An important function of many organisms is the ability to use contextual information in order to increase the probability of achieving goals. For example, a street address has a particular meaning only in the context of the city it is in. In this paper, predisposing conditions that influence future outcomes are learned by a goal-seeking neural network called Mona. A maze problem is used as a context-learning exercise. At the beginning of the maze, an initial door choice forms a context that must be remembered until the end of the maze, where the same door must be chosen again in order to reach a goal. Mona must learn these door associations and the intervening path through the maze. Movement is accomplished by expressing responses to the environment. The goalseeking effectiveness of the neural network in a variety of maze complexities is measured.


Tourists – overnight visitors – to the Dominican Republic have increased from 560,000 in 1984 to 6.6 million in 2018 – a nearly 12-fold increase in 34 years. Hotel rooms and tourism jobs have increased by similar factors. The eastern tip of the island was home to only a few families in the early 1980s, and Punta Cana now welcomes six of every ten tourists to the country. The Colonial Zone in the capital city of Santo Domingo, has seen its 16th century buildings transformed into museums, restaurants, shops, and boutique hotels. Cobblestone streets now afford higher priorities to pedestrian traffic; and cruise-ship passengers are welcomed into the Colonial Zone several times a week. Airports and sea port facilities have also expanded steadily in the Dominican Republic to accommodate and attract tourists. The Punta Cana International Airport inaugurated in 1982 was the first privately built international commercial airport in the world. In 2018, it handled around eight million passengers from some 100 cities in 28 countries, making it the leading airport in Central America and the Caribbean. The Dominican Republic currently has eight international airports and five ports that handle cruise ships.

Over the same period of time, since the mid-1980s, the economy of the Dominican Republic has outperformed that of nearly every other country in Latin America. With tourism receipts equal to 9.5% of GDP in 2017, the DR is more dependent on tourism than any other country in Latin America. Given the visible changes that tourist growth has wrought in the Dominican Republic, it is easy to assume that tourism has been the key to the country's remarkable economic growth since the mid-1980s. But it is not quite so simple. The Dominican economy has changed in numerous ways since the mid-1980s and has become a complex economy with lots of moving parts. This paper helps explain how economic growth from tourism fits into changes in the overall economy, with an overview of the Dominican economy and its growth and evolution since the mid-1980s.


The research object is about the balancing of right and obligation between franchiser and franchisee that sometimes, franchisee have weak position than franchiser.
The research's aim is, to study franchisee agreement of Bakso Kota Cak Man. Is that agreement comparing with government regulation , especially Minister Regulation no : 255/MPP/Kep/1997, section 7 verse 1, date July 30, 1997 about frenchise agreement. And, is that agreement of Bakso Kota Cak Man have balance or unbalance with government regulation ?
Research method is sociology jurisdiction that view law as social phenomenon with structural rapprochement and quantitycally. Collecting data technique, interview, documentation and secondary data collecting with agreement reference, Minister regulation no : 255/MPP/Kep/1997, section 7 verse 1, date July 30, 1997 about frenchise agreement and other sources. The research method is Descriptive Qualitative, where data collected token from Bakso Cak Man agreement that protect both partner and how to solve the legal action if it will come oneday. And also is there balance agreement between franchisee and franchiser.
With this research, the writer know that Bakso Cak Man Agreement is properly with government role in Minister regulation no: 255/MPP/Kep/1997, section 7 verse 1, date July 30, 1997 about franchise agreement. But, internal agreement still have unbalance right. And the writer advice that management need make it better and proper.
The research result that Bakso Cak Man agreement need to revise, to make better partnership between franchiser


Take a tour through the most heavily trafficked music download services and you will quickly notice a pattern. The price for most songs is the same - typically 99 cents. The most popular songs are 99 cents - take, for example, "Control Myself", from LL CoolJ's 2006 album "Todd Smith", which recorded the highest total sales on the particular day of this writing (April 15, 2006), on the most popular download site, Apple's iTunes. And so are a huge number of songs that might not have sold a single copy on iTunes (or on any other download service) that same day - for example, "A Spoonful Weighs a Ton", from a 1999 album, "The Soft Bulletin", released by the Oklahoma City band The Flaming Lips. That song is also 99 cents on iTunes, despite the fact that it might sell many more copies, and yield more revenue (and profit, since the marginal cost of providing a download is near zero), at a lower price. This is a puzzle. Why would we see a hit song priced the same as one that is unpopular? Typically, we expect pricing of goods and services to vary according to demand, and demand for songs varies widely. Yet prices for songs - more specifically, for song downloads - don't vary much at all. And failure to price according to demand likely means that both the download services and the major record labels are leaving money on the table. In addition to price, we see a number of other non-price characteristics of the download product - audio fidelity, for example, which can change along with the bitrate at which the digital file is encoded - that could vary but do not. We might expect download services to offer downloads of varying fidelity, with more expensive high-fidelity versions for audiophiles willing to pay for quality, and cheaper standard versions for the iPod-wearing masses. Yet we see little product differentiation of this kind. Is there some explanation for this puzzling price and non-price uniformity? That is the 99-cent question that this paper attempts to answer. Part II of this paper briefly examines the price and non-price uniformity that characterizes the selling of music on the download services. Part III then considers several possible explanations for the high degree of product uniformity we observe currently in the market for music downloads. I review a number of explanations related to consumer behavior in the market for music downloads, but find that none of the behavioral explanations sufficiently account for current uniform pricing or elements of product quality such as audio fidelity. Part IV considers industry structure - in particular, the existence of substantial bilateral market power (exercised by the "big 4" (as I will refer to them throughout this paper) record companies, acting jointly, on one side, and Apple, with its dominant iTunes download service, on the other) - as a possible explanation for uniform download pricing and product characteristics. This final part provides an account, at this early point necessarily tentative, of how the competitive interaction of the big 4 record labels and the dominant download service, Apple's iTunes, leads to an inefficient regime of uniform pricing and product quality.


This paper is concerned with three types of incentive programs. First, individual wage incentives that cause a worker's efforts to have a major effect on his pay. Second, group incentives in which the pay of an individual is determined by the output of a group of workers-a group can be as small as a four member work team or as large as the whole firm. Finally, seniority based payment schemes in which the pay of a worker rises rapidly with his tenure with the firm. We show that these payment schemes have the effects in practice that we would predict from optimizing behavior by workers. We find that group incentives tend to compress the productivity distribution of workers. This is because the relative performance of the most productive workers tends to fall, and the most and least productive workers have relatively high quit rates when workers are paid on group incentives. We also present evidence that suggests that the low quit rates in large Japanese firms may be due to steep wage-tenure profiles in those firms.


Beach protection has become a major issue in reducing coastal risks (erosion and flooding). It is thus advisable to study residents' preferences for mitigation strategies. Willingness-to-pay (WTP) by permanent and secondary residents for flood protection provided to properties by Languedoc-Roussillon beaches (French Mediterranean coast) is investigated by a contingent valuation study. Results show that WTP is more influenced by risk perception variables than by socio-economic ones. The WTP is then extrapolated on the basis of different adaptation strategies (laissez-faire, managed retreat, denial etc.) which provided information about expected damage associated with sea level rise at the 2100 time horizon.


I. INTRODUCTION "'Young people who spend more time flipping burgers and stacking boxes than preparing for a meaningful career may be hindering their own futures and the future of this country.'" --Mario Cuomo (1) Today, the workplace is as much a part of American teen life as the Friday night football game and the high school prom. Students in the 1990s were twice as likely to be working than students in 1950. (2) In 2001, an estimated 3.7 million adolescents between the ages of fifteen and seventeen were employed. (3) Likewise, large numbers of children under fifteen were working during the same time period. (4) The United States has the highest percentage of working children of any developed nation: many work long hours even during the school week. (5) These statistics have remained stable for at least a decade. Employment does present potential benefits for the adolescent. Working can provide valuable lessons about responsibility, punctuality, interacting with the public, and finances. However, work in the United States poses substantial immediate and long-term safety and health risks for youth workers. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ("NIOSH") reports an average of sixty-seven minors die each year from work-related injuries. (6) Additionally, 77,000 are treated in hospital emergency facilities for injuries. (7) Annually, over 200,000 minors are injured on the job. (8) Other indicators of a minor's well being, such as academic performance, are also negatively affected by employment, particularly by working excessive hours. (9) Most scholars consider twenty or more hours per week--termed "high intensity work"--to be the threshold for negative outcomes. (10) High school students who work twenty hours or more have lower grade point averages than students who do not work, or who work fewer hours. (11) They are more likely to be suspended from school, (12) to use cigarettes or other harmful substances, (13) to have more traffic accidents, (14) and to experience a wide variety of other negative outcomes. Subgroups of child workers--particularly those in agriculture--are at even greater health and educational risks. (15) Like most social science propositions and data, great controversy surrounds the appropriate variables to be considered and the conclusions to be drawn from those variables. (16) Drawing causal links is difficult: correlation should not be equated with causation. The association between work intensity and academic outcomes may, for example, be attributable to pre-existing differences: youths who were previously performing poorly in lower grades may be working more intensely in high school. Nevertheless, the prestigious Institute of Medicine, the research arm of the National Academy of Sciences, concluded after a thorough review of the literature that "high-intensity work ... is associated with unhealthy and problem behaviors." (17) Teens are working after choices are made about priorities in allocating time. Parent, child, and state form a triangle in decision-making regarding the lives of children. In Roman law and English common law, children were totally subject to the wishes of their parents--particularly the father. (18) Although the father owed duties of support and protection, Blackstone reported that children lived in the "empire of the father." (19) Today, doctrinal changes in constitutional law and statutes have equalized the legal position of the father and the mother. (20) In broad strokes, however, contemporary American law reflects the following dominant paradigm: minors are incompetent to make major life decisions and parents are entrusted with the task of making these choices because they will normally act in the child's best interest. Many legal scholars have argued that the formal lines of physical age or emancipation should not be the sole determinants of when an adolescent may be legally authorized to make important life decisions. …


Nationalism is an ism rarely used as self-description. This article suggests that nationalist discourses are on the move, meaning the concept may be used in novel ways. In Russia, for example, the president recently identified himself as a nationalist, claiming ownership of the concept in the long-standing struggle against manifestations of oppositional nationalism. The article asks who describes themselves as nationalists in contemporary Russia, how do they define the concept, and how did it change during the years 2008–2018 when nationalism as a political idea became increasingly important in Russian politics? Drawing from Russian newspaper sources, the article suggests that diverse, self-proclaimed nationalist actors rely on narrow ethnic understandings of the concept and do not embrace the president's interpretation of multinational nationalism.


Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP) can fulfill important community needs and improve rural livelihood in Parvati Forest Division of Kullu circle. There is a growing understanding about NTFPs but its importance has not been fully introduced within government frameworks and rural development policies and programs. The average family size of examined area comprised of 6 persons, out of whom 53 percent were males and rest were females. Literacy situation revealed that nearly 83.48 percent family members were literate at overall level with a literacy index of 1.84, indicating poor quality of education in the study area. About 48.48 percent of the total land holding was cultivated area with cropping intensity 172 percent. NTFPs' contributed about 24.99 percent to the total farm income. Moreover, inclusion of NTFPs' income in the farm income resulted in reducing the income inequalities as Gini coefficient with NTFPs income from 0.20 to 0.18. NTFPs collection generated on an average 72 days of employment to sampled households. Literacy index and land holding were found affecting NTFPs dependency negatively i.e., with the increase in the land holding size and literacy index, NTFPs dependency is going to decrease whereas, age of the household head was found positively related to the NTFPs dependency, since they had more knowledge about NTFPs uses and their method of extraction. Highlights m Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) helps to contribute around 25% in the income of rural farmers and NTFPs collection generated on an average 72 days of employment.


Abstract Delfim Santos was not a phenomenologist, but his interest concerning phenomenological issues was more than an accident. Familiar with the philosophy of the Vienna Circle, but above all strongly influenced by Nicolai Hartmann, Delfim Santos sees in Husserl's phenomenology (mainly in Ideas I) the recognition of several kinds or regions of objectivity, each with its peculiar regional essence. At the same time, he looks at the theory of intentionality as acknowledging the necessary relation between any realm of reality that requests thinking activity, and reality itself recognize by thought regarding its ultimate layers of sense. But in this paper, we also show that while addressing existential issues, Delfim Santos came to the careful study Heidegger's Being and Time; man appears to him as a being determined in his terrestrial life-course by transcendence and, consequently, as in the case of the German philosopher, as belonging to a zone of reality inaccessible to traditional ontological categories. At last, we trace the marks of Merleau-Ponty (as well as Gestalt-psychology) in Delfim Santos' pedagogical works, particularly in the way he characterizes human action and its relations to physical-chemical stimuli that act not as a cause, but as a motive or occasion for meaningful behavior.


A key problem in parallel programming is how data is partitioned: divided into subsets that can be operated on in parallel and, in distributed memory machines, spread across multiple address spaces. We present a dependent partitioning framework that allows an application to concisely describe relationships between partitions. Applications first establish independent partitions, which may contain arbitrary subsets of application data, permitting the expression of arbitrary application-specific data distributions. Dependent partitions are then derived from these using the dependent partitioning operations provided by the framework. By directly capturing inter-partition relationships, our framework can soundly and precisely reason about programs to perform important program analyses crucial to ensuring correctness and achieving good performance. As an example of the reasoning made possible, we present a static analysis that discharges most consistency checks on partitioned data during compilation. We describe an implementation of our framework within Regent, a language designed for the Legion programming model. The use of dependent partitioning constructs results in a 86-96% decrease in the lines of code required to describe the partitioning, eliminates many of the expensive dynamic checks required for soundness by the current Regent partitioning implementation, and speeds up the computation of partitions by 2.6-12.7X even on a single thread. Additionally, we show that a distributed implementation incorporated into the the Legion runtime system allows partitioning of data sets that are too large to fit on a single node and yields a further 29X speedup of partitioning operations on 64 nodes.


Aristotle begins his Metaphysics with the classical statement, "all men by nature desire to know." The quest to know is the quest for truth. The African as well desires to know and he persistently searches for the truth. He analyses the reality as it presents itself before him. However, the basic question is: what is peculiar about the African quest for truth? Any objective answer to this question must take cognizance of the fact that Africa is not a homogeneous entity. There are at least fifty-five countries in Africa.1 The countries are made up of about one thousand ethnic groups each with its own specific culture.2 Hence in as much as there can be similarities between one African culture and another, there can also be differences. This is precisely what professor B. Okolo calls the problematic in African philosophy. It is the known fact that Africans are diverse peoples with different cultures. However, the diversity of peoples and difference of cultures does not mean that philosophical activity is not possible among the African people.3 Indeed philosophical activity takes place in Africa. There is no generalization of truth and truth is not relative to each tribe. On the contrary, the diversity of cultures and consequently languages enriches philosophical activity in Africa. Let us begin by examining the word truth in some African languages. In Igbo, it is eziokwu. Ezi-Okwu is a combination of two words: ezi meaning, correct, right or good; and okwu meaning word or speech. Literally, eziokwu means the right word, the correct sentence, the appropriate statement. In other words it is the correct response to a question, the appropriate intervention in an argument. In Igbo culture, when one wants the interlocutor to say the truth, he demands of him, kwue ezi okwu. This means that the interlocutor should say the truth as he knows it or heard it or saw it. In this context, truth is correspondence between a statement or a fact or a concrete thing. Also among the Igbo, truth could be obtained by analyzing what a person says. If the analysis reveals that the statement coheres with a set of accepted facts or beliefs then it is true; otherwise it is false. Among the Akans of Ghana, truth is rendered as nokwara or nea ete saa. Nokwara like eziokwu is a combination of two words: ano which means mouth and koro meaning word. Careful analyses of the two words would reveal that truth for the Akans denotes singularity or oneness. It is that which admits of no alteration. A group of people could be asked to give their opinion about a particular thing or situation. What they say is true and, therefore, acceptable if they say the same thing. If an individual person is asked to do the same thing, what he says is true if his statements are consistent. One judges whether the statements are consistent through a critical analysis. Wiredu further points out that the best word for truth is nea ete saa meaning a proposition, which is so. This is similar to Aristotle's assertion that to say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, or of what is not that it is not, is true. Truth in this sense is that which is necessarily so. The implication is that for the Akans truth is a statement that must correspond with the thing or situation being discussed or described. Any deviation from describing it as it is takes it away from being so or saa. So, it is clear that in the Akan culture, there is a clear distinction between truth and falsehood. When one deviates from the paradigm in the Akan theory of truth, he crosses from saa (so) to nkontompo meaning falsehood. Also, among the Efiks of southern Nigeria, truth is called akpaniko. Again, it is coined from two words: akpa meaning the first thing that comes out of a person's mouth; and iko-words. In a literal sense, akpaniko means "the first word." In this context, the criteria for determining whether the statement is true or false can be either correspondence or consistency. …


A series of studies were conducted to determine the effect of supplemental trace mineral source on growth performance, morbidity, and trace mineral status in growing beef cattle. The first experiment evaluated supplemental trace minerals from sulfate, organic, or hydroxy sources on growth performance and morbidity. Crossbreed beef calves were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments consisting of supplemental zinc (360 mg/d), copper (125 mg/d), and manganese (200 mg/d) from inorganic, organic, or hydroxy sources fed daily over a 42 to 45-d backgrounding phase. After removal of chronic and dead calves from the data set, trace mineral source had no effect on final or intermediate weights (P > 0.55) or average daily gain (P = 0.51). For all calves, dietary treatments had no effect on any morbidity measurements (P ≥ 0.53). Overall, trace mineral source had no effect on total weight gain, average daily gain, or morbidity during the receiving phase in shipping stressed cattle. A second experiment was conducted to study the effect of trace mineral source on trace mineral status, superoxide dismutase activity, and performance in beef heifers fed diets high in sulfur. Crossbreed heifers were stratified into 3 treatments consisting of 1) no supplemental trace minerals; 2) supplemental copper (55 mg/d), zinc (165 mg/d), and manganese (110 mg/d) from sulfate sources; or 3) supplemental zinc, copper, and manganese at isolevels to treatment 2 from hydroxy sources fed daily over a 55-d trial. Final and intermediate weights (P = 0.73), average daily gain (P = 0.70), and plasma copper and zinc concentrations (P ≥ 0.37) were not affected by treatment. Liver copper concentrations on d 55 were greater for the sulfate treatment (P > 0.004) compared to control and hydroxy treatments, however, liver zinc concentrations were not affected (P > 0.29). Treatment had no effect on (P ≥ 0.36) on totalor manganese-superoxide dismutase activity, however, a day effect (P ≥ 0.002) was observed. Overall, trace mineral source had no effect on growth performance, plasma mineral concentration, liver zinc concentrations, or superoxide dismutase activity. However, liver copper concentrations on d 55 were affected by trace mineral source.


Recent advances in neuroscience data acquisition allow for the simultaneous recording of large populations of neurons across multiple brain areas while subjects perform complex cognitive tasks. Interpreting these data requires us to index how task-relevant information is shared across brain regions, but this is often confounded by the mixing of different task parameters at the single neuron level. Here, inspired by a method developed for a single brain area, we introduce a new technique for demixing variables across multiple brain areas, called demixed shared component analysis (dSCA). dSCA decomposes population activity into a few components, such that the shared components capture the maximum amount of shared information across brain regions while also depending on relevant task parameters. This yields interpretable components that express which variables are shared between different brain regions and when this information is shared across time. To illustrate our method, we reanalyze two datasets recorded during decision-making tasks in rodents and macaques. We find that dSCA provides new insights into the shared computation between different brain areas in these datasets, relating to several different aspects of decision formation.


Road-users are a critical part of decision-making for both self-driving cars and driver assistance systems. Some road-users, however, are more important for decision-making than others because of their respective intentions, ego-vehicle's intention and their effects on each other. In this paper, we propose a novel architecture for road-user importance estimation which takes advantage of the local and global context of the scene. For local context, the model exploits the appearance of the road users (which captures orientation, intention, etc.) and their location relative to ego-vehicle. The global context in our model is defined based on the feature map of the convolutional layer of the module which predicts the future path of the ego-vehicle and contains rich global information of the scene (e.g., infrastructure, road lanes, etc.), as well as the ego-vehicle's intention information. Moreover, this paper introduces a new data set of real-world driving, concentrated around intersections and includes annotations of important road users. Systematic evaluations of our proposed method against several baselines show promising results.


Abstract. Volcanic ash can travel great distances and sometimes persist for several weeks, necessitating the monitoring of large areas for potential aviation hazards. Ash can affect aircraft in several ways, from engine failure to manageable impacts if the ash concentration is low. The location and properties of even low levels of ash are, therefore, required in order to make informed safety decisions. Infrared (IR) satellite-borne sensors are vital to this monitoring because of their high spatial coverage day and night. Interpretation of IR ash observations generally relies on exploiting the difference between an observation and the observation anticipated for the same scene under ash-free conditions, the so-called ash signal. We apply forward-model observations of andesitic ash with a fixed particle size distribution to investigate the sensitivity of ash signals to the ambient atmosphere. The variability in the ash signals attributable to atmospheric effects is found to be at least as high as the variability attributable to differences in ash concentration and altitude, implying that different concentrations could be retrieved if atmospheric effects were ignored. Ash with different optical properties is likely to correspond to a slightly different ash signal and may exhibit a different sensitivity to atmospheric effects to that presented here.


This study examines the toughness and mechanical properties of biodegradable poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) with varying hydroxyapatite (HAP) content (0 – 30 wt%). Fracture toughness of HAP-filled PCL was also examined for the electrospun fibers using the essential work of fracture (EWF) concept. The electrospun fibers exhibited a diameter ranging from 200–500 nm and a combination of HAP particle sizes ranging from (50–100 nm) under the SEM. The tensile stress-strain behavior and fracture toughness of electrospun nanofibers were assessed using a nanoforce tensile tester. The electrospun system showed a substantial increase in plane-stress essential work of fracture in comparison to bulk specimens processed from pellets. Toughness decreased as HAP loading increased. The effect of simulated body fluid (SBF) on the mechanical properties was also studied. Mechanical properties including tensile strength and modulus were found to increase with HAP concentration in general. Compression molded electrospun nanofibers were spatially confined such that the tensile strength and stiffness of molded and spun fibers are remarkably higher than those from molded specimen of pellets.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


HNN extensions of inverse semigroups, where the associated inverse subsemigroups are order ideals of the base, are defined by means of a construction based upon the isomorphism between the categories of inverse semigroups and inductive groupoids. The resulting HNN extension may conveniently be described by an inverse semigroup presentation, and we determine when an HNN extension with finitely generated or finitely presented base is again finitely generated or finitely presented. Our main results depend upon properties of the -preorder in the associated subsemigroups. Let S be a finitely generated inverse semigroup and let U, V be inverse subsemigroups of S, isomorphic via φ: U → V, that are order ideals in S. We prove that the HNN extension S*U,φ is finitely generated if and only if U is finitely -dominated. If S is finitely presented, we give a necessary and suffcient condition for S*U,φ to be finitely presented. Here, in contrast to the theory of HNN extensions of groups, it is not necessary that U be finitely generated.


PURPOSE
This case study evaluated the effect of repeated lateral movement and jumping training on repeated effort ability in a group of national team male volleyball players.

METHODS
Twelve volleyball players were assessed on their volleyball-specific repeated movement and jumping abilities using a volleyball-specific repeated effort test (RET) before and after 12 weeks of training. The athletes performed between 8 and 9 volleyball training sessions per week, with 5 to 6 of these sessions including specific training aimed at improving repeated effort ability. Typically these training sessions involved 8 to 12 repetitions of 2 to 3 block jumps over a 9-m lateral distance (ie, the athletes had to perform jumps and lateral movements, typical of front court play in volleyball). Population-specific repeatability data were used to determine whether any changes that may have occurred in this study were beyond the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for this testing procedure.

RESULTS
Improvements in all variables of the RET were observed for each athlete involved in the study, with a small-to-moderate magnitude observed for the mean changes in each variable (Cohen's d, 0.21 to 0.59). All of the improvements in the results exceeded the MCID.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings demonstrate that the RET is sensitive to training-induced changes. Lateral movement speed and repeated lateral movement speed, as well as jumping and repeated jumping ability are trainable qualities in high-performance volleyball players.


The inviscid limit of the stochastic Burgers equation is discussed in terms of the level surfaces of the minimising Hamilton-Jacobi function, the classical mechanical caustic and the Maxwell set and their algebraic pre-images under the classical mechanical flow map. The problem is analysed in terms of a reduced (one dimensional) action function. We demonstrate that the geometry of the caustic, level surfaces and Maxwell set can change infinitely rapidly causing turbulent behaviour which is stochastic in nature. The intermittence of this turbulence is demonstrated in terms of the recurrence of two processes.


ANALYSIS OF A Pinus radiata SEED STOCK FIELD TRIAL IN THE NATIVE AÑO NUEVO STAND IN CALIFORNIA Christina Brassey This study was a part of the international collaborative IMPACT project, which aims to address the potential threat that the pitch canker disease poses to the use of Pinus radiata D. Don in plantations in New Zealand, Australia, and Chile. A field trial of 264 seedstocks was planted adjacent to a native stand of pitch canker infected P. radiata on the central coast of California, and disease symptom development was recorded over a period of 3 years. The results did not correlate with a greenhouse study of the same seedstocks inoculated with Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg & O'Donnell, the causal agent of pitch canker. Three main types of symptoms were identified (branch flagging, pitchy buds, and chlorotic tips), and preliminary isolation analyses suggest that the disease observed is actually caused by Diplodia pinea (Desm.) Kickx. Survival analysis showed that the effect of tree genetic origin was significant to its time to disease, and that spatial location in the plantation was also significant. Average nearest neighbor analysis showed disease distribution to be significantly clustered, which also suggests that the disease is not pitch canker, but diplodia blight. This experiment illustrates the difficulty in performing naturally infected field trials when another similar-looking fungal disease is also present. It also provides data on seedstock resistance to diplodia blight, another fungal disease important to P. radiata forest managers.


The use of computers in teaching signals and systems has evolved. In understanding algorithms, computers were used first as simulation environments and then as real-time implementation environments. In learning the theory of signals and systems, passive tutorial systems have become interactive. Now, software is becoming more and more of an integral part of textbooks and may eventually include the textbook. The paper discusses two interdependent fundamental components of fully electronic courseware-the development of interactive problems and examples, and the supporting software to evaluate student solutions and to explain steps in a correct solution.<<ETX>>


Background and aims: Behavioral addictions such as gambling and gaming disorder are significant public health issues that are of increasing importance to policy makers and health care providers. Problem gambling and gaming behaviors have been identified as being associated with externalizing and internalizing problems, with theoretical models suggesting that both conduct problems and depressive symptoms may be significant risk factors in the development of problem gambling and gaming. As such, the purpose of this systematic review is to provide an overview of research identifying the relationship between conduct problems, depressive symptoms and problem gambling and gaming among adolescents and young adults. Methods: Systematic literature searches in accordance with PRISMA guidelines found 71 eligible studies that met the inclusion criteria, 47 for problem gambling, 23 for problem gaming and one for both problem behaviors. Results: Based on cross-sectional evidence, both problem gambling and gaming are consistently concurrently associated with conduct problems and depressive symptoms. Longitudinal evidence appears to be clearer for conduct problems as a risk factor for problem gambling, and depressive symptoms as a risk factor for problem gaming. However, both risk factors appear to increase the risk for these problem behaviors. Discussion and Conclusions: Results from the literature review suggest that problem gambling and gaming are associated with the presence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms, with the potential of sharing common etiological factors. Additional research is necessary to confirm these longitudinal relationships with an emphasis on investigating the interaction of both early conduct problems and depressive symptoms.


Water scarcity is a significant problem faced by producers worldwide and is becoming an increasing problem to growers in the U.S. peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) producing areas due to years of drought and increasing urban demands on water resources. Because of this, high wateruse efficiency (WUE) has now become a priority in many peanut breeding programs. To support this effort, the variation in WUE, as measured by carbon isotope composition (d 13 C), of three commonly grown peanut cultivars was evaluated under differing irrigation environments during 2001 and 2002 at a research farm in Shellman, GA, U.S.A. The specific experimental objectives were: 1) to determine if genetic variability existed in d 13 C, d 15 N SLA, and SPAD among three commonly grown U.S. peanut genotypes; 2) to determine if differing irrigation levels affected the pattern of variability; and 3) to quantify the relationship between d 13 C and the measured leaf phenotypic characteristics. During both 2001 and 2002, cv. Georgia Green had significantly higher yields and lower d 13 C and SPAD chlorophyll content than the other two genotypes, and lower %N than the cultivar C99R. Specific leaf area and %C for Georgia Green were significantly greater than for the cultivar AT201. In addition, irrigation treatment significantly affected yield such that the NI (nonirrigated) treatment yields were significantly lower than any of the irrigated treatments (33%, 66%, or 100%). However, the irrigation effects on leaf phenotypic characteristics were less apparent with differences existing only for d 15 N, SPAD chlorophyll, and SLA. The correlation of d 13 C and yield was significant for C99R in 2001 and AT201 in 2002, while correlations with d 13 C and the other leaf phenotypic characteristics were scarce. This makes the utility of the traits as easily measured surrogates for WUE very limited.


The community structure and diets of fishes inhabiting Sargassum and open water
lacking Sargassum were examined off North Carolina during annual summer or fall cruises,
1999-2003. Significantly more individual fishes (n= 18,799), representing at least 80 species,
were collected in samples containing Sargassum, compared to 60 species (n=2706 individuals)
collected in open water. The majority of fishes collected in both habitats were juveniles, and
Stephanolepis hispidus dominated both communities. Regardless of sampling time (day or
night), Sargassum habitat yielded significantly higher numbers of individuals and species
compared with open water collections. Overall, fishes collected in Sargassum neuston net tows
were significantly larger than fishes collected in open water neuston tows. A significant positive
linear relationship existed between numbers of fishes and Sargassum quantity. Underwater video
recordings indicated a layering structure of fishes among and below the algae, with smaller
fishes being more tightly associated with the algae than larger fishes. Additional observations
from underwater video recordings included schooling behaviors of filefish, dolphinfish and
jacks, and fish-jellyfish associations.
The diets of the dominant fish species collected from Sargassum habitat were compared
to the diets of the same species collected from open water, the diets of fishes collected during the
day were compared to the diets of fishes collected at night within and across habitats, and the
diets of each fish species across different size ranges were compared. Fishes collected from
Sargassum consumed a higher diversity and volume of prey compared with fishes collected from
open water. Fishes collected from Sargassum habitat had fewer empty stomachs than fishes
collected from open water. Overall, fishes collected from Sargassum primarily consumed fishes
that are closely associated with the algae (e.g., balistids, carangids, monacanthids) and endemic shrimps (Latruetes fucorum and Leander tenuicornis). In contrast, open-water fishes primarily
consumed copepods and fishes from the family Exocoetidae. Comparisons between the diets of
Sargassum-associated fishes and fishes collected from open water indicated several species fed
similarly in both habitats. Fishes belong to one or more of three trophic groups: zooplanktivores,
crustacean feeders or piscivores. Overall, fishes collected from Sargassum and open-water
habitats primarily fed during the day. It appears Sargassum habitat enhances early survival of
pelagic fishes by providing protection and concentrating prey resources in an otherwise nutrient poor
area of the western North Atlantic Ocean. Efforts should be made to protect this unique
pelagic habitat because these fishes are very closely tied to Sargasssum and may not be able to
survive without Sargassum.


Conflicting results exist about the relationship between bariatric surgery and fracture risk. Also, prediction of who is at increased risk of fracture after bariatric surgery is not currently available. Hence, we used a combination of a self‐controlled case series (SCCS) study to establish the association between bariatric surgery and fracture, and develop a prediction model for postoperative fracture risk estimation using a cohort study. Patients from UK Primary care records from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD linked to Hospital Episode Statistics undergoing bariatric surgery with body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 between 1997 and 2018 were included in the cohort. Those sustaining one or more fractures in the 5 years before or after surgery were included in the SCCS. Fractures were considered in three categories: (i) any except skull and digits (primary outcome); (ii) major (hip, vertebrae, wrist/forearm, and humerus); and (iii) peripheral (forearm and lower leg). Of 5487 participants, 252 (4.6%) experienced 272 fractures (of which 80 were major and 135 peripheral) and were included in the SCCS analyses. Major fracture risk increased after surgery, incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 2.77 (95% CI, 1.34–5.75) and 3.78 (95% CI, 1.42–10.08) at ≤3 years and 3.1 to 5 years postsurgery when compared to 5 years prior to surgery, respectively. Any fracture risk was higher only in the 2.1 to 5 years following surgery (IRR 1.73; 95% CI, 1.08–2.77) when compared to 5 years prior to surgery. No excess risk of peripheral fracture after surgery was identified. A prediction tool for major fracture was developed using 5487 participants included in the cohort study. It was also internally validated (area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve [AUC ROC] 0.70) with use of anxiolytics/sedatives/hypnotics and female as major predictors. Hence, major fractures are nearly threefold more likely after bariatric surgery. A simple prediction tool with five variables identifies high risk patients for major fracture. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).


Background: A molecular epidemiological study of TB conducted in North Sardinia (Italy) by Micobacteriology's laboratory (University of Sassari), demonstrated an interesting case of same-strain transmission among co-workers. Epidemiological information indicating possible links between 5 TB-patients, hospitalized in the Institute of Respiratory Disease (University of Sassari), were also available. The patients come from the same geographic area, and moreover they were co-workers and friends which met each other frequently.
Case Report: Isolation, identification and Drug susceptibility testing of strains and IS6110-based RFLP analysis to demonstrate the same origin of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains were performed in the Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari. All the strains were primary resistant to Isoniazid and Streptomicin and were genetically indistinguishable by direct comparison of the IS6110-patterns, that was constituted by 9 copies of the IS6110 insertion element.
Conclusions: The combination of cavitary disease, high MTB sputum concentration and close proximity resulted in a strong infecting capacity of the IC in this outbreak, while the environment and the clinical characteristics of each case were considered as the most important factors responsible for the variability in developing active TB.


We use clickthrough data of a Japanese commercial search engine to evaluate the similarity between a query and a facet category from the patterns of clicks on URLs. Using a small number of seed queries, we extract a set of topical words forming search queries together with the same facet directive words, e.g., 'recipe' in 'curry recipe' or 'apple pie recipe'. We used a PageRank-like random walk approach on query-URL bipartite graphs called "Biased ClickRank" to propagate facet attributes through click bipartite graphs. We noticed that queries to URL links are too sparse to capture query variations whereas queries to domain links are too coarse to discriminate among the different usages of broadly related queries. We introduced edges and vertices corresponding to the decomposed URL paths into the click graph to capture the click pattern differences at an appropriate granularity level. Our expanded graph model improved recalls as well as average precision against baseline graph models.


The theme of the conference, Research, practice and collaboration in science education underlines aspects of great relevance in contemporary science education research: the need to reflect on different approaches to enhancing our knowledge of learning processes and the role of context, designed or circumstantial, formal or non-formal, in learning and instruction. Highlighting these themes does not mean underestimating or neglecting other important aspects of science education research and practice.


The effect of different IBA concentrations, two light regimes of in vitro rooting
and acclimatization on in vitro teak ( Tectona grandis L.t) was investigated. The
experiments followed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) involving six
concentrations of IBA (0mg/l, 0.5mg/, 1.0mg/l, 2.0mg/l, 3.0mg/l and 5.0mg/l) and two
light regimes with 15 replicates each. The in vitro rooting experiments showed that
shoots cultures in White medium supplemented with 2.0mg/l and 5 .0mgll IBA produced
the best results in terms of mean number of root (6.33=6 and 7.66=8) and mean root
length (1l.82mm and 8mm) respectively. In vitro shootlets incubated in the dark
exhibited earlier root initiation by five days compared to those incubated in the light.
Generally, shoots incubated in the light produced significantly higher mean number of
roots (2.3) and mean root length (15.5 mm and 4.5 mm) when supplemented with low
concentrations of 0.5mg/l and 1.0mg/l IBA. Conversely when shoots were incubated in
the dark, higher mean root length of (14.0mm and 8.8mm) and mean number of root
(7.5=8 and 3.3=3 ) were produced when being supplemented with higher concentrations
of 2.0mg/l and 3 .0mg/l respectively. Chiefly 2.0mg/l IBA was found to be optimum for
rooting of teak as it recorded high mean number of root (6.3=6 and 7.5=8) and mean root
length (11.8mm and 1 4.0mm) regardless of light regime. The higher survival percentage
of 80% was recorded for plantlet grown in "jiffy-7" but only 40 % survived in the
autoclaved soil after one week. However the plantlets failed to continue to survive after
the second week due to unforeseen technical error such as a faulty growth chamber. The
present result substantiates the requirements of IBA to promote the in vitro rooting of
teak shootlets and dark incubation to accelerate rhizogenesis.


Abstract Reinterpretations are made of North American Pennsylvanian rostroconchs based on shell form, shell structure, and surface ornamentation. The new family Pseudobigaleaidae, new genera Baiosoma, Hadropipetta, Exalloschema, Oxyprora, and Apotocardium are erected, and the new species Arceodomus angustus and Apotocardium plautum are recognized. Study of growth increments on Apotocardium lanterna (Branson) indicate annual and monthly growth rates and life span. Thin sections studied provide insights into shell layer structure and thickness and variation in shell form. Characteristics of the protoconch and its relationship to body shell layers are illustrated. Epifaunal elements consisting of worm tubes, inarticulate brachiopods, acrothoracic barnacles, bryozoans, corals, and algae are present, some suggest attachment to the host rostroconch in life position.


From each of a group of 217 adult males selected through enzyme-immunoassay or skin-test (Group A), six stool samples were examined by both the Lutz/Hoffman, Pons & Janer (Lutz/HPJ) and Kato/Katz methods. In addition, one oogram of the rectal mucosa was performed. By these methods, schistosomiasis was detected in 44.7%, 47.5% and 40.1% of the individuals respectively. To evaluate the methods in the assessment of cure, the last 40 patients from group A, treated with a single oral dose of oxamniquine at 15 mg/kg were followed up for six months (Group B). The criteria for parasitological cure included three stool examinations by Kato/Katz and Lutz/HPJ methods, one, three and six months post-treatment and a rectal biopsy between the fourth and sixth months post-treatment. The examinations were negative in 87.5%, 90% and 95% of the patients, respectively. The efficacy of oxamniquine was 82.5% when the three methods were considered together and there was no statistically significant difference between the sensitivity of the individual methods.


The use of total quality management philosophies and business management strategies
are an effort to approach quality process and business improvement as a systematic
process. Its human resource theme describes how the organisation involves its
employees in the quality and business management improvement effort by educating
them about problem-solving tools, techniques and strategies. It also allows them to
obtain the knowledge and skills they need to perform their jobs better. The technology
and systems theme of TQM advocates the use of state-of-the-art technology that is
available and economically feasible to achieve the desired goals. It also helps make use
of the best business strategy practices to achieve business success.
The original theme of the research project was to develop a knowledge-based expert
system that would help in the achievement of a world-class business excellence
performance through continuous process improvement. The system so developed
would make use of the knowledge of the system providing recommendations to its
users as to what quality management remedial actions; quality strategic plans or
business management strategies should be taken. The user's quality or specific
management problems were initially identified. The system would assist users to
achieve continuous improvement to world-class business performance level by using
different quality management tools and techniques, gurus' philosophies and different
business management strategies.
Development of an expert system for achieving world-class business performance
through continuous process improvement requires a better knowledge base and
incorporating the Chinese philosophies for Eastern culture countries will be
advantageous. The gap in knowledge set the scene for the direction of the research
project. The gap in current thinking is:
• The lack of integration of Chinese philosophies into organisational development
towards world-class business excellence
• The lack of understanding how Chinese values or thinking can assist achievement
of world-class business excellence.
There are a number of major objectives in this research project:
• Review the philosophies of the quality gurus, total quality management principles
and detailed elements of the ISO 9000 quality management system,
• Review the quality management improvement tools, in particular the Quality
Function Deployment (QFD) methodology for quality management and business
strategic planning.
• Understand the meaning of world-class business excellence by reviewing the
quality awards, in particular the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award and The
European Quality Award models.
• Understand the philosophy of Chinese philosopher Confucius and how this relates
to quality management strategy and the economic influences.
• Understand the philosophy of Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu's The Art of War and
The Thirty-six Strategies, and how these relate to business management strategies.
• Substantiate the Eastern gurus' philosophies and hypotheses in business
management and strategic planning by surveys and analyses.


Over the course of its four year project timeline, the CENDARI project has collected archival descriptions and metadata in various formats from a broad range of cultural heritage institutions. These data were drawn together in a single repository and are being stored there. The repository contains curated data which has been manually established by the CENDARI team as well as data acquired from small, 'hidden' archives in spreadsheet format or from big aggregators with advanced data exchange tools in place. While the acquisition and curation of heterogeneous data in a single repository presents a technical challenge in itself, the ingestion of data into the CENDARI repository also opens up the possibility to process and index them through data extraction, entity recognition, semantic enhancement and other transformations. In this way the CENDARI project was able to act as a bridge between cultural heritage institutions and historical researchers, insofar as it drew together holdings from a broad range of institutions and enabled the browsing of this heterogeneous content within a single search space. This paper describes a broad range of ways in which the CENDARI project acquired data from cultural heritage institutions as well as the necessary technical background. In exemplifying diverse data creation or acquisition strategies, multiple formats and technical solutions, assets and drawbacks of a repository, this "White Book" aims at providing guidance and advice as well as best practices for archivists and cultural heritage institutions collaborating or planning to collaborate with infrastructure projects.


The (site-selective) derivatization of amino acids and peptides represents an attractive field with potential applications in the establishment of structure–activity relationships and labeling of bioactive compounds. In this respect, bioorthogonal cross-coupling reactions provide valuable means for ready access to peptide analogues with diversified structure and function. Due to the complex and chiral nature of peptides, mild reaction conditions are preferred; hence, a suitable cross-coupling reaction is required for the chemical modification of these challenging substrates. The Suzuki reaction, involving organoboron species, is appropriate given the stability and environmentally benign nature of these reactants and their amenability to be applied in (partial) aqueous reaction conditions, an expected requirement upon the derivatization of peptides. Concerning the halogenated reaction partner, residues bearing halogen moieties can either be introduced directly as halogenated amino acids during solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) or genetically encoded into larger proteins. A reversed approach building in boron in the peptidic backbone is also possible. Furthermore, based on this complementarity, cyclic peptides can be prepared by halogenation, and borylation of two amino acid side chains present within the same peptidic substrate. Here, the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction is a tool to induce the desired cyclization. In this review, we discuss diverse amino acid and peptide-based applications explored by means of this extremely versatile cross-coupling reaction. With the advent of peptide-based drugs, versatile bioorthogonal conversions on these substrates have become highly valuable.


We use admissions lotteries to estimate the effects of large-scale public preschool in Boston on college-going, college preparation, standardized test scores, and behavioral outcomes. Preschool enrollment boosts college attendance as well as SAT test taking and high school graduation. Preschool also decreases high school disciplinary measures including juvenile incarceration, but has no detectable impact on state achievement test scores. An analysis of subgroups shows that effects on college enrollment, SAT-taking, and disciplinary outcomes are larger for boys than for girls. Our findings illustrate possibilities for large-scale modern, public preschool and highlight the importance of measuring long-term and non–test score outcomes in evaluating the effectiveness of education programs.


"Global climate change poses great risks to poor people whose livelihoods depend directly on the use of natural resources. Mitigation of the adverse effects of climate change is a high priority on the international agenda. Carbon trading, under the Kyoto Protocol as well as outside the protocol, is growing rapidly from a small base and is expected to increase dramatically under present trends. However, developing countries, in particular Sub-Saharan Africa, remain marginalized in global carbon markets, with Africa's market share constituting less than 1 percent (excluding South Africa and North African countries). The potential for mitigation through agriculture in the African region is estimated at 17 percent of the global total, and the economic potential (i.e. considering carbon prices) is estimated at 10 percent of the total global mitigation potential. Similarly, Africa's forestry potential per year is 14 percent of the global total, and the avoided-deforestation potential accounts for 29 percent of the global total. Appropriate climate-change policies are needed to unleash this huge potential for pro-poor mitigation investment in Sub-Saharan Africa. Such policies should focus on increasing the profitability of environmentally sustainable practices that generate income for small producers and create investment flows for rural communities. Pro-poor investments, community development, new research, and capacity building can all help integrate the agriculture, forestry, and land-use systems of developing countries into the carbon trading system, both generating income gains and advancing environmental security. Achieving this result will require effective integration, from the global governance of carbon trading to the sectoral and micro-level design of markets and contracts, as well as investment in community management. Streamlining the measurement and enforcement of offsets, financial flows, and carbon credits for investors is also needed. This review paper begins with an overview of global carbon markets, including opportunities for carbon trading, and the current involvement of developing countries, with a focus on Sub-Saharan Africa. This is followed by an assessment of the mitigation potential and options involving agriculture, land use, and forestry. The major constraints to the participation of Sub-Saharan Africa in global carbon markets are discussed, and options for integrating the region into global carbon markets are proposed." from authors' abstract


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Abstract Iron-bearing periclase is thought to represent a significant fraction of Earth's lower mantle. However, the concentration of iron in (Mg,Fe)O is not well constrained at all mantle depths. Therefore, understanding the effect of iron on the density and elastic properties of this phase plays a major role in interpreting seismically observed complexity in the deep Earth. Here we examine the high-pressure behavior of polycrystalline (Mg,Fe)O containing 48 mol% FeO, loaded hydrostatically with neon as a pressure medium. Using X-ray diffraction and synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy, we measure the equation of state to about 83 GPa and hyperfine parameters to 107 GPa at 300 K. A gradual volume drop corresponding to a high-spin (HS) to low-spin (LS) crossover is observed between ~45 and 83 GPa with a volume drop of 1.85% at 68.8(2.7) GPa, the calculated spin transition pressure. Using a newly formulated spin crossover equation of state, the resulting zero-pressure isothermal bulk modulus K0T,HS for the HS state is 160(2) GPa with a K0T,HS′$K_{0{\rm{T,HS}}}^\prime $ of 4.12(14) and a V0,HS of 77.29(0) Å3. For the LS state, the K0T,LS is 173(13) GPa with a K0T,LS′$K_{0{\rm{T,LS}}}^\prime $ fixed to 4 and a V0,LS of 73.64(94) Å3. To confirm that the observed volume drop is due to a spin crossover, the quadrupole splitting (QS) and isomer shift (IS) are determined as a function of pressure. At low pressures, the Mössbauer spectra are well explained with two Fe2+-like sites. At pressure between 44 and 84, two additional Fe2+-like sites with a QS of 0 are required, indicative of low-spin iron. Above 84 GPa, two low-spin Fe2+-like sites with increasing weight fraction explain the data well, signifying the completion of the spin crossover. To systematically compare the effect of iron on the equation of state parameters for (Mg,Fe)O, a spin crossover equation of state was fitted to the pressure-volume data of previous measurements. Our results show that K0,HS is insensitive to iron concentration between 10 to 60 mol% FeO, while the spin transition pressure and width generally increases from about 50–80 and 2–25 GPa, respectively. A key implication is that iron-rich (Mg,Fe)O at the core-mantle boundary would likely contain a significant fraction of high-spin (less dense) iron, contributing a positive buoyancy to promote observable topographic relief in tomographic images of the lowermost mantle.


Compensatory dynamics, overyielding and statistical averaging are mechanisms promoting the temporal stability of natural communities. Using the model of European intertidal rocky shore assemblages and collating 17 datasets, we investigated how the strength of these stability-enhancing mechanisms varies with latitude and how it can be altered by the loss of habitat-formers (e.g. canopy-forming macroalgae). Community stability decreased with increasing latitude, mostly as a consequence of a greater synchronization of species fluctuations. Statistical averaging and overyielding (i.e. richness effect) promoted stability, but their strength did not vary with latitude. An experimental removal of macroalgal canopies caused a strengthening of the statistical averaging effect that was consistent across the latitudinal gradient investigated. Nonetheless, the loss of canopies depressed stability by enhancing the synchronization of species fluctuations on southernmost shores, while it had weak effects on shores at higher latitudes. Variation in life-history traits among canopy-forming species and/or in prevailing environmental conditions across a gradient of latitude could underlie variable effects of habitat-formers on species fluctuations. Our study shows 1) that the stability of intertidal assemblages and strength of compensatory dynamics varies with latitude, 2) that canopy-forming macroalgae, exerting a strong control on understorey species, can influence the strength of compensatory dynamics and 3) that biological forcing (i.e. facilitation) can be as important as environmental forcing in enhancing the synchronization of species fluctuations.


Abstract The global political economy of desire influences the construction of gendered spaces in Cuba. One of the results of increasing global linkages has been the rise in sex tourism throughout the world. This is particularly salient in Havana where girls and women are increasingly being drawn to commercial sex work as a means for economic survival and access to dollars-only places, such as restaurants, hotels, nightclubs, and stores. Despite forty years of gender equity laws and a highly-educated population, sex work in Cuba has come full circle, and the nation is quickly gaining the reputation, "the Thailand of the Caribbean." This case study draws on 38 interviews with sex workers, locally known as jineteras, in Havana's tourist districts. It examines the physical, social, and moral spaces in which sex work takes place and teases out some of the more salient power relations involved in creating and maintaining these spaces. Using a geographic lens illuminates some of the influences of sex work on Cuban society that otherwise may go unnoticed. Sex work in Havana is not merely a side note to the economic crisis of the 1990s. Rather, sex work affects many sectors of the dollars-only economy in Havana; it highlights race and class issues that many people think have been eradicated by Revolutionary ideology; and it shows how women's bodies, and not just sex workers' bodies, have been commodified for personal, and even national, economic gain. Keywords: Cuba, sex work, global links ********** Cuba's geopolitical location and contemporary society are rooted in the nation's commercial links to colonial powers. Havana has been an important port of call since the early 1500s and "has always been linked to the outside world by the threads of desire" (Quiroga 134). Tomas Fernandez Robaina demonstrates that sexual services were a lucrative part of the informal economy until the 1959 revolution, and it should not be surprising that, with the re-introduction of ties to the West after the fall of the Soviet Union, these services have again become economically important (Strout 7). Scholarly work has focused on sex tourism in Cuba, in part, because of its resurgence in the face of the Revolutionary government's policies to eradicate prostitution and promote gender equity (Harris 91; Pope 57-89). This article results from fieldwork conducted in Havana, Cuba from 1998-2003 examining the geographic, social, and discursive spaces where female sex work takes place. Sex for money, services, or goods is one of the many complex interactions that globalization has created between Westerners and Cubans. Sex work in Havana is a result of national policies, social practices, Revolutionary culture, the spatial organization of society, and increasing interconnectedness among countries. Space is an underlying theme in female sex work on the island; from public spaces of la calle and private spaces of la casa; to the neighborhoods in which sex workers meet foreigners; to the economic spaces sex workers occupy and/or modify; to the blurred spaces between communism and capitalism; and to global economic processes and outcomes that are modified (and often reified) by local sex work patterns. (3) In this article I provide the social context of sex work, a conceptual framework, my research methods and findings in order to demonstrate how gendered constructions of space play out in the Cuban sex work "industry." (4) These findings show the utility of a geographic lens to examine physical spaces, such as the neighborhoods and local economies that benefit from female sex work and where sex workers are solicited. Sex worker identity is influenced by "discursive space," or the ways gender, sex, and capitalism are spoken about in Cuba and also globally. Additionally, I highlight the fact that while Cuban women have been commodified by colonial powers, the participants in this study are savvy enough to use these images and stereotypes for personal gain. …


Adaptive-optics systems that use a return-wave concept for compensating for atmospheric turbulence distortions on a transmitted laser beam usually assume that the phase profile of the sensed radiation equals the appropriate phase profile for the laser wavelength. Certainly geometrical optics would predict this to within a scale factor directly related to the index of refraction of the air at the different wavelengths. Diffraction manifests itself in an interference phenomenon and amplitude modulation. Shorter wavelengths are more quickly affected than the longer wavelengths. When amplitude scintillation becomes important, the geometrical-optics-predicted wave-front distortions may differ from the real diffracted beam. The problem reduces to considering the phase difference measured at two different wavelengths after propagating through the same turbulence, and this paper describes these differences.


Developing countries are increasingly recipients of foreign direct investment (FDI). In this regard, governments are attempting to attract FDI due to the expected spillover effects, which relate to benefits in terms of increased productivity of local firms and technology diffusion from multinational enterprises (MNEs) to the domestic economy. However, it is generally not clear whether there are positive or negative spillover effects from FDI to local firms in developing economies. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature on spillover effects and linkages that arise from FDI in developing countries. Our review suggests that there tends to be negative intra-industry productivity spillover effects (i.e., spillovers between MNEs and local firms in the same industry). This may be explained by the fact that MNEs crowd out local competitors that are not able to compete against MNEs, and the concept of "absorptive capacity" which implies that local firms may not be able to assimilate and absorb knowledge of MNEs. However, we find evidence for positive inter-industry spillovers through linkages between MNE affiliates and suppliers in different industry sectors which may be attributed to the benefits for MNEs in transferring knowledge and technology to their local suppliers. The study offers suggestions for future research.


We assess recent Chinese climate policy proposals in a multi-region, multi-sector computable general equilibrium model with a Chinese carbon emissions trading scheme (ETS). When the emissions intensity per GDP in 2020 is required to be 45% lower than in 2005, the model simulations indicate that the climate policy induced welfare loss in 2020, measured as the level of GDP and welfare in 2020 under climate policy relative to their level under business-as-usual (BAU) in the same year, is about 1%. The Chinese welfare loss in 2020 slightly increases in the Chinese rate of economic growth in 2020. When keeping the emissions target fixed at the 2020 level after 2020 in absolute terms, the welfare loss will reach about 2% in 2030. If China׳s annual economic growth rate is 0.5 percentage points higher (lower), the climate policy-induced welfare loss in 2030 will rise (decline) by about 0.5 percentage points. Full auctioning of carbon allowances results in very similar macroeconomic effects as free allocation, but full auctioning leads to higher reductions in output than free allocation for ETS sectors. Linking the Chinese to the European ETS and restricting the transfer volume to one third of the EU׳s reduction effort creates at best a small benefit for China, yet with smaller sectoral output reductions than auctioning. These results highlight the importance of designing the Chinese ETS wisely.


Brazil and the United States continue to lead the movement towards the development and utilization of biofuels in the global market. Other countries in Asia were also among the most attractive economies for investment in biologically renewable sources of energy such as bioethanol and biodiesel, namely, China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, and to some extent, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Utilizing 10 years (from 2000 to 2009) of macro data from these top biofuel producing countries provided by the U.S. Energy Information Administration, the World Bank, and United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, this research attempts to determine the interaction of existing macro-level determinants vis-a-vis the countries' levels of development, and to assess Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) and Research and Development (R&D) as additional determinants of biofuel production through empirical evidence. This study concentrates on the top 17 biofuelproducing nations leading the 2007 and 2008 Biofuels Country Attractiveness Indices commissioned by Ernst & Young. Apparently, these countries have existing markets, infrastructures and legal framework to support the development and utilization of renewable biomass energy particularly the bioethanol and biodiesel. A discussion on the implications for developed and developing economies is provided as part of the conclusion and recommendations.


This chapter focuses on the international politics of the Gulf region, which are defined by the interplay of the local states and outside powers. The domestic framework and its interactions with transnational influences and external actors are crucial to understanding the environment within which local states operate — whether revolutionary Iran, Saddam Hussein's Iraq, or the Gulf monarchies themselves. Given that regime security drives states in their foreign policies, the need to cope with both internal and external threats is compelling. Outside actors are important in as much as they supply or help to combat such threats. The withdrawal of US forces from Iraq and the relative immunity of the Gulf monarchies from the effects of the Arab Spring have afforded these states greater regional influence and autonomy, but events since 2015 also reveal deep divides among them over issues like IS, Iranian foreign policy, and the war in Yemen.


To be successful in learning, students need to be motivated to engage and learn. The domain-specificity motivation theory articulates that student motivation is often determined by the content being taught to them. The purpose of this study was to extend the theory by determining domain-specificity of situational interest and expectancy-value motivation in terms of engagement and achievement outcomes in physical education. A random student sample (N = 346) from eight Chinese middle schools provided data of situational interest, expectancy-value, engagement, and knowledge and skills acquired. Results from correlation, regression, and structural equation model analyses revealed causal inferences demonstrating differentiated effects of motivation components on the outcome measures: task values were specific to knowledge outcome, expectancy beliefs to skills, and situational interest to engagement. The findings imply that physical educators need to adopt motivation strategies compatible to specific learning outcomes to maximize student motivation for engagement and achievement.


Abstract Unlike litigation and arbitration, mediation is a more informal way to settle disputes. The process has been considered to be quick, cheap and interest-based and it is said to promote amicable settlements. Yet mediation is not commonly used as a dispute resolution method in Sweden today. However, mediation as a dispute resolution method is promoted by the EU institutions and the European Parliament and the Council has adopted a directive which will secure that the EU citizens, in some cases, will have the possibility to choose extrajudicial mediation as a dispute resolution method. Until now, it has not been possible for parties to immediately seek enforcement of the content of a Swedish extrajudicial mediation settlement agreement. However, the directive will also ensure that the EU Member States provide the EU citizens with such enforcement possibilities. According to the wording of the directive, the request of enforcement will require all parties' explicit consent. This means, that if such consent is not given, the content of the agreement cannot be made enforceable. The uncertainty whether such consent will begiven in the end of the process or not may contribute to people waiving to initiate a mediation process because the actual outcome of the process could be difficult to predict. For the mediation process to be considered as an equivalent way to settle disputes to the e.g. litigation proceeding, it is necessary that the parties also experience the results of the processes as equivalent. The requirement of consent is not totally abandoned in the proposed Swedish Mediation Act by which the directive shall be implemented. Instead of choosing the wording of the directive, there are other perspectives on the matter of enforcement which the Swedish legislature perhaps could be inspired by when implementing the directive.


Subglobal and subnational policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gases are often thought to be less effective than more geographically comprehensive policies as production, and thus emissions, of trade exposed industries may move from the regulated to the unregulated regions. This so-called leakage may negate all emission reductions from the regulated regions and, even worse, may lead to an overall increase in emissions if the unregulated regions have equally or more emissions intensive production. However, if the unregulated regions have less emissions intensive production, the regional regulation may prompt more switching to the relatively cleaner producers than would otherwise occur, creating a type of beneficial leakage. We use detailed electricity generation and transmission data to show that this might be the case for the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), a CO2 cap-and-trade program for the electricity sector in select Northeastern U.S. states. We find evidence that electricity generation did leak out of the RGGI region to surrounding state, but electricity generation in the non-capped jurisdictions is less emissions intensive than in the RGGI region, resulting in a net decrease in aggregate emissions. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that one-quarter of apparent emissions reductions actually leaked but that this served to reduce total combined emissions by an additional one percent. ∗We thank Ventyx for providing access to their Velocity Suite database tool.


Recent developments in office productivity suites make it easier for users to publish richompound documentson the Web. Compound documents appear as a single unit of information but may contain data generated by different applications, such as text, images, and spreadsheets. Given the popularity enjoyed by these office suites and the pervasiveness of the Web as a publication medium, we expect that in the near future these compound documents will become an increasing proportion of the Web's content. As a result, the content handled by servers, proxies, and browsers may change considerably from what is currently observed. Furthermore, these compound documents are currently treated as opaque byte streams, but future Web infrastructure may wish to understand their internal structure to provide higher-quality service. In order to guide the design of this future Web infrastructure, we characterize compound documents currently found on the Web. Previous studies of Web content either ignored these document types altogether or did not consider their internal structure. We study compound documents originated by the three most popular applications from the Microsoft Office suite: Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. Our study encompasses over 12,500 documents retrieved from 935 different Web sites. Our main conclusions are: 1. Compound documents are in general much larger than current HTML documents. 2. For large documents, embedded objects and images make up a large part of the documents' size. 3. For small documents, XML format produces much larger documents than OLE. For large documents, there is little difference. 4. Compression considerably reduces the size of documents in both formats.


We investigate the role of factor-priced-induced innovation in mediating the employment impact of expanding production in China. Our empirical approach implements concepts developed in Acemoglu (2010) and complements the approaches summarized by Wei, Xie, and Zhang (2017) that focus on directly observable aspects of innovation (RD labor-force characteristics including the availability of "surplus" labor, investments in human capital; and investments in physical capital. It complements work on the causes of a decline in labor's share in total output as documented in Bai and Qian (2010) and in Molero-Simarro (2017). Our empirical results to date support the hypothesis that wage-induced technology change has influenced productivity growth in China, at least in the decade of the 1990s, but perhaps less so or not at all after the middle of the next decade.


OF DISSERTATION EXPLORING FACULTY ADOPTION AND UTILIZATION OF BLACKBOARD AT A COMMUNITY COLLEGE IN THE KENTUCKY COMMUNITY AND TECHNICAL COLLEGE SYSTEM The study explored the faculty adoption and use of a Blackboard at a community college in the Kentucky Community and Technical College System. A cross-sectional survey design was constructed through the lens of Rogers's Perceived Attributes of Innovations and Chickering and Ehrman's Implementing Seven Principles: Technology as a Lever to investigate perceptions and opinions on faculty members' use of Blackboard in their courses. The survey was piloted, modified and deployed to a population of 932 central Kentucky community college faculty who were recruited to participate in the online survey. Descriptive demographic items (gender, age, highest degree attained, years of teaching experience, employment status, and category of instruction) were cross-tabulated with users and nonusers of Blackboard. An additional cross-tabulation was performed on faculty who did and did not teach online. A Rasch analysis with Differential Item Functioning (DIF) was used to evaluate responses to the perceived attributes and opinions about the use of Blackboard. The Rasch model was employed since the model assumes that each person is characterized by ability, that each item of the survey is characterized by difficulty and that the results of differences in the probabilities of items and responses follow along a line. Misfit of items and faculty did occur and quality control measures were applied to the collected data. A Z-Residual table for the dichotomous items was applied to remove responses that were extreme or greater than 2 ZSTD. An Outfit plot for polytomous items was utilized to remove faculty responses above 3 ZSTD. Some items were determined to be redundant according to the Wright maps and Infit/Outfit tables. The results indicated 2 or 3 levels of discrimination in person reliability and an item separation that allowed an analysis of groups. Rogers's perceived characteristics that persuade people to adopt a new innovation were indicated as differences between users and nonusers of Blackboard. In contrast to a previous study, those faculty who responded to the survey with 0-1 years of teaching experience had the greatest ratio of nonusers to users. Those respondents who associated their teaching to categories of pre-college and language had more nonusers than users of Blackboard. An overall theme where nonusers agreed more than users was the lack of seeing Blackboard, observing how to use Blackboard and not being able to properly try Blackboard. But users should also be encouraged to expand their use of Blackboard. The majority of users employed: syllabus, announcements, full grade center, course copy, and test and survey pool, but less than half who responded as users employed: discussion board, course calendar, and performance dashboard which may lead to increased communication between the faculty and students. The information obtained from the survey should be utilized when developing professional development activities to encourage Blackboard adoption and use. By studying the adoption and utilization of Blackboard by faculty through the lens of Rogers, the study highlighted differences in the characteristics that persuade faculty to use Blackboard. Through consistent utilization of course management systems, such as Blackboard, the hope is that communication between students and faculty will be enhanced which will ultimately help students to grow, develop and learn.


In scientific and policy contexts, radiative forcing—an external change in Earth's mean radiative balance—has been suggested as a metric for evaluating the strength of climate perturbations resulting from different climate change drivers such as greenhouse gases and surface physical effects of land use change. However, the utility of this approach has been questioned given the spatially concentrated and sometimes nonradiative nature of land use climate disturbances. Here we show that when negative forcing from agricultural expansion is approximately balanced by a radiatively equivalent increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, significant changes in temperature, precipitation, and the timing of climate change result. These idealized experiments demonstrate the nonadditivity of radiative forcing from land use change and greenhouse gases and point to the need for new climate change metrics or the development of climate policies and assessment protocols that do not rely on single dimensional metrics.


Cap de Creus Canyon (CCC) is known as a preferential conduit for particulate matter leaving the Gulf of Lion continental shelf towards the slope and the basin, particularly in winter when storms and dense shelf water cascading coalesce to enhance the seaward export of shelf waters. During the CASCADE (CAscading, Storm, Convection, Advection and Downwelling Events) cruise in March 2011, deployments of recording instruments within the canyon and vertical profiling of the water column properties were conducted to study with high spatial-temporal resolution the impact of such processes on particulate matter fluxes. In the context of the mild and wet 2010–2011 winter, no remarkable dense shelf water formation was observed. On the other hand, the experimental setup allowed for the study of the impact of E-SE storms on the hydrographical structure and the particulate matter fluxes in the CCC. The most remarkable feature in terms of sediment transport was a period of dominant E-SE winds from 12 to 16 March, including two moderate storms (maximum significant wave heights = 4.1–4.6 m). During this period, a plume of freshened, relatively cold and turbid water flowed at high speeds along the southern flank of the CCC in an approximate depth range of 150–350 m. The density of this water mass was lighter than the ambient water in the canyon, indicating that it did not cascade off-shelf and that it merely downwelled into the canyon forced by the strong cyclonic circulation induced over the shelf during the storms and by the subsequent accumulation of seawater along the coast. Suspended sediment load in this turbid intrusion recorded along the southern canyon flank oscillated between 10 and 50 mg L −1 , and maximum currents speeds reached values up to 90 cm s −1 . A rough estimation of 10 5 tons of sediment was transported through the canyon along its southern wall during a 3-day-long period of storm-induced downwelling. Following the veering of the wind direction (from SE to NW) on 16 March, downwelling ceased, currents inside the canyon reversed from down- to up-canyon, and the turbid shelf plume was evacuated from the canyon, most probably flowing along the southern canyon flank and being entrained by the general SW circulation after leaving the canyon confinement. This study highlights that remarkable sediment transport occurs in the CCC, and particularly along its southern flank, even during mild and wet winters, in absence of cascading and under limited external forcing. The sediment transport associated with eastern storms like the ones described in this paper tends to enter the canyon by its downstream flank, partially affecting the canyon head region. Sediment transport during these events is not constrained near the seafloor but distributed in a depth range of 200–300 m above the bottom. Our paper broadens the understanding of the complex set of atmosphere-driven sediment transport processes acting in this highly dynamic area of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.