It is generally assumed that translation efficiency is governed by translation initiation. However, the efficiency of protein synthesis is regulated by multiple factors including tRNA abundance, codon composition, mRNA motifs and amino-acid sequence1–4. These factors influence the rate of protein synthesis beyond the initiation phase of translation, typically by modulating the rate of peptide-bond formation and to a lesser extent that of translocation. The slowdown in translation during the early elongation phase, known as the 5' translational ramp, likely contributes to the efficiency of protein synthesis 5–9. Multiple mechanisms, which could explain the molecular basis for this translational ramp, have been proposed that include tRNA abundance bias6,9, the rate of translation initiation10–15, mRNA and ribosome structure 11,12,14,16–18, or retention of initiation factors during early elongation events 19. Here, we show that the amount of synthesized protein (translation efficiency) depends on a short translational ramp that comprises the first 5 codons in mRNA. Using a library of more than 250,000 reporter sequences combined with in vitro and in vivo protein expression assays, we show that differences in the short ramp can lead to 3 to 4 orders of magnitude changes in protein abundance. The observed difference is not dependent on tRNA abundance, efficiency of translation initiation, or overall mRNA structure. Instead, we show that translation is regulated by amino-acid-sequence composition and local mRNA sequence. Single-molecule measurements of translation kinetics indicate substantial pausing of ribosome and abortion of protein synthesis on the 4th or 5th codon for distinct amino acid or nucleotide compositions. Introduction of preferred sequence motifs, only at the exact positions within the mRNA, improves protein synthesis for recombinant proteins, indicating an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for controlling translational efficiency.


This article introduces the theory of cognitive spacetime. This account allows us to go beyond the space–time dichotomy that is commonly employed in psychology and cognitive science. Linguistic analysis and experimental review is provided to support the notion that what is commonly referred to as spatial cognition (or mental space) in the cognitive sciences always contains time, and that what is commonly referred to as temporal cognition (or mental time) always contains space. For "spatial cognition" the term object-spatiotemporal cognition (or object spacetime) and for "temporal cognition" the term event-spatiotemporal cognition (or event spacetime) is introduced. In order to exemplify the virtue of the new spacetime account (with its two subdomains, object spacetime and event spacetime) with a specific example, it is investigated how this new notion can substantially refine our understanding of space–time conceptual metaphor. A new conceptual-metaphor spacetime typology for cognitive processing underlying fictive motion and non-fictive motion is also proposed. Implications of the new spacetime account are discussed for metaphorically mapped mental perspective, metaphorically mapped embodiment, and cognitive science in general. Finally, specific reasons are given why the current proposal of cognitive spacetime cannot be equated with the concept of spacetime in modern physics.


Abstract
The purpose of this study is to provide preliminary insights into the relationships between self-monitoring, emotional expressivity, emotional labor, felt leader authenticity, and authentic leadership (AL) within a unique context – West Texas Baptist congregations. Using a sample of 40 Baptist pastors, we employed survey research methods and correlational analyses to explore the focal relationships. Our results revealed that self-monitoring is positively correlated with surface acting, yet negatively associated with AL, within our sample of West Texas Baptist pastors. Emotional expressivity is negatively related to surface acting, but not deep acting, and positively related to genuine emotional displays. We also found that surface acting is negatively associated with genuine emotion displays and felt authenticity, while felt authenticity and AL are positively correlated. However, no relationships between self-monitoring, deep acting, felt authenticity, and AL were revealed. Thus, we identified cases where leader authenticity may be threatened within an organizational context with strong emotional display rules, suggesting a boundary condition for AL. Additionally, we advance propositions gleaned from our research regarding the influence of the omnibus (e.g., community religiosity) and discrete context on leader emotional labor and authenticity. We conclude with practical recommendations for leaders seeking to balance authenticity with emotional display rules associated with unique roles and contexts, as well as recommendations for scholars seeking to conduct research in such settings. We also provide candid insights regarding the challenges we encountered in researching leader authenticity within a highly religious context.


HIV-infected people with low socioeconomic status (SES) and people who are members of a racial or ethnic minority have been found to receive fewer services, including treatment with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), than others. We examined whether these groups also have worse survival than others and the degree to which service use and antiretroviral medications explain these disparities in a prospective cohort study of a national probability sample of 2,864 adults receiving HIV care. The independent variables were wealth (net accumulated financial assets), annual income, educational attainment, employment status (currently working or not working), race/ethnicity, insurance status, use of services, and use of medications at baseline. The main outcome variable was death between January 1996 and December 2000. The analysis was descriptive and multivariate adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analysis of survival.  By December 2000, 20% (13% from HIV, 7% non-HIV causes) of the sample had died. Those with no accumulated financial assets had an 89% greater risk of death (RR=1.89, 95% CI=1.15–3.13) and those with less than a high school education had a 53% greater risk of death (RR=1.53, 95% CI=1.15–2.04 ) than their counterparts, after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical variables only. Further adjusting for use of services and antiretroviral treatment diminished, but did not eliminate, the elevated relative risk of death for those with low SES by three of the four measures. The finding of markedly elevated relative risks of death for those with HIV infection and low SES is of particular concern given the disproportionate rates of HIV infection in these groups. Effective interventions are needed to improve outcomes for low SES groups with HIV infection.


Abstract Background and Purpose: Different studies have highlighted health care allocation problems in Slovenia that indicate the increased need for homecare services for the elderly. It was also found that Slovenian municipalities differ dramatically in the availability of elder care services. A number of older people with diverse unmet needs for care remains. Therefore, the need for the establishment of an additional type of formal homecare services for the elderly exists. Design/Methodology/Approach: Although many positive effects of home elder care against institutional care are stressed in the literature, the results of many studies performed in recent years have indicated that accessibility of homecare for elderly in Slovenia remains scarce, and it is not equally accessible throughout the country. To mitigate this problem, a new organizational form called "elder homecare service provider" is indicated. The aim of the provider is to offer a variety of different services for the elderly (e.g. homemaking, social networking, transfer services, basic life needs, basic health services, etc.). The establishment of such an organization needs to be designed carefuly, while the unique characteristics and specific needs of the target population must be addressed to optimize desired outcomes. Results: The aim of the paper is to provide fundamental guidelines for the establishment of elder homecare service provider. All essential characteristics of such an organization are defined. To ensure an appropriate level of service quality, the primarly focus is oriented towards the planning of personnel team capacity. For this purpose, the service provider was described using the stochastic queueing model, which enables service capacity optimization considering different performance measures. The usefulness of the model was illustrated with a numerical example, which has shown that the results obtained provide valuable information for decision support. Conclusion: The establishment of a homecare service provider network would have many positive effects on society in general. The quality of the everyday life of the elderly is expected to be improved considerably, particularly in the rural areas where a lack of institutional care support is reported. Guidelines proposed in the paper together with the quantitave model for planning of its optimal capacity provide useful information, which are especially relevant in the preliminary phase of the establishment of service providers.


We investigate heat generation in a Nd:YAG thin-disk laser composite with an undoped anti-amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) cap and a side ASE absorber under lasing and nonlasing conditions. The heat load unbalance in three different regions induces a large transverse temperature inhomogeneity under the nonlasing condition. The additional heat fraction generated by the concentration quenching is observed.


Cultural and creative activities have been part of life since the earliest periods of human history. Their meanings and roles in society have changed over time and have been interpreted in a variety of ways by different groups of people around the world. In this thesis, I focus on the 'creative industries', a term that has only become prominent in the UK since the late 1990s, in national economic and cultural policy, and in arts and social inclusion literature. Although a lot has been written on the important role of the creative industries in the economic growth of cities, regions and the nation, there has been very little research conducted on the subject of work in the creative industries, and even less on gender and work. Thus I aim to build upon a small area of literature, by focusing on the gendering of work in the context of Sheffield's Cultural Industries Quarter, an area that houses numerous creative industries organizations. The study is based on a social constructionist epistemology. In my research I have been concerned with, and involved in, sense-making practices within creative industries discourse, including policy documents, conference proceedings and the accounts of participants that I interviewed in Sheffield's CIQ. Taking a social constructionist approach to gender means that in the thesis I present gender, not as something we inherently are, but as something that is accomplished through social interaction. The research is also informed by feminist and post-Marxist theories. The thesis focuses on two key aspects of gender at work in creative industries discourse. The first relates to the way in which the creative industries have been constructed and presented as pioneers of the 'new economy'. Creative industries policy literature uses terms such as 'enterprise', 'innovation' and 'creativity' to emphasize the economic role of the creative industries. I show how the discourse of the new economy is based on individualistic ideologies which mean that arguments and campaigns for gender equality and other aspects of social equity are undermined. The discourse of the new economy promotes a version of the ideal worker-the entrepreneur. I examine how the entrepreneur is constructed in policy literature, at conferences and through interview talk, as the archetypal individual with certain personality traits. I demonstrate that the model of the creative entrepreneur is a masculinized one, that combines with gender divisions at work and in the domestic sphere to maintain and reproduce gender inequalities in creative industries work. The second aspect of the gendering of work in the creative industries that I examine is the accounts of people working in Sheffield's CIQ. In particular I examine how they account for gender divisions and inequalities at work. I argue that the people I interviewed tended to justify gender divisions at work using a number of discursive practices. These practices draw on gendered discourses and thus contribute to maintaining and reproducing gender inequality. I also explore the examples in the accounts of resistance to gender inequality. The thesis is based on interdisciplinary research, which draws on sociology, psychology, cultural and urban studies. The aim is for the thesis to be a useful addition to critical writing on gender and work, the creative industries and enterprise culture.


Recently many scholars have paid attention to the concept of management fashions as a new field in organization studies. This research aims to emphasize the awareness of organizations about management fashions and how strongly organizations adopt new management approaches. As a qualitative research a content analysis was applied. Data was obtained from web sites of 79 companies based on the first 500 businesses according to the data of Istanbul Chamber of Industry (2011) and also were listed in Exchange Istanbul's Industrial index (XUSIN). The findings have shown that strategic management, HRM and TQM are practiced more than organizational learning, innovation and ethics/social responsibility. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.


Many biological and non-biological materials in the form of microscopic particles (or microparticles) are used to produce functional products for a wide range of industrial sectors including pharmaceutical and medical, chemical, agrochemical, food and feed, personal and household care. Understanding their mechanical properties is essential for predicting their behaviour in manufacturing and processing, and for maximising their performance in end-use applications. However, it had not been possible to determine the mechanical properties of single microparticles until the author, as the main contributor, developed a novel micromanipulation technique at the University of Birmingham. The technique is capable of determining the mechanical properties of both biological and non-biological particles as small as 400 nm in diameter, and can be used for obtaining force-displacement data of single microparticles at large deformations, including those corresponding to rupture. The technique was enhanced by mathematical modelling and finite element analysis in order to allow intrinsic material properties to be determined, for example, the particle (or particle wall) elastic modulus, viscoelastic and plastic properties, and stress/strain at rupture. For biological materials, applications of this technique include understanding mechanical damage to animal cells in suspension cultures, yeast and bacterial disruption in downstream processing equipment, biomechanics of chondrocytes and chondrons for tissue engineering, and adhesion and cohesion of biofilms and food fouling deposits. For non-biological materials, applications include understanding and controlling particle breakage in processing equipment, and the formulation of microcapsules with optimum mechanical strength to achieve controlled release and targeted delivery of functional active ingredients.
The research on micromanipulation has been sponsored by BBSRC, EPSRC, DEFRA, DTI, EU, the Royal Society K C Wong Fellowships and 19 national and international companies, and has resulted in more than one hundred academic publications. The knowledge generated has also assisted these companies to commercialise particulate functional products.


Rapidly solidified Ni54Fe27−2xGa19+2x (x=0, 1, 2, 3, and 4) ferromagnetic shape memory alloys were made by melt-spinning with variation of Fe and Ga contents to report on the martensitic phase transformation, microstructures, and magnetic properties. Rapid solidification produced pure L21 phase by preventing the formation of γ-phase. To study the effect of heat treatment on the phase transitions, microstructures, and the magnetic properties, the melt-spun ribbons were partly heat treated at different temperatures of 800, 900, 1000, 1100, and 1200 K with holding times of 5, 10, and 15 min followed by either water quenching or air cooling. The microstructures of the as-spun ribbons as revealed by electron microscopy studies exhibited a gradual transition from cellular to dendritic structure with increasing Ga concentration and with the presence of some internal martensitic twin bands at higher Ga content. The ribbons exhibited very low coercivity with high saturation magnetization, as high as ∼87 emu/g (dec...


Purpose: Positive margins dominate clinical outcomes after surgical resections in most solid cancer types, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Unfortunately, surgeons remove cancer in the same manner they have for a century with complete dependence on subjective tissue changes to identify cancer in the operating room. To effect change, we hypothesize that EGFR can be targeted for safe and specific real-time localization of cancer. Experimental Design: A dose escalation study of cetuximab conjugated to IRDye800 was performed in patients (n = 12) undergoing surgical resection of squamous cell carcinoma arising in the head and neck. Safety and pharmacokinetic data were obtained out to 30 days after infusion. Multi-instrument fluorescence imaging was performed in the operating room and in surgical pathology. Results: There were no grade 2 or higher adverse events attributable to cetuximab-IRDye800. Fluorescence imaging with an intraoperative, wide-field device successfully differentiated tumor from normal tissue during resection with an average tumor-to-background ratio of 5.2 in the highest dose range. Optical imaging identified opportunity for more precise identification of tumor during the surgical procedure and during the pathologic analysis of tissues ex vivo. Fluorescence levels positively correlated with EGFR levels. Conclusions: We demonstrate for the first time that commercially available antibodies can be fluorescently labeled and safely administered to humans to identify cancer with sub-millimeter resolution, which has the potential to improve outcomes in clinical oncology. Clin Cancer Res; 21(16); 3658–66. ©2015 AACR.


The Kyoto Protocol has singularly failed to shape international environmental policy-making in the way that the earlier Montreal protocol did. Whereas Montreal placed reliance on the force of science and moralistic injunctions to save the planet, and successfully determined the international response to climate change, Kyoto has proved significantly more problematic. International Environmental Policy considers why this is the case. The authors contend that such arguments on this occasion proved inadequate to the task, not just because the core issues of the Kyoto process were subject to more powerful and conflicting interests than previously, and the science too uncertain, but because the science and moral arguments themselves remained too weak. They argue that 'global warming' is a failing policy construct because it has served to benefit limited but undeclared interests that were sustained by green beliefs rather than robust scientific knowledge.


We show that kidney exchange markets suffer from market failures whose remedy could increase transplants by 30 to 63 percent. First, we document that the market is fragmented and inefficient; most transplants are arranged by hospitals instead of national platforms. Second, we propose a model to show two sources of inefficiency: hospitals only partly internalize their patients' benefits from exchange, and current platforms suboptimally reward hospitals for submitting patients and donors. Third, we calibrate a production function and show that individual hospitals operate below efficient scale. Eliminating this inefficiency requires either a mandate or a combination of new mechanisms and reimbursement reforms. (JEL D24, D47, I11)


Pempheris ornata n.sp. is described from 34 specimens collected at sites along the southern Australian coast, from Rottnest Island in Western Australia east to Rapid Bay, South Australia. The scales of this species are cycloid, deciduous, and large, the last characteristic resulting in uniquely low counts of 32-39 lateral-line scales. It is also immediately separable from other Pempheris by: 6-7 yellow-orange or golden-brown stripes on anterior body, reducing to three stripes on caudal peduncle (stripes dark brown in preserved specimens); body cream coloured or transparent; dark linear light organ visible through body wall between pelvic- and anal-fin origins, with a slight bifurcation around anus; segmented anal-fin rays 27-30; 14-17 circumpeduncular scales. Pempheris ypsilychnus n.sp. is found from Shark Bay in Western Australia, along the north coast to Cape York, and south to Moreton Bay in Queensland. It is described on the basis of 63 specimens and is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: scales ctenoid and adherent; pelvic axillary scale present; dark Y-shaped light organ visible through body wall between pelvic- and anal-fin origins, with wide bifurcation around anus; gill-raker counts on first arch 6-8 + 19-22 = 25-30 (usually 26-27); lateral-line scales 62-74 (usually 63-69). Although the exact membership of the genus is questionable at this time, a provisional key to the Australian species of Pempheris is provided.


The causes of degradation of aquatic systems are often complex and stem from a variety of human influences. Comprehensive, multimetric biological indices have been developed to quantify this degradation and its effect on aquatic communities, and measure subsequent recovery from anthropogenic stressors. Traditionally, such indices have concentrated on small‐to medium‐sized streams. Recently, however, the Ohio River Fish Index (ORFIn) was created to assess biotic integrity in the Ohio River. The goal of the present project was to begin developing a companion Ohio River multimetric index using benthic macroinvertebrates. Hester–Dendy multiplate samplers were used to evaluate benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in relation to a gradient of water quality disturbance, represented by varying distances downstream of industrial and municipal wastewater outfalls in the Ohio River. In August 1999 and 2000, samplers were set every 100 m downstream of outfalls (12 outfalls in 1999, 22 in 2000) for 300–1000 m, as well as at upstream reference sites. Candidate metrics (n = 55) were examined to determine which have potential to detect changes in water quality downstream of outfalls. These individual measures of community structure were plotted against distance downstream of each outfall to determine their response to water quality disturbance. Values at reference and outfall sites were also compared. Metrics that are ecologically relevant and showed a response to outfall disturbance were identified as potentially valuable in a multimetric index. Multiple box plots of index scores indicated greater response to outfall disturbance during periods of low‐flow, and longitudinal river‐wide trends. Evaluation of other types of anthropogenic disturbance, as well as continued analysis of the effects of chemical water quality on macroinvertebrate communities in future years will facilitate further development of a multimetric benthic macroinvertebrate index to evaluate biotic integrity in the Ohio River. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Against the background of continued growth disappointments, depressed inflation expectations, and declining real equilibrium interest rates, a number of central banks have implemented negative interest rate policies (NIRP) to provide additional monetary policy stimulus over the past few years. This paper studies the sources and implications of NIRP. It reports four main results. First, monetary transmission channels under NIRP are conceptually analogous to those under conventional monetary policy but NIRP present complications that could limit policy effectiveness. Second, since the introduction of NIRP, many of the key financial variables have evolved broadly as implied by the standard transmission channels. Third, NIRP could pose risks to financial stability, particularly if policy rates are substantially below zero or if NIRP are employed for a protracted period of time. Potential adverse consequences include the erosion of profitability of banks and other financial intermediaries, and excessive risk taking. However, there has so far been no significant evidence that financial stability has been compromised because of NIRP. Fourth, spillover implications of NIRP for emerging market and developing economies are mostly similar to those of other unconventional monetary policy measures. In sum, NIRP have a place in a policy maker's toolkit but, given their domestic and global implications, these policies need to be handled with care to secure their benefits while mitigating risks.


Four functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of pitch processing in auditory cortex were designed to reduce the impact of a number of methodological issues that have hitherto limited previous research findings. Due to adaptation effects, it is necessary to repeatedly present short stimulus bursts rather than long-duration stimuli. Thus, conventionally, in neuroimaging studies of pitch perception, a number of short bursts of the pitch stimulus, separated by silent intervals, are compared to a Gaussian noise presented in the same way. The results of the first experiment indicate that replacing the silent intervals with an energetically matched noise context increases the pitch-specific response by removing the ?energy-onset response? that saturates the overall response if silent intervals are used. In the second experiment, a particular pitch-evoking stimulus, iterated ripple noise (IRN), which is commonly used in neuroimaging studies of pitch perception, was examined. Hall and Plack (Cerebral Cortex 2009;19:576-585) showed that IRN contains slowly varying spectro-temporal features unrelated to pitch, and suggested that these features could account for at least some of the cortical activation produced by IRN. The results support this hypothesis, but also suggest that there is an additional pitch-dependent effect in the same region of auditory cortex.The third experiment assessed the effect of using a different control stimulus to the usual Gaussian noise. The new matched controls were a pulse train with randomly jittered inter-pulse intervals and a random-phase unresolved harmonic complex tone. These low-pitch-salience controls were compared to a regular interval pulse train, which is identical to a cosine-phase unresolved harmonic complex tone. The third experiment did not provide evidence for sensitivity to pitch-salience in pitch-responsive regions of auditory cortex. The fourth and final experiment was a factorial design seeking to answer two main questions: 1) Is the pitch-sensitive region of auditory cortex responsive to the salience of other sound features (e.g. modulation)? 2) Are the responses to pitch and to modulation within this region co-located? Two different pitch-evoking stimuli with different levels of pitch salience were used, presented in a noise context. Results indicate that the pitch-sensitive region contains representations for both pitch and modulation. Furthermore, there was no evidence for an interaction between pitch and modulation, suggesting that the two responses are independent.Overall, the results suggest that careful stimulus design, and appropriate experimental control, is necessary to obtain reliable information on the cortical response to pitch. In addition, the results have shed further light on the likely neural substrates of pitch processing in the cortex.


"Individual risk" currently plays a major role in risk assessment and in the regulatory practices of the health and safety agencies that employ risk assessment, such as EPA, FDA, OSHA, NRC, CPSC, and others. Risk assessors use the term "population risk" to mean the number of deaths caused by some hazard. By contrast, "individual risk" is the incremental probability of death that the hazard imposes on some particular person. Regulatory decision procedures keyed to individual risk are widespread. This is true both for the regulation of toxic chemicals (the heartland of risk assessment), and for other health hazards, such as radiation and pathogens; and regulatory agencies are now beginning to employ individual risk criteria for evaluating safety threats, such as occupational injuries. Sometimes, agencies look to the risk imposed on the maximally exposed individual; in other contexts, the regulatory focus is on the average individual's risk, or perhaps the risk of a person incurring an above-average but nonmaximal exposure. Sometimes, agencies seek to regulate hazards so as to reduce the individual risk level (to the maximally exposed, high-end, or average individual) below 1 in 1 million. Sometimes, instead, a risk level of 1 in 100,000 or 1 in 10,000 or even 1 in 1000 is seen as de minimis. In short, the construct of individual risk plays a variety of decisional roles, but the construct itself is quite pervasive.This Article launches a systematic critique of agency decisionmaking keyed to individual risk. Part I unpacks the construct, and shows how it invokes a frequentist rather than Bayesian conception of probability. Part II surveys agency practice, describing the wide range of regulatory contexts where individual risk levels are wholly or partly determinative of agency choice: these include most of the EPA's major programs for regulating toxins (air pollutants under the Clean Air Act, water pollutants under the Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act, toxic waste dumps under the Superfund statute, hazardous wastes under RCRA, and pesticides under FIFRA) as well as the FDA's regulation of food safety, OSHA regulation of workplace health and safety risks, NRC licensing of nuclear reactors, and the CPSC's regulation of risky consumer products.In the remainder of the Article, I demonstrate that frequentist individual risk is a problematic basis for regulatory choice, across a range of moral views. Part III focuses on welfare consequentialism: the moral view underlying welfare economics and cost-benefit analysis. I argue that the sort of risk relevant to welfare consequentialism is Bayesian, not frequentist. Part IV explores the subtle, but crucial difference between frequentist and Bayesian risk. Part V moves beyond cost-benefit analysis and examines nonwelfarist moral views: specifically, safety-focused, deontological, contractualist, and democratic views. Here too, I suggest, regulatory reliance on frequentist individual risk should be seen as problematic. Part VI argues that current practices (as described at length in Part II) are doubly misguided: not only do they focus on frequentist rather than Bayesian risk, but they are also insensitive to population size.In short, the Article provides a wide ranging, critical analysis of contemporary risk assessment and risk regulation. The perspective offered here is that of the sympathetic critic. Risk assessment itself - the enterprise of quantifying health and safety threats - represents a great leap forward for public rationality, and should not be abandoned. Rather, the current conception of risk assessment needs to be reworked. Risk needs to be seen in Bayesian rather than frequentist terms. And regulatory choice procedures must be driven by population risk or some other measure of the seriousness of health and safety hazards that is sensitive to the size of the exposed population - not the risk that some particular person (whatever her place in the exposure distribution) incurs.


On 18-19 June 2004, the BIS held a conference on "Understanding Low Inflation and Deflation". This event brought together central bankers, academics and market practitioners to exchange views on this issue (see the conference programme in this document). This paper was presented at the workshop. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not those of the BIS.


This thesis consists of two parts, connected by one central theme: the dynamics of the "shape of space". To give the reader some inkling of what we mean by "shape of space", consider the fact that the shape of a triangle is given solely by its three internal angles; its position and size in ambient space are irrelevant for this ultimately intrinsic description. Analogously, the shape of a 3 dimensional space is given by a metric up to coordinate and conformal changes. Considerations of a relational nature strongly support the development of such dynamical theories of shape. The first part of the thesis concerns the construction of a theory of gravity dynamically equivalent to general relativity (GR) in 3+1 form (ADM). What is special about this theory is that it does not possess foliation invariance, as does ADM. It replaces that "symmetry" by another: local conformal invariance. In so doing it more accurately reflects a theory of the "shape of space", giving us reason to call it shape dynamics. (SD). Being a very recent development, the consequences of this radical change of perspective on gravity are still largely unexplored. In the first part we will try to present some of the highlights of results so far, and indicate what we can and cannot do with shape dynamics. Because this is a young, rapidly moving field, we have necessarily left out some interesting new results which are not yet in print and were developed alongside the writing of the thesis. The second part of the thesis will develop a gauge theory for "shape of space"--theories. To be more precise, if one admits that the physically relevant bservables are given by shape, our descriptions of Nature carry a lot of redundancy, namely absolute local size and absolute spatial position. This redundancy is related to the action of the infinite-dimensional conformal and diffeomorphism groups on the geometry of space. We will show that the action of these groups can be put into a language of infinite-dimensional gauge theory, taking place in the configuration space of 3+1 gravity. In this context gauge connections acquire new and interesting meanings, and can be used as "relational tools".


This work evaluated the following aspects of the use of exclusion netting in low chill stone fruit: the efficacy of protection from fruit fly for this highly susceptible crop; the effects on environmental factors; and the effects on crop development. Concurrently, an economic viability study on the use of exclusion netting was undertaken. The trial site was a 0.6-ha block of low chill stone fruit at Nambour, south-east Queensland, Australia. In this area, populations of Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) are known to be substantial, particularly in spring and summer. The trial block contained healthy 4-year-old trees as follows: 96 peach trees (Prunus persica cv. Flordaprince) and 80 nectarine trees (40 P. persica var. nucipersica cv. White Satin and 40 P. persica var. nucipersica cv. Sunwright). Exclusion netting was installed over approximately half of the block in february 2001. The net was a UV-stabilized structural knitted fabric made from high-density polyethylene yarn with a 10-year prorated UV degradation warranty. The results demonstrated the efficacy of exclusion netting in the control of fruit flies. Exclusion netting increased maximum temperatures by 4.4 deg C and decreased minimum temperatures by 0.5 deg C. Although exclusion netting reduced irradiance by approximately 20%, it enhanced fruit development by 7-10 days and improved fruit quality by increasing sugar concentration by 20-30% and colour intensity by 20%.


The supply of freshwater has become a worldwide interest, due to serious water shortages in many countries. Due to rapid increases in the population, poor water management, and limitations of freshwater resources, Egypt is currently below the water scarcity limit. Since Egypt has approximately 3000 km of coastlines on both the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, seawater desalination powered by marine renewable energy could be a sustainable alternative solution, especially for remote coastal cities which are located far from the national water grid. The objective of this research work is to evaluate the feasibility of a floating desalination plant (FDP) concept powered by marine renewable energy for Egypt. A novel design of the FDP concept is developed as an innovative solution to overcome the freshwater shortage of remote coastal cities in Egypt. A mobile floating platform supported by reverse osmosis (RO) membrane powered by marine renewable power technology is proposed. Based on the abundant solar irradiation and sufficient wind density, Ras Ghareb was selected to be the base site location for the proposed FDP concept. According to the collected data from the selected location, a hybrid solar–wind system was designed to power the FDP concept under a maximum power load condition. A numerical tool, the DNV-GL Sesam software package, was used for static stability, hydrodynamic performance, and dynamic response evaluation. Moreover, WAVE software was used to design and simulate the operation of the RO desalination system and calculate the power consumption for the proposed FDP concept. The results show that the proposed mobile FDP concept is highly suitable for being implemented in remote coastal areas in Egypt, without the need for infrastructure or connection to the national grid for both water and power.


In a Bluetooth piconet, the Master essentially controls the channel. Due to an absence of coordination between independent Masters while accessing the wireless medium, devices will encounter high packet interference if several piconets are simultaneously operating in the same area. Since even a headset and a mobile phone can be connected with a Bluetooth link forming a piconet, it may not be unusual to find tens of independent piconets in crowded places like airports, international conferences, shopping malls, and so on. Study of packet interference is important because interference affects the throughput of a piconet. Motivated by the fact that applications will benefit, in terms of higher available data rate in one direction, by using multiple-slot packets in an asymmetric manner, in this paper, we present an analytical model of packet interference in a cluster of piconets using multiple-slot packets. Also, considering that all the portable devices can have a Bluetooth interface and people are highly mobile these days, it will not be uncommon to find a cluster of piconets of both the 79-hop and the 23-hop types in the same area. We then present an analytical model of interference of multiple-slot packets in a heterogeneous cluster of Bluetooth piconets. By a heterogeneous cluster we mean some piconets are of the 23-hop type and the rest are of 79-hop type. We show how the aggregate throughput in a cluster of piconets degrade under various traffic scenarios, such as 1-slot, 3-slot, and 5-slot packets in symmetric and asymmetric modes in synchronous and asynchronous conditions of Master clocks. Our analytic model is based on the idea of probabilistic graphs, where a node denotes a piconet and an edge denotes the probability of interference between two nodes. Though the 23-hop system has been phased out, our work gives a general approach to model packet interference in multiple, frequency-hopping systems that need not be Bluetooth systems.


The construction of manifold structures and fundamental classes on the (compactifed) moduli spaces appearing in Gromov-Witten theory is a long-standing problem. Up until recently, most successful approaches involved the imposition of topological constraints like semi-positivity on the underlying symplectic manifold to deal with this situation. One conceptually very appealing approach
that removed most of these restrictions is the approach by K. Cieliebak and K. Mohnke via complex hypersurfaces, [CM07]. In contrast to other approaches using abstract perturbation theory, it has the advantage that the objects to be studied still are spaces of holomorphic maps defined on Riemann surfaces.

In this thesis this approach is generalised from the case of surfaces of genus 0
dealt with in [CM07] to the general case.
In the first section the spaces of Riemann surfaces are introduced, that take the place of the Deligne-Mumford spaces in order to deal with the fact that the latter are orbifolds. Also, for use in the later parts, the interrelations of these
for different numbers of marked points are clarified. After a preparatory section on Sobolev spaces of sections in a fibration, the results presented there are then used, after a short exposition on Hamiltonian perturbations and the associated moduli spaces of perturbed curves, to
construct a decomposition of the universal moduli space into smooth Banach manifolds. The focus there lies mainly on the global aspects of the construction, since the local picture, i.e. the actual transversality of the universal Cauchy-Riemann operator to the zero section, is well understood.
Then the compactification of this moduli space in the presence of bubbling is presented and the later construction is motivated and a rough sketch of the basic idea behind it is given.
In the last part of the first chapter, the necessary definitions and results are given that are needed to transfer the results on moduli spaces of curves with tangency conditions from [CM07]. There also the necessary restrictions on the almost complex structures and Hamiltonian perturbations from [IP03] are incorporated, that later allow the use of the compactness theorem proved in that reference.

In the last part of this thesis, these results are then used to give a definition of a Gromov-Witten pseudocycle, using an adapted version of the moduli spaces of curves with additional marked points that are mapped to a complex hypersurface from [CM07]. Then a proof that this is well-defined is given, using the
compactness theorem from [IP03] to get a description of the boundary and the constructions from the previous parts to cover the boundary by manifolds of the correct dimensions.


The Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse has commissioned an international literature review to examine the research evidence on the use, justification and effectiveness of restorative justice approaches in relation to child sexual abuse, and any problems or concerns arising, particularly in relation to institutional and non-familial child sexual abuse. As this report informs the Commission's criminal justice project, it focuses on restorative justice approaches used within criminal justice systems. This report presents the results of a brief review of international literature and addresses four main areas, which are:* the extent to which restorative justice is currently used in cases of institutional child sexual abuse and other child sexual abuse (or arguably, comparable areas such as adult sexual or personal violence offences, or child-related crimes, to the extent they may inform possible approaches to child sexual abuse or institutional child sexual abuse)* the empirical evidence (if any) to support using restorative justice for child sexual abuse (or comparable areas)* associated issues and criticisms* particular considerations or implications for institutional child sexual abuse.


Osteoarthritis (OA) is a rheumatic disease leading to chronic pain and disability with no effective treatment available. Recently, allogeneic human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) entered clinical trials as a novel therapy for OA. Increasing evidence suggests that therapeutic efficacy of MSC depends on paracrine signalling. Here we investigated the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by human bone marrow derived MSC (BMMSC) in human OA cartilage repair. Methods: To test the effect of BMMSC-EVs on OA cartilage inflammation, TNF-alpha-stimulated OA chondrocyte monolayer cultures were treated with BMMSC-EVs and pro-inflammatory gene expression was measured by qRT-PCR after 48 h. To assess the impact of BMMSC-EVs on cartilage regeneration, BMMSC-EVs were added to the regeneration cultures of human OA chondrocytes, which were analyzed after 4 weeks for glycosaminoglycan content by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay. Furthermore, paraffin sections of the regenerated tissue were stained for proteoglycans (safranin-O) and type II collagen (immunostaining). Results: We show that BMMSC-EVs inhibit the adverse effects of inflammatory mediators on cartilage homeostasis. When co-cultured with OA chondrocytes, BMMSC-EVs abrogated the TNF-alpha-mediated upregulation of COX2 and pro-inflammatory interleukins and inhibited TNF-alpha-induced collagenase activity. BMMSC-EVs also promoted cartilage regeneration in vitro. Addition of BMMSC-EVs to cultures of chondrocytes isolated from OA patients stimulated production of proteoglycans and type II collagen by these cells. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that BMMSC-EVs can be important mediators of cartilage repair and hold great promise as a novel therapeutic for cartilage regeneration and osteoarthritis.


Siliceous spicules of endoskeletal dinoflagellates form a very small part of the siliceous microfossil assemblage from Neill Island, Ritchie's Archipelago, Andaman Island and Nicobar Island. They are represented here by a solitary genus, Actiniscus, with two species – Actiniscus pentasterias and Actiniscus elongatus. Light microscopy, supported by scanning electron microscopy, illustrates its remarkable symmetry and geometry. Though biostratigraphically unimportant, this genus has considerable value in deriving palaeoecological interpretations. Their association with age-diagnostic calcareous nannofossil taxa indicates that the glauconitic mudstones of the Sawai Bay Formation of Nipple Hill and East Coast sections are Late Miocene in age, equivalent to the Discoaster berggrenii Subzone (Subzone CN9A) corresponding to the lower part of the Discoaster quinqueramus Zone (Zone NN11).


The objective of this paper is to analyze of the network of urban settlements in the Republic of Macedonia, their territorial dispersion and operability. The current situation and future perspectives of the urban development of the settlements (development of the current settlements and promising growth of some of the settlements into those with the status of a City) have been analyzed. This issue has been analyzed in order to point out the directions of the spreading of the population on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia, which at the moment has an unfavorable characteristic. The following economic-functional characteristics of the settlements have been analyzed: transportation availability, daily migrations and other criteria.


Bacteriophage reproduction was investigated with 6 phage-host systems (PHS) isolated from the North Sea near Helgoland, Germany, with the hosts adapted to growth at 6 or 0.6 mg organic nutrients 1-' For 5 of the PHS, similarities in production were observed to depend upon the time of infection during a transition period which included the last hours of the logarithmic growth phase and the first 1 to 2 d of the stationary growth phase of the host bacteria. Over this period the extent and/or the rate of phage production d-' decreased greatly. After longer incubation before addition of phage, the relative ability of host cells to propagate phage either ceased (3 PHS) or was regained (1 PHS) or remained the same as dunng the transition period in regard to final phage concentrations ( l PHS). The remaining PHS showed no phage reproduction at the low nutrient concentration. With phage-res~stant mutant bacteria serving as competitors for nutrients, phage production was drastically reduced. The present findings are in agreement with observations concerning concentrations of infective virions in fresh seawater samples. They failed, however, to provide evidence for the hypothesis that release of mature phage in starving marine bacteria is delayed until sufficient nutrients become available.


Treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-driven breast cancer with the HER-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib can lead to a rapid compensatory increase in expression, signaling activity and relocalization of HER3 to the plasma membrane, which may attenuate the response to lapatinib. This might imply a potential role for a more dynamic assessment of HER3 tumor status using molecular imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET), instead of immunohistochemical HER3 staining on tumor biopsies. Here, we explored the feasibility of a dynamic assessment of HER3 status during lapatinib treatment in human breast cancer xenografts using zirconium-89 labeled anti-human HER3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) as a potential tracer for animal PET imaging. The anti-human HER3 mouse mAb MAB3481 was used for all experiments. The effect of lapatinib treatment on HER3 expression and HER3 mAb internalization in human breast cancer cell lines SKBR3 and BT474 was determined using flow cytometry. Biodistribution was performed using 89Zr-anti-HER3 mAb in mice bearing BT474 or SKBR3 tumors. Mice received daily vehicle or a lapatinib dose of 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg orally. A tracer dose of 89Zr-anti-HER3 mAb combined with the aspecific tracer 111In-IgG was injected 3 days after treatment. Ex vivo organ distribution assessment of 89Zr-anti-HER3 mAb was performed 6 days after tracer injection. Ex vivo tumor analysis using western blotting, ELISA and immunohistochemistry were performed to measure HER3 levels. In vitro, lapatinib treatment resulted in a ∼2-fold increase in membranous HER3 expression and HER3 internalization in SKBR3 and BT474 tumor cells. 89Zr-anti-HER3 mAb tumor uptake was significantly higher compared to 111In-IgG uptake in BT474 (P In conclusion, HER3-specific uptake of 89Zr-anti-HER3 mAb was shown in breast cancer xenografts. HER3 upregulation after lapatinib treatment was related to an enhanced 89Zr-anti-HER3 mAb uptake in these xenografts. These promising data warrant future dynamic assessment of HER3 status with 89Zr-anti-HER3 mAb PET imaging. Citation Format: Arjan Kol, Martin Pool, Steven de Jong, Elisabeth GE de Vries, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Anton GT Terwisscha van Scheltinga. Assessment of HER3 status during lapatinib treatment in HER3-positive breast cancer using 89Zr-anti-HER3 mAb. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr LB-B11.


Summary : Both Japan and South Korea, the two most developed countries in East Asia are by no means below many developed countries in the western world. Yet the two countries are ranked 61 and 62 respectively in the world happiness index. The article explores why unlike in countries such as France, Germany, Britain, Norway and Denmark, people in Japan and in South Korea work harder and for longer hours, and number of people dying every year due to overwork in the two countries are rising?


This paper addresses the question of whether the Bolivian gas boom of the 1990s has bypassed large parts of the poor population, thereby leading to increasing inequalities in an already unequal society. Using a Computable General Equilibrium model that is sequentially linked to a microsimulation model, we examine the transmission channels through which the large resource inflows related to the gas boom, both initial foreign investment in the sector and the subsequent export earnings, as well as large public transfer programs affect the distribution of income. Our focus is on labor market impacts, in particular on shifts between formal and informal employment and changes in relative factor prices. Our simulation results suggest that the gas boom induces a combination of unequalizing and equalizing forces, which tend to offset each other. As net distributional change is limited, growth generated by the boom reduces poverty despite increasing informality.


This paper presents experimental data that show that the biological action of low-intensity laser radiation (LILR) with a wavelength of 808nm (power density P=2.9mW∕cm2) shows a pronounced dependence on the irradiation regime (continuous or modulated) and the modulation frequency in the range F=1–50Hz. It is shown that sturgeon embryos are convenient objects for estimating the biological activity of the radiation, while the presence of a photobiological effect can be confirmed by testing the size and weight of standard fry and their stability against the action of extreme temperatures (thermal resistance). The dose dependence of the stimulating effect for each irradiation regime is characterized by a curve with a pronounced extremum, whose magnitude and energy position are determined by the frequency modulation. The maximum stimulating action, which manifests itself in a twofold increase of the body mass of the individuals and of their thermal resistance by comparison with the control group, is observed at F=50Hz (dose E=0.17J∕cm2). The prospects are discussed of using intensity-modulated radiation in medical technologies based on the action of LILR.


Research shows that the education of children in residential care is generally poor, in terms of both process and outcome. This has highlighted the uncertainty over how best to educate these children and a pessimism over what they can achieve. Drawing upon the findings of an evaluation of a children's home, this paper argues that children in residential care can have good educational outcomes. It also shows that it is possible to identify the processes by which these outcomes can be brought about. However, this largely positive assessment is predicated upon education being defined broadly in respect of 'process' and 'outcome'. Moreover, it is important not to underestimate the formidable challenges inherent in this work. While the multi-agency nature of this work gives rise to one of the most significant, it has to be recognized that responsibility for the education of children in residential care falls primarily to children's homes. If children's homes are to meet the increasing expectations that are being made of them, national and local government will have to undertake a radical transformation of residential childcare, especially in terms of attitudes towards, and resources invested in, this sector. Central to this is the establishment of a qualified and properly supported workforce


Recent studies indicate that oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) was weakened during the last glaciation and strengthened during the Termination I and Holocene not only along the eastern but western margins of the North Pacific Ocean, including the Okhotsk Sea [1, 2]. Benthic foraminiferal (BF) assemblages along with the sedimentary concentrations of the redox-sensitive trace elements are widely used to reconstruct past variations of OMZ in the Ocean. Our study focuses on two key interglacial intervals: the Termination (T) I – marine isotope stage (MIS) 1 (the last 16 ka) and TII – MIS 5e (116-134 ka) of core MD01-2415. The core MD01-2415 was collected on the northern slope of the Okhotsk Sea at water depth 822 m during WEPAMA 2001 cruise of the R/V Marion Dufresne [3]. We were able to obtain high-resolution BF and geochemical data (e.g., the accumulation rates and percentages of the dominant BF species; contents of total organic carbon, СаСО3 and some trace elements Al, Ca, Mg, Mn) which allow for paleoreconstructions with temporal resolution of ~300-600 kyr. The preliminary analysis of available data points to the existence of more intense OMZ during the TI and TII than in the subsequent interglaciations, as well as in the TI than TII. We compare the resulting paleoreconstructions with variations of the solar insolation at 60°N and the global sea level. Our preliminary hypothesis is that lower sea level before the TI (-110 m at 16 ka) than before the TII (from -60 to 100 m at 134 ka) along with slower rate of the sea level rising in the TI than in the TII [4] were among the main controlling factors responsible for larger amount of terrestrial organic matter and nutrients transported from the submerged shelves into the Okhotsk Sea in the TI. It suggests more enhanced marine and export productivity, more intense oxygen consumption via the organic matter decay and, as a result, stronger OMZ in the TI (maximum in the Preboreal) than in the TII.


In this paper we analyse the role played by cross-border organisations in the Guadiana river basin in Iberia, and the extent to which new emerging institutional arrangements carry on adaptive management practice as a response to mounting climate change risks in the river basin. Particular attention is paid to the new transboundary agencies, as promoted by the EU INTERREG programmes, and their potential for mainstreaming climate change considerations into Guadiana river basin development strategies. Results indicate that the penetration of climate change concerns into regional development policies requires a better integration of different policies and improved connectivity and coordination between multiple actors operating across sectors, and at different spatial scales. We argue that the emergence of new transboundary agencies capable of performing these bridging functions is a vital ingredient for building climate adaptive capacity in these cross-border regions.


Over the recent years numerous digital libraries have been deployed and enabled in the Internet with the use of various digital library frameworks. They contain valuable digital resources use of which is important to a large community of users, especially within the scientific and educational communities. The access to distributed digital resources has been a subject of research for a few years now. In this paper we present our own work in this area, discussing our approach at the distributed digital library platform that is widely used within the PIONIER optical network. We present the methodology for building distributed search and access to digital publications that allowed to create a national federation of digital libraries and that is now under investigation for possible use within various applica- tion fields including medicine, science and education.


This paper explores a new online learning problem where the input sequence lives in an over-time varying feature space and the ground-truth label of any input point is given only occasionally, making online learners less restrictive and more applicable. The crux in this setting lies in how to exploit the very limited labels to efficiently update the online learners. Plausible ideas such as propagating labels from labeled points to their neighbors through uncovering the point-wise geometric relations face two challenges: (1) distance measurement fails to work as different points may be described by disparate sets of features and (2) storing the geometric shape, which is formed by all arrived points, is unrealistic in an online setting. To address these challenges, we first construct a universal feature space that accumulates all observed features, making distance measurement feasible. Then, we use manifolds to represent the geometric shapes and approximate them in a sparse means, making manifolds computational and memory tractable in online learning. We frame these two building blocks into a regularized risk minimization algorithm. Theoretical analysis and empirical evidence substantiate the viability and effectiveness of our proposal.


Combined, aviation and marine transportation are responsible for approximately 5 percent of total greenhouse (GHG) emissions in the United States and 3 percent globally and are among the fastest growing modes in the transportation sector. Controlling the growth in these emissions will be an important part of reducing emissions from the transportation sector. A range of near-, medium- and long-term mitigation options are available to slow the growth of energy consumption and GHG emissions from aviation and marine shipping. Implementation of these options could result in reductions of more than 50 percent below BAU levels by 2050 from global aviation and more than 60 percent for global marine shipping. For these reductions to be realized, however, international and domestic policy intervention is required. Developing an effective path forward that facilitates the adoption of meaningful policies remains both a challenge and an opportunity. "Aviation and Marine Transportation: GHG Mitigation Potential and Challenges" presents an introduction to aviation and marine transportation and a discussion of the determinants of GHG emissions from transportation; gives overview of current emissions and trends and growth projections; explains the technological mitigation options and potential GHG emission reductions; and discusses policy options at both the domestic and international level to achieve deep and durable reductions in emissions.


Book synopsis: The 18th-century painter Johan Zoffany (1733–1810) was an astute observer of the many social circles in which he functioned as an artist over the course of his long career. This catalogue investigates his sharp wit, shrewd political appraisal, and perceptive social commentary (including subtle allusions to illicit relationships)—all achieved while presenting his subjects as delightful and sophisticated members of polite society.

A skilled networker, Zoffany established himself at the court of George III and Queen Charlotte soon after his arrival in England from his native Germany. At the same time, he befriended the leading actor David Garrick and through him became the foremost portrayer of Georgian theater. His brilliant effects and deft style were well suited to theatricality of all sorts, enabling him to secure patronage in England and on the continent. Following a prolonged visit to Italy he travelled to India, where he quickly became a popular and established member within the circle of Warren Hastings, the governor-general. Zoffany's Indian paintings are among his most spectacular and allowed him to return to England enriched and warmly welcomed. This volume provides a sparkling overview of his finest works.


PURPOSE
To establish an "electrical fingerprint" for the gap junction channels between mammalian lens epithelial cells.

METHODS
The double whole cell patch clamp technique was applied to isolated cell pairs obtained from mouse lens epithelium and a continuous cell line of lens epithelial cells derived from the sheep lens (SLE 2.1).

RESULTS
The junctional conductance in mouse lens epithelial cells and in cultured SLE 2.1 cells was found to be moderately voltage dependent. SLE 2.1 cells were analyzed in more detail. The voltage dependence could be described by a Boltzmann distribution with Vo = +/- 63.1 mV and Gmin = 0.34. In cell pairs that exhibited spontaneously low junctional conductance, single channel events could be distinguished. Single gap junction channel currents had a linear current-voltage relationship. A frequency histogram of single channel conductances from eight cell pairs had three major peaks of 35, 60 and 97 pS.

CONCLUSION
The electrical properties of gap junction channels between mammalian lens epithelial cells were virtually identical to those previously reported for transfected cell lines expressing connexin43. The authors' physiological data are therefore in agreement with molecular studies that have identified connexin43 as the major connexin of lens epithelial cells.


In this paper, we investigate the rheological behavior of jammed emulsions in microchannels on the basis of microvelocimetry techniques. We demonstrate that velocity profiles in this confined geometry cannot be accounted for by the bulk - Herschel-Bulkley - rheological flow curve measured independently in a rheometer. A strong dependence of the flow behavior on the confinement, pressure drop and surface roughness is evidenced, which cannot be described by classical rheological descriptions. We show that these behaviors can be rationalized on the basis of a non local rheological model, introducing the notion of local fluidity as a key rheological quantity. The model reproduces the experimental velocity profiles for any confinements and any surface nature. The non-locality is quantified by a length, ζ, characterizing the flow cooperativity of jammed emulsions, and typically of the order of several emulsion droplet diameters. We study the influence of volume fraction, droplet diameter, and emulsions polydispersity on this length.


Superresolution phase-only pupil filters designed to utilize the degrees of freedom made available by diffractive optics technology are investigated theoretically. These so-called diffractive superresolution elements improve the quality of the superresolved diffraction pattern from the point of view of Strehl ratio, reduction of the spot size, control of the sidelobe effects, optimization procedures, and fabrication tolerances. The performance of these elements is studied, and the nature of the solutions obtainable with binary and multiple-phase structures is analyzed. Design considerations and solutions for applications such as confocal scanning microscopy and optical data storage are presented. Optimization of the degrees of freedom to satisfy desired constraints is discussed and compared with other methods.


These are inauspicious times to be promoting greater openness and cooperation in relations between the government, the military and the media. The blanket secrecy around Operation Sovereign Borders not only represents a fundamental abrogation of the government's responsibility to keep its citizens informed about the nature, purposes and implementation of its policies, it also sets a dreadful and potentially damaging example for other government departments of how to conduct one's relations with the media. The prominent role afforded Lieutenant General Angus Campbell in the early days of the operation was the most obvious reflection of the fact that many of the Immigration Minister's practices and directions had their origins in the Australian Defence Force's (ADF) interactions with the fourth estate during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, where its costiveness with information was legendary.1 If imitation is the highest form of flattery, the government's information campaign around asylum seekers reflected its esteem for the ADF's information management practices over the preceding years. Yet the ADF would do well to consider the consequences of its antagonistic relations with the media and how well placed this has left it to face the emerging threats from non-state actors and conventional forces.


Convolutional networks are at the core of most state of-the-art computer vision solutions for a wide variety of tasks. Since 2014 very deep convolutional networks started to become mainstream, yielding substantial gains in various benchmarks. Although increased model size and computational cost tend to translate to immediate quality gains for most tasks (as long as enough labeled data is provided for training), computational efficiency and low parameter count are still enabling factors for various use cases such as mobile vision and big-data scenarios. Here we are exploring ways to scale up networks in ways that aim at utilizing the added computation as efficiently as possible by suitably factorized convolutions and aggressive regularization. We benchmark our methods on the ILSVRC 2012 classification challenge validation set demonstrate substantial gains over the state of the art: 21:2% top-1 and 5:6% top-5 error for single frame evaluation using a network with a computational cost of 5 billion multiply-adds per inference and with using less than 25 million parameters. With an ensemble of 4 models and multi-crop evaluation, we report 3:5% top-5 error and 17:3% top-1 error on the validation set and 3:6% top-5 error on the official test set.


A novel all-optical microwave filter with a frequency response equivalent to a bandpass filter is presented. An electro-optic phase modulator combined with a dispersive device is employed to eliminate the baseband resonance of a typical lowpass filter. A two-tap bandpass transversal microwave filter with a null-to-null bandwidth of 8.8 GHz and a 35-dB notch rejection level is demonstrated.


This study discusses some important observations on using the local language for teaching science in kindergarten. The study was conducted in a local kindergarten school in the Philippines where classes were observed to obtain data whether using the local language in teaching science is effective. The result shows that using the local language for teaching science to kindergarten learners: (1) allow the learners to ask questions that are related to their lesson; (2) allow for individualism so that those with different backgrounds and levels of development can contribute and progress; (3) evoke emotional and physical as well as intellectual responses; (4) offer oppor- tunities for children to express ideas on a topic, issue, or problem; and (5) help make connections to what they are learning in other subject fields. In general, it allows the children to participate actively in different activities. This paper strongly advocates the use of local language as an effective medium of instruction in teaching science for young children.


The Kv7 (KCNQ) channel is a family of voltage-gated potassium channels that is considered to be important in the regulation of cellular excitability and axonal conduction. Previous studies have shown that peripheral sensory neurons express Kv7.2, Kv7.3, and Kv7.5 subunits, and that suppression of Kv7 activity with pharmacological blockers can lead to increased nociception. However, the specific localization and the functional role of each Kv7 subunits within the peripheral sensory system have not been fully elucidated. In this thesis, I first investigate the expression pattern of Kv7.5 with immunohistochemical techniques, which allow me to show that Kv7.5 is localized in the axons of the Remak bundles (unmyelinated axons and their associated Schwann cells), including their cutaneous branches, and is not detected at nodes of Ranvier. In addition, I demonstrate that small diameter neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which are the origin of these unmyelinated afferents, express relatively more Kv7.5 than do large DRG neurons. Thus, Kv7.5 may be the relevant Kv7 channel expressed by C-fibers. Next I examined Kv7.2 with the generation of conditional Kcnq2-null mice that lacked Kv7.2 expression in all peripheral sensory neurons. I show that Kcnq2-null mice have a complete loss of Kv7.2 expression in the peripheral sensory neurons, but retain normal Kv7.3 nodal expression and other molecular components of the node, paranode, and juxtaparanode. Furthermore, the Kcnq2-null mice exhibit normal motor performance, but have increased thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. Finally, by utilizing whole cell patch recording technique, I demonstrate that Kcnq2-null DRG neurons have increased excitability and reduced spike-frequency adaptation. Taken together, the results that I have generated in this thesis suggest that in the peripheral sensory system, Kv7.5 provides the primary Mcurrent in unmyelinated axons, while Kv7.2 regulates the excitability of myelinated axon. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Neuroscience First Advisor Steven S. Scherer


Mass spectrometry (MS) represents an indispensable tool for the structural identification of natural products (NPs) and is one of the major focus areas of analytical chemistry research. The technique has long been used to obtain molecular weights and further molecular formulae. In the past, former ionization sources such as electronic impact (EI) limited MS analysis to predominately volatile, polar, and thermostable compounds. However, the development of soft ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and laser desorption/ionization (LDI) have gradually extended the scope of MS analysis to a much wider range of chemical entities. Moreover, the hyphenation of liquid and gas chromatography with MS (LC‐MS, GC‐MS) has provided a most powerful tool for the analysis of complex mixtures and NPs. In fact, LC‐MS is often considered as a method of first choice particularly when studying complex mixtures of small molecules. On the other hand, recent developments in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and LDI may provide useful supplements and potential alternatives to this approach. Both methods share similar, though slightly different ionization mechanisms. While MALDI uses small molecules comprising strong UV chromophores (matrices) to transfer laser energy to the sample material, LDI targets compounds that can be directly ionized by laser irradiation without any matrix support. Moreover, certain compounds showing LDI properties may also work as MALDI matrices. With regard to NPs research, MALDI and LDI may help overcoming certain limitations encountered in LC‐MS such as the indispensable use of buffer solutions when analyzing alkaloids. Moreover, as (MA)LDI hardly requires any sample conditioning, analysis time can be significantly shortened. With all this in mind, the subsequent article will highlight some interesting MALDI and LDI applications, which focus on the detection of NPs in complex mixtures. This includes the use of specifically adapted matrices for the selective detection of alkaloids (i), the study of the inherent LDI and matrix properties of phenolic compounds (ii) as well of evaluation on the reproducibility of LDI signal patterns (iii). Eventually, a statistical approach toward LDI profiling, which may provide a future tool for quality control of large sample batches will be presented (iv).


The Verizon Wireless Dynamic Mobile IP Key Update procedure is a
mechanism for distributing and updating Mobile IP (MIP) cryptographic
keys in cdma2000(R) networks (including High Rate Packet Data, which
is often referred to as 1xEV-DO). The Dynamic Mobile IP Key Update
(DMU) procedure occurs between the MIP Mobile Node (MN) and RADIUS
Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) Server via a
cdma2000(R) Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) that is acting as a Mobile
IP Foreign Agent (FA). cdma2000(R) is a registered trademark of the
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA). This memo provides
information for the Internet community.


We, humans, are exposed daily to millions of potential pathogens, through contact, inhalation, or ingestion. Our ability to avoid infection depends on our immune system, which consists of two distinct, yet interrelated and interacting subsystems: the innate and adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system remembers previous encounters with specific pathogens and destroys them when they attack again. Elicitation of an adaptive response depends on special white blood cells from the innate immune system.
This thesis focuses on the central role that the intracelllular endosomal transport network in these specialized white blood cells, e.g. B-cells and Dendritic cells (DCs), plays in elicitating an adaptive immune response.
Using live cell fluorescent microscopy on human monocyte-derived DCs, we show that TLR-triggering induced tubulation of late endosomes. However, TLR triggering was insufficient to stimulate tubulation of endosomal recycling compartments (ERCs) in human monocyte-derived DCs. Tubulation of ERCs within human DCs required additional antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell interaction. This tubular remodeling occurs within 30 min of T-cell contact and involved ligation of HLA-A2 and ICAM-1 by T-cell-expressed T-cell receptor and LFA-1, respectively. In addition, wedemonstrated that MICAL-L1 is necessary for tubulation of ERCs in human DCs. Disintegration of microtubules or inhibition of endosomal recycling abolished tubular ERCs, which coincided with reduced antigen-dependent CD8+ T-cell activation.
Another mechanism that is involved in endosomal trafficking and underlies antigen presentation, is receptor-mediated uptake of antigens. We targeted exogenous antigen to Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs), which increased CD8+ T-cell activation following antigen cross-presentation by human monocyte-derived and BDCA-3+ DCs. Using several pharmaceutical inhibitors, we show that FcγR-targeted antigens enter both cytosolic and vacuolar pathways of cross-presentation in human DCs.
Additionally, we report on two related Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) patients carrying a Leucine to Proline replacement at position 3 in the Src kinase B-lymphoid tyrosine kinase (BLK). Unlike in mice, where functional redundancy exists between Src kinases, we show that L3P-BLK abrogates early B-cell Receptor (BCR) signalling, e.g. Syk phosphorylation, required for B-cell proliferation. Moreover, expression of L3P-BLK accelerates late endosomal/lysosomal BCR-antigen complex delivery, causing destruction of the antigen. Together these events reduce antigen presentation as shown by decreased BCR-mediated HLA-DR-restricted antigen-specific activation of CD4+ T-cells. Thus, defective early BCR signalling may affect endosomal trafficking and diminish interdependent antigen presentation. Whether more CVID patients harbour defective endosomal trafficking and antigen presentation is unknown to date, but we showed disturbed early BCR signaling in a significant proportion of pediatric CVID(-like) patients. In these young CVID-patients, BCR or CD20 crosslinking induces less BCR internalization and antibody-mediated CD20 triggering elicited decreased BCR downstream signaling as measured by secondary Ca2+ fluxes.
In conclusion, the work described in this thesis describes the pivotal role of the endosomal network in initiation of adaptive immune responses. Regulating key endosomal processes by interfering a.o. with endosomal tubulation, antigen (Fcγ) receptor-targeting, or Src kinase (BLK) function may contribute to an improvement in future therapeutic intervention strategies contributing to patient survival.


A contribution to the research on the relationship between exposure to ambient pollutants and diseases comes from human biomonitoring data collection and interpretation. The 21 biomonitoring studies reviewed are mainly aimed at providing either information on exposure amongst worker subgroups, serving as a reference, or information on the relationship between exposure and toxicity. Attention was also paid to the relationship between internal biomarker dose and environmental pollution levels through a combined use of biomonitoring epidemiological study design and environmental monitoring. Marker levels of internal dose (in blood and urine), DNA damage and oxidative stress tend to be higher mostly in highly exposed workers, i.e. those employed in furnace maintenance, residue transfer, cleaning operations, metal disposal and all activities where there is direct contact with fly ash. The presence of old furnaces or non-upgraded plants was associated with acute and chronic health problems in workers.


We identify three programming language abstractions for the construction of re-usable components: abstract type members, explicit selftypes and symmetric mixin composition. Together, these abstractions enable us to transform an arbitrary assembly of static program parts with hard references between them into a system of re-usable compo-nents. The transformation maintains the structure of the original system. We demonstrate this approach in two case studies, a subject/observer framework and a compiler front-end.


The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular mechanism(s) that underpins contractile dysfunction in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat heart compared to age-matched control heart. In some experiments, a clinically relevant concentration of the volatile anaesthetic halothane (0.6 mM) was used examine its effect on contractile properties of STZ-induced diabetic heart. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by a single i.p. injection of STZ (60 mg Kg-1, body weight) which, resulted in an experimental model of type 1 diabetes that was characterised by hypoinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia, increases in osmolarity and decreases in body and heart weights. Total cation contents (Ca2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ Fe2+) were significantly (P<0.05) increased in the STZ-induced diabetic heart compared to age-matched controls. The majority of experiments were carried out on ventricular myocytes following 8-12 weeks of STZ treatment. L-type calcium (Ca2+) current (ICa,L) was measured in patch clamped ventricular myocytes in whole cell mode, using a cesium-based pipette solution and a holding potential of -40 mV and test potentials between —30 and 50 mV. The amplitude of ICal. was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the STZ-induced diabetic myocytes compared to age-matched control. Furthermore, halothane further reduced the peak ICal, to levels in both age-matched control STZ-induced diabetic myocytes. Contraction was measured in electrically stimulated myocytes via a video-edge detector and results showed that the amplitude of contraction as a percentage of resting cell length (% RCL) was significantly (P<0.01) greater in STZ-induced diabetic myocytes (6.8 ± 0.5 %, n32) compared to that of age matched control (4.1 ± 1.04 %, n=27). Moreover, the 1pk of contraction was found to be significantly (P<0.01) longer in diabetic myocytes (164.1 ± 7.4 ms, n=30 Vs. 132.3 ± 5.9 ms, n=27) compared to control, respectively. Halothane evoked significant (P<0.05) reductions in the amplitude of contraction in control myocytes. The amplitude of contraction was significantly (P<0.01) reduced further in STZ-induced myocytes compared to the response in the absence of halothane. In voltage clamped myocytes however, contraction was peak amplitude of contraction was greater in control compared to STZ induced myocytes. Since contraction is ultimately dependent on cytosolic Ca 2+, it was relevant to measured free intracellular Ca 2+ concentrations ([Ca 2+]) using the fluorescent dye fura-2. Basal resting Ca2+ (measure by fluorescence ratio units) was significantly (P<0.01) increased in STZ-induced diabetic myocytes following 8 weeks of treatment compared to age-matched control (0.599 ± 0.009 ratio units, n=23 Vs. 0.521 ± 0.012 ratio units, n=23) , respectively. Electrically stimulated cardiac myocytes (1 Hz) induced Ca 2+ transients that had a longer time from the peak (tpk) of Ca2+ transient to half decay ( 1 decrn). Moreover, in the presence of halothane, the amplitude of electrically stimulated Ca 2+ transient release was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in control and STZ-induced myocytes but was not significantly altered between control and STZ-induced myocytes. Following a caffeine-induced Ca 2+ release, 1 1/2 of Ca decay was significantly (P<0.01) longer (43%) in myocytesobtained from STZ-induced compared to age-matched controls. However, in the presence of 10 mM nickel chloride (NiCl 2), the rate of Ca 2+ efflux out of the cell was similar in both control and diabetic myocyte. Myofilament sensitivity was studied by plotting the relationship between contraction and Ca 2+ in controland STZ-induced diabetic myocytes. The results show that myofilament sensitivity for Ca2+ is increased in the STZ-induced myocytes but is significantly (P<0.05) reduced following the application of halothane.

In conclusion, the results have shown that in electrically stimulated STZ-induced diabetic myocytes, the increase in contraction is primarily caused by an increase in myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity, and not through an increase in Ca 2+ release from the SR. Moreover, in the STZ-induced diabetic myocytes an alteration in Na+/Ca2+ -exchanger may contribute to a prolonged Ca2+ transient. It is suggested that prolonged Ap duration in the diabetic heart leads to increased Ca 2+ influx albeit a reduced lCa.t. which may overcompensate for a decrease in SERCA function (that has been reported in the diabetic heart. Misra el at 1999) and may lead to similar SR Ca 2 load and release in both diabetic and control myocytes. Following. SR Ca 2+ release it is suggested that the increased myofilament Ca 2+ sensitivity in STZ-induced myocytes leads to an increase in contraction that has been reported in this study.

In voltage clamped STZ-induced diabetic myocytes, a decrease in lCa.l. was mirrored by a decrease in the peak amplitude of contraction. It is suggested that in voltage clamped myocytes from STZ-induced hearts, that are not influenced by the Ap, decreased lCa.L, may lead to a reduced Ca 2+ influx and subsequent SR Ca2+ release. Reduced Ca 2+ release from the SR, may not be compensated for by the increase in myofilament Ca 2+ sensitivity in the diabetic heart, and may ultimately lead to a reduction in the amplitude of contraction that has been reported in this study.

It has also been shown that, following the application of halothane. the lCa.L, Ca2+ transient and amplitude of contraction were significantly more decreased in STZ-induced myocytes compared to that of control. It is suggested that reduced myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity in the presence of halothane contributes to the changes in contraction. However, it is also likely that another mechanism such as fractional Ca 2+ release and/or SR Ca2+ load may also be affected by the actions of halothane in the diabetic heart.


Thermal and Convective Loading Methods for Releasing Hydrophobic Therapeutics from Contact Lenses Ryan Ruben Horne Department of Chemical Engineering, BYU Master of Science This thesis investigates the feasibility of loading silicone hydrogel (SiHy) contact lenses with two different hydrophobic therapeutics, latanoprost and DMPC (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero3-phosphocholine), for treatment of glaucoma and hyperemia respectively. The two methods of loading were 1) thermal loading in an aqueous medium and 2) convective loading in a solution of n-propanol. Dailies Total1® lenses prepared in this manner were tested for their loading and their release into artificial tears. Continuous release over 1-4 days at therapeutic levels is achievable from thermal loading of DMPC, convective loading of DMPC, and convective loading of latanoprost. The DMPC loading processes can be naturally integrated into standard manufacturing lines for Dailies Total1®. Both DMPC and latanoprost release at rates proportional to the amount loaded into a contact lens. Latanoprost loads into a contact lens strictly proportionally to the loading concentration and the time of loading. The convective loading step represents a significant improvement on both the time of loading (reduced from days to minutes) and the loading capacity of silicone hydrogel contact lenses. This thesis also compares the loading and release of latanoprost in the convective loading procedure using the SiHy contact lenses of Acuvue Advance® (Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL) , Air Optix® (Alcon, Copenhagen, Denmark), Biofinity® (CooperVision), PureVision® (Bausch & Lomb), and Dailies Total1® (Alcon), and the polyHEMA lens, SofLens 38® (Bausch & Lomb), finding that silicone hydrogels load an order of magnitude more drug than the polyHEMA lens and release into artificial tears for an order of magnitude longer. Overall, these experiments provide a quantitative understanding of the dynamics of loading and release for both DMPC and latanoprost.


Owing to the growing demand for lightweight cryptographic solutions, NIST has initiated a standardization process for lightweight cryptographic algorithms. Specific to authenticated encryption (AE), the NIST draft demands that the scheme should have one primary member that has key length of 128 bits, and it should be secure for at least 250 − 1 byte queries and 2112 computations. Popular (lightweight) modes, such as OCB, OTR, CLOC, SILC, JAMBU, COFB, SAEB, Beetle, SUNDAE etc., require at least 128-bit primitives to meet the NIST criteria, as all of them are just birthday bound secure. Furthermore, most of them are sequential, and they either use a two pass mode or they do not offer any security when the adversary has access to unverified plaintext (RUP model). In this paper, we propose two new designs for lightweight AE modes, called LOCUS and LOTUS, structurally similar to OCB and OTR, respectively. These modes achieve notably higher AE security bounds with lighter primitives (only a 64-bit tweakable block cipher). Especially, they satisfy the NIST requirements: secure as long as the data complexity is less than 264 bytes and time complexity is less than 2128, even when instantiated with a primitive with 64-bit block and 128-bit key. Both these modes are fully parallelizable and provide full integrity security under the RUP model. We use TweGIFT-64[4,16,16,4] (also referred as TweGIFT-64), a tweakable variant of the GIFT block cipher, to instantiate our AE modes. TweGIFT-64-LOCUS and TweGIFT-64-LOTUS are significantly light in hardware implementation. To justify, we provide our FPGA based implementation results, which demonstrate that TweGIFT-64-LOCUS consumes only 257 slices and 690 LUTs, while TweGIFT-64-LOTUS consumes only 255 slices and 664 LUTs.


A vast majority of color transformations applied to an image in the digital press industry are static and pre‐calculated. In order to achieve the best quality on a wide variety of different images, these transformations tend to be highly conservative with respect to the use of black ink. This results in excessive use of inks, which has a negative economic and environmental impact. We present a method for dynamic computation of color transformation based on image content, with the aim to reduce ink usage. We analyze the image, and predict areas in which quality artifacts that may result from such a reduction will be masked by the image content. These areas include detailed textures, noisy areas and structure. We then replace the image CMYK values by a new combination with increased black. Our algorithm ensures negligible color shifts in the resulting image, and no visible reduction in quality. We achieve an average of over 10% ink savings.


Use of inferior yeast cultures represents one of the reasons for low fermentation efficiencies in Sri Lankan alcohol distilleries that use sugarcane molasses. The present study isolated and characterised yeast strains found in natural environments in Sri Lanka and evaluated their performance under laboratory conditions in an effort to select superior strains for industrial fermentations. Yeasts were characterised based on morphological and physiological features such as sugar fermentation and nitrate assimilation. Ethanol production, alcohol tolerance and growth rate of the most promising strains were monitored following laboratory fermentations of molasses. Over a thousand yeast cultures were collected and screened for fermentative activity and a total of 83 yeast isolates were characterised as higher ethanol producers. Most of these belonged to the genus Saccharomyces. Certain strains produced over 10% (v/v) alcohol in molasses media during 72 h laboratory fermentations. Only two strains, SL-SRI-C-102 and 111, showed an appreciable fermentation efficiency of about 90%. The latter strain produced the highest level of ethanol, 11% (v/v) within a 48 h fermentation and exhibited improved alcohol tolerance when compared with the baker's yeast strains currently used in Sri Lankan alcohol distilleries. This study highlights the benefits of exploiting indigenous yeasts for industrial fermentation processes.


The brachyuran CaJappidae sensu Balss (1957) is composed of three subfamilies, Calappinae, Matutinae and Orithyinae. However, an examination of the history of the comprehension of these three groups shows that they have been interpreted in various ways. From critical re-examination of Balss's diagnosis and from reconsideration of all available data, it can be concluded that because of the considerable differences in shape, structures and functions of adults and larvae, as well as their mode of life, these three groups, in spite of their several similarities, are not closely related, as believed before, and therefore their unity on a higher systematic level is questionable. The available data permits the conclusion that these three groups form separate well-delimited families, as originally stated by Ortmann (1892), Le., Calappidae De Haan, 1833, Matutidae De Haan, 1833, and Orithyiidae Dana, 1852.


My dissertation, building on the work of John Brereton, Robert Connors, and others returns to the Harvard University Archives to reconstruct the Harvard rhetoric program under the leadership of Edward Tyrrel Channing from 1819 to 1851. During that time, coincident with the industrial revolution, U.S. publishers experienced a period of rapid growth as the cost of production for books, newspapers, and magazines dropped, and demand for print grew among a nascent middle class. Against that backdrop, and in spite of considerable resistance, Channing engineered a substantial shift at Harvard from an oratory-based curriculum to a writing-based one, just as the orientation of public discourse was beginning to shift to the page. From a wide range of documents which have not been closely examined in previous histories, I argue that Channing viewed writing as primarily a modern, technologically-driven, social and economic act. Eschewing the classical pedagogies of imitation espoused by his predecessors, he pushed his students to be original thinkers in a newly information saturated market, to beware of influence, and to view writing as the manufacture of valuable products. This dissertation brings Channing (and one of his students) out of the shadows of composition prehistory, and in doing so it makes two important contributions to our understanding of the field's past. First, it illuminates how changes in the machinery and economics of print influenced early writing pedagogies. Second, by revealing that formal writing instruction in American colleges began decades earlier than is typically acknowledged, it argues against the periodization that has often blinded scholars to early eras of composition's history.


Ultrasonic guided wave technology has played a significant role in the field of nondestructive testing due to its advantages of high propagation efficiency and low energy consumption. At present, the existing methods for structural defect detection and quantitative reconstruction of defects by ultrasonic guided waves are mainly derived from the guided wave scattering theory. However, taking into account the high complexity in guided wave scattering problems, assumptions such as Born approximation used to derive theoretical solutions lead to poor quality of the reconstructed results. Other methods, for example, optimizing iteration, improve the accuracy of reconstruction, but the time cost in the process of detection has remarkably increased. To address these issues, a novel approach to quantitative reconstruction of defects based on the integration of convolutional neural network with guided wave scattering theory has been proposed in this paper. The neural network developed by this deep learning-assisted method has the ability to quantitatively predict the reconstruction of defects, reduce the theoretical model error and eliminate the impact of noise pollution in the process of inspection on the accuracy of results. To demonstrate the advantage of the developed method for defect reconstruction, the thinning defect reconstructions in plate have been examined. Results show that this approach has high levels of efficiency and accuracy for reconstruction of defects in structures. Especially, for the reconstruction of the rectangle defect, the result by the proposed method is nearly 200% more accurate than the solution by the method of wavenumber-space transform. For the signals polluted with Gaussian noise, i.e., 15 db, the proposed method can improve the accuracy of reconstruction of defects by 71% as compared with the quality of results by the tradional method of wavenumber-space transform. In practical applications, the integration of theoretical reconstruction models with the neural network technique can provide a useful insight into the high-precision reconstruction of defects in the field of non-destruction testing.


The predominant M(2) tide in the Mediterranean Sea is examined using the linearized Laplace tidal equations including the astronomical gravitational potential, the Atlantic tide entering through the Strait of Gibraltar, the Earth tide, the effects of the Earth deformation due to the ocean tide load and bottom friction. The model solution is based on a decomposition of the primitive variables in terms of basis functions associated to the Helmholtz-Proudman potentials. The net tidal power input into the basin is 1.63 10(8) W. Bottom friction dissipation accounts for -0.94 10(8) W. The work done by the bottom deformation due to global (-0.62 10(8) W) and local (-0.07 10(8) W) tide load effects extract energy from the system. The net energy flux into the basin through the Strait of Gibraltar (6.52 10(8) W) is four times larger than the net power input, but the astronomical tidal body forces operating over the interior of the basin do work in opposition, implying a net power extraction of -4.89 10(8) W. In addition to the Helmholtz mode with a period of 5.3 days, the normal modes contributing to the M(2) tide have periods between 8 h and 32 h. These modes are associated to regional sea level and transport structures in the Gulf of Gabes (8.2 h), the Adriatic and Aegean Seas (12.0 h) and basin-wide features in the Eastern and Western basins (1.3 d). Sixty tide-gauge stations inside the Mediterranean Sea, together with transport measurements through the Strait of Gibraltar, are used to calibrate the model. Comparison of the data and the unconstrained dynamic model sea-surface height shows a rms difference of 4.5 cm. Allowing for errors in the model and the observations and selecting the magnitude of the error in the model (32 %), a robust estimate of the basin response yields a rms difference of 2.5 cm with the observations.