Pressures and temperatures have been determined from locations in the eastern Dalradian using a number of different geothermometers and geobarometers. Temperatures range from 550°C in the low kyanite zone to about 800°C in the sillimanite–K feldspar zone. Pressures range from about 5.5 kbar in Glen Esk to 9–10 kbar in the Central Highlands. The barometric calibrations employed are consistent with the kyanite–sillimanite equilibrium. Evidence from mineral zoning suggests that rocks outside the Buchan area (in the Duchray Hill Gneiss, Glens Clova and Avon and in the Schichallion area) underwent a pressure decrease synchronous with the metamorphic peak. Regional temperature variations define a thermal high centred on the Cromar–Glen Muick–Duchray Hill Gneiss area. To the W of this high temperatures decrease rapidly. A sharp thermal break occurs between high grade sillimanite–K feldspar gneisses in Glen Muick and kyanite–staurolite schists to the W. This thermal contrast is attributed to a structural break which may be analogous to a number of other thermal features in the Dalradian.


The pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous bolus and continuous infusion azidothymidine (AZT) was studied in rhesus monkeys. Three animals received 100 mg/m2 as a bolus injection both intravenously and subcutaneously, with the order of administration randomly determined. Two animals received a continuous subcutaneous infusion of 25 mg/m2 per h for 12 or 24 h. AZT was measured in plasma by a reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay. Following intravenous bolus administration, AZT elimination was rapid, with a mean half-life of 1.2 h and a mean clearance of 318 ml/min per m2 (range, 200 to 441 ml/min per m2). The bolus subcutaneous dose was rapidly (time to peak concentration, 15 to 30 min) and nearly completely (fraction absorbed, 92%) absorbed without evidence of local tissue toxicity. With continuous subcutaneous infusion of AZT, the steady state was attained within 4 h and steady-state concentrations in plasma in the two animals exceeded 3.0 mumol/liter. No local tissue toxicity was observed at the infusion site. The subcutaneous route may be a practical alternative to intravenous administration of AZT and deserves further clinical study.


This paper commences with a theoretical underpinning of the nature of violence from a social cybernetic perspective, exploring the interactions between parts and wholes where boundaries are transgressed or vital flows are disrupted. A case study of Rangi, a perpetrator of family violence, who is a hypothetical composite of people the author has worked with over the years, demonstrates how cybernetic principles can be used to understand the nature of human violence on an individual level and inform ways of working with clients aiming to reduce the frequency and severity of violence in their lives and the people around them. The focus then shifts to structural violence imposed on the parts of the system by the whole. First, this is examined at a societal level, then returning to the case study of Rangi, there is an exploration of structural violence within the criminal justice system revealing paradoxes to be confronted in working with violent clients.;


This paper presents an analytical method to predict the aerodynamic stability derivatives of oscillating delta
wings with straight leading edge. It uses the Ghosh similitude and the strip theory to obtain the expressions for
stability derivatives in pitch and roll in the Newtonian limit. The present theory gives a quick and approximate
method to estimate the stability derivatives which is very essential at the design stage. They are applicable for
wings of arbitrary plan form shape at high angles of attack provided the shock wave is attached to the leading
edge of the wing. The expressions derived for stability derivatives become exact in the Newtonian limit. The
stiffness derivative and damping derivative in pitch and roll are dependent on the geometric parameter of the
wing. It is found that stiffness derivative linearly varies with the pivot position. In the case of damping
derivative since expressions for these derivatives are non-linear and the same is reflected in the results. Roll
damping derivative also varies linearly with respect to the angle of attack. When the variation of roll damping
derivative was considered, it is found it also, varies linearly with angle of attack for given sweep angle, but with
increase in sweep angle there is continuous decrease in the magnitude of the roll damping derivative however,
the values differ for different values in sweep angle and the same is reflected in the result when it was studied
with respect to sweep angle. From the results it is found that one can arrive at the optimum value of the angle of
attack sweep angle which will give the best performance.


Phytoplankton carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content is commonly normalized to phosphorus (P) quotas as Redfield C:N: P ratios. We examined how surface‐bound P pools affect Redfield stoichiometry and P uptake kinetics in cultures and natural blooms of diatoms, raphidophytes, dinoflagellates, pelagophytes, prasinophytes, and cyanobacteria. The amount of surface‐adsorbed P on exponential growth phase cultures ranged from 14% to 57% of the total cellular P. The C: total P and N: total P ratios (surface‐adsorbed P + intracellular P) for all species were near Redfield values, with lower values for the diatoms and higher ratios for the dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria. However, when corrected for the P adsorbed to exterior surfaces, intracellular or "biological" C: P and N: P ratios are 1.2–2 times higher. As with the cultured isolates, the amount of surface‐adsorbed P for the natural bloom samples ranged from 15% to 46%. Carbon : total P ratios ranged from 71 to 151, whereas C: intracellular P ratios were 1.3–1.7 times higher. N: P ratios for the natural samples showed similar trends. Phosphate uptake rates into the intracellular pool were as little as half those measured for uptake into total cellular P pools for both the natural blooms and cultures. Cells can, however, access some of the surface‐bound P over time to support growth, and the partitioning of P between adsorbed and interior pools is affected by growth stage, cellular P demand, and external phosphate concentrations. We conclude that, as with iron (Fe) and other particle‐reactive elements, bulk particulate C:N: P ratios do not necessarily reflect the true biological P quotas of eukaryotic and prokaryotic algae and that P scavenging onto cell surfaces is likely to exert a large influence on the biogeochemical cycling of this nutrient.


Macauba fruits are oil-rich drupes with high moisture content at harvest. This feature can affect the chemical properties of the oil and increase the costs of biodiesel production. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt postharvest strategies to ensure oil quality. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of drying macauba fruit on the quality of the pulp oil. Husked and dehusked fruits were dried at 60°C and then stored. At 0, 15, 45, 100, and 180 days after storage, fruit samples were retrieved, and the oil from the pulp was evaluated for physicochemical parameters. The removal of the husk from the fruits considerably reduced the drying time compared to that of the husked fruits. Drying prevented deterioration of the fruit even after 180 days of storage, regardless of the presence of the husk. The drying process allowed for efficient storage of the macauba fruit while maintaining low levels of oil acidity. Furthermore, the oxidative stability of the pulp oil from the dehusked dried fruits lasted longer than that from the husked dried fruits. Therefore, drying is a viable alternative for the postharvest of macauba fruits to maintain the quality of the oil for biodiesel production.


Contemporary industrial developments and rapid pace of urbanization have called for an environmentally sustainable energy sources. Ethanol made from biomass provides unique environmental, economic strategic benefits and can be considered as a safe and cleanest liquid fuel alternative to fossil fuels. There is a copious amount of lignocellulosic biomass worldwide that can be exploited for fuel ethanol production. Significant advances have been made at bench scale towards the fuel ethanol generation from lignocellulosics. However there are still technical and economical hurdles, which make the bioethanol program unsuccessful at commercial scale. This review provides a broad overview on current status of bioethanol production technologies in terms of their economic and environmental viability. These technologies include pretreatment of biomass, the use of cellulolytic enzymes for depolymerisation of carbohydrate polymers into fermentable constituents and the use of robust fermentative microorganisms for ethanol production. Among all the available technologies, dilute acid hydrolysis followed by enzymatic hydrolysis by less expensive and more efficient cellulases has been found more promising towards the potential economics and environmental impact.

 Key words: Bioethanol, lignocellulosic feedstock, ethanol fermentation, economics, environmental impact


Microstructured fibers offer the possibility of being filled with unconventional materials in order to influence the propagation properties in an optical fiber waveguide. We have studied the filling of microstructured silica fibers with electro-optic polymers. For this purpose a new electro-optic polymer formulation has been developed which is well suited for the complete filling of capillaries in microstructured optical fibers. Such filling could be of special interest for all-solid bandgap fibers thanks to the high refractive index of electro-optic polymers compared with silica, for fiber integrated electro-optical modulation, or for tunable fiber Bragg gratings. We demonstrate waveguiding with such filled fibers, investigate the integration of electrodes for poling and prove the possibility of long-period grating inscription in such fibers.


This study was undertaken in the drylands of southeastern Kenya to identify and rank important indigenous plant feed materials for cattle. Through the use of a structured questionnaire administered at the household level, farmers were asked to identify and rank the plant feed materials. The households were selected through systematic sampling along road transects in three agroecological zones namely LM4, LM5 and IL5. Samples of edible plant parts of top ranked feed materials were collected and nutritional analysis done at University of Nairobi, Department of animal production nutrition laboratory. Farmers' preference, nutritional value rankings and climate variability were used to give the final ranking of the feed plant materials, The top ranked grass species were Cynodon plectostachys and Eragrostis superba. Other grass species included Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicum maximum. Among the browse species, Combretum exalatum and Duospermakilimandscharicum were the top ranked species. However, Acacia tortilis, Melia volkensii and Combretum apiculatum were also valuable browse plant species in the study area. The most important crop residues were from maize, pigeon peas and cow peas. However, maize stover may not be reliable especially with increasing aridity and hence more drought resistant cereal crops such as sorghum and millets should be promoted.


Sweden was early to develop legislation related to accessible public transport for disabled people in 1979 and can therefore be seen as a forerunner. However, recent findings reveal widespread barriers in the Swedish public transport system and large variations between different parts of the country. This paper draws on empirical material consisting of complaints regarding accessibility left by travellers in Stockholm to a local transit company and aims to provide an overview of the character of complaints and to identify common themes through a qualitative content analysis. The results show that the most commonly reported challenge relates to boarding or getting off the vehicles, where the drivers are mostly described as the underlying reason for those difficulties. The narratives describe how some drivers misuse (or do not use) the accessibility equipment or show an abusive or attitudinal behaviour. The results support the body of literature on the meaning of continuous work with accessibility issues in public transport. Varying views on disability may have had a substantial impact on the development of our societies and on how the issues of accessibility in the public transport system have been prioritised or handled. Thus, this study highlights existing social barriers and variations in individual capacities as important factors that influence the experiences of public transport users. The study recommends an increased focus on educating drivers and staff about how to accommodate different groups of travellers. The study also recommends that transport providers consider drivers' working conditions (i.e., with the consideration of timetables and high time-pressure). Further research on how well accessibility adaptations in public transport actually work and how the users perceive them is necessary.


Planning processes that make space for Indigenous peoples in Australia appear to herald more inclusive and socially just practices, in the critical collaborative tradition, as they respond to Indigenous rights-claims and aspirations. The article describes a case in western Victoria where non-Indigenous planners are forging new relationships with Indigenous land claimant groups. The case extends current theorisations about more collaborative and socially just practices of planning in multicultural settings, and highlights the further theoretical and practical work to be done to fully realise the complexities of planning in (post)colonial settings.


This article presents early findings in a 2-year mixed-methods study examining whether the source (federal/state/local) or type (restricted/flexible) of funding impacts quality outcome measures linked to mental health of children in foster care. The study, funded by the Public Health Law Program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, focuses on three quality outcomes that are closely linked to the mental health of the children served by the child welfare system: days in placement, days awaiting adoption, and recurrent maltreatment. The authors are using community based participatory research to analyze ten years of county-based financial and child welfare outcome data for both quantitative and qualitative analyses. In Ohio, approximately half of the eighty-eight counties have a dedicated local tax levy for child welfare services, providing flexible funding at the local level. From 1997 to 2005, the federal government also provided flexible federal funding via Title IV-E waivers to fourteen "ProtectOhio" Counties and to an additional four counties through 2009. Early findings indicate that flexible funding is linked to reduced median days in care and days awaiting adoption. The study further indicates that community based participatory research is particularly helpful in designing the research questions that will provide relevant data for policy reform.


ABSTRACT Reform of the Russian domestic natural gas sector has been discussed for several decades but has not been carried out. The state-controlled energy company Gazprom holds a dominant position in the domestic market, supplying the population with gas, carrying out societal functions, and in return getting privileges from the state. Recently, however, independent gas producers have increased their market shares and are lobbying for liberalization. While Gazprom might gain from reform, it continues to warn against the dangers of altering the gas market structure too abruptly. Analyzing Gazprom's reasoning through an ideational analytical lens, this article finds that Gazprom's reluctance to change can be explained not only by its interests but also by norms and beliefs. Reform studies should take note of Gazprom's idea of "keeping the country together," not least because the company has a sounding board in the President, who makes the final decisions.


During both running and wheel cut operations, wheels of railway vehicles and the friction rollers that support and drive the wheelset on a typical wheel cut lathe are subject to wear and hence are likely to develop out-of-round characteristics after sustained use. The resulting out-of-round wheels can significantly affect the ride quality and can potentially increase the incidence of fatigue-related component failures due to the resulting higher intensity loading cycles. Furthermore, the corresponding out-of-round characteristics of the lathe's friction rollers will continue to degrade the subsequent cut quality of wheels. For the analysis of the out-of-round characteristics caused by an underfloor wheel lathe used for the high-speed trains in China, a mathematical model based on a typical electric multiple unit (EMU) vehicle's wheelsets and their interactions with the wheel lathe friction rollers was established. Factors influencing the cut quality of the wheels, including the number of cuts, eccentricity forms of the friction rollers and the longitudinal spacing of the two rollers, have been analysed. The results show that two cuts can effectively remove the higher order polygon on the wheel surface. The eccentricity and phase angle of the friction rollers have no influence on the cut quality of higher order polygons, whereas they are the primary cause for the fourth-order polygons. The severity of the fourth-order polygon depends on the level and the phase of the eccentricity of the friction rollers. The space of the two rollers can also significantly affect the cut quality. Obtaining the theoretical and practical value for the maintenance of polygonised wheels using the underfloor lathe is the main outcome of this study.


The muscles of mastication of the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus, were dissected, described, weighed and the areas of their origin and insertion were determined. In addition, the temporomandibular joint was described. The aim was to ascertain the relative contribution of those muscles to the jaw movements of the koala. The masseter and temporalis muscles were the principle group and could account for the major movements and forces generated in chewing. In contrast to other herbivorous mammals, the pterygoid muscles were small and probably exert fine motor control over the mandible and temporomandibular joints. The digastric and geniohyoid muscles were small, compatible with the limited gape in the animal.


Master-slave manipulators enhance surgeons' dexterity and improve the precision of surgical techniques by filtering out surgeons' tremors and scaling the movements of surgical instruments. Among clinically available master-slave manipulators, the epoch-making system called "da Vinci" developed by Intuitive Surgical Inc. (Mountain View, CA, USA), equipped with 2 articulated joints at the tip of the surgical instruments allowing 7 degrees of freedom, mimics the movements of surgeons' wrists and fingers in the abdominal or thoracic cavity. Today advanced telecommunications technology provides us excellent motion images using only 3-ISDN telephone lines. Experienced surgeons at primary surgical sites have been able to perform complex procedures successfully by consulting specialists at remote sites. Because telecommunications costs have become lower each year, telementoring will be come a routine surgical practice in the near future. The usefulness of surgical telementoring has been greatly enhanced by the development of a technique to illustrate on video images from two directions. Moreover, remote advisory surgeons will be able to provide the optimal operative field to operating surgeons using robotic camera holders with voice-recognition systems. In the near future, when master-slave manipulators will also be coupled with telementoring systems, remote experts could actually perform complex surgical procedures.


The large size and low rotational speed of modern wind turbines are often linked to the generation of low frequency noise. This paper proposes a simplified approach to model the sound produced by a wind turbine based on moving monopole sources. Time-dependent Green functions are used to account for the Doppler effect introduced by the relative changes in position between the moving elements and the fixed sensors. The proposed model can be used for understanding how different mechanical defects have an impact on the perceived sound. The sound field is hereby studied through an array of acoustic vector sensors (AVSs) since it enables locating low frequency sound sources with a relatively small aperture. A beamforming method is applied upon the synthetic data for locating the noise emission points along the moving blades. An experimental investigation is also presented introducing a novel in-situ calibration procedure for adjusting the AVS orientation. Both numerical and experimental results show that the proposed approach is suitable for modelling and localizing the sources of noise emission with a low number of acoustic vector sensors.


This paper, a contribution to a symposium on blogs and the law, examines the legal and constitutional status of blogs. Specifically, it offers three ways of looking at the relationship between blogs and the Press Clause - and, not incidentally, of looking at the Press Clause itself. First, drawing on recent historical work, I suggest that we might view the Press Clause through either the free press or open press models that historically have applied to that provision. Viewing the Press Clause through the open press model makes a home for blogs in the Press Clause, but dilutes the content of the rights that might be available, for blogs or anyone else, under the Press Clause. Second, I suggest that we might view the Press Clause from a functional perspective, protecting those activities that are at the heart of what we consider to be the social value of journalism. This approach does manage to give some content to the press right, and to extend it to journalists working in the old and new media alike; but it fails to fully capture the qualities that we value in either the established press or the blogosphere. Finally, I argue that we might view the Press Clause specifically, and the First Amendment generally, in institutional terms, identifying those speech institutions that contribute in unique and important ways to public discourse and granting them considerable autonomy to act according to the norms and practices that define and give value to each First Amendment institution. Under this approach, both the established news media and the blogosphere may find substantial protection under the Press Clause, although the content of the rights available to each institution will be different, based on the distinct nature of each institution. I argue that this approach, although in some ways it may appear to be the most radical of the three visions of the Press Clause I offer, is both normatively attractive and closer to current First Amendment doctrine than one might assume. Ultimately, although my conclusions differ significantly from his, I suggest that there may yet be life in the arguments made by Justice Stewart in his famous article on the Press Clause.


Incest is defined as the occurrence of sexual relations between close blood relatives. It is considered as not a rare event. Still, the conspiracy of silence, which is an integral part of the phenomenon, makes it difficult to estimate its scope, especially here in the Philippines. This research aims to provide enlightenment about the phenomenon, especially through the perpetrators' lenses; thus, the perpetrators' challenges and realizations before, during, and after the said act. A case study was conducted in four incest cases, which happen in the province of Davao del Sur. A structured focused case comparison was used in this study to present the differences and similarities of each case regarding the relationship between the victim and the perpetrator, the triggering factors, and the challenges of the perpetrators before, during, and after the incestuous act. Descriptive phenomenological method was also been utilized for the interpretation of the significant themes and meanings. The results showed that organic substance such as alcohol, close physical proximity, and illicit emotions were the prevailing factors that led the perpetrators to commit incest. In addition, the results also showed that temptation due to close physical proximity was the common challenges that the perpetrators encountered. Moreover, after the incestuous act, the perpetrators showed different feelings towards the incident, such as remorse and regret. However, each case varied when it comes to their relationship with the victims and emotional attachment.


This paper explores the phenomenon of "acqui-hires", defined as acquisitions of early-stage startups made purely to acquire talent. Acqui-hires are prevalent among Northern California's high-technology companies, who use these to fill gaps in their strategic roadmaps. Taking the perspective of an acquirer, we examine the different ways acquirers approach acqui-hires relative to conventional acquisitions. We define how acqui-hired transactions and targets stand out from their conventional counterparts, namely shorter lifespans, less funding from institutional investors and concentrated in certain market focuses. Although acqui-hires are distinct from conventional acquisitions, they can be scored on the linear Acqui-hire Score Scale, which is based on the eventual fate of the target company's main product. We found that 83% of companies making an acqui-hire stop operating the target's product whereas 50% sell it off. Acqui-hires are a true hybrid between conventional acquisitions and conventional hiring. While acquisition integration is usually ineffective, acqui-hires ease this challenge by creating new organizational structures that integrate the target company while enabling it to function as a startup. We propose five essential prerequisites for acqui-hires in an industry: ease of independent work; high value attached to specialized, non-commodity capabilities; specificity of attributing success and failure; flexible hiring culture; and low externalities.


Cost-effective inventory management includes balancing the cost of inventory with its profit. Most business owners fail to recognize the value of the cost of carrying inventory, which include not only the direct cost of storage, insurance and taxes but also the cost of money tied up in inventory. Running inventory using paperbased systems, Excel files and traditional enterprise software is a costly and resource-intensive approach that may not even address the appropriate issues for most businesses. It is with this in mind that this research proposes taking advantage of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology i.e. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Web 2.0 tools in the management of inventory. RFID promotes the communication of things/object through sensors. On the other hand Web 2.0 tools promote the communication of people through their phones or desktop computers. The collaboration of these two technologies could improve inventory management. A comprehensive literature survey is conducted on inventory management functionalities. RFID and Web 2.0 technologies are then mapped to the identified inventory management functionalities. As a result the research proposes inventory management architecture. The paper looks at the architecture of a system that fully integrates the technical advantages of RFID and Web 2.0 tools, such as Twitter for loss prevention and as an enabler for locating misplaced stock, anti-counterfeiting of stock, and notifications on stock level on the shelve, amongst other applications. The system focuses on enterprises in developing regions in Africa, and South Africa in particular.


Haptic feedback consists of the tactile and kinesthetic information available during physical interaction with surfaces and objects. When grasping an object, haptic information specifies object size and therefore may influence grasp kinematics over multiple grasps. In real-world grasping movements, the visual size of an object exactly corresponds to its haptically specified size, confounding the relative influences of these two modalities on grasp performance. As a result, accurate grasp performance in repeated grasping tasks may not be attributed entirely to veridical encoding of visual size. In these experiments, we independently controlled the visual and haptic information presented during repeated grasping of vertically-oriented rectangular bars. Visual bar sizes were presented using a computer display and an oblique mirror such that the bars appeared at eye height 40 cm in front of the seated observer. Haptic size information was provided by physical bars presented at the same 3D locations as the visual bars. Vision of the hand and physical arrangement was unavailable, making it impossible to notice size mismatches. In Experiment 1, three physical bars were grasped in a random order in three blocks of 30 grasps. In each block, the visual bars appeared smaller (-4 mm), larger (+4 mm), or equal in size to the physical bars. Maximum Grip Aperture scaling matched the physical size differences across all three blocks while we found no modulations due to visual size variation. To further investigate the time course of visuo-haptic integration, we ran a follow-up experiment looking at how MGA scaling develops over 14 repeated grasps at bars with seven different visuo-haptic combinations. Our results suggest that visual information is initially dominant in determining the size of the maximum grip aperture, but haptic information gradually overrides visual information in less than ten trials and enables physically accurate grasp performance. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


HyperTransport 3.10 is the best open standard communication technology for chip-to-chip interconnects. However, its extraordinary features are of little help when building midand large-scale systems because it is unable to natively scale beyond 8 computing nodes. Therefore, it must be complemented by other interconnect technologies. The HyperTransport Consortium has intensively stimulated discussions among its high-level members in order to overcome those shortcomings. The result is the High Node Count HyperTransport Specification, which defines protocol extensions to the HyperTransport I/O Link Specification Rev. 3.10 that enable HyperTransport to natively support high numbers of computing nodes, typical of large scale server clustering and High Performance Computing (HPC) applications. This extension has been carefully designed in such a way that it extends the maximum number of connected devices to a number large enough to support current and future scalability requirements, while preserving the excellent features that made HyperTransport successful and keeping full backward compatibility with it.


I. COMMENT THESIS In a recent article,Judge Diane Wood, commenting on the evolution of international trade rules since World War II, culminating most recently in the Uruguay Round trade agreements, correctly noted: As [government rules relating to trade] have been addressed, however, it has become apparent that private restrictions can also have an important effect on the openness of the international trading system. And one natural place to look for rules relating to private restraints of trade is the antitrust laws, which are designed to assure that markets operate competitively.(1) The thesis of this comment is twofold. First, efforts to advance harmonization or "convergence" of national rules regulating competition can reach their full potential only if two sets of preconditions--economic/commercial and political--exist to support such harmonization or convergence. Second, governments can and should take concrete steps to help create these preconditions. In effect, there are three dimensions to integrating rules relating to domestic commercial competition with trade rules. The first dimension is economic: there must be effective commercial competition within and across borders. The second dimension is political: the existence of such competition must create strong political constituencies to support regulatory integration. Finally, there is the legal dimension: effective rules must be negotiated. In our view, the economic/ commercial dynamics will largely determine the degree of political support for certain types of trade/antitrust remedy integration, which in turn will have a major impact on the legal/negotiating dynamics. In other words, if markets are effectively segmented for economic/ commercial reasons, there will be both sound commercial reasons and a political imperative to maintain adequate trade remedies for activities--including, but not limited to, price discrimination without open markets and effective competition. On the other hand, if markets are effectively integrated and competitive such that businesses are unable, through practices like international price discrimination, to obtain national advantages, then the economic and political preconditions for an effective negotiation over integrating trade and competition policy rules will have been laid. II. ROLE OF THE SUBSTANTIVE HARMONIZATION AGENDA The next question is how prescriptions for legal integration fit into the three-dimensional framework outlined above. In their paper, Harmonization of Competition Policies in a Regional Economic Integration, Richard Cunningham and Anthony LaRocca provide a useful analytic framework for advancing legal integration, specifically for evaluating specific areas of antitrust law and enforcement practices that (1) have a greater impact on trade flows and therefore would make good candidates for convergence or harmonization in the context of regional integration; or (2) have a greater potential for convergence or harmonization in that context, given the nature of the activities involved. In general, we are in agreement with their analytic framework. However, we think there needs to be a greater accounting of the current system of trade and competition policy rules to assess how ripe that system is for change. In particular, before countries can begin to discuss convergence of competition policy, there are four issues that must be explored. First, the current system is set up to reflect real differences in the way national economic systems function or are regulated, including fundamental differences concerning the objectives of competition policy. So long as these differences exist, there will be hard and fast limits to the extent of possible convergence, let alone harmonization. In particular, procedural and limited agreements to coordinate enforcement measures may succeed, whereas efforts to converge substantive law standards are likely to stumble. …


Purpose: TP53 aberration (TP53 mutation and/or 17p deletion) is the most important predictive marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Although each TP53 aberration is considered an equal prognosticator, the prognostic value of carrying isolated (single-hit) or multiple (multi-hit) TP53 aberrations remains unclear, particularly in the context of targeted agents. Patients and Methods: We performed deep sequencing of TP53 using baseline samples collected from 51 TP53 aberrant patients treated with ibrutinib in a phase II study (NCT01500733). Results: We identified TP53 mutations in 43 patients (84%) and del(17p) in 47 (92%); 9 and 42 patients carried single-hit and multi-hit TP53, respectively. The multi-hit TP53 subgroup was enriched with younger patients who had prior treatments and unmutated immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region gene status. We observed significantly shorter overall survival, progression-free survival (PFS), and time-to-progression (TTP) in patients with multi-hit TP53 compared with those with single-hit TP53. Clinical outcomes were similar in patient subgroups stratified by 2 or >2 TP53 aberrations. In multivariable analyses, multi-hit TP53 CLL was independently associated with inferior PFS and TTP. In sensitivity analyses, excluding mutations below 1% VAF demonstrated similar outcome. Results were validated in an independent population-based cohort of 112 patients with CLL treated with ibrutinib. Conclusions: In this study, single-hit TP53 defines a distinct subgroup of patients with an excellent long-term response to single-agent ibrutinib, whereas multi-hit TP53 is independently associated with shorter PFS. These results warrant further investigations on prognostication and management of multi-hit TP53 CLL. See related commentary by Bomben et al., p. 4462


For years, despite a steady accumulation of science showing the clear and present dangers of global climate change, efforts toward an effective international response have been at a virtual standstill. The principal reason is that the United States has refused to play. But with Washington now seemingly on a course to enact mandatory limits on US greenhouse gas emissions, it is plausible to begin envisioning a multilateral solution to this quintessentially global challenge. It is, in other words, time to contemplate a new climate change treaty. The urgency of the task is irrefutable. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's latest assessment concluded with 90 percent confidence that human activity is warming the planet and warned of irreversible and potentially catastrophic consequences if emissions continue unabated. Politically as well, the next few years represent a critical window for action. The emission limits assumed by most industrialized countries under the Kyoto Protocol expire in 2012. What momentum the treaty has achieved and the multibillion-dollar carbon market it has spawned may well be lost unless a new agreement can be forged. Any new treaty will be environmentally effective and politically feasible only to the degree that it successfully engages and binds all of the world's major economies. Coming to terms with cost and equity while also bridging the gap between developed and developing is an extraordinary diplomatic challenge. Meeting it will require fresh thinking and approaches, a genuine readiness to compromise and a collective political will that, while perhaps emerging, is by no means assured. What is needed above all right now is US leadership, for no country bears greater responsibility for climate change, nor has greater capacity to catalyze a global response. Responsibility is measured most directly in terms of emissions, and it should surprise no one that history's greatest economic power is also the world's largest greenhouse gas emitter. By the same token, the tremendous enterprise, prosperity, and technological prowess that have contributed so heavily to the atmospheric burden uniquely qualify the United States to lead a low-carbon transition. Indeed, no nation has done more to advance scientific understanding of the causes and consequences of global warming. But thus far, the US contribution to the global effort largely ends there. For the first time, however, US politics are beginning to favor real climate action. Even before the recent Democratic takeover of Congress, momentum was building for mandatory measures to reduce US emissions. As on many other environmental issues, individual states are leading the way, with California once again at the forefront. Business leaders, sensing that carbon constraints are inevitable and fearing a patchwork of state rules, are increasingly calling for a uniform national approach. Ten major companies, including General Electric, DuPont, and Alcoa, recently joined with four nonprofits in the US Climate Action Partnership to push for mandatory emission limits. Several bipartisan bills now before Congress would mandate emission cuts of 60 to 80 percent by 2050. With the enactment of mandatory US measures probably occurring no later than 2010, the global politics of climate change will be thoroughly transformed. Having resolved what it will do at home, the United States will know far better what it can commit to abroad. To avoid losing competitive advantage to countries without emission controls, the United States will have a strong incentive to rejoin and strengthen the global climate effort. For the struggling multilateral process, the United States' re-entry cannot come soon enough. After President Bush's outright rejection of Kyoto, other countries rallied around the treaty and brought it into force. But without the United States and Australia, the protocol encompasses only about one third of global emissions. …


In this study, the authors focus on segment characteristic analysis and joint optimisation of modulation and coding scheme (MCS) selection, resource block (RB) assignment and the block error ratio (BLER) determination and segment adaptation scheme to satisfy dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) clients over wireless networks. First, the authors define a utility function as the continuous playback time that the packets scheduled with the allocated resource can support. Then, the authors formulate the MCS selection, RB assignment and BLER determination into a mathematical model. The relationship among the above three factors can be explored instead of performing MCS selection and RB assignment with the fixed BLER. By decomposing the original problem into some sub-problems, the authors can get a solution to the original problem with low complexity. At the client level, the authors develop an adaptive segment request strategy based on the playback information, the segments' characteristics and the estimated transmission rate. To decrease the influence of the inaccurate estimations, an adaptive guard time interval based on the real playback information and transmission information of the previous segments is introduced. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can efficiently improve playback continuity and video quality over the existing algorithms.


Drawing on a wide body of research, including extensive in-depth interviews, THE ONE THING YOU NEED TO KNOW reveals the central insights that lie at the core of: Great Managing, Great Leadership and Great Careers. Buckingham uses a wealth of relevant examples to reveal that at the heart of each insight lies a controlling insight. Lose sight of this 'one thing' and all of your best efforts at managing, leading, or individual achievement will be diminished. For great managing, the controlling insight has less to do with fairness, or team building, or clear expectations (although all are important). Rather, the one thing great managers know is the need to discover and then capitalize on what is unique about each person. For leadership, the controlling insight is the opposite - discover and capitalize on what is universal to all your people, regardless of differences in personality, race, sex, or age. For sustained individual success, the controlling insight is the need to discover what you don't like doing, and know how and when to stop doing it. In every way a groundbreaking work, THE ONE THING YOU NEED TO KNOW offers crucial performance and career lessons for business people at every level.


The classical theory of Sommerfeld and Brillouin of pulse propagation in a Lorentz medium is reexamined. We show by numerical techniques that Brillouin's approximations for the saddle-point locations break down in certain space–time regions. Analytic approximations that describe the correct saddle-point behavior are derived and applied to obtain improved asymptotic expressions. Qualitatively, the resulting pulse behavior is similar to that predicted by Brillouin. The quantitative improvements are significant, however, and have led to a simple mathematical procedure for determining the pulse dynamics in addition to a clear physical interpretation.


A design methodology was developed for prilling towers based on simultaneous heat, mass, and momentum balances. Basic principles of the prilling process and related sub-models were considered for production of relatively mono-size prills. The method was employed in the design of a prilling tower for production of ammonium nitrate prills from a highly concentrated solution. A special showerhead spray, operating under laminar conditions in a Rayleigh jet break-up regime, was designed to enhance production of mono-size prills. Air was used at ambient conditions. The droplets leaving the showerhead fall through the air stream in a counter-current fashion. Heat transfer from particles to air includes cooling in the fully liquid state, solidification, and cooling in the fully solid state.

The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation revealed the formation of a quiescent zone around the nozzle discharge region, which had a significant effect on decreasing the secondary disintegration of the droplets, and hence narrowed down the size distribution towards the desired value. The size of the produced prills was larger than the predicted value due to the formation of ammonia bubbles inside the prills.


Data augmentation is an important component in the robustness evaluation of models in natural language processing (NLP) and in enhancing the diversity of the data they are trained on. In this paper, we present NL-Augmenter, a new participatory Python-based natural language augmentation framework which supports the creation of both transformations (modifications to the data) and filters (data splits according to specific features). We describe the framework and an initial set of 117 transformations and 23 filters for a variety of natural language tasks. We demonstrate the efficacy of NL-Augmenter by using several of its transformations to analyze the robustness of popular natural language models. The infrastructure, datacards and robustness analysis results are available publicly on the NL-Augmenter repository (https://github.com/GEM-benchmark/NL-Augmenter).


This is the first deliverable of WP5, which covers Conceptual Models for Assessment & Assurance of Dependability, Security and Privacy in the Eternal CONNECTed World. As described in the project DOW, in this document we cover the following topics: • Metrics definition • Identification of limitations of current V&V approaches and exploration of extensions/refinements/ new developments • Identification of security, privacy and trust models WP5 focus is on dependability concerning the peculiar aspects of the project, i.e., the threats deriving from on-the-fly synthesis of CONNECTors. We explore appropriate means for assessing/guaranteeing that the CONNECTed System yields acceptable levels for non-functional properties, such as reliability (e.g., the CONNECTor will ensure continued communication without interruption), security and privacy (e.g., the transactions do not disclose confidential data), trust (e.g., Networked Systems are put in communication only with parties they trust). After defining a conceptual framework for metrics definition, we present the approaches to dependability in CONNECT, which cover: i) Model-based V&V, ii) Security enforcement and iii) Trust management. The approaches are centered around monitoring, to allow for on-line analysis. Monitoring is performed alongside the functionalities of the CONNECTed System and is used to detect conditions that are deemed relevant by its clients (i.e., the other CONNECT Enablers). A unified lifecycle encompassing dependability analysis, security enforcement and trust management is outlined, spanning over discovery time, synthesis time and execution time.


Switzerland and the Netherlands are strong and innovative countries with a long history in precision engineering. To increase the cooperation between the countries, this report has reviewed the respective precision engineering industries in both countries. This report could therefore serve as an introduction and reference manual on the relevant R&D-landscape in both countries for those parties who want to cooperate. The report focusses on 'Mechatronics and Manufacturing', 'Components and Circuits' and 'Nanotechnology', and the application-areas 'Health-tech', 'Advanced Instrumentation' and 'Semiconductor equipment'.
Both countries have top universities and competitive high-tech industries in these fields. The R&D environments in both countries could well work together, as the "precision" of Switzerland may supplement the "creativity" of the Netherlands. Both countries are open and internationally oriented, which is a good start for cooperation, building and extending already existing connections.
The role of the governments should be a facilitating one. On both sides research institutes and companies appreciate the network and introductions government bodies can give. For companies the government can facilitate by assisting with meetings, seminars and fairs, and branding (Holland High Tech). For SME's it is furthermore useful to get assistance with first contacts and introductions, especially if they do not already have an international reputation. This networking role of the government could also be of help to researchers, as a network is important for bilateral research.
For research and education institutes the most evident way for Swiss-Dutch research cooperation is through European platforms as the Horizon 2020 program. It is important to monitor the current development in the bilateral agreements between Switzerland and the EU, and the resulting participation in the associated research programs. Further research stimulation could be done by reinforcing the connections between the funding organizations SNF and NWO.
Interesting patterns to further study for the Netherlands are the long term research funding in Switzerland, which has helped the top-research institutes and universities. Secondly the Swiss educational system, especially the vocational part, could be a good example of high quality vocational education. For Switzerland, the extensive cooperation between companies and universities in the Netherlands is interesting.
During stimulating and fruitful conversations with stakeholders in Switzerland and the Netherlands the following topics were consistently mentioned for further research cooperation:
 3D printing High precision, micro scale 3-dimensional printing is still in its early development; but both countries show interest and have industries that would profit from high precision printed parts.
 Silicon; lithography Both countries have extensive knowledge of chip fabrication, with various examples as low voltage and security, this could be combined with the micro-tooling of silicon for MEM's.
 Advanced Instrumentation This industry develops instruments for high-tech companies and fundamental research facilities; both countries excel in this knowledge driven high precision industry.
 Medical technology; micro fluids Switzerland as well as the Netherlands are world class players in medical technology, of recent mutual interest are micro fluids, with examples as lab-on-a-chip.
 Nano-engineering With top research facilities and industries active in nano-technology related fields as solar- and semiconductor-technology cooperation could strengthen the knowledge position of both countries.
 Composites and bio-based materials Both countries are active in the development of new materials: from bio-based materials to composites and cross-overs, which are used in High Tech and Medical industries.


I develop a two-period stochastic dynamic programming model to explain the interaction between fertilizer use and off-farm labor supply. Using a well-known sample of Indian farmers, I find that fertilizer use responds strongly to the village wage and that irrigation raises fertilizer use, while larger farmers use less fertilizer (per acre) than smaller ones. Response to one-sided production shocks, is stronger for female labor, indicating that it is more important for smoothing consumption than male labor.


A fascinating biography of Bulgaria's tragic monarch, Boris III, based on private correspondence and extensive interviews with members of the Bulgarian royal family. The son of King Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Boris became king after the first World War. Noted for defying Hitler wishes for Bulgaria's Jews, the popular king died mysteriously in 1943 after a stormy meeting with Hitler.


The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that Matthew and those who first received and transmitted Matthew's Gospel during the late first century believed that Jesus was the righteous and royal Shepherd-Messiah of Israel, the Son of David. Matthew also believed that Jesus was the true teacher and interpreter of the law who could give definitive leadership and guidance to Israel in the aftermath of the Jewish war. Matthew's Gospel was written sometime during the last quarter of the first century, during the formative period of early Judaism. In this context, Matthew presented Jesus as the defining figure for the future of Israel. Jesus, as the righteous royal shepherd, will provide the authoritative understanding of Judaism and her traditions. Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of David, and fulfils the promises of the Hebrew Scriptures. Therefore, as God's choice, he is the one to be turned to during this time of transition and change. As the Son of God and Messiah, he has been given God's authority and is personally present with the community to give this guidance. One of the ways the evangelist demonstrates this is in his use of the shepherd metaphor in regard to Jesus. The ancient metaphor of shepherd was an image for leadership in the history of the tradition. The shepherd metaphor was often associated with the spiritual and national leaders in Israel, for example, Moses and David. According to Matthew qualities of this kind of shepherd leadership are now revealed in their fullness in Jesus, the Son of God. Jesus as Shepherd-Messiah is revealed both explicitly and implicitly in Matthew. He is revealed explicitly in the shepherd texts of Matthew and implicitly in the Gospel through the literary and typological correspondences in the history of Israel. The shepherd metaphor has a long history both inside and outside Israel's tradition. Kings and rulers of many types were referred to as shepherds. In the thesis, the metaphor IS explored in the Ancient Near East generally, the biblical tradition, second Temple Judaism, the Dead Sea Scrolls and Philo. The shepherd metaphor was also used to describe evil, false or abusive rulers and leaders. In Israel's tradition this false shepherd metaphor became especially prominent in the exilic and post-exilic prophets. After the time of the exile, messianic hopes grew. The shepherd metaphor became associated with these messianic expectations. Other relevant texts from Rabbinic Judaism and Greco-Roman sources are also considered. In light of this social and historical background, the intertextual and narrative implications of Matthew's use of the shepherd motif will be investigated in relation to his christological concerns. Finally, the shepherd metaphor as it is applied to 'Jesus as shepherd' is thoroughly examined in regard to the Gospel of Matthew. It is the intention of this thesis therefore to make a contribution concerning Matthew's use of the shepherd metaphor in the wider context of Matthean Christology.


"Conjuring the Folk" addresses the dynamic relation between metropolitan artistic culture and its popular referents during the Harlem Renaissance period. From Jean Toomer's conclusion that "the Negro of the folk-song has all but passed away" to Zora Neale Hurston's discovery of "a rich field for folk-lore" in a Florida lumber camp, Harlem Renaissance writers made competing claims about the vitality of the African-American "folk." These competing claims, David Nicholls explains, form the basis of a discordant conversation on the question of modernity in African America.In a series of revisionary readings, Nicholls studies how the "folk" is shaped by the ideology of form. He examines the presence of a spectral "folk" in Toomer's modernist pastiche, "Cane." He explores how Hurston presents folklore as a contemporary language of resistance in her ethnography, "Mules and Men." In Claude McKay's naturalistic romance, "Banana Bottom," Nicholls discovers the figuration of an alternative modernity in the heroine's recovery of her lost "folk" identity. He unearths the individualist ethos of Booker T. Washington in two novels by George Wylie Henderson. And he reveals how Richard Wright's photo-documentary history, "12 Million Black" "Voices," places the "folk" in a Marxian narrative of modernization toward class-consciousness.A provocative rereading of the cultural politics of the Harlem Renaissance, "Conjuring the Folk" offers a new way of understanding literary responses to migration, modernization, and the concept of the "folk" itself.David G. Nicholls is a post-doctoral fellow in the Center for the Study of Race, Politics, and Culture, University of Chicago.


A hurdle model combined with Bernoulli part and truncated Poisson part can be used to predict zero-inflated geographic count response. To get the prediction with a hurdle model, the estimation of fixed effects can be easily solved as generalized linear model (GLM) does. An ad-hoc method, which re-fits the hurdle model to compute the predicted random effect for geographic IDs with missing response, is applied. However, no study has examined the performance of this prediction method for hurdle model, especially for the spatially correlated count responses with excessive zeros. This paper aims to check how well the hurdle predictors perform in ideal and real situations, by means of cross validation. The performance of the hurdle model based prediction is compared with the performance of the predictors from the universal kriging which is most widely used on spatial predictions. The simulation result shows that hurdle performs better than universal kriging based on mean absolute errors. The ideal situation is generated by using Monte-Carlo simulation. In order to examine the comparative performance with real data situations, two real data examples are presented. The results show that, in prediction using single observation per location (e.g. one year's spatial observation) with excessive zeros, hurdle model does not perform well, while universal kriging also failed in the same situations especially for those non-zero points.


Studies document large differences in the amount of time mothers spend in childcare by maternal education, even when controlling for characteristics such as income, employment hours, and work schedules. One possible explanation for this observed difference is that highly educated mothers find time in childcare to be more enjoyable. To inform this hypothesis, we examine education-based differences in mothers' average feelings during their time in childcare using pooled data from the 2010, 2012, and 2013 Well-being Modules of the American Time Use Survey. Among all mothers, spending time in childcare is associated with higher positive feelings than is spending time in other activities. However, highly educated mothers do not enjoy their time in childcare more than less-educated mothers. Findings are robust to controls for mother fixed effects.


More than six million people die of cancer every year. Over the next two decades, the World Health Organization predicts global cancer rates will rise to 10 million deaths annually. What is the impact of the global political and economic processes of environmental change on cancer rates? Why, given the strong intuitive reasons to worry about the carcinogenic effects of global environmental change, is there so little research on this topic? What is the political role of science, corporations, nongovernmental organizations and international institutions on cancer research and cancer rates? What is the impact of global patterns of trade, financing, production and consumption on research and rates? This article charts the current social science literature on cancer and global environmental change with the hope of encouraging scholars of global environmental politics to pursue a new research agenda around questions like these.


IMPORTANCE
While propranolol is touted as superior to prednisolone for treating infantile hemangiomas (IH), a randomized clinical trial (RCT) comparing the outcome and tolerability of these medications for symptomatic, proliferating IH has not been reported.

OBJECTIVES
To determine if oral propranolol is more efficacious and better tolerated than prednisolone in treating symptomatic, proliferating IH and to determine the feasibility of conducting a multi-institutional, RCT comparing efficacy and tolerability of both medications.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Phase 2, investigator-blinded, multi-institutional RCT conducted in 3 academic vascular anomalies clinics on 19 of 44 eligible infants aged between 2 weeks and 6 months. All participating patients had symptomatic proliferating IH treated between September 1, 2010, and August 1, 2012.

INTERVENTIONS
Treatment with oral propranolol vs prednisolone (2.0 mg/kg/d) until halted owing to toxic effects or clinical response.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Primary outcome was change in IH size after 4 months of therapy. Secondary outcomes were response rate and frequency and severity of adverse events (AEs).

RESULTS
The primary outcome showed no difference in lesion size or affected skin area after 4 months of therapy: 41% and 1.32 mm2 for prednisolone vs 64% and 0.55 mm2 for propranolol (P = .12 for lesion size, and P = .56 for affected skin area). Longitudinal analyses showed a faster response in total lesion outer dimension with prednisolone (P = .03), but this advantage over time was not noted when central clearing and outer dimension were included in the analysis (P = .91). The overall frequency of AEs was similar (44 for prednisolone vs 32 for propranolol) (P = .84), but prednisolone-treated participants had more grade 3 severe AEs (11 vs 1) (P = .01), particularly growth retardation resulting in size and weight below the fifth percentile. Early study withdrawal owing to AEs occurred in 6 (75%) of 8 patients in the prednisolone group but 0 of 11 propranolol-treated participants. The mean duration of therapy was shorter for prednisolone (141 vs 265 days), reflecting the higher rate of early withdrawals.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Both medications show similar efficacy for reducing the area of symptomatic, proliferating IH. Although prednisolone showed a faster response rate, propranolol was better tolerated with significantly fewer severe AEs. Propranolol should be the first line of therapy for symptomatic IH unless contraindicated or unless future studies demonstrate severe AEs from propranolol. Recruiting participants for a phase 3 RCT would be difficult owing to safety profiles measured here and emerging trends favoring propranolol. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00967226.


The surface liquids and lake regions of Titan are studied utilizing three unique techniques, the results of which are reported in this dissertation. The development of a facility to simulate the surface conditions of Titan, and to conduct experiments on samples within that facility, brings an understanding of Titan's surface not possible through observation and modeling alone. The properties of this facility are presented, including conceptual methodology, design, implementation, performance, and experimental results. The facility, the main component of which is a simulation chamber, allows for Titan temperatures of 90 – 94 K and a 1.5 bar N2 atmosphere. The sample cryogenic liquids or ice undergoing experimentation are condensed within the chamber itself. During experiments, evaporation rates are determined by directly measuring mass, while vapor concentrations are determined using a gas chromatograph fitted with a flame ionization detector. The infrared (IR) spectra of liquid and ice constituents are analyzed with a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrometer (FTIR) via a fiber optic probe, and all pertinent data is logged in a computer. With the Cassini spacecraft currently orbiting Saturn and conducting periodic close flybys of Titan, a unique opportunity exists to search for change in lake size and shorelines in the northern lake region due to the temporally spaced overlapping data coverage. The results of a Geographic Information System (GIS) approach to monitoring Titan's northern lakes for change found no discernible change in northern lake size or shorelines over a 32 month period. GIS analysis of an estuary of Kraken Mare, for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) swaths taken 47 days apart, indicate a transient feature, with implications for short-term dynamic processes. A geological characterization of Ligeia Mare, the second largest sea on Titan, was performed utilizing Cassini SAR swaths. SAR swaths were mosaicked, and the mosaic interpreted so as to identify the principle components of the surrounding terrain. Interpretations related to landscape forming processes were formulated, measurements of drainage channel directions and the areal extent of main channels and tributaries are reported, and the sediment volume that has flowed into Ligeia through time is estimated. This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. Dissertation Director: _________________________________________ Dr. Vincent F. Chevrier Dissertation Committee: _________________________________________ Dr. Daniel Kennefick _________________________________________ Dr. John Dixon _________________________________________ Dr. Jason A. Tullis _________________________________________ Dr. Mack Ivey _________________________________________ Dr. Michael Lieber DISSERTATION DUPLICATION RELEASE I hereby authorize the University of Arkansas Libraries to duplicate this dissertation when needed for research and/or scholarship. Agreed _______________________________________________ Felix C. Wasiak Refused _______________________________________________ Felix C. Wasiak


NOW THAT I have your attention, what on earth does sex have to do with potato chips? Simple answer: sex is often used to sell things. Imagine a television commercial with Britney Spears nibbling a handful of Lay's(r) potato chips. You and I might realize that eating high-fat foods is not synonymous with bodies like Britney's, but many children and youths probably don't. When I first decided to write a column on media literacy, I thought that I would simply be offering a definition, discussing how media literacy could be incorporated into the school curriculum, and suggesting resources that might be useful. After a little research, however, I developed a sense of urgency. We needed media literacy 20 years ago, we desperately need it today, and we need to move fast. In the words of UNESCO, "We must prepare young people for living in a world of powerful images, words, and sounds."1 If the admonition from UNESCO doesn't convince you of the urgent need for media literacy, consider this from the American Academy of Pediatricians: Media Matters is a national public education campaign of the American Academy of Pediatrics. It was launched in 1997 to help pediatricians, parents, and children become more aware of the influence that media (television, movies, computer and video games, Internet, advertising, popular music, etc.) have on child and adolescent health. Issues of concern include the use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs; aggression and violence; sex and sexual exploitation; obesity and poor nutrition. Media Matters advocates for media education, or learning how to analyze the media through critical thinking and viewing, as a way to mitigate these problems.2 Note the last few words: "mitigate these problems." To document its concern, the academy has issued a number of "policy statements" that summarize the research and offer specific suggestions on such topics as "Children, Adolescents, and Television," "Sexuality, Contraception, and the Media," "Joint Statement on the Impact of Entertainment Violence on Children," "Media Education," "Media Violence," "Impact of Music Lyrics and Music Videos on Children and Youth," and "Children, Adolescents, and Advertising." Here is a short excerpt from the academy's policy statement on music videos. Music video formats are popular among children and adolescents. When music lyrics are illustrated in music videos, their potential impact is magnified. Teenagers who may not "hear" or understand rock lyrics cannot avoid the often disturbing images that characterize a growing number of videos. In addition, music videos are self-reinforcing: if viewers hear a song after having seen the video version, they immediately "flash back" to the visual imagery in the video. Music videos may represent a relatively new art form, but it is one that often contains an excess of sexism, violence, substance abuse, suicides, and inappropriate sexual behavior. With 70% of American households receiving cable television, most teenagers have access to Music Television (MTV) and VH-1 and watch an average of a half hour to two hours of music videos daily. Content analyses indicate that up to 75% of concept music videos (those involving a theme instead of a concert performance) contain sexually suggestive material. More than half contain violence, which often includes acts committed against women. Women are frequently portrayed in a condescending manner. Alcohol and tobacco use are also glamorized in many music videos that teenagers view. As with music lyrics, teenagers' ability to comprehend and interpret music videos may vary widely and may represent an important variable in their potential impact. A handful of experimental studies indicate that music videos may have a significant behavioral impact by desensitizing viewers to violence and by making teenagers more likely to approve of premarital sex. …


Current literature on pulmonary fibrosis induced in animal models highlights the need of an accurate, reliable and reproducible histological quantitative analysis. One of the major limits of histological scoring concerns the fact that it is observer-dependent and consequently subject to variability, which may preclude comparative studies between different laboratories. To achieve a reliable and observer-independent quantification of lung fibrosis we developed an automated software histological image analysis performed from digital image of entire lung sections. This automated analysis was compared to standard evaluation methods with regard to its validation as an end-point measure of fibrosis. Lung fibrosis was induced in mice by intratracheal administration of bleomycin (BLM) at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mg/kg. A detailed characterization of BLM-induced fibrosis was performed 14 days after BLM administration using lung function testing, micro-computed tomography and Ashcroft scoring analysis. Quantification of fibrosis by automated analysis was assessed based on pulmonary tissue density measured from thousands of micro-tiles processed from digital images of entire lung sections. Prior to analysis, large bronchi and vessels were manually excluded from the original images. Measurement of fibrosis has been expressed by two indexes: the mean pulmonary tissue density and the high pulmonary tissue density frequency. We showed that tissue density indexes gave access to a very accurate and reliable quantification of morphological changes induced by BLM even for the lowest concentration used (0.25 mg/kg). A reconstructed 2D-image of the entire lung section at high resolution (3.6 μm/pixel) has been performed from tissue density values allowing the visualization of their distribution throughout fibrotic and non-fibrotic regions. A significant correlation (p<0.0001) was found between automated analysis and the above standard evaluation methods. This correlation establishes automated analysis as a novel end-point measure of BLM-induced lung fibrosis in mice, which will be very valuable for future preclinical drug explorations.


Abstract. Vertical profiles of CO taken from the MOZAIC aircraft database are used to globally evaluate the performance of the GEMS/MACC models, including the ECMWF-Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) model coupled to the CTM MOZART-3 with 4DVAR data assimilation for the year 2004. This study provides a unique opportunity to compare the performance of three offline CTMs (MOZART-3, MOCAGE and TM5) driven by the same meteorology as well as one coupled atmosphere/CTM model run with data assimilation, enabling us to assess the potential gain brought by the combination of online transport and the 4DVAR chemical satellite data assimilation. First we present a global analysis of observed CO seasonal averages and interannual variability for the years 2002–2007. Results show that despite the intense boreal forest fires that occurred during the summer in Alaska and Canada, the year 2004 had comparably lower tropospheric CO concentrations. Next we present a validation of CO estimates produced by the MACC models for 2004, including an assessment of their ability to transport pollutants originating from the Alaskan/Canadian wildfires. In general, all the models tend to underestimate CO. The coupled model and the CTMs perform best in Europe and the US where biases range from 0 to -25% in the free troposphere and from 0 to -50% in the surface and boundary layers (BL). Using the 4DVAR technique to assimilate MOPITT V4 CO significantly reduces biases by up to 50% in most regions. However none of the models, even the IFS-MOZART-3 coupled model with assimilation, are able to reproduce well the CO plumes originating from the Alaskan/Canadian wildfires at downwind locations in the eastern US and Europe. Sensitivity tests reveal that deficiencies in the fire emissions inventory and injection height play a role.


The application of ultrasound technique in density determination of uranium loaded organic phase in solvent extraction can provide a unique solution for online density monitoring of process streams. Earlier various authors have investigated the density measurement of liquid by single ultrasound frequency. In general standard reference liquid (having low viscosity and density) is used for estimating the acoustic impedance of the liquid under measurement. But ultrasonic probes and associated instruments add up error due to non-repeatability, and sensor instability. To counteract the spurious effects of non-repeatability and instability dual frequency based ultrasound density measurement is used. This method produces very stable and repeatable measurement data and is applied for the density measurement of uranium loaded organic samples in solvent extraction process of uranium extraction. This method can be used for critical density determination at extraction and reprocessing in the fuel cycle.


The paper discusses the voltage control of a critical load bus using dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) in a distribution system. The critical load requires a balanced sinusoidal waveform across its terminals preferably at system nominal frequency of 50Hz .It is assumed that the frequency of the supply voltage can be varied and it is different from the system nominal frequency. The DVR is operated such that it holds the voltage across critical load bus terminals constant at system nominal frequency irrespective of the frequency of the source voltage. In case of a frequency mismatch, the total real power requirement of the critical load bus has to be supplied by the DVR. Proposed method used to compensate for frequency variation, the DC link of the DVR is supplied through an uncontrolled rectifier that provides a path for the real power required by the critical load to flow .A simple frequency estimation technique is discussed which are Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), ANN controller. The present work study the compensation principle and different control strategies of DVR used here are based on DFT, and ANN Controller .Through detailed analysis and simulation studies using MATLAB. It is shown that the voltage is completely controlled across the critical load.


The territoriality principle, basic to United States trademark law, provides that foreign uses of a trademark do not give the user trademark rights in the United States. An important exception to this principle is the well-known marks doctrine, which allows a foreign user to obtain priority rights in the United States over a mark used exclusively overseas, if it has achieved a measure of renown in the United States. However, until now, it remains uncertain whether the doctrine is part of United States federal trademark law, given the split between the Ninth and the Second Circuits on the issue. On March 23, 2016, the Fourth Circuit handed down the decision of Belmora LLC v. Bayer Consumer Care AG, which protected foreign marks neither registered nor used in the United States. This Article takes this timely opportunity to revive the debate on the applicability of the well-known marks doctrine in trademark law. Analyzing the Fourth Circuit's decision, this Article argues that it provides a useful insight on how the circuit split should be resolved, but cautions future courts not to mechanically apply the Fourth Circuit's decision. * LL.M. (Boston University School of Law), LL.B. (Hons) (National University of Singapore). I would like to thank my fiancee, Koh Jia Wen, my brother, Yeo Yong Jin and my best friend, Philip Tan for their helpful comments. Thanks also to the Editors of Washington and Lee Law Review, Daniel J. Martin and Andrea I. Marshall, for their efforts in bringing my Article to publication. WELL-KNOWN MARKS DOCTRINE RECONSIDERED 189


Perfectionistic automatic thoughts have been linked with depressive symptoms in numerous cross-sectional studies, but this link has not been assessed in longitudinal research. An investigation with two timepoints was conducted to test whether perfectionistic automatic thoughts, as assessed by the Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory (PCI), are contributors to subsequent depression or vice versa. The possible role of a third factor (major life events stress) was also evaluated. A sample of 118 university students completed the PCI, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and the Life Experiences Survey on two occasions with a 5-month interval. A cross-lagged analysis using structural equation modeling showed that above and beyond within-time associations and across-time stability effects, perfectionism automatic thoughts contributed to subsequent depressive symptoms and not vice versa. Negative life events stress was correlated significantly with both depressive symptoms and perfectionism automatic thoughts but did not have an influence on Time 2 depressive symptoms or on perfectionistic automatic thoughts. Our discussion focuses on perfectionistic automatic thoughts as a contributor to depressive vulnerability according to the perfectionism cognition theory.


Abstract The incidence of generalist indigenous natural enemies of the citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera; Gracillariidae), was monitored during three growing seasons at two different orchards located in the major citrus-growing area of Spain. Composition of the parasitoid complex changed during the study period. However, the eulophids Cirrospilus near lyncus Walker and Pnigalio pectinicornis L. were consistently the predominant species. Despite the varying composition of the parasitoid complex, oviposition, host feeding, and predatory preferences of the natural enemies of the CLM clearly centered on third instar larvae. Incidence of beneficial fauna increased as the season progressed, reaching maximal values up to 70% of susceptible leafminers (mature larvae) at the end of the summer. Parasitism was significantly related to relative host density. However, predation showed no relationship to host availability but did so to flushing in one of the orchards. Incidence of indigenous natural enemies of the CLM should not be ignored when planning any introduction of exotic parasitoids, and their conservation should be taken into account when planning any citrus IPM strategy.


Simple Summary Pain and discomfort behavior in horses tends to be especially subtle, and not readily or widely appreciated even by equine professionals, including many long-time horse keepers, trainers, and even by veterinarians, veterinary technicians, and care staff. Based on decades of evaluating the behavior of normal and physically uncomfortable horses in a referral hospital, as well as research context, we describe and illustrate a catalog of behaviors (ethogram) associated with equine physical discomfort. Our objective is to promote an unambiguous universal understanding of equine discomfort behaviors associated with various body systems and anatomic sources. Abstract In recent years, there has been a growing interest in and need for a comprehensive ethogram of discomfort behavior of horses, particularly for use in recognizing physical discomfort in domestically managed horses. A clear understanding of the physical discomfort behavior of horses among caretakers, trainers, and professional health care personnel is important to animal welfare and caretaker safety. This is particularly relevant to pain management for hospitalized equine patients. Various pain scale rubrics have been published, typically incorporating only a few classically cited pain behaviors that, in many cases, are specific to a particular body system, anatomic location, or disease condition. A consistent challenge in using these rubrics in practice, and especially in research, is difficulty interpreting behaviors listed in various rubrics. The objective of this equine discomfort ethogram is to describe a relatively comprehensive catalog of behaviors associated with discomfort of various degrees and sources, with the goal of improving understanding and clarity of communication regarding equine discomfort and pain. An inventory of discomfort-related behaviors observed in horses has been compiled over 35 years of equine behavior research and clinical consulting to medical and surgical services at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine's equine hospital. This research and clinical work included systematic evaluation of thousands of hours of video-recordings, including many hundreds of normal, healthy horses, as well as hospitalized patients with various complaints and/or known medical, neurologic, or orthopedic conditions. Each of 73 ethogram entries is named, defined, and accompanied by a line drawing illustration. Links to online video recorded examples are provided, illustrating each behavior in one or more hospitalized equine patients. This ethogram, unambiguously describing equine discomfort behaviors, should advance welfare of horses by improving recognition of physical discomfort, whether for pain management of hospitalized horses or in routine husbandry.


Postgraduate physician-scientist training programs (PSTPs) enhance the experiences of physician-scientist trainees following medical school graduation. PSTPs usually span residency and fellowship training, but this varies widely by institution. Applicant competitiveness for these programs would be enhanced, and unnecessary trainee anxiety relieved, by a clear understanding of what factors define a successful PSTP matriculant. Such information would also be invaluable to PSTP directors and would allow benchmarking of their admissions processes with peer programs. We conducted a survey of PSTP directors across the US to understand the importance they placed on components of PSTP applications. Of 41 survey respondents, most were from internal medicine and pediatrics residency programs. Of all components in the application, two elements were considered very important by a majority of PSTP directors: (a) having one or more first-author publications and (b) the thesis advisor's letter. Less weight was consistently placed on factors often considered more relevant for non-physician-scientist postgraduate applicants — such as US Medical Licensing Examination scores, awards, and leadership activities. The data presented here highlight important metrics for PSTP applicants and directors and suggest that indicators of scientific productivity and commitment to research outweigh traditional quantitative measures of medical school performance.


The Renewable Energy Roadshow was a series of five one-day training courses covering Introduction to Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS) systems, Energy Management for RAPS, RAPS Installation &Maintenance, RAPS Standards and Solar Water Pumping. The project was supported and funded by the Sustainable Energy Development Office of Western Australia (SEDO) and the Australian Greenhouse Office (AGO) under the Renewable Remote Power Generation Program (RRPGP). The Australian Co-operative Research Centre for Renewable Energy (ACRE) implemented the project in conjunction with Central TAFE. These courses were offered in Perth, Broome, Port Hedland, Carnarvon, Esperance and Kalgoorlie during October 2002 – March 2003.

These one-day training courses were developed to address important needs of users of renewable energy based power and water pumping systems and members of the local renewable energy industry. The aim was to raise awareness and improve expertise amongst installers, designers, maintainers and users of Remote Area Power Supply Systems (RAPS) in order to improve reliability and performance of these systems. The courses were tailored to suit the individual needs of expected participants. The RAPS Standards course was based on guidelines developed by the Business Council for Sustainable Energy (BCSE). All of the courses were successfully delivered by Central TAFE staff with support from ACRE's education team in Perth. The courses were carefully evaluated and the feedback from the remote communities was collected and analysed. This paper presents the objectives of this training project, the content of the training courses, the constraints experienced in course delivery and the lessons learnt from the project.


Within the last 10 years the content consumption model that underlies many of the assumptions about traffic aggregation within the Internet has changed; the previous short burst transfer followed by longer periods of inactivity that allowed for statistical aggregation of traffic has been
increasingly replaced by continuous data transfer models. Approaching this issue from a clean slate perspective; this work looks at the design of a network routing structure and supporting protocols for assisting in the delivery of large scale content services. Rather than approaching a content support model through existing IP models the work takes a fresh look at Internet routing through a hierarchical model in order to highlight the benefits that can be gained with a new structural Internet or through similar modifications to the existing IP model. The work is divided into three major sections: investigating the existing UK based Internet structure as compared to the traditional Autonomous System (AS) Internet structural model; a localised hierarchical network topographical routing model; and intelligent distributed localised service models.

The work begins by looking at the United Kingdom (UK) Internet structure as an example of a current generation technical and economic model with shared access to the last mile connectivity and a large scale wholesale network between Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and the end user. This model combined with the Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation and transparency of the wholesale network results in an enforced inefficiency within the overall network restricting the ability of ISPs to collaborate. From this model a core / edge separation hierarchical virtual tree based routing protocol based on the physical network topography (layers 2 and 3) is developed to remove this enforced inefficiency by allowing direct management and control at the lowest levels of the network. This model
acts as the base layer for further distributed intelligent services such as management and content delivery to enable both ISPs and third parties to actively collaborate and provide content from the most efficient source.


In response to public interest in customer-sited distributed solar photovoltaics (PV), state and local policymakers have implemented policy initiatives with the goal of encouraging private investment and building a robust PV market. Policymakers face challenges, including limited budgets and incomplete information about the effectiveness of the various policy options in their specific situation, in crafting and executing policy that supports market development goals. Recent work investigated the effect of the order in which policies are implemented (referred to as 'policy stacking') and the presence of low-cost enabling policies, such as interconnection standards and net metering, can have on the success of states in promoting PV markets. Findings indicate that implementation of interconnection standards and policy related to the valuation of excess electricity (e.g., net metering), along with indicators of long term government support for a solar PV market (e.g., RPS) and a non-policy determinant (population), explain about 70% of the variation among states in new PV capacity. This paper builds on that research to determine the most effective policy strategies for different types of states, as determined by their physical, demographic and macroeconomic context. A number of researchers have investigated the effectiveness of state-level policy using various statistical methods tomore » determine relationships between installed solar PV projects and policy initiatives. In this study, the grouping of states by non-policy factors adds dimension to these analyses by identifying how policies function in different non-policy environments.« less


Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] is an important legume crop widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates of the world. Interest in this crop is growing in many countries because of its multiple uses as a source of food, feed, fuel, and fertilizer. However, the performance of pigeonpea in Southeastern US has not been well investigated. We conducted an experiment in Nashville, Tennessee to test the effects of two planting dates, three densities, and four varieties on pigeonpea ecophysiology that included leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, water use efficiency (WUE), leaf area index (LAI) and soil respiration. Results indicated that the plants in the late planting plots had higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration. There were significant differences in the levels of leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, WUE and LAI among all four varieties. W3 and G1 showed higher photosynthetic rate and LAI than W1, and W3 had higher WUE than G2 and W1. Planting densities had no significant effect on all variables studied. This study indicated that late planting of variety G1 or W3 resulted in higher WUE and yield, but did no significant influence soil CO2 emission.


Recent work pre-training Transformers with self-supervised objectives on large text corpora has shown great success when fine-tuned on downstream NLP tasks including text summarization. However, pre-training objectives tailored for abstractive text summarization have not been explored. Furthermore there is a lack of systematic evaluation across diverse domains. In this work, we propose pre-training large Transformer-based encoder-decoder models on massive text corpora with a new self-supervised objective. In PEGASUS, important sentences are removed/masked from an input document and are generated together as one output sequence from the remaining sentences, similar to an extractive summary. We evaluated our best PEGASUS model on 12 downstream summarization tasks spanning news, science, stories, instructions, emails, patents, and legislative bills. Experiments demonstrate it achieves state-of-the-art performance on all 12 downstream datasets measured by ROUGE scores. Our model also shows surprising performance on low-resource summarization, surpassing previous state-of-the-art results on 6 datasets with only 1000 examples. Finally we validated our results using human evaluation and show that our model summaries achieve human performance on multiple datasets.


This book adopts a pragmatic and commonsense approach to blended learning, by situating the use of online media within a well-grounded teaching and learning strategy. It provides practical ideas for the successful implementation of blended strategies, including good practice in both asynchronous and synchronous tutoring, appropriate assessment design for developing successful blended learners, and innovative approaches to professional development for distance tutors. It is illustrated with a wide variety of examples and comments from students and practitioners in both distance and campus based environments in thirteen different countries. The second edition considers the potential of Web 2.0 technologies and activity based learning, and provides new exemplars of learning activity design.


DOI: https://doi.org/10.4037/aacnacc2019986 M management and administration represent a large portion of health care provider time in the intensive care unit (ICU) because medications are powerful tools in the arsenal for patient care. While we mainly think of medications and their outcomes in a positive light, they can have negative effects as well, especially when purposefully misused. Consequences of illicit drug use can result in critical illness requiring an ICU admission. The articles in this series explore both the positives and negatives of drugs in the context of the ICU. Cajanding examines increasing use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy), which can cause severe liver toxicity and failure. It can be difficult to predict who will have an adverse outcome with use of this drug because of such factors as varying levels of the active ingredient based on the maker, use of additional deleterious unknown ingredients, and individual genetic variability that impacts user susceptibility to the drug's adverse effects. Cajanding provides details about the proposed mechanisms of liver failure related to MDMA, patient presentation to the ICU, and the nursing care of this population to prevent and/or mitigate detrimental outcomes. Coletta and colleagues report the results of a quality improvement project that optimized use of an amiodarone protocol to reduce the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Postoperative onset of POAF can lead to complications such as hemodynamic changes, instability, and stroke and can result in significant increases in length of stay and health care costs. Use of prophylaxis in those patients at risk for POAF has the potential to improve patient outcomes in addition to promoting efficient use of health care resources. In ICUs, sedatives and analgesics can provide comfort and optimize outcomes, but they can also have unintended consequences that may delay recovery in critically ill patients. Brock presents a review of the literature on use of dexmedetomidine in patients after cardiac surgery and reports on evidence outlining the advantages and disadvantages of its use as a sedative in this population. As you read these articles, consider the role and impact of drugs in today's critical care setting—the ever-advancing knowledge we are gaining related to standardizing and optimizing use of new and traditional drugs as well as our increased understanding of the impact of individual responses to medications with both appropriate and illicit use. Our goal with the thoughtful and purposeful use of drugs in the ICU is to help patients recover more quickly so they can return to their baseline level of function with as little iatrogenic impact as possible. Drugs: Friends and Foes


Abstract is of a pivotal genre in scientific communication, assisting not only highly selective readers with judgment of the pertinent articles but also researchers in disseminating new knowledge and intellectual discoveries. Difficult yet challenging, however, is the task of writing effective abstracts particularly among non-English speaking scholars. This study reports on the identification of moves and co-existing linguistic features commonly used in environmental science and applied linguistics research article abstracts. 200 research article abstracts published during the years of 2010-2013 were analyzed with reference to Hyland's analytical framework. The two-tier analysis reveals a typical rhetorical structure including a cluster of linguistic features associated with certain pieces of information presented in each particular move, elucidating how research article abstracts in both fields are conventionally constructed. With the presence of all five moves, the structures of I-P-M-Pr-C and P-M-Pr-C were most prevalent among the corpus of environmental science and applied linguistics, respectively. All of the moves, except for Introduction move, were conventional across the two disciplines. Pedagogical implications of the findings are useful particularly for academic reading and writing instruction, enabling language teachers to empower their learners with strategies that contribute to the enhancement of success for publishing in scholarly leading publication.


The underlying economic sources of volatility clustering in asset returns remain a puzzle in financial economics. Using daily equity returns, we study variation in the volatility relation between the conditional variance of individual firm returns and yesterday's market return shock. We find a number of regularities in this market-to-firm volatility relation. (1) It decreases following macroeconomic news announcements; (2) it does not change systematically during the high-news months when firms announce quarterly earnings; and (3) it increases substantially with our measures of dispersion-in-beliefs across traders about the market's common-factor signal. Our evidence suggests that volatility-clustering is a natural result of a price formation process with heterogeneous beliefs across traders, and that volatility clustering is not attributable to an autocorrelated news-generation process around public information such as macroeconomic news releases or firms' earnings releases. We find consistent results in our sample of large-capitalization firms in Japan and the U.K., which suggests a generality of our results and bolsters our economic interpretation.