The lower Pawcatuck River basin in southwestern Rhode Island is an area of about 169 square miles underlain by crystalline bedrock over which lies a relatively thin mantle of glacial till and stratified drift. Stratified drift, consisting dominantly of sand and gravel, occurs in irregularly shaped linear deposits that are generally less than a mile wide and less than 125 feet thick; these deposits are found along the Pawcatuck River, its tributaries, and abandoned preglacial channels. Deposits of stratified sand and gravel constitute the principal aquifer in the lower Pawcatuck basin and the only one capable of sustaining yields of 100 gallons per minute or more to individual wells. Water available for development in this aquifer consists of water in storage potential ground-water runoff to streams plus infiltration that can be induced from streams. Minimum annual ground-water runoff from the sand and gravel aquifer is calculated to be at least 1.17 cubic feet per second per square mile, or 0.76 million gallons per day per square mile. Potential recharge by induced infiltration is estimated to range from about 250 to 600 gallons per day per linear foot of streambed for the principal streams. In most areas, induced infiltration from streams constitutes the major source of water potentially available for development by wells. Because subsurface hydraulic connection in the sand and gravel aquifer is poor in several places, the deposits are conveniently divisible into several ground-water reservoirs. The potential yield from five of the most promising ground-water reservoirs is evaluated by means of mathematical models. Results indicate that continuous withdrawals ranging from 1.3 to 10.3 million gallons per day, and totaling 31 million gallons per day, are obtainable from these reservoirs. Larger yields may be recovered by different well placement, spacing, construction and development, pumping practice, and so forth. Withdrawals at the rates indicated will reduce streamflow downstream from pumping centers but generally will not result in streams going dry, provided the water is returned to the basin. Export of water from the basin 2 LOWER PAWCATUCK RIVER BASIN, RHODE ISLAND will require careful consideration of the effects of such withdrawals on low streamflow. Export from the Pawcatuck basin of 27 million gallons per day, estimated to be available from ground-water reservoirs in the upper Pawcatuck basin, in addition to 37.5 million gallons per day available in the lower Pawcatuck basin, will markedly reduce low streamflow. The 90-percent duration flow of the Pawcatuck River at Westerly would be reduced from 75 million gallons per day to perhaps as little as 21 million gallons per day. The chemical quality of water from both the sand and gravel aquifer and associated streams is suitable for most purposes. The water is soft, slightly acidic, and typically has a dissolved-solids content of less than 75 milligrams per liter. Some treatment may be required locally for removal of iron and manganese to meet recommended standards of the U.S. Public Health Service for drinking water.


Sample efficiency is important when optimizing parameters of locomotion controllers, since hardware experiments are time consuming and expensive. Bayesian Optimization, a sample-efficient optimization framework, has recently been widely applied to address this problem, but further improvements in sample efficiency are needed for practical applicability to real-world robots and high-dimensional controllers. To address this, prior work has proposed using domain expertise for constructing custom distance metrics for locomotion. In this work we show how to learn such a distance metric automatically. We use a neural network to learn an informed distance metric from data obtained in high-fidelity simulations. We conduct experiments on two different controllers and robot architectures. First, we demonstrate improvement in sample efficiency when optimizing a 5-dimensional controller on the ATRIAS robot hardware. We then conduct simulation experiments to optimize a 16-dimensional controller for a 7-link robot model and obtain significant improvements even when optimizing in perturbed environments. This demonstrates that our approach is able to enhance sample efficiency for two different controllers, hence is a fitting candidate for further experiments on hardware in the future.


Studies find inmates who receive visits while incarcerated are less likely to recidivate upon release, especially when visits are from spouses and occur frequently throughout incarceration. Absent from these studies is measurement of the quality of an inmate's relationships prior to incarceration, which may play a more significant role in criminal desistance than visitation itself. Longitudinal data from 205 incarcerated male and female adult offenders were used to test the mediating effects of visitation for offenders with varying levels of preincarceration relationships on recidivism. Findings indicate that quality of an inmate's preincarceration relationships is more important in reducing the odds of recidivism than visitation. When quality of relationships was taken into account, visitation became nonsignificant in predicting the odds of recidivism. Most critical, a strong maternal relationship prior to incarceration was associated with a reduction in recidivism subsequent to a period of incarceration.


It is demonstrated that systematic and designated control of supramolecular nanostructures via interfacial engineering enables (opto)electronic C60‐material properties to be widely adjusted. Interestingly, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies of the same amphiphilic fullerene species are tuned up to 120 meV using supramolecular assembly, competitive to complete molecular change; cf. PC61BM to PC71BM causes a change of 200 meV. Morphology control is achieved through different thin‐film production techniques involving molecular assembly at interfaces, including liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation (LLIP), and Langmuir–Blodgett technique at air–water interface. LLIP enables supramolecularly ordered extended surfaces, yielding the least electronically stable LUMO (ELUMO = −4.28 eV). After qualitatively explaining the observed electrochemical LUMO energy variation for these assemblies with varied molecular packing and aggregate dimensions, an analytical equation is proposed, connecting morphological parameters with LUMO energies with prospects in supramolecular chemistry. To demonstrate the applicability of supramolecular structure–electronic property relations and of supramolecular structure fabrication protocols established in this work to tailor device properties, amorphous‐Si/fullerene hybrid solar cells are built and characterized. It is found that the supramolecular structure variation can be successfully translated to the solar cells, giving rise to a prototype linear relation between LUMO energy and open‐circuit voltage.


The well-being of the environment in the United States is becoming dependent on a change from unreliable and scarce resources such as coal as a means to generate electricity to a more eco-friendly and abundant source. Solar farms provide the opportunity to generate electricity with no effect on global warming, no environmentally hazardous emissions, and are not affected by the fluctuating costs of fuel. One construction company in particular has noticed this as not only a terrific opportunity to improve the nations' environmental footprint, but also as a tremendous business opportunity; Swinerton. Swinerton recently developed a renewable energy division that focuses on the creation and maintenance of solar farms. The division, now known as Swinerton Renewable Energy, was created in 2010 and has since then built themselves into the number 1 solar energy contractor in the entire world. This case study will examine one of their first solar farm projects, a 9.4MW site in Sacramento County, CA. Furthermore, this paper will examine the current industry trends, the project specifics, the challenges encountered, the benefits of this project, and the lessons learned to be applied to the industry.


Thesis: S.M. in Mechanical Engineering, and S.M. in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2015.


This study focused specifically on determining the extent to which duration of vocational training influence university graduates job performance in baking and computer business enterprises respectively. In achieving this, two research questions were raised and two research hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population of this study include a total of 123 baking business and 208 computer business centres in the Area. Out of this population, a proportionate stratified sampling technique was used to select 10% resulting in the selection of 12 baking and 21 computer business centres. A simple random sampling technique was adopted to select 36 and 63 graduates from baking and computer business enterprises respectively, resulting in a sample of 99 respondents. A rating scale was used as the instrument for data collection. The instrument was administered by the researchers. The data obtained, were analysed using descriptive statistics, while the hypotheses were tested at .05 level of significance using one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA). The results of the analysis revealed that duration of vocational training influenced university graduates job performance in baking and computer business enterprises respectively. Discussions, conclusion and recommendation were all made based on the findings of the study.


The traffic in current networks, including wired and wireless Local Area Networks (LAN), is dominated by the multimedia applications that carry voice, video and data traffic. Video and voice traffic are delay-sensitive and require specific Quality of Service (QoS) from the network, such as guaranteed bandwidth, maximum delay, and maximum delay variance. Bandwidth management protocols that provide QoS support have to be designed with reliability and fault tolerance in mind.
In this dissertation we have developed a robust and reliable QoS supportive wireless and wired LAN architecture. The proposed methods have been implemented in a software framework which runs on a tightly controllable PC-Windows based experimental testbed that we developed. The testbed can be easily re-configured and supports wired, wireless, and hybrid LAN setups. The testbed can be used to debug and test QoS management aspects such as new media access control techniques, reliability support modules, admission control, and so on.
The developed testbed and software framework have the following unique features: network card independence, application independence, TCP/IP protocol stack compliant, and easy to control and plug in new QoS modules.
We have developed a SuperPoll module which provides a performance enhanced polling system with QoS support in noisy environments, a Shadow module which provides a reliable and robust polling based system in presence of arbiter fault, and an In-service monitoring module which monitors the QoS in LANs. The Shadow and In-service monitoring modules were implemented in the testbed.
We believe that the results and methodology presented in this dissertation will serve as guidelines for future generations of designers for QoS supportive robust and reliable wired and wireless local area networks.


Purpose: The study aims to identify the prospects for the application of modern methods of balancing the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Design/Methodology/Approach: The formation of balanced budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is intended to provide funding for priority expenditures of the regions effectively, predetermining the need to identify the features of the implementation of scientific theories about the balance of budgets, to highlight the problems of the budget legislation of the Russian Federation and to determine the prospects for the use of traditional and new market methods of regulating the basic parameters of budgets. Findings: Authors grounded the need for complex application of methods of balancing budgets for the main parameters to increase tax and non-tax revenues, the formation of expenses regarding their optimization and efficiency, weighted debt policy, improving intergovernmental relations. The authors recommended the development of standards for applying methods of balancing budgets. Practical implications: The results of the study can be considered in the practice of forming the basic parameters of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the context of limited budget funds to strengthen budget revenues. Originality/Value: The main contribution of this study is to justify the complexity of the application of methods of balancing budgets, as well as to shift the emphasis on the regulation of domestic debt relations in the context of economic uncertainty.


Recent policy changes continue to raise the profile of mathematics in post-16 education but the integration of this seemingly academic subject within the context of vocational education remains challenging. In this paper evidence from a multi-method study of vocational students in Further Education will be used to examine the impact of both isolated and integrated practices regarding the provision of a functional mathematics curriculum. Historically the relationship between mathematics and vocational education has been uneasy. Successive curricula have favoured either an embedded approach, which prioritises vocational relevance, or a view which has focussed on the acquisition of a common core of basic mathematical processes. This research shows the positive impact on students when a curriculum which emphasised the usefulness of mathematics for life and work was used in conjunction with internal policies that promoted an integrated, rather than an isolated, organisational approach. Mathematics that students perceived as relevant to their current values and vocational destinations led to more positive attitudes and greater engagement. Comparisons of case studies of student groups in three large Further Education colleges will be used to show how functional mathematics was positioned with respect to different vocational programmes and how opportunities for vocational relevance were maximised in some departments. Many of these students had low levels of attainment and enthusiasm for mathematics but grasping the purpose of mathematics and the place it may have in their future lives were key factors that contributed to significant change.


Laboratory tests were carried out with three types of new epoxy resins to assess the release of bisphenol A and F (BPA and BPF) and potential halogenated phenolic by-products. Tests were carried out over a duration of 6 months in the presence and absence of disinfectants (chlorine and chlorine dioxide) at realistic doses and contact times. None of the three systems exhibited Fickian-type diffusion for BPA. Leaching was quite low for two epoxies while the third showed a trend of increasing leaching during the first 5 months of immersion. BPA was only observed in the absence of disinfectant while no BPF was observed under any condition. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), a BPA chlorination by-product was sporadically observed in the chlorinated water during the first months of contact. Following discontinuation of the disinfectants, its release was significantly enhanced in the water having been exposed to chlorinated water. Laboratory leaching tests also indicated rapid oxidation of epoxies by chlorine and chlorine dioxide. Analysis of 27 epoxy-coated drinking water storage tanks did not reveal any BPA, BPF or TCP. On the other hand, a large-scale examination of about 200 pipe sections rehabilitated with epoxies during the 1990s led to a high frequency of BPA and BPF detection, sometimes with maximum values around 1 μg/L.


Foucault famously divided the history of twentieth-century French philosophy between a "philosophy of experience" and a "philosophy of the concept," placing Bergson in the former camp and his teacher Canguilhem in the latter. This division has shaped the Anglophone reception of Canguilhem as primarily a historian and philosopher of biology. Canguilhem, however, was also a philosopher of life and a careful reader of Bergson. The recently-begun publication of Canguilhem's Œuvres completes has revealed the depth of this engagement, and a re-reading of Canguilhem's final major statement on Bergson, the 1966 essay "The Concept and Life," has thus become necessary. The basic problem of that essay is the relationship between knowledge and life in the history of biology and philosophy, with a special place for Bergson. Canguilhem's strong criticism of him turns, however, on a misquotation. In claiming that Bergson fails to account for the struggle of the living being to maintain a species form, Canguilhem misconstrues the crucial Bergsonian distinction between vital order and geometrical identity; he thus misses the importance that Bergson accords to general biological tendencies, rather than to the generality of the species. Despite the differences on display in the 1966 essay, it will be argued that Canguilhem's earlier remarks on Bergson show a surprising convergence in the underlying aim of each thinker's biological philosophy: the call for a new ontology that grasps the ordered and intelligible character of life without relying on a principle of identity.


Skeletal muscle tissue engineering (TE) aims to efficiently repair large congenital and acquired defects. Biological acellular scaffolds are considered a good tool for TE, as decellularization allows structural preservation of tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) and conservation of its unique cytokine reservoir and the ability to support angiogenesis, cell viability, and proliferation. This represents a major advantage compared to synthetic scaffolds, which can acquire these features only after modification and show limited biocompatibility. In this work, we describe the ability of a skeletal muscle acellular scaffold to promote vascularization both ex vivo and in vivo. Specifically, chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay and protein array confirmed the presence of pro-angiogenic molecules in the decellularized tissue such as HGF, VEGF, and SDF-1α. The acellular muscle was implanted in BL6/J mice both subcutaneously and ortotopically. In the first condition, the ECM-derived scaffold appeared vascularized 7 days post-implantation. When the decellularized diaphragm was ortotopically applied, newly formed blood vessels containing CD31+, αSMA+, and vWF+ cells were visible inside the scaffold. Systemic injection of Evans Blue proved function and perfusion of the new vessels, underlying a tissue-regenerative activation. On the contrary, the implantation of a synthetic matrix made of polytetrafluoroethylene used as control was only surrounded by vWF+ cells, with no cell migration inside the scaffold and clear foreign body reaction (giant cells were visible). The molecular profile and the analysis of macrophages confirmed the tendency of the synthetic scaffold to enhance inflammation instead of regeneration. In conclusion, we identified the angiogenic potential of a skeletal muscle-derived acellular scaffold and the pro-regenerative environment activated in vivo, showing clear evidence that the decellularized diaphragm is a suitable candidate for skeletal muscle tissue engineering and regeneration.


This essay introduces the special double issue (80/81) of New Formations, Neoliberal Culture. It situates the eleven other contributions to the volume in the context of the wider field of debate over the existence and nature of 'neoliberalism' as a specifiable and analysable phenomenon. In particular it considers the conceptual status of neoliberalism as a discursive formation, a governmental programme, an ideology, a hegemonic project, a technical assemblage, and an abstract machine.


Mathematics is a science complete in itself . In studying mathematics the use of some kind of mathematical tables will be needed for certain types of courses . The tables available will not always be sufficient to give the desired results . This will necessitate some kind of interpolation to give the information wanted. Interpolation is the art or science of \reading between the lines of mathematical tables . 11 According to the definition, interpolation is the insertion of mathematical terms according to the law of the function involved. 1 The kind of interpolation usually used, since it is the common one, is linear or straight line interpolation . This method uses the value directly above and below the desired result, finding the difference between these tabulated values, taking the proportional part thereof, and adding this t o the smaller given value . This result is usually sufficiently accurate for work on the high school level since accuracy to four decimal points is wanted . The approximate answer thus obtained is due partly to the fact that when these two values are so used they do not necessarily trace the function involved but divert it into a straight line . When the study of this problem was undertaken it was the normal assumption that parabolic and cubic interpolation would give a more accurate result than the common conventional straight line interpolation . The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the extent of the superiority of parabolic interpolation over straight 2 line interpolation and cubic interpolation over parabolic interpolation. It is t he objective to do this by means of theorems, equations of existing formulas, and by compiled tables . This study is limited in scope to three methods of interpolation as applied to the sine function between zero and ninety degrees. The methods of interpolation used are three: straight line interpolation, parabolic interpolation, and cubic interpolation. The table developed for this investigation is taken at four different points of the range . Values are obtained near zero, thirty, sixty, and ninety degrees . The widths of the intervals used are constant, meaning that the control points are evenly spaced. Equal intervals are used because mathematical tables give trigonometric functions at uniform intervals .


This research guide provides information about the major print and electronic and web resources for for African and African-American studies.


The inference of the causal relationship between a pair of observed variables is a fundamental problem in science, and most existing approaches are based on one single causal model. In practice, however, observations are often collected from multiple sources with heterogeneous causal models due to certain uncontrollable factors, which renders causal analysis results obtained by a single model skeptical. In this paper, we generalize the Additive Noise Model (ANM) to a mixture model, which consists of a finite number of ANMs, and provide the condition of its causal identifiability. To conduct model estimation, we propose Gaussian Process Partially Observable Model (GPPOM), and incorporate independence enforcement into it to learn latent parameter associated with each observation. Causal inference and clustering according to the underlying generating mechanisms of the mixture model are addressed in this work. Experiments on synthetic and real data demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.


This chapter suggests that metaphor research can benefit from a clearer description of the field of research. Three dimensions of doing metaphor research are distinguished: metaphor can be studied as part of grammar or usage, it can be studied as part of language or thought, and it can be studied as part of sign systems or behavior. When these three dimensions are crossed, eight distinct areas of research emerge that have their own assumptions about metaphorical meaning, which have their own implications and consequences for the aims and evaluation of research. It is suggested that these distinctions will help in clarifying the validity of claims about the role of conceptual metaphor in language.


MicroRNA mediated incoherent feed forward loops (IFFLs) are recurrent network motifs in mammalian cells and have been a topic of study for their noise rejection and buffering properties. Previous work showed that IFFLs can adapt to varying promoter activity and are less prone to noise than similar circuits without the feed forward loop. Furthermore, it has been shown that microRNAs are better at rejecting extrinsic noise than intrinsic noise. This work studies the biological mechanisms that lead to extrinsic noise rejection for microRNA mediated feed forward network motifs. Specifically, we compare the effects of microRNA-induced mRNA degradation and translational inhibition on extrinsic noise rejection, and identify the parameter regimes where noise is most efficiently rejected. In the case of static extrinsic noise, we find that translational inhibition can expand the regime of extrinsic noise rejection. We then analyze rejection of dynamic extrinsic noise in the case of a single-gene feed forward loop (sgFFL), a special case of the IFFL motif where the microRNA and target mRNA are co-expressed. For this special case, we demonstrate that depending on the time-scale of fluctuations in the extrinsic variable compared to the mRNA and microRNA decay rates, the feed forward loop can both buffer or amplify fluctuations in gene product copy numbers.


In times of economic uncertainty, fluctuating currency exchange, increasing wine production and competition from new or established wine-producing regions, wineries must overcome many obstacles to produce, market and ultimately benefit from wine production. Educating winery visitors and other potential consumers is one among different key strategies wineries' management could undertake to build relationships, brand loyalty, and maximise any opportunities to obtaining benefits, including from wine tourism. In gathering data from wineries located predominantly in Italy and Spain, the study provides an international perspective on wineries' educational initiatives. Guided tours, product tastings and showcasing production processes are the most common approaches to educating their visitors and wine consumers. In spite of these initiatives, winery entrepreneurs categorise their educational efforts as modest, suggesting that these are not being fully exploited or maximised. In addition, few of the comments emphasise the importance of educational experiences with regard to the region or local tourism. Given the important role wineries have as product and service providers in many rural areas and tourist destinations, the study's findings have several important implications for winery entrepreneurship and for wine tourism.


Drone warfare described from the perspectives of drone operators, victims of drone attacks, anti-drone activists, international law, military thinkers, and others."[A] thoughtful examination of the dilemmas this new weapon poses." -- Foreign AffairsDrones are changing the conduct of war. Deployed at presidential discretion, they can be used in regular war zones or to kill people in such countries as Yemen and Somalia, where the United States is not officially at war. Advocates say that drones are more precise than conventional bombers, allowing warfare with minimal civilian deaths while keeping American pilots out of harm's way. Critics say that drones are cowardly and that they often kill innocent civilians while terrorizing entire villages on the ground. In this book, Hugh Gusterson explores the significance of drone warfare from multiple perspectives, drawing on accounts by drone operators, victims of drone attacks, anti-drone activists, human rights activists, international lawyers, journalists, military thinkers, and academic experts.Gusterson examines the way drone warfare has created commuter warriors and redefined the space of the battlefield. He looks at the paradoxical mix of closeness and distance involved in remote killing: is it easier than killing someone on the physical battlefield if you have to watch onscreen? He suggests a new way of understanding the debate over civilian casualties of drone attacks. He maps "ethical slippage" over time in the Obama administration's targeting practices. And he contrasts Obama administration officials' legal justification of drone attacks with arguments by international lawyers and NGOs.


Abstract. Because of its sensitivity to unfavorable weather patterns, air pollution is sensitive to climate change so that, in the future, a climate penalty could jeopardize the expected efficiency of air pollution mitigation measures. A common method to assess the impact of climate on air quality consists in implementing chemistry-transport models forced by climate projections. However, the computing cost of such methods requires optimizing ensemble exploration techniques. By using a training data set from a deterministic projection of climate and air quality over Europe, we identified the main meteorological drivers of air quality for eight regions in Europe and developed statistical models that could be used to predict air pollutant concentrations. The evolution of the key climate variables driving either particulate or gaseous pollution allows selecting the members of the EuroCordex ensemble of regional climate projections that should be used in priority for future air quality projections (CanESM2/RCA4; CNRM-CM5-LR/RCA4 and CSIRO-Mk3-6-0/RCA4 and MPI-ESM-LR/CCLM following the EuroCordex terminology). After having tested the validity of the statistical model in predictive mode, we can provide ranges of uncertainty attributed to the spread of the regional climate projection ensemble by the end of the century (2071–2100) for the RCP8.5. In the three regions where the statistical model of the impact of climate change on PM2.5 offers satisfactory performances, we find a climate benefit (a decrease of PM2.5 concentrations under future climate) of −1.08 (±0.21), −1.03 (±0.32), −0.83 (±0.14) µg m−3, for respectively Eastern Europe, Mid-Europe and Northern Italy. In the British-Irish Isles, Scandinavia, France, the Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean, the statistical model is not considered skillful enough to draw any conclusion for PM2.5. In Eastern Europe, France, the Iberian Peninsula, Mid-Europe and Northern Italy, the statistical model of the impact of climate change on ozone was considered satisfactory and it confirms the climate penalty bearing upon ozone of 10.51 (±3.06), 11.70 (±3.63), 11.53 (±1.55), 9.86 (±4.41), 4.82 (±1.79) µg m−3, respectively. In the British-Irish Isles, Scandinavia and the Mediterranean, the skill of the statistical model was not considered robust enough to draw any conclusion for ozone pollution.


Revealing the functional connectivity in natural neuronal networks is central to understanding circuits in the brain. Here, we show that silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (Si NWFET) arrays fabricated on transparent substrates can be reliably interfaced to acute brain slices. NWFET arrays were readily designed to record across a wide range of length scales, while the transparent device chips enabled imaging of individual cell bodies and identification of areas of healthy neurons at both upper and lower tissue surfaces. Simultaneous NWFET and patch clamp studies enabled unambiguous identification of action potential signals, with additional features detected at earlier times by the nanodevices. NWFET recording at different positions in the absence and presence of synaptic and ion-channel blockers enabled assignment of these features to presynaptic firing and postsynaptic depolarization from regions either close to somata or abundant in dendritic projections. In all cases, the NWFET signal amplitudes were from 0.3–3 mV. In contrast to conventional multielectrode array measurements, the small active surface of the NWFET devices, ∼0.06 μm2, provides highly localized multiplexed measurements of neuronal activities with demonstrated sub-millisecond temporal resolution and, significantly, better than 30 μm spatial resolution. In addition, multiplexed mapping with 2D NWFET arrays revealed spatially heterogeneous functional connectivity in the olfactory cortex with a resolution surpassing substantially previous electrical recording techniques. Our demonstration of simultaneous high temporal and spatial resolution recording, as well as mapping of functional connectivity, suggest that NWFETs can become a powerful platform for studying neural circuits in the brain.


Abstract The isotropic simplified spherical harmonics (SP3) method is employed to cast the neutron transport equation into a coupled set of two equations each of which shares identical mathematical form with the neutron diffusion equation. An exponential function expansion nodal (EFEN) method is presented for an arbitrary triangular grid and implemented to solve the coupled SP3 equations. The EFEN method couples adjacent nodes by defining partial currents on each interface and expanding the detailed flux distribution within each node into a sum of exponential functions to obtain a response matrix between the incoming and outgoing partial currents and a neutron balance condition for each node to obtain the nodal average flux. Numerical results demonstrate that both keff and power distributions agree well with other codes. We find comparable accuracy in most situations, and the new method appears to be faster than the other codes even in cases where EFEN requires a finer unstructured mesh.


The Berkeley Transcription System (BTS) has been designed for the transcription of sign language videotapes at the level of meaning components. The system is based on efforts to transcribe adult-child interactions in American Sign Language (ASL) and Sign Language of the Netherlands (SLN). The goal of BTS is to provide a standard means of transcribing signed utterances, meeting the following objectives:–compatibility with CHAT format and CLAN programs (CHILDES)–linear representation on a continuous typed line, using only ASCII characters–representation at the level of meaning components–full representation of elements of polycomponential verbs–representation of manual and nonmanual elements–representation of gaze direction, role shift, visual attention–representation of gestures and other communicative acts–notation of characteristics of adult-child interaction (child-directed signing, errors, overlap, self-correction).


Is DNA technology the ultimate diviner of guilt or the ultimate threat to civil liberties? Over the past decade, DNA has been used to exonerate hundreds and to convict thousands. Its expanded use over the coming decade promises to recalibrate significantly the balance between collective security and individual freedom. For example, it is possible that law enforcement DNA databases will expand to include millions of individuals not convicted of any crime. Moreover, depending on what rules govern access, such databases could also be used for purposes that range from determining paternity to assessing predispositions to certain diseases or behaviors. Thus the use of DNA technology will involve tough trade-offs between individual and societal interests.This book, written by a distinguished group of authors including U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer, explores the ethical, procedural, and economic challenges posed by the use of DNA evidence as well as future directions for the technology. After laying the conceptual historical, legal, and scientific groundwork for the debate, the book considers bioethical issues raised by the collection of DNA, including the question of control over DNA databases. The authors then turn to the possible genetic bases of human behavior and the implications of this still-unresolved issue for the criminal justice system. Finally, the book examines the current debate over the many roles that DNA can and should play in criminal justice.


Phylogeny reconstructions of the globin gene families have revealed that paralogous genes within species are often more similar to one another than they are to their orthologous counterparts in closely related species. This pattern has been previously attributed to mechanisms of concerted evolution such as interparalog gene conversion that homogenize sequence variation between tandemly duplicated genes and therefore create the appearance of recent common ancestry. Here we report a comparative genomic analysis of the alpha-globin gene family in mammals that reveal a surprisingly high rate of lineage-specific gene duplication and deletion via unequal crossing-over. Results of our analysis reveal that patterns of sequence similarity between paralogous alpha-like globin genes from the same species are only partly explained by concerted evolution between preexisting gene duplicates. In a number of cases, sequence similarity between paralogous sequences from the same species is attributable to recent ancestry between the products of de novo gene duplications. As a result of this surprisingly rapid rate of gene gain and loss, many mammals possess alpha-like globin genes that have no orthologous counterparts in closely related species. The resultant variation in gene copy number among species may represent an important source of regulatory variation that affects physiologically important aspects of blood oxygen transport and aerobic energy metabolism.


Using a laser and a device that converts reflected light into sound, researchers at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory can detect explosives at distances exceeding 20 yards. The method is a variation of photoacoustic spectroscopy but overcomes a number of problems associated with this technique. Most notably, ORNL researchers are able to probe and identify materials in open air instead of having to introduce a pressurised chamber, which renders photoacoustic spectroscopy virtually useless for security and military applications. ORNL's technique involves illuminating the target sample with an eye-safe pulsed light source and allowing the scattered light to be detected by a quartz crystal tuning fork. "We match the pulse frequency of the illuminating light with the mechanical resonant frequency of the quartz crystal tuning fork, generating acoustic waves at the tuning fork's air-surface interface," said Charles Van Neste of ORNL's Biosciences Division. "This produces pressures that drive the tuning fork into resonance." The amplitude of this vibration is proportional to the intensity of the scattered light beam falling on the tuning fork, which because of the nature of quartz creates a piezoelectric voltage. Van Neste noted that other advantages of quartz tuning fork resonators include compact size, low cost, commercial availability and the ability to operate in field conditions environments. For their experiments, researchers used tributyl phosphate and three explosives cyclotrimethylenetrinitromine, trinitrotoluene, commonly known as TNT, and pentaerythritol tetranitrate. They were able to detect trace residues with lasers 100 times less powerful than those of competing technologies. While the researchers have been able to detect explosives at 20 meters, using larger collection mirrors and stronger illumination sources, they believe they can achieve detection at distances approaching 100 meters. This research was funded by DOE's Office of Nonproliferation Research and Development and the Office of Naval Research. The work was published in Applied Physics Letters 92


Date Presented 04/06/19
 Reports support the hypothesis that sensory issues may be related to atypical defecation habits in children. Practice in this area is limited by the lack of validated measures. We used Rasch analysis, directed content analysis, and expert review to validate the Toileting Habit Profile Questionnaire (THPQ). After adjusting items, we examined the construct validity of the revised version (THPQ-R). The THPQ-R appears to capture challenging defecation behaviors related to sensory over-reactivity.
 Primary Author and Speaker: Isabelle Beaudry-Bellefeuille
 Contributing Authors: Shelly Lane, Anita Bundy, Alison Lane, Eduardo Ramos-Polo


Digital entrepreneurship — the intersection of digital technologies and entrepreneurship — is gaining increasing importance in the global economy and scholarly community. This PDW set out to establish a community platform for and shared understanding amongst information systems researchers who are interested in shaping the future of digital entrepreneurship research within and beyond the discipline's boundaries. The simple framework presented in this short paper represents the first step of this endeavor and served as the foundation to structure thinking and discussions at the PDW. The framework identifies three fundamental dimensions of the digital entrepreneurship phenomenon — digital technologies as enablers, outcomes, or contexts of entrepreneurship processes — that form distinct sub-themes of digital entrepreneurship research and illustrates potential research topics that flow from each of them and their intersections.


BACKGROUND
Active workstation alternatives (e.g., treadmill desks and pedal desks) have the potential to elevate workplace energy expenditure by replacing occupational sedentary behavior with opportunities to generate low-intensity non-exercise physical activity, but only to the extent that workers find them acceptable and congruent with their primary working tasks and therefore can frequently use them for extended periods of time.

OBJECTIVE
To assess workers' acceptability of the Pennington Pedal Desk™.

METHODS
Full-time sedentary workers (N = 42; 76% female; mean+SD age 39.6±11.3 years; BMI 25.7±5.4 kg/m2) used the pedal desk for 15 minutes while they: 1) searched the internet, 2) composed an email, and 3) completed acceptability ratings using an online Likert scale anchored from 1/strongly disagree to 5/strongly agree. Garmin Vector power meter pedals and EDGE 510 GPS bike computer (Garmin ®, USA) continuously captured revolutions per minute (RPM) and power.

RESULTS
Participants indicated that they would use the pedal desk for 4 (median) hours per work day and 97.6% of participants were somewhat or completely confident that they could type proficiently while using the pedal desk. Participants pedaled at 54.8±11.2 RPM and 23.1±8.6 watts (mean+SD).

CONCLUSIONS
Participants rated the Pennington Pedal Desk™ workstation positively and indicated potential for extended daily use.


This research investigated the satisfaction of tourists to Bangkok, Thailand and how it relates to (affects) involvement in loyalty of returning or recommend Bangkok as a tourist destination in South-East Asia. The research adopted a quantitative data collection method, with distribution of 500 copies of questionnaire to tourists in Wat Arun, Floating Markets, Khao San Road, Grand Palace, Soi Cowboy and Chatuchak Weekend Market in Bangkok, Thailand. The structural equation modelling approach was adopted to empirically test the hypotheses. The results showed that tourists' loyalty is assured by satisfaction. Tourism marketers are encouraged to keep positive involvement of tourists aimed to increase their satisfaction toward the destination and revisit it again in the future.


Fresh and unpasteurized fruit juice is common in restaurants, cafeteria, hotels and juice house of Ethiopian cities. Most fruit juices contain sufficient nutrients that could support microbial growth. The current investigation was carried out to investigate the microbiological quality and processing conditions of fruit juice vended in Shewarobit town. Purposive sampling technique was employed to collect sixteen fruit juice samples comprising of eight avocado and eight papaya from five cafeterias and three restaurants of Shewarobit town from November 2017 to January 2018. A wide mouth sterile bottle was used to collect fruit juice. Collected samples were diluted and 0.1 mL inoculated on plate count agar to determine total viable count, on violet red bile agar to determine total coliform count, on mannitol salt agar to determine total Staphylococcal count and on Sabouraud's dextrose agar for count of yeast and molds. Questionnaires were delivered for juice vendors to obtain information on demographic characteristics and conditions for processing. There is no significant statistical difference between numbers of microbial count (p> 0.05). The total viable count was found in the range of 1.3 × 105 to 2.9 ×105 cfu/ mL. The total coliform count was found to be between 0.1 × 105 and 2.4 × 105 cfu/mL. Staphylococci count was between 0.2 × 105 and 1.7 × 105 cfu/mL. The total yeast and mould counts for all fruit juice were in the range of 1.4 × 105 to 2.7 × 105 cfu/mL. Microbiological quality of most of the fruit juices were found to be not satisfactory when compared with Gulf region standard. Therefore, regular supervision and training about safe processing and handling is very crucial for juice vendors to improve microbiological quality of fruit juice.

 Key words: Fruit juice, microbial count, microbial safety.


What was Giordano Bruno thinking when he unleashed a flurry of hearts, moons, stars, ivy leaves, and flowers into nearly seventy-five geometric diagrams in two of his most mathematical treatises, the Articuli centum et sexaginta adversus huius tempestatis mathematics atque philosophos and De triplici minimo et mensura? Not only is this kind of detailed ornamentation difficult to accomplish on a woodblock; it is most unusual for a printed work of geometry in any period of European history. The restless Bruno must have had a good reason to engage in such a labor-intensive project. Close examination reveals this curious proliferation of seemingly decorative shapes to be a device with which to reclaim the connections to the celestial and natural worlds that Bruno believed the contemporary mathematicians to have broken with their numeric and geometric abstractions. What follows is an exploration of these ornamental flourishes, how Bruno came to make them, and why they are significant for understanding his mathematics and, subsequently, the symbolic language of his philosophy.


1. Subcutaneous injection of adrenaline into normal male volunteer subjects caused large increases of plasma non-esterified fatty acids and free tryptophan, but plasma total tryptophan fell considerably. Therefore increases of the percentage of plasma tryptophan in the free state were more marked than absolute increases of free tryptophan. 2. Plasma tyrosine fell slightly and plasma phenylalanine and cortisol were unaffected. 3. It is suggested that catecholamine release could lead to abnormalities of tryptophan disposition in stress and psychiatric illness.


The impacts of different emission levels and climate change conditions to landscape-scale natural vegetation could have large repercussions for ecosystem services and environmental health. We forecast the risk-reduction benefits to natural landscapes of lowering business-as-usual greenhouse gas emissions by comparing the extent and spatial patterns of climate exposure to dominant vegetation under current emissions trajectories (Representative Concentration Pathway, RCP8.5) and envisioned Paris Accord target emissions (RCP4.5). This comparison allows us to assess the ecosystem value of reaching targets to keep global temperature warming under 2°C. Using 350,719 km2 of natural lands in California, USA, and the mapped extents of 30 vegetation types, we identify each type's current bioclimatic envelope by the frequency with which it occupies current climate conditions. We then map the trajectory of each pixel's climate under the four climate futures to quantify areas expected to fall within, become marginal to (outside a 95% probability contour), or move beyond their current climate conditions by the end of the 21st century. In California, these four future climates represent temperature increases of 1.9–4.5°C and a −24.8 to +22.9% change in annual precipitation by 2100. From 158,481 to 196,493 km2 (45–56%) of California's natural vegetation is predicted to become highly climatically stressed under current emission levels (RCP8.5) under the drier and wetter global climate models, respectively. Vegetation in three California ecoregions critical to human welfare, southwestern CA, the Great Valley, and the Sierra Nevada Mountains, becomes >50% impacted, including 68% of the lands around Los Angeles and San Diego. However, reducing emissions to RCP4.5 levels reduces statewide climate exposure risk by 86,382–99,726 km2. These projections are conservative baseline estimates because they do not account for amplified drought-related mortality, fires, and beetle outbreaks that have been observed during the current five-year drought. However, these results point to the landscape benefits of emission reductions.


BACKGROUND AND AIMS Polishing may increase the surface roughness of composites, with a possible effect on bacterial growth and material properties. This preliminary in vitro study evaluates the effect of three different polishing systems (PoGo polishers, Enhance, Venus Supra) on six direct resin composites (Gradia Direct, Venus, Venus Diamond, Enamel Plus HFO, Tetric Evoceram, Filtek Supreme XT). MATERIALS AND METHODS For each composite, 12 square specimens were prepared: 9 specimens were polished, three for each different method, while three specimens were used as controls. Surface roughness was determined with AFM by measuring Root Mean Square (RMS) of average height. RESULTS PoGo polisher determined a significantly rougher surface, versus controls, in 5 out of 6 composites evaluated. Some significant differences from unpolished controls were observed also for Enhance polishing. Polishing with Venus Supra did not result in any significant difference in surface roughness versus controls. No differences were observed between different polishing systems. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results suggest that Venus Supra polishing system could determine a smoother composite surface if compared to the other polishing systems tested. On this basis, we are conducting an in vivo study to evaluate bacterial colonization on some combinations of composites and polishing protocols.


This thesis investigates the impact of upstream duct convolution on the plume development for high speed jets. In particular, investigations are carried out into an unconventional aero-engine exhaust systems comprised of a modified convergent-divergent rectangular nozzle where the converging section of the nozzle includes an S-bend in the duct. The motivation for this work comes from both the military and civilian sectors of the aerospace industry. The growing interest into highly efficient engines in the civilian sector and increasing complexities involved in stealth technologies for military applications has led to new design constraints on aero-engine exhaust systems that require further research into flows through more complex duct geometries.

Due to a lack of experimental data into this area in the open literature validation studies are undertaken into flows through an S-bend duct and exhaust plume development from a rectangular convergent-divergent nozzle. The validation work is simulated using RANS CFD with common industrial turbulence models as well as LES with artificial inlet conditions. Subsequently, a CFD investigation into three unconventional aero-engine exhaust systems, with over-expanded conditions, with differing angles of curvature across the converging S-bend is undertaken using both RANS and LES methodologies governed by the validation work.

As the curvature of the S-bend was increased it was found that the thrust and effective NPR both decrease. Whilst these changes were within acceptable levels (with some optimisation) for a circumferential extent of up to 53.1 the losses became prohibitive large at extents. For the ducts with a greater circumferential extents separation was seen to occur at the throat of the nozzle; this changes the design parameters of the nozzle leading to a higher Mach number and could potentially be harnessed to improve performance of the engine creating a `variable throat' nozzle.

The impact of using different numerical solvers to simulate the flow through an unconventional aero-engine exhaust system has also been considered. The use of LES has shown that the octagonal, hexahedral and trapezoidal shapes initially observed in the development of the plumes of the RANS cases are likely to be an artifact caused by the RANS solver, as would the transverse total pressure gradients observed in the RANS cases at the nozzle exit as they are both absent from all of the LES results. Likewise the implementation of realistic inlet conditions has a significant impact on the development of the plume, particularly in the length of the potential core and the number of shock cells.


This paper is concerned with an optimization of GN (Granular Networks) based on PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) and Information granulation). The GN is designed by the linguistic model using context-based fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm performing relationship between fuzzy sets defined in the input and output space. The contexts used in this paper are based on two-sided Gaussian membership functions. The main goal of optimization based on PSO is to find the number of clusters obtained in each context and weighting factor. Finally, we apply to coagulant dosing process in a water purification plant to evaluate the predication performance and compare the proposed approach with other previous methods. Keywords-granular networks; particle swarm optimization; linguistic model; two-sided Gaussian contexts. I. INTRODUCTION


Illicit drug abuse and addiction is a major problem in New Zealand and worldwide with approximately 12% of illicit drug users classified as having drug dependence or drug-use disorders. The chronically relapsing nature of drug addiction is a prominent feature of this disorder and a significant barrier to treating addiction. Amphetamine-type drugs, more than any other class of drugs, have seen an increase in global usage since the early 1990"s. The lack of approved medications for the treatment of stimulant addiction together with an increasing treatment demand drives the need for pharmaceutical intervention. Substitute treatment approaches primarily focus on the dopamine (DA) system. However, several lines of research implicate a dual role for serotonin (5-HT). Using a benztropine (BZT) analogue, JHW 007 (JHW), and an atypical antidepressant, trazodone (TRAZ), we sought to test whether the combined modulation of DA and 5-HT during a period of extinction produced greater attenuation to drug-induced reinstatement compared to either DA or 5-HT alone. One hundred and two (102) male Long Evans rats were tested using an extinction-reinstatement model of methamphetamine (MA) addiction in conditioned place preference (CPP) (n=72) and self-administration (n=30) experimental designs. We hypothesised that a combined DA/5-HT treatment would further attenuate MA-induced reinstatement. Findings showed that JHW significantly attenuated MA-induced reinstatement in our self-administration model but not CPP, while TRAZ failed to significantly attenuate reinstatement in both experiments. The combination treatment group showed a mild attenuation to drug seeking with CPP, but this finding was not significant. Due to time restrictions, we did not test the combination group using a self-administration procedure. Unfortunately we were unable to fully address our initially proposed hypothesis, but our results with JHW add further support to this BZT analogue as a promising stimulant abuse medication.


In recent years, as peace between Israelis and Palestinians has remained cruelly elusive, scholars and activists have increasingly turned to South African history and politics to make sense of the situation. In the early 1990s, both South Africa and Israel began negotiating with their colonized populations. South Africans saw results: the state was democratized and black South Africans gained formal legal equality. Palestinians, on the other hand, won neither freedom nor equality, and today Israel remains a settler-colonial state. Despite these different outcomes, the transitions of the last twenty years have produced surprisingly similar socioeconomic changes in both regions: growing inequality, racialized poverty, and advanced strategies for securing the powerful and policing the racialized poor. Neoliberal Apartheid explores this paradox. After a decade of research in the Johannesburg and Jerusalem regions, Andy Clarno presents here a detailed ethnographic study of the precariousness of the poor in Alexandra township, the dynamics of colonization and enclosure in Bethlehem, the growth of fortress suburbs and private security in Johannesburg, and the regime of security coordination between the Israeli military and the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank. The first comparative study of the changes in these two areas since the early 1990s, the book addresses the limitations of liberation in South Africa, highlights the impact of neoliberal restructuring in Palestine, and argues that a new form of neoliberal apartheid has emerged in both contexts.


As deep web grows at a very fast pace, there has been increased interest in techniques that help efficiently locate deep-web interfaces. However, due to the large volume of web resources and the dynamic nature of deep web, achieving wide coverage and high efficiency is a challenging issue. We propose a two-stage framework, namely SmartCrawler, for efficient harvesting deep web interfaces. In the first stage, SmartCrawler performs site-based searching for center pages with the help of search engines, avoiding visiting a large number of pages. To achieve more accurate results for a focused crawl, SmartCrawler ranks websites to prioritize highly relevant ones for a given topic. In the second stage, SmartCrawler achieves fast in-site searching by excavating most relevant links with an adaptive link-ranking. To eliminate bias on visiting some highly relevant links in hidden web directories, we design a link tree data structure to achieve wider coverage for a website. Our experimental results on a set of representative domains show the agility and accuracy of our proposed crawler framework, which efficiently retrieves deep-web interfaces from large-scale sites and achieves higher harvest rates than other crawlers.


This paper argues for reconsideration and reevaluation of the underlying assumptions and paradigms of the world capitalist system in particular and that of economics in general. This is against the backdrop of an increasing discontent of majority of the world's people against the growing inequality between the rich and the poor. It contends that the genesis of the problem is rooted in the concept of the selfish, individuated economic man, which has fueled our appetite for greed, selfishness and unbridled primitive capitalist accumulation. Thus these clannish and narrow assumptions must be relaxed to bring in the more altruistic, non-material components of man. This new philosophy and concept of our economic man incidentally aligns with the principles of Islamic banking, a variant of non-interest banking. But it cautions that the imperatives of citizen education and a de-emphasis on religious sentiments are central to guaranteeing the success of the programme.


In 1986–88 the development of eyespot lesions in winter wheat or winter barley differed plots inoculated with W-type isolates of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides and plots inoculated with R-type isolates. In the spring of 1986, after a cold winter, the incidence (%shoots infected) and severity (number of leaf sheaths penetrated) of eyespot lesions in wheat before GS 30/31 were greater in plots inoculated with R-type isolates than in those inoculated with W-type isolates. In 1987, after amild winter, eyespot incidence and severity in both wheat and barley were initially greater in W-type plots than in R-type plots. However, by GS 30/31 or 1987. In 1988, when the crop was October-sown, eyespot incidence and severity were greater in W-type than in R-type plots at GS 30/31. Differences in eyespot incidence and severity between W-type and R-type plots were smaller in barley than in wheat. Both the incidence and severity of eyespot were greater in early-sown than in late-sown plots. Seed rate, had little effect on the rate of lesion development in 1987, but in 1988 the rate of penetration was less at the low seed rate for both wheat and barley.


A range of secondary dialkylammonium (R2NH2+) ions has been shown to thread through the cavities of appropriately-sized crown ether compounds to afford interwoven complexes. X-Ray crystallographic investigations to probe the solid-state properties of these supermolecules have revealed that many subtle factors—e.g., solvent of crystallisation, crown ether conformation and anion interactions—can influence the nature of the overall three-dimensional superstructures. Nonetheless, a family of building blocks—namely R2NH2+ ions and crown ethers—can be generated, which constitute a molecular meccano kit. By mixing and matching these modules in different ways, intricate interwoven supramolecular architectures can be constructed. From relatively simple beginnings—where one R2NH2+ ion is threaded through one monotopic crown ether (dibenzo[24]crown-8)—the designed evolution of the building blocks in the molecular meccano kit has led to more elaborate multiply encircled and/or multiply threaded superstructures. The effects of crown ether constitution, macroring size, and both crown ether as well as R2NH2+ ion substitution, upon the solid-state behaviour of these interwoven complexes have also been examined. A statistical analysis of the hydrogen bonding interactions observed in these systems has been carried out. It reveals that a reasonable correlation exists between N+–H⋯O bond angle and H⋯O bond length. The correlation between C–H⋯O bond angle and H⋯O distance is poor, suggesting that C–H⋯O hydrogen bonding interactions are of secondary importance in determining the co-conformations adopted by these supermolecules.


This report provides an overview of DHS survey questions related to alcohol consumption and an analysis of outcomes from these questions in DHS surveys. It first examines the questions on alcohol use and the response categories in all surveys that included questions about ever typical or current alcohol consumption. The inventory found that alcohol questions were included in 65 surveys in 42 developing countries between 1987 and 2014 and 19 different questions related to alcohol consumption were identified. The most common question asked if the respondent had ever drunk alcohol. Responses to this question were used to calculate the prevalence of ever-drinking in 36 surveys. Prevalence varied substantially within and across regions and between men and women. The study then uses multivariable logistic regression to examine the association between alcohol use and unsafe sex in eight countries in sub- Saharan Africa known to have high HIV prevalence. The regression analysis of the global association between self-reported drinking status and unsafe sex was not found to be significant except among men in Zambia where the odds of engaging in unsafe sex for a current drinker were lower than for a non-drinker (opposite the expected outcome). At the event level alcohol consumption at last sex was an inconsistent predictor of unsafe sex. For both men and women the strongest predictor of engaging in unsafe sex was age of respondent -- higher odds for those 15-24 compared with those 35 and older. For women lifetime number of sexual partners also strongly predicted unsafe sex. The authors suggest using validated scales to assess harmful drinking.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the type of diet (grazing vs. silage with concentrate) and changes in diet on n-alkane concentrations in cattle feces. The assay lasted 35 days (15 days of adaptation and 20 of taking samples). Thirty Holstein-Friesian steers were divided into three groups of ten for each of three treatments: GZ. Diet of 100% pasture; FD: diet of pasture silage:concentrates in a 60:40 ratio; and MX: diet with a gradual decrease in pasture and inclusion of increasing quantities of the FD diet every five days until reaching the same diet in the last five days of the assay. Fecal samples were taken daily from every animal and analyzed by gas chromatography to determine n-alkane profiles. The data obtained under the conditions of this study showed evident changes in n-alkane concentrations in steer feces within two to three days after a change in diet, whereas concentrations were stable in the feces of animals that experienced no change in diet. These results can be used as the basis for developing a tool to determine the type of feed bovines receives prior to slaughter.


CryoEM structure of MxB tubes at 4.6 Å resolution reveals novel interfaces responsible for assembly and anti–HIV-1 activity. Human dynamin–like, interferon-induced myxovirus resistance 2 (Mx2 or MxB) is a potent HIV-1 inhibitor. Antiviral activity requires both the amino-terminal region of MxB and protein oligomerization, each of which has eluded structural determination due to difficulties in protein preparation. We report that maltose binding protein–fused, full-length wild-type MxB purifies as oligomers and further self-assembles into helical arrays in physiological salt. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP), but not guanosine diphosphate, binding results in array disassembly, whereas subsequent GTP hydrolysis allows its reformation. Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM), we determined the MxB assembly structure at 4.6 Å resolution, representing the first near-atomic resolution structure in the mammalian dynamin superfamily. The structure revealed previously described and novel MxB assembly interfaces. Mutational analyses demonstrated a critical role for one of the novel interfaces in HIV-1 restriction.


Fluctuations in network conditions are a common phenomenon. They arise in the current wired Internet due to changes in demand, and in wireless networks due to changing interference patterns. However, current congestion control design typically does not account for this, and in this sense the majority of congestion controllers proposed so far can be deemed as "myopic". The present work deals with the following question: how should network end-users exploit such temporal fluctuations? We introduce a formal framework, in which time diversity is explicitly described by phases in network condition. We propose as bandwidth allocation criterion the solution to an optimization problem, which features both classical (myopic) users and so-called farsighted users. We identify the corresponding farsighted user strategy as that maximizing throughput subject to a social norm related to TCP-friendliness. We establish basic desirable properties of the resulting allocations. We propose adaptive decentralized algorithms for farsighted users to achieve their target allocation. The algorithms do not require either explicit knowledge of dynamics in network conditions, or special feedback from the network.


Abstract. Caisson is one of the important representations of the Minnan (southern Fujian) temple architecture craft techniques and decorative aesthetics. The special component design and group building method present the architectural thinking and personal characteristics of great carpenters of Minnan temple architecture. In late Qing Dynasty, the appearance and style of caissons of famous temples in Taiwan apparently presented the building techniques of the great carpenters. However, as the years went by, the caisson design and craft techniques were not fully inherited, which has been a great loss of cultural assets. Accordingly, with the caisson of Fulong temple, a work by the well-known great carpenter in Tainan as an example, this study obtained the thinking principles of the original design and the design method at initial period of construction through interview records and the step of redrawing the "Tng-Ko" (traditional design, stakeout and construction tool). We obtained the 3D point cloud model of the caisson of Fulong temple using 3D laser scanning technology, and established the 3D digital model of each component of the caisson. Based on the caisson component procedure obtained from interview records, this study conducted the digital simulation of the caisson component to completely recode and present the caisson design, construction and completion procedure. This model of preserving the craft techniques for Minnan temple caisson by using digital technology makes specific contribution to the heritage of the craft techniques while providing an important reference for the digital preservation of human cultural assets.


BACKGROUND
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays are now available that can detect measurable troponin in significantly more individuals in the general population than conventional assays. The clinical use of these hs-cTn assays depends on the development of proper reference values. Therefore, our objective was to define hs-cTnI reference values and determinants in the general community, in a healthy reference cohort, and in subsets with diseases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A well-characterized community-based cohort of 2042 study participants underwent clinical assessment and echocardiographic evaluation. Baseline hs-cTnI measurements were obtained in 1843 individuals. A healthy reference cohort (n = 565) without cardiac, renal, or echocardiographic abnormalities was identified.

RESULTS
Measurable hs-cTnI was identified in 1716 (93%) of the community-based study cohort and 499 (88%) of the healthy reference cohort. Parameters that significantly contributed to higher hs-cTnI concentrations in the healthy reference cohort included age, male sex, systolic blood pressure, and left ventricular mass. Glomerular filtration rate and body mass index were not independently associated with hs-cTnI in the healthy reference cohort. Individuals with diastolic and systolic dysfunction, hypertension, and coronary artery disease (but not impaired renal function) had significantly higher hs-cTnI values than the healthy reference cohort.

CONCLUSIONS
We assessed an hs-cTnI assay with the aid of echocardiographic imaging in a large, well-characterized community-based cohort. hs-cTnI is remarkably sensitive in the general population, and there are important sex and age differences among healthy reference individuals. These results have important implications for defining hs-cTnI reference values and identifying disease.


: The world is in the midst of a systemic transition from unipolarity to multipolarity, which has prompted many experts to think deeply about the future of the international order. Leonid Savin, a leading fi gure of the International Eurasian Movement, is one such expert. His latest book, «Ordo Pluriversalis: The End Of Pax Americana And The Rise Of Multipolarity», covers a wide range of topics in arguing that the coming world order will be a post-liberal one characterized by civilizations acting similar to how nation- states presently do in the current order. Savin reveals how a rich diversity of social, political, religious, legal, and other systems have survived the brief period of American-led liberal unipolarity, which will lay the basis for the coming reorganization of international (or it should be said, inter- civilizational) relations. Intriguingly, since one of the foundations of this worldview is that these various systems will become more prominent in the wake of America's decline, he also attempts to incorporate many social theories into the fi eld of political science to account for the increasingly complex nature of inter-entity relations. Savin's work is therefore practical but also highly theoretical, though this review simpli fi es the gist of his ideas by focusing only on the most important ones which contribute to his conclusion of nation-state-like civilization-level actors becoming a subject in global affairs.


This study explores Messiaen's Catalogue d'oiseaux (1956-58), a solo piano work
which consists of thirteen movements, each of which is inspired by a bird found in
France, together with other birdsongs from the same habitat. The complete
performance of the Catalogue lasts approximately for 2V2 hours, though individual
movements are often chosen to be performed on their own or in groups. It is one of
Messiaen's most important works of the 1950s, exhibiting a mature style of birdsong
writing which greatly influenced his later work. A key event in the 1950s was
Messiaen's meeting (in 1952) with the ornithologist Jacques Delamain, from which
he obtained a detailed knowledge of birdsong
There are four chapters in this study, while the extensive musical examples can be
referred to in Volume II. Messiaen's development of birdsong writing since the 1940s
will be discussed in Chapter One, `Introduction'. This includes an explanation of his
creative journey while composing the Catalogue, and selected pages of sketches are
analysed to identify how the composer transcribed his birdsong writing to the final
score. The second chapter is concerned with details of Messiaen's piano writing in the
Catalogue, highlighting some of the technical difficulties and in particular the aspect
of the fingerings used in the work. Chapter three is the main focus for this study. Five
movements from the Catalogue are selected for a performance analysis, including an
identification of the different musical and poetic structures, discussion of Messiaen's
musical language and of other aspects which aim to assist in a performance of these
works. The last chapter is a discussion of interpretative issues where a selection of
seven recordings are compared and evaluated. The objective of this final chapter is
mainly to explore how pianists interpret these programmatic works, and the different
approachesth at can be employed.
Since the principal aim of this study is to illuminate issues of performance, the main
intention of the analysis is to reveal an understandable and discernable structure in
these works and to identify important features of the composer's style of piano
writing. Along with the discussion of the Catalogue, earlier works will be explored in
order to investigate Messiaen's development of piano writing which in the Catalogue
received a whole new dimension from his transcription of birdsongs.


Climate change is expected to increase winter rainfall and flooding in many extratropical regions as evaporation and precipitation rates increase, storms become more intense and storm tracks move polewards. Here, we show how changes in stratospheric circulation could play a significant role in future climate change in the extratropics through an additional shift in the tropospheric circulation. This shift in the circulation alters climate change in regional winter rainfall by an amount large enough to significantly alter regional climate change pro- jections. The changes are consistent with changes in stratospheric winds inducing a change in the baroclinic eddy growth rate across the depth of the troposphere. A change in mean wind structure and an equatorward shift of the tropospheric storm tracks relative to models with poor stratospheric resolution allows coupling with surface cli- mate. Using the Atlantic storm track as an example, we show how this can double the predicted increase in extreme winter rainfall over Western and Central Europe compared to other current climate projections.


The thesis analyzes the interaction region of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It proposes, studies and compares several upgrade options. The interaction region is the part of the LHC that hosts the particle detectors which analyze the collisions. An upgrade of the interaction region can potentially increase the number of collision events and therefore it is possible to accumulate and study a larger set of experimental data. The main object of study are the focus systems that consist of a set of magnets in charge of concentrating the particle beams in a small spot at the interaction points. The thesis uses the methods of beam optics and beam dynamics to design new interaction regions. Two design schemes are compared with a detailed analysis of the performance of several implementations. The design of the layouts takes into account the technical limitations that will affect possible realizations. Either analytical or numerical methods are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed layouts. The thesis presents new general methods that can be used for problems beyond the scope of the thesis. An analytical method has been developed for finding the intrinsic limitations of the focus systems. It allows to perform an exhaustive scan of the accessible parameter space and thus presents an efficient tool for guiding the design process. A numerical optimization routine and several enhancements have been implemented in MADX, a code for beam optics design. The routines simplify the solution of several optimization problems of beam optics.


This thesis examines the social and cultural factors which have influenced the use of dialect in Orkney. Orcadians could be said to be bi-dialectal speaking an Orcadian-influenced Scottish Standard English including Norse-derived lexical items spoken within a diglossic speech situation.

The main factors on which the research questions were based featured the effects of migration on the language and dialect of the islands; the attitudes of the local population on the use of dialect in a variety of situations; the consequences of greater demographic movement within Orkney and how this might have shaped the way people interact within the community. Through interviews with people from 13 different locations along with the completion of 100 questionnaires, a comprehensive range of information has been gathered.

The thesis provides a contribution to the literature on the use of dialect in Orkney in an area which has hitherto been generally overlooked and certainly not covered from a social and cultural perspective.


Transport analyses using first-principle turbulence codes and 11/2-D transport codes usually study radial transport properties between the tokamak plasma magnetic axis and a normalized minor radius around 0.8. In this region, heat transport shows significantly stiff properties resulting in temperature scalelength values (R/L-T) that are relatively independent of the level of the radial heat flux. We have studied experimentally in the tokamak a configuration variable [F. Hofmann et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 36, B277 (1994)] the radial electron transport properties of the edge region, close to the last closed flux surface, namely, between rho(V) = root V/V-edge = 0.8 to 1. It is shown that electron transport is not stiff in this region and high R/L-Te values (similar to 20-40) can be attained even for L-mode confinement. We can define a "pedestal" location, already in L-mode regimes, where the transport characteristics change from constant logarithmic gradient, inside rho(V) = 0.8, to constant gradient between 0.8 and 1.0. In particular, we demonstrate, with well resolved T-e and n(e) profiles, that the confinement improvement with plasma current I-p, with or without auxiliary heating, is due to this non-stiff edge region. This new result is used to explain the significant confinement improvement observed with negative triangularity, which could not be explained by theory to date. Preliminary local gyrokinetic simulations are now consistent with an edge, less stiff, region that is more sensitive to triangularity than further inside. We also show that increasing the electron cyclotron heating power increases the edge temperature inverse scalelength, in contrast to the value in the main plasma region. The dependence of confinement on density in ohmic plasmas is also studied and brings new insight in the understanding of the transition between linear and saturated confinement regimes, as well as of the density limit and appearance of a 2/1 tearing mode. The results presented in this paper provide an important new perspective with regards to radial transport in tokamak plasmas which goes beyond L-mode plasmas and explains some previous puzzling results. It is proposed that understanding the transport properties in this edge non-stiff region will also help in understanding the improved and high confinement edge properties. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.


High force, large displacement and low voltage consumption are a primary concern for microgyroscopes. The chevron-shaped thermal actuators are unique in terms of high force generation combined with the large displacements at a low operating voltage in comparison with traditional electrostatic actuators. A Nickel based 3-DoF micromachined gyroscope comprising 2-DoF drive mode and 1-DoF sense mode oscillator utilizing the chevron-shaped thermal actuators is presented here. Analytical derivations and finite element simulations are carried out to predict the performance of the proposed device using the thermo-physical properties of electroplated nickel. The device sensitivity is improved by utilizing the dynamical amplification of the oscillation in 2-DoF drive mode using an active-passive mass configuration. A comprehensive theoretical description, dynamics and mechanical design considerations of the proposed gyroscopes model are discussed in detail. Parametric optimization of gyroscope, its prototype modeling and fabrication using MetalMUMPs has also been investigated. Dynamic transient simulation results predicted that the sense mass of the proposed device achieved a drive displacement of 4.1μm when a sinusoidal voltage of 0.5V is applied at 1.77 kHz exhibiting a mechanical sensitivity of 1.7μm /°/s in vacuum. The wide bandwidth frequency response of the 2-DoF drive mode oscillator consists of two resonant peaks and a flat region of 2.11 kHz between the peaks defining the operational frequency region. The sense mode resonant frequency can lie anywhere within this region and therefore the amplitude of the response is insensitive to structural parameter variations, enhancing device robustness against such variations. The proposed device has a size of 2.2 × 2.6 mm2, almost one third in comparison with existing M-DoF vibratory gyroscope with an estimated power consumption of 0.26 Watts. These predicted results illustrate that the chevron-shaped thermal actuator has a large voltage-stroke ratio shifting the paradigm in MEMS gyroscope design from the traditional interdigitated comb drive electrostatic actuator. These actuators have low damping compared to electrostatic comb drive actuators which may result in high quality factor microgyroscopes operating at atmospheric pressure.


The United States and other nations are facing large-scale risks at an accelerating rhythm. In 2005, three major hurricanes--Katrina, Rita, and Wilma -- made landfall along the U.S. Gulf Coast within a six-week period. The damage caused by these storms led to insurance reimbursements and federal disaster relief of more than $180 billion -- a record sum. Today we are more vulnerable to catastrophic losses because of the increasing concentration of population and activities in high-risk coastal regions of the country. The question is not whether but when, and how frequently, future catastrophes will strike and the extent of damages they will cause. Who should pay the costs associated with catastrophic losses suffered by homeowners in hazard-prone areas? In At War with the Weather, Howard Kunreuther and Erwann Michel-Kerjan with their colleagues deliver a groundbreaking analysis of how we currently mitigate, insure against, and finance recovery from natural disasters in the United States. They offer innovative, long-term solutions for reducing losses and providing financial support for disaster victims that define a coherent strategy to assure sustainable recovery from future large-scale disasters. The amount of data collected and analyzed and innovations proposed make this the most comprehensive book written on these critical issues in the past thirty years.


John Dupre is the director of the ESRC Centre for Genomics in Society and professor of philosophy at the University of Exeter. Dupre was educated at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge and taught at Oxford, Stanford University and Birkbeck College of the University of London before moving to Exeter. Dupre's chief work area lies in philosophy of biology, philosophy of the social sciences, and general philosophy of science. Together with Nancy Cartwright, Ian Hacking, Patrick Suppes and others, he is often regarded as belonging to the "Stanford School" of philosophy of science. In 2010 Dupre was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in recognition of his work on Darwinism, and became President-Elect of the British Society for the Philosophy of Science.

Dupre's seminal "The Disorder of Things" made a huge impact on me as a philosophy undergrad, and we spend quite some time discussing the background for the book as well as its advancement of a pluralistic model of science as opposed to the common notion of reductionism. We also discuss his complex path through academia, and his work on feminism, evolutionary psychology and other issues centred around the issue of essentialism and the disunity of science.


There is long-standing evidence for verbal working memory impairments in both children and adults with dyslexia. By contrast, spatial memory appears largely to be unimpaired. In an attempt to distinguish between phonological and central executive accounts of the impairments in working memory, a set of phonological and spatial working memory tasks was designed to investigate the key issues in working memory, task type, task demands (static, dynamic, and updating), and task complexity. Significant differences emerged between the dyslexic and nondyslexic participants on the verbal working memory tasks employed in Experiment 1, thereby providing further evidence for continuing dyslexic impairments of working memory into adulthood. The nature of the deficits suggested a problem with the phonological loop, with there being little evidence to implicate an impairment of the central executive. Due to the difficulties associated with separating verbal working memory and phonological processing, however, performance was investigated in Experiment 2 using visuospatial measures of working memory. The results of the visuospatial tasks indicated no between-group differences in static spatial memory, which requires the short-term storage of simultaneously presented information. In almost all conditions there were no between-group differences in dynamic spatial memory that demands the recall of both location and order of stimuli presented sequentially. However, a significant impairment occurred on the dynamic task under high memory updating load, on which dyslexic adults showed nonphonological working memory deficits. In the absence of an explanation involving verbal recoding, this finding is interpreted in terms of a central executive or automaticity impairment in dyslexia.


The HTTP-based Memento framework bridges the present and past Web. It
facilitates obtaining representations of prior states of a given
resource by introducing datetime negotiation and TimeMaps. Datetime
negotiation is a variation on content negotiation that leverages the
given resource's URI and a user agent's preferred datetime.
TimeMaps are lists that enumerate URIs of resources that encapsulate
prior states of the given resource. The framework also facilitates
recognizing a resource that encapsulates a frozen prior state of
another resource.


Objective
This article explores how different motives affect behavior, and attempts to explain how the causal chain of values and beliefs forms our understanding of and motives for private-sphere environmentally significant behaviors (ESBs). As a point of departure, we postulate that traditional models focusing primarily on individual-level motivation as a driver for ESB should benefit significantly from making a distinction in the dependent variable between: (1) behaviors that are explicitly pro-environmental, judging both by their outcomes and the individual's stated motives for undertaking them; (2) behaviors that have a positive environmental impact but that are connected to motives other than environmental ones; as well as (3) behaviors where both environmental and other motives coincide as drivers for ESB.

Methods
In order to answer our research questions, we use survey data collected from a random sample from the Swedish population register. The main dependent variable is the self-reported frequency of 12 different kinds of nonactivist, private-sphere behaviors. We employ ordinary least square regressions to analyze the explanatory strength of individual-level motivational factors for ESB when taking stated motives for behavior into account.

Results and Conclusion
The results support our main assumption that to explain drivers for ESB, stated motives should be taken into account. For all of the 12 ESBs in the survey, a considerable share of the respondents do not perceive or motivate behavior as pro-environmentalism at all, and others provide multiple motives for their behavior, combining, for example, economic or health with environmentalism. Furthermore, when analyzing the relationship between a scientifically well-established model aspiring to explain pro-environmental behavior, and individuals' behavioral perceptions and their stated behavior, we find that the explanatory power of this model is clearly sensitive to people's stated motives.


Many networks are complex dynamical systems, where both attributes of nodes and topology of the network (links structure) can change with time. We propose a model of co-evolving networks where both node attributes and network structure evolve under mutual influence. Specifically, we consider a mixed membership stochastic blockmodel, where the probability of observing a link between two nodes depends on their current membership vectors, while those membership vectors themselves evolve in the presence of a link between the nodes. Thus, the network is shaped by the interaction of stochastic processes describing the nodes, while the processes themselves are influenced by the changing network structure. We derive an efficient variational inference procedure for our model, and validate the model on both synthetic and real–world data.


The anesthetics can differently affect the structure and biological function of tissues and systems. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of three injectable anesthetics generally used in experiments with animals on the degree of haemolysis and glycogenolysis after deep anesthesia. 20 Wistar male rats (330-440g) were used. The animals were divided into three groups: Cloral Hydrate (CH), Ketamine + Xylazine (KX), Zoletil 50® (zolazepam and tiletamina) + Xylazine (ZTX). After deep anesthesia the total blood was collected. Immediately the liver, the white and red gastrocnemius muscles were also withdrawn. The degree of serum haemolysis was quantified by the hemoglobin concentration (g/dL) and the hepatic and muscular glycogen concentration through spectrophotometer analyses. The CH and KX groups presented serum haemolysis (0.49 ± 0.06 g/dL and 0.18 ± 0.06 g/dL, respectively). ZTX group presented no detectable values. The average value of the hepatic and muscular glycogen concentrations exhibited no significant difference between CH and ZTX groups. The data were similar to other studies in the literature. However, the KX induced accentuated glycogenolysis in all tissues. Our data suggest that the anesthetic ZTX seems to be the most appropriate for studies that need simultaneously to quantify the concentration of glycogen and blood markers without interferences. It neither causes glycogenolysis nor haemolysis. ZTX possesses accessible cost, is easily found at veterinary markets, quickly induces deep anesthesia and presents low mortality rate.


It is generally acknowledged that energy losses from the exhaust system are approximately 30% of the total losses of energy supplied to the engine in the form of fuel. Part of this energy is used to heat the aftertreatment systems whose pollutant conversion rate is tightly related to their operating temperature. The exhaust gas flowing through the catalytic supports of the converters and filters warms them up while the outstanding energy contained in the gases is lost permanently. Hence, it is vital to recuperate the waste energy and convert it into different forms such as electrical energy using thermoelectric modules. In this paper, we determined the energy loss in an exhaust system of a city bus following the measurements carried out under actual traffic conditions on a regular bus route. The measurements of the exhaust gas temperature and mass flow were performed at three points. For this, thermoresistors and a portable exhaust emission analyzer SEMTECH DS (designed for exhaust emission testing under actual traffic conditions) were used. Based on the measured exhaust emission of CO2, CO and THC we determined the vehicle gas mileage. From the vehicle diagnostic system, we pulled basic data of the engine operation and based on this, the amount of energy supplied to the engine and the losses through the exhaust system throughout the entire test run of the bus were determined.


The element free Galerkin method (EFGM) [1] is one of the most robust meshless methods for the
solution of elasto-statics problems. In the EFGM, moving least squares (MLS) shape functions are used
for the approximation of the field variable. The essential boundary conditions cannot be implemented
directly as in the case of Finite Element Method (FEM), because the MLS shape functions do not
possess the Kronecker-delta property and use Lagrange multipliers instead. In this paper the recently
developed local maximum entropy shape functions are used in the EFGM for the approximation of the
field variable instead of MLS. As the local maximum entropy shape functions possess the Kroneckerdelta
property at the boundaries so the essential boundary conditions are enforced directly as in the
case of FEM. Two benchmark problems, a cantilever beam subjected to parabolic traction at the free
end and an infinite plate with circular hole subjected to unidirectional tension are solved to show the
implementation and performance of the current approach. The displacement and stresses calculated by
the current approach show good agreement with the analytical results.


Abstract. Estimating anthropogenic aerosol effects on the planetary energy balance through the aerosol influence on clouds using the difference in cloud radiative forcing from simulations with and without anthropogenic emissions produces estimates that are positively biased. A more representative method is suggested using the difference in cloud radiative forcing calculated as a diagnostic with aerosol scattering and absorption neglected. The method also yields an aerosol radiative forcing decomposition that includes a term quantifying the impact of changes in surface albedo. The method requires only two additional diagnostic calculations: the whole-sky and clear-sky top-of-atmosphere radiative flux with aerosol scattering and absorption neglected.


Make provision about treaties relating to the European Union and decisions made under them, including provision implementing the Protocol signed at Brussels on 23 June 2010 amending the Protocol (No. 36) on transitional provisions annexed to the Treaty on European Union, to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and to the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community; and to make provision about the means by which directly applicable or directly effective European Union law has effect in the United Kingdom.


The central argument of Edward Said's Orientalism is that the relationship between Britain and its colonies was primarily oppositional, based on contrasts between conquest abroad and domestic order at home. Saree Makdisi directly challenges that premise in Making England Western, identifying the convergence between the British Empire's civilizing mission abroad and a parallel mission within England itself, and pointing to romanticism as one of the key sites of resistance to the imperial culture in Britain after 1815. Makdisi argues that there existed places and populations in both England and the colonies that were thought of in similar terms - for example, there were sites in England that might as well have been Arabia, and English people to whom the idea of the freeborn Englishman did not extend. The boundaries between "us" and "them" began to take form during the romantic period, when England became a desirable Occidental space, connected with but superior to distant lands. Delving into the works of Wordsworth, Austen, Byron, Dickens, and others to trace an arc of celebration, ambivalence, and criticism influenced by these imperial dynamics, Makdisi demonstrates the extent to which romanticism offered both hopes for and warnings against future developments in Occidentalism. Revealing that romanticism provided a way to resist imperial logic about improvement and moral virtue, Making England Western is an exciting contribution to the study of both British literature and colonialism.