at 0.4 ⩽ z ⩽ 0.8 is triggered directly by major mergers and interactions; these events are not important factors in the build-up of stellar mass since z = 1.


African New Religious Movements (ANRMs) are creating local-global religious networks to further their self-insertion (self-assertion) in the European religious landscape. Intrareligious engagement of ANRM members derives not so much from doctrinal affinities or leadership preferences, but from the quest for spiritual satisfaction, religious identity, and a place to feel at home. The complexity of the motives for participating in networks is due to religious, socio-cultural, and economic considerations. While religious communities identify this networking as a vital strategy for global mission and evangelism ("mission reversed"), such networks serve also as conduits for maintaining identity and ensuring security , as well as facilitating status improvement and legitimacy in Europe.


Abstract he process of decision making is predictable and irrational according to Daniel Ariely and other economic behaviorists, historians, and philosophers such as Daniel Kahneman or Yuval Noah Harari. Decisions made anteriorly can be, but don't have to be, present in the actions of a person. Stories and shared belief in myths, especially those that arise from a system of human norms and values and are based on a belief in a "supernatural" order (religion) are important. Because of this, mass cooperation amongst strangers is possible.


Context: The Use Case Points (UCP) method can be used to estimate software development effort based on a usecase model and two sets of adjustment factors relating to the environmental and technical complexity of a project. The question arises whether all of these components are important from the effort estimation point of view. Objective: This paper investigates the construction of UCP in order to find possible ways of simplifying it. Method: The cross-validation procedure was used to compare the accuracy of the different variants of UCP (with and without the investigated simplifications). The analysis was based on data derived from a set of 14 projects for which effort ranged from 277 to 3593 man-hours. In addition, the factor analysis was performed to investigate the possibility of reducing the number of adjustment factors. Results: The two variants of UCP – with and without unadjusted actor weights (UAW) provided similar prediction accuracy. In addition, a minor influence of the adjustment factors on the accuracy of UCP was observed. The results of the factor analysis indicated that the number of adjustment factors could be reduced from 21 to 6 (2 environmental factors and 4 technical complexity factors). Another observation was made that the variants of UCP calculated based on steps were slightly more accurate than the variants calculated based on transactions. Finally, a recently proposed use-case-based size metric TTPoints provided better accuracy than any of the investigated variants of UCP. Conclusion: The observation in this study was that the UCP method could be simplified by rejecting UAW; calculating UCP based on steps instead of transactions; or just counting the total number of steps in use cases. Moreover, two recently proposed use-case-based size metrics Transactions and TTPoints could be used as an alternative to UCP to estimate effort at the early stages of software development.


The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), ∼55.53 million years before present, was an abrupt warming event that involved profound changes in the carbon cycle and led to major perturbations of marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The PETM was triggered by the release of a massive amount of carbon, and thus, the event provides an analog for future climate and environmental changes given the current anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Previous attempts to constrain the amount of carbon released have produced widely diverging results, between 2000 and 10,000 gigatons carbon (GtC). Here we use the UVic Earth System Climate Model in conjunction with a recently published compilation of PETM temperatures to constrain the initial atmospheric CO2 concentration as well as the total mass of carbon released during the event. Thirty-six simulations were initialized with varying ocean alkalinity, river runoff, and ocean sediment cover. Simulating various combinations of pre-PETM CO2 levels (840, 1680, and 2520 ppm) and total carbon releases (3000, 4500, 7000, and 10,000 GtC), we find that both the 840 ppm plus 7000 GtC and 1680 ppm plus 7000–10,000 GtC scenarios agree best with temperature reconstructions. Bottom waters outside the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans remain well oxygenated in all of our simulations. While the recovery time and rates are highly dependent on ocean alkalinity and sediment cover, the maximum temperature anomaly, used here to constrain the amount of carbon released, is less dependent on this slow-acting feedback.


In electronic marketplaces, buying and selling agents may be used to represent buyers and sellers respectively. When these marketplaces are large, repeated transactions between traders may be rare. This makes it difficult for buying agents to judge the reliability of selling agents, discouraging participation in the market. A variety of trust and reputation systems have been proposed to help traders to find trustworthy partners. Unfortunately, as our investigations reveal, there are a number of common vulnerabilities present in such models—security problems that may be exploited by 'attackers' to cheat without detection/repercussions. Inspired by these findings, we set out to develop a model of trust with more robust security properties than existing proposals. Our Trunits model represents a fundamental re-conception of the notion of trust. Instead of viewing trust as a measure of predictability, Trunits considers trust to be a quality that one possesses. Trust is represented using abstract trust units, or 'trunits', in much the same way that money represents quantities of value. Trunits flow in the course of transactions (again, similar to money); a trader's trunit balance determines if he is trustworthy for a given transaction. Faithful execution of a transaction results in a larger trunit balance, permitting the trader to engage in more transactions in the future—a built-in economic incentive for honesty. We present two mechanisms (sets of rules that govern the operation of the marketplace) based on this model: Basic Trunits, and an extension known as Commodity Trunits, in which trunits may be bought and sold. Seeking to precisely characterize the protection provided to market participants by our models, we develop a framework for security analysis of trust and reputation systems. Inspired by work in cryptography, our framework allows security guarantees to be developed for trust/reputation models—provable claims of the degree of protection provided, and the conditions under which such protection holds. We focus in particular on characterizing buyer security: the properties that must hold for buyers to feel secure from cheating sellers. Beyond developing security guarantees, this framework is an important research tool, helping to highlight limitations and deficiencies in models so that they may be targeted for future investigation. Application of this framework to Basic Trunits and Commodity Trunits reveals that both are able to deliver provable security to buyers.


Aircraft from Logan International Airport cause noise in the surrounding communities from overflights (arrivals and departures), take‐offs, landings, run‐ups, and taxiing. Some surrounding communities are as close as 900 ft from the centerline of an active runway. Methods of minimizing noise impact from aircraft in the communities include: preferential nighttime runways, standard instrument departures which maximize open spaces, restrictions on types of nighttime operations, restrictions on locations and times of ground noise generation, and enforcement of these restrictions. In addition, the airport monitors the noise in the communities (continuously and by request), receives and replies to complaints, and has a soundproofing program for eligible residents. The airport has just started monitoring flight deviations from standard departure procedures. Examples will be drawn from these topics.


Recent studies have shown that circadian clock disruption is associated with pathological remodeling in the arterial structure and vascular stiffness. Moreover, chronic circadian disruption is associated with dysfunction in endothelial responses and signaling. Reactive oxygen species have emerged as key regulators in vascular pathology. Previously, we have demonstrated that circadian clock dysfunction exacerbates superoxide production through eNOS uncoupling. To date, the impact of circadian clock mutation on vascular NADPH oxidase expression and function is not known. The goal in the current study was to determine if the circadian clock controls vascular Nox4 expression and hydrogen peroxide formation in arteries, particularly in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. In aorta, there was an increase in hydrogen peroxide and Nox4 expression in mice with a dysfunctional circadian rhythm (Bmal1-KO mice). In addition, the Nox4 gene promoter is activated by the core circadian transcription factors. Lastly, in synchronized cultured human endothelial cells, Nox4 gene expression exhibited rhythmic oscillations. These data reveal that the circadian clock plays an important role in the control of Nox4 and disruption of the clock leads to subsequent production of reaction oxygen species.


The project portfolio selection is one of the most important strategic problems, both in private and in public sector. This can become an incredibly complex task due to several factors. Decision maker (DM) preferences are an essential element for decision-making, vary between decision-makers, and evolve over time.  A strategy is required to assist the decision maker in the identification of the best compromise, an optimal or near-optimal solution that satisfies their preferences. This paper addresses the interactive incorporation of preferences to deal with preferences that evolve over time, specifically, involving the participation of the DM during the process of portfolio optimization and analysis. To model DM preferences, the methodology Preference Disaggregation Analysis (PDA) is incorporated in a hybrid algorithm that gives a solution to the public portfolio selection problem. This paper presents a study of the efficiency of the PDA incorporation in an interactive search process. The experimental results showed the potential of the proposed method.


Morocco is basically an agricultural country; almost 40% of the workforce is employed in this sector. Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-inhabiting pathogen which can infect more than 300 plant species, although most host species are symptomless. Until relatively recently, X. fastidiosa was primarily limited to North and South America, but in 2013 a widespread epidemic of olive quick decline syndrome caused by this fastidious pathogen appeared in southeastern Italy, and later several cases of X. fastidiosa outbreaks have been reported in other European countries (France, Germany and Spain). Following these recently confirmed findings of X. fastidiosa in the European Union, this bacterium has become a serious threat to the Moroccan flora. The national phytosanitary authorities have adopted several measures to prevent the introduction of X. fastidiosa into the national territory by deciding, inter alia, to suspend importation of host plant species to the bacterium from infected areas. This paper presents the phytosanitary risk of this bacterium in Morocco.


This research looked at the potential impact that parent education may have on the feeding practices of parents of young children. Since eating behaviors are a national concern for both children and adults, it's important to examine how we can create not just healthier children but, as a result, healthier adults. This study utilized an intervention that was an adapted version of a healthy eating curriculum created by Sesame Workshop and the California WIC association with the intention of improving parental feeding practices through a behavior-based approach. Previous research with this curriculum has addressed only low-income populations, with a relatively long-term (6 months) intervention. The current study examined the effects of a relatively short-term (one month) intervention on the feeding behaviors of a middle-class, highly educated sample. This intervention implemented in this study was found to significantly increase positive parental feeding practices -specifically, parental involvement in encouraging balanced and varied diets for children, creating healthy environments and access to healthy foods, and behaviors supportive of child control. This intervention also led to an increased variety of fruits consumed as well as an increased consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables by the families involved.


Background: The re-emergence of cholera in Haiti has established a new reservoir for the seventh cholera pandemic which threatens to spread to other countries in the Americas. Materials and Methods: Statistics from this new epidemic are compared to the 1991 Peru epidemic, which demonstrated the speed and complexity with which this disease can spread from country to country. Environmental factors implicated in the spread of Vibrio cholerae such as ocean currents and temperatures, as well as biotic factors from zooplankton to waterfowl pose a risk for many countries in the Americas. Results: The movement of people and goods from Hispaniola are mostly destined for North America, but occur to some degree throughout the Americas. These modes of transmission, and the probability of uncontrolled community spread beyond Hispaniola, however, are completely dependent upon risk factors within these countries such as water quality and availability of sanitation. Although North America has excellent coverage of these deterrents to the spread of infectious gastrointestinal diseases, many countries throughout Latin America and the Caribbean lack these basic services and infrastructures. Conclusions: In order to curb the immediate spread of cholera in Hispaniola, treatment availability should be expanded to all parts of the island and phase II epidemic management initiatives must be developed.


The Study of Innovation and Technology in China (SITC) is a project of the University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation. SITC Research Briefs provide analysis and recommendations based on the work of project participants. Author's views are their own. This material is based upon work supported by, or in part by, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory and the U.S. Army Research Office through the Minerva Initiative under grant #W911NF-09-1-0081. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Army Research Office. RESEARCH BRIEF STUDY OF INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA


The use of analogies in research and education facilitates the cognitive process by establishing connections between the familiar and the unknown. A sample of examples discussed in this article includes works by Degas and Matisse, folk embroideries and balloon clusters as well as molecular properties, such as geometry, motion and packing. The use of analogies is one of the many facets of the potential interactions between art and science.