eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic research platform to scholars worldwide. Abstract: Recent articles have rekindled discussions around the direction and relevance of US business schools. The two main viewpoints are distinct but equally critical. On one hand, business schools are considered overly focused on "scientific research" and having lost their connection to "real world" and management issues. On the other hand, schools are considered "dysfunctionally" focused on media rankings and short-term superficial marketing fixes. Our study of educational opportunities and workforce development in Silicon Valley suggests a different viewpoint. We agree that both approaches correctly identify the challenge of preparing managers in globalized world. However, we believe they misdiagnose the cause of the failure. Rather than being lost or dysfunctional, we believe business programs — like the firms and students they serve — are in the process of evolving to meet a shifting global and local environment. Our findings indicate that business schools face structural, content, and program shifts. Educationally, business programs continue to be seen as doing a good job of educating their students in core functional areas and processes. However, they do less well in teaching their graduates interpersonal skills, real-time decision-making, recognition of contexts, and integration across functional areas. These are increasingly the skills demanded by the global business environment. Even more challenging is meeting the demand for both sets of skills within very specialized fields like technology management. Structurally, new types of students and learning demands are placing stresses on traditional full-time two-year programs and their business models. Women and minority groups increasingly form the majority of the future student population, with distinct needs and demands for part-time and executive education. This shift is also evident in demands for life-long learning and engagement as opposed to a fixed, ABSTRACT Recent articles have rekindled discussions around the direction and relevance of US business schools. The two main viewpoints are distinct but equally critical. On one hand, business schools are considered overly focused on "scientific research" and having lost their connection to "real world" and management issues. On the other hand, schools are considered "dysfunctionally" focused on media rankings and short-term superficial marketing fixes. Our study of educational opportunities and workforce development in Silicon Valley suggests a different viewpoint. We agree that both approaches correctly identify the challenge of preparing managers in globalized world. However, we believe they misdiagnose the cause of the failure. Rather than being lost or dysfunctional, we believe business programs — like the firms and students they serve — are in the process of evolving to meet a shifting global and local environment. Our findings indicate that business schools face structural, content, and program shifts. Educationally, business programs continue to be seen as doing a good job of educating their students in core functional areas and processes. However, they do less well in teaching their graduates interpersonal skills, real-time decision-making, recognition of contexts, and integration across functional areas. These are increasingly the skills demanded by the global business environment. Even more challenging is meeting the demand for both sets of skills within very specialized fields like technology management. Structurally, new types of students and learning demands are placing stresses on traditional full-time two-year programs and their business models. Women and minority groups increasingly form the majority of the future student population, with distinct needs and demands for part-time and executive education. This shift is also evident in demands for life-long learning and engagement as opposed to a fixed, one-shot program experiences. These challenges require business schools to build upon what they do well, while innovating to serve new business and student needs.


Infographics have been frequently used in recent years with the purpose of the visual presentation of information. It is a visualisation method which aims at presenting any content with a visual composition, combining such elements as shapes, symbols, graphics, photographs, illustrations, and texts for the target audience. The purpose of this research is to develop an instructional design based on the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) model of infographic design as well as the determination of student and teacher opinions on the usage of infographics in teaching. The study group of the research consists of 43 teachers and 51 elementary school students from elementary schools in Cyprus who participated in the research process voluntarily. The implementation process of the study consisted of 52 hours of education in face-to-face and online learning environments with the participation of 43 elementary school teachers. The purpose of this education activity was to develop knowledge and skills in the theoretical and applied dimensions required for the design of infographics. The data collection tools used in the research were the "self-efficacy scale for the design and usage of infographics", the "opinion survey for the usage of infographics in teaching environments", a "semi-structured interview form for the design of infographics for teachers and their usage in teaching environments" and a "semi-structured interview form for elementary school students for the usage of infographics in education". According to the results of the study, the opinions of elementary school teachers on the usage of infographics and their self-efficacy for infographic design shows a significant and positive difference before and after training. Interviews were held on the usage of infographics in learning environments with the 43 elementary school teachers and 51 elementary school students after the completion of the training process. Teachers used the infographics that they had developed according to the course contents for eight weeks in their courses after the training was completed and observed the impact of infographics in terms of different dimensions. At the end of the implementation, it was found that both teachers and students had positive opinions on the usage of infographics in learning environments.


OBJECTIVE
To assess trends in the frequency of concomitant vascular reconstructions (VRs) from 2000 through 2009 among patients who underwent pancreatectomy, as well as to compare the short-term outcomes between patients who underwent pancreatic resection with and without VR.

DESIGN
Single-center series have been conducted to evaluate the short-term and long-term outcomes of VR during pancreatic resection. However, its effectiveness from a population-based perspective is still unknown. Unadjusted, multivariable, and propensity score-adjusted generalized linear models were performed.

SETTING
Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2000 through 2009.

PATIENTS
A total of 10,206 patients were involved.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Incidence of VR during pancreatic resection, perioperative in-hospital complications, and length of hospital stay.

RESULTS
Overall, 10,206 patients were included in this analysis. Of these, 412 patients (4.0%) underwent VR, with the rate increasing from 0.7% in 2000 to 6.0% in 2009 (P < .001). Patients who underwent pancreatic resection with VR were at a higher risk for intraoperative (propensity score-adjusted odds ratio, 1.94; P = .001) and postoperative (propensity score-adjusted odds ratio, 1.36; P = .008) complications, while the mortality and median length of hospital stay were similar to those of patients without VR. Among the 25% of hospitals with the highest surgical volume, patients who underwent pancreatic surgery with VR had significantly higher rates of postoperative complications and mortality than patients without VR.

CONCLUSIONS
The frequency of VR during pancreatic surgery is increasing in the United States. In contrast with most single-center analyses, this population-based study demonstrated that patients who underwent VR during pancreatic surgery had higher rates of adverse postoperative outcomes than their counterparts who underwent pancreatic resection only. Prospective studies incorporating long-term outcomes are warranted to further define which patients benefit from VR.


This paper presents a template matching technique for detecting defects in VLSI wafer images. This method is based on traditional techniques of image analysis and image registration, but it combines the prior art of image wafer inspection in a new way, using prior knowledge like the design layout of VLSI wafer manufacturing process. This technique requires a golden template of the patterned wafer image under inspection which is obtained from the wafer image itself mixed to the layout design schemes. First a mapping between physical space and pixel space is needed. Then a template matching is applied for a more accurate alignment between wafer device and template. Finally, a segmented comparison is used for finding out possible defects. Results of the proposed method are presented in terms of visual quality of defect detection, any misalignment at topology level and number of correctly detected defective devices.


Image scene understanding requires learning the relationships between objects in the scene. A scene with many objects may have only a few individual interacting objects (e.g., in a party image with many people, only a handful of people might be speaking with each other). To detect all relationships, it would be inefficient to first detect all individual objects and then classify all pairs, not only is the number of all pairs quadratic, but classification requires limited object categories, which is not scalable for real-world images. In this paper we address these challenges by using pairs of related regions in images to train a relationship proposer that at test time produces a manageable number of related regions. We name our model the Relationship Proposal Network (Rel-PN). Like object proposals, our Rel-PN is class-agnostic and thus scalable to an open vocabulary of objects. We demonstrate the ability of our Rel-PN to localize relationships with only a few thousand proposals. We demonstrate its performance on the Visual Genome dataset and compare to other baselines that we designed. We also conduct experiments on a smaller subset of 5,000 images with over 37,000 related regions and show promising results.


A consideration of available evidence for some known and well-characterized waterborne pathogens suggests that the diversity of pathogen virulence mechanisms and properties is too great to specifically predict the emergence and future human health impacts of new waterborne pathogens. However, some future emerging pathogens are existing microbes that will be discovered to cause disease. Some will arise from existing ones by either predictable evolutionary and adaptation changes or by unpredictable changes involving a variety of biotic and abiotic mechanisms. Many, and perhaps most, emerging waterborne human pathogens will be zoonotic agents or come from other non-human reservoirs. The emergence of some waterborne pathogens will be related to antibiotic use, resulting in emerging antibiotic-resistant waterborne pathogens. Reliably predicting pathogen emergence and human health effects based on VFARs or other properties of microbes and their hosts is not possible at this time. This is because of (1) the diversity of microbes and their virulence and pathogenicity properties, (2) their ability to change unpredictably, (3) their intimate and diverse interrelationships with a myriad of hosts and dynamic natural and anthropogenic environments and (4) the subtle variations in the immune status of individuals. The best available approach to predicting waterborne pathogen emergence is through vigilant use of microbial, infectious disease and epidemiological surveillance. Understanding the microbial metagenome of the human body can also lead to a better understanding of how we define and characterize pathogens, commensals and opportunists.


The GUIDE system has been developed to provide city visitors with a hand-held context-aware tourist guide. The system has been successfully deployed in a major tourist destination and is currently at the stage where it is publicly available to visitors who wish to explore the city. Reaching this stage has been the culmination of a number of distinct research efforts. In more detail, the development of GUIDE has involved: capturing a real set of application requirements, investigating the properties of a cell-based wireless communications technology in a built-up environment and deploying a network based on this technology around the city, designing and populating an information model to represent attractions and key buildings within the city, prototyping the development of a distributed application running across portable GUIDE units and stationary cell-servers and finally, evaluating the entire system during an extensive field-trial study. This paper reports on our results in each of these areas. We believe that through our work on the GUIDE project we have produced a blueprint for the development of interactive context-aware systems that should be of real value to those in the community who wish to develop such systems in a practical environment.


A high proportion of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have been shown to be dependent on androgen biosynthesis. The biosynthesis of androgens is undertaken by a number of important enzymes such as 17a-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase and 17[beta]-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Through the inhibition of these enzymes it is possible to. reduce the amount of androgens present, which in turn reduces the stimulation of androgen-dependent prostatic diseases. Within the current study, we have undertaken the biochemical evaluation of a number of compounds of varying structural features and which were synthesised within our group as potential enzyme inhibitors in the tretament of androgen-dependent diseases.
In general, the results from the current study show that the compounds evaluated against the enzyme complex 17a-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase possessed good inhibitory activity. In particular, the imidazole-based inhibitors were found to be more potent against 17,20-lyase in comparison to 17a-hydroxylase, and were more potent than the triazole-based compounds. The most potent compounds within the current study include: 1-(7-phenyl-heptyl)-1H-imidazole (171) (lC50=98.5±15.6nM, Ki=55.3±3AnM against 17,20-lyase and IC50=O.32±O.05I-lM, Ki=O.21±O.01i.iM against 17a-hydroxylase), 1-[7 -(4-fluoro-phenyl)-heptyl]-1 H-imidazole (179) (IC50=57.5±1.5nM, Ki=21.5±O.1nM against 17,20-lyase and IC50=173.62±7.00nM, Ki=77.5±2.5nM against 17 a-hydroxylase) and 1-[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-pentyl]-1 H-imidazole (187) (IC50=58.1±5.2nM against 17,20-lyase and IC50=O.50±O.04I-lM against 17a-hydroxylase), these compounds were all potent inhibitors compared to the standard inhibitor ketoconazole (1) (lC50=1.66±O.15i.JM, Ki=O.67±O.02i.iM against 17,20-lyase and IC50=3.76±O.01I-lM, Ki=1.24±O.01i.iM against 17a-hydroxylase).
In an effort to discover lead compounds in the inhibition of the 17[beta]-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17[beta]-HSD) family of enzymes, a range of commercially available compounds based on phenyl ketones were initially evaluated against type 1 (17[beta]-HSD1) and 3 (17[beta]-HSD3) of 17[beta]-HSD which are responsible for the reduction of estrone and androstenedione to estradiol and testosterone respectively. The majority of these compounds were found to possess weak inhibitory activity, however, some were found to possess good inhibitory activity. As such, a number of compounds were synthesised within our group as potential inhibitors of 17[beta]-HSD1 and 17[beta]-HSD3. The results show that the 4-hydroxyphenyl ketone-based compounds were found to be
. highly potent against type 3 in comparison to type 1. For example, 1-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-nonan-1-one (254) was found to possess (against type 3) inhibitory activity of 83.53±OA8% (at [1]=100i.iM) (IC5o of 2.86 ± O.03i.iM). Under similar conditions, 254 was found to possess 36.32±O.33% (at [1]=100i.iM) inhibitory activity against type1. A range of compounds were also synthesised based on the biphenyl ketones, however, these were found to be weaker inhibitors of type 3 in comparison to the 4- hydroxyphenyl ketones although they possessed greater inhibitory activity against type 1. In an effort to determine the selectivity of these compounds against the overall class of HSD enzymes, all inhibitors were evaluated for 3[beta]-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3[beta]-HSD) inhibitory activity. We discovered that in general, all of the synthesised compounds possessed weak inhibitory activity against this enzyme at inhibitor concentration of 100i.iM and 500i.iM, as such, these synthesised compounds could be considered to be good lead compounds for the inhibition of 17[beta]-HSD.


To rapidly analyze the dynamic characteristics of a compliant stroke amplification mechanism (CSAM) with completely distributed compliance, an analytical model based on the dynamic stiffness matrix with consideration of the damping effect is proposed. The natural frequency of the CSAM is optimized without attenuation of the amplification ratio based on this model. The optimized CSAM exhibits an approximately 112% higher natural frequency than the original mechanism along the main motion direction. The optimization result is verified through finite element simulation, with less than a 7% difference being observed. Moreover, the effects of frequency on the amplification ratio and input stiffness of the optimized CSAM are also discussed. The structural resonance is defined as the failure criterion of the optimized CSAM, and the sensitivity of the failure probability to manufacturing errors at different positions is analyzed. The findings show that the failure probability of the CSAM is more sensitive to parameters associated with the coordinates of the output stage and vertex.


Summary

1
Bacteria are common and important constituents of aquatic ecosystems but little is known about their populations; most measurements commonly employed are at a grosser, assemblage-level. The purpose of this study was to compare longitudinal patterns in microbial assemblages and populations along a river ecosystem.

2
Water samples were collected under base flow conditions from 13 main stem and four tributary sites along the Ogeechee River spanning the piedmont and coastal plain of Georgia, USA. Based on the detection of active cells with abundant ribosomes, two species of bacteria, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas putida, represented 0.4–4.9% of individuals in the Domain Bacteria. The abundance of P. putida was low in the headwater region of the river, perhaps because of lower concentrations of aromatic compounds.

3
The abundance of members of the Domain Bacteria peaked in the upper and lower orders of the river and were low in the mid-orders, where protozoa were numerous.

4
Higher DOC quality (based on bacterial growth) in the headwaters and peak protozoa numbers in the mid-section of the river, may have contributed to the spatial patterns observed in the bacterial assemblage. Results suggest that there is a longitudinal pattern of changing relationships between labile DOC, protozoa and bacteria but that, within the bacterial assemblage, species differ in their responses.


Recent observations and modelling studies suggest that the Arctic climate is undergoing important transition. One manifestation of this change is seen in the rapid sea-ice cover decrease as experienced in 2007 and 2012. Although most numerical climate models cannot adequately reproduce the recent changes, some models produce similar Rapid Ice Loss Events (RILEs) during the mid–21st-century. This study presents an analysis of four specific RILEs clustered around 2040 in three transient climate projections performed with the coupled Rossby Centre regional Atmosphere-Ocean model (RCAO). The analysis shows that long-term thinning causes increased vulnerability of the Arctic Ocean sea-ice cover. In the Atlantic sector, pre-conditioning (thinning of sea ice) combined with anomalous atmospheric and oceanic heat transport causes large ice loss, while in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean sea-ice albedo feedback appears important, particularly along the retreating sea-ice margin. Although maximum sea-ice loss occurs in the autumn, response in surface air temperature occurs in early winter, caused by strong increase in ocean-atmosphere surface energy fluxes, mainly the turbulent fluxes. Synchronicity of the events around 2040 in the projections is caused by a strong large-scale atmospheric circulation anomaly at the Atlantic lateral boundary of the regional model. The limited impact on land is caused by vertical propagation of the surface heat anomaly rather than horizontal, caused by the absence of low-level temperature inversion over the ocean.


The magicians and astrologers who frequented the courts of Burgundy and France during the reign of Charles VI to render their dubious services to king and nobles, induced friar Laurens Pignon OP to write a treatise called Contre les devineurs (1411) which he dedicated to John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy. This book presents a critical edition of the treatise and tries to reconstruct its historical and intellectual context by examining the role of magic and astrology at court. By means of theological and philosophical arguments which he derives from Aquinas, Pignon demonstrates the dangers and deficiencies of divination. In three appendices editions of supplementary documents are supplied: a confession of a court-magician, two divinatory texts and a fictional prognostication on the house of Burgundy.


Whilst destination marketing organisations around the world invest many resources into tourism marketing, little focus is placed on Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR) travel. A primary reason for this has been linked to the assumed lack of benefits to commercial accommodation operators. However, not all VFR travelers stay with the friends or relatives that they travel to see. This research aims to contribute to the small body of literature that has considered the behaviours of those VFR travellers who select commercial accommodation. Focusing on the Swiss market as a typical mature travel market, this research has found several key differences between VFR travelers who stay with their friends or relatives and those who choose commercial accommodation. A key finding has been a significant difference in length of stay, whereby VFRs staying in commercial accommodation enjoy longer periods of stay in the region. Those VFRs also travel greater distances.


The "clear line", a term coined in 1977 by Dutch essayist and artist Joost Swarte, has become shorthand in the field of comics studies for the style originally developed by Hergé and the École de Bruxelles. It refers to certain storytelling strategies that generate a deceptively simple, lucid, and hygienic narration: in Philippe Marion's words, it is a style "made out of light, fluidity and limpid clarity". By cataloguing and critically analysing clear line comics from historical and theoretical perspectives, this book offers a new outlook on the development of the style in the 20th and 21st centuries, especially focused on the context of the European bande dessinée. In addition, it pioneeringly expands the concept of "clear line" to other artistic domains by introducing and defending its transmedial use, which is particularly relevant for the understanding of the oeuvres of certain filmmakers of the 20th century working in the postwar period, such as Yasujirô Ozu in Japan, Jacques Tati in France and Frank Tashlin in the United States. The Clear Line in Comics and Cinema is therefore a key theoretical work for both bande dessinée enthusiasts and comics scholars, as well as a fundamental contribution to present-day film studies and transmedial narratology.


In this study we investigated whether the production of cleistogamous (CL) and chasmogamous (CH) floral morphs in Ruellia brevifolia is affected by water availability. To this end, the effects of two water levels were tested on plants grown in a greenhouse: soil at 100% water-holding capacity (WHC) (moist soil) and at 50% WHC (water scarcity). Additionally, we investigated fruit and seed production in plants at these two levels of water availability and evaluated whether the drought stress interferes with vegetative growth. The production of floral morphs depended on water availability: plants in moist soil produced only CH morphs and water-stressed plants produced only CL morphs. Fruit production was higher at the higher level of water availability (30.5 ± 28.20 fruits/plant at 100% WHC versus 9 ± 6.04 fruits/plant at 50% WHC; t = 4.384; P < 0.01). The mean number of seeds produced by CH and CL morphs were, respectively, 5.93 ± 2.24 and 8.17 ± 2.07 seeds/fruit (t = - 3.304; P < 0.01). Although CL morphs produced a greater number of seeds, the total seed production per plant was higher in plants at 100% WHC (180.86 seeds/plant in CH morphs versus 73.53 seeds/plant in CL morphs of plants in soil at 100% and 50% WHC, respectively; t = - 2.759; P < 0.01).  The plants in soil at 100% WHC were taller (0.48 m ± 0.07) in relation to plants in soil at 50% WHC (0.24 m ± 0.04) (t = 1.781; P < 0.01). This study provides new information about the sexual reproductive strategy of R. brevifolia , indicating that the main factor inducing cleistogamy is drought stress.


Abstract. This paper presents an investigation as to whether and how the selection of the SfM-MVS software affects the 3D reconstruction of submerged archaeological sites. Specifically, Agisoft Photoscan, VisualSFM, SURE, 3D Zephyr and Reality Capture software were used and evaluated according to their performance in 3D reconstruction using specific metrics over the reconstructed underwater scenes. It must be clarified that the scope of this study is not to evaluate specific algorithms or steps that the various software use, but to evaluate the final results and specifically the generated 3D point clouds. To address the above research issues, a dataset from the ancient shipwreck, laying at 45 meters below sea level, is used. The dataset is composed of 19 images having very small camera to object distance (1 meter), and 42 images with higher camera to object distance (3 meters) images. Using a common bundle adjustment for all 61 images, a reference point cloud resulted from the lower dataset is used to compare it with the point clouds of the higher dataset generated using the different photogrammetric packages. Following that, a comparison regarding the number of total points, cloud to cloud distances, surface roughness, surface density and a combined 3D metric was done to evaluate and see which one performed the best.


Two new easily polymerizable dithienylethenes have been synthesized, analyzed and tested in polymerization. 1,2-Bis(5-ethylenyl-2-methylthien-3-yl)cyclopentene (DT1) and 1,2-bis(5-(2-methylprop-2-enoyl)-2-methylthien-3-yl)cyclopentene (DT2) (Figure) were obtained by incorporating polymerizable functional groups (ethyleneyl and methacryloyl) at the 5 and 5' positions of the thiophene rings in a diarylethene structure. DT1 and DT2 displayed reversible color changes. Initially colorless DT1 and DT2 isomers turned to colored isomers by irradiating, respectively, with UV and visible light and the color disappeared upon removing the radiation source. The colorless open isomer of DT1 shows a maximum absorption at 269 nm which, upon irradiation with UV light, converts to the red colored, closed isomer. The spectral shift upon photoisomerization is about 248 nm and an isosbestic point is observed at 314 nm. The open ring isomer of colorless DT2 (λ max = 273 nm) turns in to yellow with a new peak appears at 373 nm upon irradiation at 300 nm. The isosbestic point of DT2 occurs at 264 nm indicate open-to-closed isomer conversion. Thermal stability, fatigue resistance and polymerizability of each were analyzed.  The synthesized dithienylethenes are thermochromic. Irradiated DT1  dithienylethene derivatives were stable for more than one month while irradiated DT2 derivative was only stable for 24 h. Organic photochromes need to be incorporated into a polymer matrix in order to make an efficient, durable optoelectronic device. Both derivatives can be easily incorporated into polymer matrixes either by photo-curing or radical polymerization. Polymeric materials incorporating DT derivatives also undergo reversible color change upon irradiation with UV and visible light, respectively.    Photopolymerization yields a polymer film containing the closed dithienylethene moiety that can be converted to its open form following irradiation with visible light. Free radical polymerization, on the other hand, results in a polymer with the dithienylethene in the open isomer, which can be converted to its closed isomer upon irradiation with UV light. The photochromic films were applied in an erasable, recording photonic mode. Keywords: Dithienylethenes / Photochromic / Thermal stability / Fatigue resistance Acknowledgement: K. M. T. D. Gunasekara is thankful to the McMaster Endowment for providing a fellowship.


Competing paradigms of community assembly emphasize different mechanisms for predicting patterns in biogeography. Niche assembly emphasizes the role of environmental gradients as filters that organize a metacommunity by locally selecting colonizers with similar functional traits, whereas dispersal assembly emphasizes the importance of source pool characteristics and dispersal limitation in organizing a metacommunity. In this study, I developed a framework that uses spatially explicit patterns in taxonomic and functional measures of community composition as diagnostics for community assembly processes for benthic macroinvertebrates in headwater streams in the southern Appalachians. Distance decay in taxonomic and functional similarity was used to determine the scales at which taxonomic turnover occurred within functional niches. Trait-neutral models of community composition were used as null models to assess which functional traits were the best candidates to explain how community composition was influenced by environmental gradients: an assessment of niche-based community assembly. Regional scale patterns suggested that niche-based community assembly was the dominant mechanism organizing community composition in headwater streams at local scales (<30km). Therefore, I compared how well trait-neutral models identified functional traits as relevant to community sorting against how well observed trait distributions correlated with environmental variation at a local scale, in the Ray Branch catchment (<10km study extent). Functional traits exhibiting non-random distributions within the Ray Branch watershed were most strongly correlated with environmental variation. Lastly, I assessed how the influences of niche and dispersal assembly on benthic macroinvertebrate community composition were affected by disturbance (shelterwood logging). Environmental variables defining the habitat template, and macroinvertebrate community composition, were measured before and after the disturbance; and path analysis was used to quantify the disturbance effect. The relationship between environmental variation and functional composition increased


Introduction and purposeThis essay deals with two seemingly different, but nevertheless related, social phenomena: the representation of family businesses in commercial movies and the representations of family businesses constructed by owners' and managers' themselves, e.g. in their official company information material.To study family businesses through popular cultural products offers family business scholars an alternative perspective to increase the understanding of key issues in family businesses. As pointed out by Denzin (1991) and Beard (1994) what occurs on film is almost by definition culturally significant as it reaches a large audience through theatres, television, videos and DVDs. Furthermore, even those who chose not to view a particular film often hear bits and pieces of its message as films are discussed and reviewed on television, in radio, in magazines and in morning papers. An interesting aspect of the message or messages that a film might be understood as communicating is that popular movies can be seen as both reflecting and generating cultural values and representations. The main argument for why we pay attention to how family businesses are represented in popular culture is threby not that it necessarily represents what people in general think about family businesses. Certainly, to make sense to the audience, film makers need to construct their storyline with some kind of understanding of existing general values and beliefs about the topic of the film. At the same time, to be interesting and entertaining, the film also need to present something new, unknown and/or unexpected. To us this is interesting since also to the extent that a film represents what its producers not necessarily hold to be true about family businesses it might still affect the audiences' belief about family business contexts and actors. As for example Beard (1994, p 303) argues it has been well-documented "that life imitates television". She mentions that popular television series for example have altered the expectations that American clients have of the lawyers representing them (Beard, 1994; Margolick, 1990). This parallel generation and reflection of cultural values regarding for example family business settings should be interesting to students, researchers and practitioners working in or with family businesses since many of these organizations today are described and/or present themselves as family founded, family owned and/or family controlled.A further argument for turning the focus to how family businesses are represented in popular culture is that it also provides a methodological mean through which practices could be understood (Czarniawska, 2004; Kjellander, Nordqvist and Welter, 2007) that is complementary to the more conventional methods of empirical fieldwork. It offers a possibility for researchers to take a narrative approach and follow processes and relations that might be more difficult to detect and understand through for instance regular interviews or observations. Movies are examples of narrative fiction that can serve as a basis for the development of scholarly knowledge (e.g. Phillips, 1995; DeCock and Land, 2005). Similar to what has been argued for novels (Waldo, 1968; Phillips, 1995; Czarniawska, 2007) we suggest that important subjective, emotional, sensual and value-based elements of organizational life are visible and interpretable through movies. They can offer "a more abstract understanding of social, economic and political processes, but also a repertoire of pragmatically useful devices" (Czarniawska-Joerges and Guillet de Monthoux, 1994:7).Based on the above, the purpose of this research is to investigate how family businesses and family business actors are represented in popular films. In this paper we will focus on the film "The Inheritance" directed by Per Fly in 2003. This image will be compared to the representations of family control provided by family business managers and owners themselves and to dominant approaches to family business management and ownership in family business research.Analysis and tentative conclusionsA tentative conclusion regarding this film is that it depicts the family business partly in line with the ideas of the traditional dual system approach to family and business. The little amount of time devoted to anchoring and making sense of different situations is in sharp contrast to studies of family business settings in ethnographic research (Brundin, 2002; Florin Samuelsson, 2002; Hall, 2002; Nordqvist, 2005) What Karreman and Alvesson (2001) refers to as conversational rationality is not present in this setting.It is interesting to note that while the representation of the family business in movies, TV-series and novels typically are notably negative – we have looked in detail at one example in this essay – the movie "The Inheritance, the descriptions that owners and managers from business families themselves give are very positive. Notwithstanding this difference, in both types of representation we can see that the 'family' takes up an important role as what we can refer to as an organizing principle. Whether positive or negative, the family becomes a dominant principle, or resource, that different kinds of organizing activities, such as marketing, control, strategic development or governance, relate to. We encourage future research to further investigate the role of the family as an organizing principle. It would, for instance, be interesting to see to what extent the references to the family is taken for granted or institutionalized in different context. Moreover, what does it actually mean for practice that the representations of the family business (and the family as organizing principle) are so different between popular culture and the family business owners and managers themselves? What meaning does this difference for instance have for potential employees in family business, or for investors willing to invest in family businesses?From a more theoretical point of view, we can see both the movie and the presentations and descriptions generated by family businesses themselves as 'fictionalizing acts' (c.f. Iser, 1993; Czarniawska, 2007). Fictionalizing occurs when realities are transferred into a text, but also when what is merely imagined is put into existence by textual or visual means (Iser, 1993). In other words, it is not just the film director who narrates and creates fiction about the family business, but indeed also the owners and managers describing their family businesses. From this perspective, it is not possible with certainty to decide which of the texts is the most 'real' or even the most 'realistic'. What stands out as relatively clear, however, is that both the director and the family business owners and managers themselves are likely to have a thesis or a dominant view on how they think family business are and how the family as an organizing principle have meanings for people working in and with family businesses. This also underlines a strong ideological foundation in many narrations and representations of family businesses. It is, indeed, a mistake to take either a movie representing family businesses or descriptions made by family businesses themselves as lacking underlying theoretical assumptions, even if implicit.For future research we also suggest to study the interpretations made by different groups of audiences after watching a film like this and how it corresponds to their beliefs and attitudes towards family firms. It would also be interesting to try to sketch what Czarniawska (2004) refers to as "strong plots, i.e. established and repeated patterns of emplotment" in different lines of popular culture or any cultural form regarding families and businesses.


By underestimating the importance of the mother's affective relation with the infant's body in its ongoing development, psychoanalytical theories forget the major role of the body as a « vital dimension of human reality ». The author establishes a distinction between body-image as a structure founded on sensory experiences, and the body as internal object, which includes the erotic body and has the function of providing a solid basis for the development of the ego and its relation to reality. The parts of the body linked to experiences of pain, deprivation or the absence of contact cannot be introjected and remain split off from the body as internal object, causing developmental problems which may go so far as to constitute grave disturbances in the relation with reality.


It is tempting to say that in Selling Tradition: Appa- lachia and the Construction of an American Folk, 930-1940 Jane Becker gives us a glimpse of an- other world-the Appalachian Mountains in the era of the Great Depression, when mountaineers pursued the craft traditions that to this day shape our conception of them. This image, however, runs counter to the central point of Becker's eye- opening book: mountaineers were not "another world" at all; they (and the crafts they produced) were very much influenced by northern industri- alists, designers, promoters, and social workers who defined and reshaped Appalachian "tradi- tion." Perhaps, then, we see the collision of two worlds-the culture of the mountaineers with that of the outsiders who "discovered" and pro- moted them? No, Becker insists. By the 1930s out- side influences had been infiltrating Appalachian culture for more than half a century. The Appala- chians and modern, industrial America were in- terconnected and cross-cut worlds, and the mountaineers themselves were hardly passive agents in the popular promotion of their culture.


The development of novel approaches in liver surgery in the last decade has saved the lives of a large number of patients via resection of liver tumours previously thought to be non-resectable. Concurrently, living donor liver transplantation has emerged as one of the ways of lowering mortality on the waiting lists. These breakthroughs demanded a rigorous understanding of the mechanisms of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Based on our previous studies on blood platelets and cold ischaemic injury, platelets and serotonin have attracted attention due to their theoretical potential contribution to liver regeneration. Both platelets and serotonin have been proven to be crucially involved in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. This review article provides an overview on the process of liver regeneration, with emphasis on its molecular basis and the coordinate contribution of several cells to restoring the organ's original volume and function. The role of platelets and serotonin is highlighted as novel contributors in this process.


Multiple experiments using low volume aerial applications with nine different adjuvants in combination with fungicide were conducted to compare coverage, droplet spectra, yield, and disease control. Four locations were scattered over three states: Arkansas, Kansas, and Illinois. Four aircraft with different nozzle and boom setups were used to complete the studies. Volume median size (DV0.5) ranged from 232 μm to 364 μm. Kromekote® papers used as collectors were placed in the center 9 m of each aerial swath/treatment (20 m) at three different plant heights: top corn leaf, ear leaf, and the leaf three collars below ear leaf. In each treatment, sampling consisted of 30 papers; 10 corn plants at the three heights, with all papers at 30 cm from the main stalk. DropletScan™, utilizing a high resolution color scanner to digitize the images on the Kromekote® papers, was used to analyze each paper. Means for percent area coverage and DV0.5 were used to separate differences in treatments. Relative span was calculated as an indicator of the range in the droplet spectrum. Yields were taken from the center of each treatment. Three to five replications per treatment were completed and a SAS GLIMMIX analysis was performed. Significant differences were measured among adjuvant treatments for both droplet spectra and deposition/coverage. Mixed results are reported across all treatments and locations. A mixture of water, Headline, and Crop Oil Concentrate (Treatment 2) was consistently measured with the lowest amount of coverage, and in two of four locations had the largest DV0.5. Overall, droplet spectra were impacted by the addition of adjuvants to the tank mix. The largest droplets were not associated with the best coverage, and the trend was for the lowest coverage to be associated with the smallest droplets. Treatment 5 (NIS+Interlock) had the smallest DV0.5 in three of the test locations. A limited number of significant yield differences were found. This effect could be due to low disease pressure.


Some 13,000 years ago, humans were drawn repeatedly to a small valley in what is now Central Texas, near the banks of Buttermilk Creek. These early hunter-gatherers camped, collected stone, and shaped it into a variety of tools they needed to hunt game, process food, and subsist in the Texas wilderness. Their toolkit included bifaces, blades, and deadly spear points. Where they worked, they left thousands of pieces of debris, which have allowed archaeologists to reconstruct their methods of tool production. Along with the faunal material that was also discarded in their prehistoric campsite, these stone, or lithic, artifacts afford a glimpse of human life at the end of the last ice age during an era referred to as Clovis. The area where these people roamed and camped, called the Gault site, is one of the most important Clovis sites in North America. A decade ago a team from Texas A&M University excavated a single area of the site - formally named Excavation Area 8, but informally dubbed the Lindsey Pit - which features the densest concentration of Clovis artifacts and the clearest stratigraphy at the Gault site. Some 67,000 lithic artifacts were recovered during fieldwork, along with 5,700 pieces of faunal material. In a thorough synthesis of the evidence from this prehistoric 'workshop,' Michael R. Waters and his coauthors provide the technical data needed to interpret and compare this site with other sites from the same period, illuminating the story of Clovis people in the Buttermilk Creek Valley.


Recording of Lothar Voigtlander's 3 elektronische Studien. The basis for the composition are the poems of the poet Erich Arendt. The poems were written around 1925 in his Expressionist creative period. Accordingly, the compositional means: concrete musical material is mixed with electronic sounds to achieve a strongly expressive and suggestive associative effect. It is less thought of as a "setting" of the texts, but should be added to the often strongly symbolic language formulations as a different, musical dimension. The vocals and the piano usually work live. The piano is mostly treated as unrecognizable - this is to achieve a seamless insertion into the electro-acoustic sound material. In a performance, both piano and singer can be electro-acoustically amplified and to a lesser extent technically manipulated (reverberation, iteration, etc).


The subject of this article is cognitive segmentation in translation. Based on experiments carried out in Translog, a keyboard logging program, significant differences, and also certain similarities, were observed of cognitive segmentation when data from two different subject groups and text types were compared. In the translation of a relatively easy text, novice and professional translators were found to behave fundamentally differently with respect to the size and nature of cognitive units and the speed with which they were produced. When faced with a difficult text, the behaviour in both groups was clearly affected, but some of the differences observed between novice and professional translators in the translation of the easy text were neutralized in that the professionals took over many of the features characteristic of the novices.


Like all Dummies books, Upgrading & Fixing PCs for Dummies, Third Edition, shows you what you absolutely need to know and little more--but in very clear language. Oriented toward casual users who want to solve specific problems, the book pays attention to such troubles as parity error messages and out-of-memory warnings. Upgrading & Fixing PCs for Dummies promotes the ideas that you shouldn't fix things that aren't broken and that you should apply the simplest possible solutions to the broken things. The guide includes excellent coverage of the hardware-management features in Windows 95. This book's problem-oriented approach yields sections about common hardware-related problems, such as, "My printer puts out only junk characters!" and "How do I install a new hard drive?" Cartoon-like sequential diagrams outline physical procedures, such as installing and removing SIMMs. Similar drawings help you find key parts of your computer, such as the PCI slots and the video port. Overall, Upgrading & Fixing PCs for Dummies, Third Edition, does what all the Dummies books do--it clearly explains how to solve certain problems. If your particular troubles happen to fall outside of what's covered here, you'll need to consult a geekier reference book.


The aim of this paper is to discuss the several dominant research approaches incorporated by the intercultural researchers of the past. These approaches are elaborated into two different manners. Firstly, an overview of the six prominent theoretical approaches is discussed briefly along with the lacking and culture-specific elements in the approaches are witnessed. Secondly, culture general approaches are considered with their importance in the research practice regarding their culture general nature. Following with the remarkable contributions towards the current body of knowledge by Lily A. Arasaratnam in intercultural communication competence (ICC). In addition, it is also pointed out that how she developed such culture general models of ICC with a thorough discussion on the series of her culture general models. It is noticed from the literature on intercultural competence that previous approaches and culture general model are mostly addressed in the Western context. Even though context does matter a lot in the intercultural research. Therefore, it is suggested to explore these approaches and culture general models of multiple cultural perspectives, especially in Non-Western contexts to validate their culture-general nature.


A bacterial defense mechanism Polymyxins are antibiotics that disrupt the bacterial cell membrane and are used to treat multidrug-resistant infections. A bacterial enzyme called ArnT can mediate resistance to polymyxins by transferring a sugar group from a lipid carrier to lipid A, a component of the bacterial outer membrane. Petrou et al. described structures of ArnT alone and in complex with a lipid carrier and identified a cavity where lipid A probably binds. Insights into the enzyme mechanism could be exploited to design drugs that combat polymyxin resistance. Science, this issue p. 608 Structural studies elucidate the mechanism of a reaction that contributes to antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Polymyxins are antibiotics used in the last line of defense to combat multidrug-resistant infections by Gram-negative bacteria. Polymyxin resistance arises through charge modification of the bacterial outer membrane with the attachment of the cationic sugar 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose to lipid A, a reaction catalyzed by the integral membrane lipid-to-lipid glycosyltransferase 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose transferase (ArnT). Here, we report crystal structures of ArnT from Cupriavidus metallidurans, alone and in complex with the lipid carrier undecaprenyl phosphate, at 2.8 and 3.2 angstrom resolution, respectively. The structures show cavities for both lipidic substrates, which converge at the active site. A structural rearrangement occurs on undecaprenyl phosphate binding, which stabilizes the active site and likely allows lipid A binding. Functional mutagenesis experiments based on these structures suggest a mechanistic model for ArnT family enzymes.


Quantifying the time scales of magmatic differentiation is critical for understanding the rate at which silicic plutonic and volcanic rocks form. Directly dating this process is difficult because locations with both clear evidence for fractional crystallization and the accessory phases necessary for radiometric dating are rare. Early zircon saturation, however, appears to be characteristic of many high-K, arc-related melts due to their generally elevated initial Zr concentrations. Thus, high-K plutonic series are ideal candidates to study the time scales of magmatic differentiation using zircon U-Pb geochronology. This study focuses on the Dariv Igneous Complex in western Mongolia where early saturation of zircon in a suite of cogenetic, upper crustal ( 65 wt% SiO_2) melt occurred in ≤590 ± 350 k.y. This estimate is greater than modeled time scales of conductive cooling of a single intrusion and physical segregation of minerals from a melt, suggesting that continued influx of heat through magmatic activity in the complex may have prolonged cooling and thus time scales associated with the production of silica-enriched melts.


The research interest for upgrading ilmenite to synthetic rutile has increased over the years due to the increasing demand for titanium dioxide white pigment and titanium metal. Sulfate and chloride leaching processes in the absence or presence of reducing agents are the most commonly tested leaching routes. However, chloride leaching is more economical and hence the preferred option. It allows relatively easy treatment of waste solutions and therefore the regeneration and recycling of hydrochloric acid. Despite the many attempts to develop chloride processes to upgrade ilmenite to synthetic rutile, systematic kinetic and mechanistic studies based on chemical and electrochemical dissolution are lacking in the literature. In addition, no comparison has been made between flat natural or synthetic ilmenite surfaces and particles of ilmenite concentrates of different origin and composition in chloride solutions. The main objective of this thesis is to bridge this gap and improve the understanding of the kinetics and reactions for the dissolution of synthetic ilmenite and natural ilmenite concentrates of different compositions, under non-reducing and reducing conditions.

The measured dissolution rates of flat surfaces of synthetic ilmenite were found to decrease with time and obey a parabolic rate law, due to the blockage of the surface by an insoluble product. The dissolution rates of both iron and titanium were higher in the presence of tin(II) chloride as a reducing agent and remained unaffected over time. The reductive role of tin(II) ions appears to be that of inhibiting the formation of surface blocking solids, which can be used to propose a reaction sequence for ilmenite leaching.

In electrochemical studies the measured rest potential of an ilmenite electrode in hydrochloric acid solutions was found to be lower compared to that measured in sulfuric acid solutions, indicating higher dissolution rates in the former case, due to reducing conditions. The measured potentials and surface characterisation studies indicated the reductive dissolution of titanium(IV) in the solid phase to titanium(III) in the aqueous phase, which facilitates the reductive leaching process by removing the insoluble product layers. Hematite mineral, which is found associated with weathered ilmenite, was also found to have a higher dissolution rate under the cathodic conditions which facilitated leaching.

The leaching of three ilmenite samples of different compositions collected from local producers over the years, labelled as North Capel, Iluka and Tiwest, gave different results with regards to the iron and titanium dissolution as a result of different degrees of alteration. The leaching efficiency appeared to be in the
descending order of North Capel > Iluka > Tiwest, which appeared to be inversely proportional to the degree of alteration. The highest extraction in hydrochloric acid alone was obtained from North Capel ilmenite (99% Ti and ~100% Fe) under conditions of 11 M HCl, pulp density of 4 g/L, 80 -110 °C and 2 h of leaching time. However, in the presence of a reducing agent, dissolution rates of iron and titanium increased in solutions of low acid concentrations and temperature.

The initial rate of ilmenite dissolution in hydrochloric acid under reducing conditions was found to be half order with respect to the concentration of reducing agent, which suggests the involvement of an electrochemical reaction. However, the chemical/electrochemical leaching studies of rotating flat surfaces of ilmenite, based on the parabolic rate law and kinetic study revealed the same diffusivity of protons through the product layer.

The batch leaching of ilmenite particles obeyed a shrinking core kinetic model, supporting the view that the proton diffusion through a product layer is the rate controlling step. The magnitude of proton diffusivity obtained using chemical leaching studies of rotating flat surfaces of synthetic or natural ilmenite or batch
leaching studies of different ilmenite concentrates agree reasonably well despite the difference in mineral composition.


The objective of this study is to develop nanofiltration hollow fiber membrane from a sophisticated multi component spinning dope. Polyethersulfone (PES) asymmetric nanofiltration (NF) hollow fibers membranes were prepared by a simple dry/wet phase inversion process from spinning solution consisted of N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP), Polyethylene-glycol (PEG 400) as polymeric additive and pure water as a non-solvent additive. These fibers have been produced from a newly developed spinning solution with a mass ratio of 21.34/31.22/10.2/7.24 (PES/NMP/PEG/water). The dope formulation was designed to be very close to its cloud point (binodal line) in order to speed up the coagulation of the nascent fibers so that the relaxation effect on molecular orientation is reduced. Sodium chloride solution was used to determine the rejection rate of the membranes. In order to achieve high performance NF membranes, the effects of shear rate on the separation performance of NF hollow fiber membrane were studied. Thus, different dope extrusion rate (DER) ranging from 2.0 to 3.5 cm3/min were used to produce the fibers. The results are used to correlate the relationship between DER and the separation performance (rejection) of the membrane. Experimental results show a significant effect of extrusion shear on the rejection rate of the membranes. As the shear rate was increased, the rejection increased until a certain level, before the rejection decreases. Finally, the optimum shear rate was observed in this study and it was about 2.5 cm3/min. In conclusion, we demonstrated that increasing the shear rate (DER) experienced by the spinning solution during membrane fabrication increased the molecular orientation and this had favorable effect on membrane rejection.


Religion and law are often portrayed as belonging to different, isolated spheres and as conflicting with each other, especially with regard to the process of governing today's global economic and political affairs. The portrayal and handling of such conflicts are especially reflected in media reports and are ultimately part of the public debates that precede legislative action dealing with a great variety of legal issues, including, but not limited to, sumptuary laws, the wearing of the headscarf and other apparel in public, the acceptance and application of a cultural defense in criminal law, and the exclusion of various cultural products, such as food, beverages, or motion pictures, from international trade. This article argues against this dominant perception, positing that religion and law are instead complementary and merely operate at different levels of perception, effectively pursuing the same purpose. Therefore, it is advocated that greater caution or a so-called "precautionary principle of incomplete information" should be applied to various legislative proposals that are aimed at sanctioning various issues of religious relevance by strict positive laws. This argument is further supported by a brief reference to the prohibition of riba (usury and interest) in Islamic banking and its relevance in the world today.


Despite her prolific output, ageless writer and wit Dorothy Parker (1893-1967) never penned an autobiography (although if she had, she said that it would have been titled Mongrel). Combing through her stories, poems, articles, reviews, correspondence, and even her rare journalism and song lyrics, editor Barry Day has selected and arranged passages that describe her life and its preoccupations-urban living, the theater and cinema, the battle of the sexes, and death by dissipation. Best known for her scathing pieces for the New Yorker and her membership in the Algonquin Round Table ("The greatest collection of unsaleable wit in America."), Parker filled her work with a unique mix of fearlessness, melancholy, savvy, and hope. In Dorothy Parker, the irrepressible writer addresses: her early career writing for magazines; her championing of social causes such as integration; and the obsession with suicide that became another drama ("Scratch an actor...and you'll find an actress."), literature ("This is not a novel to be tossed aside lightly. It should be thrown with great force.") and much more.


A central goal of modern generative grammar has been to discover invariant properties of human languages that reflect "the innate schematism of mind that is applied to the data of experience" and that "might reasonably be attributed to the organism itself as its contribution to the task of the acquisition of knowledge" (Chomsky, 1971). Candidates for such invariances include the structure dependence of grammatical rules, and in particular, certain constraints on question formation. Various "poverty of stimulus" (POS) arguments suggest that these invariances reflect an innate human endowment, as opposed to common experience: Such experience warrants selection of the grammars acquired only if humans assume, a priori, that selectable grammars respect substantive constraints. Recently, several researchers have tried to rebut these POS arguments. In response, we illustrate why POS arguments remain an important source of support for appeal to a priori structure-dependent constraints on the grammars that humans naturally acquire.


The purpose of this research resulted in model reading Instructional materials for first grades of
Elementary students use the contextual approach in the form of textbooks and worksheets. This book
is very helpful teachers and students to achieve this goal, researchers used a model of development: (1) pre-development through literature studies, surveys, observation and interviews, assessment, requirements analysis, (2) the initial development: designing draft model, evaluation of draft (expert testing), limited testing, revision and initial validation, (3) the development of models, field trials, evaluation and revision of the design model, and (4) validation and application of models. The focus of the study (1) aspects of the design, (2) the content, and (3) the relevance. To test the feasibility of the product that is through small groups, readability test, and test feasibility. The experiment was conducted in Makassar. The research method using triangulation. The technique of collecting data through interviews, observations, questionnaires. The data analysis technique using instrument: (1) the data identifying the needs of teachers and students, (2) test data experts, (3) test data legibility, and (4) the effectiveness of the test data of materials. Instrument identification of needs using validity and test readability. The result of the research shows that reading instructional materials that have been prepared tested on students who are new to the class I. In the experiments teaching materials to read of this show very high student enthusiasm for learning reading. This is reinforced by the class teacher found reading teaching materials developed students are very enthusiastic and motivated to learn to read.


Human resources are central to economic development and can be increased in value and productivity by investment in human beings, for example in their education and health. But for a considerable period in the past, economists stressed the importance of the accumulation of man-made physical capital for economic growth and development, to the neglect of human resource capital. Nevertheless, in the second half of the 20th century the importance of human resource capital (particularly education) for economic growth came to be recognised. Nevertheless, the implications of the formation of human resource capital for sustainable development were given virtually no in-depth attention but it is important to address this matter, as is done here. The nature and broad categories of capital are outlined and particular attention is given to human resource capital. While the formation of human resource capital can support sustainable development, it also poses a challenge since this "formation" draws on or transforms natural resource and environmental capital. Using a neo-Malthusian model, direct routes by which investment in human resource capital may promote sustainable development are outlined. Both improved education and health are likely, for example, to reduce population growth and this is likely to have favourable consequences for sustainable development. The provision of sufficient human capital for females is shown to be crucial in this respect. Nonetheless, it must also be recognised that difficulties (some of which are outlined) exist for sustainably developing human resources. It is argued that greater equality in the distribution of human resource capital, both within nations and globally, would make a significant contribution to sustainable development. The "basic needs" approach has considerable merit both from the point of view of justice and as a contributor to sustainable development.


ABSTRACT This article builds on the previous articles in this special issue to explore two related concepts – a 'UK policy laboratory' and 'expansive policy learning', with a specific focus on further education (FE) and skills. We argue that the potential for a UK policy laboratory in this area is based primarily on a new balance between the forces of convergence and divergence across the four countries of the UK. In this 'goldilocks zone' lie opportunities for policy learning. The methodology of the UK FE and Skills Inquiry, on which this article draws, attempted to model the conditions of the UK policy laboratory by involving a rich mix of social partners and highlighting the importance of national contexts and how these can inform differing approaches to common challenges. The Inquiry also identified 'interesting practice' that may form the basis of an initial 'common project' across the different systems. However, its pursuit will require shifts towards the more collaborative approach to FE and skills that characterises the three smaller countries of the UK. In this variegated political environment, we conclude by speculating on the wider conditions for the permanent development of a UK policy laboratory (or laboratories) and expansive forms of policy learning.


Universities are increasingly concerned with student mental health, as empirical studies indicate a high prevalence and severity of psychological distress among student populations (Larcombe et al., 2016; Bore et al., 2016). From a developmental systems perspective, discussions about student wellbeing must include the perspectives and needs of academic educators. Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan's Self-Determination Theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000) offers several suggestions for how academic educators can facilitate wellbeing through their teaching, but there is still little evidence of the work that educators do to promote student wellbeing as part of their everyday practice. Using an online survey, we asked 315 academic educators from diverse disciplines at three universities about their experiences with student mental health: their awareness of related issues, their strategies, and institutional supports. In general, respondents were aware and concerned about student mental health. They described diverse strategies for promoting student wellbeing, many of which were common practices in higher education, and all of which were consistent with Self-Determination Theory approaches. The implication for educators concerned with wellbeing is to identify the elements of their teaching that might already be promoting wellbeing. Respondents also wanted greater institutional support around responding to student distress and around mental health literacy. Their comments highlight the importance of a developmental systems approach to student wellbeing in which university systems work together and support each other.


Objective: Concurrent use of multiple drugs (polypharmacy, PP) may cause health risks such as adverse drug reactions, medication errors and poor compliance. The objective of this study, based on data from a prescription database, was to evaluate estimators of PP in the general population. Methods: Data were retrieved from Odense Pharmacoepidemiological Database (OPED) and consisted of all prescriptions in 1994 from a 10% random sample of drug users (n ˆ 26977) in the county of Funen, Denmark. For each prescription, the period of consumption was calculated by setting the duration of treatment to equal the amount of drug purchased, as measured in de®ned daily doses (DDD), thereby assuming a daily intake of one DDD. PP was de®ned as overlapping periods of consumption for di€erent drugs. A Venn diagram was used to illustrate and compare this estimator of PP with two other indicators of multiple-drug use: the number of drugs purchased in 3 months and the mean number of drugs used in 1 year. A receiver operating curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the possibility of predicting episodes of PP from the number of drugs purchased in 3 months. Results: The proposed estimator of PP was robust towards changes in DDD. On an average day in 1994, the prevalence of PP was 9.9% and the standard deviation (SD) between days was 0.3%. Two to four drugs (minor PP) were used by 8.7% of the population (SD, 0.2%) and ®ve or more drugs (major PP) by 1.2% (SD, 0.1%). The number of individuals displaying PP for the ®rst time in 1994 stabilised after approximately 6 months, resulting in an incidence of major PP of 0.2% and of minor PP of 1.2% per month. For individuals exposed to PP, the median number of days of exposure was 61 and 10.5% were exposed for more than 350 days of the year. Purchase of ®ve or more drugs in the ®rst 3 months of 1994 predicted episodes of major PP in the same year with a positive predictive value of 80%. Conclusion: Epidemiological measures of multiple drug use can be estimated from data in a prescription database. From a conceptual point of view, an estimator based on the number of simultaneously used drugs (calculated from the date of purchase and the number of DDD) is preferable, but the number of drugs purchased in a 3-month period may also be a useful estimator.


The earthquake generation is the fracture along subsurface fault planes driven by the concentrated stress fields, however, these geometrical and physical parameters are hidden in the depth, leading to difficulties to understand the underlying physics of the phenomena. The ongoing sequence of the Kumamoto, Japan, earthquake including the April 15, 2016, Mw 7.0, earthquake and precursory multiple M6-class earthquakes as well as the prolonged seismic activity, provides a unique opportunity to investigate into the mechanism of the earthquake generation with its unique tectonic conditions and well-observed patterns of the sequence. In this study, we conducted a set of fully dynamic simulations and show that the dynamic rupture sequence is mainly controlled by the irregularity of the fault geometry in the subjected regional stress field. We also show that the dynamic triggering of M-6 class earthquakes occurred along the Yufuin fault (located 50 km away) because of the strong stress transient up to a few hundreds of kPa due to the rupture directivity effect of the M-7 event, and the susceptible condition developed by the high geothermal condition. We further show that the rupture growth of M-7 event into SW (to the direction of the Uto segment of the Futagawa fault) is supressed by that the Takano-Shirahata segment of the Hinagu fault slipped again while it has been rupture associated with the precursory events. We compared the simulation results with the surface displacement obtained by InSAR analysis and the observed seismograph. In addition, this dynamic rupture simulation is made possible even on a PC cluster system by the newly developed numerical method called the Fast Domain Partitioning Method (FDPM) for the elastodynamic boundary integral equation method (BIEM).


Miocene calcite concretions resembling modern carbonate structures that form at cold seeps are present in fractured opal- CT porcelanites that are interbedded with mudstones in coastal cliffs at Santa Cruz, California. The morphologies of the carbonate structures differ markedly from conventional concretions and are spatially aligned with orthogonal joints in the porcelanites. The structures contain tubular holes that are identical to fluid and gas conduits in modern carbonate seep structures; the orientations of these tubes suggest that fluid and gas flow was both vertical and horizontal, the latter along extensional joints that formed preferentially in the brittle, silica-rich layers that had enhanced bedding- parallel permeability. Petrographic and isotopic characteristics of the carbonate structures indicate that calcite precipitation occurred in a shallow, subseafloor environment in either the zone of microbial sulfate reduction or of methanogenesis, prior to or possibly simultaneously with the silica phase transformation of opal- A in diatom shells to opal-CT.


Finding the longest common subsequence of multiple strings is a classical computer science problem and has many applications in the areas of bioinformatics and computational genomics. In this paper, we present a new sequential algorithm for the general case of MLCS problem, and its parallel realization. The algorithm is based on the dominant point approach and employs a fast divide-and-conquer technique to compute the dominant points. When applied to find a MLCS of 3 strings, our general algorithm is shown to exhibit the same performance as the best existing MLCS algorithm by Hakata and Imai, designed specifically for the case of 3 strings. Moreover, we show that for a general case of more than 3 strings, the algorithm is significantly faster than the best existing sequential approaches, reaching up to 2-3 orders of magnitude faster on the large-size problems. Finally, we propose a parallel implementation of the algorithm. Evaluating the parallel algorithm on a benchmark set of both random and biological sequences reveals a near-linear speed-up with respect to the sequential algorithm.


In its broadest sense, music archaeology is the study of the phenomenon of past musical behaviours and sound. This cross-disciplinary discipline comprises a series of approaches, including archaeological and musicological perspectives. The basis of research is music-related material finds, such as excavated and otherwise conserved sound artefacts (or ancient tools for sound and music production), as well as depictions of instrumentalists, singers, and dancers showing musical instruments and performance postures, sometimes including views of the original settings. As various archaeological cultures left such finds, many of the sociocultural contexts and meanings of past music can be studied. Today it is widely accepted that finds and depictions of ancient musical instruments are not only markers of musical traditions in space and time—especially when the archaeological contexts are well documented—but also a valuable means for experimentally testing ancient playing techniques. In the case of original sound artefacts (or their replicas), their acoustic function and the basic acoustic characteristics of a once performed music can also be reproduced and analysed. Additionally, acoustic spaces, such as architectural structures, caves, and other natural places, are the subject of music archaeological studies. The information obtained from the archaeological record can be deepened considerably when ancient scripts, historical treaties, and other written sources concerning music are related. Such documents offer notes on performance practices and their sociocultural contexts. For some cultures, hints concerning ancient music theory and musical aesthetics may also be found and, if ancient notations are related, even clues to aspects of musical structures are provided. Finally, the study of contemporary music cultures in which past musical traditions are preserved is valuable for comparative studies. In this paper the virtues of studying these sources are defined, but the limits of music archaeological research are also considered.


This paper presents an empirical analysis of the progress in U.S. external adjustment through 1988 and prospects for continued adjustment over the years ahead. Our analysis, based in part on a partial-equilibrium model of the U.S. current account, suggests that adjustment was slower than "expected" during 1986-87, and faster than expected during the first half of 1988. The model was about "on track" in the second quarter of 1988, but did not anticipate the drop off in the trade balance in the second half of the year. We consider various model extrapolations of the U.S. external balance with exchange rates and income growth rates held unchanged. Our model, as well as those of other researchers, indicate that the U.S. external balance will narrow somewhat further during 1989, but will begin to widen again thereafter. This view may be overly pessimistic, due to some limitations of the models. In order to assess the credibility of these projections, we consider the issue of model uncertainty and construct error bands around the model projections using stochastic simulation techniques.


In his 2014 Sutherland address to the American Society of Criminology, David Weisburd demonstrated empirically that the share of crime that is accounted for by the most crime-ridden street segments is notably high and strikingly similar across cities, an empirical regularity that Weisburd refers to as the "law of crime concentration." We build upon recent work in this area that points out that the concentration of a large share of crime amongst a small number of street segments can, in some cases, be a mechanical artifact of the degree of crime density in a city rather than the signature of an empirical law. Using data from three of the largest cities in the United States, we identify crime concentration by comparing observed crime concentration to a counterfactual distribution of crimes generated by randomizing crimes to street segments. We show that this method avoids a key pitfall that causes existing methods of measuring crime concentration to overstate the degree of crime concentration in a city. Most (but not all) crimes are, in fact, concentrated amongst a small number of hot spots but the precise relationship is weaker — sometimes considerably so — than has been documented in the empirical literature. We further show that, within a city, crime is least concentrated in the neighborhoods that experience the largest number of crimes. Accordingly, the law of crime concentration sometimes holds only tenuously in the communities in which crimes are most prevalent. We conclude that Weisburd's original intuition remains largely intact though the law of crime concentration requires some qualification.


The use of hollow airfoils in turbomachinery applications, in particular fans and turbines, is an essential element in reducing the overall engine weight. However, state-of-the-art airfoil geometries are of low aspect ratio and exhibit unique characteristics associated with platelike modes. These modes are characterized by a chordwise form of bending and high modal density within the engine operating speed range. These features combined with the mistuning effects resulting from manufacturing tolerances make accurate frequency and forced response predictions difficult and increase the potential for High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) durability problems. The present paper summarizes the results of an experimental test program on internal damping of hollow bladelike specimens. Friction damping is provided via sheet metal devices configured to fit within a hollow cavity with various levels of preload. The results of the investigation indicate that such devices can provide significant levels of damping, provided the damper location and preload is optimized for the modes of concern. The transition of this concept to actual engine hardware would require further optimization with regard to wear effects and loss of preload particularly in applications where the preload is independent of rotational speed. Excellent agreement was achieved between the experimental results and the analytical predictions using a microslip friction damping model.


This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the determinants of saving rates, presenting the main findings and contributions of the recently completed World Bank research project, 'saving across the world.' The article discusses the basic design of the research project and its core database, the World Saving Database. It then summarizes the main project results and places them in the context of the literature on saving, identifying the key policy and non-policy determinants of private saving rates. Special attention is paid to the relationship between growth and saving and the impact of specific policies on saving rates. The article concludes by introducing the studies included in this special issue.


Liberals argue that globalization, or growing interdependence among states, will transform societies towards more liberal values reflected in better respect for human rights. Skeptics of globalization, among them Marxists, critical theorists, and a large portion of the NGO community, see globalization facilitating the exploitation of the weak by the strong, exclusion of the poor from economic gain and political rights, increased inequality and economic insecurity, all of which results in social disarray, in other words, globalization is a race to the bottom. Thus, resistance to globalization by ordinary people, they argue, will be met with greater state repression. Previous studies have examined the issue with single indicators, such as trade openness and the level of FDI. We make use of a unique measure of globalization, which gauges globalization along economic, political, and social dimensions, to assess the propositions. Our findings reveal a strong positive association between overall globalization and its disaggregated components on government respect for physical integrity rights between 1981 and 2005 for a large sample of countries, controlling for a host of relevant factors, including the possibility of endogeneity. The results are robust to sample size, alternative data and methods, and when assessing developing countries only. Contrary to the skeptics, our results show that increased exposure to globalization lowers state violations of basic human rights.


There is an increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity among young people, placing them at higher risk of chronic diseases, including some cancers, later in life. Previously in Australia, there has been no standardised monitoring of adolescents' body weight, and dietary and physical activity behaviours across all states and territories and at a national level. To address this gap, Cancer Council Australia and the National Heart Foundation of Australia established the National Secondary Students' Diet and Activity survey. Based on the successful Australian Secondary Students' Alcohol and Drug survey implementation model, the National Secondary Students' Diet and Activity survey was first conducted in 2009-10 with a national representative sample of 12,188 secondary school students from year levels 8 to 11 (ages 12 to 17 years). The main findings from this survey were that, in general, students' patterns of consumption of vegetables and fruit and time spent in physical activity and small screen recreation were less than optimal. Further, just under one in four students were classified as overweight or obese, according to objective height and weight measurements. With government funding support, the National Secondary Students' Diet and Activity survey can become a regular monitoring system and allow Australian adolescents' dietary and physical activity habits and their prevalence of overweight and obesity to be tracked over time.


How can we control demand from primary care? PCTs have struggled for years with rising elective referrals while simultaneously knowing that that some referrals are unnecessary and others could be dealt with by communitybased services. That's why PCTs have set up CATS — Clinical Assessment and Treatment Services. CATS (and the closely related Referral Management Services and Clinical Assessment Services) are intended to ensure that referrals are appropriate and hence by implication that demand is reduced. They are usually PCT-led and often backed by local policies that force all referrals for specified specialties to be assessed initially by the service. Evidence to date shows that CATS can be effective in reducing the volume of referrals.

In a world of limited budgets and rapidly changing practice the referral system needs to change. GPs need to become more flexible and quality control needs to increase. But this is an intrinsically risky way to skin the demand management cat.

Firstly over time CATS are likely to de-skill referrers and de-motivate GPs. The problem is not that GPs may resent being forced to refer in this way — GPs have grumbled about change since time immemorial. The problem is that we will come to like it. At one level an onerous duty has been taken off our busy shoulders, but at a deeper level it is the ultimate professional emasculation. If not gatekeepers then who are we?

Secondly those responsible for CATS will find that very significant levels of clinical risk have been transferred from GPs to themselves. A typical CAT service responsible for 100 000 people may generate 600 new referrals to hospital each week or some 30 000 per year — if half the referrals are reviewed that's a sizeable number of significant, highly salient clinical decisions. And CATS are not your local friendly general practice that's been around forever. They'll appear to patients as distant bureaucratic organisations, denying taxpayers their birthright. Imagine a 55-year-old man with back pain referred by the GP for an (inappropriate) orthopaedic consultation and triaged (correctly) by the CATS to physio who is found 3 months later to have co-incidental spinal secondaries from his undiagnosed prostate cancer. Who will be sued?

Finally GPs can undermine any CATS that they have no confidence in. 'I'd like to refer you to see a proper consultant right now but I'm afraid I now need to get permission first'. If 1 in 1000 CATS' decisions ends in litigation, that could mean a new case every 2–3 weeks for a typical service covering 100 000 people. Viewed in this light the lack of litigation about the current 15 million GP referrals per year is the dog that isn't barking — perhaps referral decisions are trivially easy to get right. Or perhaps GPs really are adding value to a complex and often ambiguous process.

So if CATS are not the answer what is? The solution is a service that focuses primarily on helping all referrers become excellent and generates referral management as a byproduct of education. In this model practices retain all responsibility for referrals with a subset of letters reviewed by a consultant working alongside a GP for 2 hours per week. GPs rotate every 2 months in order to build relationships with consultant colleagues and spread best practice. Individual GPs do a paid 2-month rotation once every 2 years so that a typical five-handed practice is updated by two specialties per year. When referral can be improved the reviewing GP phones the practice to explain. The practice retains a right of veto — and of clinical responsibility. Costs are met from savings to practice-based commissioning consortia. Over time the quality of referrals across all practices and all specialties are improved.

The new electronic booking system also offers interesting possibilities. Consultants could grade incoming referral letters using a similar system to that used on eBay between buyers and sellers. Each referral would be scored by the consultant for appropriateness on a −1, 0 or +1 scale. Over time each GP would accrue a consultant-generated score about the quality of their referral letters. Such reputations would be powerful quality drivers especially when shared with the public. At the same time clinical responsibility would remain right where it should be — with highly skilled GPs who know their patients.

PCTs are understandably exercised about controlling referrals. But they should talk with GPs before opting for the Big Game solution.


Microphytobenthos are important primary producers on tidal flats - ecosystems which are
characterised by steep physical and chemical gradients. In this study some of the
environmental factors that control the distribution and primary production of benthic
microalgae were investigated in a series of field surveys conducted on Hythe intertidal
mudflat, Southampton Water. The ecological and photo-physiological responses of
microphytobenthos to changes in physical factors were studied in the field and in controlled
laboratory experiments. Results from a weekly sample program at four stations along an
intertidal transect were used to address the hypothesis that changes in incident irradiance
defined by a combination of meteorological factors and the tidal cycle cause significant
changes in the biomass of microphytobenthos. The light regime at each station was
characterised by a model which combined the changes in daylight irradiance with the timing
and duration of low tide. At the low shore stations total light availability during low tide was
limiting in spring and autumn/winter, when daily photo-periods ranged between 0 and 6
hours. Microalgal biomass exhibited a strong seasonality with a distinct spring bloom in
April which coincided with high irradiances at spring low tide. At the high shore station
which was exposed to three times longer photo-periods light availability did not correlate
with microalgal biomass at any time of the year. Biomass was three times higher at this
station than at the three low shore stations and showed little seasonal variation. Taxonomic
marker pigments were used to describe the changes in microphytobenthos composition. High
correlation between chlorophyll a and fucoxanthin on a temporal and spatial (horizontal and
vertical) scale combined with taxonomic analysis gave evidence that diatoms were the main
primary producers on Hythe intertidal mudflat.
Chlorophyll a and Ik (defined as PBmax/ aB) correlated strongly with incident irradiance at low
tide, indicating that photoadaptation of benthic microalgae was occurring. A spatial
comparison of photosynthetic parameters showed that benthic microalgae inhabiting the low
shore compensated for reduced photoperiods by increasing their photosynthetic capacity
(PBmax) and efficiency (aB) and decreasing their Ik. Photosynthetic parameters of
microphytobenthos significantly changed during the low tide period under controlled
laboratory conditions, suggesting that an endogenous photosynthetic rhythm was present,
which caused an increase in PBmax and ocB towards the middle of the photoperiod. Irradiance
levels at low tide enhanced the short-term variation in photosynthetic parameters due to
photo-adaptation. The change in rates of photosynthesis was accompanied by a significant
alteration of the cellular pigment composition, as the photoprotectant xanthophyll
diatoxanthin increased and diadinoxanthin decreased in proportion. Short-term changes in
cellular pigment composition induced in the laboratory were greater than seasonal pigment
adaptation of microphytobenthos isolated from the field. Variation of PBmaxand ocB during one
photoperiod occurred on a similar scale to the seasonal and spatial changes, suggesting that
short-term photo-physiological adaptations are an important feature of microphytobenthos,
aiding their successful survival in the intertidal environment, where strong gradients of
incident irradiance occur on small temporal and spatial scales.


This study explores the scholarly impact of the faculties at all law schools accredited by the American Bar Association and then ranks the top seventy law faculties. Refined by Professor Brian Leiter, the "Scholarly Impact Score" for a law faculty is calculated from the mean and the median of total law journal citations over the past five years to the work of tenured members of that law faculty. This study extends Professor Leiter's study of the Top 25 law faculties to rank the Top 70 law faculties in order by scholarly impact (by reason of ties in ranking position, 71 schools actually are included). Following the same methodology and search parameters, we also applied a discount rate to back-date Scholarly Impact Scores to January 15, 2010, so that the results for additional law faculties could be integrated with Professor Leiter's Scholarly Impact Ranking for the Top 25 law faculties reported earlier this year. See Brian Leiter, "Top 25 Law Faculties in Scholarly Impact, 2005-2009." In addition to a school-by-school ranking, we report the mean, median, and weighted score for each law faculty, along with a listing of the tenured law faculty members at each ranked law school with the highest individual citation counts.Representing about one-third of accredited American law schools, the law faculties ranked in this study have demonstrated concretely a strong collective commitment to legal scholarship. As previously ranked by Professor Leiter, the law faculties at Yale, Harvard, Chicago,and Stanford stand out nationally in scholarly prominence, followed by several others that are traditionally ranked among the elite law schools. The new law school at California-Irvine shows early signs of becoming a scholarly leader, while Florida State continues its upward movement by entering the Top 25.Extending the ranking to the Top 70, Cardozo and Ohio State fall just outside the Top 25, while George Mason, Hofstra, Case Western, the University of St. Thomas (Minnesota), Pittsburgh, Hawaii, Brooklyn, Nevada-Las Vegas, the University of San Diego, Chicago-Kent, and Missouri-Columbia achieve strong rankings well above those assigned by U.S. News. Several law schools accredited within the past twelve years - the University of St. Thomas, Nevada-Las Vegas, Chapman, and Florida International - have already made a scholarly impact that dramatically outpaces their academic reputations.Note: Scholarly Impact Ranking for 2012 will soon to be posted.


According to direct evidence from archaeology and supporting evidence from comparative linguistics, the Neolithic cultures of the Yangtze alluvial plain played a significant role in the origins of rice cultivation and agricultural populations in East and Southeast Asia. The ultimate results of these developments, according to many authorities, were the dispersals of Austroasiatic and Austronesian-speaking peoples into Mainland and Island Southeast Asia. New archaeological discoveries suggest that some of the earliest pottery in the world also occurred in southern China. Therefore, the historical significance of this region cannot be overlooked. This paper provides a brief review of cultural developments and settlement histories in southern China from the early Neolithic (c. 11,000–8000 b.c .) to the terminal Neolithic (2000 b.c .). Geographically, we examine the middle and lower Yangtze alluvial plain, the Lingnan (southern Nanling Mountains) and Fujian region, and the Yungui Plateau of southern China. Against the backdrop of the waxing and waning of Neolithic cultures in the Yangtze Valley we plot the spread of material culture, rice farming and animal domestication out of the Yangtze region to the Lingnan-Fujian region and the Yungui Plateau, and later into Taiwan and Southeast Asia. This study suggests that the origins of rice agriculture and the process of farming dispersal were more complicated than previously assumed. Keywords: Neolithic, southern China, Yangtze alluvial plain, farming, migration, dispersal.


Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer with poor prognosis. The incidence of HCC and HCC-related deaths have increased over the last several decades. However, the treatment options for advanced HCC are very limited. Sorafenib remains the only drug approved for systemic treatment for advanced HCC. However, prior to sorafenib era conventional cytotoxic chemotherapies have been studied in advanced HCC. In this review, clinical studies of systemic chemotherapy for advanced HCC will be summarized and discussed.


The eastern part of Kachchh Rift basin was reactivated after 2001 Bhuj earthquake of Mw 7.7 and continuous seismicity has been recorded since then. The northern part of Wagad upland also experienced moderate earthquakes Mw ≥ 5.7 in February 2006 and March 2007. These moderate to major Intraplate earthquakes provide a unique opportunity to study the effects and linkage between brittle-ductile dynamics, surface processes and drainage evolution. We presented a geomorphological analysis of the Wagad highland providing new constraints on the evolution of river network. The shallow to deeper nature of fault and their response to development of hydrological networks has been analyzed using seismic tomography. Based on surface drainage offset and seismic structures several E-W oriented faults controlling fluvial dynamics are identified. From seismic structures and drainage offset it is clear that the flu- vial dynamics is controlled by shallower to deeper faults. The estimated attributes are well supported with seismic structures and focal mechanisms solutions. Based on fluvial offset and seismic structure analysis a new tectonic model has been proposed for WH. The tectonic model shows that the faults WH are well connected at deeper level and generated negative flower structures and significantly controlling surface fluvial dynamics.