Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most prevalent cancer worldwide with about 600,000 new cases diagnosed in the last year. The incidence of human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-positive HNSCC) has rapidly increased over the past 30 years prompting the suggestion that an epidemic may be on the horizon. Therefore, there is a clinical need to develop alternate therapeutic strategies to manage the growing number of HPV-positive HNSCC patients. TriCurin is a composition of three food-derived polyphenols in unique stoichiometric proportions consisting of curcumin from the spice turmeric, resveratrol from red grapes, and epicatechin gallate from green tea. Cell viability, clonogenic survival, and tumorsphere formation were inhibited and significant apoptosis was induced by TriCurin in UMSCC47 and UPCI:SCC090 HPV-positive HNSCC cells. Moreover, TriCurin decreased HPV16E6 and HPV16E7 and increased p53 levels. In a pre-clinical animal model of HPV-positive HNSCC, intra-tumoral injection of TriCurin significantly inhibited tumor growth by 85.5% compared to vehicle group (P < 0.05, n = 7). Our results demonstrate that TriCurin is a potent anti-tumor agent for HPV-positive HNSCC. Further development of TriCurin as a novel anti-cancer therapeutic to manage the HPV-positive HNSCC population is warranted.


The cultivation of green manure crops plays an important role in soil quality and the sustainability of agricultural systems. Field experiments were conducted during one season (2007/2008) to evaluate the effects of different seeding methods on the biomass and N production of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) and barley (Hordeum vuglare). The effects of treatments on rice yield and its components were also investigated. Specifically, the following four treatments were evaluated: broadcasting before rice harvesting (BBRH), partial tillage seeding (PTS), group seeding (GS) and drill seeding (DS). The overall results showed the following ranking of biomass and nitrogen production of hairy vetch by different seeding methods: BBRH > PTS > DS > GS. Additionally, biomass and nitrogen production of barley was lower than those of hairy vetch at all tested seeding treatments. BBRH and PTS treatments led to an increase in soil bulk density, porosity and soil organic content. The application of green manure with BBRH and PTS treatments led to a significant increase in rice yield (5,330 and 5,320 kg ha -1 ) when compared to conventional fertilization. Based on the results, BBRH and PTS are good practices for production of green manure in paddy soil. Chemical fertilizers can be replaced with hairy vetch as green manure in rice-based cropping systems.


This article discusses two trends in the debates about contemporary television journalism. First, journalism is said to be increasingly subsumed an economic logic, privileging entertainment before serious journalistic practices. Most often, this is framed as if entertainment is eating its way into serious journalism, affecting it negatively and thus being detrimental for the political public sphere and political reasoning. Second, it is often pointed to a changed relation between journalism and politicians, where the latter have lost some of their power, for example, in political debates. This article relates these two trends and argues, against a field model inspired by Bourdieu, that it is not entertainment that is eating its way into journalism, but the other way around: Rather than having been absorbed by entertainment, journalism has differentiated, become more autonomous as a subfield of cultural production, and has gradually come to dominate both factual and entertainment television.


This paper argues that the discourse of self-determination should be rejected, or at least subject to serious skepticism, as the ideal discourse for articulating indigenous governance claims. First, this paper argues that some indigenous governance claims include a claim for non-statist governance forms. Given this non-statist orientation, the right to self-determination as formulated within the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) presents indigenous peoples with two equally unsatisfying scenarios: (i) the state is assumed legitimate and thus, non-statist communities, regardless of their claims, are subject to its authority or (ii) in order to be recognized as a viable alternative, non-statist groups must be prepared to exercise authority in a way that resembles the authority of the state. I refer to the combination of these scenarios as the double bind of the state. In the third section, I critically evaluate Allen Buchanan's attempts to rethink self-determination. I argue that Buchanan's account, like the framework for self-determination outlined in UNDRIP, fails to escape the double bind of the state. In the fourth section, I turn to Iris Marion Young's formulation. Whereas Buchanan fails to take the challenge to the paradigm of the state present in some indigenous governance claims seriously, Young's framework accommodates non-statist claims. That said, Young's continued use of the terminology of self-determination does no significant work in her account and, in fact, only serves to obscure the more radical aspects of her project. I argue it is more productive to read Young, not as rethinking self-determination, but as indicating, through the introduction of relational autonomy, the possibility for a political space beyond the state, and thus, beyond the current rights language of self-determination.


The use of multicomponent images has become widespread with the improvement of multisensor systems having increased spatial and spectral resolutions. However, the observed images are often corrupted by an additive Gaussian noise. In this paper, we are interested in multichannel image denoising based on a multiscale representation of the images. A multivariate statistical approach is adopted to take into account both the spatial and the intercomponent correlations existing between the different wavelet subbands. More precisely, we propose a new parametric nonlinear estimator which generalizes many reported denoising methods. The derivation of the optimal parameters is achieved by applying Stein's principle in the multivariate case. Experiments performed on multispectral remote sensing images clearly indicate that our method outperforms conventional wavelet denoising techniques.


1 Abstract Powder metal technology is an alternative manufacturing method for the series-production of gears. But the properties of PM and regular steel gears differ. Especially the values for Young's Modulus, Poisson's Ratio and the hardness are smaller, the surface is densified and the tolerance zone is wider. Since PM gears are not state of the art yet, the properties for these gears are not taken into account by regular tooth contact analysis software. In order to design gears for the manufacturing with PM technology which will show good noise and bearing behaviour, the design has to be tested by tooth contact analysis software that takes the PM characteristics into account. This paper shows the program ZaKo3D of WZL which is able to take the characteristics into account using a FE-based approach. Using ZaKo3D a case study for the design of the micro geometry of an automotive PM gear was carried out. This study, including the PM gear modelling, the sensitivity analysis and the derivation of flank modifications is presented in the paper.


Uterine leiomyomas cause heavy menstrual bleeding, anemia, and pregnancy loss in millions of women worldwide. Driver mutations in the transcriptional mediator complex subunit 12 (MED12) gene in uterine myometrial cells initiate 70% of leiomyomas that grow in a progesterone-dependent manner. We showed a distinct chromatin occupancy landscape of MED12 in mutant MED12 (mut-MED12) versus WT-MED12 leiomyomas. Integration of cistromic and transcriptomics data identified tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) as the top mut-MED12 target gene that was significantly upregulated in mut-MED12 leiomyomas when compared with adjacent myometrium and WT-MED12 leiomyomas. TDO2 catalyzes the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligand that we confirmed to be significantly elevated in mut-MED12 leiomyomas. Treatment of primary mut-MED12 leiomyoma cells with tryptophan or kynurenine stimulated AHR nuclear translocation, increased proliferation, inhibited apoptosis, and induced AHR-target gene expression, whereas blocking the TDO2/kynurenine/AHR pathway by siRNA or pharmacological treatment abolished these effects. Progesterone receptors regulated the expression of AHR and its target genes. In vivo, TDO2 expression positively correlated with the expression of genes crucial for leiomyoma growth. In summary, activation of the TDO2/kynurenine/AHR pathway selectively in mut-MED12 leiomyomas promoted tumor growth and may inform the future development of targeted treatments and precision medicine.


Climate‐induced changes in the physical, chemical, and biological environment are expected to increasingly stress marine ecosystems, with important consequences for fisheries exploitation. Here, we use the APECOSM‐E numerical model (Apex Predator ECOSystem Model ‐ Estimation) to evaluate the future impacts of climate change on the physiology, spatial distribution, and abundance of skipjack tuna, the worldwide most fished species of tropical tuna. The main novelties of our approach lie in the mechanistic link between environmental factors, metabolic rates, and behavioral responses and in the fully three dimensional representation of habitat and population abundance. Physical and biogeochemical fields used to force the model are provided by the last generation of the IPSL‐CM5 Earth System Model run from 1990 to 2100 under a 'business‐as‐usual' scenario (RCP8.5). Our simulations show significant changes in the spatial distribution of skipjack tuna suitable habitat, as well as in their population abundance. The model projects deterioration of skipjack habitat in most tropical waters and an improvement of habitat at higher latitudes. The primary driver of habitat changes is ocean warming, followed by food density changes. Our projections show an increase of global skipjack biomass between 2010 and 2050 followed by a marked decrease between 2050 and 2095. Spawning rates are consistent with population trends, showing that spawning depends primarily on the adult biomass. On the other hand, growth rates display very smooth temporal changes, suggesting that the ability of skipjack to keep high metabolic rates in the changing environment is generally effective. Uncertainties related to our model spatial resolution, to the lack or simplification of key processes and to the climate forcings are discussed.


Motorized antenna is a key element in overseas satellite telecommunication. The control system directs the on-board antenna toward a chosen satellite while the high sea waves disturb the antenna. Certain faults (communication system malfunction or signal blocking) cause interruption in the communication connection resulting in loss of the tracking functionality, and instability of the antenna. In this brief, a fault tolerant control (FTC) system is proposed for the satellite tracking antenna. The FTC system maintains the tracking functionality by employing proper control strategy. A robust fault diagnosis system is designed to supervise the FTC system. The employed fault diagnosis solution is able to estimate the faults for a class of nonlinear systems acting under external disturbances. Effectiveness of the method is verified through implementation and test on an antenna system.


The dense water flowing out from the Weddell Sea (WS) significantly contributes to Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) and plays an important role in the Meridional Overturning Circulation. The larger amount of this dense water consists of Weddell Sea Deep Water (WSDW) formed in the WS, mainly in front of the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelves and the Larsen Ice Shelf (LIS). We performed model simulations and analysis of hydrographic data that highlight the importance of the second source. Model simulations indicate that dense waters placed on the continental shelf off LIS flow down the slope and contribute to the WSDW that renews the AABW further downstream. Measurements made during the Polarstern cruise ANT XXIX-3 (2013) add evidence to the importance of the source in the western Weddell Sea. Using Optimum Multiparameter Analysis we show that the dense water found on the continental shelf in front of the former Larsen A and B together with water originating from Larsen C increases the thickness of the WSDW layer in 50%, and changes the temperature and salinity of this water mass. These modifications occur close to the WSDW outflow paths and therefore have high influence on the AABW properties.


Improvements in ion trap instrumentation have made ndimensional mass spectrometry more practical. The overall goal of the study was to describe a model for making use of MS and MS information in mass spectrometry experiments. We present a statistical model for adjusting peptide identification probabilities based on the combined information obtained by coupling peptide assignments of consecutive MS and MS spectra. Using two data sets, a mixture of known proteins and a complex phosphopeptide-enriched sample, we demonstrate an increase in discriminating power of the adjusted probabilities compared with models using MS or MS data only. This work also addresses the overall value of generating MS data as compared with an MS-only approach with a focus on the analysis of phosphopeptide data. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 6:71–87, 2007.


ABSTRACT Blue crabs Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 support large commercial and recreational fisheries along the Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Female blue crabs are traditionally believed to produce one to six broods in their lifetime. However, recent evidence has shown that females have the ability to spawn up to eight broods in a single spawning season, with as many as 18 broods over their lifespan. In this study, fecundity and egg diameter were examined by brood class (primiparous, multiparous) in the spring and summer/fall. Mean carapace width of females was significantly different between brood class and season, with the largest females in the spring. There was a positive relationship between fecundity and carapace width. Although primiparous spring females were the most fecund (3.2 ± 1.5 million eggs), no statistically significant differences in fecundity by brood class and season were found. Loss of eggs occurred during embryonic development; primiparous females lost ∼0.9 million eggs whereas multiparous females lost ∼0.1 million. Egg diameter and carapace width of the female were positively correlated. There was no difference in egg diameter between brood classes, but eggs were 9.9% larger in diameter during the spring than summer/fall. There was an inverse relationship between fecundity and egg diameter. Seasonality appeared to play an important role in the reproductive life history of blue crabs in the northern GOM. Larger crabs and larger eggs in the spring may be related to quality and quantity of available food and temperature conditions for optimal growth.


Odran Yates enters Clonliffe Seminary in 1972 after his mother informs him that he has a vocation to the priesthood. He goes in full of ambition and hope, dedicated to his studies and keen to make friends. Forty years later, Odran's devotion has been challenged by the revelations that have shattered the Irish people's faith in the church. He has seen friends stand trial, colleagues jailed, the lives of young parishioners destroyed and has become nervous of venturing out in public for fear of disapproving stares and insulting remarks. But when a family tragedy opens wounds from his past, he is forced to confront the demons that have raged within a once respected institution and recognise his own complicity in their propagation. It has taken John Boyne fifteen years and twelve novels to write about his home country of Ireland but he has done so now in his most powerful novel to date, a novel about blind dogma and moral courage, and about the dark places where the two can meet. At once courageous and intensely personal, A History of Loneliness confirms Boyne as one of the most searching chroniclers of his generation.


Treatment of anterior uveitis commonly requires 6–8 times daily administration of eye drops, which often leads to poor patient compliance. The treatment of intermediate and posterior uveitis is restricted to either oral medications with significant systemic side effects or local invasive methods, which are more expensive and associated with the development of ocular complications. There is an unmet need for a new drug delivery system that addresses these challenges. DSP-Visulex is a noninvasive drug delivery system that administers dexamethasone sodium phosphate by passive diffusion through the limbal sclera into the interior of the eye utilizing the transscleral pathway. Once-a-week administration of DSP-Visulex treatment regimens (i.e., 1–5 doses per month) has shown to be safe and efficacious for noninfectious uveitis in animal models including anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis, and/ or panuveitis. In a clinical study of anterior uveitis, the DSP-Visulex treatments also have been shown to be safe and well tolerated and their efficacy (administered on days 1, 3, 8, and 15 with an optional treatment on Day 22) was comparable to that of the daily prednisolone acetate drops.


The Project seeks to investigate the relationship between the visual virtuosity of
pictorial space and the conjecture it bestows on the spectator. It does so by
scrutinizing the visual, historic and metaphoric attributes of 17 th and 18th century
Quadratura ceiling painting as a speculative implication of self-image. In this way,
the anamorphic canopy of the Apotheosis becomes an allegorical symbol of 'the
process of becoming' or aspiring to 'personal best'.
The role of the ceiling appliance in my work is that of a contained decorative device,
elements of a greater apparatus. These are sutured together as a tapestry of this genus
in order to create an explanatory manifest of my experience of this genre. It is a
collage of an abstracted, faux- realism, where the map of the heavens is pulled from
the 'sotto in su' [up from under] and reinstalled on a conventional axis.
As simulacra of a Catholic or Mythological eternity, the rendering of the Apotheosis,
while being, historically, a flirtation with immortality, re-emerges as accelerated
ocular saturations within the digital era. Its parallel universe within contemporary
practice is the extreme spectacle of Hyper-Maximism occurring within the
'Mondrian in Hyperspace' of Benjamin Edwards, the "Amphetamine Rauschenberg"
of Shepard Fairey, James Rosenquist's propulsion towards media catastrophe, and
the cultural splatter-fest of Joe Coleman together with the Clayton Brothers. The
visual connections of the Apotheosis are also absolutely indexed within the
topographical epilepsy of Stencil Art. The dense, layered surface establishes the
exquisite irony of disproportionate detail being the vehicle by which Realism
becomes abstraction. My work attempts to transcend realism by evoking a sense of virtual hallucination
within a facsimilized vision of Apotheosis and its anti-gravitational transferral. While
the original Counter-Reformation promise was revelation through eloquent artifice, it
was a cross-bred, mercantile version of divine light. The cupola or ceiling became
convincing Evangelic grammar. While it spoke louder than the scriptures, it is a
familiar space and it addresses us directly in the proverbial language of the televisual
world. I weave these Baroque spores of spectacle within the tapestry of
contemporary practice. The major pieces evolved from preliminary appendices of surface, space and illusion.
They largely addressed the notion of the nobility of objects and the relationship
between wall and ceiling. Here the hybrid began to emerge as each work asserted
itself as genuine, given the space they replicated - The Mars Salon (Versailles), the
Graphics Arts Consultation room (Louvre) or the Object'd'Arts Gallery (The Getty
Museum), but the intension was to produce convincing pastiches, that summarised
the adventure.
These early works evolved into major forensic dissections based on the husks of the
St Nicholas Cathedral in Prague and the II Gesu in Rome. Their architectural
structures served as a larder or scaffold into which alternative anamorphic devices
and interior apparatus could be transplanted. The fusion of alternative fresco schemas
and interior manifests create a collaboration between decorative fetish and a desire
for spectacle. The visual catharsis of these spaces is the paragon of my personal
apotheosis, and ultimately, my portrait.


Abstract : Mission planners seek to target nodes and/or arcs in networks that have the greatest benefit for an operational plan. In joint interdiction doctrine, a top priority is to assess and target the enemy's vulnerabilities resulting in a significant effect on its forces. An interdiction task is an event that targets the nodes and/or arcs of a network resulting in its capabilities being destroyed, diverted, disrupted, or delayed. Lessons learned from studying network interdiction model outcomes help to inform attack and/or defense strategies. A suite of network interdiction models and measures is developed to assist decision makers in identifying critical nodes and/or arcs to support deliberate and rapid planning and analysis. The interdiction benefit of a node or arc is a measure of the impact an interdiction task against it has on the residual network. The research objective is achieved with a two-fold approach. The measures approach begins with a network and uses node and/or arc measures to assess the benefit of each for interdiction. Concurrently, the models approach employs optimization models to explicitly determine the nodes and/or arcs that are most important to the planned interdiction task.


This authoritative survey provides the first comprehensive map of the trials and tribuations of the West European left over the last decade. Organized as a series of tightly linked, comparative assessments, it provides a guide to the state of the left in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany, Britain, France, Italy and Spain. While all the essays are detailed historical compositions -- setting recent crises and dilemmas in a longer perspective reaching back into the postwar settlement -- they articulate original insights into the contemporary political conjuncture. Why did Swedish social democracy lose hegemony and direction while its Norwegian counterpart showed unexpected resilience? What was the background to the Danish rebellion against Maastricht? What are the prospects for the SPD and the Greens in post-unification Germany? Should the British Labour Party embrace electoral reform? What propelled the French Socialist Party from triumph to disaster? And why did the Italian left fail to fill the vacuum created by the collapse of the Christian Democrats? Behind the questions explored by the contributors to Mapping the West European Left lie deeper issues concerning the future of radical politics in Europe after the repudiation of Keynsianism and the end of communism. With the individual country analyses synthesized by the editors in a concise and comprehensive introductory essay, this book provides key pointers to the social forces and ideological platforms that offer lines of advance to the left today. Contributors: Tobias Abse (Italy), Patrick Camiller (Spain), Adne Cappelen (Norway), Niels Finn Christiansen (Denmark), Jan Fagerberg (Norway), Jane Jenson (France), Peter Mair (Britain), Lars Mjoset (Norway), Stephen Padgett (Germany), William Paterson (Germany), Jonas Pontusson (Sweden), George Ross (France), Bent Sofus Tranoy (Norway)


Purpose: To report our experience using a commercially available catheter-based system equipped with an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) transducer to achieve controlled true lumen re-entry in patients undergoing subintimal angioplasty for chronic total occlusions (CTO) or aortic dissections. Methods: During an 8-month period, 10 patients (6 men; mean age 73.4 years) with lower extremity (LE) ischemia from CTOs (n=7) or true lumen collapse from aortic dissections (n=3) were treated. Subintimal access and controlled re-entry of the CTOs were performed with a commercially available 6.2-F dual-lumen catheter, which contained an integrated 64-element phased-array IVUS transducer and a deployable 24-G needle through which a guidewire was passed once the target lumen was reached. The occluded segments were balloon dilated; self-expanding nitinol stents were deployed. In the aortic dissections, fenestrations were performed using the same device, with the IVUS unit acting as the guide. The fenestrations were balloon dilated and stented to support the true lumen. Results: Time to effective re-entry ranged from 6 to 10 minutes (mean 7) in the CTOs; antegrade flow was restored in all 7 CTOs, and the patients were free of ischemic symptoms at up to 8-month follow-up. In the aortic dissection cases, the fenestrations equalized pressures between the lumens and restored flow into the compromised vessels. There were no complications related to the use of this device in any of the 10 patients. Conclusions: Our preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of using this catheter-based system for subintimal recanalization with controlled re-entry in CTOs and for aortic flap fenestrations in aortic dissections. This approach can improve the technical success rate, reduce the time of the procedure, and minimize potential complications.


Metal-organic supramolecular chemistry on surfaces has matured to a point where its underlying growth mechanisms are well understood and structures of defined coordination environments of metal atoms can be synthesized in a controlled and reproducible procedure. With surface-confined molecular self-assembly, scientists have a tool box at hand which can be used to prepare structures with desired properties, as for example a defined oxidation number and spin state of the transition metal atoms within the organic matrix. From a structural point of view, these coordination sites in the supramolecular structure resemble the catalytically active sites of metallo-enzymes, both characterized by metal centers coordinated to organic ligands. Several chemical reactions take place at these embedded metal ions in enzymes and the question arises whether these reactions also take place using metal-organic networks as catalysts. Mimicking the active site of metal atoms and organic ligands of enzymes in artificial systems is the key to understanding the selectivity and efficiency of enzymatic reactions. Their catalytic activity depends on various parameters including the charge and spin configuration in the metal ion, but also on the organic environment, which can stabilize intermediate reaction products, inhibits catalytic deactivation, and serves mostly as a transport channel for the reactants and products and therefore ensures the selectivity of the enzyme. Charge and spin on the transition metal in enzymes depend on the one hand on the specific metal element, and on the other hand on its organic coordination environment. These two parameters can carefully be adjusted in surface confined metal-organic networks, which can be synthesized by virtue of combinatorial mixing of building synthons. Different organic ligands with varying functional groups can be combined with several transition metals and spontaneously assemble into ordered networks. The catalytically active metal centers are adequately separated by the linking molecules and constitute promising candiates for heterogeneous catalysts. Recent advances in synthesis, characterization, and catalytic performance of metal-organic networks are highlighted in this Account. Experimental results like structure determination of the networks, charge and spin distribution in the metal centers, and catalytic mechanisms for electrochemical reactions are presented. In particular, we describe the activity of two networks for the oxygen reduction reaction in a combined scanning tunneling microscopy and electrochemical study. The similarities and differences of the networks compared to metallo-enzymes will be discussed, such as the metal surface that operates as a geometric template and concomitantly functions as an electron reservoir, and how this leads to a new class of bioinspired catalysts. The possibility to create functional two-dimensional coordination complexes at surfaces taking inspiration from nature opens up a new route for the design of potent nanocatalyst materials for energy conversion.


ABSTRACT This study explores the neighborhood disparities in access to street arts festivals (SAFs) based on a case study of Chicago. The city's street closure permit database is used to identify the locations of SAFs and examine how access to SAFs is associated with the characteristics of neighborhoods. The results show that SAFs are highly spatially concentrated and are not equally accessible from different types of neighborhoods. Specifically, access to SAFs within walking distance declines significantly as the proportions of Black, Hispanic, and elderly residents increase. A comparative analysis finds that SAFs are even less accessible than museums/art galleries from Black or Hispanic neighborhoods and areas with a higher share of elderly residents. However, neighborhood income is not a significant predictor of SAF accessibility. This study's findings have important implications for policymakers because they suggest that SAFs further disadvantage certain types of historically underserved neighborhoods, especially Black neighborhoods, regarding arts accessibility.


According to The Concrete Centre, in the UK shear walls have become an inseparable part of almost every reinforced concrete frame building. Recently, the construction industry has questioned the need for shear walls in low to mid-rise RC frame buildings. This study tried to address the issue in two stages: The first stage, the feasibility of removing shear walls in an existing design for a residential building where ETABS and CONCEPT software were used to investigate the structural performance and cost-effectiveness respectively. The second stage, the same structure was examined in various locations in the UK to investigate regional effects. This study demonstrated that the building without shear wall could provide adequate serviceability and strength within the safe range defined by Eurocodes. As a result, construction time, overall cost and required concrete volume are reduced which in turn enhance the sustainability of concrete construction.


Through recently declassified intelligence documents, this book reveals for the first time the complete story of Americas wartime knowledge about, encouragement of, and secret collaboration with the German resistance to Hitler. Unorthodox and often dangerous schemes were developed, including bogus resistance newspapers, anti-Nazi letters and postcards distributed through the German postal service, sabotage, and fake radio broadcasts from German generals calling for uprisings against the regime. These intelligence reports provide a fascinating new perspective on the story of the German resistance to Hitler and reveal an intriguing and previously unexplored aspect of Americas war with Hitler. }Even paranoids have enemies. Hitlers most powerful foes were the Allied powers, but he also feared internal conspiracies bent on overthrowing his malevolent regime. In fact, there was a small but significant internal resistance to the Nazi regime, and it did receive help from the outside world. Through recently declassified intelligence documents, this book reveals for the first time the complete story of Americas wartime knowledge about, encouragement of, and secret collaboration with the German resistance to Hitlerincluding the famous July 20th plot to assassinate the Fuehrer.The U.S. governments secret contacts with the anti-Nazi resistance were conducted by the OSS, the World War II predecessor to the CIA. Highly sensitive intelligence reports recently released by the CIA make it evident that the U.S. government had vast knowledge of what was going on inside the Third Reich. For example, a capitulation offer to the western Allies under consideration by Count von Moltke in 1943 was thoroughly discussed within the U.S. government. And Allen Dulles, who was later to become head of the CIA, was well informed about the legendary plot of July 20th. In fact, these secret reports from inside Germany provide a well-rounded picture of German society, revealing the pro- or anti-Nazi attitudes of different social groups (workers, churches, the military, etc. ). The newly released documents also show that scholars in the OSS, many of them recruited from ivy-league universities, looked for anti-Nazi movements and leaders to help create a democratic Germany after the war.Such intelligence gathering was a major task of the OSS. However, OSS director Wild Bill Donovan and others favored subversive operations, spreading disinformation, and issuing propaganda. Unorthodox and often dangerous schemes were developed, including bogus resistance newspapers, anti-Nazi letters and postcards distributed through the German postal service, sabotage, and fake radio broadcasts from German generals calling for uprisings against the regime.This is much more than a documentary collection. Explanatory footnotes supply a wealth of background information for the reader, and a comprehensive introduction puts the documents into their wider historical perspective. Arranged in chronological order, these intelligence reports provide a fascinating new perspective on the story of the German resistance to Hitler and reveal an intriguing and previously unexplored aspect of Americas war with Hitler. }


This data set includes the nearshore bathymetry of the Florida Keys, from Islamorada to the Dry Tortugas, as lines representing bathymetric contours and polygons representing the depth ranges between the contours. While only the polygon data are served on the ArcIMS site, line contours are also available by request. Please see the Distribution Information section below for data request procedures. Geonex digitized the contours during 1991-1992 from clean, wrinkle-free paper National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) nautical charts. Geonex used the most current versions of the charts available at that time. The source charts used to create this data set varied in scale from 1:10000 to 1:80000, but in all cases, the largest scale charts available were used. Geonex staff members also interpolated additional contours not present on the charts.


Lampung, Sumatra is one of the targeted areas of the millennium development goal (MDG) in Indonesia, particularly related issues on energy and healthy water. The aim of this paper is to look at the impact of programs related to drinking water and renewable energy projects on two villages in the East Mesuji region of Lampung through field observations (conducted in the villages of Tanjung Menang and Tanjung Mas Makmur) and interview. The interviews were given to community leaders in the village of Tanjung Menang. The results show that both villages have continuing problems in regard to poor water quality, sanitation, short energy supplies, vulnerable to increasing energy prices, environmental degradation. The renewable energy projects were not successful due to a variety of issues including ownership, overestimating usage and underestimating affordability, use of the technology for applications that it was not designed for and lack of adequate training for the villagers.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the seroprevalence of varicella zoster in paediatric patients at a high risk of developing complications.

DESIGN
A cross-sectional study.

SETTING
Paediatric general wards at Kenyatta National Hospital.

SUBJECTS
Children with malignancies, severe malnutrition and were HIV positive.

INTERVENTIONS
The sample size was calculated at 147 subjects. Venous samples were tested for varicella zoster virus (VZV) antibodies using enzyme immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique at Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) laboratories, The data were analysed using the SPSS software and presented in form of tables and graphs. The prevalence of VZV antibodies was determined and 95% confidence interval computed.

RESULTS
The overall seroprevalence of VZV antibodies in the three groups of children studied was 23.6% (95% CI = 17.4, 29.8). The seroprevalence of VZV antibodies in those with malignancies and severe malnutrition was 24.1 and 25.0% respectively. About 22% of HIV positive children had protective levels of VZV antibodies. Though the seroprevalence increased with age, it was not significantly associated with area of residence, size of residence, family size or income.

CONCLUSIONS
The low prevalence of protective VZV antibodies among children with severe malnutrition, malignancies and HIV infection children at Kenyatta National Hospital warrants routine immunisation of the high-risk population.


This paper uses a unique data set on over 1,400 world leaders between 1848 and 2004 to investigate differences in educational qualifications between leaders who are selected in democracies and autocracies. After including country and year fixed effects, we find that democracies are around 20% more likely to select highly educated leaders. This finding is robust to a wide range of specifications, choices of subsamples, controls, and ways of measuring education and democracy.


Abstract The aim of this study is to examine how transformational and transactional leaders, boost the employees' innovative work behaviour, directly or through work engagement, organizational climate for innovation and absorptive capacity in Latin American firms. A non-random sample of 1429 employees was used who had been working at least one year in the current company. The sample, composed of workers from different industries, was collected in postgraduate programs of business schools from seven Latin American countries. A multi-group structural equation model was built with the involved variables, which adopted two different conditions: i.e., unconstrained and constrained questionnaire measurement weights. According to the results, leadership by itself is insufficient to promote employees innovative work behaviour. Transformational and transactional leadership exert effect on this behaviour only through absorptive capacity and work engagement respectively. Likewise, absorptive capacity and employee work engagement show direct effects on innovative work behaviour. Additionally, organizational climate for innovation shows a significant moderating effect on the all relationships included in the model. Despite the cultural differences, the two-condition model yielded the same effect in each country, which indicates the validity of a general model of innovative work behaviour for the whole region supporting the common identity of this region. As a conclusion, leadership practices are needed to encourage innovative work behaviour within the Latin American organizational context, however some individual (engagement) and organizational (absorptive capacity) conditions are also needed to ensure this effect. Implications for human resources management are discussed.


This research shows that shame plays an important role in retaliation for participants from an honor culture, an even more important role than anger. In a scenario study (N = 77), comparing insulted and non-insulted participants from honor cultures and nonhonor cultures, participants responded to a situation in which they had a conflict with a peer. Results showed that participants from honor cultures felt more shame, more anger, more willingness to retaliate and more metashame (the extent to which they think that other people think they should feel ashamed) than participants from nonhonor cultures, but only when they were insulted during the conflict. Moreover, regression analyses showed that feelings of shame were more predictive of willingness to retaliate than feelings of anger. This research highlights the role of shame in retaliation, and suggests that shame requires a different kind of conflict management than anger.


What does the future hold for the theory and practice of management? What role, if any, is there for organisational communication in these deliberations? Exactly which aspects of communication contribute centrally to the core of corporate practice? This book addresses itself to these and other key issues. In this chapter our objective is to contextualise the book by examining a number of areas central to this overall ambition. ¢ We look at the business context in which most organisations now work. Many if not all are under enormous external pressure. The agenda faced by managers is crowded to breaking point. These pressures sometimes see organisations fragment rather than cohere. A primary focus on the bottom line has often elbowed other considerations, including communication, to the sidelines. In the process, the theory and practice of management has entered into crisis. Many aspects of this crisis are explored in this book, and we showcase some of the main themes in the present chapter. ¢ We explore whether organisational communication makes any difference to how organisations function and how their internal relationships are managed. Recent years have seen a voluminous research literature into the human dimensions of organisational functioning. Communication has contributed tothis, directly and indirectly. Our discussion of these issues does not presume that all members of organisations share a common set of interests and a readily agreed set of priorities or goals - what some researchers would describe as a ˜unitarist or ˜functionalist bias. Rather, it is to emphasise that while many management theorists have been developing inclusive agendas of involvement, participation and empowerment, most management practice has been marching to a different drum, and in the opposite direction. ¢ We discuss precisely what we mean by the terms ˜communication in general, and organisational communication in particular. Our intention is to alert readers at the outset to the themes that they will find in the chapters to follow. Contributors to this volume repeatedly discuss the communications implications of issues that have been deemed vital to the theory and practice of management. It is essential that readers appreciate the full range of issues implied by any discussion of communication, the better to grasp their full implications. ¢ We summarise some key debates in the field concerning the parameters of organisation science and organisational communication. Thus, we acknowledge that there is no one agreed agenda guiding communication research, or a single theoretical paradigm that is employed when communication processes are analysed. For example, some researchers adopt a critical management perspective, in which a principal concern is to explore relationships of power and domination. Others pursue a more positivistic agenda, characterised by a search for causal explanations of observable phenomenon. Readers will find a variety of approaches in the text, and are alerted here to some of the main issues involved.Clearly, therefore, this book is not intended as an introductory text on organisational communication or management. While we outline some basic principles of communication in this chapter, the main thrust of the book is to explore the brutal dilemmas that now confront organisations daily, and illuminate many of the debates engulfing the field from the often neglected perspective of communication studies.


The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis was the most important geochemical event in Earth history, causing the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) ∼2.4 b.y. ago. However, evidence is mixed as to whether O2 production occurred locally as much as 2.8 b.y. ago, creating O2 oases, or initiated just prior to the GOE. The biogeochemical dynamics of possible O2 oases have been poorly constrained due to the absence of modern analogs. However, cyanobacteria in microbial mats in a perennially anoxic region of Lake Fryxell, Antarctica, create a 1–2 mm O2-containing layer in the upper mat during summer, providing the first known modern analog for formation of benthic O2 oases. In Lake Fryxell, benthic cyanobacteria are present below the oxycline in the lake. Mat photosynthesis rates were slow due to low photon flux rate (1–2 µmol m−2 s−1) under thick ice cover, but photosynthetic O2 production was sufficient to sustain up to 50 µmol O2 L−1, sandwiched between anoxic overlying water and anoxic sediments. We hypothesize that Archean cyanobacteria could have similarly created O2 oases in benthic mats prior to the GOE. Analogous mats may have been at least partly responsible for geological evidence of oxidative weathering prior to the GOE, and habitats such as Lake Fryxell provide natural laboratories where the impact of benthic O2 oases on biogeochemical signatures can be investigated.


into empirical, corpus-based learning approaches to natural language processing (NLP). Most empirical NLP work to date has focused on relatively low-level language processing such as part-ofspeech tagging, text segmentation, and syntactic parsing. The success of these approaches has stimulated research in using empirical learning techniques in other facets of NLP, including semantic analysis—uncovering the meaning of an utterance. This article is an introduction to some of the emerging research in the application of corpusbased learning techniques to problems in semantic interpretation. In particular, we focus on two important problems in semantic interpretation, namely, word-sense disambiguation and semantic parsing.


A 2-year-old boy was brought to the emergency department by his mother after he slipped and fell in the bathtub. The boy's father, who had been bathing the child when the injury occurred, reported that he had briefly turned his back while the child was attempting to drink from the hook-shaped faucet. The child had jerked his head upward when he fell, thus causing the sharp edge of the faucet tip to lodge in the soft floor of the mouth beneath the tongue. The father, in desperation, wrenched the faucet from its base and then was able to remove the tip from the child's mouth. During the removal process, the child reached up and also cut his finger on the sharp edge of the faucet.


Early endosomes collect and sort cargoes before maturing into late endosomes that ferry those cargoes to the lysosome. Liu et al. identify two proteins that spur early endosomes to transform and thus help ensure that cellular deliveries occur on schedule (1).

FOCAL POINT  (Left to right) Kai Liu, Chonglin Yang, Youli Jian, and colleagues investigated how maturing early endosomes control levels of PtdIns3P. They determined that sorf-1 and sorf-2 spur early endosomes to replace PtdIns3P. If endosomes don't swap out PtdIns3P, intracellular trafficking is disrupted. Time-lapse imaging shows that normal endosomes (green) rapidly pass on the red dye TR-BSA (top row). But enlarged endosomes lacking sorf-1 and sorf-2 (bottom row) retain the compound.

PHOTO COURTESY OF YUDONG JIN

As an early endosome morphs into a late endosome, it revamps its molecular composition. Early endosomes carry the GTPase Rab5, which attracts components, such as Vps34 and the CORVET/HOPS tethering complex, that enable them to fuse with other early endosomes (2). Early endosomes also carry phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P), a phospholipid that promotes fusion with other early endosomes and helps sort cargoes (3). When early endosomes begin to convert into late endosomes, they swap Rab5 for the GTPase Rab7. And instead of PtdIns3P, late endosomes sport the phosphatidylinositide PtdIns(3,5)P2 (4). Replacement of PtdIns3P is a key step, but researchers are still trying to work out which proteins control its levels on maturing endosomes.

Liu et al. followed endosome maturation in C. elegans coelomocytes, the worm's version of macrophages. The researchers had previously discovered that knocking out VPS-18, a component of the CORVET/HOPS complex, impairs fusion between endosomes and lysosomes. When they screened worms for mutations that could partially overcome this defect, the researchers identified two genes they named sorf-1 and sorf-2.

"We've discovered a mechanism for PtdIns3P regulation on endosomes."

Loss of either gene resulted in oversized early endosomes carrying extra amounts of PtdIns3P. To determine the genes' roles in endosome dynamics, the researchers injected a red dye into worms. In normal nematodes, coelomocytes absorb the dye, which then briefly appears in early endosomes before moving on to late endosomes. In worms lacking either sorf-1 or sorf-2, however, the dye remained longer in early endosomes.

Next, the researchers tracked the levels of Rab7 and PtdIns3P on maturing endosomes. In cells from normal worms, the amount of PtdIns3P on endosomes rose and stabilized. The level then plunged at about the same time as the level of Rab7 peaked. But in cells from worms missing sorf-1, sorf-2, or both genes, PtdIns3P remained on endosomes for about twice as long.

PtdIns3P didn't leave the endosomes at all if Liu et al. also deleted one of the genes involved in replacing Rab5 with Rab7. So the researchers asked what happens to early endosomes if PtdIns3P doesn't depart. Although early endosomes often merge with each other, endosomes that retained PtdIns3P fused even more often, producing giant organelles. These results indicate that SORF-1 and SORF-2 team up with the Rab-switching proteins to reduce PtdIns3P levels on maturing endosomes, thereby preventing them from growing too large.

To determine which proteins help SORF-1 and SORF-2 perform this job, the researchers deleted genes that alter PtdIns3P abundance. They discovered that Beclin1, which is part of the PI3K complex that synthesizes PtdIns3P on early endosomes, interacts with SORF-1 and SORF-2. Their experiments suggest that sorf-1 and sorf-2 act through Beclin1 to reduce PtdIns3P synthesis on early endosomes.

Humans carry their own versions of SORF-1 and SORF-2, WDR91 and WDR81. Liu et al. determined that these proteins gather on early endosomes in human cells and interact with Beclin1. By inhibiting the PI3K complex, WDR91 and WDR81 diminish PtdIns3P levels and promote intracellular trafficking.

Prompt endosome transport is important for many cellular functions, including signaling, and the study suggests that sorf-1 and sorf-2 speed the process along by promoting endosome maturation. "We've discovered a mechanism for PtdIns3P regulation on endosomes," says senior author Chonglin Yang. The findings might also provide insight into the mechanism behind a rare disease. Mutations in WDR81 trigger CAMRQ2 syndrome. The symptoms of the illness, which include mental retardation and the inability to walk, could stem from faulty endosome transport. The results suggest that researchers should check whether mutations in WDR91 also cause disease, Yang says.


Article history: Received: October 1, 2016 Received in revised format: November 16, 2016 Accepted: March 7, 2017 Available online: March 7, 2017 In this article, we present an acceptance sampling plan for machine replacement problem based on the backward dynamic programming model. Discount dynamic programming is used to solve a two-state machine replacement problem. We plan to design a model for maintenance by considering the quality of the item produced. The purpose of the proposed model is to determine the optimal threshold policy for maintenance in a finite time horizon. We create a decision tree based on a sequential sampling including renew, repair and do nothing and wish to achieve an optimal threshold for making decisions including renew, repair and continue the production in order to minimize the expected cost. Results show that the optimal policy is sensitive to the data, for the probability of defective machines and parameters defined in the model. This can be clearly demonstrated by a sensitivity analysis technique. © 2017 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


Abstract To investigate pre- and post-zygotic isolation between two sympatric and phylogenetically related species of Lysmata shrimp, two assays were conducted in the laboratory: (1) no specific mate choice where mating between the two species was 'forced'; (2) specific mate choice or preference where a female had a choice between conspecific and heterospecifc males. Behavioural studies reveal that female L. wurdemanni accepted only conspecific male shrimp, whereas L. boggessi females would mate with an interspecific male if there was no conspecific male present. When males of both species were present, L. boggessi female always mated with the conspecific male. Male L. boggessi in general did not respond to the sex pheromones secreted by female L. wurdemanni and did not display any pre-copulatory behaviour to newly moulted female L. wurdemanni. On the other hand, some male L. wurdemanni responded to female L. boggessi. Although mating was successful between male L. wurdemanni and female L. boggessi, the resulting embryos lived at most for 10 days and failed to hatch. The results indicate that the two species are both pre-zygotically and post-zygotically isolated. Behavioural observation suggests that chemical cues are most likely responsible for pre-zygotic isolation.


The question of human mobility, intrinsically a motor for all development and a basic, indeed vital, aspect of human existence, has long been relegated to blind spots, most especially where cross-border migration is concerned. Until very recently, it was also largely demarcated to the realms of national and, at best, regional, matters, rather than as an issue of shared international responsibility—an ill-thought but abiding bid perhaps, to contain, constrain, and control a global human phenomenon that might otherwise prove chaotic to the fundamental notions of sovereignty, borders, and citizenship that structure and to a great extent determine, the priorities of international relations.


Shortage of fossil fuels has forcing people to find out alternatives to fulfill their needs
especially in transportation, industrial sector, and residential sector. Many types of
alternatives energy have been developed where hydrogen energy is part from that.
Furthemore, the demand of producing this energy had arised especially during the oil
crisis. One of the ways to produce hydrogen is through gasification process. However,
this process always has problems which reducing its efficient. Problem like condensable
tar formation and ash formation should be solved in order to make sure the amount of
gas produced is significant then can meet the customer's demand. Gasification process
used biomass as its feed. Hence, the large number of biomass in Malaysia like rice husk,
coconut shell and rice straw which can be found mostly at northern and east-coat states
(Kedah, Perlis and Kelantan) have high potential to be developed to be used as
gasification feed. However, the nature features of these biomasses like having high
moisture content and moderate calorific value would contribute to another problem in
gasifier like tar formation later. Moreover, highly cost may be needed to extract potential
values of energy rice husks if no earlier treatement be done on it. Due to that, author has
interested to do research on this process which entitled as "Torrefaction on rice husk,
paddy straw, and coconut shell to improve its properties for enhancing gasification
efficiency".The purpose to enhance the efficiency is to increase the production rate of
hydrogen from biomass gasification process. This project aims to develop torrefied
biomass that has desired properties like lower moisture content and higher calorific
value. Two parameters are being observed in the experiment which is particular sizes
and torrefaction temperature. The reaction time will be constant at 1 hour and 30
minutes. Two particular sizes are studied which are 250μm and 500μm. At the same
time, two different torrefaction temperatures are studied which are 240 and 280 degree
Celcius. In general, the experiment results prove that the properties of samples (biomass)
can be improved where has lower moisture content and also have higher calorific value.
Higher torrefaction temperature (280 degree Celcius) makes more moisture being
released to the air as well as gaining higher calorific value. Smaller particular size (250
μm) also contributes to higher evaporation rate of moisture content compared to samples
at size 500 μm.


We investigate the critical behavior of a near-critical fluid confined between two parallel plates in contact with a reservoir by calculating the order parameter profile and the Casimir amplitudes (for the force density and for the grand potential). Our results are applicable to one-component fluids and binary mixtures. We assume that the walls absorb one of the fluid components selectively for binary mixtures. We propose a renormalized local functional theory accounting for the fluctuation effects. Analysis is performed in the plane of the temperature T and the order parameter in the reservoir ψ(∞). Our theory is universal if the physical quantities are scaled appropriately. If the component favored by the walls is slightly poor in the reservoir, there appears a line of first-order phase transition of capillary condensation outside the bulk coexistence curve. The excess adsorption changes discontinuously between condensed and noncondensed states at the transition. With increasing T, the transition line ends at a capillary critical point T=T(c) (ca) slightly lower than the bulk critical temperature T(c) for the upper critical solution temperature. The Casimir amplitudes are larger than their critical point values by 10-100 times at off-critical compositions near the capillary condensation line.


The SuHua Freeway issue is one of the most well-known and complicated environmental issues in Taiwan. Many stakeholders engaged into this issue and the mass media has made many news stories to represent opinions and arguments from both pro- and against- freeway sides, especially newspapers. Different newspapers due to their specific characters, for example, target readers, mission and finance, may use different ways represent the same story, and influence how the public (readers) understand the issue.

This study aims to investigate how newspapers with different characters represent this complicated SuHua freeway issue, then using media production theory to explain why the news report like this way, and how these news will influence the public's understanding of the freeway issue. I chose three newspapers (China Times, Lihpao Daily, KSDN) which with different target readers and mission and using content analysis analyzed the news coverage about the SuHua freeway issue between January 2007 to May 2008. In the end I found six dominant arguments of the freeway issue in the three newspapers- the freeway is the only solution for transportation problems, the freeway is the solution of tourism, agriculture and social problems, the freeway is a public opinion in Hualien, the freeway is manipulated by politicians in elections, the freeway has big impact on the environment, and the freeway affects aboriginal territories. I found different newspapers used different perspectives to report these arguments more or less. The difference can be explained by that these three newspapers had various interests to consider the newsworthiness, the media frame they preferred to use, and to be objective and balanced or not according to their own characters. This different reporting of the newspapers give the public more multiple visual angles to understand this complicated environmental issue, but may also intense the conflict between stakeholders who receiving information from different newspapers.


The Dirichlet process mixture (DPM) is a widely used model for clustering and for general nonparametric Bayesian density estimation. Unfortunately, like in many statistical models, exact inference in a DPM is intractable, and approximate methods are needed to perform efficient inference. While most attention in the literature has been placed on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) [1, 2, 3], variational Bayesian (VB) [4] and collapsed variational methods [5], [6] recently introduced a novel class of approximation for DPMs based on Bayesian hierarchical clustering (BHC). These tree-based combinatorial approximations efficiently sum over exponentially many ways of partitioning the data and offer a novel lower bound on the marginal likelihood of the DPM [6]. In this paper we make the following contributions: (1) We show empirically that the BHC lower bounds are substantially tighter than the bounds given by VB [4] and by collapsed variational methods [5] on synthetic and real datasets. (2) We also show that BHC offers a more accurate predictive performance on these datasets. (3) We further improve the tree-based lower bounds with an algorithm that efficiently sums contributions from alternative trees. (4) We present a fast approximate method for BHC. Our results suggest that our combinatorial approximate inference methods and lower bounds may be useful not only in DPMs but in other models as well.


A hallmark of alpha-crystallin-type small heat shock proteins (sHsps) is their highly dynamic oligomeric structure which promotes intermolecular interactions involved in subunit exchange and substrate binding (chaperone-like activity). We studied the oligomeric features of two classes of bacterial sHsps by size exclusion chromatography and nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry. Proteins of both classes formed large complexes that rapidly dissociated upon dilution and at physiologically relevant heat shock temperatures. As the secondary structure was not perturbed, temperature- and concentration-dependent dissociations were fully reversible. Complexes formed between sHsps and the model substrate citrate synthase were stable and exceeded the size of sHsp oligomers. Small Hsps, mutated in a highly conserved glycine residue at the C-terminal end of the alpha-crystallin domain, formed labile complexes that disassembled more readily than the corresponding wild-type proteins. Reduced complex stability coincided with reduced chaperone activity.


OBJECTIVE
A survey of the fluoride content of infant and toddler formulae available on the New Zealand market was conducted. Results were used to estimate the dietary fluoride intake for a fully formula-fed infant.

METHODS
Infant and toddler formulae were prepared according to manufacturers' instructions with fluoride-free water and analyzed for fluoride by a modification of the microdiffusion method of Taves. A proportion of samples were reanalyzed after reconstitution with water at fluoride concentrations of 0.7 and 1.0 mg/L. A stochastic model was used to estimate dietary fluoride intake.

RESULTS
The mean fluoride content of prepared infant formulae was 0.069 mg/L. When formulae were prepared with water of differing fluoride concentrations, the fluoride concentration was found to be a simple linear function of water fluoride concentration. Estimates of dietary fluoride intake for infants consuming formuae prepared with fluoride-free water were well below the upper level of intake (UL) for New Zealand and Australia (0.7 mg/day). At water fluoride concentrations of 0.7 and 1.0 mg/L the UL would be exceeded 30 and 93 percent of the time, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
The fluoride content of water used to reconstitute infant formulae has a greater impact on fluoride intake of fully formula-fed infants than the fluoride content of the powdered infant formulae. Infants fully formula-fed on formulae prepared with optimally fluoridated water (0.7-1.0 mg/L) have a high probability of exceeding the UL for fluoride and are at increased risk of dental fluorosis.


Cisplatin is widely used in clinic treatment against a variety of cancer diseases. It binds to two adjacent guanine residues and induces a bend in the DNA double helix. It is believed that cell death is induced upon binding of proteins, which recognize platinated DNA and impede replication and cell repair processes. Because of the high toxicity of cisplatin, there exists a great interest in new Pt-derivs., which are less toxic but as efficient as cisplatin. Thus, a profound understanding of the structural characteristics of Pt/DNA complexes is needed. NMR and X-Ray structures of cisplatin/DNA adducts share the overall structural features, but disagree in the local structure at the platinated site. In our work we performed hybrid QM/MM Car-Parrinello mol. dynamics on cisplatin/DNA adducts in the free from and complexed to the HMG protein domain A. Since this method allows for a parameter free treatment of the Pt-moiety and includes as well the DNA environment, we gain accurate insight into the structure of the drug/DNA complex. We conclude that the QM/MM approach described here proves to be a valuable tool for metal-DNA models and it can be used in the future to model the interaction of other platinum-based compds. with DNA, for which a valuable force field parametrization has not yet been developed. [on SciFinder (R)]


The multi-wall carbon nanotube (MCNT) was selected to combine with nanosilver in order to increase the mechanical properties and reduce the releasing rate of nanosilver in solutions. The higher dispersion of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) was in-situ prepared on the dopamine coated carbon nanotubes by a mild and environmentally friendly method. The antibacterial activity of hybrid material was investigated by the disk-diffusion test against Gram-negative bacteria. Compared with the MCNT/Ag composites, the introduction of polydopamine (PDA) on the MCNT surface obviously improves the deposition of AgNPs and increased the long-term antibacterial property, and the Ag/PDA/MWCNTs hybrid materials exhibited excellent antibacterial ability.


Abstract The study investigated whether sex differences exist in the perception of family cohesion and adaptability in various types of marital configurations as reported through the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales III (FACES). Analysis of variance (ANO-VAs) revealed that sex in interaction with educational level had a higher incidence of predicting ideal family adaptability score. The study highlighted the effects of level of education on perceptions of family functioning and brings to light the importance of considering educational level when interpreting the results of the FACES III for clinical purposes.


In Chlebowo mire (Wielkopolska region), we investigated testate amoebae in relation to 10 environmental parameters in the semi-natural floating vegetation of flooded peat workings. The measured parameters included: depth to water table (DWT), ground-water pH, color, conductivity, PO4, NO3, NH4, SO4, Ca, and Mg. Detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were used to analyze relations between the composition of testate amoebae communities and those variables. In canonical correspondence analysis, DWT, pH, and Mg remained after forwardselection as the main factors characterizing the changes in testate amoebae communities along the moisture and nutrient gradients. Characteristic species of testate amoebae for the various stages of floating-mat development in the flooded peat workings were distinguished. Communities of testate amoebae along with present-day vegetation reflect the process of progressive acidification, driven mainly by Sphagnum fallax. We consider this as secondary succession, since preliminary investigations of peat stratigraphy revealed sedge peat below no more than 5–40 cm of Sphagnum peat in undisturbed parts of the mire. This study increases our understanding of relationships between testate amoebae and their habitat, which is valuable for palaeoenvironmental studies. A local transfer function was developed with the use of six models: partial least squares, maximum likelihood, modern analogue technique, weighted averaging, tolerance down-weighted averaging, and weighted averaging-partial least squares. The weighted averaging model performed the best for depth to water table (root mean square error of prediction RMSEP = 6.99) and pH (RMSEP = 0.8). Results will be used as part of a regional training set to improve palaeoenvironmental reconstructions of Sphagnum peatlands.


We examine the relative performance of voting technologies by studying presidential, gubernatorial, and senatorial election returns across hundreds of counties in the United States from 1988 to 2000. Relying on a fixed-effects regression applied to an unbalanced panel of counties, we find that in presidential elections, traditional paper ballots produce the lowest rates of uncounted votes (i.e., "residual votes"), followed by optically scanned ballots, mechanical lever machines, direct register electronic machines (DREs), and punch cards. In gubernatorial and senatorial races, paper, optical scan ballots, and DREs are significantly better in minimizing the residual vote rate than mechanical lever machines and punch cards. If all jurisdictions in the United States that used punch cards in 2000 had used optically scanned ballots instead, we estimate that approximately 500,000 more votes would have been attributed to presidential candidates nationwide.


This report discusses the need for extensive trauma informed care training for resource parents (formerly known as foster care parents). A review of the literature and collection and analysis of data during group interviews with case managers and one-onone interviews with resource parents was conducted. The review and data analysis found that resource parents are experiencing several challenging behaviors as a result of trauma from the foster child(ren) in their care and resource parents want more specific and detailed trauma informed care training that will help foster parents better address behavioral issues of the foster children in their care. Resource parents and case managers identified barriers to trainings including resource parents having a busy schedule while, working around the clock, and supervising their children which made it difficult for them to attend trainings. Coordinating a time that was convenient for a majority of resource families and BWC staff was challenging. Furthermore, it was challenging to choose a central location for case managers and all resource parents could commute to for training, due to resource families being located in several different districts, miles apart. A mobile application is recommended as a convenient, easy to access resource for additional trauma informed care training.


Abstract. The thermal regime of permafrost on scree slopes and rock glaciers is characterized by the importance of air flow driven convective and advective heat transfer processes. These processes are supposed to be part of the energy balance in the active layer of rock glaciers leading to lower subsurface temperatures than would be expected at the lower limit of discontinuous high mountain permafrost. In this study, new parametrizations were introduced in a numerical soil model (the Coup Model) to simulate permafrost temperatures observed in a borehole at the Murtel rock glacier in the Swiss Alps in the period from 1997 to 2008. A soil heat sink and source layer was implemented within the active layer, which was parametrized experimentally to account for and quantify the contribution of air flow driven heat transfer on the measured permafrost temperatures. The experimental model calibration process yielded a value of about 28.9 Wm−2 for the heat sink during the period from mid September to mid January and one of 26 Wm−2 for the heat source in the period from June to mid September. Energy balance measurements, integrated over a 3.5 m-thick blocky surface layer, showed seasonal deviations between a zero energy balance and the calculated sum of the energy balance components of around 5.5 Wm−2 in fall/winter, −0.9 Wm−2 in winter/spring and around −9.4 Wm−2 in summer. The calculations integrate heat exchange processes including thermal radiation between adjacent blocks, turbulent heat flux and energy storage change in the blocky surface layer. Finally, it is hypothesized that these deviations approximately equal unmeasured freezing and thawing processes within the blocky surface layer.


This paper is concerned with the analysis of zero-inflated count data when time of exposure varies. It proposes a new zero-inflated count data model that is based on two homogeneous Poisson processes and accounts for exposure time in a theory consistent way. The new model is used in an application to the effect of insurance generosity on the number of absent days.


This paper reports the results of a field study of six medical project teams that worked together in meetings over a seven-week period to develop plans to improve customer service within a hospital. Half the teams used a group support system Kwok-Kee Wei was the accepting senior editor for this paper. (GSS), while the other half used traditional processes that were the habitual norms for this organization. In the teams using traditional project team processes, the leaders defined the teams' project goal, directed discussions, recorded and controlled the teams' notes, assigned tasks to team members, and prepared and presented the teams' report. In the GSS teams, the leaders faced leadership challenges or abdicated, regular members participated to a greater extent, the project goal emerged from team discussion, and the teams' notes were open and widely distributed. In short, processes in the GSS teams were more participatory and democratic. At first, teams found the GSS-based meeting processes very uncomfortable and returned to traditional verbal discussion-based processes. Once they returned to these traditional processes, however, they found them uncomfortable and moved back to include more electronic communication-based processes. Participants' attitudes (satisfaction, perceived effectiveness, and cohesiveness) were initially lower in GSS teams, but gradually increased, until they equaled those of the traditional teams. There were significant differences in overall project outcomes: traditional teams developed conservative projects that met the unstated project agenda perceived by the team leaders. In contrast, GSS teams developed projects more closely aligned to the interests of team members. Dennis & Garfield/Adoption and Use of GSS 290 MIS Quarterly Vol. 27 No. 2/June 2003


We report a white beam x-ray waveguide (WG) experiment. A resonant beam coupler x-ray waveguide (RBC) is used simultaneously as a broad bandpass (or multibandpass) monochromator and as a beam compressor. We show that, depending on the geometrical properties of the WG, the exiting beam consists of a defined number of wavelengths which can be shifted by changing the angle of incidence of the white x-ray synchrotron beam. The characteristic far-field pattern is recorded as a function of exit angle and energy. This x-ray optical setup may be used to enhance the intensity of coherent x-ray WG beams since the full energetic acceptance of the WG mode is transmitted.


Breeding programs are focused on developing varieties with higher productivity, improved quality of green mass, resistance to diseases and pests, durability, quick recovery after cutting and etc. In the selection of varieties with high quality For this purpose the breeders use methods that directly influence protein and fiber content or increasing the percentage of leaf with more than 3 leaflets per leaf. The development of new alfalfa generation – multifoliolate is the achievement in this direction. I n this paper the results from studies on Bulgarian multifolilate alfalfa variety (Mnogolistna 1) are presented. Studied genotypes differ in content of crude protein, amino acids and neutral and aciddetergent fiber and digestibility of dry matter in different parts of plants.


The essay examines the contribution made by José Nepomuceno to the Philippine quest for independence and the raising of national consciousness. By portraying Filipino views, lives and traditions, Nepomuceno was instrumental in creating an imagined community in a colonial society. He created a national consciousness by writing the history of the national with his camera; films that were viewed by people from all social strata across the Islands. The films of Nepomuceno spread Tagalog language and culture, and gradually made Filipino national culture converge with Tagalog culture.


The prospect of realizing materials with highest strengths and other unique properties has driven a large number of research activities on nanostructured materials in recent years. The present dissertation deals with the atomic-scale modeling of nanocrystalline and nanotwinned metals and alloys, employing state of-the-art atomistic simulation and analysis methods. The aims of the present work are two-fold: to develop novel computational techniques in the field of atomistic materials modeling, and to use these methods to shed light on the structure and atomic-scale plasticity of nanostructured materials. In the first part of this thesis the newly developed data analyis and visualization software Ovito is described, which provides the basis for all following work. It serves as an integral part in the search for the origins of microstrain broadening in x-ray diffraction (XRD) data of nanocrystalline materials. To this end, virtual nanocrystalline structures are characterized by means of simulated diffraction experiments as well as a real-space strain field analysis. By correlating the results from the strain field analysis with the XRD measurements, conclusions on the features of nanometer-sized grains contributing to peak broadening can be drawn. In the second part two sophisticated analysis algorithms are developed, which allow to extract the complete dislocation network from an atomistic simulation. The identification of single dislocation lines and the determination of their Burgers vector has been a laborious task usually done by hand in the past. The new method makes this information available within seconds, enabling a quantitative assessment of dislocation processes in large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. It is employed in a study of dislocation plasticity of nanotwinned metals, which can exhibt highest strength and ductility compared with their twin-free counterparts. The deformation mechanisms of Cu and Pd with ultrahigh twin densities are investigated by means of MD simulations. While nanotwins have a strengthening effect in Cu, they lead to a softening in Pd. This difference is discussed in terms of the characteristic dislocations occurring during deformation. The third part is dedicated to nanocrystalline alloys. First, an atomistic simulation method is described that allows to model such materials by taking into account both structural and chemical equilibration in large-scale MD simulations. It is complemented by an efficient implementation of a concentration-dependent interatomic potential scheme, which enables a precise description of the energetics of mixing in multi-component systems over the whole concentration range. These tools are then employed in a study of nanocrystalline Pd–Au. The stress-strain behavior of this miscible alloy is discussed in terms of the interplay of grain boundary solute segregation, fault energies, and grain size.


I. INTRODUCTION The word "secularism" suggests that political and religious realms are essentially on parallel tracks and that the two words cannot be uttered in one breath. In Ghana, however, religion and politics have been inextricably linked since pre-colonial times.1 Though Ghana was conceived as a secular state, Christianity became the primary religion during the era of colonial rule, and English common law (with its Judeo-Christian foundations) underpinned many new laws that have guided the State since that period.2 In past decades, four Ghanaian laws have highlighted a clash of religion, culture, and politics in the area of religious liberty in Ghana. This Article analyzes these four laws and concludes that although the laws have created some challenges, they have also generated opportunities for dialogue between religion, customs, and tradition on the one hand, and lawmaking in Ghana on the other. When religious and political bodies engage in this dialogue, laws can be created to enhance human rights that harmonize with religious and cultural values rather than collide with them. Such dialogue is also helpful as legislators involve civil society in the legislative process through adequate consultation. The first law, the Intestate Succession Law of 1985, was meant to reflect Ghana's adherence to human rights norms3 by addressing the problems that existed in the sphere of marriage and marital succession.4 By granting spouses specific rights in each other's property,5 the law significantly changed the system of land and property distribution that was in place prior to 1985, when Ghanaian law did not recognize the rights of widows to marital succession.6 The second law, the Religious Bodies Registration Law of 1989, prescribed a necessary registration procedure for all religious organizations, including the old churches established by the missionaries.7 The Ghanaian Parliament passed the third law, the Criminal Code (Amendment) Act of 1998 in order to protect the rights of women and children by banning religious servitude.8 The fourth law, the Draft Domestic Violence Bill, is now in public debate. The proposed bill is a public initiative designed to respond to the continuous problem of spousal and child abuse9 and is meant to protect these vulnerable persons against domestic violence through the issuance of protective orders.10 While these four laws have created some conflict, they have also created important interactions between religion and politics in Ghana. They demonstrate the involvement of politics in the religious sphere and add to the dialogue that will lead to maintaining religious freedom while adequately reforming customs that violate human rights. Since this dialogue has come about primarily in reaction to the laws after their passage, I recommend that dialogue that critically interrogates cultural values take place within communities before such laws are passed. Part II of this Article provides a brief overview of the relationship between religion and politics in Ghana. Part III discusses the four laws in greater detail and analyzes the challenges generated by each law, namely, the public reactions of religious constituencies that view the laws as limiting their religious freedom. Part IV provides a comparative analysis of how the four laws reveal patterns and trends that challenge traditional notions of custom and religion in the lawmaking sphere while providing a vehicle to effectuate change and improve human rights. Finally, Part V offers a brief conclusion. II. A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF POLITICS AND RELIGION IN GHANA Traditional African societies provide examples of how religion and politics blend. As Hans Haselbarth asserts, "It belongs to African tradition that we cannot easily distinguish between the secular and religious realm, not even in politics."11 Following this tradition, religion and politics have been married in the antiquity of the traditional state and leadership in Ghana, and attempts to put them asunder have been resisted. …


Information-theoretic Bayesian optimization techniques have become popular for optimizing expensive-to-evaluate black-box functions due to their non-myopic qualities. Entropy Search and Predictive Entropy Search both consider the entropy over the optimum in the input space, while the recent Max-value Entropy Search considers the entropy over the optimal value in the output space. We propose Joint Entropy Search (JES), a novel information-theoretic acquisition function that considers an entirely new quantity, namely the entropy over the joint optimal probability density over both input and output space. To incorporate this information, we consider the reduction in entropy from conditioning on fantasized optimal input/output pairs. The resulting approach primarily relies on standard GP machinery and removes complex approximations typically associated with information-theoretic methods. With minimal computational overhead, JES shows superior decision-making, and yields state-of-the-art performance for information-theoretic approaches across a wide suite of tasks. As a light-weight approach with superior results, JES provides a new go-to acquisition function for Bayesian optimization.


Section 24C of the Income Tax Act No. 58 of 1962 provides for a deduction of future expenditure that will be incurred by the taxpayer in the performance of his obligations under a contract from which the taxpayer derived income. The objective of this article is to compile a list of indicators demonstrating when there will be certainty that future expenditure will be incurred as aforementioned. The conclusion reached is that a definite connection must exist between the incurral of the future expenditure and the obligation to perform under the contract. Further, conditions and warranties are contractual terms that indicate that there is uncertainty regarding the taxpayer's obligations to perform under the contract. A time clause in a contract and a high probability that the taxpayer will perform an unconditional obligation under a contract, however, both indicate that there is certainty regarding the incurral of future expenditure. A contingent liability to pay for future expenditure or if the future expenditure is unquantified are not indicators as to whether there is certainty that the future expenditure will be incurred.


Characterising response behaviours of biological systems is impaired by limited resources that restrict the exploration of high dimensional parameter spaces. Additionally, experimental errors that provide observations not representative of the true underlying behaviour, mean that observations obtained from these experiments cannot be regarded as always valid. To combat the problem of erroneous observations in situations where there are limited observations available to learn from, we consider the use of multiple hypotheses, where potentially erroneous observations are considered as being erroneous and valid in parallel by competing hypotheses. Here we describe work towards an autonomous experimentation machine that combines active learning techniques with computer controlled experimentation platforms to perform physical experiments. Whilst the target for our approach is the characterisation of the behaviours of networks of enzymes for novel computing mechanisms, the algorithms we are working towards remain independent of the application domain.


Abstract Natural accumulations of skeletal remains represent a valuable source of ecological data for paleontologists and neontologists alike. Use of these records requires a quantitative assessment of the degree to which potential biasing factors affect how accurately ecological information from the living community is recorded in the sedimentary record. This has been a major focus in recent years for taphonomists working with marine records, yet terrestrial systems have remained virtually unstudied—particularly communities of small-bodied taxa. Our ability to assess the potential origins and effects of postmortem bias in terrestrial skeletal assemblages (both modern and fossil) has therefore been limited. Predation is a common mechanism by which small-mammal skeletal remains are concentrated; raptors regurgitate the remains of their small-mammal prey in pellets rich in skeletal material, which accumulate below long-term roosting sites, especially in protected areas such as caves and rock shelters. Here I compare small-mammal death assemblages concentrated via owl predation at Two Ledges Chamber, a long-term owl cave roost in northwestern Nevada, with data from modern trapping surveys to evaluate (1) their ecological fidelity to the modern small-mammal community, (2) the effects of temporal variation and time-averaging (over months to centuries) on live-dead agreement, and (3) how spatial averaging affects the landscape-scale picture of the small-mammal community as reconstructed from dead remains. Despite potential obstacles to the recovery of ecological information from skeletal deposits generated via predation, I find high live-dead agreement across all ecological metrics and all temporal comparisons. I also find that the effects of time-averaging (specifically increased species richness of the death assemblage) become significant only at the century scale. Finally, I combine a mixing model approach with a principal coordinates analysis to show that the owls at Two Ledges Chamber sample from all habitats present in the immediate vicinity of the cave, producing a high-fidelity snapshot of the community that is spatially integrated at the local landscape scale.


For any particularly interesting theorem one proof is never enough. Instead, the first proof sets the challenge to find a more elegant method that illuminates subtle features of the math, is simpler to understand, or even avoids using controversial subjects. In this paper we consider a subject that has attracted the attention of many mathematicians: the uncountability of the real numbers in the unit interval. We present the most exhaustive collection of proofs of this fact that we know. These range from Cantor's three published proofs, including his famous diagonalization method, to more recent proofs that employ measure theory, game theory, algebra, and analysis.


3 Minute Thesis presented at the Cranfield Doctoral Network Annual Event 2018.Materials behave differently under high strain rates compared to that of lower strain rates, which are more likely to be experienced in everyday situations. High strain rate loading of metals is necessary in determining their material behaviour in high velocity impact situations within areas such as the automotive, aviation, aerospace and defence sectors, where material selection is vital for safety. In order to create a more controlled environment gas driven flyer plates can be fired at high velocities into targets using gas guns to create 1D planar impacts. This project seeks to develop a recovery technique to determine the material loading process as a single square-topped pulse with pure 1D loading. This will allow for accurate determination of the response of three different metals: copper, stainless steel and niobium.


In this talk Pasternak perused the visual traditions utilised in Nervus Rerum (2008) and X-Mission (2008) with a view to investigating what support they offer to the informative and political values these two video essays diffuse. Both the Otolith Group and Biemann's work focus on the perceived physical, political and existential conditions shared by Palestinian refugees. Nervus Rerum is explicitly preoccupied with the challenge of representing people who have no formal political representation. Likewise, X-Mission employs pseudo-scientific informative conventions to portray an incoherent Palestinian reality, isolated from the realities of any other refugees. Pasternak suggested that in both of these cases, the Palestinian people paradoxically emerge as "modern heroes", engaged with political thought and in global politics while recognising a necessity to obliterate these if they wish to earn political emancipation. Yet, as the Palestinian people have been internationally deprived of any formal representative political agency, the Otolith Group as well as Biemann's video essays cannot be perceived as loyal to the Palestinian cause or experience. Instead, Pasternak proposed to think of them in line with the nineteenth-century representational conventions used in colonialist travellers' diaries. As such, Nervus Rerum and X-Mission are understood as audio-visual documents that give expression to European post-colonialist desires in the era of "political correctness".

This talk was given as part of A Thing Like You and Me, a four-part screening and talks programme supported by the Arts Council England, PVAC and Pavilion arts organisation. The screening programme explores the relationship of the documentary 'real' and essayistic 'fiction' in contemporary artists' video works, in both their analogue and digital form. The series re-examines the politics of representation, and the question of looking 'at' and 'to' one another in the twenty-first century. A Thing Like You and Me has been conceived and organised by Amy Charlesworth (a doctoral student at the University of Leeds) in collaboration with Director of Pavilion, Gill Park.


There are different factors influencing the adoption of technology in the service of learning in open and distance learning (ODL) in a developmental state such as South Africa. While there is ample reason to increasingly adopt a range of technologies to enhance the effectiveness of teaching and learning, the relationship between the adoption of technology and student success is less certain. The hype surrounding the adoption and inclusion of technologies in teaching is often lacking evidence that they actually increase student success. This article reports on the introduction and adoption rate of computer technology to enhance learning in the ODL environment. In 2008, an open source software tool, Maxima, was introduced in a Mathematical Modelling module in order to help students learn and understand mathematical skills applied to problem solving. Though the results show that the introduction of a compulsory assessment improves the adoption rate of the package, the link between technology adoption and student success is less certain. The article explores a number of reasons for the lack of evidence that the adoption of Maxima by students has not had any impact on their success. Based on the concept of technological pedagogical content knowledge, and the technology acceptance model, the article concludes with a reflection on strategies to ensure that the adoption of technology is integrated into the Mathematical Modelling curriculum in order to improve student throughput.