Promoting Cancer and Screening Awareness in Women with Intellectual Disabilities: A Mixed Methods Study.
BY
Mary Reidy

Background: People with intellectual disabilities are living longer which has led to increasing cancer rates among this demographic. Women with intellectual disabilities are more likely to have poorer cancer awareness and lower screening participation than women in the general population. They also present at later stages of cancer despite similar cancer rates in both populations.
Aim: This two phase mixed methods study tested the feasibility and acceptability of a targeted educational intervention for women with ID and their carers. EMBRACES-ID (Early Monitoring of Breast and Cervical Cancer Signs & Screening in Intellectual Disabilities) aimed to raise the awareness of warning signs, risk factors, screening programmes, and promote early help-seeking on symptom discovery.
Methods: In line with the MRC's Guidance for Complex Interventions this work was based on empirical evidence and was theoretically underpinned by Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory. Phase I involved a survey of carers (n= 125) and women with mild to moderate ID (n = 45), as well as semi- structured interviews with 25 carers. Phase II involved the feasibility and acceptability testing of EMBRACES- ID among 25 women with mild to moderate ID and 9 carers. A pre-test/post-test design incorporating a 12 week evaluation survey and interview was utilised. Ethical approval for the study was received from the relevant Research Ethics Committees.
Findings: In Phase I, gaps in cancer and screening awareness were found. These results formed the basis for the development of the EMBRACES-ID intervention. In Phase II, testing of EMBRACES-ID identified changes in cancer and screening awareness for women with ID and their carers, the majority of changes were retained over the 12 week post intervention time frame.
Conclusions: EMBRACES-ID raised cancer and screening awareness for women with ID and their carers. This may lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment of cancers with better survival outcomes.


Design education in the UK is still closely associated with the philosophy and principles of Fine Art and many UK
Universities place a great emphasis upon the value and strategies employed by the Fine Art community. Many
other Departments of Design maintain either an Arts and Crafts or Bauhaus tradition of Design. A small number
of institutions focus upon the relationship between Design and Business with a concerted effort to instil a greater
awareness and understanding of the importance of Design in a business context.
All of these approaches are valuable in their own right and clearly celebrate the rich diversity and opportunities
available for Design graduates within the creative industries. The range of models have one common
denominator; they provide an education for Designers to generate products which people use. Yet how does the
Designer know what the consumer/user wants? How does he capture the most appropriate requirements to
inform his Design development? How does he know that what he provides is acceptable, or better still exceeds
the customers expectations? For too long now the Designer, regardless of discipline, has used his own individual
personal judgement in determining what the consumer/user should have, predominantly satisfying his own
creative predilections and leaving the success of his Design largely to speculation.
The paper will discuss the developments in user-centred Design in business and academia and the implications
that this has upon the Designer being equipped to capture more accurate information about the consumer/users
aspirations and values. The implications of which will undoubtedly be a new Consumer Design Agenda for the
next generation of Designers.


The purpose of this article was to discuss cost parameters for the milk collection freight, based in the theoretical principles of scale economies and distance. Such study is justified for the difficulties to measure the parameters which might help in the management of the fleets, relating to the case of milk transportation. The costs related to different kinds of vehicle were estimated, through cost spreadsheets developed by the pattern support system and also the parameters of fleet efficiency related to Economies of scale, and distance for transportation. It was evidenced economy in favor of the vehicles with major transport capacity; such evidences could direct the table negotiations of freights, signaling for the preference for the use of this type of vehicle of greater capacity and better performance, according to evaluated parameters.


Viral infection can result in injury to the cardiac tissue due to either a primary effect of the virus itself or the subsequent induced immune response. DeBiasi et al. show that a double-stranded RNA virus, reovirus strain 8B, caused cardiac tissue damage and induced apoptosis in infected mice. Apoptosis was correlated with increased calpain activity, not with caspase activation. Treatment of infected mice with the calpain inhibitor CX95 (a dipeptide α-ketoamide compound) prevented reovirus 8B-induced cardiac tissue damage and apoptosis and allowed the mice to grow at the same rate as uninfected mice. Thus, calpain inhibition may be a therapeutically useful mechanism for preventing myocardial damage due to infection by a double-stranded RNA virus. DeBiasi, R.L., Edelstein, C.L., Sherry, B., and Tyler, K.L. (2000) Calpain inhibition protects against virus-induced apoptotic myocardial injury. J. Virol. 75: 351-361. [Abstract] [Full Text]


The practical guide to large-scale networking with OSPF and IS-ISThis is the definitive guide to using OSPF and IS-IS protocols in large-scale IP enterprise, carrier, and service provider networks. Well-known network designer Jeff Doyle draws on his consulting experience, offering realistic advice and straight answers on every aspect of working with link-state protocols-from scalability, reliability, and security to area design and database synchronization.This book is organized to help network engineers and architects compare OSPF and IS-IS. One feature at a time, Doyle first demonstrates how a topic or feature is implemented in OSPF, and then walks through a similar implementation using IS-IS. Professionals who are relatively new to large-scale networking will welcome his practical introduction to the concepts, goals, and history of link state protocols. Coverage includes Understanding message types, encapsulation, architecture, LSAs, and LSPs Optimizing addressing, neighbor discovery, adjacencies, and router designation Improving scalability: controlling the scope of flooding, link state database size, SPF calculation efficiency, and much more Designing and operating large-scale networks for maximum security and reliability Hardening networks to thwart attacks against routing protocols Comparing OSPF and IS-IS extensibility Utilizing extensions for MPLS-based traffic engineering, IPv6, and multi-topology routing Troubleshooting OSPF and IS-IS log entries, debug output, and LS databasesDoyle's thorough explanations, end-of-chapter review questions, and many wide-ranging examples for both Cisco's IOS and Juniper's JUNOS also make this book an exceptional resource for anyone pursuing a CCIE or JNCIE certification.© Copyright Pearson Education. All rights reserved.


Since 1876, Jehovah's Witnesses have believed that they are living in the last days of the present world. Charles T. Russell, their founder, advised his followers that members of Christ's church would be raptured in 1878, and by 1914 Christ would destroy the nations and establish his kingdom on earth. The first prophecy was not fulfilled, but the outbreak of the First World War lent some credibility to the second. Ever since that time, Jehovah's Witnesses have been predicting that the world would end 'shortly.' Their numbers have grown to many millions in over two hundred countries. They distribute a billion pieces of literature annually, and continue to anticipate the end of the world. Apocalypticism is the key issue in this detailed history, but there are others. As a long-time member of the sect, now expelled, Penton offers a comprehensive overview of a remarkable religious movement. His book is divided into three parts, each presenting the Witnesses' story in a different context: historical, doctrinal, and sociological. Some of the issues he discusses are known to the general public, such as the sect's opposition to military service and blood transfusions. Others involve internal controversies, including political control of the organization and the handling of dissent within the ranks. Penton has combined the special insight of an insider with the critical analysis of an observer now at a distance from his subject. From them he has created a penetrating study of a spreading world phenomenon. In this second edition, an afterword by the author brings us up to date on events since Apocalypse Delayed was first published in 1985. Penton considers changes in doctrine, practice, and governance on issues such as medical treatment, higher education, apostates, and the apocalypse. This edition features a revised and expanded bibliography.


Although no shadowing or diffraction effects occur, the surface fields excited by a high frequency source located on a perfectly conducting concave cylindrical boundary cannot be analyzed by geometrical optics since the caustics for rays, which have experienced many reflections, accumulate. In a previous study, alternative field representations in terms of whispering gallery (WG) modes, canonical integrals, and hybrid ray-mode combinations have been explored to compensate for the failure of geometrical optics. As the source and/or observation points move off the boundary, the number of relevant multiply reflected rays decreases, and the caustics eventually become separated sufficiently to be treated as isolated. Ray optics is then expected to apply provided that uniform corrections near caustics and their endpoints are included. This conjecture is confirmed in the present investigation, which tracks the field continuously from the "boundary layer" near the concave surface, where ray optics is invalid, to off-surface points where it applies, by generalizing the alternative field representations used previously. A rich variety of hybrid ray-mode combinations exists for off-surface source and observation points. Especially intriguing is the possibility of choosing a hybrid mix that completely avoids the need for the caustic (and endpoint) correction functions in a purely ray-optical formulation. The utility, accuracy, and range of validity of the various field representations is assessed by numerical comparison with a reference solution in terms of WG modes plus a continuous spectrum.


»Kirchenzugehörigkeit und Lebensverlaufsmustertransition in den Niederlanden 1850-1970«. The Netherlands, with dozens of different religious denominations, offer a fine laboratory to study religious differentials in demographic behavior. In this article, I analyze a large historical database with more than 30.000 reconstructed life courses, to answer the question whether statistically significant and consistent behavioral differences across life course domains existed between members of different churches. For each domain – marriage, co-residence, fertility and mortality – the question will be whether the specific ideology of the denominations accounts for the differences or whether the social milieu or life style of the members of these denomination are more important, even after controlling for socio-economic status. By charting demographic differentials across the life course, it becomes possible to detect whether different churches had specific "life scripts" or ideal scenarios according to which their members should live their lives.


We analyzed detrital zircons in seven samples of metasedimentary rock from north-central Idaho, U.S.A., to test the previous assignment of these rocks to the Mesoproterozoic Belt–Purcell Supergroup. Correlating these rocks with known sedimentary units through field observations is difficult if not impossible due to the high metamorphic grade (amphibolite facies) and intensity of deformation. Zircon analysis by laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) reveals that five of the seven samples contain multiple zircon populations between 1700 and 1400 Ma and a scatter of Paleoproterozoic and Archean ages, similar to results reported from the Belt Supergroup to the north and east. These results indicate that the likely protoliths of most high-grade metamorphic rocks northwest of the Idaho batholith were upper strata of the Belt Supergroup. In contrast, a quartzite at Bertha Hill north of Pierce lacks grains younger than 1600 Ma and thus is distinctly unlike the Ravalli Group of the Belt Supergroup, with which it was previously correlated. Possible correlatives that contain similarly old populations of zircons and feldspar-poor quartzite include the Neihart Formation (lowermost Belt Supergroup in Montana), Neoproterozoic quartzite (Syringa metamorphic sequence), and Cambrian quartzite. A sample from the North Fork of the Clearwater River yielded a large number of zircons with concordant Neoproterozoic ages, all of which had low Th/U ratios that suggest either a Neoproterozoic metamorphic event or the transport and deposition of zircons that were metamorphosed in the Neoproterozoic. SHRIMP (sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe) dating of a granite (now augen gneiss) that intruded sedimentary rocks west of Pierce, Idaho, yields an age of 1379 ± 12 Ma based on seven of fourteen analyses; this provides a lower age limit for sediment deposition of some rocks mapped as metamorphosed Belt Supergroup, and which had detrital zircon populations in the 1700 to 1400 Ma range. Additional analyses of three zircon rims yield an age range of 87–82 Ma, which is similar to the youngest ages from the North Fork sample. We interpret these ages to reflect the time of zircon overgrowth synchronous with the emplacement of the Cretaceous Idaho Batholith. None of the metasedimentary rocks dated can be older than Mesoproterozoic, and, with the exception of the Bertha Hill quartzite, none can be older than the Belt–Purcell Supergroup.


This volume offers an analysis of the intertwined relationship between public health and the biopolitical dimensions of state- and nation building in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It challenges the idea of diverging paths towards modernity of Europe's western and eastern countries by not only identifying ideas, discourses and practices of "solving" public health issues that were shared among political regimes in the region; it also uncovers the ways in which, since the late nineteenth century, the biopolitical organization of the state both originated from and shaped an emerging common European framework.

The broad range of local case studies stretches from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czechoslovakia, the GDR, Greece, and Hungary, to Poland, Serbia, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia. Taking a time span that begins in the late nineteenth century and ends in the post-socialist era, the book makes an original contribution to scholarship examining the relationship between public health, medicine, and state- and nation building in Europe's long twentieth century. Close readings and dense descriptions of local discourses and practices of "public" health help to reflect on the transnational and global entanglements in the sphere of public health. In doing so, this volume facilitates comparisons on the regional, European, and global level


This research project investigated the effects of computer-assisted cooperative learning in mathematics instruction within integrated classrooms for 118 third-graders (25 with learning disabilities) and 92 fourth-graders (16 with learning disabilities). Students were grouped into cooperative learning, whole-class, or individual learning situations to learn math with the help of computer technology in class. Three computer software packages were used for students to learn math concepts, including computation, application, and problem solving skills. All the students took preand post-math achievement tests and participated in a learning attitude survey. Results showed that the cooperative learning group's scores on math achievement were statistically higher than those of the whole-class learning group. Also, the results of the attitude survey showed that the cooperative learning group had higher scores on preference of the learning subject, effort, accomplishment, and self-confidence than those in the whole-class learning group. In addition, a social acceptance scale administered to the general education students indicated that in the cooperative learning group the students' willingness to engage in social contact with students with disabilities was higher and their avoidance of social contact with students with disabilities was lower than the other learning groups. Relevant evaluation materials are attached. (Contains 33 references.) (Author/CR) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ********************************************************************************


The proper design, manufacture, handling and installation of prestressed concrete piles is essential to their structural integrity and long life. A quality control program must be designed with an awareness of past construction problems. Concentric alignment of steel tendons and spiral reinforcement is critical for design performance; concrete cover and permeability are important factors in control of corrosion; proper pile storage and handling are necessary to maintain pile alignment. Case histories of major marine construction projects in the Port of Los Angeles are discussed.


Not only are fewer undergraduate nursing students opting to pursue a career m mental health nursing (Arnswald, 1987; Clinton & Hazelton, 2000; Happell, 1998; Lam, McMaster & Troup, 1993), but nursing students continue to rank mental health nursing as their lowest preference of career choice. Instead, nursing undergraduates appear to be opting for positions within the surgical or critical care specialties (Durkin, 2002; Happell, 1999; Happell1999; Happell, 2001). The aim of this descriptive study was to investigate and identify the potential reasons why undergraduate nursing students do not take up mental health nursing as a career. This descriptive study implemented a self-report questionnaire that was developed by the author. The first part of the study involved a pilot test of the instrument to ensure reliability and face and content validity. The pilot test was carried out amongst 32 third year nursing students at Edith Cowan University (ECU), Perth, that had completed at least one mental health rotation. Once given feedback from the pilot test, germane changes were made and the main study was then conducted. The questionnaire was distributed to 134 third year undergraduate nursing students at ECU in Perth, Western Australia. Participants were provided with an information sheet. Confidentiality was maintained at all times, as all questionnaires were coded with a numerical code number and sighted only by the researcher and supervisor of the study. Anonymity was also maintained, as all students were instructed to place the completed questionnaire in an envelope and then into the box provided at the front of the lecture theatre. The questionnaire was divided into three sections: section one included demographic data; section two contained open and closed-ended questions about influences that may hinder students' choices in pursuing mental health nursing; and, section three contained open-ended questions regarding students' positive and negative views of clinical placements and preceptors. The findings have been reported using appropriate descriptive statistics for the demographic data, influences, ranking of preferred specialty and students' views of their placement. Analysis of data was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, version 11.0 computer software. The key findings of this study have indicated that mental health nursing continues to be ranked as the least preferred career option considered by undergraduate nursing students, compared with the more technologically based specialties such as emergency nursmg. Furthermore, the variables: feeling inadequately trained or prepared to enter the psychiatric workforce; clinical experiences; job dissatisfaction; lack of task orientation; and patient violence, have been shown to have either a minor or major influencing effect on undergraduate nursing students' decision to pursue mental health nursing as a career. Therefore, it was evident from the findings of this study that the proportion of students interested in pursuing mental health nursing is disproportionately low compared with other specialties. Additionally, the majority of students had no interest or motivation to pursue mental health nursing as a career once graduated. This in turn impacts on the recruitment of undergraduate nurses into mental health nursing, and possibly contributes to a paucity of mental heath nurses in the workforce. Knowledge of factors that influence the decision an undergraduate nursing student may make when considering employment in a mental health setting may assist clinical preceptors and universities to deliver alternative teaching strategies. These strategies may be effective in terminating the ongoing difficulties currently experienced in the process of recruitment and retention of mental health nurses. This may, in part, alsO alleviate the stigma and stereotypes associated with mental health nursing and the mentally ill (Happell, 1999; Johnstone, 2001; Walsh, 2002; Wells, Ryan & McElwee, 2000).


BACKGROUND
Hypertension-related diseases are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in industrially developed societies. Surprisingly, 68% of all mortality attributed to high blood pressure (BP) occurs with systolic BP between 120 and 140 mm Hg and diastolic BP below 90 mm Hg. Dietary and lifestyle modifications are effective in the treatment of borderline hypertension. One such lifestyle intervention is the use of medically supervised water-only fasting as a safe and effective means of normalizing BP and initiating health-promoting behavioral changes.

METHODS
Sixty-eight (68) consecutive patients with borderline hypertension with systolic BP in excess of 119 mm Hg and diastolic BP less than 91 mm Hg were treated in an inpatient setting under medical supervision. The treatment program consisted of a short prefasting period (approximately 1-2 days on average) during which food consumption was limited to fruits and vegetables followed by medically supervised water-only fasting (approximately 13.6 days on average). Fasting was followed by a refeeding period (approximately 6.0 days on average). The refeeding program consisted of a low-fat, low-sodium, plant-based, vegan diet.

RESULTS
Approximately 82% of the subjects achieved BP at or below 120/80 mm Hg by the end of the treatment program. The mean BP reduction was 20/7 mm Hg, with the greatest decrease being observed for subjects with the highest baseline BP. A linear regression of BP decrease against baseline BP showed that the estimated BP below which no further decrease would be expected was 96.0/67.0 mm Hg at the end of the fast and 99.2/67.3 mm Hg at the end of refeeding. These levels are in agreement with other estimates of the BP below which stroke events are eliminated, thus suggesting that these levels could be regarded as the "ideal" BP values.

CONCLUSION
Medically supervised water-only fasting appears to be a safe and effective means of normalizing BP and may assist in motivating health-promoting diet and lifestyle changes.


This thesis focuses on the roles played by the Protestant Church and several social and political movements in the communist GDR and throughout the East Gennan transition to democracy. Where many other studies give only cursory treatment to these social forces, this thesis argues that they played a valuable role in building the foundation on which a democratic civil society could develop. The thesis further argues that these church-based movements were similar in several important ways to New Social Movements in Western Europe. Moreover, the close, and at many times conflictual, relationship between the Protestant Churches and the social movements created under their umbrella, had an important influence on the ideology and structure of the variety ofNSMs which developed. The lack of serious consideration given movement (and round table) proposals to build an egalitarian, ecological, and democratic socialist state in the GDR is explained by a number off actors: the marginal character ofthe movements themselves, their own internal weaknesses and at times overly moralistic approach, the speed with which events unfolded in the fall of 1989, and the great lack oflegitimacy of the GDR itself, as a state that was never a nation. Finally, the thesis sheds new light on the reasons how and why this particular religious institution was able to play such a pivotal role in an atheistic state.


A considerable amount of recent work in political science and economics builds from the hypothesis that ethnic heterogeneity leads to poor provision of public goods, a key component of poor governance. Much of this work cites Alesina, Baqir and Easterly as providing empirical proof. This paper argues that the findings of this article have been significantly overstated. Through a simple re-analysis of the data, it shows that ethnic diversity does not straightforwardly undermine public goods provision. Rather, at least in these data, the relationship is mixed for different public goods: ethnic diversity is related to lower provision of some public goods and to higher provision of others. In some cases, there is no clear relationship. The differences between the findings presented here and those of the original article are arguably subtle, but are worth noting because of Alesina, et al.'s important contribution to the literature.


The American economy changed rapidly in the last half-century. The National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) were designed before these changes started. They have stretched to accommodate new and growing service activities, but they are still organized for an industrial economy. It is hard to fit finance into the measurement of national product and of economic growth, and similar problems bedevil efforts to include other intangible investments as well. I describe how our current accounts deal with these problems, and I argue that existing NIPA data fail to describe the future path of growth in our new economy because they lack output data on financial, human and social capital investments. They fail to show that the United States is consuming its capital stock now and will suffer later, rather like killing the family cow to have a steak dinner.


Background: Specialised transport teams are associated with fewer complications during interhospital transport. Such teams are currently unavailable in Hong Kong. The aim of this study was to review the clinical outcomes of critically ill infants requiring interhospital transport in Hong Kong. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the characteristics and clinical outcomes of all infants transported from the neonatal units of regional or private hospitals into the neonatal or cardiac intensive care unit (ICU) of Queen Mary Hospital, a tertiary-wide academic centre in Hong Kong from 1st August 2013 to 31st July 2016. Results: A total of 256 infants with a mean gestational age of 31.7 ± 5.5 weeks and birth weight of 1732 ± 1007 g were included in the study. While 143 (55.9%) patients were intubated during transport, there was no documentation of close monitoring of physiological parameters for 91.4% of the patients. Close to half of the patients (44.1%) had complications on admission and 23.4% required significant interventions immediately after the transfer. The median length of stay in the ICU was 3.3 (range: 0.5–342.6) days. Five patients died of non-transport-related causes within 7 days of admission. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that intubated patient (P = 0.001) or patient requiring inotropic support during transport (P = 0.027) were more likely to develop complications. Higher birth weight (P = 0.022) and younger chronological age at transfer (P = 0.030) were also significant risk factors for complications. Conclusions: Complications and interventions are considerable during interhospital neonatal transport in Hong Kong. The complication rate was higher than medical infrastructures that provided a specialised team for this process. Documentation during transport was inadequate.


Analysing the order and intensity of the links between sacrifices, quality, value, satisfaction and loyalty has deeply interested tourism researchers for the last decade. This work reviews previous contributions on modelling these variables in tourism literature, analysing each of the links and depicting areas of consensus and controversies. This work seeks to add to this stream of research pursuing two objectives. The first is to contrast two competing models of the relationships between these five constructs: Cronin et al. (2000)'s model, then replicated in Brady et al. (2005) and an alternative model that contemplates the consensus (the relationships quality-value, quality-satisfaction, value-loyalty and satisfaction-loyalty) and proposes a contrast of three of the controversies: relationships sacrifices-quality, value-satisfaction and quality-loyalty. The second objective, methodological, is to propose the study of partial correlations as a technique for exploring relationships between constructs for building a better global causal model. After testing the psychometric properties of the scales, both models are contrasted with PLS (MBPLSPM) on a sample of 400 hotel guests, finding improved results for the model that proposes a chain of effects sacrifices-quality-value-satisfaction-loyalty. The discussion of the results suggests conclusions on the richness and particular features of these structures for consumer behaviour in tourism.


Page Keeton never published an article in the Harvard Law Review or the Yale Law Journal. Most of his work appeared in the Texas Law Review' (the majority at a time when TLR had no claim to national prominence) or in even more modest venues such as the Southwestern Law Journal' and the South Texas Law Journal.3 He never wrote a pathbreaking book; he wrote casebooks and hornbooks. Yet he was the "King of Torts," one of the most influential torts scholars of the century. What made him so influential? He wrote a great deal. By the time he finished law school he had written six law review notes,4 on subjects ranging from mortgages to jury misconduct. As a young faculty member, he was not especially prolificeight articles in ten years-but he was very focused. He wrote on torts, and he covered the waterfront of tort law as it existed in the 1930s-fraud, nuisance, negligence, assumption of the risk, and contributory negligence. Piece by piece, he mastered the law of torts. These early articles betray no youthful arrogance, no superficial wisdom, no glib generalizations. Page Keeton was no dilettante. From the beginning, his work had the air of authority that comes not from an author's credentials or a publisher's prestige, but from the work itself-from meticulous research, careful analysis, and thorough explication. Remarkably, Page produced more scholarship as a dean than he had as a professor. Each day he arrived at the office no later than 6 a.m., and in the morning quiet he wrote. The crises, ceremonies, meetings, and appointments that lay in store for the dean had to wait; until 9 o'clock, he allowed nothing to intrude upon his writing time. He produced four casebooks and dozens of articles while he was dean at Texas. During this period he also was president of the Association of American Law Schools, head of the penal code revision project for the State of Texas, an adviser for the Second Restatement of Torts, a community activist in civil rights matters, and one of the most successful deans in the history of legal education. After he retired as dean his counsel and leadership were in great demand. He chaired three of the most politically charged endeavors of the era in Texas: the Constitutional Revision Commission, the Medical Malpractice Study Commission, and the Ethics Advisory Commission. He also became a practicing lawyer for the first time in his life, a role he relished. But he remained a scholar first. During this period he wrote fifteen more law review articles and, with others, produced three more casebooks and revised William Prosser's immensely popular torts hornbook. Keeton was revered by his faculty and respected by the scholarly world because he talked the talk and walked the walk. In the face of his example, no faculty member could claim to be too busy to write. Throughout his career, he engaged the issues that were at the cutting edge of tort law. In the 1960s, products liability was the major area of growth and debate in torts, and Keeton was at the forefront. During that decade he published nine law review articles that helped shape the law of products liability in its formative stages. He later produced, with others, two casebooks on products liability. In the 1970s he turned his attention to defamation, where the Supreme Court had begun overthrowing centuries of established tort law. Upon retirement as dean he took a sabbatical in England, where he immersed himself in both the English and American law of defamation. Drawing upon the traditions and practices of both countries, he proposed a reform that replaced dozens of arcane tort rules and several of the new constitutional modifications with a simple three-issue analysis applicable to all libel and slander cases.5 The Supreme Court a few years later adopted one element of his proposal,6 and it is safe to say that the law of defamation would be more satisfactory if it had adopted the proposal in toto. …


Dounreay Nuclear Power station is situated in northern Caithness, Scotland on complex normally faulted Devonian sedimentary rocks with a thin, intermittent cover of superficial deposits comprising predominantly glacial tills.
The principal aim of this work is to gain an understanding of processes and controls on fluid flow pathways within such complex geological terrains. The boundary between the bedrock and superficial deposits, and fracture networks within the bedrock, can have a considerable impact on the transmissivity of any possible radionuclide particles. An understanding of the bedrock-superficial boundary and the nature of how fractures and faults influence and control the transport of fluids is of key concern.
Initial work has involved the interpretation of eight reflection seismic survey lines which were collected for the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) from within the Dounreay power station site. Each seismic survey line was imported into SMT Kingdom software and the initial stratigraphic picks for shallow bedrock strata were produced on seismic survey line UKAEA-HR-8 guided by the gamma ray log of the Nirex 1 borehole. Four main reflectors were identified and corresponding horizons were produced for each of these reflectors. A series of normal faults were identified using the seismic surveys and interpreted surface faults. Fault surfaces and polygons were produced and the data gridded to take into account the presence of these fault surfaces and produce a basic structural model.
This model with additional seismic and borehole data will form the framework for the bedrock geological model. The covering superficial deposits will be incorporated into the geological model to produce a unified model to which geological and physical properties of the subsurface may be applied.
Surface excavations at the site demonstrate that the boundary between the bedrock and superficial deposits is gradational over a zone comprising regolith at the top of the bedrock, to glacial till with considerable rock fragments at the base of the superficial deposits. Attempts will be made to model a volume to represent this gradational boundary with variable attributes in order to fully incorporate its effects on contaminant pathways.
The bedrock-superficial boundary interacts with a number of major faults (that penetrate to rockhead within the site) and a related complex fracture network. This fracture network is exceedingly well constrained in one small area of the site by a dense grid of closely spaced boreholes. It provides an opportunity to develop a well constrained discrete fracture model. This model will be used to determine relationships between fracture trends, larger scale faulting and flow pathways in order to develop and constrain stochastic techniques that can be used to incorporate the effects of fracturing on possible contaminant pathways elsewhere on the site.


The study deals with estimates of return periods associated with the August 2010 heavy precipitation in northern Bohemia (Czech Republic), which resulted in flooding with enormous material damage and loss of lives, in the present climate and under climate change scenarios. We focus on the record-breaking 1-day and 2-day amounts at lower-elevation stations, exceeding 150 and 250 mm, respectively. The estimates of return periods are based on two methods of regional frequency analysis and they are compared with local (at-site) estimation. The regional methods consistently suggest that the August 2010 event was exceptional in view of past records, but the return levels decline substantially – by a factor of 2–4 – if parameters of the generalized extreme value distribution are allowed to vary in accordance with scenarios based on an ensemble of regional climate model projections for 2070–99. In spite of large uncertainty associated with future climate change scenarios, increased recurrence probability of such heavy precipitation events in the 21st century should be taken into account when designing and implementing flood risk prevention and mitigation measures.


Hamstring strain injury (HSI) is among the most prevalent sports-related injuries observed in athletic populations, particularly in sports involving high-speed movements. Although previous history of HSI is generally accepted as a risk factor for development of subsequent HSI, there is less consensus regarding the relative risk for HSI posed by other variables. Very little of the existing body of research on HSI risk factors is prospective in nature, and virtually none has examined the effect of gender on HSI. This prospective study aimed to address two of the more significant gaps in the current research on HSI by investigating the potential role of strength imbalances present at the beginning of the competitive season in the relative risk of HSI development; furthermore, this study sought to elucidate what effect, if any, that athlete gender has on the variables measured. In addition to study findings, this report discusses considerations for future research, particularly with respect to study design and methodology, and identifies potential areas warranting further investigation.


This paper provides the first empirical analysis of the homeowner-renter gap for electric appliances. Using U.S. nationally representative data, the analysis shows that renters are significantly more likely than homeowners to have electric heat, electric hot water heating, an electric stove, and an electric dryer. The gap is highly statistically significant, prevalent across regions, and holds after controlling for the type, size, and age of the home, as well as for climate and household characteristics. The paper argues that this gap arises from the same split incentives that lead to the "landlord-tenant problem" and discusses the implications of the gap for an emerging set of policies aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions through building electrification.


Although many studies on the various ways of allocating credit among co-authors have brought into general recognition that different citation counting methods can result in quite different author rankings, studies on different author co-citation counting methods are still largely missing. This paper examines whether different co-citation counting methods produce different results in author co-citation analysis studies of the intellectual structure of research fields, and if so, in what ways they differ. Our results indicate that, with respect to the major specialties and how they relate to each other, the intellectual structures of the Information Science field identified through author co-citation analyses based on different co-citation counting methods are largely equivalent, but when it comes to detailed structure, results differ in a number of ways. In particular, classic first-author co-citation analysis appears to better represent the theoretical and methodological aspects of the field whereas all-author co-citation analysis favors more recent empirical studies, and picks out some tightly collaborative research groups or projects. We experiment with using meaningful diagonal values in a co-citation matrix rather than using statistically generated values, and observe favorable results. We also employ a new visualization technique for reporting the results of a classic author co-citation analysis, using a bipartite graph that represents all the information in the factor matrix of specialties and author loadings as author and factor vertices connected by edges with loadings as similarity-measure line values, laid out algorithmically in two dimensions.


Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely utilized manmade chemicals. Their properties have made them highly appreciated in a variety of industrial and consumer product applications, including fire-fighting foams, hydraulic fluids, as well as in cookware and food contact papers. However, some of the PFASs are highly persistent in the environment and their toxicological profiles are of concern. Voluntary and regulatory efforts have been taken to reduce the environmental levels of PFASs. These actions have resulted in a reduction of PFASs in human milk from Stockholm as presented in this thesis. The radiosyntheses of 35 S-PFOS, 35 S-PFBS, and 14 C-PFOA presented herein were applied for distribution studies in mice but also for solubility and adhesion experiments of common laboratory solvents and buffers. The radiosynthesis employed reactive Grignard reagents, perfluoroalkyliodides, and 35 S-sulfur dioxide or 14 C-carbon dioxide. The distribution studies were performed with 35 S-PFOS on both pregnant mice and their offspring as well as on male mice. The mice were subjected to whole-body autoradiography and the tissues were analyzed by liquid scintillation counting. Liver and lungs were the target organs for 35 S-PFOS in the dams. The fetuses and pups had remarkable high levels of 35 S-PFOS in their lungs as well as in the brain. The male mice were given a high dose and a more environmental relevant dose of 35 S-PFOS. PFOS was transferred from the blood to the tissues as the dose increased. In another study the distribution pattern of the shorter homologue PFBS was compared to PFOS. 35 S-PFBS was utilized and demonstrated a 5-40 fold lower tissue levels in comparison to PFOS. The pharmacokinetic parameters determined for PFHxS in mice, rats, and monkeys will provide valuable insight in establishing a proper risk assessment for this compound. The study confirms the common species differences in serum elimination half-life that are associated with PFASs. © Maria Sundstrom ISBN 978-91-7447-579-1 Universitetsservice US-AB, 2012


Psychologists who conduct assessments face many ethical challenges in conducting their work. Assessment is unique among the services offered by professional psychologists because it is service seldom performed solely at the behest of a single individual. More typically, people who arrive at the psychologist's office for assessment have been sent by concerned parents or school teachers, potential employers, disability insurance companies, attorneys, or other professionals. The referring parties are invariably seeking answers to questions that may or may not be found in the analysis of psychometric data. The people being tested may benefit or suffer as a consequence of the assessment, no matter how competently it is carried out. Ethical issues arise before assessments are undertaken, during the testing process or collection of data, and after the information collected is scored, interpreted, and translated into a report. This chapter explores the ethical problems inherent in the sequence of steps involved in psychological assessment (i.e., before, during, and following the actual contact with the person being assessed). In addition, because the chapter was completed during a period of flux in the evolution of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Ethical Standards of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, proposed changes in the professional standards and the reasoning behind them are discussed.

Keywords:

confidentiality;
ethical standards;
ethics;
psychological assessment;
psychological testing


In a previous work, we demonstrated a spatial tuning for reaching activity in the majority of V6A cells, suggesting that V6A reach-related neurons could be able to code the direction of movement of the arm and the position of the hand/arm in space (Fattori et al, 2005, Eur. J. Neurosci). In that work, the animals reached foveated targets placed in different spatial locations. As V6A neurons are strongly modulated by the direction of gaze (Galletti et al., 1995, EurJ Neurosci), it could be that the above described spatial tuning of reaching activity is due to a gaze modulation of neural activity. Thus, we here study the coding of directions of reach with a constant-gaze task. The monkey reached central or peripheral locations while looking constantly towards a central fixation point. The task was performed in complete darkness except for the very small and barely visible fixation point. The monkey always started the reaching movement with the hand near the chest, then reached and held the target location in peripersonal space, and finally went back to the home button. We tested 101 V6A neurons from 1 monkey with this constant-gaze reaching task. We found that 65% of them showed a neural modulation during the execution of reaching movements towards foveal and peripheral targets. Some of them showed activities preferring the reaching movement to the foveated target, others to the ipsilateral, and others to the contralateral one. A similar percentage of neurons (60%) was modulated during hand holding among different spatial locations, again with the gaze fixed in the straight ahead direction. We suggest that the visuomotor area V6A plays a key role in the fronto-parietal loops monitoring and/or controlling goal-directed voluntary arm movements both towards foveated and peripheral ones. This work was supported by European Union Commission, FP6-IST-027574-MATHESIS and by MIUR and Fondazione del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna, Italy. History Received April 27, 2007; published June 30, 2007 Citation Fattori, P., Breveglieri, R., Marzocchi, N., Filippini, D., & Galletti, C. (2007). Foveal and peripheral reaching activity in the macaque cortical area V6A [Abstract]. Journal of Vision, 7(9):295, 295a, http://journalofvision.org/7/9/295/, doi:10.1167/7.9.295.


Education is currently considered as a global product with institutions worldwide competing for students and finding ever more creative ways to satisfy the student's needs and preferences. In the past, education was the responsibility of government. In particular, after the 1990s, private universities, academies and institutions with a commercial focus have mushroomed. This study aims at investigating the effect of studying and meeting students` preferences on influencing the Egyptian students' choice; it also examines how overall student's satisfaction can be broken down into dimensions. For the fulfillment of these objectives, the researcher uses a self-administered questionnaire with a randomly selected cohort of respondents at a selected educational institution in Egypt, which is acting as a private entity in essence but it is not one of profit educational institution. A total of 375 students take part in the study. Results reveal that Egyptian students select the educational university or institution according to five factors, personal factor is the first important criteria and subsequently financial aid and procedures, academic quality and facilities, then campus specification and finally socialization needs. This study also shows that demographic factors and background of parents and families are affected students' preferences and satisfaction in Egypt.


The error rate (ER) is a crucial criterion in evaluating the performance of a digital communication system. Many ER estimation methods have been described in the literature. Among them, the pseudoerror monitoring solution has attracted special attention due to its consistent performance in different environments and distinctive blind estimation capability, that is, estimating the ER without needing any prior knowledge of the transmitted information. In this paper, a novel pseudoerror monitor (PEM) design, the kernel PEM, is developed. Incorporating the strength of the probability density function (pdf) approximation technique, the proposed design has remarkable advantage of being able to produce statistically consistent ER estimate within a much shorter observation time. Simulation results are given in support of this claim.


The Supreme Court applied strict scrutiny to diversification plans for public high school enrollment in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007). Unlike the diversity plan upheld in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), where law school applicants were potentially denied a benefit, all students in the Seattle plan were awarded a high school seat but perhaps not in their preferred school. Nevertheless, this plan was struck down by the Court as a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, on the grounds that it was not sufficiently narrowly tailored. The question of whether diversity can withstand the other aspect of strict scrutiny, serving a compelling government interest, was not as definitively answered, although the prospects appear dim. A reasonable inference from Parents Involved for public human resource management is that race-conscious diversity plans are not likely to receive constitutional cover from the current Court.


Lipid-modified membrane-binding proteins are essential in signal transduction events of the cell, a typical example being the GTPase ras. Recently, membrane binding of a doubly lipid-modified heptapeptide from the C-terminus of the human N-ras protein was studied by spectroscopic techniques. It was found that membrane binding is mainly due to lipid chain insertion, but it is also favored by interactions between apolar side chains and the hydrophobic region of the membrane. Here, 10 explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations for a total time of about 150 ns are used to investigate the atomic details of the peptide-membrane association. The 16:0 peptide lipid chains are more mobile than the 14:0 phospholipid chains, which is in agreement with (2)H NMR experiments. Peptide-lipid and peptide-solvent interactions, backbone and side-chain distributions, as well as the effects of lipidated peptide insertion onto the structure, and dynamics of a 1,2-dimyristoylglycero-3-phosphocholine bilayer are described. The simulation results validate the structural model proposed by the analysis of spectroscopic data and highlight the main aspects of the insertion mechanism. The peptide in the membrane is rather rigid over the simulation time scale of about 10 ns, but different partially extended conformations devoid of backbone hydrogen bonds are observed in different trajectories.


This dissertation consists of two essays on housing market dynamics and cointegration analysis with latent factors. The theme of this dissertation is housing market dynamics, with the first essay an application of advanced panel time series models to the studies of housing market dynamics, and the second essay a theoretic derivation of an econometric tool on cointegration analysis with latent factors that can be applied to the housing market analysis. This first essay develops a parsimonious dynamic model to study the impact of a common demand shock in the housing market on housing prices and construction activities across a set of locations with heterogeneous supply side conditions. Embedded within the model is a lead-lag structure that allows one to identify from where shocks propagate while allowing for and yielding estimates of cross-sectional differences in housing supply elasticities. The findings indicate that local supply conditions may matter more than distance when modeling spatiotemporal dynamics in the housing market. The second essay considers estimating and testing cointegration between an integrated series of interest and a vector of possibly cointegrated nonstationary latent factors. The fully modified least squares (FM-OLS) estimation is adopted to the estimation of the cointegration relation of interest. The asymptotic properties of the FM-OLS estimators are derived, and the residual-based cointegration tests are shown to work as usual even with latent factors. Based on the estimated cointegration relation, it is demonstrated that an error correction term added to the traditional diffusion index forecast model improves forecasting accuracy. STUDIES ON HOUSING MARKET DYNAMICS AND COINTEGRATION ANALYSIS WITH LATENT FACTORS


In this experimental study, the influence of using fly ash, polypropylene fiber, and steel fiber in concrete on abrasion resistance is presented. Seven concrete mixtures containing 0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 45% fly ash as cement replacement in mass basis were prepared. Another, seven fiber-reinforced portland cement concrete mixtures containing 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 1.5% steel fiber, and 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% polypropylene fiber in volume basis were prepared. These seven fiber-reinforced Portland cement concrete mixtures were modified by replacing 15 and 30% fly ash with cement in mass basis, consequently, 14 fiber-reinforced fly ash concrete mixtures were prepared. Water-binder ratio was kept constant at 0.35 for all concrete mixtures. Bohme surface abrasions of the concrete mixtures were measured at 28 days. The results of the laboratory work showed that replacement of fly ash with cement reduced abrasion resistance of concrete; however, inclusion of the steel fiber improved the abrasion resistance of concrete. Using polypropylene fiber did not improve abrasion resistance of concrete made with or without fly ash. The comparison between the relation of abrasion to compressive strength and abrasion to flexural tensile strength, made in terms of R 2 of the linear regression on log scale, showed that a stronger relation existed between abrasion and flexural tensile strength than between abrasion and compressive strength of the concrete containing either fly ash or fibers, or both.


This document describes information about practical scenarios of advanced VoIP (Voice Over IP), by using the equipment available in the School, in order to prepare laboratory sessions and scenarios for teaching purposes. It is interesting to study VoIP telephony because is a technology increasingly widespread and with very positive perspectives in terms of growth. Besides, it has many positive points as cheaper calls and offers versatility of configuration and mobility. We tried to use as much as we can the hardware equipment available, such as for example the gateway, that has allowed us to interconnect the telephone line with our internal VoIP network. This document explains in detail its features and how to configure it. One of the problems when making a VoIP call are the elements that prevent the transmission of packets, such as firewalls and NATs. This has been one of the points which have studied in our scenarios. Another scenario we have been studied has to do with SIP Trunking. This is when two or more VoIP operators are interconnected and calls are rounting through this interconnection (the "trunk"). This scenario is interestng because the interconnection between offices has strong economic implications. In the future lines of this work we describe several possibilities: try other protocols, expand or improve the scenarios that have been made. Our intention in this thesis is to serve as a guide for laboratory sessions within the educational plan of the School.


As they move, vertebrate cells can transmit mechanical information from their insides to their outsides and vice versa. A major pathway for this is through integrin-mediated adhesive interactions between the actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. Hu et al. focus on defining the protein interface mediating the interaction between the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix that are part of integrin-based focal adhesions by using sophisticated live-cell microscopic analysis. The motion of the actin cytoskeleton is differentially transmitted through focal adhesions, with the efficiency of transmission gradually decreasing from actin-binding proteins to integrins, defining the focal adhesion as a hierarchical molecular clutch. The internal molecular dynamics of focal adhesions thus represents a key element in the mechanics of cell morphogenesis during migration. K. Hu, L. Ji, K. T. Applegate, G. Danuser, C. M. Waterman-Storer, Differential transmission of actin motion within focal adhesions. Science 315, 111-115 (2007). [Abstract] [Full Text]


We consider two aspects of non-reflecting boundaryconditions for wave propagation problems. First we evaluate aproposed Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) method for thesimulation of advective acoustics. It is shown that theproposed PML becomes unstable for a certain combination ofparameters. A stabilizing procedure is proposed andimplemented. By numerical experiments the performance of thePML for a problem with nonuniform flow is investigated. Furtherthe performance for different types of waves, vorticity andsound waves, are investigated.The second aspect concerns spurious waves, which areintroduced by any discretization procedure. We constructdiscrete boundary conditions, that are nonreflecting for bothphysical and spurious waves, when combined with a fourth orderaccurate explicit discretization of one-way wave equations. Theboundary condition is shown to be GKS-stable. The boundaryconditions are extended to hyperbolic systems in two spacedimensions, by combining exact continuous non-reflectingboundary conditions and the one dimensional discretelynon-reflecting boundary condition. The resulting boundarycondition is localized by the standard Pad´eapproximation.Numerical experiments reveal that the resulting methodsuffers from boundary instabilities. Analysis of a relatedcontinuous problem suggests that the discrete boundarycondition can be stabilized by adding tangential viscosity atthe boundary. For the lowest order Pad´e approximation weare able to stabilize the discrete boundary condition.


It is often assumed that sub-Saharan African urban migrants return in later life to the villages from which they originated. This article challenges this model of circular migration by exploring the strategies of older adults who live permanently in urban areas. The empirical material comes from ethnographic case studies in two industrial towns formed by the apartheid and colonial housing policies of the 1950s and 1960s: Kuisebmond in Walvis Bay, Namibia, a former apartheid 'location'; and Walukuba in Jinja, Uganda, a former 'African' rental estate. Older adults' housing situation and its significance for their strategies and choices in later life provide the focus. The results show that even if many strategies appeared that are often associated with a return to the rural place of origin, for many the move back to the village was not a viable option. Participants in the study nurtured contacts with their places of origin, for example by making regular visits, sending remittances, contributing to housing in the village and receiving relatives in town. It is argued that these strategies, together with urban advantages – in particular a good housing situation – must be understood as translocal optimisation, in which potentialities emerge from an assemblage of various actors in different, connected locales. The optimal situation in which to age – in rural or urban areas – is a product of co-emergent actors and not necessarily an individual choice on the part of the older adult. The study concludes that urban living in later life seems to be an alternative choice for a group of older adults and must be acknowledged.


"The shift from paper to screen doesn't just change the way we navigate a piece of writing. It also influences the degree of attention we devote to it and the depth of our immersion in it." The Shallows: How the Internet is changing the way we think, read and remember – Nicholas Carr, Atlantic Books London 2010  The aim of this paper is to explore how pedagogically drawing can be used as a means of slowing down the speed at which students observe and look. It is through the physical activity of drawing that we study and make sense of the world that we inhabit, and perhaps contemporarily find refuge from the inundation of screen lit images, and notions of value and authenticity. Without reverting to notions of craft, technique, or media, drawing can be seen as a slowing process, a meditative act that encourages investigation and visual thinking, rather than the consumption of images. Active rather than passive intake of information to recall Guy Debord's Society of the Spectacle in an ever-accelerated digital life. How the slowing down of an image can offer deeper understanding and context beyond the immediate, offering time for enquiry and self-reflection.
The paper presentation will use a variety of sources, from personal experiences in teaching, to cultural critical writers exploring 'post-internet' work. Keywords: Drawing in the age of distraction Drawing as an antidote to the speed of technology Attention spans The value of Images Drawing as research methodology


We assess the role of internal migration and urbanisation in China on the nominal earnings of three groups of workers (rural migrants, low-skilled natives, and high-skilled natives). We estimate the impact of many city and city-industry characteristics that shape agglomeration economies, as well as migrant and human capital externalities and substitution effects. We also account for spatial sorting and reverse causality. Location matters for individual earnings, but urban gains are unequally distributed. High-skilled natives enjoy large gains from agglomeration and migrants at the city level. Both conclusions also hold, to a lesser extent, for low-skilled natives, who are only marginally negatively affected by migrants within their industry. By contrast, rural migrants slightly lose from migrants within their industry while otherwise gaining from migration and agglomeration, although less than natives. The different returns from migration and urbanisation are responsible for a large share of wage disparities in China. JEL Codes: O18, R12, R23, J31, O53.


Studies of outcomes associated with the provision of genetic counseling services began to emerge in the 1990's. The goals of this outcome-based research are often focused on examining the effectiveness of the services offered and determining appropriate means for improvement of services. The outcomes measured vary depending on the specific goals of the study and beliefs concerning the nature of counseling. Research utilizing outcome measurements choose the most appropriate measurement based on the desired goal of the research. This study employed a client satisfaction measurement, specifically a Satisfaction with Genetic Counseling Scale (SGCS), a self-reporting measure provided to clients in the form of a survey who were seen at the Huntington Disease Specialty Clinic in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The hypothesis for this study was that patients in the HD Clinic are generally satisfied with the genetic counseling services they have received. Descriptive statistics were used to measure the general satisfaction and test the hypothesis. Responses to open-ended questions were categorized into themes to gather more insight into patient perceptions of genetic counseling services. Thirty-three individuals completed the survey, and analysis of the results revealed that patients are generally satisfied with the genetic counseling. Results were broken down into subscales measuring general satisfaction of inherent characteristics of a genetic counselor and attributes specific to the counseling. Patients were overall generally satisfied with each subscale. This research is of particular significance to the field of public health because assessing the provision of genetic counseling services ensures that clients' needs are being met as well identifies potential avenues for improvement of services. Research of this nature is becoming increasingly more important because genetic counselors, with their expertise in molecular diagnosis, are expected to play an essential role in providing personalized and preventative health care in the growing field of genome-guided medicine. This research may inform outcome research in other settings, providing additional insight to the genetic counseling field.


This report describes the work performed to design, develop, and demonstrate an IBECS network/ballast interface that is useful for economically dimming controllable ballasts in commercial buildings. The first section of the report provides the general background of the IBECS (Integrated Building Environmental Communications System) research and development work as well as the context for the development of the network/ballast interface. The research and development effort that went into producing the first proof-of-concept circuit and the physical prototype of that concept is detailed in the second section. In the third section of the report, we describe the lessons learned from the first demonstration of the network/ballast interface at an office at LBNL. The fourth section describes how electrical noise interference encountered with the first generation of interface led to design changes for a refined prototype that hardened the interface from electrical noise generated by the ballast. The final section of the report discusses the performance of refined prototype after we replaced the proof-of-concept prototype with the refined prototypes in the demonstration office at LBNL.


We study how women's choices over labor activities in village economies correlate with poverty and whether enabling the poorest women to take on the activities of their richer counterparts can set them on a sustainable trajectory out of poverty. To do this we conduct a large-scale randomized control trial, covering over 21,000 households in 1,309 villages surveyed four times over a seven year period, to evaluate a nationwide program in Bangladesh that transfers livestock assets and skills to the poorest women. At baseline, the poorest women mostly engage in low return and seasonal casual wage labor while wealthier women solely engage in livestock rearing. The program enables poor women to start engaging in livestock rearing, increasing their aggregate labor supply and earnings. This leads to asset accumulation (livestock, land and business assets) and poverty reduction, both sustained after four and seven years. These gains do not crowd out the livestock businesses of noneligible households while the wages these receive for casual jobs increase as the poor reduce their labor supply. Our results show that: (i) the poor are able to take on the work activities of the non-poor but face barriers to doing so, and, (ii) one-off interventions that remove these barriers lead to sustainable poverty reduction.


Sixty years on from Pierre Schaeffer's call for 'primacy of the ear' (primauté de l'oreille), this article asks an ostensibly simple question: whose ear/aural perception is being referred to when we talk of and compose under this guiding principle? Is there a tacit preselected audiometric norm or even a pair of golden ears, at its core? The article will problematise the uncompromising modernist notion espoused by Babbitt of a 'suitably equipped receptor' (Babbitt 1958), and posit examples of well-known composers whose hearing markedly diverged from the otologically normal, an acoustics standard from which A-weighted decibels is predicated (ISO 226:2003). In conclusion the concept of auraldiverse hearing is proposed and creative strategies that eschew or problematise auraltypical archetypes in sonic arts practice and theory wherever they may lie are encouraged.


What I would like to do in this article is threefold. First, I would like to sketch the anatomy of the dominant perspective on civil society (which I call 'objectivist') by discussing its basic postulates. Second, I would like to highlight the main problems that are immanent to this conception. I will try to demonstrate the presence of certain blind spots, erasures and contradictions which are constitutive of this dominant understanding. I will argue for the need not so much to reject it outright but to try to transcend it by incorporating it in a wider and more encompassing framework. The attempt to achieve this constitutes the third part of the article where I propose an alternative conception of civil society that is based upon the orientations of social actors. My argument is that an alternative to the objectivist understanding involves treating civility and toleration as not simply being incidental but rather essential aspects of a proper understanding of civil society. The current literature's focus on non-state organizational capacity needs to be complemented by an analysis of the normative orientations of social actors along five distinct yet interrelated dimensions of civility. The perspective outlined here attempts to combine the ontological parameters of the dominant understanding of civil society with the normative criteria that usually get overlooked. It will be argued that, rather than being occasionally and unsystematically alluded to in passing, the specifically 'civil' property of social interactions should be recognized as the formative principle of civil society.


Abstract The large-scale thickness distribution of sea ice was measured during several campaigns in the European Arctic north of Svalbard from 2007 using an airborne electromagnetic induction device. In August 2010 and April-May 2011, this was complemented by extensive on-ice work including measurements of snow thickness and freeboard. Ice thicknesses show a clear difference between the seasons, with thicker ice during spring than in summer. In spring 2011, negative freeboard and flooding were observed as a result of the extensive snow cover. We find that the characteristics of the first-year sea ice allow combining observations from different years. The ice thickness in the marginal ice zone increases with increasing latitude and increasing distance to the ice edge; however, in the inner ice pack from ∼100 km from the ice edge the thickness remains almost constant. Modal ice thickness in spring reaches 2.4 m whereas in summer it is 1.0–1.4 m. Our study provides new insight into ice thickness distributions of a typical ice cover consisting of mainly first- and second-year ice, which may become the dominant ice type in the Arctic in the future.


This article reviews current efforts to train child welfare workers in trauma informed practices and argues that trauma informed care adaptation and training must transcend case workers and supervisors in order for true systemic change to occur. This means establishing an agency vision, mission, policies, and procedures that result in the manifestation of trauma informed care in the agency's environment and in the practices of the administration and the staff. This article asserts that trauma informed care agencies will result in better outcomes for children and families served while preventing vicarious traumatization of agency staff. Additionally, within a trauma informed care setting, social workers and other advanced generalist practitioners are given the opportunity to search for opportunities to understand clients in the context of their lived experiences and join with clients and their families to empower them in a collaborative partnership focused on recovery.


We describe the construction and assessment of a new matched employer-employee data set, the 1990 Decennial Employer-Employee Dataset (1990 DEED). By using place of work name and address, we link workers from the 1990 Long Form Sample to their place of work in the 1990 Standard Statistical Establishment List. The resulting data set is much larger and more representative across regional and industry dimensions than previous matched data sets for the United States. The known strengths and limitations of the data set are discussed in detail.


The integration of the concepts of Business Process Management (BPM) and Knowledge Management (KM) is a challenging research issue today, and should be analyzed jointly in contemporary enterprises. The challenge for modern process organizations is the constant accumulation of knowledge and its skillful use in order to gain a competitive advantage and ensure a stable position in the market. Despite the growing interest among researchers and practitioners there is a lack of articles in this area. The main objective of this paper is to identify the relation between Business Process Management and Knowledge Management. The article presents the results of empirical research conducted by the author in contemporary enterprises in Poland in 2019, and some solutions, as well as benefits, related to the correlation of these two concepts. Business Process Management has a positive influence over Knowledge Management processes. The identification, acquisition, presentation and documentation of knowledge are not independent tasks, but are implemented within processes. The implementation of Knowledge Management stimulates employee creativity and supports internal communication. Building a process organization using best practices and guidelines minimizes the risk of failure of projects to improve the organization and implement Knowledge Management. In order to test the correlations between them, Yule's, Pearson's, and Bykowski's coefficients have been used.


Background Four out of five adults with diabetes live in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). India has the second highest number of diabetes patients in the world. Despite a huge burden, diabetes care remains suboptimal. While patients (and families) play an important role in managing chronic conditions, there is a dearth of studies in LMIC and virtually none in India capturing perspectives and experiences of patients in regard to diabetes care. Objective The objective of this study was to better understand constraints faced by patients from urban slums in managing care for type 2 diabetes in India. Design We conducted in-depth interviews, using a phenomenological approach, with 16 type 2- diabetes patients from a poor urban neighbourhood in South India. These patients were selected with the help of four community health workers (CHWs) and were interviewed by two trained researchers exploring patients' experiences of living with and seeking care for diabetes. The sampling followed the principle of saturation. Data were initially coded using the NVivo software. Emerging themes were periodically discussed among the researchers and were refined over time through an iterative process using a mind-mapping tool. Results Despite an abundance of healthcare facilities in the vicinity, diabetes patients faced several constraints in accessing healthcare such as financial hardship, negative attitudes and inadequate communication by healthcare providers and a fragmented healthcare service system offering inadequate care. Strongly defined gender-based family roles disadvantaged women by restricting their mobility and autonomy to access healthcare. The prevailing nuclear family structure and inter-generational conflicts limited support and care for elderly adults. Conclusions There is a need to strengthen primary care services with a special focus on improving the availability and integration of health services for diabetes at the community level, enhancing patient centredness and continuity in delivery of care. Our findings also point to the need to provide social services in conjunction with health services aiming at improving status of women and elderly in families and society.


This paper proposes a kinematic model to evaluate the orientation uncertainty range of spherical linkages caused by the joint clearances. Based on the concepts of imaginary clearance link, spherical N-bar rotatability laws, and the invariant link rotatability, the uncertainty of the output angle can be treated as a mobility problem. The uncertainty region of the end-effector is treated as a workspace problem for the remodeled linkage. This paper highlights the orientation error by isolating the kinematic effects of joint clearance from other error factors. The discussion is carried out through spherical four-bar linkages and five-bar linkages. Numeric examples are presented to demonstrate the uncertainty range of the output angle and the uncertainty region of the end-effector. The result shows that, in the worst case, the error of each joint clearance will be magnified in a closed-loop structure compared with linearly adding all the clearance error. This implies that from a kinematics point of view, closed-loop spherical linkages or parallel manipulators will lead to a greater deviation on the end-effector than their open-loop counterparts. Using more passive joints in the manipulator may result in bigger error possibilities.


New governance theory has a large following in academia and is exerting an influence in numerous spheres of regulatory policy. Yet in the area of occupational health and safety, new governance is hardly new at all. Indeed, it is fair to say that it in many ways what are now labelled new governance concepts were first articulated and applied in the 1972 Robens Report, Safety and Health at Work. This included its critique of command and control legislation and its emphasis on the need to develop better self-regulation. This paper critically examines new governance models in OHS regulation. In the first part, I construct some ideal types of OHS regimes based on three variables; state protection, worker participation and employer management systems. These are used as heuristics in subsequent discussion. The second part briefly discusses the roots of new governance in the Robens report (referred to as 'old' new governance) and briefly reviews Ontario's experience with it, to examine its dynamics and its vulnerability to regress toward neo-liberal self regulation/ paternalism in the absence of effective worker OHS activism. In part three, I focus on recent work by two North American new governance theorists, Orly Lobel and Cynthia Estlund, who consciously wish avoid a collapse of new governance approaches into neo-liberal self regulation/paternalism. I argue that despite their aspirations, the new governance prescriptions they embrace are unlikely to be institutionalized with the protective conditions they advocate and that their emphasis on self-regulation valorizes a movement toward the destination they wish to avoid. Finally, I ask whether degradation toward neo-liberal self-regulation/paternalism is inevitable and if not whether a progressive new governance theory is possible and has anything to offer toward strengthening a regime of public regulation under the unfavourable conditions that prevail today.


The increasing demand for extracting value out of ever-growing data poses an ongoing challenge to system designers, a task only made trickier by the end of Dennard scaling. As the performance density of traditional CPU-centric architectures stagnates, advancing compute capabilities necessitates novel architectural approaches. Near-memory processing (NMP) architectures are reemerging as promising candidates to improve computing efficiency through tight coupling of logic and memory. NMP architectures are especially fitting for data analytics, as they provide immense bandwidth to memory-resident data and dramatically reduce data movement, the main source of energy consumption. Modern data analytics operators are optimized for CPU execution and hence rely on large caches and employ random memory accesses. In the context of NMP, such random accesses result in wasteful DRAM row buffer activations that account for a significant fraction of the total memory access energy. In addition, utilizing NMP's ample bandwidth with fine-grained random accesses requires complex hardware that cannot be accommodated under NMP's tight area and power constraints. Our thesis is that efficient NMP calls for an algorithm-hardware co-design that favors algorithms with sequential accesses to enable simple hardware that accesses memory in streams. We introduce an instance of such a co-designed NMP architecture for data analytics, the Mondrian Data Engine. Compared to a CPU-centric and a baseline NMP system, the Mondrian Data Engine improves the performance of basic data analytics operators by up to 49× and 5×, and efficiency by up to 28× and 5×, respectively.


We report what is believed to be the first experimental observation of spontaneous nucleation of arrays of optical vortices in the process of second-harmonic generation in a crystal with moderate Poynting vector walk-off, pumped with focused beams containing screw phase dislocations. Our experiments were conducted in lithium triborate under conditions of small-efficiency second-harmonic generation pumped by nanosecond pulses at 1064 nm.


Medical Geology, the study of the impacts of geologic materials and processes on animal and human health, is a dynamic emerging discipline bringing together the geoscience, biomedical, and public health communities to solve a wide range of environmental health problems. Among the Medical Geology described in this review are examples of both deficiency and toxicity of trace element exposure. Goiter is a widespread and potentially serious health problem caused by deficiency of iodine. In many locations the deficiency is attributable to low concentrations of iodine in the bedrock. Similarly, deficiency of selenium in the soil has been cited as the principal cause of juvenile cardiomyopathy and muscular abnormalities. Overexposure to arsenic is one of the most widespread Medical Geology problems affecting more than one hundred million people in Bangladesh, India, China, Europe, Africa and North and South America. The arsenic exposure is primarily due to naturally high levels in groundwater but combustion of mineralized coal has also caused arsenic poisoning. Dental and skeletal fluorosis also impacts the health of millions of people around the world and, like arsenic, is due to naturally high concentrations in drinking water and, to a lesser extent, coal combustion. Other Medical Geology issues described include geophagia, the deliberate ingestion of soil, exposure to radon, and ingestion of high concentrations of organic compounds in drinking water. Geoscience and biomedical/public health researchers are teaming to help mitigate these health problems as well as various non-traditional issues for geoscientists such as vector-borne diseases.


CD45 is the prototypic member of transmembrane receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) and has essential roles in immune functions. The cytoplasmic region of CD45, like many other RPTPs, contains two homologous protein tyrosine phosphatase domains, active domain 1 (D1) and catalytically impaired domain 2 (D2). Here, we report crystal structure of the cytoplasmic D1D2 segment of human CD45 in native and phosphotyrosyl peptide-bound forms. The tertiary structures of D1 and D2 are very similar, but doubly phosphorylated CD3ζ immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif peptide binds only the D1 active site. The D2 "active site" deviates from the other active sites significantly to the extent that excludes any possibility of catalytic activity. The relative orientation of D1 and D2 is very similar to that observed in leukocyte common antigen–related protein with both active sites in an open conformation and is restrained through an extensive network of hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and salt bridges. This crystal structure is incompatible with the wedge model previously suggested for CD45 regulation.


In this article, we critically revisit previous attempts to de-Westernize media and communication studies in Europe. Based on a review of the most reputational Europe-based journals and European academic conferences on our subject from 2010 to 2016, we show how European media and communication studies nurture a scholarly practice of talking about Latin American contexts rather than including voices from within the continent. We establish a historical perspective on the current situation by showcasing emblematic cases of past links between European and Latin American scholarship and discuss the invisibility of Latin American scholarship in the context of the de-Westernizing media and communication studies approach. Our analysis shows that a critical implementation of de-Westernization requires more geographically diverse editorial boards, greater international cooperation, and comparative accounts to capture diversity in regional contexts.


The IPv6 specification allows IPv6 Header Chains of an arbitrary size.
The specification also allows options that can, in turn, extend each
of the headers. In those scenarios in which the IPv6 Header Chain or
options are unusually long and packets are fragmented, or scenarios in
which the fragment size is very small, the First Fragment of a packet
may fail to include the entire IPv6 Header Chain. This document
discusses the interoperability and security problems of such traffic,
and updates RFC 2460 such that the First Fragment of a packet is
required to contain the entire IPv6 Header Chain.


Second harmonic generation of long-range surface plasmon polaritons excited by a finite 1-D beam are discussed. To simplify the analysis of second harmonic generation, we adopt the "pole cancellation" method originally developed by Sipe. A numerical calculation of second harmonic intensity is presented. It is found that the effect of beam size on second harmonic intensity should be taken into account in actual experiments.


Tokyo Clash is an extraordinary encounter with Japanese design culture. Author and photographer Ralf Bahren presents Japan's megacity in a visually stunning collection of images, vividly colourful and rich in contrast. He transports readers on an exciting trip through Japanese everyday life - a world that doesn't want to conform to the cliche of Asian reticence. Eye-catching signs, glittering games of chance, Manga characters and countless other items in this collection of Japanese products compete for the viewer's attention. They exist, apparently without any contradiction, alongside traditional temples and Buddha statues. This delightful book promises appealing, provocative and sometimes absurd insights into a foreign universe. Get ready for the ride of your life!


Game manuals and tutorial scenarios are insufficient for new players to learn games of deep complexity such as highly realistic tactical simulations of modern battlefields. Adding post-game after-action reviews improves the situation, but these typically do not provide guidance during the mission and tend to focus on quantitative feedback, rather than specifics about what the player did wrong and how to improve. Intelligent tutoring system (ITS) technology provides a higher level of interactivity and a more specific qualitative analysis to guide players during game play. This use of an AI technology is demonstrated with the integration of an ITS component with the tactical simulation Armored Task Force (ATF) resulting in a combined system called the the Virtual Combat Training Center (V-CTC). V-CTC simulates the Army's combat training center at Fort Irwin and its instructors, called observer / controllers. The ATF game itself was modified to send an event stream over TCP-IP sockets to the ITS component, which interprets the events and acts accordingly. V-CTC was originally intended for a military context: either classroom use, field instruction, or embedded deployment. However, in non-military games, tutors (or non-player characters acting in that role) may well enhance the gaming experience of players. Such players might otherwise become frustrated with learning very challenging games, or simply fail to appreciate the tactical possibilities and depth of strategy possible in a well-designed game.


The dramatic climax of "The Sea of Fertility" tetraology takes place in the late 1960s. Honda, now an aged and wealthy man, discovers and adopts a sixteen-year-old orphan, Toru, as his heir, identifying him with the tragic protagonists of the three previous novels, each of whom died at the age of twenty. Honda raises and educates the boy, yet watches him, waiting.


Despite a long and rich history of African-led conflict interventions, very little is known whether regional organizations (RO) such as the AU and ECOWAS are considered legitimate authorities in today's conflicts. There is hardly any interest on the reaction, perception and contestation of RO's conflict management by those directly affected – citizens, civil society, local authorities etc. Whereas a growing literature deals with the legitimacy of the UN's peace operations as well as with grassroots perceptions of their blue helmets, similar studies relating to African RO's are scarce. However, apart from this empirical blind spot, there is also a more fundamental, epistemological problem. What unites the existing literature is either a functional understanding of legitimacy, such as Scharpf's inand output legitimacy, or a subjective conception of legitimate order inspired by Max Weber. Recent scholarly debate has highlighted the importance of different audiences, sources and practices of legitimation understood as a dynamic process rather than an attribute. However, they all relate to a theoretical background that is embedded in concepts of legitimate (democratic) order and thus limit our grasp of eventually other 'benchmarks' of legitimacy as perceived, shaped and contested by those directly affected by interventions. Studying the legitimacy of African RO's might inspire theory building as 1) African RO's have a larger authority to intervene in domestic conflict compared to other regional organizations, thus directly affect state-society relations. 2) The latter are – in contrast to the European nation-state – hardly characterized by democratic representation and legitimate authority but by the fluidity of power relations as well as a constantly changing set of actors in times of conflict. This paper argues that a bottom-up perspective on legitimacy of regional organizations could feed into novel theorizing of the meaning and function of legitimacy beyond the nation-state that deliberately draws on and theorizes from non-Western experiences. 1 This paper was presented at the Panel "What Is Africa a Case of? Connecting General Theory and Local Contexts", at the Conference of the African Studies Association in Germany (VAD e.V.), Institute of African Studies & Centre for Area Studies, Leipzig University, 30 June 2018. PRIF Working Paper No. 42


Searches for CO emission in high-redshift objects have traditionally suffered from the accuracy of optically derived redshifts for lack of bandwidth in correlators at radio observatories. This problem has motivated the creation of the new COBRA continuum correlator with 4 GHz available bandwidth at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory Millimeter Array. Presented here are the first scientific results from COBRA. We report detections of redshifted CO (J = 3 → 2) emission in the QSOs SMM J04135+10277 and VCV J140955.5+562827, as well as a probable detection in RX J0911.4+0551. At redshifts of z = 2.846, 2.585, and 2.796, we find integrated CO flux densities of 5.4, 2.4, and 2.9 Jy km s-1 for SMM J04135+10277, VCV J140955.5+562827, and RX J0911.4+0551, respectively, over line widths of ΔVFWHM ~ 350 km s-1. These measurements, when corrected for gravitational lensing, correspond to molecular gas masses of order M(H2) ~ 109.6-1011.1 M☉ and are consistent with previous CO observations of high-redshift QSOs. We also report 3 σ upper limits on CO (3 → 2) emission in the QSO LBQS 0018-0220 of 1.3 Jy km s-1. We do not detect significant 3 mm continuum emission from any of the QSOs, with the exception of a tentative (3 σ) detection in RX J0911.4+0551 of S3 mm = 0.92 mJy beam-1.


Chills (goose bumps or shivers) evoked by listening to one's favorite music are an indicator of a rewarding experience. The current study examined the relationship between individual differences in general reward sensitivity and music-evoked chills. To assess this relationship, we measured the three subscales of the behavioral activation system (BAS) and the frequency and intensity of music-evoked chills in a large-sample survey (Study 1) and a psychophysiological experiment (Study 2). One result observed in both studies was that people with high BAS reward responsiveness experienced more intense chills from music. Moreover, the results showed that the experience of chills induced highly pleasurable emotions and psychophysiological arousal. The present study suggests that general reward sensitivity is a predictor of music-evoked chills. Although music is just a sequence of tones and not clearly related to survival value, music could create a rewarding experience partially similar to other rewarding actions or events.


This Article advocates a wider judicial recognition of nuisance actions based on aesthetic considerations. Contrary to the majority of legal opinion to the contrary, it is argued that a right to enjoy property should include a right to be free from non-invasive aesthetic or visual nuisances. With modern real estate appraisal methods making it possible to express community aesthetic preferences in monetary terms, courts are now no longer prevented from using these tools in assessing injuries to real estate. Thus, determinations of aesthetic nuisance actions are not any more subjective than the current task of courts in the context of aural and olfactory nuisance disputes. Indeed, the judiciary should resolve conflicts emanating from the unaesthetic uses of land through the Restatement of Torts "objective" balancing test in order to determine what, according to prevailing community standards, is reasonable under the circumstances.The expanded popularity of aesthetic zoning in many municipalities demonstrates anew the social value of aesthetics and thereby illustrates with clarity a very conscious relationship which exists between economic development and American nuisance law. Judicial recognition of police powers to enforce zoning regulations of this order contradicts - clearly - the heretofore seen reluctance of the Common Law to confront aesthetics in the realm of nuisance and thus invites a more contemporary and enlightened judicial response to this legal issue.


There is growing interest in Europe and North America in locating wind farms in ocean space within national jurisdiction. For many States, wind is the renewable energy of choice in the search for alternatives to fossil fuels to meet emissions reductions targets established by international agreement on a large scale. Locating windfarms in the marine environment is attractive because of the availability of open spaces to accommodate extensive arrays capable of producing power on a large scale, ideal wind conditions and less likelihood of impacts that trigger public opposition, such as noise, lowering of property values and interference with landscape aesthetics.


Memory-unsafe languages are widely used to implement critical systems like kernels and browsers, leading to thousands of memory safety issues every year. A use-after-free bug is a temporal memory error where the program accidentally visits a freed memory location. Recent studies show that useafter-free is one of the most exploited memory vulnerabilities. Unfortunately, previous efforts to mitigate use-after-free bugs are not widely deployed in real-world programs due to either inadequate accuracy or high performance overhead. In this paper, we propose to resurrect the idea of one-time allocation (OTA) and provide a practical implementation with efficient execution and moderate memory overhead. With onetime allocation, the memory manager always returns a distinct memory address for each request. Since memory locations are not reused, attackers cannot reclaim freed objects, and thus cannot exploit use-after-free bugs. We utilize two techniques to render OTA practical: batch page management and the fusion of bump-pointer and fixed-size bins memory allocation styles. Batch page management helps reduce the number of system calls which negatively impact performance, while blending the two allocation methods mitigates the memory overhead and fragmentation issues. We implemented a prototype, called FFmalloc, to demonstrate our techniques. We evaluated FFmalloc on widely used benchmarks and real-world large programs. FFmalloc successfully blocked all tested useafter-free attacks while introducing moderate overhead. The results show that OTA can be a strong and practical solution to thwart use-after-free threats.


This study focused on effective teaching strategies for university professors. The researchers studied the relationship between teaching effectiveness and the dynamics of student demographics. An examination of the changes in the composition of the college population over the last few decades, based on statistical data, as well as an overview of theories of teaching and learning published in professional books and journals in both K-12 and Higher Education, provided the framework for an assessment of the effectiveness of various approaches to teaching. The final recommendations are based on the conclusions resulting from a comprehensive analysis of various research studies.