The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibilities for chemical consumption reduction in P-P-Paa-P bleaching (P alkaline peroxide stage, Paa peracetic stage) of hot water treated straw and the effect of the wheat straw variability on the process. Papermaking fibre production from wheat straw using such a process could be implemented on a small scale if chemical consumption was low enough to eliminate the need for chemical recovery. The pulp properties obtained with this process are equal to or even superior to the properties of wheat straw soda pulp. The possibility of enhancing the first peroxide stage with oxygen and pressure was studied. The possibility for substitution of sodium hydroxide partially with sodium carbonate was also investigated. The objective was to achieve International Standardization Organization (ISO) brightness of 75%, with minimal sodium hydroxide consumption, whilst maintaining the pulp properties. The optimization of the peroxide bleaching is challenging if the final brightness target cannot be reduced. Results indicate that up to 25% of the sodium hydroxide could be substituted with sodium carbonate without losing brightness or affecting pulp properties. Another possibility is a mild alkali treatment between the hot water treatment and the bleaching sequence.


Superhydrophilic membranes have drawn much attention owing to their outstanding anti-fouling performance and ultrahigh permeation flux for wastewater treatment and oil–water separation. Since most widely used polymer membranes have high intrinsic hydrophobicity, a universal approach for superhydrophilic modification is highly required. Yet, how to simply transform highly hydrophobic membranes into superhydrophilic ones is still a challenge. Herein, we develop a one-step and general strategy to achieve the hydrophobic-to-superhydrophilic transformation of commercial membranes on the basis of catechol chemistry, i.e., co-deposition of tannic acid (TA) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) in aqueous solution. Owing to the distinct adhesion properties of TA and the reaction between the oxidative product of TA and the hydrolysis product of APTES, hydrophilic and hierarchical layer-colloidal nanospheres can be in situ assembled on various highly hydrophobic membranes including polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polypropylene (PP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), copper mesh, stainless steel wire, and nylon mesh. The resulting superhydrophilic membrane can realize high-efficiency separation of various oil-in-water emulsions.


Background. HuM291 is a humanized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody engineered to reduce binding to Fc&ggr; receptors and complement fixation.HuM291 has a long serum half-life and mediated profound depletion of circulating T cells in chimpanzees; HuM291 also has significantly less mitogenic and cytokine-releasing activity than OKT3 in vitro. Methods. A phase I dose-escalation study was conducted in 15 end-stage renal disease patients scheduled for renal allografts from living donors. Patients received one i.v. HuM291 injection before transplantation. Five doses were tested: 0.015 &mgr;g/kg, 0.15 &mgr;g/kg, 0.0015 mg/kg, 0.0045 mg/kg, and 0.015 mg/kg. Patients were followed for adverse events, laboratory abnormalities, serum cytokine levels, pharmacokinetics, and CD2+, CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cell counts. Results. HuM291 was well tolerated; most adverse events were mild to moderate in severity and included headache, nausea, chills, and fever. These occurred within the first few hours after HuM291 administration, resolved within 24 to 48 hr, and were likely related to cytokine release. In general, peak tumor necrosis factor-&agr;, interferon-&ggr;, and interleukin-6 levels were detected 1 to 6 hr postdosing only at the three highest doses and were generally undetectable by 24-hr postdosing. Serious adverse events possibly related to HuM291 included clotting of a fistula (two patients), chemical cellulitis (one patient), and increased serum creatinine/decreased hematocrit (one patient). At doses ≥0.0015 mg/kg (0.1 mg/70 kg), HuM291 induced rapid, marked depletion of peripheral T cells within 2 hr; duration of T cell depletion was dose dependent. At the two highest dose levels, T cells remained depleted for approximately 1 week. Conclusions. A single HuM291 dose rapidly depleted circulating T cells in a dose-dependent manner and was associated with only mild to moderate symptoms of cytokine release.


Background: Practising physicians frequently seek advice on the most effective interventions for dementia. In this article, we provide practical guidance on nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions for the management of mild to moderate dementia based on recommendations from the Third Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia. Methods: We developed evidence-based guidelines using systematic literature searches, with specific criteria for the selection and quality assessment of articles, and a clear and transparent decision-making process. We selected articles published from January 1996 to December 2005 that dealt with the management of mild to moderate stages of Alzheimer disease and other forms of dementia. Recommendations based on the literature review were drafted and voted on. Consensus required 80% or more agreement by participants. Subsequent to the conference, we searched for additional articles published from January 2006 to April 2008 using the same major keywords and secondary search terms. We graded the strength of the evidence using the criteria of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Results: We identified 1615 articles, of which 954 were selected for further study. From a synthesis of the evidence in these studies, we made 48 recommendations for the management of mild to moderate dementia (28) and dementia with a cerebrovascular component (8) as well as recommendations for addressing ethical issues (e.g., disclosure of the diagnosis) (12). The updated literature review did not change these recommendations. An exercise program is recommended for patients with mild to moderate dementia. Physicians should decide whether to prescribe a cholinesterase inhibitor on an individual basis, balancing anticipated benefits with the potential for harm. For mild mood and behavioural concerns, nonpharmacologic approaches should be considered first. Interpretation: Although the available therapies for dementia can help with the management of symptoms, there is a need to develop more effective interventions.


This document clarifies the use of addresses in Generalized
Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) networks. The aim is to
facilitate interworking of GMPLS-capable Label Switching Routers
(LSRs). The document is based on experience gained in implementation,
interoperability testing, and deployment. The document describes how
to interpret address and identifier fields within GMPLS protocols, and
how to choose which addresses to set in those fields for specific
control plane usage models. It also discusses how to handle IPv6
sources and destinations in the MPLS and GMPLS Traffic Engineering
(TE) Management Information Base (MIB) modules. This document does
not define new procedures or processes. Whenever this document makes
requirements statements or recommendations, these are taken from
normative text in the referenced RFCs. This memo provides information
for the Internet community.


This study considers how prices are first set in the private sector using simple, micro-economic models. Second, it considers how prices should be set in the public sector using the theoretical framework of user charges in public finances. Third, it looks at how prices are established in the transportation literature, with the highway transportation literature being considered the more relevant. Then, how prices are determined in Washington's transportation system, in general, and the ferry system, in specific, were analyzed. Empirical evidence on Washington's ferry system fares and subsidies were studied as was evidence on the price elasticity of demand for various transportation services. Finally, the impacts of changing the price level for ferry services was considered as were a number of recommendations for pricing policy changes.


In the repeated interactions of a legislative session, legislators develop working relationships that can be used in the pursuit of legislative goals. I develop a theory of influence diffusion across a legislative network of relations based on strategic actors building relationships in order to increase legislative success. Building on sociological theory initially developed by Granovetter, my research indicates that it is the weak ties between legislators that are the most useful in increasing legislative success. I test my theory using state legislative data from eight state legislatures, along with a second analysis of the U.S. House of Representatives. Empirical analysis provides consistent support for the notion that weak ties lead to legislative success.


As human impacts in estuaries are often pervasive (estuary-wide) and/or pre-existing, the identification of
suitable reference points, from which to assess the extent of impacts, is problematic. One solution is to compare potentially
degraded estuaries with estuaries deemed to be largely unmodified by human activities. However, there is a perception
that individual estuaries are too spatially and temporally dynamic to allow valid comparisons to be made using such
an approach. We tested this idea for a commonly used indicator, benthic macroinvertebrates, using a factorial design
incorporating both temporal and spatial scales between and within three adjacent meso-tidal river estuaries in northern
Tasmania. Variation in macroinvertebrate assemblage structure was analysed using permutational multivariate analysis
of variance. Most variance occurred within estuaries (68–82% variance) relative to spatial differences between estuaries
(24–14%) corresponding with a strong upstream estuarine gradient and small-scale spatial patchiness. Seasonal variation
accounted for 9–4% of total variance indicating that temporal differences were relatively insignificant when contrasted
against spatial variability within and between estuaries. We suggest that with sufficient spatial replication at the within
estuary-scale, entire estuaries may act as whole reference systems, allowing studies to examine potential impacts within
estuaries with spatially diffuse, pre-existing human impacts.


Constance Naden (1858?1889) is a unique voice in Victorian literature and science. This book, the first full-length critical account of her life and works, brings into focus the reciprocal nature of Naden's poetry, philosophical essays and scientific studies. The development of Naden's thinking is explored in detail, with newly discovered unpublished poems and notes from her adolescence shedding important light upon this progression.
Close readings of Naden's wide-ranging corpus of poetry and prose trace her commitment to an interdisciplinary world-scheme that sought unity in diversity. This book demonstrates how a rigorous scientific education, a thorough engagement with poetry and philosophy of the long nineteenth century, an involvement with the Victorian radical atheist movement, and a comic sensibility each shaped Naden's intellectual achievements. Naden sought to show how the light of reason is made even brighter by the spark of poetic creation and how the imagination is as much a tool of the scientist and the philosopher as the artist.
Taking a comprehensive approach to this complex and overlooked figure of the Victorian period, Stainthorp demonstrates how Naden's texts provide a new and important vantage point from which to consider synthetic thinking as a productive and creative force within nineteenth-century intellectual culture.
This book was the winner of the 2017 Peter Lang Young Scholars Competition in Nineteenth-Century Studies.


This Note describes five best practices for program leaders and/or supervisors of Extension field specialists on helping new field specialists achieve the benefits of specialization. South Dakota, New Hampshire, and Ohio recently adopted the field specialist model for some of their educators. Earlier Minnesota and Iowa started similar positions but called them "regional extension educators" and "program specialists," respectively. All of these states have adopted more specialized field staff because specialization is a key for increased productivity. In this paper, the term "field specialists" will be used for all specialized Extension Educator positions that are: 1) located in the field and not on campus, 2) focus their work within an area of expertise, 3) work either throughout the state or in large multi-county regions and 4) are funded primarily from state and federal funds and/or grants rather than funded partially by counties. Many of the field specialists have very similar backgrounds and responsibilities as the M.S. level state specialists of the 1980s and 1990s.


We studied how environmental conditions affect reproduction in sympatric skua species that differ in their reliance on marine resources: the exclusively marine foraging south polar skua Catharacta maccormicki, the terrestrially foraging brown skua C. antarctica lonnbergi and mixed species pairs with an intermediate diet. Egg size, clutch asymmetry and hatching dates varied between species and years without consistent patterns. In the south polar skuas, 12 to 38% of the variation in these parameters was explained by sea surface temperature, sea ice cover and local weather. In mixed species pairs and brown skuas, the influence of environmental factors on variation in clutch asymmetry and hatching date decreased to 10-29%, and no effect on egg size was found. Annual variation in offspring growth performance also differed between species with variable growth in chicks of south polar skuas and mixed species pairs, and almost uniform growth in brown skuas. Additionally, the dependency on oceanographic and climatic factors, especially local wind conditions, decreased from south polar skuas to brown skua chicks. Consistent in all species, off- spring were more sensitive to environmental conditions during early stages; during the late chick stage (>33 d) chick growth was almost independent of environmental conditions. The net breeding success could not be predicted by any environmental factor in any skua species, suggesting it may not be a sensitive indicator of environmental conditions. Hence, the sensitivity of skuas to environ- mental conditions varied between species, with south polar skuas being more sensitive than brown skuas, and between breeding periods, with the egg parameters being more susceptible to oceano- graphic conditions. However, during offspring development, local climatic conditions became more important. We conclude that future climate change in the Maritime Antarctic will affect reproduction of skuas more strongly through changes in sea ice cover and sea surface temperature (and the result- ing alterations to the marine food web) than through local weather conditions.


Neither a random event nor the act of a lone madman--the assassination of President John F. Kennedy was an appalling and grisly conspiracy. This is the unvarnished story. With deft investigative skill, David Kaiser shows that the events of November 22, 1963, cannot be understood without fully grasping the two larger stories of which they were a part: the U.S. government's campaign against organized crime, which began in the late 1950s and accelerated dramatically under Robert Kennedy; and the furtive quest of two administrations--along with a cadre of private interest groups--to eliminate Fidel Castro. The seeds of conspiracy go back to the Eisenhower administration, which recruited top mobsters in a series of plots to assassinate the Cuban leader. The CIA created a secretive environment in which illicit networks were allowed to expand in dangerous directions. The agency's links with the Mafia continued in the Kennedy administration, although the President and his closest advisors--engaged in their own efforts to overthrow Castro--thought this skullduggery had ended. Meanwhile, Cuban exiles, right-wing businessmen, and hard-line anti-Communists established ties with virtually anyone deemed capable of taking out the Cuban premier. Inevitably those ties included the mob. The conspiracy to kill JFK took shape in response to Robert Kennedy's relentless attacks on organized crime--legal vendettas that often went well beyond the normal practices of law enforcement. Pushed to the wall, mob leaders merely had to look to the networks already in place for a solution. They found it in Lee Harvey Oswald--the ideal character to enact their desperate revenge against the Kennedys. Comprehensive, detailed, and informed by original sources, The Road to Dallas adds surprising new material to every aspect of the case. It brings to light the complete, frequently shocking, story of the JFK assassination and its aftermath.


[1] Thermodynamic analysis of the system CO2-H2O shows that although CO2 clathrate and liquid CO2 are stable over most of the pressure and temperature range expected for the Martian regolith, hydraulic equilibrium of the regolith pore gas with the overlying atmosphere, a condition most likely in equatorial regions, will destabilize both phases. Condensation on Mars comes in four predictable assemblages: pure H2O ice, CO2 clathrate (hydrate), a eutectic mixture of solid CO2 and either clathrate or H2O ice (if the clathrate fails to nucleate), and under limited conditions, pure solid CO2. Seasonal frosts are likely to consist of thin layers of water ice and/or clathrate, overlain by the eutectic assemblage. Growing ice caps are also likely to be layered, with sets of ice (lower) and eutectic (upper) layers interspersed with pure solid CO2 layers. The saturated water content of a 1-bar CO2 atmosphere with surface temperatures >273 K would have reached 20 precipitable millimeters. Basal melting, triggered by trapped heat flow from the interior, limits the thickness and composition of the polar ice caps and is to be expected during periods of low obliquity, when there is extensive cooling and condensation at the poles. Introduction of liquid CO2 into the Martian regolith by basal melting at the poles may be a major mechanism for loss of the ancient greenhouse atmosphere and its long-term sequestration. Explosive release of CO2 fluid coexisting with groundwater may trigger outflow channel floods and reset atmospheric isotope ratios.


To the Editor: A traveler returning from the Middle East initiated an outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in South Korea in 2015, which resulted in 186 cases and 36 deaths (1–3). We report a case of MERS in a 43-year-old man from South Korea who acquired this disease during this outbreak (Technical Appendix Figure 1) (4).

The National Health and Family Planning Commission of China determined that collection of data for this patient was part of a public health investigation of an emerging outbreak. Therefore, informed consent was not required. This study was approved by the ethical committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University.

The patient had been receiving thiamazole for 7 years for hyperthyroidism. He had contact with the index case-patient during the outbreak in South Korea on May 16, 2015. On May 25, the patient traveled to Hong Kong and then to Huizhou, China. He was hospitalized in China on May 28 (day 7 of illness). At admission, he had a high fever (temperature 39.5°C) and a dry cough. Chest radiography on day 7 showed mild bilateral ground glass opacities in the lower lung (Technical Appendix Figure 1, panel B).

The patient was given oseltamivir (150 mg, 2×/day for 2 days) until identified as being infected with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) on day 8 by real-time reverse transcription PCR. He was given ribavirin (2.0 mg on day 8; 0.6 mg 3×/d on days 9–16; and 0.6 mg 2×/d on days 17–19) and 135 μg of peginterferon αa-2a by intravenous injection on day 8 (Technical Appendix Table 2). Thrombocytopenia and a decrease in the hemoglobin level developed, which might have been related to use of ribavirin (Technical Appendix Table 1).

Chest radiography on June 1 (day 11) showed increased bilateral consolidation of the patient's lower lung (Technical Appendix Figure 1, panel C). He was given intravenous immunoglobulin, antimicrobial drugs, and thymosin α1. His body temperature returned to normal on day 14 (Technical Appendix Figure 2). Chest radiography on day 35 showed resolution of bilateral lung infiltrations (Technical Appendix Figure 1, panel D). He was discharged on day 36.

Viral RNA was detected in sputum and fecal specimens up to day 26 of illness. Virus load (5) in sputum specimens collected on days 11–15 were lower than in specimens obtained on days 16–18 (Technical Appendix Figure 3, panel A). Swab samples collected on days 13 and 15 from the patient's palm, mobile telephone, blanket, and bed railings, and from his hospital room floor were negative for viral RNA.

Concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (interferon-α, interferon-inducible protein 10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin 6 [IL-6], IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein-α [MIP-1α], MIP-1β, and IL-1β) were determined for serial serum samples. Interferon-α, interferon-inducible protein 10, monokine induced by interferon-γ, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and IL-8 were detected on day 11 of illness but levels decreased as the patient clinically improved (Technical Appendix Figure 3, panel B).

The peginterferon αA2 the patient was given on day 8 might have influenced his plasma interferon-α levels (6). However, a previous study also showed increased levels of interferon-α in a patient who survived MERS-CoV infection but not in a person who died of MERS (7). Although MERS-CoV evades induction of innate immune responses by cell types, the virus elicits interferon responses in plasmacytoid dendritic cells in vitro (8). Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, IL-10, and IL-1β did not increase in any of these specimens.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained on day 24 of illness showed a strong specific T-cell response against MERS-CoV spike protein but not against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein (Technical Appendix Figure 3, panel C). PBMCs from persons who were infected with SARS-CoV in 2003, as well as healthy persons, showed low-level T-cell responses against MERS-CoV spike protein, although some persons with a history of SARS still had detectable responses to SARS-CoV spike protein. It was reported that T-cell responses to SARS-CoV were directed against spike and nucleocapsid proteins (9). We did not have sufficient PBMCs to test T-cell responses against nucleocapsid protein.

Results for MERS-CoV antibody were negative at day 11 of illness by MERS-CoV spike pseudotype assay (MERS-S ppNT), microneutralization, 50% plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT50), and S1 ELISA (EUROIMMUN AG, Lubeck, Germany). The patient showed seroconversion by day 14. MERS-S ppNT and PRNT50 provided earlier evidence of seroconversion (day 15) and higher antibody titers than the microneutralization, (day 18) (Technical Appendix Figure 3, panel D). Potent T-cell responses were elicited to MERS-CoV spike protein. These responses did not show cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV spike protein.

The MERS-S ppNT, which does not require Biosafety Level 3 containment, had sensitivity equivalent with that of PRNT50, which requires containment. Thus, MERS-S ppNT is a sensitive and specific assay for detecting neutralizing antibody against MERS-CoV. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay have been well-documented with serum samples from dromedary camels and other animals (10).

Technical Appendix. Methods used for testing and results for a traveler with Middle East respiratory syndrome, China, 2015.

Click here to view.(571K, pdf)


Broadband optoelectronics such as artificial light harvesting technologies necessitate efficient and, ideally, tunable coupling of excited states over a wide range of energies. In monolayer MoS2, a prototypical two-dimensional layered semiconductor, the excited state manifold spans the visible electromagnetic spectrum and is comprised of an interconnected network of excitonic and free-carrier excitations. Here, photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy is used to reveal the energetic and spatial dependence of broadband excited state coupling to the ground-state luminescent excitons of monolayer MoS2. Photoexcitation of the direct band gap excitons is found to strengthen with increasing energy, demonstrating that interexcitonic coupling across the Brillouin zone is more efficient than previously reported, and thus bolstering the import and appeal of these materials for broadband optoelectronic applications. Narrow excitation resonances that are superimposed on the broadband photoexcitation spectrum are identified and coincide with the energetic positions of the higher-energy excitons and the electronic band gap as predicted by first-principles calculations. Identification of such features outlines a facile route to measure the optical and electronic band gaps and thus the exciton binding energy in the more sophisticated device architectures that are necessary for untangling the rich many-body phenomena and complex photophysics of these layered semiconductors. In as-grown materials, the excited states exhibit microscopic spatial variations that are characteristic of local carrier density fluctuations, similar to charge puddling phenomena in graphene. Such variations likely arise from substrate inhomogeneity and demonstrate the possibility to use substrate patterning to tune local carrier density and dynamically control excited states for designer optoelectronics.


Attempts to assess the sedimentary status of coastal wetlands have typically utilized either residual sediment transport via major drainage channels ('creeks') or the rate of vertical substrate accretion. The first method neglects the interaction between channel and surface sedimentation and may be inappropriate where significant water movement occurs across wetland margins. The second method requires areal interpolation from a limited number of cores, sediment traps or marker horizons, yet the effects of different spatial and temporal sampling strategies are rarely considered. This paper presents an analysis of spatial patterns of sediment deposition within two tidal wetlands on the eastern coast of England. Extensive deployments of surface-mounted sediment traps over individual tidal cycles provide new insights into the spatial scales over which particle settling varies. Sedimentation is appropriately considered as a regionalized variable and estimation of 2-dimensional semivariograms allows the spatial scale of variability to be incorporated into interpolated 'sedimentation surfaces'. This enables more accurate estimation of mass fluxes than is possible from conventional arithmetic averaging or measurements of mass flux via drainage creeks. Rapid particle settling during lateral and apical overtopping of the creeks results in coherent patterns of sedimentation at spatial scales of the order 20200 m, depending on the developmental stage of the wetland surface-channel system. Comparison of these findings with vertical accretion averaged over several years indicates an increasing dependence of sedimentation rate upon inundation frequency (and therefore elevation) as the time-averaging period is lengthened. Failure to consider these spatial and temporal sampling requirements may result in misleading assessments of wetland vulnerability to future accelerated sea-level rise or to changes in sediment supply.


Pneumocephalus is defined as air in the cranial cavity. Pneumocephalus can result from inadvertent dural puncture during lumbar epidural anesthesia or epidural steroid injection. Presently described is case of 41-year-old woman who had undergone lumbar disc hernia operation but due to ongoing complaints, was diagnosed as having failed back surgery syndrome. Percutaneous epidural neuroplasty was performed. In the operating room, under sterile conditions and under sedoanalgesia, Racz catheter was inserted in caudal area and guided to epidural area with scope. In accordance with Madrid Declaration, 20 ug/mL concentration and 5 mL volume oxygen-ozone mixture was injected. After waiting 5 minutes, 0.25% bupivacaine + 80 mg triamcinolone + 1500 units hyaluronidase was administered through the catheter. After epidural neuroplasty procedure, when patient was taken to gurney, she complained of severe headache and nausea. Computed tomography scans of head were done immediately, and consistent with pneumocephalus, air was observed in right lateral ventricle frontal horn, interhemispheric fissure, and superior cerebellar cistern. Patient was placed in Trendelenburg position and intravenous fluid was replaced. Analgesics and bed rest were recommended as treatment. Patient was discharged from hospital on the second day. Within a week, headache pain and other complaints had resolved. In this article, the case of a failed back surgery patient who was postoperatively treated with medical ozone and experienced complication of pneumocephalus is discussed in context of literature data.


We present five performance measures to evaluate grouping modules in the context of constrained search and indexing based object recognition. Using these measures, we demonstrate a sound experimental framework, based on statistical ANOVA tests, to compare and contrast three edge based organization modules, namely, those of Etemadi et al. (1991), Jacobs (1996), and Sarkar-Boyer (1993) in the domain of aerial objects using 50 images. With adapted parameters, the Jacobs module performs overall the best for constraint based recognition. For fixed parameters, the Sarkar-Boyer module is the best in terms of recognition accuracy and indexing speedup. Etemadi et al.'s module performs equally well with fixed and adapted parameters while the Jacobs module is most sensitive to fixed and adapted parameter choices. The overall performance ranking of the modules is Jacobs, Sarkar-Boyer, and Etemadi et al.


The concept of strategic intrapreneurship emerges through the combination of two potentials, namely intrapreneurship and strategic management. Strategic intrapreneurship help organizations seek to achieve strategic goals in order to discover innovations and take advantage of today's competitive advantages in the direction of its goals and objectives. Strategic intrapreneurs engage in strategic intrapreneurship in line with their core competencies to provide a sustainable competitive advantage for the enterprise. The main purpose of the study will be to present an approach to the strategic intrapreneurship model that emerges from the combination of entrepreneurship, strategic management and try to explain these concepts in a different approach with both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The quantitative study conducted in terms of strategic intrapreneurship, it is believed that the intrapreneurship and its dimensions show the behaviors of the intrapreneurship and dimensions of the workers are at a high level. The findings from SWOT analysis, which is qualitative research, show that the participants have high level of strategic intrapreneurship behaviors.


We have sampled serpentinites and the closely associated metabasites in the paleosubduction zone context of Central Cuba in order to characterise the microstructures of serpentine minerals as a function of metamorphic grade. The samples were collected in the eclogitic unit of the Escambray Massif and in the Zaza Zone, where eclogitic conditions were locally attained. Serpentinites are associated to the metabasites in lenses embedded in a metasediment matrix (Escambray) or form the matrix that embeds the metabasites (Zaza Zone). Field and petrological evidence suggests that serpentinites and associated metabasites underwent the same metamorphic history. Serpentinites from the Escambray Massif have preserved high-grade structures. In the Zaza Zone, most of the sampled serpentinites only underwent low-grade metamorphism and the sample that underwent eclogitic conditions is strongly retrogressed. Low-grade serpentinites show pseudomorphic textures in thin section, a mixture of chrysotile, poorly crystallised serpentine and minor lizardite. High-grade samples, characterised by non-pseudomorphic textures, mainly consist of antigorite, associated to minor chrysotile. Transmission electron microscopy shows that antigorite from preserved samples (Escambray Massif) displays few microstructural defects such as stacking faults or modulation dislocations, in contrast to the higher density of defects encountered in highly retrogressed serpentinites (Zaza Zone). We thus propose that the record of high metamorphic grade in matrix antigorite is best characterised by the elimination of structural defects.


Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a common opportunistic infection with a high mortality rate in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. It is unclear whether mannitol could be used to manage neurological symptoms in HIV-associated CM. Here, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 33 patients with HIV-associated symptomatic CM at our hospital where mannitol was used to relieve neurologic symptoms. With the empirical mannitol therapy, patients had a median of 2 episodes (range, 1-6 episodes) of headaches the day at the starting of anti-cryptococcal therapy. The median score of pain intensity assessed by numerical rating scales was 7-point (range, 4-8 points). After the administration of mannitol, the score of pain intensity was reduced to 3-point or less. Three weeks after anti-cryptococcal therapy, 75.8% (25/33) of the patients did not report headaches. During the initial 3 weeks of anti-cryptococcal therapy, 13 patients had a total of 42 episodes of seizures. 97.6% (41/42) of the episodes of seizures were controlled after the administration of mannitol. Overall, 87.9% (29/33) of the patients survived more than 10 weeks without the need of therapeutic cerebrospinal fluid drainage. Mannitol was used for median of 26 days (range, 1-85 days) in these 29 patients. One patient had permanent vision loss. This study indicates that mannitol may possibly relieve neurologic symptoms in HIV-associated CM. It is worth re-revaluating the role of mannitol administration as a symptom control strategy in mild cases of HIV-associated CM.


This article proposes a new approach to the 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. The idea works as follows. Defendant moves to dismiss exactly as under current practice. Plaintiff either responds to the motion, thus submitting the matter for decision, or files an affidavit proposing a plan of targeted discovery. After receiving defendant's response, the court approves, rejects, or revises the proposed discovery plan. If the judge allows discovery, defendant either withdraws the motion or produces the information. If defendant withdraws the motion, the litigation proceeds in the usual way. If defendant continues the motion the parties engage in targeted discovery. The court then reviews the motion taking account of information which either party brings to the court's attention, including information produced in discovery. If the court grants the motion, the case is dismissed and plaintiff pays defendant's reasonable fees and costs associated with the motion and associated discovery. If the court denies the motion, the case continues and defendant pays plaintiff's reasonable fees and costs. Our proposal would incentivize both parties to reveal information pertinent to the court's decision. It promises to improve the operation of the motion to dismiss regardless of the substantive standard used to evaluate the sufficiency of the claims for relief.


Perovskite derivatives Ba3LnFe2O7.5, with Ln = Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er have been synthesized. These oxides isotypic to the already known yttrium phase crystallize in the P21/c space group. Their structure can be described as an assemblage of double "FeLn" chains built up of isolated FeO4 tetrahedrons and YO6 octahedrons, interconnected through dimeric tetrahedral Fe2O7 groups. Magnetization and specific heat measurements show that all the members of this series, including the Y-phase, exhibit long range antiferromagnetic ordering, with TN ranging from 6.2 K for Y to 12.5 K for Dy. The evolution of TN with respect to the rare earth size is complex and similar to that observed for the structurally related Ba2LnFeO5 perovskites, but shows significantly higher values. The antiferromagnetism of the Y-phases is ascribed to SSE Fe–O–O–Fe interactions along the chains in both oxides "Ba3Y" and "Ba2Y", whereas in addition transversal SSE/SE Fe–O–O–Fe–O–Fe–O–O–Fe interactions between the chains are proposed for the "Ba3Y" phase. For magnetic lanthanides, the antiferromagnetic behavior of both series implies strong 3d(Fe)–4f(Ln) interactions, i.e. SE Ln–O–Fe interactions along the chains in both series but in addition transversal SE Ln–O–Fe–O–Fe–O–Ln interactions between the chains in the "Ba3Y" series. The particular role of the magnetic moment and magnetic anisotropy of the lanthanide is also considered.


Many instructors have expressed a recent interest in incorporating service-learning activities into their courses. Several authors have maintained that service-learning opportunities help students to better understand class concepts and also lead to desirable outcomes in students, such as enhanced self esteem and an increased interest in social causes. In this article, we discuss the value of teaching and learning operant principles in animal shelters from the perspectives of a faculty member, a student, and a shelter staff member. We maintain that using psychology of learning students as dog trainers in animal shelters results in benefits for instructors, students, and shelter staff, as well as for the dogs in shelters and the people who adopt them. ********** In recent years, faculty members in psychology and other university disciplines have begun to focus increased attention on incorporating service-learning activities into their course curricula that allow students to practice what they are learning in the classroom in applied settings (Anderson, 2002; O' Byrne, 2001 ; Tuber, et al., 1999). Some instructors have maintained that servicelearning experiences are extremely valuable (Giuliano, 2001; Kivenen & Ristela, 2002; Kretchmar, 2001 ; Tuber, et al., 1999; Valerius & Hamilton, 2001); service-learning can help students model the concepts they have learned in class as well as show the students that the material they are learning is directly applicable to real-world situations. Also, service-learning opportunities can allow students to be active participants in their own learning processes (Aberson, Berger, Healy, Kyle, & Romero, 2000; Giuliano, 2001; Gredler & Johnson, 2001 ; Kivenen & Ristela, 2002; Norcross, Slotterback, & Krebs, 2001 ; Tuber, et al., 1999). Furthermore, allowing students to "learn by doing" in a number of different settings can allow students to perform socially-beneficial work that may make them more satisfied with their educational experiences (House, 2000; Kretchmar, 2001; Raupp & Cohen, 1992). Although large class sizes can make the administration of a service-learning component unsuitable for some courses (e.g., in large introductory psychology courses), most upper-division courses, featuring smaller class sizes and broadly trained students, can be easily modified to feature a service-learning component that allows for student participation in the learning process. The purpose of this article is to present one way that psychology instructors can allow their students to learn and practice important psychological principles while performing socially-beneficial work: by using students in advanced learning courses as operant trainers in animal shelters. Perspectives of the value of teaching and learning operant principles in animal shelters will be shared by a faculty member (TM) who has coordinated and led learning students in this setting, a student (RC) who has participated in a shelter learning experience, and an administrator at a Humane Society branch (DF) where shelter learning experiences have been offered. In this article we discuss why we believe that animal shelters are an ideal venue for service-learning, as well as our observations of how students and shelter animals have benefited from shelter learning experiences. Finally, we comment on how instructors and students at many universities can develop collaborative partnerships with animal shelters, allowing students the opportunity to learn important principles while helping make shelter pets more readily adoptable. Each year in the United States millions of dogs and other companion animals are abandoned by their owners at animal shelters (By the numbers, 2003; Hart, 2003; The Humane Society, 2003). Organizations such as the Humane Society operate thousands of shelters across the country, and these shelters typically do their best to offer temporary housing and other services to abandoned animals, and also attempt to find them permanent homes (Hennessy, Voith, Mazzei, Buttram, Miller, & Linden, 2001 ; The Humane Society, 2003; Wells, Graham, & Hepper, 2002; Wells & Hepper, 2000; Wells, & Hepper, 2001). …


The last two decades of the 20th century saw a revolution in the nature of information and the way that it can be created, used and transmitted. Vast opportunities have been opened up. Developing countries, that have insufficient capacity to generate, disseminate and effectively utilize educational information and knowledge, may finally be in a position to accelerate their development. Digital and internet content is the key to these opportunities. With it, the cost of producing, copying and disseminating any piece of information approaches zero, and any person with access to a computer and the internet can be as powerful a distributor of information as a major company. The major content industries have had their primacy over production and distribution channels challenged. Many developing countries have not fully analyzed the policy implications of access to, and control over, digital and internet content. This paper analyzes the implications of digital and internet content policy for access to knowledge in developing countries and makes some initial recommendations for developing countries. By bringing together several different strands of discussions and analyses ongoing at national and international levels, it aims to provide a direction for further research and policy analysis, by laying the groundwork and creating awareness of the relevance and scope of digital and internet content for developing country policymakers.


In order to commercialize polymer solar cells, the fast initial performance losses present in many high efficiency materials will have to be managed. This burn-in degradation is caused by light-induced traps and its characteristics depend on which polymer is used. We show that the light-induced traps are in the bulk of the active layer and we find a direct correlation between their presence and the open-circuit voltage loss in devices made with amorphous polymers. Solar cells made with crystalline polymers do not show characteristic open circuit voltage losses, even though light-induced traps are also present in these devices. This indicates that crystalline materials are more resistant against the influence of traps on device performance. Recent work on crystalline materials has shown there is an energetic driving force for charge carriers to leave amorphous, mixed regions of bulk heterojunctions, and charges are dominantly transported in pure, ordered phases. This energetic landscape allows efficient charge generation as well as extraction and also may benefit the stability against light-induced traps.


Flow visualization and particle image velocimetry of deep volumes are achieved by holographic recordings. Light-in-flight holography is applied to avoid noise from out-of-focus regions during interrogation of the reconstructed image by use of a ruby laser source of small coherence. The scheme permits reconstruction of thin layers in depth without disturbance by the rest of the field. The location of the layers is selected by the position of a reconstructing slit aperture on the hologram. Applications to tracer particles in water and visualization by smoke of an air flow are given.


Whether the result of violence, war, or disaster, the intrusive memories that haunt people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cannot always be healed through psychotherapy or current medications. Now research on the biological basis of memory offers the hope of new drug treatments that may be able to lessen the disabling fear associated with traumatic memories and perhaps even fundamentally alter them. Neuroscientists Jacek Dębiec, M.D., Ph.D., and Margaret Altemus, M.D., argue that this possibility raises profound ethical and philosophical questions that must be examined even as researchers work to relieve the suffering of PTSD.


A classic reference book on user interface design and graphic design for web sites, updated to reflect a rapidly changing market Consistently praised as the best volume on classic elements of web site design, Web Style Guide has sold many thousands of copies and has been published around the world. This new revised edition confirms Web Style Guide as the go-to authority in a rapidly changing market. As web designers move from building sites from scratch to using content management and aggregation tools, the books focus shifts away from code samples and toward best practices, especially those involving mobile experience, social media, and accessibility. An ideal reference for web site designers in corporations, government, nonprofit organizations, and academic institutions, the book explains established design principles and covers all aspects of web designfrom planning to production to maintenance. The guide also shows how these principles apply in web design projects whose primary concerns are information design, interface design, and efficient search and navigation.


This thesis presents a study of multiple phenomena that exist within the solar corona. The structures explored in this work cover a range of sizes from a small-scale X-ray bright point ( 100 Mm). Observational data and numerical simulations were utilised in order to investigate the structure and evolution of each type of feature.

A small-scale X-ray bright point (XBP) was investigated using complete Hinode observations in order to examine it over its entire lifetime (∼12 hours). The XBP was found to be formed directly above an area of cancelling magnetic flux on the photosphere. A good correlation between the rate of X-ray emission and decrease in total magnetic flux was found. The magnetic fragments of the XBP were found to vary on very short timescales (minutes), however the global quasi-bipolar structure remained throughout the lifetime of the XBP. Electron density measurements were obtained using a line ratio of Fe XII and the average density was found to be 5±1x109 cm−3 with the volumetric plasma filling factor calculated to have an average value of 0.04±15%. Emission measure loci plots were then used to infer a steady temperature of log Te [K] ∼ 6.1±0.1. The calculated Fe XII Doppler shifts show velocity changes in and around the bright point of ±15 kms−1 which are observed to change on a timescale of less than 30 minutes. The results indicate that higher cadence spectroscopic measurements are required if the velocity flows are to be related to corresponding changes in the magnetic field.

The next feature investigated was a 100 Mm multistranded coronal loop that was simulated in order to investigate how changing the various model parameters would affect the resulting differential emission measure DEM distributions and intensity values. Once the model was fully understood, it was used to test a DEM solver and quantify the 'goodness-of-fit' that could be achieved. This allowed the imitations of the DEM method to be understood. As the model parameter space was altered, a number of changes in the resulting synthetic DEMs were observed. In most cases these changes were subtle and could be explained by the changing physics of the system. The cooling simulation showed the most unique changes where the total energy of the system could be identified by examining the evolution of the intensity values and DEM shape. The iterative solver solution XRT DEM iterative2 did an excellent job of reconstructing the original model intensity values and DEM distributions in the majority of cases. The only instance where the solver did not do well was when the synthetic DEM was very narrow i.e., only covering a few temperature bins. This highlights the under-constrained problem of using DEM solvers and shows that this particular solver works best when the original DEM being reconstructed is smoother and more multithermal.

Finally, a large-scale prominence eruption was investigated using observations from two points of view. The structure and evolution of the prominence material and cavity were examined over the eruption process. Many possible initiation methods were investigated to see if the cause of the prominence eruption could be pinned down. It was found that the polar-crown cavity could be defined as a density depletion sitting above denser polar-crown filament plasma which has drained down from the cavity due to gravity. The eruption of the polar crown cavity as a solid body can be decomposed into two phases: a slow rise at a speed of 2 ±0.2 km s−1 , and an acceleration phase at a mean speed of 15–25 ±0.6 km s−1 . The initiation of the prominence was concluded to be caused by a combination of mass un-loading and a type of kink instability.


The design aspects of offshore jacket structures are
presented and discussed with a special emphasis on the different factors which affect wave loading calculations for these structures. An up-to-date review of a large amount of data on the hydrodynamic coefficients obtained from Laboratory experiments and wave projects is presented and the main data are tabulated. To assess the different aspects of the wave loading a set of computer programs were developed and used to perform various comparative studies for the existing methods of wave loading estimation. The analysis of the wave loading was carried out using a
jacket structure of 119 members having 73m x 73m base representing a typical offshore platform, assumed to be working in 150m of water. The general method of wave loading calculation is based on Morison's equation taking into account the phase differences between the velocities and accelerations of the wave particles. The relative positions of the different members in space and time when the wave passes through the jacket were also considereG. Besides the drag and inertia forces, the lift (transverse) forces are also taken into account.
The kinematics of the flow can be determined using Airy
(linear) wave theory, Stokes 2nd order theory or Stokes 5th order theory. Constant drag and inertia coefficients (CD, CM), as recommended by Lloyd's Register of Shipping (LR), Det Norkse Veritas (DnV) and Bureau Veritas (I3V),can be used. Alternatively, variable hydrodynamic coefficients (CD, CM, CL) from Sarpkaya's experimental data for smooth and rough cylinders can be used. The drag interference effect and the current effect can be included in the calculations.
Various interpretations as to how to apply Morison's equation in the design were examined which have shown the importance of taking full account of both the relative positions in space and time of the different members of the structure as well as the phase relationships in the wave.
A comparison was made between the results of calculations
using the recommended coefficients (CD, CM) of LR, DnV and BV which has shown that even small variations in these coefficients leads to appreciable differences in the loading estimation of up to 45%.
The approach using variable coefficients (Sarpkaya's data),
which are related to the local Reynolds number (Re) and
Keulegan-Carpenter number (K) at the different points of the
structure, was compared with the method of adopting constant
coefficients (as recommended by LR) showed differences up to 26% in the wave loading estimation between the two methods. The effects of surface roughness, as well as the transverse (lift) forces, on the wave loading were also investigated and found to be very significant (eg 43% to 56% in the surge force) and should be considered in design.
Three wave theories (Airy, Stokes 2nd order, Stokes 5th order) were compared in terms of wave profile, horizontal and vertical velocities and accelerations. The results have shown that the differences in predicting the wave kinematics by Airy and Stokes theories are large. The wave forces on the individual members as well as the total forces and moments on the complete structure calculated
by the fifth order theory, showed 30-60% differences when compared with the results based on Airy theory. The experimental data on the interference effect between the
cylindrical members were reviewed. The effect on the jacket loading was examined using some experimental data and found to be 6-9% reduction in the loading for rough cylinders. However, more experimental investigations are required in this area to deal with this problem properly. The effect of current speed and direction on the wave loading was examined by the commonly used practice of adding the velocity of
current vectorially to the wave particle velocity when calculating the drag and lift forces. The results showed that the total forces and moments could be increased by 16-37% for a/1 mls current in the direction of the wave. Several static analyses of the jacket were performed using
constant and variable hydrodynamic coefficients and two wave theories (Airy and Stokes 5th order theory). The initial differences in the wave loading due to the different coefficients and wave theories appeared again as appreciable differences in the maximum stress on the different members. This supported the necessity of calculating the wave loading accurately from the beginning. A general review of the reliability analysis method as applied to jacket structures indicated that the modelling of the wave loading
needs further improvements to take account of the large uncertainties in the loading especially due to the hydrodynamic coefficients and non-linear loads.


A transient directing group (DG) has been successfully applied to assist the activation of C–H bonds. In this paper, we have performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the mechanism of ligand-assisted Pd(II)-catalyzed C(sp3)–H arylation. In the presence of a quinoline-8-carbaldehyde (ArQCHO) ligand, the reaction starts with the nucleophilic addition of 2-butylamine with the ligand to generate the transient imine DG, which binds to the Pd(II) center via bidentate coordination. The sequential C(sp3)–H activation, oxidative addition of [Ph2I]+ with a palladacycle, and C–C reductive elimination yield the final product of arylation. Instead of the traditional inner-sphere concerted metalation deprotonation (CMD) mechanism, a novel deprotonation mechanism for the rate-determining C(sp3)–H activation is discovered; that is, the methyl group is deprotonated by an outer-sphere pivalate. A comparison with the results of the reaction without the ligand indicates that the square planar geometry formed by the transient DG with Pd(II) significantly reduces the distortion energies, which ultimately makes the C(sp3)–H activation kinetically favorable.


We report, for the first time to our knowledge, femtosecond pulse generation from a graphene mode-locked Cr:ZnSe laser at 2500 nm. To minimize the insertion losses at the lasing wavelength, high-quality monolayer graphene transferred on a CaF(2) substrate was used in the experiments. Once mode-locking was initiated, the laser generated a stable train of 226 fs pulses with a time-bandwidth product of 0.39. The mode-locked laser operated at a pulse repetition rate of 77 MHz and produced 80 mW output power with an incident pump power of 1.6 W. To our knowledge, this is the longest laser wavelength at which graphene-based passive mode-locking has been demonstrated to date.


In virtual 3D environments, it is easy to lose orientation while navigating or changing the view with zooming and panning operations. In the real world, annotated maps are an established tool to orient oneself in large and unknown environments. The use of annotations and landmarks in traditional maps can also be transferred to virtual environments. But occlusions by three-dimensional structures have to be taken into account as well as performance considerations for an interactive real-time application. Furthermore, annotations should be discreetly integrated into the existing 3D environment and not distract the viewer's attention from more important features. In this paper, we present an implementation of automatic annotations based on open data to improve the spatial orientation in the highly interactive and dynamic decision support system Visdom. We distinguish between line and area labels for object-specific labeling, which facilitates a direct association of the labels with their corresponding objects or regions. The final algorithm provides clearly visible, easily readable and dynamically adapting annotations with continuous levels of detail integrated into an interactive real-time application.


Mountain building at convergent margins requires tectonic forces that can overcome frictional resistance along large‐scale thrust faults and support the gravitational potential energy stored within the thickened crust of the orogen. A general, dynamic model for this process is still lacking. Here we propose that mountain belts can be classified between two end‐members. First, those of "slab pull" type, where subduction is mainly confined to the upper mantle, and rollback trench motion lead to moderately thick crustal stacks, such as in the Mediterranean. Second, those of "slab suction" type, where whole‐mantle convection cells ("conveyor belts") lead to the more extreme expressions of orogeny, such as the largely thickened crust and high plateaus of present‐day Tibet and the Altiplano. For the slab suction type, deep mantle convection produces the unique conditions to drag plates toward each other, irrespective of their nature and other boundary conditions. We support this hypothesis by analyzing the orogenic, volcanic, and convective history associated with the Tertiary formation of the Andes after ~40 Ma and Himalayas after collision at ~55 Ma. Based on mantle circulation modeling and tectonic reconstructions, we surmise that the forces necessary to sustain slab‐suction mountain building in those orogens derive, after transient slab ponding, from the mantle drag induced upon slab penetration into the lower mantle, and from an associated surge of mantle upwelling beneath Africa. This process started at ~65–55 Ma for Tibet‐Himalaya, when the Tethyan slab penetrated into the lower mantle, and ~10 Myr later in the Andes, when the Nazca slab did. This surge of mantle convection drags plates against each other, generating the necessary compressional forces to create and sustain these two orogenic belts. If our model is correct, the available geological records of orogeny can be used to decipher time‐dependent mantle convection, with implications for the supercontinental cycle.


Research on securitization – the process of politicization aiming to increase security – stresses how important it is for security authorities to gain public support for their representation of threats and security measures. However, there is little research on how people understand and respond to securitization and even less so via social media. Research on security and antiterrorism discourse has rather focused on policy documents and journalism. This article analyses attitudes on Twitter in the wake of the Norwegian terror alert in July 2014. Using discursive psychology it provides novel insights into securitization as an argumentative process that has entered social media. The study analyses all tweets with the hashtag #terrortrussel (Eng. #terrorthreat) from individual users and, in addition, the initial statements by the Norwegian authorities. The results demonstrate that Twitter users are creatively using social media in response to securitization, endorsing attitudes regarding a number of themes: (1) the authorities' announcement and ways of representing the terror alert; (2) the diffusion of responsibility to lay people for monitoring suspicious events and actors; and (3) the issue of ethnicity and blame. The study contributes to two research streams: studies of securitization and studies of antiterrorism discourse in discourse analytical research.


According to a report in the New England Journal of Medicine, the recent outbreak of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in West Africa might have originated in a toddler from the rural village of Meliandou, Guinea. After the child's mysterious death in December 2013, symptoms, including high fever, diarrhoea, vomiting and organ failure, merged in family members who subsequently passed away. It is unclear how the 2-year-old, referred to as patient zero, was infected, yet his case has led currently to nearly 5,000 reported deaths and more than double the number of confirmed, probable and suspected infections in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone—the three countries most affected
by Ebola. Because of porous borders, transborder trade and travel and, importantly, fragile healthcare systems, the current epidemic has spread rapidly into capital cities such as Conakry, Monrovia and Freetown.

Assessing Ebola from a political economy perspective, this Development Viewpoint contends that while the countries most affected have been urged in the past to prioritise conventional macro-economic policies of liberalisation, privatisation and deregulation, they have not been similarly supported to build strong public health systems as a development imperative.


The title compound, C 25 H 25 F 3 N 2 OS 2 , is one of two isomeric 1:1 cycloadducts of a thermally generated isopropoxy-substituted nitrite ylide and 2-phenyl-3-thia-1-azaspiro[4.4]non-1-ene-4-thione. The structure shows the regiochemistry of the formation of the major isomer. The cyclopentane ring is disordered and shows both a half-chair and an envelope conformation. The heterocyclic rings have envelope conformations. The C-C bonds involving the heterocyclic spiro C atom are elongated due to electronic effects from the neighbouring S atoms. Delocalization effects result in asymmetric S-C bond lengths.


One day in the summer of 2011, Los Angeles law professor Yxta Maya Murray visited the Tate Britain and was shocked to see there Cathy Wilkes' installation (We are) pro-choice, a phantasmagoria involving a "weeping" naked mannequin sitting on a toilet, as well as a ladder and some banged up kitchenware. Murray gleaned that something feminist was in the offing, but couldn't tell quite what that might be. It seemed evident that Wilkes was making a case that women are miserable in today's brutalist western-capitalist society. However (she wondered), were there any other, more hopeful, conclusions to draw from the work? Pro-choice sent her off on a six-months long adventure of trying to understand this amazing art – intellectual travels that drew her to the lands of French/Bulgarian feminist Julia Kristeva, U.S. legal theorist Drucilla Cornell, and to the strange ways of Irish Wilkes herself. In the resulting essay, Murray asks the following questions: What is this suffering that Wilkes' describes in (We are) pro-choice? How does art help us understand subordination that might be reversed through legal reform? And what kinds of radical changes have to be made to museum law and policy that would allow art institutions to help us liberate the oppressed?


Because computers may contain or interact with sensitive information, they are often air-gapped and in this way kept isolated and disconnected from the Internet. In recent years the ability of malware to communicate over an air-gap by transmitting sonic and ultrasonic signals from a computer speaker to a nearby receiver has been shown. In order to eliminate such acoustic channels, current best practice recommends the elimination of speakers (internal or external) in secure computers, thereby creating a so-called 'audio-gap'. In this paper, we present Fansmitter, a malware that can acoustically exfiltrate data from air-gapped computers, even when audio hardware and speakers are not present. Our method utilizes the noise emitted from the CPU and chassis fans which are present in virtually every computer today. We show that a software can regulate the internal fans' speed in order to control the acoustic waveform emitted from a computer. Binary data can be modulated and transmitted over these audio signals to a remote microphone (e.g., on a nearby mobile phone). We present Fansmitter's design considerations, including acoustic signature analysis, data modulation, and data transmission. We also evaluate the acoustic channel, present our results, and discuss countermeasures. Using our method we successfully transmitted data from air-gapped computer without audio hardware, to a smartphone receiver in the same room. We demonstrated the effective transmission of encryption keys and passwords from a distance of zero to eight meters, with bit rate of up to 900 bits/hour. We show that our method can also be used to leak data from different types of IT equipment, embedded systems, and IoT devices that have no audio hardware, but contain fans of various types and sizes.


Standard-development organizations (SDOs) "vary widely in size, formality, organization and scope," and therefore individual SDOs may need to adopt different approaches to meet the specific needs of their members. Critically, to balance the needs of both contributors and implementers, SDO policies must be developed through transparent and consensus-based processes. Issuance of best practices by a government agency may unduly influence private SDOs and their members to adopt policies that might not otherwise gain consensus support within a particular SDO and that may not best meet the needs of that SDO, its members, and the public. Accordingly, the U.S. antitrust agencies have taken the position that they do "not advocate that [SDOs] adopt any specific disclosure or licensing policy, and the [a]gencies do not suggest that any specific disclosure or licensing policy is required."


In the present harvesting system, fresh fruit bunch (FFB) is transported and
sterilized in the mill as a whole material instead of only fruitlets. This procedure
causes some problems such as extra costs to transport and to sterilize the stalk,
difficulty to heat the heavy bunch, and oil loss absorbed by the empty bunch.
To overcome this problem, an attempt was made to separate the fresh-fruitlets from the cut spikelets in the field, so that only the fruitlets wil l be
transported to the mill, while their stalks will be left in the field as mulch. The
required steps of the proposed in-field stripping system are to reduce the removal
force of fruittet, to prepare the cut spikelets as threshed material, and to detach
loose fruitlets from the cut spikelets using a drum thresher. In order to accomplish the in-field stripping process, attempts were made: 1)
to identify effective treatments which may accelerate the loosening process of
fruitlets such that it can be stripped easily without deteriorating the oil quality, 2)
to establish design parameters for cutting the spikelets from the treated bunch
by means of a knife blade or a circular saw, 3) to develop an experimental drum
thresher and to study the effects of various design constrains on the threshing
performance. Bruise index, an indicator of the quality of stripped fruitlets due to
the introduction of the thresher, was developed. Some physical properties of the
oil palm fruitlets pertaining to the design of the thresher were also identified.
The fruitlets abscission could be hastened by spray ing ethephon on cut
spikelets or the brushing this chemical on the cut stalk of FFB. Its effect on the
percentage of detached fruitlets and the removal force of the fruitlet were
significant. This application did not affect the development of free fatty acid
content.
Low speed cutting tests using a knife blade showed that the specific cutting
force and energy for the stalk and spikelet were significantly influenced by the
knife edge angle, oblique angle, shear angle, but not by the cutting speed.
Experiments using a circular saw showed that the total cutting power requirement
for the bunch was directly proportional to the thickness of material, feeding rate,
and the rotational speed of saw.


The literature of the early 1990s observed a general lack of differentiation and specialisation at the basic qualification level in library and/or information science education and training in South Africa. This paper draws from an empirical study on first level LIS qualifications at South African universities and technikons to examine developments in specialisation in LIS education and training. This is particularly relevant in the context of the government's current drive toward rationalisation of the higher education sector. There seems to have been significant developments in South Africa since the early I 990s regarding specialisation in LIS education and training among the various universities and technikons offering LIS qualifications. It is recommended that LIS departments further develop this trend and also consider possible collaboration with other LIS departments especially on a regional basis. with a view to accommodating regionally based imperatives.


We have characterized and compared a series of naturally occurring chromosomal truncations involving the terminal region of the short arm of human chromosome 16 (16p13.3). All six broken chromosomes appear to have been stabilized by the direct addition of telomeric repeats (TTAGGG)n to nontelomeric DNA. In five of the six chromosomes, sequence analysis shows that the three of four nucleotides preceding the point of telomere addition are complementary to and in phase with the putative RNA template of human telomerase. Otherwise we have found no common structural features around the breakpoint regions. These findings, together with previously reported in vitro data, suggest that chromosome-healing events in man can be mediated by telomerase and that a small region of complementarity to the RNA template of telomerase at the end of a broken chromosome may be sufficient to prime healing in vivo.


Complications arising from hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are among the leading causes of preventable severe maternal morbidity and mortality. Timely and appropriate treatment has the potential to significantly reduce hypertension-related complications. To assist health care providers in achieving this goal, this patient safety bundle provides guidance to coordinate and standardize the care provided to women with severe hypertension during pregnancy and the postpartum period. This is one of several patient safety bundles developed by multidisciplinary work groups of the National Partnership for Maternal Safety under the guidance of the Council on Patient Safety in Women's Health Care. These safety bundles outline critical clinical practices that should be implemented in every maternity care setting. Similar to other bundles that have been developed and promoted by the Partnership, the hypertension safety bundle is organized into four domains: Readiness, Recognition and Prevention, Response, and Reporting and Systems Learning. Although the bundle components may be adapted to meet the resources available in individual facilities, standardization within an institution is strongly encouraged. This commentary provides information to assist with bundle implementation.


This Article analyzes the prominent role Google is playing in the development of the right to be forgotten (RTBF) in the European Union. The Article conceptualizes Google's role as a private administrative agency with quasi-lawmaking, quasi-adjudicative, and quasi-enforcement powers. My theory builds on several bodies of scholarship, including writings related to mixed administration in the United States, co-regulation in Europe, and global administrative law, as well as Weber's theory of bureaucracy and Coase's theory of the firm. The central insight of my theory of the private administrative agency is that corporations like Google may operate in a quasi-governmental, regulatory capacity in administering public rights on a global scale. While Google's role raises concerns of democratic accountability, it also brings significant advantages in resources, efficiency, analytics, and flexibility that a public agency would not possess. In order to preserve these advantages, the Article proposes to keep intact much of Google's independent decision making in processing RTBF claims. But the Article calls for the creation of a hybrid agency (consisting of industry, government, and democratically elected representatives) to provide greater oversight to the entire process in the EU. The agency will create a standard webform for people to make RTBF requests with all search engines and will institute an administrative appellate body to resolve conflicts among the search engines over the same RTBF claim. The proposed oversight agency represents a form of public-private partnership and global governance, designed to increase democratic accountability and transparency in Google's implementation of the right to be forgotten.


[1] The physical properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments depend on the volume fraction and spatial distribution of the hydrate phase. The host sediment grain size and the state of effective stress determine the hydrate morphology in sediments; this information can be used to significantly constrain estimates of the physical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments, including the coarse-grained sands subjected to high effective stress that are of interest as potential energy resources. Reported data and physical analyses suggest hydrate-bearing sands contain a heterogeneous, patchy hydrate distribution, whereby zones with 100% pore-space hydrate saturation are embedded in hydrate-free sand. Accounting for patchy rather than homogeneous hydrate distribution yields more tightly constrained estimates of physical properties in hydrate-bearing sands and captures observed physical-property dependencies on hydrate saturation. For example, numerical modeling results of sands with patchy saturation agree with experimental observation, showing a transition in stiffness starting near the series bound at low hydrate saturations but moving toward the parallel bound at high hydrate saturations. The hydrate-patch size itself impacts the physical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments; for example, at constant hydrate saturation, we find that conductivity (electrical, hydraulic and thermal) increases as the number of hydrate-saturated patches increases. This increase reflects the larger number of conductive flow paths that exist in specimens with many small hydrate-saturated patches in comparison to specimens in which a few large hydrate saturated patches can block flow over a significant cross-section of the specimen.


Introduction. The evolutionary progress of the modern society is not conceivable without the cultivation of high sociocultural values. Therefore, social advertising becomes an information creator in the field of communication space. Problem Statement. The main problems that need to be solved are elaborating effective mechanisms for the creation and distribution of social advertising and raising the level of its influence on axiological markers of the society. Purpose. To study the implementation forms, functions, and effectiveness of social advertising as public conduct standards represented at the level of mass-communication space. Materials and Methods. Based on the modern information and communicative space of Ukraine, through empiricism of the data, the specificity of social advertising has been analyzed. Results. The main constitutive characteristics, features, and functions of social advertising, as well as channels of distribution, among which the priority is given to modern mass media, have been identified. The main tasks and the importance of social advertising in the evolutionary development of society have been established. Social advertising is not only a marker of democratic and humanistic developments of the society, but also an important investment in the future, since it performs pedagogical and socio-corrective functions. The efficiency of social impact of advertising depends essentially on the target audience, its emotional, physical conditions, intellectual level, age, gender, experience, occupation, etc., and its effectiveness depends on the communication mechanisms of influence on the individual information goals and information needs of the society. Conclusions. The constitutive features, origin, tasks, and function of social advertising in the modern communication space are inspired by evolutionary changes in the dynamic, informational and technical society and are able to engage a broad segment of mass audience into the solution of global problems.


The hugely popular early chapter book series re-emerges with a new look! Brand-new eye-catching cover art brings a modern feel to this classic monster series for young readers. Melody believes in guardian angels, but the other Bailey School kids aren't convinced. That is until a new woman comes to town who keeps showing up just in time to save people. Melody even says she saw the woman spreading her wings! Could the newcomer really have come to Bailey City on a miracle mission?


Recently, the study of slot-coupled directional couplers has led to compact and elegant topologies for UWB applications. The most common design consists in two elliptically shaped lines coupled through an elliptically shaped slot in a common ground plane. In this paper, this concept is applied to the design of Ku-Band directional couplers manufactured in stripline technology. It turns out that parallel plate waveguide modes (PPWM) are strongly excited, which impacts the overall working of the structure. In order to mitigate this issue, two solutions have been simulated and their results are compared.


Synopsis Eucalyptus grandis is commercially important in Zimbabwe and a breeding program has been in progress since 1962. A classical breeding strategy was used initially but, in 1981, the Multiple Population Breeding Strategy (MPBS) was implemented and the concept of the Breeding Seedling Orchard (BSO) became central to the MPBS in Zimbabwe. Two-year height data from five BSOs established at Mtao and Mukandi in Zimbabwe over two successive generations under the MPBS were used to determine the extent of genetic gain and the implications for future breeding strategy. Four genetic checks, three of which were common to all BSOs, were included by which to monitor the possible onset of inbreeding and against which to measure genetic gain. Significant differences between families were detected for height in the third generation BSOs but no significant differences were detected in one-fourth generation BSO. Genetic checks had average ranking at Mtao where they were selected but had very low ranking at Mukandi. Ranking among genetic checks was fairly similar in the BSOs at Mtao, suggesting that the design ofthe BSOs is satisfactory for producing a ranking offamilies at two years at this site. However ranking among the genetic checks at Mtao differed from those at Mukandi. Genetic correlation between height at two years and volume at age five years was favorable (0,81) suggesting that height at two years is a good predictor of volume at five years. There was no genetic progress in second year height in the fourth generation compared to third generation BSOs. To ensure gain in advanced BSOs,larger numbers of families should be included in the BSOs and a Best Linear Unbiased Prediction methodology should be used for selecting candidates for advanced breeding.


(Introduction) The purpose of this paper is to explain the preliminary version of the newly compiled Japan Industrial Productivity Database (JIP 2006) and report some results of our growth accounting analysis based on this database. The JIP 2006 contains information on 108 sectors from 1970 to 2002 that can be used for total factor productivity analyses. These sectors cover the whole Japanese economy. The JIP Database was compiled as part of the RIETI (Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry) research project "Study on Industry-Level and Firm-Level Productivity in Japan." The original version of the JIP Database (ESRI/Hi-Stat JIP Database 2003) was compiled in a collaboration between ESRI (Economic and Social Research Institute, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan) as part of its research project on "Japan's Potential Growth" and Hitotsubashi University as part of its Hi-Stat project (A 21st-Century COE Program, Research Unit for Statistical Analysis in the Social Sciences). The authors are grateful to ESRI and members of the Hi-Stat team for the support and cooperation provided for our present RIETI project. At this moment, the major data available are sectoral capital service input indices and labor service input indices, including information on real capital stocks and the nominal cost of capital by type of capital and by industry, the nominal and real values of sectoral gross output and intermediate input, as well as some supplementary tables, such as statistics on trade, inward and outward FDI, and Japan's industrial structure. All real values are based on 1995 prices. For growth accounting, nominal labor costs and nominal capital services for 108 industries are also estimated. The sum of these two values for each industry is not adjusted to be equal to the value added of that industry at factor cost base. The final version of the JIP 2006 is scheduled to be released by November, 2006. The final version will include nominal and real annual input-output tables, detailed information on ICT capital services and some additional statistics, such as R&D stocks and capacity utilization rates at the detailed sectoral level. For scholars familiar with the JIP 2003, we here briefly summarize the main differences between and the main similarities of the 2006 and 2003 versions of the JIP. 1. The JIP 2003 is based on the 1968 SNA, while the JIP 2006 is based on the 1993 SNA. The capital stock of the JIP 2006 includes order-made software, plant engineering, and assets accumulated by the search for minerals. The JIP 2003 uses SNA statistics as control totals. Following Japan's present SNA statistics, capital stock in the preliminary version of the JIP 2006 does not include prepackaged and in-house software. However, the final version of the JIP 2006 will include two sets of statistics, one in which capital stock does not include prepackaged and in-house software and one in which it does. 2. In the case of the JIP 2006, labor input data include detailed information on labor input cross-classified by categories of labor. The paper is organized as follows: In the next section, we report the estimation procedures of our annual input-output tables. In Sections 2 and 3, we explain the capital service input data and the labor input data of the JIP 2006, respectively. Finally, in Section 4, we analyze Japan's sectoral and macro TFP growth.


Occupancy is an important factor driving building performance. Static and homogeneous occupant schedules, commonly used in building performance simulation, contribute to issues such as performance gaps between simulated and measured energy use in buildings. Stochastic occupancy models have been recently developed and applied to better represent spatial and temporal diversity of occupants in buildings. However, there is very limited evaluation of the usability and accuracy of these models. This study used measured occupancy data from a real office building to evaluate the performance of an agent-based occupancy simulation model: the Occupancy Simulator. The occupancy patterns of various occupant types were first derived from the measured occupant schedule data using statistical analysis. Then the performance of the simulation model was evaluated and verified based on (1) whether the distribution of observed occupancy behavior patterns follows the theoretical ones included in the Occupancy Simulator, and (2) whether the simulator can reproduce a variety of occupancy patterns accurately. Results demonstrated the feasibility of applying the Occupancy Simulator to simulate a range of occupancy presence and movement behaviors for regular types of occupants in office buildings, and to generate stochastic occupant schedules at the room and individual occupant levels for building performance simulation. For future work, model validation is recommended, which includes collecting and using detailed interval occupancy data of all spaces in an office building to validate the simulated occupant schedules from the Occupancy Simulator.


Radio tomography is a technique for generating images of the spatial structure of ionospheric electron density over a wide area. This paper assesses the potential use of radio tomography in HF oblique propagation and ray tracing applications. Synthetic ionograms produced by ray tracing through tomographic images and ionospheric models have been compared with experimental oblique ionograms from six paths lying close to the image plane in the United Kingdom. In particular, study has been made of the effects of various types of input information used to constrain the vertical electron density structure in the tomographic reconstructions. It was found that use of a fine height resolution (5 km) and incorporation of information from one vertical ionosonde in the reconstruction process makes significant improvements to the overall reliability of the tomographic image. As expected, E layer propagation is better defined using a climatological model than by tomography. However, in comparison with three ionospheric models, use of tomographic images can significantly reduce the RMS error in the determination of the F2 layer maximum usable frequency.


Background: Some patients with GDM (Gestational Diabetes Mellitus) still experience impaired glucose tolerance after childbirth and will be affected by diabetes mellitus type 2. Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between hs-CRP serum levels with insulin resistance six weeks after childbirth in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus type 2. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 110 patients with GDM were evaluated in terms of the insulin resistance index (HOMA), hs-CRP serum, and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) six weeks after childbirth. Their anthropometric indices were measured in the early pregnancy. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis were used to analyze data in SPSS 16. Results : The mean of hs-CRP was 8.72 µg/ml among the patients in this study. It is higher than the normal range. Moreover, 24.5% of the patients were suffering from impaired glucose tolerance, and hs-CRP levels were higher than the normal range in 92.6% of these patients. Furthermore, 41.8% of patients showed insulin resistance, and hs-CRP levels were high among 73.9% of them. After age adjustment, the increase in hs-CRP serum level was significantly correlated with insulin resistance (HOMA) and the one-hour and two-hour OGTTs (p=0.007 and p<0.001, respectively). Conclusion: It appears that age adjustment can help us figure out the relationship between the increase in hs-CRP serum and insulin resistance in pregnant mothers with diabetes six weeks after childbirth.


Stereotactic targeting is a commonly used technique for performing injections in the brains of mice and other animals. The most common method for targeting stereoscopic injections uses the skull indentations bregma and lambda as reference points and is limited in its precision by factors such as skull curvature and individual variation, as well as an incomplete correspondence between skull landmarks and brain locations. In this software tool, a 3D laser scan of the mouse skull is taken in vitro and registered onto a reference skull using a point cloud matching algorithm, and the parameters of the transformation are used to position a glass pipette to place tracer injections. The software was capable of registering sample skulls with less than 100 micron error, and was able to target an injection in a mouse with error of roughly 500 microns. These results indicate that using skull scan registration has the potential to be widely applicable in automating stereotactic targeting of tracer injections.


Apoptosis mediated by Bax or Bak is usually thought to be triggered by BH3-only members of the Bcl-2 protein family. BH3-only proteins can directly bind to and activate Bax or Bak, or indirectly activate them by binding to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, thereby relieving their inhibition of Bax and Bak. Here we describe a third way of activation of Bax/Bak dependent apoptosis that does not require triggering by multiple BH3-only proteins. In factor dependent myeloid (FDM) cell lines, cycloheximide induced apoptosis by a Bax/Bak dependent mechanism, because Bax-/-Bak-/- lines were profoundly resistant, whereas FDM lines lacking one or more genes for BH3-only proteins remained highly sensitive. Addition of cycloheximide led to the rapid loss of Mcl-1 but did not affect the expression of other Bcl-2 family proteins. In support of these findings, similar results were observed by treating FDM cells with the CDK inhibitor, roscovitine. Roscovitine reduced Mcl-1 abundance and caused Bax/Bak dependent cell death, yet FDM lines lacking one or more genes for BH3-only proteins remained highly sensitive. Therefore Bax/Bak dependent apoptosis can be regulated by the abundance of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members such as Mcl-1, independently of several known BH3-only proteins.


Get in-depth guidanceand inside insightsfor using the Windows Sysinternals tools available from Microsoft TechNet. Guided by Sysinternals creator Mark Russinovich and Windows expert Aaron Margosis, youll drill into the features and functions of dozens of free file, disk, process, security, and Windows management tools. And youll learn how to apply the books best practices to help resolve your own technical issues the way the experts do. Diagnose. Troubleshoot. Optimize.Analyze CPU spikes, memory leaks, and other system problems Get a comprehensive view of file, disk, registry, process/thread, and network activity Diagnose and troubleshoot issues with Active Directory Easily scan, disable, and remove autostart applications and components Monitor application debug output Generate trigger-based memory dumps for application troubleshooting Audit and analyze file digital signatures, permissions, and other security information Execute Sysinternals management tools on one or more remote computers Master Process Explorer, Process Monitor, and Autoruns


Background: A significant proportion of pregnancies occurring in Metropolitan Santiago are unplanned and unwanted. It is reasonable to postulate that the frequency of unwanted children must be high. Aim: To measure the frequency of unwanted children in newborns of a public hospital of Santiago. Material and methods: In a period of fourteen months a score assigning survey to detect unwanted children was applied, after birth, to 741 women delivering at San Juan de Dios Hospital in Metropolitan Santiago. Women whose newborns were hospitalized or had congenital malformations were excluded from the survey. Results: Forty children (5.4%) scored as unwanted while 52 (7%) qualified as being in a doubtful situation. When compared to desired children, unwanted infants had a lower frequency of suitable pregnancy controls (p <0.0002) and a higher incidence of mothers declaring bad relations with children's father (p <0.0002). A trend towards higher frequency of single mothers (p: 0.044) was observed. A lower frequency of first born children (p: 0.017) and a higher frequency of children born in the fourth place, was observed among unwanted newborns (p <0.002). Conclusions: In the last 15 years, previous studies, carried out with similar methodologies, have showed a comparable frequency of unwanted children. These condition seems to be associated with poor pregnancy control, high birth order and bad relations with the child's father (Rev Med Chile 2002; 130: 638-643)


To improve the resolution of ichthyolith stratigraphy in the Pacific Neogene and Oligocene, 12 new taxa are described, and their ranges are determined in Giant Piston Core 3 and in 104 samples dated by means of calcareous microfossils. These new ichthyoliths increase by one-third the number of reliable ichthyolith stratigraphic events for the sequences studied. The stratigraphic utilization of these microfossils is improved by adaptation of a scheme which assesses the relative reliability of earliest and latest occurrence data in correlated sequences. This procedure allows for less subjective decisions regarding the stratigraphic dependability of individual forms and provides a basis for choosing between conflicting correlation lines.


Complex cytogenetic abnormalities have been described in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). To better understand the significance of the most frequent translocation observed in MM, we studied the clinical characteristics of patients with MM and the t(11;14)(q13;q32) abnormality. A search of the cytogenetic database at the Mayo Clinic identified patients with MM and t(11;14)(q13;q32). The medical records were reviewed for the clinical characteristics of these patients. We identified 13 patients with MM and t(11;14)(q13;q32) determined by standard cytogenetic analysis; in 10 patients the abnormality was detected at the time of relapse (three with previously normal results of cytogenetic examination). At the time the translocation was detected, plasma cell (PC) leukaemia was clinically diagnosed in two patients. The median number of circulating PCs, as determined by the cytoplasmic immunofluorescence of T‐cell‐depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells, was 1.1 × 109/l (mean 1.74; range 0.0017–6.26 × 109/l). On linear regression analysis there was a strong correlation between the number of circulating PCs and the number of bone marrow PCs. The median survival after demonstration of the translocation was 8.1 months. Of all patients, 10 died of disease progression and three were alive. Patients with MM who have t(11;14)(q13;q32) seem to have an aggressive clinical course, even when the abnormality is detected at the time of diagnosis, with evidence of many circulating PCs.


Making Waves unearths the successive, worldwide waves of revolts, rebellions, and revolutions that have shaken and remade the world from the eighteenth century to the present. It challenges us to rethink not only our limited conceptions of social movements but the very character and possibilities of social movements. The authors show how successive outbursts of global social protest have undermined world capitalist orders and, through both their successes and their failures, provided the basis for long periods of stable capitalist rule across all the zones of the world-economy. The surprises start in the Age of Revolution, when the antisystemic wave of slave revolts that led to the Haitian Revolution is related to the systemic effects of their combination with the U.S. and French Revolutions. The analysis comes up to the present, when a wave of post-1989 movements points to quite divergent futures based, as in the past, on the search for alternatives to communities organized by capital accumulation, nation-states, and the accelerating commodification and fragmentation of human needs, identities, and desires.


Evaluating trade-offs in life-history traits of plant pathogens is essential to understand the evolution and epidemiology of diseases. In particular, virulence costs when the corresponding host resistance gene is lacking play a major role in the adaptive biology of pathogens and contribute to the maintenance of their genetic diversity. Here, we investigated whether life-history traits directly linked to the establishment of plant–nematode interactions, that is, ability to locate and move toward the roots of the host plant, and to invade roots and develop into mature females, are affected in Meloidogyne incognita lines virulent against the tomato Mi-1.2 resistance gene. Virulent and avirulent near-isogenic lines only differing in their capacity to reproduce or not on resistant tomatoes were compared in single inoculation or pairwise competition experiments. Data highlighted (1) a global lack of trade-off in traits associated with unnecessary virulence with respect to the nematode ability to successfully infest plant roots and (2) variability in these traits when the genetic background of the nematode is considered irrespective of its (a)virulence status. These data suggest that the variation detected here is independent from the adaptation of M. incognita to host resistance, but rather reflects some genetic polymorphism in this asexual organism.