The variable flux permanent magnet synchronous motor (VF-PMSM), also called "Memory Motor", is a new generation of motor capable of modifying the magnetization state with short pulses of current during operation or standstill. The impact of such operation is the expansion of the operating range in the torque-speed characteristic and an improvement in energy efficiency at high-speed in comparison to conventional permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). This paper reviews the operating principle and the unique features of the proposed memory motor. The benefits of this concept are highlighted by comparing the performance of the rotor of the VF-PMSM to that of two PM rotors that are typically found in the industry. The investigation emphasizes the properties of the variable magnetization and presents the comparison of the torque-speed characteristic with the capability of loss reduction in a VF-PMSM by means of experimental results, especially when tests are conducted under identical conditions for each rotor (same stator, same inverter and same experimental setup). The experimental results demonstrated that the VF-PMSM gives an additional degree of freedom to optimize the efficiency over a wide speed range. Thus, with a design easy to manufacture and with the possibility of controlling the magnetization and the demagnetization of the magnets during operations, the VF-PMSM can be interesting for various applications. Keywords—Efficiency, magnetization state, memory motors, performances, permanent-magnet, synchronous machine, variableflux, variable magnetization, wide speed application


Using high-resolution cosmological simulations, we study hydrogen and helium gravitational cooling radiation from gas accretion by young galaxies. We focus on the He II cooling lines, which arise from gas with a different temperature history (Tmax ~ 105 K) than H I line-emitting gas. We examine whether three major atomic cooling lines, H I λ1216, He II λ1640, and He II λ304, are observable, finding that Lyα and He II λ1640 cooling emission at z = 2-3 are potentially detectable with deep narrowband (R > 100) imaging and/or spectroscopy from the ground. While the expected strength of H I λ1216 cooling emission depends strongly on the treatment of the self-shielded phase of the IGM in the simulations, our predictions for the He II λ1640 line are more robust, because the He II emissivity is negligible below T ~ 104.5 K and less sensitive to the UV background. Although He II λ1640 cooling emission is fainter than Lyα by at least a factor of 10 and, unlike Lyα, might not be resolved spatially with current observational facilities, it is more suitable to study gas accretion in the galaxy formation process because it is optically thin and less contaminated by the recombination lines from star-forming galaxies. The He II λ1640 line can be used to distinguish among mechanisms for powering the so-called Lyα blobs—including gravitational cooling radiation, photoionization by stellar populations, and starburst-driven superwinds—because (1) He II λ1640 emission is limited to very low metallicity [log(Z/Z☉) ≲ -5.3] and Population III stars and (2) the blob's kinematics are probed unambiguously through the He II line width, which for cooling radiation is narrower (σ < 400 km s-1) than typical wind speeds.


Phonological dyslexia is a written language disorder characterized by poor reading of nonwords when compared with relatively preserved ability in reading real words. In this study, we report the case of FG, a 74-year-old man with phonological dyslexia. The nature and origin of his reading impairment were assessed using tasks involving activation and explicit manipulation of phonological representations as well as reading of words and nonwords in which the nature and complexity of grapheme-to-phoneme conversion rules (GPC rules) were manipulated. FG also underwent an extensive neuropsychological assessment battery in which he showed impaired performance in tests exploring verbal working memory and executive functions. FG showed no phonological impairment, and his performance was also largely unimpaired for reading words, with no effect of concreteness, grammatical class, morphological complexity, length or nature and complexity of the GPC rules. However, he showed substantial difficulties when asked to read nonwords with contextual GPC rules. The contribution of FG's executive deficits to his performance in reading is discussed.


The results of an investigation of the effect of support interference on airfoil drag data obtained in the variable-density tunnel are presented. As a result of the support interference, previously published airfoil data from the variable-density tunnel have shown too large drag coefficients and too large a rate of increase of drag coefficients and too large a rate increase of drag coefficients with airfoil thickness. The practical effect of the corrections on the choice of the optimum section is briefly considered and corrected data for a selected list of airfoils are presented as a convenience to the designer. Methods of correcting published data for other airfoils are presented.


We analyze the dynamics of takeover contests where hostile raiders compete against white knights involved by a lead blockholder of the target firm (the incumbent). We assume that the incumbent has the power to bargain with the potential bidders to set a minimum takeover price. We characterize the conditions under which a white knight wins the takeover contest despite the smaller value of its synergies as compared to those of the hostile bidder. The paper provides a new explanation for the reason why we observe so few hostile takeovers in reality; moreover, it sheds some light on the effectiveness of white knights as an anti-takeover device and the role played by leading minority blockholders in the market for corporate control.


The ecology and the phenotypic variations of Vitellaria paradoxa (Gaertner f.), a multipurpose tree, highly valued for its oil was studied in Gambella region: Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to examine the ecology and the phenotypic variations between and within the natural population of Vitellaria paradoxa. The sections under ecological studies were done through inventory of the woodland based on random sampling method, in green house and in laboratories while the phenotypic variations were analyzed based on morphological traits. Results from population survey of 46 ha of woodland consisting of 230 quadrats showed that Vitellaria paradoxa accounted for 9.9% of the total trees and its basal area was estimated at 1.68 m2 ha -1, representing an 30.15% of the total cover. There were significant differences, at P<0.05, in terms of mean diameter at breast height, height and basal area between the populations. The total stocking rate was estimated only at 18 trees ha-1 and estimation of the diameter class of the species showed that 48.54% of the trees had diameters lying above the mean. The recruitments were estimated at 22 seedlings ha-1 and the species demography was also not encouraging as the ratio between the matured trees and the recruitments were approximately equal (1:1). There were also no viable seeds of Vitellaria paradoxa found in the soil seed bank. The soil seed bank was dominated by grasses (43%) and sedge (22%) and there was no correspondence between the seed bank regenerations and the natural populations particularly for trees and shrubs. The regeneration trend showed that the population of Vitellaria was threatened.

The soil analysis result showed that the species requires medium textured soil and pH <6 and the foliar analysis result depicted that the species was not deficient in nutrients. The indicator value of the species was 53.8% and it occurred in more than half of the quadrats and its pattern of distribution was much influenced by elevation gradient.

There were variations in the main mean tree characteristics such as crown diameter, basal area, diameter at breast height and height and the major mean leaf characteristics such as petiole length, total leaf length, lamina width and petiole ratio along the altitudinal gradient and the variation in crown diameter and lamina width was highly significant at P<0.05. Small sizes of leaves and petiole lengths were found in Elia and larger sizes of leaves and petiole lengths were recorded in Abbot and Phugnido. Medium size leaves and petiole lengths were registered in Agnota. Similarly, short trees with smaller diameters were found in Elia, tall trees with spreading crown and bigger diameter were found in Abbot and Phugnido and taller trees with prominent crowns were concentrated in Agnota. Cluster analysis of the six qualitative traits also showed the close relatedness of the four populations where Abbot and Phugnido formed one cluster and Agnota and Elia formed clusters of their own.

The allometric relationships between mean tree parts and the mean leaf characteristics and the mean leaf characteristics with each other were also significant at P<0.05. For instance, diameter at breast height (dbh) was strongly related to the basal area (ba), (dbh = 0.988ba +1.128, r2= 0.976), basal area (ba) was strongly related to the crown diameter (cd), (ba= 0.542cd +0.116, r2= 0.288).

 Among tree characteristics, only crown diameter was related to lamina width (lw), and petiole ratio (pr), (cd= 0.396lw + 0.436pr + 1.605, r2= 0.150 (lw), r2=0.176 (pr). All the major leaf characteristics were also strongly and positively related with each other. For example, petiole length (pl) was strongly related with total leaf length (tll) (pl=0.818tll +0.310, r2=0.669), lamina length (ll) was strongly related with total leaf length (tll), (ll = 0.954ll+ 0.690, r2=0.909) and lamina width (lw) was strongly related to leaf ratio (lr) (lw= 0.711lr +11.992, r2=0.502).

The cluster membership result showed a random distribution of the trees from one eco-geographical region to the other. For example, groups 81, 82, and 84 were found in all the four populations, group 87 was found in two populations (Abbot & Elia), groups 83 and 88 were found in three populations (Abbot, Elia and Phugnido) while group 85 was found only in Elia. The variations in the traits, that formed the cluster groups, were explained by four axes that accounted for 77% of the variance in the sampled trees by quantitative traits matrix of the sampled plots. In general, the phenotypic variation result showed that the in between population variation was higher than within population variation for the quantitative traits and this phenotypic variation due to in between populations was 86.52%. Similarly, the in between populations variation was higher than the within population variation in terms of the qualitative traits and the percentage of the phenotypic variance due to within population accounted for 92.61%. Thus, based on the total trend in the demography of the species and the location of the variations, two complimentary strategies are suggested, firstly, in-situ conservation approach involving as many populations as possible should be considered since there are high inter population variation, secondly, ex-situ conservation involving as many selected individuals within a group from all cluster groups should be undertaken concurrently as there are high inter population variations to reserve as well as to initiate improvement program for Vitellaria paradoxa ssp. nilotica.


Increasing the level o f participation in habitual physical activity o f at least moderate intensity conducted by youth is a health promotion and a disease-prevention strategy. The aim o f this thesis was to investigate the benefits and determinants of active commuting to school among Irish adolescents. In a behaviour-specific and context-specific analysis, the perceived physical environment was examined as a determinant o f active commuting to school, and the potential confounding factors of distance and density were explored. Existing theoretical models describing the physical environment were evaluated and improved.


Considering the invaluable roles and contributions of education to meaningful individual, social and national development, nobody will dispute the fact that its proper management and administration by competent leaders should be a national concern. MOE (1996) identifies education management as a priority in order to make schools effective, efficient and qualitative in nature.The Ministry notes that '… excellence is not something that happens to a school; it is something that must be deliberately and painstakingly created and maintained …'Most government schools in the country were run on trial and error basis by school managers with less or no managerial skills. The majority of the head teachers were promoted to positions of head teacher with almost no skills of instructional leadership or educational management of running public organizations which resulted in standards falling; misinterpretation of government policies, compromising quality, low performance of learners to the next grade, and inefficiency in service delivery. By 1990, Zambia had joined the rest of the world in automating the educational sector in management and educational leadership skills in order to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2013. Despite the fact that some head teachers have had skills in management and leadership; this has had very little impact on the effective running of public educational institutions. Government's desire is to have public educational institutions run by officers who understand the needs of the community, and with a passion of realization of government policies.Most schools in the country are in the state where they are in terms of leadership development due to poor managerial relationships with subordinates and the clients. A series of studies have been undertaken on many issues relating to Education Leadership and Management of government institutions yet few researchers have explored the issue of comparing the effectiveness of head teachers trained in Education Leadership Management Courses with their counterparts who have not been trained in selected, primary and secondary schools.The study used the qualitative and quantitative research designs. It targeted school head teachers of primary and secondary schools, those trained in Educational Leadership Management and their counterparts without any form of management skills, teachers, pupils and parents. A sample was drawn using purposive and random sampling procedures.Questionnaires, interview guides, focus group discussions were some tools used to collect data. Quantitative data were analyzed into descriptive statistics with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software while qualitative data were transcribed and summarized into narrative reports for easy understanding.The study discovered that government schools had a serious shortfall of skilled educational leadership management human resources to run government institutions with a vision and passion to bring about positive change in the learning institutions and hence the need to train and re-train in- service staff in educational leadership management. Government to enact a statutory law through parliament that promotion to headship be based on passing an administrative programme from a recognized institution. Introduction of short intensive leadership and management courses. The study also discovered that there was poor parenting/guidance and high poverty levels in some communities contributing to a fall in the standard of education in the country, hence the need to involve Ministries like Community development Mother and Child Heath, Home affairs and Defense.


We present a dynamic and adaptive decision model for an autonomous user agent whose task is to dynamically negotiate and procure wireless access for a mobile user. A user is assumed to have cognitive and motivational costs associated to providing subjective preference information to the agent. Therefore the task of the personal agent is to dynamically model the user, update its knowledge of a market of wireless service providers and select service providers that satisfies the user's expected preferences based on minimal, or missing, information that is derived from a simple user interface. In this paper we show how this user modeling problem can be represented as a Markov Decision Process. Adaptive reinforcement learning solutions are then evaluated for two subclasses of tractable MDPs via simulations of some representative user models.


Richard McCormick examines the concepts of postmodernity and postmodernism as they apply to West Germany, discussing them against the background of cultural and political upheaval in that country since the 1960s, rather than exclusively in the more familiar setting of intellectual history. Considering six literary and cinematic texts that are marked by a preoccupation with the self and subjectivity, he underscores the crucial influence of feminism on writers and filmmakers--and on the "postmodern." In a broad international context he describes the conflicting forces that affected the West German student movementthe rationalistic tradition of the Weimar Left and more "irrational" influences such as French existentialism and surrealism (as well as the American "Beat" movement and rock & roll)--and shows how these forces played themselves out so that dogmatic Marxist Leninism was repudiated in favor of a "New Subjectivity.."At the center of the discussion are the novels "Lenz" by Peter Schneider, "Class Love (Klassenliebe)" by Karin Struck, and "Devotion" by Botho Strauss, and the films "Wrong Move" written by Peter Handke and directed by Wim Wenders, Germany, "Pale Mother" by Helma Sanders-Brahms, and "The Subjective Factor" by Helke Sander. The author shows how ongoing attempts to attack the separation of emotion from reason, life from art, the private from the public, and the personal from the political brought about changes in outlook, from the 1960s to the early 1980s, that are related to the rise of new political movements--ecology, nuclear disarmament, and feminism.Originally published in 1991.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


This work-in-progress research paper presents a study on employability skills. Employability or soft skills refer to personality traits, attitudes and behavior that are complementary to professional knowledge. These skills are part of a series of competencies that are intertwined with the engineer's technical work [1]. A high percentage of job success depends on employability skills [2]. A gap exists between the attributes of engineering graduates and company requirements [3]. Experiential learning can develop a myriad of skills required by the workplace. Universidad EAFIT, located in Medellin (Colombia), has developed an experiential learning program called KRATOS. KRATOS was sent an invitation to participate in an international competition that implied designing and building a solar/electric powered vehicle. Think creatively is a competency that is important for engineering practice across areas, disciplines and countries [1]. Although student competitions that include design activities may enhance a passion for engineering, they can also have negative emotional consequences [4] (i.e. job tension). Using the structural equation modeling technique, the authors of this study analyzed the responses of 334 undergraduate students. The results of the study indicate that job tension significantly decreased over time, whereas no significant change was detected in terms of creativity.


A search is presented for new phenomena in events characterised by high jet multiplicity, no leptons (electrons or muons), and four or more jets originating from the fragmentation of $b$-quarks ($b$-jets). The search uses 139 fb$^{-1}$ of $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV proton-proton collision data collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider during Run 2. The dominant Standard Model background originates from multijet production and is estimated using a data-driven technique based on an extrapolation from events with low $b$-jet multiplicity to the high $b$-jet multiplicities used in the search. No significant excess over the Standard Model expectation is observed and 95% confidence-level limits that constrain simplified models of R-parity-violating supersymmetry are determined. The exclusion limits reach 950 GeV in top-squark mass in the models considered.


The purpose of this research was to examine the role of fiber content and fabric structure on the moisture transport properties of selected knit fabrics. Moisture transport is an important factor in clothing comfort as related to evaporative cooling. Test fabrics included jersey and interlock weft knit structures in 100 percent cotton, 100 percent polyester, and 50/50 percent cotton/ polyester. The knits represented double and single knit structures and hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and blended fibers. No standard moisture transport test methods have been adopted for apparel fabrics. Most tests used previously measured only vapor transport in ambient air currents. A series of four moisture transport tests were developed to more fully replicate use conditions which included vapor and liquid transport with and without moderate air currents over the upper surface of the fabric.


This study starts with the review on the role of external assistance to fragile states where the state lacks the capacity to provide better quality lives for its people. One of the tools being the Official Development Assistance, this paper focuses on the its disbursement patterns to fragile states that targets women's empowerment and gender equality to verify where donors stand on their actions on fragile states. The findings show that whereas donors have increased their aid volume with gender equality objectives in absolute terms, it is still lacking when compared to total amount. Hence, donors need to further strengthen their commitment to promoting gender equality in its aid activities as well as to allocate more assistance with significant and principal objectives on gender. Keywords—Fragile states, gender equality, Official Development Assistance (ODA), women's empowerment.


Globalization and the evolution of a knowledge-based economy have caused dramatic changes to the character and functions of education in most countries around the world. In order to enhance the overall competitiveness of individual nation-states in the global market environment, comprehensive education reforms have been launched in different parts of the globe to strengthen manpower training. Realizing the fact that there is only one resource in Singapore – human capital – the Singapore government therefore has tried to maximize the potential of its citizens in the further advancement of its economic modernization. In order to make its citizens more creative and innovative, the Singapore government openly acknowledges the importance of allowing more autonomy for schools in charting their own courses of development. By introducing a policy of decentralization, the Singapore government hopes that schools could have more autonomy and flexibility to develop their strengths and thereby individual schools can evolve with their own unique features. One way to promote quality education is the introduction of the "school excellence model" (SEM) to engage schools in self-improvement and self-assessment exercises. This paper sets out in this policy context to examine and study the newly proposed SEM, with particular reference to examining and studying the philosophy and principles, major features and detailed procedures of this quality assurance model. More specifically, this paper will also analyze this model in light of the global trends of educational decentralization and marketization, reflecting upon the changing role of the Singapore government in educational governance.


This study investigated the impact of deep diaphragmatic breathing (DB) on blood gases, breathing pattern, pulmonary mechanics and dyspnoea in severe hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients recovering from an acute exacerbation. Transcutaneous partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Ptc,CO2) and oxygen (Ptc,O2) and arterial oxygen saturation (Sa,O2), were continuously monitored in 25 COPD patients with chronic hypercapnia, during natural breathing and DB. In eight of these patients, breathing pattern and minute ventilation (V'E) were also assessed by means of a respiratory inductance plethysmography. In five tracheostomized patients, breathing pattern and mechanics were assessed by means of a pneumotachograph/pressure transducer connected to an oesophageal balloon. Subjective rating of dyspnoea was performed by means of a visual analogue scale. In comparison to natural breathing deep DB was associated with a significant increase in Ptc,O2 and a significant decrease in Ptc,CO2, with a significant increase in tidal volume and a significant reduction in respiratory rate resulting in increased V'E. During DB, dyspnoea worsened significantly and inspiratory muscle effort increased, as demonstrated by an increase in oesophageal pressure swings, pressure-time product and work of breathing. We conclude that in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with chronic hypercapnia, deep diaphragmatic breathing is associated with improvement of blood gases at the expense of a greater inspiratory muscle loading.


Dynamic and radiative properties of a Λ-type atom embedded in a three-dimensional anisotropic photonic crystal with a driven field are investigated. The time-evolution properties of the atom and the characteristics of the emission field are greatly affected by the position of the upper level relative to the forbidden gap. Also studied are the influence of the intensity of the external field, the detuning from resonant frequency, and the background decay parameter on the dynamic properties of the atom. The energy of the propagation field is translated partly into the form of the diffusion field during the propagating process. The spectra of the propagation component and diffusive component are dependent on the distance from the atom.


A new coronavirus (CoV) identified as COVID-19 virus is the etiological agent responsible for the 2019-2020 viral pneumonia outbreak that commenced in Wuhan1–4. Currently there is no targeted therapeutics and effective treatment options remain very limited. In order to rapidly discover lead compounds for clinical use, we initiated a program of combined structure-assisted drug design, virtual drug screening and high-throughput screening to identify new drug leads that target the COVID-19 virus main protease (Mpro). Mpro is a key CoV enzyme, which plays a pivotal role in mediating viral replication and transcription, making it an attractive drug target for this virus5,6. Here, we identified a mechanism-based inhibitor, N3, by computer-aided drug design and subsequently determined the crystal structure of COVID-19 virus Mpro in complex with this compound. Next, through a combination of structure-based virtual and high-throughput screening, we assayed over 10,000 compounds including approved drugs, drug candidates in clinical trials, and other pharmacologically active compounds as inhibitors of Mpro. Six of these inhibit Mpro with IC50 values ranging from 0.67 to 21.4 μM. Ebselen also exhibited promising antiviral activity in cell-based assays. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of this screening strategy, which can lead to the rapid discovery of drug leads with clinical potential in response to new infectious diseases where no specific drugs or vaccines are available.


Slinky Malinki Catflaps is a hilarious rhyming story by Lynley Dodd. Slinky Malinki wakes from a cosy sleep, stretches and slips out through the catflap and into the night. He's soon joined by his friends Greywacke Jones, Butterball Brown, the Poppadum kittens and the rest of the gang. Hobnobbing happily on the wall, ten in a row, the cats are disturbed by the crotchety Scarface Claw. The cats hiss and yowl until all the neighbours complain. Scarface slopes off and Slinky Malinki invites his friends home to sit in front of the fire, hobnobbing happily, ten in a row. Lynley Dodd is an award-winning author/illustrator who lives in New Zealand. She is enormously popular for her rhyming stories of the unforgettable HAIRY MACLARY and his friends. She worked as a teacher before beginning to write her own books in 1974. Read all the Hairy Maclary and Friends books by Lynley Dodd! Hairy Maclary's Bone; Hairy Maclary Scattercat; Hairy Maclary's Caterwaul Caper; Hairy Maclary's Rumpus at the Vet; Slinky Malinki; Hairy Maclary's Showbusiness; Slinky Malinki, Open the Door; Sniff-Snuff-Snap!; Schnitzel Von Krumm Forget-Me-Not; Slinky Malinki Catflaps; Slinky Malinki's Christmas Crackers; Hairy Maclary's Hat Tricks; Scarface Claw; Schnitzel Von Krumm, Dog's Never Climb Tress; Hairy Maclary, Sit; Hairy Maclary and Zachary Quack; Magnet Fun with Hairy Maclary; Hairy Maclary, Shoo; Hairy Maclary and Friends Little Library; Slinky Malinki Early Bird; Where is Hairy Maclary?; Sticker Fun with Hairy Maclary; and My Cat Likes to Hide in Boxes.


A membrane-intercalating conjugated oligoelectrolyte (COE), PTTP, was designed and synthesized with the goal of providing red-shifted absorption spectra relative to previously synthesized COE analogs. Specifically, electron-rich and electron-poor subunits were introduced in the conjugated backbone to modulate the band gap. PTTP exhibits maxima of absorption at 507 nm and of emission at 725 nm. PTTP can also efficiently function to generate singlet oxygen in situ (ΦΔ ≈20 %) and has appropriate topology and dimensions to interact with lipid membranes. The resulting rapid membrane insertion and sensitizing ability provide PTTP with a highly efficient antibacterial capability under a low light dose (0.6 J cm-2 ) toward Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, making it a remarkably efficient optically mediated antimicrobial agent.


The 1999 Immigration and Asylum Act led to the dispersal of asylum seekers around Britain, with Glasgow City Council the only local authority in Scotland who agreed to house and support asylum seekers. The Glasgow Asylum Seekers' Support Project (GASSP) was established with funding from the Home Office National Asylum Seekers' Support (NASS) fund to provide housing, social work and education services for the asylum seekers in Glasgow. One result of this was the establishment of GASSP Units in 27 Glasgow schools. Research by Smyth (2006) into the perspectives of pupils in the GASSP units had observed a number of social capital building strategies used, albeit unconsciously, by both staff and pupils to enable integration of the refugee pupils into the mainstream school. Within the Applied Educational Research Scheme (AERS) network on social capital it was decided to fund a small scale case study to further explore this phenomenon. The aim of the case study was to investigate if and how teachers and pupils understood social capital; how it was interpreted in schools and if it impacted on their networks outside the school and on their families. The investigation involved three researchers conducting fieldwork in one primary and one secondary school in Scotland. Qualitative methodology was employed including analysis of policy documents; interviews and conversations with school staff and pupils; fieldwork in school observing teaching and learning situations and social situations. Pupil voice played a major part in the data collected, including photographic evidence collected by pupils themselves. The research found that teachers had clear aims to help the refugee pupils build social networks. While not necessarily using the term social capital they were certainly making use of a range of practices which built bonding social capital. In exploring the associated concepts with pupils we found an understanding of the importance of friendship and trust, the importance of cultural capital and some of the barriers to building bridging social capital. We were unable to establish clear evidence about the transferability of social capital to outside the school setting.


The extreme sensitivity of the mass of the Higgs boson to quantum corrections from high mass states, makes it 'unnaturally' light in the standard model. This 'hierarchy problem' can be solved by symmetries, which predict new particles related, by the symmetry, to standard model fields. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) can potentially discover these new particles, thereby finding the solution to the hierarchy problem. However, the dynamics of the Higgs boson is also sensitive to this new physics. We show that in many scenarios the Higgs can be a complementary and powerful probe of the hierarchy problem at the LHC and future colliders. If the top quark partners carry the color charge of the strong nuclear force, the production of Higgs pairs is affected. This effect is tightly correlated with single Higgs production, implying that only modest enhancements in di-Higgs production occur when the top partners are heavy. However, if the top partners are light, we show that di-Higgs production is a useful complementary probe to single Higgs production. We verify this result in the context of a simplified supersymmetric model. If the top partners do not carry color charge, their direct production is greatly reduced. Nevertheless, we show that such scenarios can be revealed through Higgs dynamics. We find that many color neutral frameworks leave observable traces in Higgs couplings, which, in some cases, may be the only way to probe these theories at the LHC. Some realizations of the color neutral framework also lead to exotic decays of the Higgs with displaced vertices. We show that these decays are so striking that the projected sensitivity for these searches, at hadron colliders, is comparable to that of searches for colored top partners. Taken together, these three case studies show the efficacy of the Higgs as a probe of naturalness.


General features of dog whelks (Gastropoda: Nassariidae) communities of tropical tidal flats are defined from Northern Minahasa, Sulawesi Indonesia, based on surveys from August 2000 to July 2001 at Arakan, Mokupa and Likupang. Six species are founded at Arakan, while five and four species are founded at Mokupa and Likupang respectively. A zonation of nassariids communities is described. Total average densities ranged between 8 ind m-² in the middle zone of Arakan and < 1 ind m-² in the lower zone of Mokupa and Likupang. Nassariids densities differed significantly among study sites as well as among in tidal zones. The population dynamics of Nassarius pullus and N. bimaculosus were investigated by analysis of monthly size-frequency histograms. Shell lengths of N. pullus ranged from 6 to 21 mm-below. Quite large individuals (i'³ 16 mm-below) are dominated the samples and formed stationary mode at 18 mm-below. N. bimaculosus, ranging in size from 6 to 19 mm-below, a more dynamic development was visible. The von Bertalanffy growth (VBG) parameters were estimated to describe the individual growth of the two nassariid, were Li'¥ = 22.6 mm, K = 0.78 year-1 and t0 = -0.12 year for N. pullus and Li'¥ = 20.5 mm, K = 1.00 year-1 and t0 = -0.10 year for N. bimaculosus. Size at maturity (L50) were 15 and 16 mm for N. pullus while N. bimaculosus mature at size of 13 mm. There is evidence that recruitment took place throughout the whole year for both species. Maximum age was about 3.85 years for N. pullus and 3.00 years for N. bimaculosus. The examination of gonad development stages for both species shown that gametogenesis was not synchronized between the individuals and most female gonads contained gametes at different stages of development and there were only very few gonads in a 'post-spawning' condition.


The analysis of 6-year chlorophyll-a data provided by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectral (MODIS) radiometer revealed anomalous chlorophyll-a bloom in the southern Bay of Bengal during the winter 2006–2007. The plausible causative mechanisms for such a large chlorophyll-a during the winter 2006–2007 are analysed through surface wind field, surface net heat flux and sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) data. The chlorophyll-a bloom developed in November 2006 near the northern tip of Sumatra. It was intensified and propagated slowly westward during December 2006 to January 2007 and then weakened by February 2007. The combined effect of shallowing of thermocline and weakening of barrier layer due to anomalous westward propagating upwelling Rossby waves associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) event and relatively strong wind field causing entrainment of subsurface nutrient-rich water to euphotic zone leads to the bloom in the southern Bay of Bengal.


The application of robots in critical missions in hazardous environments requires the development of reliable or fault tolerant manipulators. In this paper we define fault tolerance as the ability to continue the performance of a task after immobilization of a joint due to failure. Initially, no joint limits are considered, in which case we prove the existence of fault tolerant manipulators and develop an analysis tool to determine the fault tolerant work space. We also derive design templates for spatial fault tolerant manipulators. When joint limits are introduced, analytic solutions become infeasible but instead a numerical design procedure can be used, as is illustrated through an example.<<ETX>>


ABSTRACT The ageing global population has led to an increased focus on health for older adults. However, older adults have not been a specific priority for some sporting organisations (SOs). Thus, there is an emerging opportunity for this age group to be considered within international sport policy. The aim of this study was to understand the benefits and barriers that SOs encounter when engaging older adults. Eight focus group interviews (n = 49) were held with representatives of Australian national sporting organisations (NSOs), and older adults who were either sport club or non-sport club members. The socioecological model domains, interpersonal, organisational and policy, were used as a framework for thematic analysis, and organisational capacity building concepts were utilised to explain the findings. Common perceived benefits included interpersonal benefits (intergenerational opportunities and role models) and organisational benefits (volunteering, financial contributions and maximised facility usage) for engaging older adults. Common perceived barriers included interpersonal barriers (competing priorities and perceived societal expectations), organisational barriers (lack of appropriate playing opportunities, lack of facility access and lack of club capacity) and policy barriers (strategic organisational focus on children and elite sport and risk management). Whilst participation in sport is not common for older adults, their involvement can be invaluable for sport clubs. It is not anticipated that any policy focus on older adults will significantly increase active participation for this age group. However, any increase in older adults' sport participation either through actively playing, supporting family and friends and/or volunteering will contribute to the positive health of individuals, sport clubs and the community.


Models of human migration provide powerful tools to forecast the flow of migrants, measure the impact of a policy, determine the cost of physical and political frictions and more. Here, we analyse the migration of individuals from and to cities in the US, finding that city to city migration follows scaling laws, so that the city size is a significant factor in determining whether, or not, an individual decides to migrate and the city size of both the origin and destination play key roles in the selection of the destination. We observe that individuals from small cities tend to migrate more frequently, tending to move to similar-sized cities, whereas individuals from large cities do not migrate so often, but when they do, they tend to move to other large cities. Building upon these findings we develop a scaling model which describes internal migration as a two-step decision process, demonstrating that it can partially explain migration fluxes based solely on city size. We then consider the impact of distance and construct a gravity-scaling model by combining the observed scaling patterns with the gravity law of migration. Results show that the scaling laws are a significant feature of human migration and that the inclusion of scaling can overcome the limits of the gravity and the radiation models of human migration.


This study presents molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods for determining the solubility limit of water in a crosslinked epoxy network. Procedures are first presented for dynamically crosslinking an epoxy network consisting of diglycidyl ether bisphenol a (DGEBA) and isophorone diamine (IPD). Water molecules are then introduced into the crosslinked DGEBA-IPD structure. The excess chemical potential for the absorbed water was determined through combining thermodynamic integration and Widom's test particle insertion methods. The limiting moisture uptake of the epoxy structure was determined through comparing the reduced chemical potential of the water held within the epoxy to that of pure water. The DGEBA-IPD epoxy system was found to have a moisture solubility of 3.50–3.75 wt.% when immersed in water at 300 K.


PYRN-Bib is an international bibliographical database aiming at collecting and distributing information on all theses submitted for earning a scientific degree in permafrost-related research. PYRN-Bib is hosted by the Permafrost Young Researchers Network (PYRN, http://pyrn.ways.org), an international network of early career students and young scientists in permafrost related research with currently more than 750 members. The fully educational, non-profit project PYRN-Bib is published under the patronage of the International PermafrostAssociation (IPA).The bibliography covers all theses as long as they clearly treat aspects of permafrost research from such diverse fields as: Geophysics, Geology, Cryolithology, Biology, Biogeochemistry, Microbiology, Astrobiology, Chemistry, Engineering, Geomorphology, Remote Sensing, Modeling, Mineral and Hydrocarbon Exploration, and Science History and Education.The specific goals of PYRN-Bib are (1) to generate a comprehensive database that includes all degree-earning theses (e.g. Diploma, Ph.D., Master, etc.), coming from any country and any scientific field, under the single condition that the thesis is strongly related to research on permafrost and/or periglacial processes; (2) to reference unique but buried sources of information including theses published in languages other than English; (3) to make the database widely available to the scientific community and the general public; (4) to solicit PYRN membership; and (5) to provide a mean to map the evolution of permafrost research over the last decades, including regional trends, shifts in research direction, and/or the place of permafrost research in society.PYRN-Bib is available online and maintained by PYRN. The complete bibliography can be downloaded at no cost and is offered in different file formats: tagged Endnote library, XML, BibTex, and PDF. New entries are continuously provided by PYRN members and the scientific community. PYRN-Bib currently contains more than 1000 references to theses covering the period 1947-2009 and includes degree-earning theses from bachelor to doctoral and even professorial habilitation theses. The increasing number of thesis references starts to reflect the diversity as well as focus regions in permafrost-research. Theses currently originate from 22 countries and 10 languages. All references in PYRN-Bib are translated into English to guarantee a wider distribution. PYRN-Bib opens the door to assess to highly valuable scientific work previously hidden either by language barriers or archive dust. PYRN-Bib is a unique tool for finding information about previous student research on permafrost topics. Such theses, often the backbone of modern research, are otherwise spread over hundreds of university libraries and hard to find or even know about.We encourage students who do research in a permafrost-related topic to submit their thesis after graduation.


By virtue of geography, military strength, economic potential, demographics, and hegemonic aspirations, Iran poses the greatest long-term threat to peace and stability throughout (the region). General Joseph P. Hoar, U.S. CENTCOM 1993 Posture Statement (2) Iran has the potential of becoming the regional superpower, or minisuperpower, to replace Iraq in the Persian Gulf. Iran will realize that potential if left undisturbed. Major General Uri Sagi, Director of Israeli Military Intelligence, April 17, 1992 (3) In 1989, following a costly 8-year war with Iraq, Iran initiated a major military buildup intended to transform it into a regional power and rebuild its ravaged armed forces. Iran's buildup, coupled with indications of increased activism in its foreign policy--including efforts to undermine the Arab-Israeli peace process, unilaterally overturn the political and territorial status quo in the Gulf (it is engaged in disputes with Bahrain, the UAE, and Qatar), and support subversive and radical Islamic opposition movements in Algeria, Jordan, Lebanon, and among the Palestinians--raise disturbing questions about Iran's intentions, and the long-term implications of its growing military capabilities. There are a number of elements to Iran's military buildup: Iran is seeking nonconventional (nuclear, biological, and chemical) weapons and the means to deliver them (missiles, bombers, and strike aircraft) to provide it with regional power status and the means to intimidate its neighbors and deter potential adversaries. Likewise, it is attempting to expand and modernize its conventional forces, with an emphasis on developing the air and naval capabilities needed to dominate the Gulf and defend Iranian airspace. It is doing this in accordance with lessons learned in two Gulf wars. This paper will examine Iran's military buildup in order to ascertain what it indicates about Iran's intentions. Iran's military intentions and capabilities--like those of any state--are inextricably linked. Although its intentions are often difficult to assess, they may be inferred from patterns of behavior, as well as official and non-official statements, speeches, and interviews. In addition, because its intentions shape its capabilities, intentions may also be inferred by analyzing Iran's military force structure and procurement decisions and military exercise scenarios. Finally, while it is important to understand intentions, it is equally important to understand how Iran's military capabilities create or foreclose policy options for its decisionmakers, and how this affects their likely course of action. Accordingly, we will attempt to piece together a coherent and (hopefully) accurate picture of Iran's intentions and options from an analysis of its capabilities. (4) IRAN'S MOTIVATIONS Iran's military buildup is motivated by its desire to become a major regional power, as well as its perception that ill the long-run it faces threats from Iraq, the USA, and Israel. This buildup is intended to accomplish several objectives, including: * Defend against the possibility of a resurgent Iraq. * Establish a capability to deter the United States from attacking Iran and hinder its ability to project force in the region. * Dominate the Gulf, press outstanding territorial claims against its Arab Gulf neighbors, and influence oil production levels and prices. * Have the capability to close the Strait of Hormuz during a crisis (through which about 20% of the world's oil flows) in order to enhance its political leverage. (5) * Deter Israel from attacking its nuclear infrastructure. The motivations underlying Iran's military buildup--its ambition to be a major regional power, its defensive concerns, and its perception that it currently is facing a strategic window of opportunity--are critical to understanding Iran's intentions and the potential implications of the buildup; these are analyzed below. …


We can all doubtless agree that government action that causes harm to individuals should result in liability, save where officials have had to make difficult decisions in balancing complex economic, social, cultural and political considerations. Drawing a line between government action that gives rise to liability and government action that does not is, however, fiendishly difficult. Canadian courts have struggled to do so in a clear and convincing manner. For years, Canadian law was plagued by the policy/operational distinction. Now, the concept of a 'core' of policy decisions immune from liability threatens to wreak further confusion. The policy/operational distinction, in its new core/non-core guise, has three features. First, it makes a categorical distinction between two different types of government action, one of which can give rise to liability, the other of which cannot. Second, it sorts government action into two spheres, one "core" and one not. Third, it shelters "core" decisions from judicial oversight. An administrative lawyer would look askance at each of these three features. Administrative law demonstrates the limitations of categorical approaches, dislikes the creation of distinct spheres of activity, and has become increasingly suspicious of exclusions of judicial oversight. Administrative law highlights the limitations of categorical analysis by exposing the inevitable role of substantive considerations. Spherical approaches suffer from an additional limitation: they distract courts from the task of assessing the rationality, legality and fairness of administrative decisions. The concept of non-justiciability incorporates both of these limitations. And the retreating borders of non-justiciability demonstrate in addition how the idea that certain areas of government activities are off limits to courts is obsolescent. Administrative law's abhorrence of absolutes suggests alternative approaches. For instance, the claims of the policy/operational distinction to categorically exclude some decision-making from liability would not be given absolute effect. Rather, the "policy considerations" they embody would be treated as one factor in the analysis, weighing against the imposition of a duty of care. They would have a relative value, not an absolute value. If other considerations weighed strongly in favour of liability, a duty of care would be imposed. Administrative law also presents one other possibility: that the "policy considerations" underpinning the policy/operational distinction could be addressed at the second stage of the negligence analysis, in determining whether the government agency met the required standard of care. Appropriate deference could be given to governmental decision-making based on a variety of substantive factors.


This article traces the evolution of Milton Friedman's ideological views over the course of his adult life. It finds the evolution to be from a moderate liberalism to a definite classical liberalism and then, during the last 50 years of his life, to an increasingly robust libertarianism. Friedman explicitly acknowledged a change in his views on a number of policy issues; also, sometimes even if his opinion on an issue did not change, the strength with which he held and promoted it did. A significant point in Friedman's life was his retirement and relocation to San Francisco in 1976. There he became almost exclusively a public policy advocate, and his mode of discourse shifted significantly away from empirical demonstration and toward invoking and applying what he considered to be the broad verities and maxims of the outlook he had established for himself.


IT IS NOW widely recognized that the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) concept is providing a useful framework for the development of future telecommunications networks and services. An ISDN can be regarded as a generalpurpose digital network capable of supporting (or integrating) a wide range of services (voice and non-voice) using a small set of standard multipurpose user-network interfaces. Relevant CCITT Recommendations (or standards) on ISDN interfaces were expected to be available in 1984, the final year of the current study period. This paper reviews CCITT progress on the architectural studies of protocols associated with ISDN's, in particular, the ISDN Protocol Reference Model being developed by Study Group XVIII. This Model, based on the concepts and principles of the ISO/CCITT Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model, aims at providing a unified framework for modeling ISDN multiservice communications and capabilities. The new Model is applied to several possible ISDN communications configurations, enabling a number of technical issues to be easily identified.


Field research was conducted for 2 yr to investigate the relationship between rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeding rate and preflood nitrogen (N) rate utilizing long-grain rice cultivars planted into clay and silt loam soils. Rice cultivars included 'Cheniere' and 'Wells' seeded at 162, 323, and 646 seeds m -2 . Nitrogen was applied before flooding at 67, 134, and 202 kg ha -1 . No response to soil texture and no interaction between seeding rate and N rate were detected for the parameters examined. The lowest applied N rate had lower yield than the other two N rates. Rough rice yields were 7564 for 67 kg N ha, 8520 for 134 kg N ha -1 , and 9000 for 202 kg N ha -1 averaged over all cultivars, seeding rates, and soil textures. Similarly, when head rice yield was pooled across soil texture and seeding rate, head rice yield of Cheniere was independent of N rate, but head rice yield of Wells increased when the N rate was increased from 67 to 202 kg ha -1 . Panicle density responded to N rate similar to rough rice yield. Panicle density increased with seeding rate up to 418 panicles m -2 at a seeding rate of 646 seeds m -2 . Filled grain panicle -1 was highest at a seeding rate of 162 seeds m -2 . Cheniere produced more filled grain panicle -1 while Wells had a higher 1000-grain weight. Grain yield and yield components of Cheniere and Wells respond to seeding rates and N rates independently when planted into clay or silt loam soils.


According to indicators of political repression currently used by scholars, human rights practices have not improved over the past 35 years, despite the spread of human rights norms, better monitoring, and the increasing prevalence of electoral democracy. I argue that this empirical pattern is not an indication of stagnating human rights practices. Instead, it reflects a systematic change in the way monitors, like Amnesty International and the U.S. State Department, encounter and interpret information about abuses. The standard of accountability used to assess state behaviors becomes more stringent as monitors look harder for abuse, look in more places for abuse, and classify more acts as abuse. In this article, I present a new, theoretically informed measurement model, which generates unbiased estimates of repression using existing data. I then show that respect for human rights has improved over time and that the relationship between human rights respect and ratification of the UN Convention Against Torture is positive, which contradicts findings from existing research.


The mechanism of suppression in strabismus is unclear and contribution of the suppressing eye to the generation of eye movements has received little attention. A
series of nine experiments tested how the strabismic eye contributes to saccade generation in the presence of suppression and also considered the effect of the strabismic eye in the presence of abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC). These data were compared with data from subjects with normal binocular single vision (BSV).
Chapters 2 and 3 describe the equipment,
laboratory set-up and testing of the equipment
used
in the thesis
for measuring eye movements, Skalar IRIS 6500 infrared limbal
tracker, and presenting stimuli
to each eye separately. The design of a novel method
for
dissociation of the eyes using
four liquid
crystal polymer shutters
is presented.
Chapter 4 compares
the characteristics of saccades made by subjects with normal BSV
(n=5) and strabismus
(n=8). The effect of distractors on saccades
is explored
in Chapter
5 in
subjects with normal BSV (n=5). The experiment documents the distractor
effect
produced
in the described laboratory set-up, and compares
it with that previously
reported
by Walker et al
(1997). This is investigated further by comparing the effect of
distractor presentations
to the dominant eye, non-dominant eye or both
eyes. There was
no difference in the effect on saccade
latency or gain with distractors
presented to the
dominant or non-dominant eye. The effect of binocular distractors on saccade gain was
greater
than monocular presentations.
Chapter 6
repeats
the experiment of Chapter 5 in
subjects with constant strabismus and
suppression
(n=6) and constant strabismus with ARC (n=2) and
found that distractors in
the strabismic eye did affect saccades however the
response differed from normal BSV.
This was
true even
though
it was shown that the distractor was not perceived by the
strabismic eye.
Chapter 7 investigates the influence of the central
fixation
target in the strabismic eye
on saccade generation by inducing disconjugate
saccade adaptation
in
subjects with
normal BSV (n=8) and constant strabismus and suppression
(n=6). The findings were
that
in the presence of suppression, disconjugate adaptation similar
to that in normal
BSV was possible.
The conclusion of
this thesis
is to suggest that information from the suppressed eye
is
available
to the saccadic system by either a sub-cortical pathway or processed cortically
without conscious awareness.


Separation of sliding ice from hard beds plays a central role in theories of subglacial hydrology, sediment transport, and quarrying of subglacial bedrock. Despite a half-century of interest in cavities at glacier beds, there are no data establishing relationships among steady cavity size, bed geometry, sliding speed, and effective pressure. Field studies are complicated by unsteady behavior and various factors that are poorly known, including the local effective pressure at the bed, bedrock geometry, and cavity size. A laboratory ring-shear device allows sliding and ice-bed separation to be studied experimentally. The apparatus drags a ring of ice (0.9 m O.D., 0.2 m wide, 0.2 m thick) across a stepped, rigid bed. The steps are 0.18 m long and 0.027 m high along the ice-ring centerline, with treads inclined uniformly 8 ̊ up-flow. Sliding speed and effective pressure are controlled, while cavity volume and bed and wall temperatures are recorded. A glycolwater mixture, which is regulated to ±0.01  ̊C with an external circulator, keeps ice at the melting temperature and melt rates low. Post-experimental measurements of the ice ring's basal topography provide reconstructions of cavity geometries. Ice c-axis orientations are measured throughout the ice ring using a Rigsby (universal) stage. Monotonic cavity growth towards a larger, steady size in response to increased sliding speeds was expected. Instead, cavities initially grew past their steady-state volume, followed by a series of progressively dampened oscillations above and below steady dimensions before reaching a steady size. Steady-state cavities initiated at step edges and had slightly curved roofs. Experimental cavity lengths were accurately predicted by a model based on Kamb's (1987) theory of glacial surging and a new model incorporating Nye's (1953) borehole closure theory. The c-axes of ice crystals at shear strains ≥ 1 formed steeply


Comparison of long‐term daily prediction of soil water content at different depths of soil coming from two models, one physically based (HYDRUS‐1D) and the other being soft‐computing technique (Support Vector Machine), has been done. The models used provide quite accurate prediction for soil moisture content, especially in the most important layers for crop growth—those close to the surface. The RMSE of estimations of the volumetric soil water content in topsoil made by the Support Vector Machine (ν‐SVM) based model was 0.035, 0.030, and 0.021 cm3 cm−3 for depths of 5, 10, and 25 cm, respectively, while the physically based model had RMSE values of 0.042, 0.049, and 0.045 cm3 cm−3 for the same depths. Our results showed that the ν‐SVM modeling approach can be used for estimations of soil water content changes in time with the accuracy comparable of to the one of the physically based models.


Many combinatorial search problems can be expressed as 'constraint satisfaction problems'. This class of problems is known to be NP-hard in general, but a number of restricted constraint classes have been identified which ensure tractability. This paper presents the first general results on combining tractable constraint classes to obtain larger, more general, tractable classes. We give examples to show that many known examples of tractable constraint classes, from a wide variety of different contexts, can be constructed from simpler tractable classes using a general method. We also construct several new tractable classes that have not previously been identified.


The birth, growth, development, reproduction and senescence under physiological conditions can be achieved without diminishing the role of the other important aspects that influence them, only with the support of an optimal diet which is a fundamental requirement nowadays, considering that health and nutritional status are in a permanent interdependence. The effects of inadequate nutrition reflect on the expression of genes, influencing the development of certain diseases in childhood and adulthood. Knowing the phases of the gestation period, in which the needs of certain nutrients are increased and their absence has the most serious impact on fetal growth and development, allows for the adoption in due time of concrete preventive rules. Disorders associated with lipid malabsorption, such as celiac disease, Crohn's disease, pancreatic insufficiency, cystic fibrosis and cholestatic disease, are associated with low serum levels of 5-hydroxyvitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency in the newborn can express as deficient skeletal homeostasis, congenital rickets, and fractures in the early days of life. A low level of vitamin D during pregnancy seems to increase the risk of preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and gestational diabetes, and in the longer term it seems to affect the bone, immune system and general status. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D is increasing globally, and the effects on pregnancy and neonatal outcome of the vitamin D deficiency and supplementation are a topical issue, which is currently under investigation.


In my paper a universal aspect theory is presented which is based on the integration of the various types of states of affairs into the textual web of descriptions of situations and changes in situations. The states of affairs are thereby grouped according to their boundary characteristics. The grammatical meaning of the verbal aspect interacts with the lexical meaning of a given verb in group-specific ways, so that the kind of interaction in the case of a given aspect opposition can be used in order to classify verbs. In addition to the Slavic aspect opposition of perfective vs. imperfective, the aspectual systems of English, Modern Greek and the Romance languages are taken into consideration. The interaction between aspect and tense as well as the interaction within the aspect dimension itself, which plays a role if a language has more than one aspect category, is also discussed. The perfective imperfect and the imperfective aorist of Bulgarian are given as examples of problematic cases, along with the functions of the ing-form of the perfect in English. Generally the problem of the coming together of more than one aspect gram-meme in one verb form is solved by means of a hierarchization, which can be deduced from the particular interaction meaning in question. The grouping of verbs into aspect-sensitive semantic classes is only stable in the centre of the classes, but we find language-specific peculiarities on their peripheries. In addition, regroupings are also possible in the course of the development of a language.


This study examined the reaction of students towards book loan delinquency in academic libraries. The objectives were to determine the frequency of use of the reserve collection of an academic library, to find out if there was book loan delinquency, investigate the cause(s), and examine the effects on the students and the library. To elicit the needed information, two sources were used: primary data, that is administration of questionnaires to students and secondary data, that is statistical records of the three recommended textbooks consulted between October and December 2003.Part 1 Pharmacy students were used as respondents. The study established that there was book loan delinquency among students. Insensitivity to other users' need was seen as a major cause; short loan periods, poor economic status of library users and selfishness were other causes adduced for book loan delinquency. Effects on the students were inability to carry out class assignments, incomplete information and poor academic performance. It was suggested that this behavior can be curbed through these measures: extension of loan period, imposition of stiff penalty on defaulters, increase in users' awareness of borrowing rights, acquisition of more copies of recommended texts, introduction of overnight and weekend borrowing as a matter of policy and employment of indigent students to work in the library for some hours in a week. IFE Psychologia Vol.12(2) 2004: 229-236


Extracted from text ... The publication of this text is a timely, refreshing
scholarly intervention into the debate on
Zimbabwe. It is the product of Zimbabwean
scholars, activists and analysts, who, through the
platform created by the Institute for Justice and
Reconciliation (IJR), held a series of intellectual
discussions on the nature of the challenges
facing the country and explorations on how to
move the process of reconciliation forward.
The book is a collection of 16 chapters
covering a broad spectrum of issues: nationalism,
race and ethnicity, land reform, truth and
reconciliation, reintegration of ex-combatants,
the military, the judiciary, the media and South ..


On January 26, 2004, the topic of the CES-Berlin Dialogues was "The 'New World Order': From Unilateralism to Cosmopolitanism." It was the second in a series of four meetings organized in Berlin under the med_title 'Redefining Justice.' The session was intended to examine successful and failed arenas of cooperation between the US and Europe; political misunderstandings and conscious manipulation; and models for future transatlantic relations. The presenters were Jeffrey Herf, Professor of History, University of Maryland, and Prof. Dr. Jurgen Neyer, Professor of International Political Economy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, and Heisenberg Fellow of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft at the Department of Political and Social Sciences of the Freie Universitat Berlin. Jeffrey Herf was asked to speak on the basic tenets of U.S. foreign policy in the administration of President George W. Bush, and Jurgen Neyer focused on the European view of international relations and conduct in the period since the invasion of Iraq.


Bruns syndrome was first described in 1902, as a sudden onset of severe headaches and vomiting associated to a vestibular syndrome provoked by abrupt change in head position. It is related to an episodic obstructive hydrocephalous caused by an intraventricular mass that acts like a ball-valve mechanism. A 52 years old man was admitted to the intensive care unit for a sudden onset coma. His Glasgow Coma Scale was 4/15 with fixed dilated pupils. He has been experiencing paroxystic episodes of headaches, vomiting and vertigo for 6 months that went undiagnosed.Diagnoses include acute hydrocephalous, syncopes, and stroke. The CT scan showed a globally iso-dense rounded mass of the anterior roof of the third ventricle, with hyperdense areas suggestive of hemorrhage, obstructing both foramen of Monro and causing acute hydrocephalous. The patient underwent an urgent placement of an external ventricular drainage; the intracranial pressure was above 25mmHg, and the CSF gin-clear.Unfortunately, the patient did not survive this episode and died 24hours later. Colloid cysts are rare, benign, and curable lesions located at the anterior part of the roof of the third ventricle, and contain colloid material. Their clinical presentation varies from incidentally found cysts to sudden death.Rapid deterioration may also be caused by an intrinsic hemorrhage. Such condition has only been reported in the literature in 16 publications. Through this observation we would like to bring attention concerning this syndrome that may be preceding fulminant and lethal deterioration from a benign and surgically curable lesion.


Contact dermatitis is characterised by a red, itchy rash caused by a substance which comes into contact with the skin. Although the rash is not contagious or life threatening, it can cause a great degree of discomfort. Soaps, cosmetics, fragrances, jewellery and certain plants can cause contact dermatitis. It is diagnosed by its clinical appearance, together with a compatible history taken from the patient. It is necessary to identify and avoid the substance which causes such a reaction in order to treat contact dermatitis. These substances are either an allergen (a substance which provokes an allergic reaction) or an irritant (a substance which damages the skin). Symptoms vary depending on the cause and type of contact dermatitis present. The symptoms may be severe in certain patients, and may warrant referral to a doctor.


The evidence of the recent years in the banking network of Iran indicates the increasing trend of nonperforming loans each year; thus, the main objective of the current study is to examine the impact of bank specific factors, esp. capital adequacy ratio on the NPLs. Six years dynamic panel data (2007-2012) of 19 banks are applied to scrutinize the relationship between capital adequacy ratio as well as other determinants and the NPLs. Applying correlation and regression analysis shows that the research model which has been utilized is of decent statistical qualification. Results emphasize that banks should control and amend their credit advancement policy with respect to factors influencing the NPLs to have lower non-performing loan ratio and should take into account their risk weighted assets and riskiness of their loan portfolio before they commence lending. In advance of lending to high risky projects and to low quality borrowers, banks should pay attention to the interests of both stakeholders and banks as well as they should consider the riskiness level of their loan portfolio to provide the accurate information relating to their performance because of the probability of high risk project failure which might evidently lead to the growth in NPLs.


&NA; Cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) vary widely between individuals and are associated with intellectual ability and risk for various psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions. Factors influencing this variability remain poorly understood, but the radial unit hypothesis, as well as the more recent supragranular cortex expansion hypothesis, suggests that prenatal and perinatal influences may be particularly important. In this report, we examine the impact of 17 major demographic and obstetric history variables on interindividual variation in CT and SA in a unique sample of 805 neonates who received MRI scans of the brain around 2 weeks of age. Birth weight, postnatal age at MRI, gestational age at birth, and sex emerged as important predictors of SA. Postnatal age at MRI, paternal education, and maternal ethnicity emerged as important predictors of CT. These findings suggest that individual variation in infant CT and SA is explained by different sets of environmental factors with neonatal SA more strongly influenced by sex and obstetric history and CT more strongly influenced by socioeconomic and ethnic disparities. Findings raise the possibility that interventions aimed at reducing disparities and improving obstetric outcomes may alter prenatal/perinatal cortical development.


Motion planning in belief space (under motion and sensing uncertainty) is a challenging problem due to the computational intractability of its exact solution. The Feedback-based Information RoadMap (FIRM) framework made an important theoretical step toward enabling roadmap-based planning in belief space and provided a computationally tractable version of belief space planning. However, there are still challenges in applying belief space planners to physical systems, such as the discrepancy between computational models and real physical models. In this paper, we propose a dynamic replanning scheme in belief space to address such challenges. Moreover, we present techniques to cope with changes in the environment (e.g., changes in the obstacle map), as well as unforeseen large deviations in the robot's location (e.g., the kidnapped robot problem). We then utilize these techniques to implement the first online replanning scheme in belief space on a physical mobile robot that is robust to changes in the environment and large disturbances. This method demonstrates that belief space planning is a practical tool for robot motion planning.


Improvements in early detection and treatment of breast cancer and the reduction in mortality rates have led to an expansion in the numbers of patients accessing breast cancer follow-up clinics (Montgomery and Dixon 2008). This has resulted in a need to review follow-up services to address the current situation to the best effect (Burnet, Chapman, Wishart and Purushotham 2004). To meet the aims of the Cancer Plan (Department of Health (DOH) 2000) and more recently the Cancer Reform Strategy (DOH 2007) as well as the needs of the patients a reconfiguration and development of existing services at the study site was required.

The primacy of the stakeholder's views was the driving force behind the research design. The research approach was used to involve the views of the patients, GPs, the clinical team and key people based in the NHS Trust. A focus group was used to identify the issues for patients and one-to-one interviews with GPs. These themes informed the patient and GP questionnaires. Key Informant interviews were conducted with members of the Multidisciplinary team (MDT) and key members of the clinical team.

The study outlines the nature of breast cancer follow-up services and the complexities associated with a diagnosis of cancer. This is from both the psychological and physical perspective and the impact it has on patients. Key themes emerge from the data about the breast cancer service as it is delivered at present and the expectations and perceived value of breast cancer follow-up. The involvement of the patients as key stakeholders ensured that their voices were heard alongside those of both hospital and primary care staff.

Themes from the questionnaires, focus group and key informant interviews concurred with each other. The need for reassurance that the cancer had been treated and participants were well was very important in breast cancer follow-up. Another important element was the continuity of care and the relationship with the MDT (multidisciplinary team). A good relationship instilled confidence in the patient's management rather than continual questioning requiring the same clinical information from the patient. Following a diagnosis of cancer and a period of uncertainty, confidence in the team was paramount. The vulnerability of the women was discussed, due to the sexual nature of the breast examination and the fear of recurrence caused women a lot of anxiety. Moreover the importance of the examination to the women was discussed and the importance of consistency in examination technique. Therefore communication between the MDT and the patients about treatment, health education and the opportunity for the women to talk and ask questions helped to reduce anxiety.

All stakeholders discussed a model of shared care but aspects of patient management and resources would need to in place to ensure safe practice. GPs did highlight some disadvantages to hospital based follow-up such as long waits, travel and lack of continuity. There was also dispute between hospital clinicians about clinical expertise and the transfer of care to community services. This was also raised by GPs and an element of developmental work would need to develop in a new model of care. The patients wanted to be seen at hospital but were not averse to being seen in the community setting.

To conclude the study findings concurred with the literature related to reassurance gained from attending follow-up clinics. However, NICE (2002) do not appear to take into account the views of the users and the importance of this element of multifaceted cancer care. As at the time of diagnosis of cancer there is time to make a decision, in follow-up there should be set junctures at which to discuss living and coping mechanisms. It may be at the end of cancer treatment some patients will require more follow-up than others. Follow-up may need to be individualised where some patients are discharged but others require more support thus moving away from the exact same follow-up programme for all as happens now.


Summary
The repository sulfone 4,4′-diacetyldiaminodiphenylsulfone (DADDS) was studied for its efficacy in lepromatous leprosy. It was given in a dosage of 225 mg every 77 days to a group of 10 patients, who were matched with a group of 10 patients given oral 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS, dapsone, diaphenylsulfone) in a dosage of about 100 mg per day.
Two chief criteria of therapeutic response were employed: reduction in numbers of M. leprae in nasal washings and reduction in the ratio of solidly staining M. leprae in skin smears (MI). Both criteria are thought to measure reduction in viability of the bacilli. By both measurements DADDS was as active as DDS. There were two deaths in the group receiving DADDS, but these were not thought to be connected with drug toxicity.
The blood level of "free" sulfones was usually less than 0.2 µg per ml in the patients receiving DADDS. The urinary output averaged 1.6 mg per 24 hours. It was estimated that the blood level remained several times higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration of DDS for M. leprae.


Official anti-communist policies, adopted by the Mackenzie King government during the Second World War, were only partially effective. These policies were implemented by the RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police) and the armed forces high command, and included internment, banning the Communist Party of Canada (cpc), and monitoring communists in the armed forces. These policies, however, were thwarted by the logic of the war, as well as by opposition from liberal public opinion and the communists themselves.


Background: There has been a rapid increase in the population of senior citizens in many countries. The shortage of caregivers is becoming a pressing concern. Robots are being deployed in an attempt to fill this gap and reduce the workload of caregivers. This study explores how healthcare robots are perceived by trainee care professionals. Methods: A total of 2365 students at different vocational levels completed a questionnaire, rating ethical statements regarding beneficence, maleficence, justice, autonomy, utility, and use intentions with regard to three different types of robots (assistive, monitoring, and companion) along with six control variables: gender, age, school year, technical skills, interest in technology, and enjoying working with computers. The scores were analyzed by MANOVA statistics. Results: In relation to our research questions: All students viewed companion robots as more beneficent than monitoring and assistive robots. Level of education did not lead to any differences in appraisal. Participants rated maleficence lowest and the highest scores were given to autonomy and utility, meaning a positive evaluation of the use of healthcare robots. Surprisingly, all students rated use intentions low, indicating a poor motivation to actually use a robot in the future, although participants stated a firmer intention for using monitoring devices. Conclusion: Care students find robots useful and expect clients to benefit from them, but still are hesitant to use robots in their future practice. This study suggests that it would be wise to enrich the curriculum of intermediate care education with practical classes on the use and ethical implications of care robots, to ensure that this group of trainee care professionals fully understand the possibilities and potential downside of this emerging kind of healthcare technology.


Developing countries are a fertile testing ground for the research and development of new drug products. Recently, Western pharmaceutical companies expanded their overseas drug testing from India and Africa to the former Soviet Union, where doctors in need of reliable income conduct clinical trials on subjects seeking access to medical care. Although U.S. government agencies monitor clinical drug trials sponsored by American pharmaceutical companies, the scope of governmental authority is effectively limited to the companies' domestic activities. In October 2008, restrictions on the FDA's supervisory powers were further reinforced by the agency's substitution of the ethical research principles found in the Declaration of Helsinki with other, less subject-oriented standards. This revision threatens the health and safety of clinical trial participants in the former Soviet Union, where the medical needs of the ailing poor prevent local governments from imposing substantial restrictions on Western pharmaceuticals manufacturers. This Comment criticizes the practice of exploiting underprivileged populations for Western scientific progress, and argues that Congress must immediately respond to the FDA's October 2008 resolution by acknowledging the Nuremberg Code as customary international law by which American pharmaceutical companies must abide.


The Independent Group is now the subject of global scholarly interest, and this book, a sequel to The Independent Group: Modernism and mass culture in Britain, 1945–59, explores the Anglo-American phenomenon from a new perspective. The Group included fine artists Magda Cordell, Richard Hamilton, Nigel Henderson, Eduardo Paolozzi and William Turnbull; architects Alison and Peter Smithson, James Stirling and Colin St John Wilson; graphic designer Edward Wright; music producer Frank Cordell; and writers Lawrence Alloway, Reyner Banham, John McHale and Toni del Renzio. This radical collective met at the ICA in London during the early 1950s, and worked with and within the new world of both the avant-garde and popular culture.

This sequel includes an in-depth discussion of the recent historiography of the Independent Group, and examines its history from an alternative perspective – that of popular culture. The themes of domestic space, Hollywood film, fashion, mass-circulation magazines, science-fiction and popular music are explored, broadening our general understanding.


I have a fond memory of a Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons (FRCS) Examiners' questionsetting meeting, when our esteemed chairperson lamented that we only had five questions in her chosen field of rhinology. In what was meant to be sotto voce, I pronounced to all 'that is because there are only five questions in rhinology'. If looks could have killed... Well this is clearly no longer the case, to judge by the recent literary output. Professor Alobid has just coauthored Endoscopic Approaches to the Paranasal Sinuses and Skull Base (Thieme, 2017) and now contributes to co-authorship of a more focused, highly subspecialised textbook, packed with practical surgical tips. An international authorship is very much dominated, once more, by the Spanish and Italian contributions. I would have thought it difficult to write a 181-page book on septal perforation repair (especially as, in my hands, nothing worked, and the best plan was simply to make the hole far bigger!), even more so if forced to do it endoscopically. The old cynical otologist is bound to argue that you must justify the cost of the kit, so out comes the 0-degree Hopkins rod, whether needed or not. No, perish the thought; this book is very well thought out, with many novel and practical messages, all supported by some very convincing videos of surgery. It obviously starts with basic sciences. The description of bony, endoscopic and radiological anatomy is followed by the physiology of nasal airflow and mucociliary transport. Chapter 3, on septal anatomy and especially its vascularity, is highly relevant to what then follows. Discussion of trauma and toxins as aetiological factors precedes a nicely updated chapter on associated systemic diseases. The emphasis is on reconstruction, I do accept, but I would have welcomed one illustration of the 'lethal midline granuloma', truly of course a lymphoma. The appearance is so characteristic that it is never forgotten, and instant recognition is vital. The chapter on pre-operative clinical evaluation is brief but well-illustrated, with a nice algorithm. Sensibly, the chapters on conservative treatment and especially septal prostheses offer many good and practical clinical tips. Then, the real fun starts for the surgeon. Each flap merits a chapter, so we learn of free, middle turbinate, inferior turbinate, lateral nasal wall (that looks tricky), anterior ethmoidal artery septal, unilateral mucosal advancement and bilateral cross-over flaps. There are several more in practice. A clever addition is a chapter on quality of life, but a true godsend is the final chapter, which offers an algorithm to guide one through the seemingly baffling range of possible reconstructions. This is an inspiring book. It should appeal to anyone with a rhinology interest because it tackles an all too common problem, it does not take the surgeon into the territory of the skull base heroes and because the condition has proved a major challenge to previous generations of surgeons. What a clever idea for a title.


Existing intervention and prevention efforts for adolescent pregnancy focus primarily on individual-level approaches; however, there is an emerging expectation to include a more contextually based social-ecological approach. This approach is salient in urban communities like Baltimore, Maryland, with one of the nation's highest adolescent pregnancy and birth rates. Poverty, community violence, and compromised school systems further complicate the precursors and consequences of adolescent pregnancy. In this mixed methods study, we conducted interviews with key informants (n = 16) from community-based organizations, health departments, foundations, the public school system, clinics, and the faith community who worked with youth in Baltimore to gain a more comprehensive perspective on factors affecting adolescent pregnancy. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using the constant comparative method. Geographic maps of select socio-demographic variables were created to examine the community context. Results highlighted contributing multi-level factors that emerged across the social-ecological model. Key informants described community- (e.g., environment, community norms, public policy; "Teen pregnancy is norm in many communities"), interpersonal- (e.g., peer social norms; "If you don't perceive that you have a whole lot of options, you might just kind-of do what everybody else does"), and intrapersonal-level (e.g., specific developmental phase, self-esteem; "You need somebody to love and somebody to love you back") influences on adolescent pregnancy and birth. GIS maps further illustrated disparities in adolescent birth rates, poverty level, and available community resources. Key informants recommended institutional and structural changes in the community, such as improving sexuality education and school-based health centers and increasing inter-organizational collaboration. These findings underscore the importance of considering creative community partnerships that address key social determinants of reproductive health in developing interventions to address adolescent pregnancy.


This paper reviews the ethical tensions and the dual loyalty conflict between following military orders and professional codes of conduct. All competent patients have a right to refuse medical treatment. However, maintaining confidentiality is not an absolute right. In the military, a doctor may have a dual loyalty conflict between obeying military orders and following professional codes of practice. This can become exacerbated when a doctor in a military environment does not consider all the parties' interests. This paper suggests that dual loyalty conflict in military healthcare practice in this environment is best managed via a discretionary ethic-role. This then allows independent clinical judgment while at the same time minimizing ethical dilemmas, harm, and conflict to a third party such as a military commander.


Interfacial roughening denotes the nonequilibrium process by which an initially flat interface reaches its equilibrium state, characterized by the presence of thermally excited capillary waves. Roughening of fluid interfaces has been first analyzed by Flekkoy and Rothman [Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 260 (1995)], where the dynamic scaling exponents in the weakly damped case in two dimensions were found to agree with the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang universality class. We extend this work by taking into account also the strong-damping regime and perform extensive fluctuating hydrodynamics simulations in two dimensions using the Lattice Boltzmann method. We show that the dynamic scaling behavior is different in the weakly and strongly damped case.


The world is in the midst of a social media paradigm. Once viewed as trivial and peripheral, social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook and WeChat have become an important part of the information and communication infrastructure of society. They are bound up with business and politics as well as everyday life, work, and personal relationships. This international Handbook addresses the most significant research themes, methodological approaches and debates in the study of social media. It contains substantial chapters written especially for this book by leading scholars from a range of disciplinary perspectives, covering everything from computational social science to sexual self-expression. - Part 1: Histories And Pre-Histories - Part 2: Approaches And Methods  - Part 3: Platforms, Technologies And Business Models - Part 4: Cultures And Practices - Part 5: Social And Economic Domains


Dunes act as a primary coastal defense against inundation in the Netherlands and the Dutch Government has devoted considerable effort towards development of reliable procedures for the design of safe dune systems. Current design methods are summarized in TAW (1984). Coastal engineering activities in the U.S., on the other hand, have focused on design of beach nourishment projects for purposes of both storm protection and recreation. In fact, many U.S. beach nourishment projects have concentrated on placement of sand seaward of existing dune lines with little consideration given to construction of protective dunes. In this paper, Dutch probabilistic design methodologies are applied to the design of a protective dune system for portions of the shoreline fronting the U.S. Navy's Fleet Combat Training Center, Atlantic (FCTCLANT) at Dam Neck, Virginia.


Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral shaped bacterium that resides in the stomach mucosa. Isolation of H. pylori from the stomach mucosa changed the erstwhile widely held belief that the stomach contains no bacteria and is actually sterile. Once H. pylori is safely ensconced in the mucus, it is able to neutralize the acid in the stomach by elaborating an enzyme called urease. Urease converts urea, of which there is an abundant supply in the stomach (derived from saliva and the gastric juice), into bicarbonate and ammonia, which are strong bases. These bases form a cloud of acid-neutralizing chemicals in the vicinity of the organisms, protecting them from the acid in the stomach. This urea hydrolysis reaction is utilized for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection in the urea breath test (UBT) and the rapid urease test (RUT). In Japan, both invasive tests, such as bacterial culture, histopathology and RUT, and non-invasive tests such as UBT and serology are conducted for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection. For confirming the results of eradication therapy, UBT is considered to be the most sensitive and specific. In order to treat H. pylori infection, a new one-week triple therapy regimen (lansoprazole or omeprazole + amoxicillin + clarithromycin) has been approved for use in patients with peptic ulcer disease in Japan. As for H. pylori eradication in the case of other diseases in which the bacterium has been implicated (e.g., chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric MALT lymphoma, gastric cancer, non-ulcer dyspepsia, chronic urticaria, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)), further basic and clinical investigation is required.


In 1982, a meeting of unusual influence was held at the Banbury Conference Center of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. After an early attempt at treating clinical disease with transferred genes had ignited public attention and scientific controversy, a group of distinguished biologists and physicians came together to assess practical progress towards gene therapy and what its future might be. The geneticist Ted Friedmann wrote a narrative account of the participants' contributions to the meeting, ending with a personal discussion of ethical issues raised by genetic technologies. His book, the first on gene therapy, was widely read but has long been unavailable. It has been reprinted with a new introduction entitled Gene Therapy 1994, in which the author reviews the field's technical accomplishments and ethical dilemmas. Now that gene therapy has become part of the medical landscape, this volume is of interest as both a historical document and an assessment of the field's current challenges.


This study consists of two parts: the first part is
the establishment of a theoretical model of moral development
and the second part is an empirical study which includes
the construction of a new psychological test called The
Moral Development Test (MDT).
The proposed theory postulates the following three
parameters to explain the fundamental nature of moral
development: Basic Psychological Needs (Parameter N), Human
Relationships (R) and Structures of Judgmeht (J). Different
current theories are applied in the elaboration of the above
three parameters: Humanistic Psychology particularly
Maslow's Theory for N, Sociobiological Theory of Kinship for
R and Cognitive-developmental theory for J. The theory is
a 7-stage model. In addition, an attempt is made to employ
the Chinese Tao Philosophy in the primitive establishment
of a theoretical basis for the Ultimate Stage of Human
Development i.e. Stage 7 in the theory. The derivation of
the theory is mathematically oriented.
The MDT is constructed mainly for validating the
above theoretical model. Each form of the MDT consists of
five or six hypothetical dilemmas. The questions for
each dilemma are divided into two parts. Part I is used
to test the Parameters N and R and Part II the Parameter J.
It was found that the test-retest and internal consistency
reliabilities of the major MDT indices (labelled
as NRRJ and WNRRJ indices) were usually in the 0.80s to
0.90s. The face validity, convergent-divergent validity
and the construct validity have been demonstrated to be
good. In addition, results of cross-cultural analyses
using the English (London) and Chinese (Hong Kong) samples
also support the cultural universal hypothesis of the present
theoretical model. Nevertheless, the MDT only explores
features of moral development up to the fifth stage of the
present 7-stage model.


A sensorial analysis was undertaken and the colour parameters and phenolic profile were measured for two types of Andalusian sweet red wines. Two wines types were studied, i.e. commercial and alternative wines elaborated with musts from grapes obtained by traditional sun drying and by chamber drying under controlled temperatures respectively. Results show that the alternative wines obtained in this study were analytically closer to typical red wines in their lower concentration of browning compounds, a high contribution of red and blue colour, and hence having a more suitable hue than the traditional sweet wines. Furthermore, the alternative wines were the richest in monomeric anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols and flavonols, which give these wines their antioxidant properties. Their sensorial characteristics were accepted by consumers, which means that the alternative grape-drying system improves the quality of sweet red wines relative to those obtained by the traditional method.