TESTING AND TESTABLE design continue to play a prominent role in the design and manufacture of ICs. New process technologies, higher chip complexity, and, increasingly, clock frequencies have led to a steady increase in test cost in recent years. Consequently, the semiconductor industry is especially concerned with managing test cost and ensuring product quality through advances in DFT, low-cost testers, and BIST. There is also an added emphasis on enhancing the value of test as a means to diagnose defects and increase yield. The interdependence between design and test is of paramount importance as we tackle pressing issues related to yield, cost, and quality. This issue starts with a survey article, ''Microprocessor Software-Based Self-Testing,'' by Dimitris Gizopoulos et al. Software-based self-test (SBST), a longtime active research area, is a promising technique to supplement functional and structural test methods. The tutorial provides a taxonomy of the different SBST methods that have been published in the literature, describes the role of SBST at various stages of microprocessor test and validation, and highlights recent trends and new directions. The next two articles describe a wireless test platform that is being developed as a joint university/industry effort in Taiwan. In the first, ''Economic Analysis of the HOY Wireless Test Methodology'', Yu-Tsao Hsing et al. show that the HOY platform provides wireless test access and embedded design-for-test capabilities at lower cost and higher performance than conventional ATE. A test cost model is also presented to evaluate test costs for various manufacturing processes, and case studies are reported using the latest HOY prototype. Next, ''Automatic Test Wrapper Synthesis for a Wireless ATE Platform'', Ying-Yen Chen et al. describe the automated design of a test interface (called a test wrapper) and associated test programs for the HOY platform. The next two articles, based on ITC 2009 presentations, address fault diagnosis and yield enhancement for the newest process technologies. The first article, ''Feature-Ranking Methodology to Diagnose Design-Silicon Timing Mismatch'' by Li-C. Wang et al., addresses the difficult problem of explaining the unexpected timing mismatch between simulation and measurement on fabricated chips. A kernelbased learning method is used to analyze and rank the design-related features that contribute most to the mismatch. In ''Determination of Dominant-Yield-Loss Mechanism with Volume Diagnosis'' by Manish Sharma et al., the authors present a volume diagnosis method to identify the root cause of yield loss. A statistical technique is used to analyze scan data and is combined with physical-feature data extracted from layouts. The second part of a special perspectives article on the past, present, and future of EDA is also featured. This article reports on a July 2009 National Science Foundation workshop. The document is both retrospective and forwardlooking, and it should especially appeal to the Design & Test readership. Part 1 of the report by Jason Cong and Robert Brayton was published in the March/April issue. Finally, this issue includes two conference report briefs from Peilin Song, and from Adam Osseiran and Serge Demidenko. In Book Reviews, Scott Davidson examines New Methods of Concurrent Checking by Goessel, Ocheretny, Sogomonyan, and Marienfeld. This book describes various logic-level techniques for error detection and self-checking, especially for arithmetic circuits such as adders and multipliers. In a thought-provoking The Road Ahead column, Andrew Kahng writes about ''More than Moore'', functional diversification, scaling based on value and integration, and emerging technologies, drivers, and trends.


In this study, Taguchi method is used to identify the factors and their interactions that may affect the thermo -catalytic degradation of waste polypropylene to liquid fuel in a batch reactor. The yield of liquid fuel in this process was greatly influenced by factors such as temperature, catalyst concentration and acidity of catalyst. By using orthogonal experimental design and analysis technique, the performance of this process can be analyzed with more objective conclusion through only a small number of simulation experiments. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to identify the significant factors affecting the response and the best possible factor level combination was determined through. Finally, a regression model for yield of liquid fuel from catalytic degradation of waste polypropylene has been developed, as a function of process parameters. It was found that yield of liquid fuel in this process were highly dependent on temperature followed by acidity of catalyst and catalyst concentration.


For tabletop rearrangement problems with overhand grasps, storage space outside the tabletop workspace, or buffers, can temporarily hold objects which greatly facilitates the resolution of a given rearrangement task. This brings forth the natural question of how many running buffers are required so that certain classes of tabletop rearrangement problems are feasible. In this work, we examine the problem for both the labeled (where each object has a specific goal pose) and the unlabeled (where goal poses of objects are interchangeable) settings. On the structural side, we observe that finding the minimum number of running buffers (MRB) can be carried out on a dependency graph abstracted from a problem instance, and show that computing MRB on dependency graphs is NP-hard. We then prove that under both labeled and unlabeled settings, even for uniform cylindrical objects, the number of required running buffers may grow unbounded as the number of objects to be rearranged increases; we further show that the bound for the unlabeled case is tight. On the algorithmic side, we develop highly effective algorithms for finding MRB for both labeled and unlabeled tabletop rearrangement problems, scalable to over a hundred objects under very high object density. Employing these algorithms, empirical evaluations show that random labeled and unlabeled instances, which more closely mimics real-world setups, have much smaller MRBs.


This paper studies the impact of campaign spending on votes in French legislative elections. We exploit the political financing reforms which were adopted in France in the mid-1990s. Under the new laws, spending limits were reduced, legal persons were no longer allowed to finance candidates, and the maximal amount of personal expenditures reimbursed by the State was augmented. We have data on two consecutive elections (one before and one after the reforms) and focus on candidates who competed in both of them. We find that the difference in candidates' campaign expenses across elections is strongly affected by the reforms. We then estimate a structural vote equation using panel data to control for unobserved characteristics of candidates. Spending has a statistically significant effect, but only for challengers. We cannot reject the hypothesis that challenger spending has the same impact across the various political parties in France.


Smart grid uses intelligent transmission and distribution networks to deliver electricity. It aims to improve the electric system's reliability, security, and efficiency through two-way communication of consumption data and dynamic optimization of electric-system operations, maintenance, and planning. The smart grid systems use fine-grained power grid measurements to provide increased grid stability and reliability. Key to achieving this is securely sharing the measurements among grid entities over wide area networks. Typically, such sharing follows policies that depend on data generator and consumer preferences and on time-sensitive contexts. In smart grid, as well as the data, policies for sharing the data may be sensitive because they directly contain sensitive information, and reveal information about underlying data protected by the policy, or about the data owner or recipients. In this study, we propose an attribute-based data sharing scheme in smart grid. Not only the data but also the access policies are obfuscated in grid operators' point of view during the data sharing process. Thus, the data privacy and policy privacy are preserved in the proposed scheme. The access policy can be expressed with any arbitrary access formula. Thus, the expressiveness of the policy is enhanced. The security is also improved such that the unauthorized key generation center or the grid manage systems that store the data cannot decrypt the data to be shared. The computation overhead of recipients are also reduced by delegating most of the laborious decryption operations to the more powerful grid manage systems.


Drawing on the dynamic capabilities framework (DCF), this exploratory study examines family firms' involvement in innovation practices, including reasons and ways to innovate. The cases of four family firms operating in an emerging economy (Uruguay) are investigated. Semi-structured, face-to-face and telephone interviews were conducted with owners and managers, and complemented with e-mail correspondence. Based on the imperative need to solve problems in their industry, firms' managements were intensively involved in various innovative processes. These processes included quality improvements, responding to a dynamic and competitive business and consumer environment, and extending the life and survival of the family enterprise for future generations. Notably, the importance of sensing and learning in the form of identifying and assimilating key information, and seizing and applying such information to develop or adopt innovation, including new technologies, emerged strongly. The findings also highlight the usefulness of the DCF to understand firms' integration, and transformation of learning.


The Swisswoodhouse concept is the outcome of a number of studies on issues related to urban densification, structural changes in households, housing adaptability and the environmental challenges of sustainable construction. The building design is more specifically based on the aggregation of prefabricated 22 m2 wooden modules that can be adapted to provide a wide variety of types and functions. At the technical level, priority has been given to energy issues in order to satisfy the requirements of the vision of the "2000-Watt society". Following an interdisciplinary research phase, a first building with 18 apartments was completed as an experimental prototype near the railway station at Nebikon, Switzerland. This first achievement provided an opportunity to test the overall results of the parameters developed within the research framework. At the construction level, the experiment successfully tested the prefabrication and on-site assembly processes as a whole. In terms of energy, post-occupancy monitoring was set up to provide the first indicative figures on the performances of the building.


Abstract The main purpose of this study was to examine the mediator and moderator role of self-handicapping anc achievement goal orientations variables on the relationship between negative automatic thoughts intrinsic achievement motivation in high school students. 586 high school students, ranging in age from U to 20 IM = 16.08], adolescence students attending different departments of the high school in Denizli participated in the study as subjects. The relationship between negative automatic thoughts and intrinsic achievement motivation was fully mediated by learning goal orientation. However, the relationship between negative automatic thoughts and intrinsic achievement motivation was partially mediated by self-handicapping. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that self-handicapping and learning and performance goal orientations variables did not moderate the relationship between negative automatic thoughts and intrinsic achievement motivation. Key Words Negative Automatic Thoughts, Self Handicapping, Achievement Goal Orientation, Intrinsic Motivation Adolescent, High School Students Achievement motivation is an evaluation of the individual of his performance as success or failure relating to the perfection standards in case of a competitive context about the task (Weiner, 1972). In achievement motivation theory, McClelland, Atkinson, Clark and Lowell (1953) posit that in a competitive environment and in a situation of achieving a certain task, people will behave according to two motives defined as avoidance failure motivation and achievement motivation. Intrinsic motivation is defined as action and energy which enable individuals' behaviors to be inclined to internal target behavior instead of external factors (Deci & Ryan, 1985). Individuals with intrinsic motivation study to learn and want success as they get pleasure from it. Individuals having extrinsic motivation want success to get a prize or to avoid being punished (Steinberg, 2007). Furthermore, students' achievement reasons are another important problem domain apart from some factors determining the students' achievement motivation in the class. Students set goals aimed at wishing lecture success (Dweck & Leggett, 1988). They may aim to show offothers learning or performance. In other words, they move according to one of the two different targets which are defined as learning oriented or performance oriented. Goal orientation (Aim Style) is to make clear individual's tendency in order to set him goals and make plans (Malouffet al., 1990). Learning oriented individuals try to achieve the tasks to be fulfilled to have interest and ability. However; performance oriented people want to be successful in order to prove the capabilities for the tasks to be accomplished and demonstrate how successful they are. The basic aim of the people who have one of the two target orientations is to do the task to be accomplished (Elliot, 1999). In a study done by Steele-Johnson, Beauregard, Hoover and Schmidt (2000), they found out that students finding the task appropriate are learning oriented and these students have high intrinsic motivation. In the same study, no meaningful correlation was found between being performance oriented and intrinsic motivation. In some of the similar studies, there is a positive correlation between intrinsic motivation and learning oriented and a negative correlation between intrinsic motivation and performance orientation (Colquitt & Simmering, 1998; Elliot & Church, 1997). As well as the researchers' concern for the achievement motivation, they kept an interest in the studies related to the factors preventing the motivation. Intrinsic achievement motivation is a product of cognitive and emotional processes. That is to say, individual is motivated by considering the advantages. However, some individuals could be believed in the case of having negative beliefs that they will not succeed. These individuals have negative automatic thoughts. …


Catalytic conversion of biomass-derived carbohydrates to lactic acid (LacA) over Sn-based catalysts always shows a low selectivity (<30%) in an aqueous system, especially when SnCl2 is used as the catalyst. In this study, the catalytic activity as well as the selectivity of SnCl2 for the conversion of trioses, monosaccharides and disaccharides into LacA in the aqueous phase reaction system was found to be increased by the addition of choline chloride (ChCl). As the concentration of ChCl was 40–50%, the reaction selectivities towards LacA reached 40–77% under moderate reaction conditions (155–190 °C for 0.5–1.5 h). It is attributed to the formation of the SnCl2/ChCl complex in the H2O–ChCl system, which was indicated by (1) the pH of the solution changing to the acidic state (i.e. ∼3), (2) the SnCl2 completely dissolving in the ChCl aqueous solution, and (3) the single chemical shift in 119Sn NMR spectra. Such a SnCl2/ChCl complex served as a bifunctional acid catalyst to promote the hexose reaction pathway via [3 + 3] retro-aldol reaction into LacA. In contrast, LacA selectivity was only ∼7% in neat water under the same operational conditions since SnCl2 can be easily hydrolyzed into Sn(OH)Cl and HCl, resulting in the dehydration of hexoses into levulinic acid due to the strong Bronsted acidity of HCl. A kinetic study revealed that LacA yield was greatly affected by the reaction temperature and reached the maximum at 160–190 °C after 15–30 min. This study provides a new insight for the possible application of this H2O–ChCl system in other Lewis acid catalysis reactions by using SnCl2 as the catalyst.


When asked to contribute an article to this inaugural edition of Rhizome I felt a certain hesitancy. What, I wondered, would be an appropriate offering to a postgraduate journal from someone who has already graduated? This led me to decide upon an approach which is unusual for a scholarly journal. What follows is an outline of the central findings of my recently completed PhD thesis. This is done by guiding the reader through the process of discovery I underwent during my candidature. My hope is that students and educators will recognise the messy, uneven and often unpredictable process of academic research, and also that the necessarily specialised and sometimes abstruse contributions of a PhD thesis can be communicated to a cross-disciplinary audience. Such an approach fits nicely with this edition's theme of'emergence'. Not only does the following article discuss the emergence of my own research conclusions, but the subject matter is the emergence of a particular political movement in Australian society.


Background Recently, prevention of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries has gained attention. However, there has not been any report on a consciousness survey of sports instructors regarding ACL injuries in Japan. Objective The purpose of the present study was to conduct a consciousness survey regarding ACL injuries of instructors who coached junior-high school handball team and to ascertain their current knowledge or awareness. Participants The subjects of the survey were instructors who coached teams that participated in the national junior-high school handball championships in Japan (the subjects were 102 coaches (69 males and 33 females) from 70 teams). Methods The questions were the following: (1) Do you know what an ACL injury is? (2) Have you had players with ACL injuries? (3) Do you know the mechanisms of ACL injury? (4) Do you know about the training programs for ACL injury prevention? In addition, the instructors coaching experience in handball was surveyed. Results The instructors had a mean of approximately 10 years of coaching experience, and 89.2% of the instructors knew about ACL injuries, 49% knew the mechanisms of ACL injury, and 13.7% knew about training programs for ACL injury prevention. The percentage of instructors who had players with ACL injuries was 27.5%. Conclusion Puberty has been reported to be a suitable time to introduce programs for ACL injury prevention. Although most handball instructors who coached in the Japanese national championships knew what an ACL injury is, only 14% knew about training programs for ACL injury prevention. As sports medicine physicians, we can help reduce the incidence of ACL injuries through lectures to educate instructors about the mechanisms of ACL injury and training methods for ACL injury prevention.


Doi: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v31i1-2.3022 J. Natn. Sci. Foundation Sri Lanka 2003 31(1&2): 41-56 Proceedings of the South and Central Asian MAB Meeting of Experts on Environmental Conservation, Management and Research, Hikkaduwa, Sri Lanka 15-18 October 2002


An approximation is derived for the phase Strehl of an aberrated wavefront based on uncorrelated random variates. Eliminating the requirement to generate correlated variates offers an orders-of-magnitude improvement in simulation speed, while yielding accuracy that may be sufficient for the preliminary sizing of adaptive optics (AO) in laser communications system design. Examples are presented comparing the performance of several AO subsystem sizes when correcting a wavefront aberrated by Kolmogorov turbulence.


Abstract We propose a theoretical model, supported by a field study, to describe the patterns of fault/fracture meshes formed within dilational stepovers developed along faults accommodating regional scale wrench-dominated transtension. The geometry and kinematics of the faulting in the dilational stepovers is related to the angle of divergence (α), and differs from the patterns traditionally predicted in dilation zones associated with boundary faults accommodating strike-slip displacements (where α = 0°). For low values of oblique divergence (α<30°) and low strain, the fault–fracture mesh comprises interlinked tensile fractures and shear-extensional planes, consistent with wrench-dominated transtension. At higher values of strain, a switch occurs from wrench- to extension-dominated transtension, leading to the reactivation and/or disruption of the early-formed structures. These structural processes lead to the development of a geometrically complex and kinematically heterogeneous fault pattern, which may affect and/or perturb the development of a through-going fault linking and facilitating the slip transfer between the two overlapping fault segments. As a result, dilational stepover zones will tend to form long-lived sites of localized extension and subsidence in regional transtensional tectonic settings. Cyclic increases/decreases of structural permeability will be related to slip on the major boundary faults that control the distribution of fluid-flow paths and, consequently, the long- and short-term structural evolution of these sites. Our model also predicts complex and more realistic subsurface fluid migration pathways relevant to our current understanding of hydrothermal ore deposits and hydrocarbon migration and storage.


The influence of Multi-field coupling on EMHD (electromagnetic hydrodynamics) propulsion by surface has been numerically investigated in this paper. In former studies, induced item in Lorentz force is usually ignored due to low Reynolds number or weakly conductive fluid. However, for some special environments, this influence of induced item cannot be ignored anymore. Based on navigation model, numerical simulation of EMHD propulsion by surface at Reynolds number 10 are carried out to examine the influence of propulsion effect and flow field characteristic by different magnetic. This result shows that, within a certain range, the efficiency improved with magnetic field intensity, however with its further increase the efficiency decreases, which depends not only on magnetic but also on Reynolds number. Moreover, instead of machine driven, this propulsion scheme offers several advantages over the conventional locked train gear drives, such as noise reducing, less space requirement and so on. This article further explores some of the basic principles of EMHD propulsion and provides a methodology for evaluating the performance of such systems.


To the Editor: Six months into its implementation, four key aspects of Chapter 58, the Massachusetts health care reform recently discussed in the Hastings Center Report (September-October 2006), are clear. First, the Uncompensated Care Pool--a unique, progressive Massachusetts financing mechanism to pay safety net providers directly to care for the uninsured--has been diverted to the private insurance industry. Second, the most costly and dysfunctional feature of our current health care financing--namely, linking health care resources to employment and thereby channeling vast resources through the private insurance industry--has been explicitly reinforced as a social good. Third, the excess cost for obtaining commercial insurance for the poor will be shifted, in theory, to those individuals themselves. And finally, the public debate on cost has overemphasized insurance premiums, rather than what services they will buy in the "affordable products" required under the individual mandate. The regulatory mandates on the insurance industry are inadequate to assure our low-income population's continuity of and access to care. The implementation of Chapter 58 is still only in the Medicaid expansion phase, with the poorest residents now enrolling in four state-designated managed care organizations. The more draconian individual mandate is still in the future, yet many systemic flaws are evident. Since October, our poorest uninsured patients (adults at or below 100 percent of federal poverty, amounting to around 25 percent of our practice [at a community health center in Turner Falls, Massachusetts]) have been receiving difficult-to-understand letters--sometimes on letterhead with only a Web site address and no telephone number--informing them that they have fourteen days to choose a health plan and a provider. If they do not, they are automatically assigned to a health plan. The four official MCOs have carved up the state map in a gentlemen's agreement with the Connector, the new state bureaucracy that establishes the regulations, headed by former Tufts Health Plan executive John Kingsdale. At a talk I heard him give, Kingsdale said, "This is all about choice." Yet in our rural service area in the western part of the state, only one of the four MCOs has a contract with one of our local community hospitals, and a different one has a contract with the other. The Connector has allowed (or perhaps encouraged) the MCOs to create restrictive networks, an old managed care cost saving strategy. Therefore, for instance, if a patient of our health center now seeks emergency care at the "wrong" hospital, either the MCO covering that patient will pay the full charge for that visit, or payment will be denied and the patient will receive a large bill. Previously, with the Uncompensated Care Pool, hospitals were prohibited from billing anyone at or below 200 percent of federal poverty. Worse from my standpoint as a primary care physician is that automatic assignments of my patients to an MCO whose network excludes my health care center disrupts many longstanding primary care relationships and funnels some of the poorest of the low-income uninsured population away from their medical homes in safety net facilities. The adverse health effects caused by interrupting primary care, particularly for people with chronic conditions, are well known, yet Chapter 58 does it anyway in the name of providing insurance to all. In designing the new system, policymakers assumed that uninsured patients have not had any access to care in the past. This is not true. Over fifty community health centers in our state already care for approximately one in nine Massachusetts residents, including thousands of uninsured. By failing to require all MCOs to contract with all safety net primary care providers, the Connector has created an absurd situation for many practices and patients. The maintenance and continuity of longstanding primary care relationships now requires an active and costly process. …


This paper examines determinants of process innovation introductions across 115 (mostly) developing countries. Empirical research on process innovations lags behind product innovations. Accounting for firm characteristics, R&D, regulations and taxes, and corruption, results show that sole proprietors and R&D†performing firms were more likely to introduce innovations, whereas greater prosperity made them less likely to do so. Corruption had a greasing effect, whereas firms in island nations were less likely to introduce, ceteris paribus. Effects of regulations and taxes and other firm characteristics were largely insignificant. Finally, some differences existed across manufacturing and service industries and across prevalence of innovation introductions.


Over the past two decades there has been a burgeoning interest and research into experiments and innovations in participatory governance. While advocates highlight the merits of such new governance arrangements in moving beyond traditional interest group representations and deepening democracy through deliberation with a broad range of civic associations, critics express concern about the political legitimacy and democratic accountability of participating associations, highlighting in particular the dangers of co-option and faction. Addressing these concerns, a number of theorists identify an important role for civic associations in linking deliberations at micro policy levels to those within the public sphere more broadly. These normative contributions raise an important empirical question—does civic associational engagement at micro levels leave scope to engage both laterally across associations and vertically with members and citizens more broadly? More simply put, is civic associational engagement within micro-policy fora "good" for democracy more broadly? Drawing from a study of civic associational engagement in Ireland's national Social Partnership process over a ten-year period this article argues that, where deliberations become overshadowed by more traditional communicative norms of bargaining and negotiation, it is not. Evidence is presented from the Irish case to show how civic actors, having internalized the dominant communicative norms of the process, have contributed toward a narrowing of the deliberative space within, but most particularly outside, this process. This, it is argued, has resulted in a considerably weakened public sphere with neither the institutional apparatus nor the discursive capacity to seek accountability from political and civic leaders at a time of profound crisis within the Irish state.


He knew nothing of celestial navigation or of the existence of the Pacific Ocean. He was a self-promoting and ambitious entrepreneur. His maps were a hybrid of fantasy and delusion. When he did make land, he enslaved the populace he found, encouraged genocide, and polluted relations between people. He ended his career in near lunacy. But Columbus had one asset that made all the difference, an inborn sense of the sea, of wind and weather, and of selecting the optimal course to get from A to B. Laurence Bergreen's energetic and bracing book gives the whole Columbus and most importantly, the whole of his career, not just the highlight of 1492. Columbus undertook three more voyages between 1494 and 1504, each designed to demonstrate that he could sail to China within a matter of weeks and convert those he found there to Christianity. By their conclusion, Columbus was broken in body and spirit, a hero undone by the tragic flaw of pride. If the first voyage illustrates the rewards of exploration, this book shows how the subsequent voyages illustrate the costs - political, moral, and economic.


All plate boundaries are divided into segments - pieces of fault that are distinct from one another, either separated by gaps or with different orientations. The maximum size of an earthquake on a fault system is controlled by the degree to which the propagating rupture can cross the boundaries between such segments. A large earthquake may rupture a whole segment of plate boundary, but a great earthquake usually ruptures more than one segment at once. The December 26th 2004 MW 9.3 earthquake and the March 28th 2005 MW 8.7 earthquake ruptured, respectively, 1200–1300 km and 300–400 km of the subduction boundary between the Indian-Australian plate and the Burman and Sumatra blocks. Rupture in the 2004 event started at the southern end of the fault segment, and propagated northwards. The observation that the slip did not propagate significantly southwards in December 2004, even though the magnitude of slip was high at the southern end of the rupture strongly suggests a barrier at that place. Maximum slip in the March 2005 earthquake occurred within ~100 km of the barrier between the 2004 and 2005 ruptures, confirming both the physical importance of the barrier, and the loading of the March 2005 rupture zone by the December 2004 earthquake. The Sumatran Segmentation Project, funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), aims to characterise the boundaries between these great earthquakes (in terms of both subduction zone structure at scales of 101-104 m and rock physical properties), record seismic activity, improve and link earthquake slip distribution to the structure of the subduction zone and to determine the sedimentological record of great earthquakes (both recent and historic) along this part of the margin. The Project is focussed on the areas around two earthquake segment boundaries: Segment Boundary 1 (SB1) between the 2004 and 2005 ruptures at Simeulue Island, and SB2 between the 2005 and smaller 1935 ruptures between Nias and the Batu Islands. Cruise SO200 is the third of three cruises which will provide a combined geophysical and geological dataset in the source regions of the 2004 and 2005 subduction zone earthquakes. SO200 was divided into two Legs. Leg 1 (SO200-1), Jakarta to Jakarta between January 22nd and February 22nd, was composed of three main operations: longterm deployment OBS retrieval, TOBI sidescan sonar survey and coring. Leg 2 (SO200-2), Jakarta to Jakarta between February 23rd and March 11th, was composed of two main operations: Multichannel seismic reflection (MCS) profiles and heatflow probe transects.


Motivation: Genotyping and parameter estimation using high throughput sequencing data are everyday tasks for population geneticists, but methods developed for diploids are typically not applicable to polyploid taxa. This is due to their duplicated chromosomes, as well as the complex patterns of allelic exchange that often accompany whole genome duplication (WGD) events. For WGDs within a single lineage (auto polyploids), inbreeding can result from mixed mating and/or double reduction. For WGDs that involve hybridization (allopolyploids), alleles are typically inherited through independently segregating subgenomes. Results: We present two new models for estimating genotypes and population genetic parameters from genotype likelihoods for auto- and allopolyploids. We then use simulations to compare these models to existing approaches at varying depths of sequencing coverage and ploidy levels. These simulations show that our models typically have lower levels of estimation error for genotype and parameter estimates, especially when sequencing coverage is low. Finally, we also apply these models to two empirical data sets from the literature. Overall, we show that the use of genotype likelihoods to model non-standard inheritance patterns is a promising approach for conducting population genomic inferences in polyploids. Availability: A C++ program, EBG, is provided to perform inference using the models we describe. It is available under the GNU GPLv3 on GitHub: https://github.com/pblischak/polyploid-genotyping. Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com.


This paper looks at how the Russian economy has developed under the leadership of Putin and how it spills over to its neighbours in the CIS region. It stresses the importance of international oil prices as a determinant of policies and outcomes in Russia and highlights how this has impacted macroeconomic performance during Putin's different terms in office. Although Russia is not an economic superpower globally, the size and importance of Russia for the CIS region is significant and thus oil price changes also drive the economic development of non-fuel exporting CIS countries to a significant degree.


This study explored the effect of music therapy on the issues associated with the bereavement in 3 adults with intellectual disability (ID). Adapted from the work of Hilliard (2007), it employed a 9-week group music therapy protocol designed to educate individuals about death and how to deal with feelings that arise when a loved one dies. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Developmental Disabilities (BPRS-DD; Bodfish, 1995) was administered at weeks 1, 9, and 13 to assess any behavioral changes as observed by staff psychologists. Following the series of music therapy sessions, 1 of the 3 individuals exhibited a reduced level of negative behaviors, as measured by the BPRS-DD, which was maintained through the follow-up measure. The other 2 participants' BPRS-DD scores remained static. Of the 3 participants, 2 demonstrated improved social skills in the group music therapy.


The measurement of cutting forces using highly sensitive piezoelectric force sensors is significant in the optimization of the machining process. In this study, the modelling and optimization of the cutting forces during the milling process of Ti6Al4V was carried out using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the dynamometer. The ranges of the process parameters are: cutting speed (250-280 mm/min), feed per tooth (0.06-0.24 mm) and axial depth of cut (0.30-3.0 mm) are varied over four levels while cutting force serves as the response of the designed experiment. The physical experiments were carried out using a DMU80monoBLOCK Deckel Maho 5-axis CNC milling. Three sets of 2flute, 10 mm corner radius mills was used for the machining operation. A solid rectangular work piece of Ti6Al4V was screwed to the stationary dynamometer (KISTLER 9257A 8-Channel Summation of Type 5001A Multichannel Amplifier) mounted directly to the machine table. Milling operations were performed using different cutting parameters of cutting speed, feed per tooth and depth of cut and data were collected through Data Acquisition (DAQ) connected to the computer. The numerical experiment produced a mathematical model for predicting the values of the cutting forces as a function of the independent process parameters while the physical experiment revealed that the piezoelectric sensor is highly sensitive to variations in the values of the cutting force.


Whether you're new to the field or a seasoned executive, this book will give you a firm grasp on what it takes to make an organization perform. It presents the basic principles of management simply, but not simplistically. Why did an eBay succeed where a Webvan did not? Why do you need both a business model and a strategy? Why is it impossible to manage without the right performance measures, and do yours pass the test? What Management Is is both a beginner's guide and a bible for one of the greatest social innovations of modern times: the discipline of management. Joan Magretta, a former top editor at the Harvard Business Review, distills the wisdom of a bewildering sea of books and articles into one simple, clear volume, explaining both the logic of successful organizations and how that logic is embodied in practice. Magretta makes rich use of examples -- contemporary and historical -- to bring to life management's High Concepts: value creation, business models, competitive strategy, and organizational design. She devotes equal attention to the often unwritten rules of execution that characterize the best-performing organizations. Throughout she shows how the principles of management that work in for-profit businesses can -- and must -- be applied to nonprofits as well. Most management books preach a single formula or a single fad. This one roams knowledgeably over the best that has been thought and written with a practical eye for what matters in real organizations. Not since Peter Drucker's great work of the 1950s and 1960s has there been a comparable effort to present the work of management as a coherent whole, to take stock of the current state of play, and to write about it thoughtfully for readers of all backgrounds. Newcomers will find the basics demystified. More experienced readers will recognize a store of useful wisdom and a framework for improving their own performance. This is the big-picture management book for our times. It defines a common standard of managerial literacy that will help all of us lead more productive lives, whether we aspire to be managers or not.


This investigation is a conversation-analytic study of Mexican Spanish news interviews. It focuses on the question-answer adjacency pair in which interviewees (IE) are questioned, directly or indirectly, by the interviewers (IR) about the legality of their wealth in light of corruption allegations. The questions examined display strategies to generate news: content questions elicit a contrast; statement formulated questions followed by a request for confirmation give the opportunity to accept or deny the allegations, in contrast to statements which create a confrontational context. Non-type-conforming answers evade answering and type-conforming answers contain resistance elements. The IE minimize the allegations by repairing and providing a downgraded version, or use other resources to suggest that their activities are of common order, hence not newsworthy. The IE display evasion by addressing only certain elements of the question and counter the allegations by casting doubt on the professionalism of the IR.


This paper introduces a novel and general real-time adaptive motion planning (RAMP) approach suitable for planning trajectories of high-DOF or redundant robots, such as mobile manipulators, in dynamic environments with moving obstacles of unknown trajectories. The RAMP approach enables simultaneous path and trajectory planning and simultaneous planning and execution of motion in real time. It facilitates real-time optimization of trajectories under various optimization criteria, such as minimizing energy and time and maximizing manipulability. It also accommodates partially specified task goals of robots easily. The approach exploits redundancy in redundant robots (such as locomotion versus manipulation in a mobile manipulator) through loose coupling of robot configuration variables to best achieve obstacle avoidance and optimization objectives. The RAMP approach has been implemented and tested in simulation over a diverse set of task environments, including environments with multiple mobile manipulators. The results (and also the accompanying video) show that the RAMP planner, with its high efficiency and flexibility, not only handles a single mobile manipulator well in dynamic environments with various obstacles of unknown motions in addition to static obstacles, but can also readily and effectively plan motions for each mobile manipulator in an environment shared by multiple mobile manipulators and other moving obstacles.


This paper compares the effect of paper-based handwritten feedback (PBHF) and that of Tablet PC-based handwritten feedback (TBHF) in learning Japanese writing. The study contributes to the research on motivation, usability and presence when learners are given different media-based handwritten error feedback. The results indicated that there was little difference in the effect of the two media on motivation and usability factors. However, PBHF showed a positive effect on presence factor than TBHF. Also, there was little difference in proficiency improvement after the students reviewed different media based handwritten feedback. The results of this study suggest that language teachers should not use ICT with traditional strategies, but in an innovative way to improve their writing instruction and enhance learnersâ?? writing proficiency.


This paper presents computational tools for the quick estimation of factor of safety and location of the critical circular failure surface for simple slope problems. The analysis presented here applies to slopes of arbitrary height and inclination angle excavated in homogeneous/isotropic dry ground, assumed to obey the Mohr-Coulomb shear failure criterion, and characterized by arbitrary values of unit weight, cohesion and internal friction angle. The proposed procedure is based on ideas originally laid out in the classical book Rock Slope Engineering by Hoek and Bray (1981) and more recently in the books by Read and Stacey (Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design) and by Wyllie (Rock Slope Engineering, Civil Applications) from 2009 and 2018, respectively. Development of the proposed procedure involved computation of approximately 3,400 selected cases of slopes using the Bishop Method in the limit equilibrium software SLIDE by Rocscience. Results obtained from the analysis are summarized in dimensionless graphical representations that not only allow factors of safety and location of the critical circular failure surface to be estimated, but also important, to put light into the fundamental problem of establishing the concept of mechanical similarity of slopes excavated in Mohr-Coulomb ground with regard to factors of safety and position of the critical circular failure surface. In addition to the graphical representation of factor of safety, the paper also provides an equation to compute the factor of safety of slopes based on these representations. Considering that in the current practice of geotechnical engineering design the use of computer spreadsheets may be preferred over the use of dimensionless charts, the proposed procedure is implemented in a simple to use EXCEL workbook that is freely available to readers, and that allows determination of factor of safety and location of the failure surface, as it would be obtained with the Bishop Method in the limit equilibrium method software SLIDE. Finally, to illustrate the application of the proposed tools, a practical example involving the analysis of stability of a slope in an actual open pit mine is provided.


In order to be proactive to accidents, there is a need to limit systems' threats and vulnerabilities by being able to perceive and comprehend them as early as possible. Under this notion, the concept of 'risk Situation Awareness provision capability' is introduced, indicating that the elements of a system, tangible or not, have an impact on the enhancement or degradation of the awareness, in reference to its threats and vulnerabilities. As a means of measuring this capability, a methodology, based on existing yet not combined methods, i.e. STPA hazard analysis, EWaSAP early warning sign identification approach, and dissimilarity measures, is offered. This paper looks at analogous SA measurement techniques and finally discusses some limitations and future research directions.


We examine the influence of individuals' propensity to morally disengage on a broad range of unethical organizational behaviors. First, we develop a parsimonious, adult-oriented, valid and reliable measure of an individual's propensity to morally disengage, and demonstrate the relationship between it and a number of theoretically relevant constructs in its nomological network. Then, in four additional studies spanning laboratory and field settings, we demonstrate the power of the propensity to moral disengage to predict multiple types of unethical organizational behavior. In these studies we demonstrate that the propensity to morally disengage predicts several outcomes (self-reported unethical behavior, a decision to commit fraud, a self-serving decision in the workplace, and co-worker- and supervisor-reported unethical work behaviors) beyond other established individual difference antecedents of unethical organizational behavior, as well as the most closely related extant measure of the construct. We conclude that scholars and practitioners seeking to understand a broad range of undesirable workplace behaviors can benefit from taking an individual's propensity to morally disengage into account. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.


Extreme weather events represent the earliest, and in some places most significant, threats to the most vulnerable countries that are driven by climate change. An outcome of the 16th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP16) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Cancun was the decision to establish a work programme to consider approaches to address loss and damage associated with climate change impacts in the most vulnerable countries, including the adverse impacts of extreme weather events. This represents a significant opportunity to consider in more detail the feasibility and design aspects of current proposals on loss and damage, and undertake activities to develop a menu of viable measures and practical implementation options to inform discussions at COP18 in 2012. We conclude that there is already significant expertise and knowledge available on loss and damage that will form important inputs to these activities. However, there are also many open questions, particularly on approaches for operationalising a loss and damage mechanism. We identify high priority open questions about the design, implementation and governance of such a mechanism. We suggest that a valuable activity of the work programme would be to address such open questions with a view to informing recommendations by the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) to COP18.


Landslide hazard and risk are growing as a consequence of climate change and demographic pressure. Land‐use planning represents a powerful tool to manage this socio‐economic problem and build sustainable and landslide resilient communities. Landslide inventory maps are a cornerstone of land‐use planning and, consequently, their quality assessment represents a burning issue.
This work aimed to define the quality parameters of a landslide inventory and assess its spatial and temporal accuracy with regard to its possible applications to land‐use planning. In this sense, I proceeded according to a two‐steps approach. An overall assessment of the accuracy of data geographic positioning was performed on four case study sites located in the Italian Northern Apennines. The quantification of the overall spatial and temporal accuracy, instead, focused on the Dorgola Valley (Province of Reggio Emilia). The assessment of spatial accuracy involved a comparison between remotely sensed and field survey data, as well as an innovative fuzzylike analysis of a multi‐temporal landslide inventory map. Conversely, long‐ and short‐term landslide temporal persistence was appraised over a period of 60 years with the aid of 18 remotely sensed image sets. These results were eventually compared with the current Territorial Plan for Provincial Coordination (PTCP) of the Province of Reggio Emilia.
The outcome of this work suggested that geomorphologically detected and mapped landslides are a significant approximation of a more complex reality. In order to convey to the end‐users this intrinsic uncertainty, a new form of cartographic representation is needed. In this sense, a fuzzy raster landslide map may be an option. With regard to land‐use planning, landslide inventory maps, if appropriately updated, confirmed to be essential decision‐support tools. This research, however, proved that their spatial and temporal uncertainty discourages any direct use as zoning maps, especially when zoning itself is associated to statutory or advisory regulations.


When two countries have entered into a double taxation agreement, the profits of an enterprise of a contracting state are taxable only in that state. The other contracting state cannot tax those profits unless the enterprise carries on business in that state through a permanent establishment (PE) situated therein. The existence of a PE in the form of a "fixed place of business" or a "dependent agent" presupposes the existence of a tax presence.
The effective application of the PE concept, however, faces challenges when trade is conducted electronically. This is because with e-commerce, physical locations are not always required in foreign markets in order to engage in significant commercial activities. This article discusses the meaning of the PE concept, analyses the challenges e-commerce poses to this concept, and contains a recommendation for the effective taxation of income that electronic enterprises derive from foreign jurisdictions.


In this study, we compiled existing records of fouling marine non-native species in Scotland, and created a national checklist of these species. We then targeted a selection of these species (excluding those that could not be reliably identified) in a rapid assessment survey of 27 harbours in the north of Scotland. Collation of existing records revealed that 23 fouling marine non-native species were known to be present in Scotland. The geographic distribution of these records was not uniform, and they were largely underrepresented in the north and east of mainland Scotland, likely as result of lack of survey effort. In the rapid assessment survey of north Scotland, 9 out of 18 targeted species were found: Austrominius modestus (Darwin, 1854); Botrylloides violaceus Oka, 1927; Caprella mutica Schurin, 1935; Codium fragile fragile (Suringar) Hariot, 1889; Corella eumyota Traustedt, 1882; Heterosiphonia japonica Yendo, 1920; Neosiphonia harveyi (Bailey) Kim, Choi, Guiry and Saunders, 2001; Schizoporella japonica Ortmann, 1890; and Tricellaria inopinata d'Hondt and Occhipinti Ambrogi, 1985. The non-native bryozoan Bugula simplex Hincks, 1886, which was not targeted, was also found, and this constituted the first confirmed Scottish record. The surveys provided 60 new records and extended the northward national range for most of the species found. The number of fouling non-native species in the surveyed harbours was positively associated with the presence of floating structures and vessel activity indices. Our study presents an overview of the current status of fouling marine non-native species in Scotland, and the results of the first comprehensive survey of these species in the north of Scotland. The latter provides a baseline dataset for monitoring future changes, which may occur as a result of the development of the wave and tidal energy industry in the north of Scotland. The wave and tidal energy industry has the potential to facilitate the invasion of fouling marine non-native species through the provision of habitat and by increasing vector activity.


Abstract Caring science that has a foundation in 'lived experience' may be viewed as a 'patient science', in other words nursing has its starting point in the patient's perspective. To support in learning caring science, the learning situation has to embrace the students' lived experience in relation to the substance of caring science. One of the challenges in education involves making theoretical meanings vivid in the absence of actual patients. Written patient narratives and fiction like novels in combination with scientific literature are often used in order to obtain lived experiences as the foundation for teaching. Questions concerning how film can be used in this context to support the learning of caring science have recently emerged. The aim of this study is to describe how film as learning-support may boost reflection when learning caring science. The data was collected through audio-taped seminars, written reflections and group-interviews with students on basic, advanced, and doctoral levels. The analysis is based on the Reflective Lifeworld Research (RLR) approach which is founded in phenomenology. The results show how film as a learning-support enhances the understanding of the caring science theory, and provides a deeper understanding of the subject. Film can be very touching and provides support for the students' embodied reflections. Hence, it is important that the students are encouraged to watch films from a caring science perspective. This requires a structure for learning-support related to the film, such as having a focus and purpose for watching the film, as well as support for follow-ups. The film itself does not create such support and guidance; instead, it must be combined with well-considered pedagogic thoughts on what learning is and how learning can be supported. The results are highlighted with the help of Maurice Merleau-Ponty's philosophy of 'the lived body', and 'the flesh of the world'.


3D printing has allowed complex designs to be produced which were impossible to create using conventional manufacturing processes. Aircraft wings are optimized as much as possible given manufacturability considerations, but more complex geometry could provide the same strength for less weight, increasing aircraft performance. Although carbon fiber composites are some of the best known materials for conventional optimized aircraft wings, current 3D printing technology cannot produce this material. Instead, it is currently limited to metals and polymers. To determine if the more complex geometry which can be produced by 3D printing can offset the material limitations, a carbon fiber composite wing and a redesigned, 3D printed 7075-T6 aluminum wing were compared using Finite Element Analysis. The unoptimized 3D printed aluminum wing had a superior safety factor against fracture/yielding (1,109% higher) and buckling resistance (127.3% higher), but at the cost of a 24% mass increase compared to the optimized carbon fiber composite wing. If the 3D printed aluminum wing had been optimized to provide the same safety factor against fracture/yielding and buckling resistance as the carbon fiber composite wing, it is anticipated that the resulting design would be significantly lighter, thus increasing aircraft performance.


This article investigates the determinants of insider trading regulation across countries. The article presents a political economy analysis of such regulation that takes into account both private (distributional) and public (economic efficiency) considerations. The model cannot be tested directly because the relevant private preferences and social costs are unobservable. However, existing theories of capital market development suggest that various observable social factors can explain the diversity of insider trading policies across countries. In turn, these social factors should reveal the underlying preferences and social costs motivating such regulation. The main finding, based on data from a cross section of countries between 1980 and 1999, is that a country's political system and not its legal or financial system provides the first-order explanation of its proclivity to regulate insider trading. Specifically, more democratic political systems enacted and enforced insider trading laws earlier than less democratic political systems, controlling for wealth, financial development, legal origin, and measures of latent social factors. In addition, left-leaning governments were relative latecomers to insider trading legislation and enforcement relative to right-leaning and centrist governments, controlling for the same factors as above. The findings are consistent with the political theory of capital market development and inconsistent with the legal origins theory of capital market development. They also challenge theoretical claims that insider trading restrictions are market-inhibiting because the kinds of governments that appear more prone to regulate insider trading are precisely the governments that are generally thought to pursue market-promoting policies.


[Extract] This thesis applies a multidisciplinary approach to better understand the geology of the Kukuluma Terrain and the geological controls on gold mineralization. I used a combination of field, computer and laboratory based techniques to help me constrain a variety of factors influencing the gold mineralization. This thesis is subdivided into 6 chapters with appendices as follows:

Chapter 1 is the introduction to the thesis study topic and the geological setting of the Tanzania craton and Geita Greenstone Belt. It also provides a brief history of the Geita Gold Mine.

Chapter 2 presents the methodologies followed in compiling the data sets presented in chapters 3, 4 and 5. I report on data collected from internal mine reports, regional and pit scale geological mapping, drill core logging, cross-section interpretations, and 3D modelling using Leapfrog (software version 3.1.1), and provide an overview of the methodologies used in the structural (chapter 3), geochemical (chapters 4 and 5) and geochronological (chapter 5) studies.

Chapter 3 presents the first detailed structural evolution history of the Kukuluma Terrain and discusses the structural controls on gold mineralization. The structural evolution of the area was developed based on overprinting relationships observed from detailed regional and deposit-scale geological mapping, drill core logging and the review of historical datasets such as maps and geophysical images, the details of which are included in chapter 2. I use the relationships between the distribution of gold mineralization and different structures to place spatial and temporal correlation between the structural evolution and the mineralizing event. I also constrained the relative timing of dykes and intrusive rocks emplacement in relation to deformation and mineralization. This chapter has been prepared for publication.

Chapter 4 deals with the petrogenesis of the dykes and intrusive units within the Kukuluma Terrain. I present detailed petrographic descriptions of the igneous rocks and high quality major and trace element geochemical analyses. The igneous rocks that intruded the Kukuluma Terrain form three suites: a monzonite suite, a diorite suite, and a granodiorite suite. Because the three suites overlap in space and partly in time I grouped them into the Kukuluma Intrusive Complex. The monzonite and the diorite suites form a ~ northwestsoutheast oriented body that runs through the middle of the Kukuluma Terrain and they are virtually undistinguishable in the field while the granodiorite suite occurs mostly as dykes with various orientations and locally form small intrusive bodies. The petrogenetic evolution of the igneous rocks is of particular importance, because of their close spatial relationship with the gold mineralization. It is also possible that fluids related to the emplacement of the igneous rocks may have played a role in gold mineralization. For example, the timing of emplacement and the geochemical characteristics of sanukitoid-type igneous rocks have been linked to gold mineralization in many Archaean gold deposits (Mikkola et al., 2014). This chapter has been submitted for publication.

Chapter 5 presents the first zircon ages and Hf isotope data from igneous rocks and sediments from the Kukuluma Terrain. The geochronological results are used to constrain the absolute timing of emplacement and deformation where possible. The results of zircon dating made it possible to place a maximum mineralization age in the area. The detrital age data is used to understand the timing of sedimentation in the area, but also set up the timing on the beginning of deformation in the area. I used the Hf isotope data to better constrain the sources and to understand the processes of crustal growth in this part of the Tanzania Craton. This chapter has been submitted for publication.

Chapter 6 contains the conclusions of the thesis and provides recommendations for further work in the area.


This article argues that the Kyoto Protocol to the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was doomed to fail ab initio because it systematically misunderstood the nature of climate change as a policy issue between 1985 and 2009. It explains why this is the case by analyzing the Kyoto Protocol's shortcomings and deficiencies. Moving the climate change agenda forward multilaterally among the 195 parties to the UNFCCC is proving to be a serious challenge. The lack of progress in UNFCCC negotiations in recent years, especially the failure to obtain an international agreement on emissions limitations targets and timetables by all major developed and developing country emitters, has led many to question whether the UNFCCC is, in fact, the best and most effective forum for mobilizing a global response to climate change. The current approach to negotiating a comprehensive, universal, and legally binding global agreement on climate change is unlikely to succeed. The near-disaster 2009 Conference of the Parties-15 in Copenhagen empirically demonstrated that the UN machinery is incapable of moving forward fast enough to produce a global climate deal. Moreover, international climate policy, as it has been understood and practiced by many governments of the world under the Kyoto Protocol approach, has failed to produce any discernable real world reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases since the mid 1990s. Part 2 is devoted to the main legal, structural, and policy responses to climate change by providing an analysis of most Conferences of the Parties. Part 3 provides then an analysis of the Kyoto Protocol. Part 4 then analyzes the position of the three main players in climate change: the U.S., China, and the European Union. The article concludes with some recommendations for the future.


The city of Columbus, Ohio, had always struggled to support any professional sports franchise. It's a town where Ohio State University reigns supreme, and everything else is less important. That was until 1991, when the Columbus Chill, a minor-league hockey franchise, arrived. Using Veeckian marketing tactics and on-ice shenanigans, the Chill became the talk of the city and gained a religious local fan base. Based on the success of the Chill, from 1991--99, the city of Columbus was awarded with the Columbus Blue Jackets in 2000, the city's own NHL franchise. Chill Factor follows the wild ride through the eyes of team president and general manager David Paitson, from the early formation of the minor-league franchise through the decision to rattle the status quo by going to the edge and beyond with a marketing and promotional plan that was both edgy and controversial. The success of the Chill after their first season gave the organization the impetus to challenge local civic and business leaders to build a world-class arena and emerge from the shadow of OSU. There were setbacks and triumphs on and off the ice, and eventually the realization that the Columbus of today would not be possible without the aid of the Chill. Chill Factor takes readers into the front office and onto the rink, giving every angle of how a small town was able to get behind a working-class team that fought both on and off the ice. This thrilling account will appeal to those who remember the Chill's reign, as well as those who enjoy seeing the underdog climb the ladder to sports supremacy. Skyhorse Publishing, as well as our Sports Publishing imprint, are proud to publish a broad range of books for readers interested in sports--books about baseball, pro football, college football, pro and college basketball, hockey, or soccer, we have a book about your sport or your team. Whether you are a New York Yankees fan or hail from Red Sox nation; whether you are a die-hard Green Bay Packers or Dallas Cowboys fan; whether you root for the Kentucky Wildcats, Louisville Cardinals, UCLA Bruins, or Kansas Jayhawks; whether you route for the Boston Bruins, Toronto Maple Leafs, Montreal Canadiens, or Los Angeles Kings; we have a book for you. While not every title we publish becomes a New York Times bestseller or a national bestseller, we are committed to publishing books on subjects that are sometimes overlooked by other publishers and to authors whose work might not otherwise find a home.


The Law Professor Blogs Network is the nation's only network of legal blogs edited primarily by law professors. The network owns and operates forty legal blogs, edited by leading scholars and educators who are committed to providing the web destination for law professors, practitioners, government and nonprofit lawyers, legal information professionals, and students in their respective fields. Since the launch of TaxProf Blog on April 15, 2004, the network's influence has continued to grow with roughly ten million annual page views in recent years. After nine years of operation, the network is undertaking a major re-design to provide the premier legal blogging platform to our editors. The re-design will (1) optimize each blog for viewing across a variety of platforms (desktop, laptop, tablet, and smart phone); (2) better integrate social media; (3) provide more robust analytics with richer and more accurate readership data; and (4) strengthen our partnership with Wolters Kluwer/Aspen Publishers and provide additional avenues for monetization.


Indigenous peoples worldwide face barriers to participation in water governance, which includes planning and permitting of infrastructure that may affect water in their territories. In the United States, the extent to which Indigenous voices are heard—let alone incorporated into decision-making—depends heavily on whether or not Native nations are recognized by the federal government. In the southeastern United States, non-federally recognized Indigenous peoples continue to occupy their homelands along rivers, floodplains, and wetlands. These peoples, and the Tribal governments that represent them, rarely enter environmental decision-making spaces as sovereign nations and experts in their own right. Nevertheless, plans to construct the Atlantic Coast Pipeline prompted non-federally recognized Tribes to demand treatment as Tribal nations during permitting. Actions by the Tribes, which are recognized by the state of North Carolina, expose barriers to participation in environmental governance faced by Indigenous peoples throughout the United States, and particularly daunting challenges faced by state-recognized Tribes. After reviewing the legal and political landscapes that Native nations in the United States must navigate, we present a case study focused on Atlantic Coast Pipeline planning and permitting. We deliberately center Native voices and perspectives, often overlooked in non-Indigenous narratives, to emphasize Indigenous actions and illuminate participatory barriers. Although the Atlantic Coast Pipeline was cancelled in 2020, the case study reveals four enduring barriers to Tribal participation: adherence to minimum standards, power asymmetries, procedural narrowing, and "color-blind" planning. We conclude by highlighting opportunities for federal and state governments, developers, and Indigenous peoples to breach these barriers.


AIM
the number of intestinal IgA+ lymphocytes are decreased in acute liver necrosis and the mechanism remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to observe the role of lymphocyte homing and apoptosis associated with decreased intestinal IgA positive lymphocytes in acute liver necrosis.

METHODS
the acute liver necrosis mouse model and LTβR pre-treatment were used to assess intestinal mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM - 1) expression, cell apoptosis, IgA+ cells and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA).

RESULTS
MAdCAM - 1 mRNA and protein expression decreased significantly in the acute necrosis group; 0.57 ± 0.032 fold vs. baseline (p < 0.05) and 0.45 ± 0.072 fold vs. baseline (p < 0.05), respectively. LTβR pre-treatment could significantly improve the decline of MAdCAM - 1 mRNA and protein expression in the intestinal mucosa (1.83 ± 0.064 fold vs. baseline, p < 0.05 and 1.75 ± 0.046 fold vs. baseline, p < 0.05, respectively) and partially restore the decline in IgA+ lymphocytes and SIgA levels. There were increased rates of enterocyte apoptosis in both the acute liver necrosis and LTβR pre-treatment group; 0.79% vs. control (p < 0.05) and 0.77% vs. control (p < 0.05), respectively).

CONCLUSION
our results suggest that the dysfunction of lymphocyte homing and apoptosis are both involved with decreased intestinal IgA+ lymphocytes in acute liver necrosis. LTβR pre-treatment can partially restore IgA+ cells and SIgA by increasing MAdCAM - 1 expression, rather than inhibiting lymphocyte apoptosis.


Tool wear occurring in press hardening processes receives insufficient attention since its corresponding measurements and full-scale experiments are complicated and expensive. This paper presents a study of tool wear in press hardening based on laboratory experiments and FE-simulations. Two experimental laboratory setups depending on the contact conditions in press hardening build the base for the wear models implemented in the FE-simulation to predict wear depths. The highest wear depth is found at the radius of the stamping tool and the discrepancies in wear predictions based on the two different laboratory test setups are analyzed.


Background Different parameters have been determined for prediction of treatment outcome in hepatitis c virus genotype 1 infected patients undergoing pegylated interferon, ribavirin combination therapy. Results on the importance of vitamin D levels are conflicting. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of vitamin D levels before and during therapy together with single nucleotide polymorphisms involved in vitamin D metabolism in the context of other known treatment predictors has been performed. Methods In a well characterized prospective cohort of 398 genotype 1 infected patients treated with pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin for 24–72 weeks (INDIV-2 study) 25-OH-vitamin D levels and different single nucleotide polymorphisms were analyzed together with known biochemical parameters for a correlation with virologic treatment outcome. Results Fluctuations of more than 5 (10) ng/ml in 25-OH-vitamin D-levels have been observed in 66 (39) % of patients during the course of antiviral therapy and neither pretreatment nor under treatment 25-OH-vitamin D-levels were associated with treatment outcome. The DHCR7-TT-polymorphism within the 7-dehydrocholesterol-reductase showed a significant association (P = 0.031) to sustained viral response in univariate analysis. Among numerous further parameters analyzed we found that age (OR = 1.028, CI = 1.002–1.056, P = 0.035), cholesterol (OR = 0.983, CI = 0.975–0.991, P<0.001), ferritin (OR = 1.002, CI = 1.000–1.004, P = 0.033), gGT (OR = 1.467, CI = 1.073–2.006, P = 0.016) and IL28B-genotype (OR = 2.442, CI = 1.271–4.695, P = 0.007) constituted the strongest predictors of treatment response. Conclusions While 25-OH-vitamin D-levels levels show considerable variations during the long-lasting course of antiviral therapy they do not show any significant association to treatment outcome in genotype 1 infected patients.


The coalescence of a binary neutron star pair is expected to produce gravitational waves (GW) and electromagnetic radiation, both of which may be detectable with currently available instruments. We describe a search for a predicted r-process optical transient from these mergers, dubbed the "kilonova" (KN), using griz broadband data from the Dark Energy Survey Supernova Program (DES-SN). Some models predict KNe to be redder, shorter-lived, and dimmer than supernovae (SNe), but the event rate of KNe is poorly constrained. We simulate KN and SN light curves with the Monte-Carlo simulation code SNANA to optimize selection requirements, determine search efficiency, and predict SN backgrounds. Our analysis of the first two seasons of DES-SN data results in 0 events, and is consistent with our prediction of 1.1 ± 0.2 background events based on simulations of SNe. From our prediction, there is a 33% chance of finding 0 events in the data. Assuming no underlying galaxy flux, our search sets 90% upper limits on the KN volumetric rate of 1.0 Gpc−3 yr−1 for the dimmest KN model we consider (peak i-band absolute magnitude mag) and 2.4 Gpc−3 yr−1 for the brightest ( mag). Accounting for anomalous subtraction artifacts on bright galaxies, these limits are ∼3 times higher. This analysis is the first untriggered optical KN search and informs selection requirements and strategies for future KN searches. Our upper limits on the KN rate are consistent with those measured by GW and gamma-ray burst searches.


In 1959, the first Mini was produced on an assembly line at Cowley, near Oxford. It would take a team of supremely talented designers, engineers and production-line workers to build a car that was unique in appearance and construction. They would clash over an uncomfortable and unsafe prototype, and the public had to be convinced to buy a car that let in water when it rained. But somehow the Mini became an icon. Designed for austerity and efficiency, the car came to represent individuality and classlessness. Today, the car is still produced at Cowley - it is now owned by BMW and called the MINI. A great British manufacturing story, it is more popular throughout the world than it has ever been, a symbol of the age that created it. But who makes these things, and what do they think about their work? By meeting the people behind the MINI, Simon Garfield uncovers a fascinating story of endeavour, ingenuity and masterful marketing. The modern MINI has come a long way from the leaky floor and sliding windows. But throughout its history, the people behind it have always known that they have been making something rare - a car with soul.


This paper develops a new imputation methodology applied to missing incomes values in PNAD. PNAD is the main Brazilian household survey, but it has no imputation. The imputation process starts by fitting regression models applied to different income sources considering the complex sampling design of the survey. Later this procedure is combined with stochastic methods. In 2015, 2.5 per cent of the sample had per capita incomes imputed, resulting in slightly higher levels of inequality. Inequality and poverty changes were not affected by imputation. We took advantage of the methodology proposed to input rents and to preserve pressure points in income distributions associated with Brazilian institutional features such as minimum wages.


Inorganic–organic co-networks prepared by a sol–gel method are a promising class of materials due to their unique physical and biological properties, especially when covalent bonds are formed between the networks. The polymer structure and composition can have a drastic effect on the synthesis and properties. Here, we compared reversible addition fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) with telomerisation (TL), for the synthesis of the polymer, to investigate whether refining the polydispersity of polymethacrylate could lead to better and more tailorable properties. 3-(Methoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate was used as a model and successfully synthesised by RAFT and TL using 2-cyano-2-propyl benzodithioate and thioglycerol as chain transfer agents, respectively. The polydispersity of the polymer had a significant effect on the sol–gel process with an increase in gelation time as the polydispersity decreased. Direct correlation was made between the gelation time and Mz, suggesting that the gelation of hybrids followed the percolation model. However, regarding the properties, it is a tie. No statistical difference in silica release and mechanical properties of the resulting hybrids was observed, regardless of the polydispersity of the polymer.


Appetite is regulated by a balance between excitatory (drive) and inhibitory (satiety) processes. Dysregulation of this balance leads to eating disorders. However, the neuronal mechanism of control of appetite has not been clearly understood. A cichlid fish, the Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus) is a maternal mouthbrooder in which the female churns the eggs in her mouth for 10-14 days. During mouthbrooding, female fish stops feeding and minimizes energy expenditure to maintain energy homeostasis. Thus, the mouthbrooding tilapia is an ideal model to study the mechanism of appetite regulation and energy homeostasis in the reproductive state. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent orexigenic neuropeptide which is highly conserved in vertebrates. Although central NPY is known to essentially promote feeding and reduce energy expenditure, recent research has revealed that NPY expression is also influenced by different physiological states. In this thesis, we hypothesize that NPY plays an integral role in linking reproductive and metabolic functions. In Objective I (Chapter 2), we examined the distribution of NPY neurons in the brain to understand its possible role regulation of reproduction in the mouthbrooding tilapia. The 5'and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends method was used to obtain the full length sequence of NPY cDNA. In situ hybridization technique was used to localize NPY cells in three major central brain areas which includes the telencephalon, preoptic area and hypothalamus. In Objective II (Chapter 3), to examine potential roles of three NPY cell populations in the appetite control, npy mRNA expression levels were examined in three brain regions containing NPY cells in mouthbrooding and induced fasting female fish. In the mouthbrooding female, npy mRNA levels were significantly decreased in the hypothalamus of 4 and 12 day mouthbrooding females in comparison to non-mouthbrooding females. In induced fasting female, npy mRNA levels were significantly increased only in the telencephalon. These results suggest different roles of the NPY neuronal populations in the regulation of appetite and energy homeostasis. A significant increase in leptin receptor (Lep-R) and ghrelin receptors (GHS-R) subtypes namely GHS-R1a and GHS-R1b gene expression was measured in mouthbrooding fish. We also found a significant increase in kisspeptin (Kiss2) gene expression in the hypothalamus. In Objective III (Chapter 4), to identify potential association between metabolism and reproduction, effect of kisspeptin on NPY gene was examined in female tilapia under different feeding regimes. Intraperitoneal injection of tilapia kisspeptin (Kiss2) decreased NPY mRNA expression in all feeding groups. Furthermore, in situ hybridization confirmed the distribution of kisspeptin receptor in NPY cell containing regions, suggesting its potential action on NPY systems. The colocalization of the kiss2R mRNA in some NPY mRNA containing cells using the double in situ hybridization in the telencephalon, preoptic area and the hypothalamus, confirmed the role of NPY neurons an important candidate gene in the regulation of feeding and energy metabolism during reproduction. Collectively, the outcome of the three main objectives revealed the neural population specific function of NPY under different feeding conditions. In addition, the different NPY systems are possibly differentially regulated by other neuroendocrine factors including kisspeptin as well as peripheral cues from leptin and ghrelin under different physiological conditions. This study led to the identification of an alternative NPY signaling by Kiss2 to influence feeding behavior and energy homeostasis under specific physiological conditions.


Although the interactions between information technology and the context of government-to-business relations challenge the implementation of information systems, the challenges are currently underresearched. Therefore, this paper analyzes the mutual shaping between technology integration and the context. Based on an empirical study of the deployment of electronic cash registers for value-added tax administration, the analysis explains how government-business dialectics inform the design of relations between institutional, technological and organizational factors. The explanations lead to the argument for a dialectical design perspective on implementation that facilitates a systematic comprehension of (1) the inducements of design; (2) the relationships between the factors as design qualities; (3) the real and perceptual characteristics that define the soundness of the system; and (4) the paradigmatic distinctions between institution-organization design, organization-technology redesign, and functionality design of technology. This perspective leads the conceptualization of implementation in this context, and overcomes the limitations associated with the notable existing perspectives.


This paper is a first report on an interdisciplinary project dealing with cross-cultural communication in health and medicine undertakebn by the Centre for Community Languages in the Professions. In this paper health professionals' perceptions of communication difficulties are examined, especially their understanding of the role of language in cross-cultural communication. The project revealed that health professionals who had regular contact with people from diverse cultural backgrounds were aware of the influence culture can exert on the attitudes and the behaviour of NESB people in relation to health care. In general they had some difficulty in establishing the role of language in cultural misunderstandings if both parties (interactants) communicated through the same language.


The editorial on inequality and unwanted fertility in developing countries in February's Bulletin1 reminds us all that maybe this is the time to achieve the goal – all pregnancies should be intended, consciously and clearly desired at the time of conception.

Unwanted pregnancies are not only the major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, but are also a great social and financial burden on societies and countries. According to WHO statistics there are an estimated 200 million pregnancies around the world each year, and a third of these, 75 million, are unwanted. Unintended pregnancy also is a major health problem in the United States of America. In the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth assessment, 1.22 million, or 31%, were reported as unintended. When abortions were included, unintended pregnancies increased to 2.65 million, or 49% of all pregnancies.

These pregnancies contribute to women's health problems in two ways. First, unwanted pregnancy can threaten a woman's health or well-being because she may have existing health problems or lack the support and resources she needs to have a healthy pregnancy and raise a healthy child. Second, where women do not have access to safe abortion services, many resort to unsafe procedures that can lead to their death or disability. It is estimated that nearly 80 000 maternal deaths and hundreds of thousands of disabilities occur around the world because of unsafe abortions. Due to the political nature of women's health care, implementation of healthy public policy has been most difficult to achieve. Appropriate preventive, curative and community care have central roles in the pursuit of the health-for-all targets.

Availability, accessibility and perspectives towards contraception are complex social, political and economical issues. Contraception is a women's health issue. It is about choices and human rights, not fear, guilt and shame. The negative images and concepts perceived regarding family planning and contraception in some religious and social arenas are the major factors responsible for noncompliance and meagre usage of birth control methods in many areas of the world. A fundamental tenet in ethical, female-centred care is that women have a right to participate in their choice of contraceptive method. A woman who has actively chosen a method is more likely to use it consistently and correctly. Responsible sexual behaviour and family planning should be part of men's health checks as well. This will increase users' compliance with various birth control methods. It takes two people to conceive.

With such a wide range of contraceptive options available, health-care providers face the challenge of matching each patient with the method that is best for her. Proper evaluation of the woman's individual reproductive desires, medical complications and other health concerns is a necessary first step. Consideration should also be given to lifestyle issues and patient preferences regarding form and route of administration. Ultimately, education is the key to compliance, long-term use and success. Women's contraceptive needs change throughout the reproductive life-cycle and must be re-evaluated over time. It is important to address specific concerns of young women to promote compliance. Counselling is essential to provide accurate information about the mechanisms, efficacy and safety of available options. Understanding the needs and characteristics of the individual patient can help the health-care provider to direct her towards the method that will best suit her needs in terms of efficacy, safety and ease of use.

There is no magic pill or quick-fix solution to the population explosion. Governments, health-care providers and religious leaders, working together, can contribute substantially towards a healthy future for families around the world. As women live longer than men, the quality of their longer life becomes of central importance. Women and men have different circumstances, challenges and health concerns as they age. Enhancing health potential depends on preventing and reducing premature mortality, morbidity and disabilities. We are slowly learning one of life's most important lessons: not just how to live longer; but also how to stay longer in good health with less dependence on others. The desire for a healthier and better world in which to live our lives and raise our children is common to all people and all generations. ■


Farmers, researchers and extension officers in Northern Ghana encounter productivity problems, such as striga, acidity, hardpan and bochaa (a Dagbani word denoting low productivity). We undertook a mainly qualitative study using interviews, focus groups and a workshop to investigate, from a science and technology studies perspective, the intersections between their different ways of understanding these problems. Different actors construct definitions of what productivity problems are during the performance of their occupations, for example through peer association and application of available solutions. Actors with different occupations thus disagree over what productivity problems are, with farmers defining them by their symptoms and researchers by the physical, biological and chemical mechanisms through which they act. Extension services have not trained officers to reconcile these identity-linked understandings, which has hitherto prevented hybrid knowledge about such problems from emerging. Yet actors agree on the utility of certain management practices, such as manuring. These have the potential to act as boundary objects, pointing to the possibility of a composite knowledge network within which different actors retain their occupational identities and discrete knowledges, yet share common solutions. Extension agents and researchers would benefit from training on the use of boundary objects as communication tools.


How microbes compete for nitrate Much of the ammonia fertilizer we use ends up in surface or coastal waters as nitrate. This runoff lowers water quality and damages ecosystems. Although microbial nitrogen respiration influences the fate of nitrate, it is unclear which environmental factors exert the most control. Kraft et al. performed multiple long-term incubation studies of microbial communities from marine sediments. The relative supply of nitrate and nitrite, as well as total carbon and nitrogen, provided selective pressures that drove communities toward denitrification or ammonification. The average generation time of the community also strongly influenced which respiration pathway dominated. Science, this issue p. 676 Denitrification and ammonification compete for nitrate based on environmental pressures. In the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle, microbial respiration processes compete for nitrate as an electron acceptor. Denitrification converts nitrate into nitrogenous gas and thus removes fixed nitrogen from the biosphere, whereas ammonification converts nitrate into ammonium, which is directly reusable by primary producers. We combined multiple parallel long-term incubations of marine microbial nitrate-respiring communities with isotope labeling and metagenomics to unravel how specific environmental conditions select for either process. Microbial generation time, supply of nitrite relative to nitrate, and the carbon/nitrogen ratio were identified as key environmental controls that determine whether nitrite will be reduced to nitrogenous gas or ammonium. Our results define the microbial ecophysiology of a biogeochemical feedback loop that is key to global change, eutrophication, and wastewater treatment.


Problems associated with defining normal forms of relational tables relevant to statistical processing are discussed. The concepts of derived identifier, class identifier, derived class-counts, count domains, compact domains, and uniform domains for statistical relational tables are introduced. The structures of the first and the second statistical-normal forms and the relational decompositions needed to achieve them are also discussed. It is shown that the statistical-normal form can be an important method to determine whether the usual statistical analysis techniques are valid. Some suggestions are presented for extending the structured query language (SQL) statements to achieve these operations on statistical relational tables. Some results linking Codd's normal forms with statistical normal forms are discussed. Relational statistical abnormalities, called outlyers, are also discussed. >


The present state of mobile learning in Jordan is investigated in order to provide a meaningful direction for the future development of university eEducation in Jordan. The strengths of mobile learning are elaborated and its current status including challenging issues from the perspective of cognitive learning is addressed. An online survey was conducted to investigate the expectations and perceptions of mobile learning amongst university students and professors in Jordan and a number of countries in the Middle East. Various factors that may contribute to the establishment of mobile learning in educational institutions were investigated and expectations concerning the impact of mobile technologies on teaching and learning were explored. The results reflect on the fundamental needs for effective implementation of mobile learning from the view of cognitive science, instead of technological evolution.


We present an approach to identify non-cooperative individuals at a distance from a sequence of images using 3D face models. Most biometric features (such as fingerprints, hand shape, iris or retinal scans) require cooperative subjects in close proximity to the biometric system. We process images acquired with an ultra-high resolution video camera, infer the location of the subjects' head, use this information to crop the region of interest, build a 3D face model, and use this 3D model to perform biometric identification. To build the 3D model, we use an image sequence, as natural head and body motion provides enough viewpoint variation to perform stereo-motion for 3D face reconstruction. Experiments using a 3D matching engine suggest the feasibility of proposed approach for recognition against 3D galleries.


An incomplete ring of electrified nets was placed round a trap or round an electrified net and visual target in woodland infested with Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. in Rhodesia. The distribution of catches in these systems was used to estimate the minimum efficiencies with which the trap or net and target captured flies that were initially attracted by odours derived from a herd of cattle hidden below ground. With mature tsetse, the estimates for the trap were 23 and 21% for male and female G. morsitans , respectively, and 70 and 49% for male and female G. pallidipes . For the net and target, the corresponding figures were 29, 30, 53 and 43. The coefficient of variation of such estimates (about 10%) was low enough to suggest that the technique affords a quick and reliable means of screening the efficiency of many trap designs. Factors responsible for the efficiency of the trap were elucidated. Data for other insects were obtained.


Parapneumonic effusions are pleural effusions that occur in the pleural space adjacent to a bacterial pneumonia. When bacteria invade the pleural space, a complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema may result. Empyema is collection of pus in pleural cavity. If left untreated, complicated parapneumonic effusion/empyema leads to chronic encasement and pleural thickening. Simple parapneumonic effusions can be managed conservatively with appropriate antibiotics, but complicated parapneumonic effusions often require some kind of drainage along with antibiotics. Delay in treatment is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Clinically it is diagnosed with persistent fever, stony dull tender percussion, and absent breath sounds. Majority of cases are due to anaerobic infection. Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative organisms are also implicated. Many cases may have mixed organisms. Tuberculosis should be suspected if no organism is grown in empyema. Chest skiagram, thoracic ultrasound, and CT scan help in localization of effusion and detection of loculations. Confirmation is done by thoracocentesis and pleural fluid analysis, which shows exudate with polymorphonuclear leukocytosis. Management includes well-selected antibiotics and drainage by tube thoracostomy. Intrapleural fibrinolytics have been used in multiloculated complicated parapneumonic effusions with success. Advent of thoracoscopy and VATS has left very few cases requiring surgical decortication. Properly treated parapneumonic effusions have good prognosis.