A wheat field with remnants of crumbled, brownish stone, broken glass, and square-headed nails is the remains of Fort Zarah, abandoned over ninety years ago. For many years a mystery enshrouded the Fort's existence. The efforts of county historians to uncover documentary historical materials about Fort Zarah were only partially successful. It was the challenge of uncovering forgotten history that created the desire to write this thesis. The early results of research were disappointing, as historical materials were extremely scarce and limited in content. The search for materials was expanded into the National Archives in Washington, the Kansas State Historical Society at Topeka, and the Denver Public Library, as well as all diaries, journals, and newspapers available. In addition to these documents the writer visited the site of Fort Zarah and talked with local historians. Troops had been stationed at the important Walnut Creek Crossing since 1853. Here the Walnut Creek was forded in order to follow the Santa Fe Trail. The growth of commercial intercourse and the discovery of gold in Colorado had brought an increase in the traffic on the Santa Fe Trail, and disturbed the hunting grounds of nomadic Indians, following their chief means of livelihood, the buffalo. In 1864, a general Indian War ensued and added protection on the Santa Fe Trail was needed to protect the fringe area of military posts already established in the region. As a result Fort Zarah, a one-company outpost was established in 1864 near the Walnut Creek Crossing. The life and duty of the soldiers stationed at Fort Zarah was extremely hard and demanding, as Indian attacks were sporadic and the troops were quite busy escorting wagon trains to and from forts Harker, Larned, and the Cow Creek Ranch. In 1866, council was held at Fort Zarah with the Kiowa, Comanche, Cheyenne, Arapahoe, and Apache nations for the purpose of signing the amendments to the Treaty of the Little Wichita. Many prominent leaders of the Indian and Federal Government were present, but only two tribes signed the amendments. In 1867, an enlarged Fort was built at a cost of $110,000, one mile from the original site. One year later the garrison at Fort Zarah successfully repelled an Indian attack of over 150 Kiowas. By 1869, Indian hostilities dropped to a minimum as warring tribes were driven south and westward. With the end of the Indian wars of 1864-1869, Fort Zarah was no longer useful or practical. In October, 1869, the fort was ordered dismantled, and the tin roof and other valuable parts of the structure were removed to Fort Harker.


I consider that a moral act. And I consider it immoral that I missed. I should have done target practice. (1) --Valerie Solanas commenting on her near-fatal shooting of Andy Warhol in 1968 Valerie Solanas took the elevator and got off at the fourth floor She pointed the gun at Andy saying you can't control me anymore ... Valerie Solanas waved her gun pointing at the floor From inside her idiot madness spoke and bang Andy fell to the floor And I believe life's serious enough for some retribution I believe being sick is no excuse And I believe I would've pulled the switch on her myself --John Cale and Lou Reed, 'I Believe' Introduction In the early afternoon of June 3rd, 1968, the summer of the student uprisings across the US, Valerie Solanas waited, clutching a paper bag, outside Andy Warhors new gallery and office space, the Factory, at 33 Union Square, New York. It was a warm summer day but Solanas was heavily dressed and she had even applied a little makeup--from all accounts something she reserved for special occasions. When Warhol and his assistant arrived in a taxi, Solanas rode with them in the elevator up to the gallery. After exchanging a few words with Solanas, Warhol and his entourage went about their business, ignoring her presence. A few minutes later, Solanas pulled a .32 calibre automatic pistol from the paper bag and fired three times at Warhol. Only one bullet hit her target, but it seriously wounded Warhol, 'entering through the left lung and hitting the spleen, stomach, liver and oesophagus before penetrating the right lung and exiting from the side.' (2) She then fired at a visiting art dealer, hitting him in the left buttock, before catching the elevator down to the ground floor. Later that evening, having surrendered herself and the gun to a traffic policeman in Times Square, Solanas was taken to the 13th Precinct Booking Room where she openly confessed to the shooting of Warhol. It is this incident for which most people remember Solanas, if they remember her at all. In popular accounts of the shooting, her guerrilla action was always already mediated by her victim's celebrity status as representative of the disreputable world of the 1960s New York avantgarde. As Germaine Greer writes, Solanas 'was too easily characterised as a neurotic, perverted exhibitionist, and the incident was too much a part of Warhol's three-ring circus of nuts for her message to come across unperverted.' (3) Overshadowed by Warhol's seductive public persona then, the unanimous conclusion of the media was that Solanas was mad, (4) and it is this one-dimensional image of the crazed Solanas that has left its (albeit faint) mark on modern American history. As a consequence, within the spaces of popular culture, it is rarely acknowledged that, in addition to having shot a pop-art icon, Solanas was also the author of one of the most incendiary texts of modern feminism, The SCUM Manifesto. Self-published by Solanas in 1967, the SCUM Manifesto is one of the few remaining concrete legacies of Solanas' existence. In the opening paragraph she wrote: Life in this society being, at best, an utter bore and no aspect of society being at all relevant to women, there remains to civic-minded, responsible, thrill-seeking females only to overthrow the government, eliminate the money system, institute complete automation, and destroy the male sex. (5) And later in the manifesto, she describes SCUM's activities as follows: SCUM will always operate on a criminal as opposed to a civil-disobedience basis, that is, as opposed to openly violating the law and going to jail in order to draw attention to an injustice ... SCUM--always selfish, always cool--will always aim to avoid detection and punishment. SCUM will always be furtive, sneaky, underhanded ... SCUM will coolly, furtively, stalk its prey and quietly move in for the kill. …


The contemporary paradigm for African-American reparations fundamentally fails to address what should be its most vital component. Of the three essential elements of a successful reparations campaign - apology, award, and non-repetition through reconciliation - the most vital is non-repetition. In past "successful" reparations campaigns, the offending parties have issued apologies and awards, but have neither challenged nor dismantled the attitudes or infrastructures from which wrongful acts emerged, leaving open the likelihood of wrongful acts occurring again. Any campaign that neglects the non-repetition element runs the risk of strengthening the status quo. In this article, Professor Burkett argues that in order for a reparations campaign to be a true success for African-Americans, it must include a non-repetition element. To do so, the reparations movement must embrace a reconciliation model that is forward-looking and concerned with the methods of deterring future bad acts for ultimate, complete, and successful repair. In the current discourse on African-American reparations, Professor Burkett argues, non-repetition through reconciliation is woefully underemphasized. The incorporation of the non-repetition element is particularly important in the American context. From the nation's earliest days, the American political and economic landscape has evolved in a particularly pernicious manner, creating and entrenching a racial and economic hierarchy that persistently subjugates African-Americans and other of-color and low-income communities. Professor Burkett argues that in this context a multi-racial, multi-ethnic and cross-class reconciliation model is vital to the success of the African-American campaign. This broad-based approach, the author maintains, is the only way to ensure non-repetition.


The molecular mechanisms by which the anti-HER2 antibodies trastuzumab and its murine equivalent 4D5 inhibit tumor growth and potentiate chemotherapy are not fully understood. Inhibition of signaling through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway may be particularly important. Treatment of breast cancer cells that overexpress HER2 with trastuzumab inhibited HER2-HER3 association, decreased PDK1 activity, reduced Thr-308 and Ser-473 phosphorylation of AKT, and reduced AKT enzymatic activity. To place the role of PI3K-AKT in perspective, gene expression was studied by using Affymetrix microarrays and real time reverse transcription-PCR. Sixteen genes were consistently down-regulated 2.0–4.9-fold in two antibody-treated breast cancer cell lines. Fourteen of the 16 genes were involved in three major functional areas as follows: 7 in cell cycle regulation, particularly of the G2-M; 5 in DNA repair/replication; and 2 in modifying chromatin structure. Of the 16 antibody-regulated genes, 64% had roles in cell growth/maintenance and 52% contributed to the cell cycle. Direct inhibition of PI3K with an inhibitor markedly reduced expression of 14 genes that were also affected by the antibody. Constitutive activation of AKT1 blocked the effect of the anti-HER2 antibody on cell cycle arrest and on eight differentially expressed genes. The antibody enhanced docetaxel-induced growth inhibition but did not increase the fraction of apoptotic cells induced with docetaxel alone. In contrast, the antibody plus docetaxel markedly down-regulated two genes, HEC and DEEPEST, required for passage through G2-M. Thus, anti-HER2 antibody preferentially affects genes contributing to cell cycle progression and cell growth/maintenance, in part through the PI3K-AKT signaling. Transcriptional regulation by anti-HER2 antibody through PI3K-AKT pathway may potentiate the growth inhibitory activity of docetaxel by affecting cell cycle progression.


Study Design. Prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Objective. To assess the efficacy of ketorolac and bupivacaine in reducing postoperative pain after microsurgical lumbar discectomy. Summary of Background Data. Microsurgical lumbar discectomy often is performed as an ambulatory procedure. Pain, nausea, and urinary retention may delay discharge. It was hypothesized that intraoperative ketorolac or bupivacaine would reduce postoperative pain as measured by morphine demand. Methods. After Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval and informed consent, 30 patients undergoing single-level microsurgical lumbar discectomy under general anesthesia randomly received either intravenous ketorolac, intramuscular bupivacaine, or placebo before wound closure. After surgery, all patients received intravenous, MSO4, patient-controlled analgesia. MSO4 demand was compared between groups at 30 minutes and at 1, 4, 8, 16, 20, and 24 hours after surgery by one-way ANOVA. Pre- and postoperative pain was assessed by using a standard scale and was correlated to postoperative MSO4 demand by Pearson correlation. Significance was assumed at P < 0.05. Results. There were no group differences in age, gender, weight, disc level, preoperative pain, or preoperative use of pain medication. Neither ketorolac nor bupivacaine decreased pain or nausea scores, MSO4 demand, or time to void and ambulation. Preoperative pain was significantly correlated to postoperative narcotic demand (r = 0.46, P < 0.01). Preoperative narcotic or NSAID use was not correlated to either preoperative pain scores or postoperative MSO4 requirement. Conclusions. Neither ketorolac nor bupivacaine decreased the postoperative narcotic requirement in patients undergoing microsurgical lumbar discectomy. Postoperative narcotic requirements are increased in patients who are in severe pain before surgery, regardless of preoperative narcotic use.


'Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care' (APICARE) first appeared as 'Anaesthesia News' in 1997. It contained few case reports and a review article and a portion of it was dedicated to news about the anaesthesia and the anesthesiologists related activities in the country. The overwhelming response by the anesthesiologists from all over the country prompted its name to be changed to 'Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care' just after the first two issues, with the aim of converting it into a scientific, research journal representing the four sister specialties of anesthesiology, pain management, intensive care and resuscitation. Soon the research articles started to pour in, which compelled us to adopt a comprehensive peer review system. The journal has since thrived despite innumerable constraints, and now boasts to be one of the leading research oriented journals of the region. Our area of circulation encompasses whole of South Asia and the Middle East and the journal is indexed / abstracted by many of the international agencies. It has been registered by Pakistan Medical & Dental Council and recognized by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. It is published on quarterly basis.


Two major models, namely direct and indirect models, have been proposed for the protein chemical denaturation but it remains challenging to experimentally demonstrate and distinguish between them. Here, by use of CD and NMR spectroscopy, we succeeded in differentiating the effects on a small but well-folded protein WW4, of GdmCl and NaSCN at diluted concentrations (≥200 mM). Both denaturants up to 200 mM have no alternation of its average structure but do reduce its thermodynamic stability to different degrees. Despite acting as the stronger denaturant, GdmCl only weakly interacts with amide protons, while NaSCN shows extensive interactions with both hydrophobic side chains and amide protons. Although both denaturants show no significant perturbation on overall ps-ns backbone dynamics of WW4, GdmCl suppresses while NaSCN enhances its μs-ms backbone dynamics in a denaturant concentration dependent manner. Quantitative analysis reveals that although they dramatically raise exchange rates, GdmCl slightly increases while NaSCN reduces the population of the major conformational state. Our study represents the first report deciphering that GdmCl and NaSCN appear to destabilize a protein following two models respectively, which are characteristic of opposite μs-ms dynamics.


Abstract

During the course of the studies outlined in this thesis, a new approach for the synthesis of the tropane alkaloid, (±)-physoperuvine has been developed using a highly efficient one-pot tandem process which involved the Overman rearrangement and a ring closing metathesis reaction. An asymmetric one-pot tandem process has also been employed for the synthesis of the natural product, (+)-physoperuvine. This methodology was also applied to the generation of a late-stage intermediate that could be used in the synthesis of carbocyclic nucleosides, such as noraristeromycin.

In the second part of this thesis, an ether-directed Pd(II)-catalysed Overman rearrangement which had previously been developed by the Sutherland group was applied in conjunction with a cross-metathesis reaction for the stereoselective synthesis of the guanidine alkaloid, (+)-monanchorin in a fourteen-step synthesis.

Further employment of this process provided the first synthesis of clavaminol A, C and H from (R)-glycidol in a rapid and efficient manner. In a similar fashion, (2S,3R)-enantiomers were also synthesised from (S)-glycidol. In addition to this, using similar chemistry, an intermediate protected enone was prepared using a cross-metathesis reaction as the second key step in an approach towards the synthesis of an NO-inhibitor.


Gender quotas to increase women's representation are often motivated by the assumption that men and women have different policy preferences. In Africa – where gender quotas have been particularly widespread – we find that gender differences in preferences are quite small on average, but vary significantly across both policy domains and countries. We propose a theoretical framework for differentiating policy domains where preference divergence indicates increased gender parity from those where it signifies growing inequality. We then demonstrate that favourable gender gaps increase with female labour-force participation, while unfavourable gaps are more likely where women are most vulnerable. We show that these gender gaps in preferences are related to gender gaps in both political participation and representation. Afrobarometer Working Papers Copyright © Afrobarometer 2015


The purpose of this article is to describe the correspondence analysis applied to the data gathered through in-depth interviews to teachers, inquiring about their knowledge of teaching and learning processes. The qualitative data were examined by a descriptive multidimensional analysis. This type of study would help to improve the quality of teaching and learning through a better understanding of these processes. Palabras clave


The dipole mode in triangular photonic crystal single defect cavity is degenerate. By deforming the lattice in photonic crystal we can obtain non-degenerate dipole modes. Lattice deforming in the whole photonic crystal destroys the characteristic of symmetry, so the distribution of the electromagnetic field is affected and the polarization of the electromagnetic field is also changed. Lattice deforming divides the degenerate dipole mode into the x-dipole mode and the y-dipole mode. It is found that the non-degenerate modes have better properties of polarization. So the high polarization and single dipole mode photonic crystal laser can be achieved by deforming the lattice of photonic crystal. In this paper, we simulated the cavity in photonic crystal slab and mainly calculated the quality factor of x-dipole mode under different deforming conditions and with different filling factors. The properties of polarization of x-dipole and y-dipole modes are also calculated. It is found that the ratio of intensities of E-x to E-y in x-dipole mode and that of E-y to E-x in y-dipole mode are 44 and 27, respectively.


First results of endoscopic applications of optical coherence tomography for in vivo studies of human mucosa in respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary and genital tracts are presented. A novel endoscopic OCT (EOCT) system has been created that is based on the integration of a sampling arm of an all-optical-fiber interferometer into standard endoscopic devices using their biopsy channel to transmit low-coherence radiation to investigated tissue. We have studied mucous membranes of esophagus, larynx, stomach, urinary bladder, uterine cervix and body as typical localization for carcinomatous processes. Images of tumor tissues versus healthy tissues have been recorded and analyzed. Violations of well-defined stratified healthy mucosa structure in cancered tissue are distinctly seen by EOCT, thus making this technique promising for early diagnosis of tumors and precise guiding of excisional biopsy.


The majority of recent work on the moral standing to blame (the idea that A may be unable to legitimately blame B despite B being blameworthy) has focused on blamers who themselves are blameworthy. This is unfortunate, for there is much to learn about the standing to blame once we consider a broader range of cases. Doing so reveals that challenged standing is more expansive than previously acknowledged, and accounts that have privileged the fact that the blamers are themselves morally culpable likely require revision. One such account figures in Patrick Todd's (2012) argument for incompatibilism, which ostensibly depends on considerations involving the standing to blame. I believe this argument fails. But its failure is instructive, for it allows us to appreciate the numerous ways in which one's blame can be morally problematic, and hence ways in which one's standing to blame can be challenged. Thus, while one objective of this paper is to show why Todd's argument fails, the larger aim is to use that argument to frame discussion of some important (and novel) ways in which the standing to blame can be compromised.


Gna1, a gene encoding a Galpha subunit, a key component of signal transduction pathways, has been cloned and characterized in the wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum. Analysis of Gna1 expression during infection revealed a slight decrease in transcript levels shortly after germination, after which levels steadily increased until sporulation. Inactivation of Gna1 had a pleiotropic effect on phenotype. The Gna1 mutants were less pathogenic, attributed to coinciding with a defect in direct penetration. Also, Gna1 mutants were unable to sporulate, showed an albino phenotype, and secreted one or more brown pigments into growth media. Analysis of growth medium identified tyrosine, phenylalanine, and dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) were excreted by the Gna1 strains but not by wild type. The presence of these compounds, and the insensitivity of melanization to tricyclazole suggest that S. nodorum synthesizes melanin via the L-DOPA pathway, the first fungal phytopathogen described to do so. Decreases in protease (and several other depolymerases) activities and sensitivity to osmotic stress were other phenotypes identified in the Gna1 mutants. Gna1 is the first signal transduction gene to be cloned and characterized from S. nodorum and its inactivation has uncovered several previously unknown facets of pathogenicity.


Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) is a useful class of methods for Bayesian inference when the likelihood function is computationally intractable. In practice, the basic ABC algorithm may be inefficient in the presence of discrepancy between prior and posterior. Therefore, more elaborate methods, such as ABC with the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm (ABC-MCMC), should be used. However, the elaboration of a proposal density for MCMC is a sensitive issue and very difficult in the ABC setting, where the likelihood is intractable. We discuss an automatic proposal distribution useful for ABC-MCMC algorithms. This proposal is inspired by the theory of quasi-likelihood (QL) functions and is obtained by modelling the distribution of the summary statistics as a function of the parameters. Essentially, given a real-valued vector of summary statistics, we reparametrize the model by means of a regression function of the statistics on parameters, obtained by sampling from the original model in a pilot-run simulation study. The QL theory is well established for a scalar parameter, and it is shown that when the conditional variance of the summary statistic is assumed constant, the QL has a closed-form normal density. This idea of constructing proposal distributions is extended to non constant variance and to real-valued parameter vectors. The method is illustrated by several examples and by an application to a real problem in population genetics.


While recent neural text-to-speech (TTS) systems perform remarkably well, they typically require a substantial amount of recordings from the target speaker reading in the desired speaking style. In this work, we present a novel 3-step methodology to circumvent the costly operation of recording large amounts of target data in order to build expressive style voices with as little as 15 minutes of such recordings. First, we augment data via voice conversion by leveraging recordings in the desired speaking style from other speakers. Next, we use that synthetic data on top of the available recordings to train a TTS model. Finally, we fine-tune that model to further increase quality. Our evaluations show that the proposed changes bring significant improvements over non-augmented models across many perceived aspects of synthesised speech. We demonstrate the proposed approach on 2 styles (news-caster and conversational), on various speakers, and on both single and multi-speaker models, illustrating the robustness of our approach.1


We present a catalog of 59 z ≈ 4.5 Lyα-emitting galaxies spectroscopically confirmed in a campaign of Keck DEIMOS follow-up observations to candidates selected in the Large Area Lyα (LALA) narrowband imaging survey. We targeted 97 candidates for spectroscopic follow-up; by accounting for the variety of conditions under which we performed spectroscopy, we estimate a selection reliability of ~76%. Together with our previous sample of Keck LRIS confirmations, the 59 sources confirmed herein bring the total catalog to 73 spectroscopically confirmed z ≈ 4.5 Lyα-emitting galaxies in the ≈0.7 deg2 covered by the LALA imaging. As with the Keck LRIS sample, we find that a nonnegligible fraction of the confirmed Lyα lines have rest-frame equivalent widths (Wλrest) that exceed the maximum predicted for normal stellar populations: 17%-31% (93% confidence) of the detected galaxies show Wλrest > 190 Å, and 12%-27% (90% confidence) show Wλrest > 240 Å. We construct a luminosity function of z ≈ 4.5 Lyα emission lines for comparison to Lyα luminosity functions spanning 3.1 < z < 6.6. We find no significant evidence for Lyα luminosity function evolution from z ≈ 3 to z ≈ 6. This result supports the conclusion that the intergalactic medium remains largely reionized from the local universe out to z ≈ 6.5. It is somewhat at odds with the pronounced drop in the cosmic star formation rate density recently measured between z ∼ 3 and z ∼ 6 in continuum-selected Lyman-break galaxies, and therefore potentially sheds light on the relationship between the two populations.


This document specifies how the features of the Service Location Protocol, Version 2 allow for vendor extensibility safely, with no possibility of collisions. The specification introduces a new SLPv2 extension: The Vendor Opaque Extension. While proprietary protocol extensions are not encouraged by IETF standards, it is important that they not hinder interoperability of compliant implementations when they are undertaken. This document udpates RFC 2608, "The Service Location Protocol."


Abstract : Intelligence is closely related with adaptivity -- with problem- solving, learning, and evolution. A science of intelligent systems has to be a science of adaptive systems, with all which that entails for the difficulty of finding genuine invariants. Some of the invariance in intelligence is imposed by the structure of the inner environment -- the limits, for example, of human short term memory. Some of it is imposed by the outer environment, the need to search very large spaces selectively. Some of the invariance is to be found in the structure of learning systems, rather than in the highly adapted performance systems they produce. But, in cognitive science we must be prepared to recognize that the invariants in an adaptive system are likely to be limited to specific times and places; that in the long run, almost any aspect of them can change adaptively. Keywords: Cognitive science, Simulation modeling, Intelligence, Individual differences.


The present research is concerned with an enquiry in to the structure of the urban fringe of Lahore city and its functional study. The growth of the urban fringe does not occur in isolation, however, and it is therefore necessary to outline the spatial relationships and processes through which development takes place.

In order to examine the factors affecting urban fringe growth the functions of the fringe have been considered the study identifies a number of problems, and issues for investigation, analysis and discussion.

The research has been divided in to two parts. Part 1 deals with the growth and expansion of the Lahore city and part 2 with the functional study of the urban fringe.

The growth and expansion of the city and the various functions of the urban fringe are related to a number of spatial and social forces. This has automatically invited, here, a detailed invited, here, a detailed investigation of a fundamental yet long neglected urban phenomenon, namely, the development and neglected urban phenomenon, namely, the development and functions of the urban fringe.

The investigation is also concerned with establishing the degree to which exogenous and endogenous factors influence and are associated with the patterns of urban fringe growth.

Finally, the study concentrates on the present day functions of the urban fringe. Field surveys carried out provide details regarding the functional structure of the urban fringe. Further, it may also be claimed here with confidence that the problem of the delineation of the urban fringe of Lahore city through its functional study has been solved more or less successfully.

The study is the first one of its kind of urban Geography of Lahore and is a subject inviting great amount of attention. It i. presented, here, as a humble contribution to the delineation and understanding of the urban fringe which is perhaps the most important theater of urban dynamics of the city as well as a partial guide to evolve sound realistic public and private policy on them. At a more general level the study provides on empirical basis for understanding of developments that occur in the urban fringe as the process of metropolitanization takes place.


Dengue fever causes mortality and morbidity around the world, specifically in tropical and subtropical areas. As a consequence, the search for new anti-dengue agents from medicinal plants has assumed more urgency than in the past. Medicinal plants have been used widely to treat a variety of vector ailments such as malaria. The demand for plant-based medicines is growing as they are generally considered to be safer, non-toxic and less harmful than synthetic drugs. In the present study the repellent activity of hexane, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extract of Delonix elata (D. elata) leaf and seed against Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti). One hundred three day old starved female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were kept on a net cage (45 cm×30 cm×45 cm). The repellency was determined against Ae. aegypti mosquito species at three concentrations viz., 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm2 under the laboratory conditions. Ae. aegypti were tested during the day time from 07.00 to 17.00 h. In this study, the plant crude extracts gave protection against mosquito bites without any allergic reaction. The repellent activity was dependent on the strength of the plant extracts. Among the tested solvents the maximum efficacy was observed in the leaf and seed methanol extracts. The highest concentrations of 5.0 mg/cm2 provided over 180 and 150 min protection, respectively. Overall, the crude methanol extract of D. elata showed an excellent potential to develop newer and safer control tools the dengue vector mosquito Ae. aegypti.


Intermetallic Zintl phases whose structures consist of honeycomb layers of main group elements often serve as useful precursors for two-dimensional group 14 graphane derivatives. Here, we probe how the Raman spectra and band gaps evolve in these precursor intermetallic phases before they transform into their van der Waals counterparts. Through polarization-dependent Raman experiments on seven different group 14 and 15 Zintl phases with different stacking motifs, we show that the in-plane and out-of-plane Raman frequencies mostly depend on the reduced mass and the in-plane bond lengths of the elements constituting the honeycomb framework. From optical absorption measurements, we show that the honeycomb framework comprised of single elements is metallic, but when the framework is comprised of alternating elements in a BN-like fashion, such as in NaSnP, KSnAs and KSnSb, a band gap is opened up ranging from 0.54 eV for KSnSb to 0.95 eV for NaSnP. This study allows for the determination of the structure and stacking motifs for this emerging class of 2D layered metallic and semiconducting materials.


Based on the boundary surface control (BSC) principle, a new recording/reproduction system is developed to realize high fidelity three-dimensional sound field reproduction. Theoretically, using this new system, perfect sound field reproduction can be achieved in any acoustic environment. Sound recording / reproduction systems based on the BSC principle require many loudspeakers and microphones. In the new system, the microphone array system that is used to record the 3D sound field consists of 70 microphones, and the loudspeaker system to reproduce the recorded 3D sound field consists of 62 full-range units and eight sub-woofer units. This paper describes the composition of the new recording/ reproduction system and evaluates its ability by means of sound localization tests with nine subjects. Results of experiments show that a clear sound image in the horizontal plane is reconstructed using the proposed system.


During the last few years, DITA has spread in many companies and sectors and is often considered as the "must have" tool for technical writing thanks to its flexibility and adaptability. However, does DITA really live up to its reputation? We start with noting that the concept of DITA was designed to serve this purpose. We then try to learn more about DITA and its implementation through webinars, specialized articles, surveys about DITA, and especially one that we conducted from March to May 2015. We came to two main conclusions. First, financially speaking, DITA remains relatively affordable for larger or smaller companies, as long as they are not looking into specialization, and provided that the implementation plan is complete and fully backed by management. In addition, the productivity gains they get from transitioning to DITA are mainly determined by the implication of companies and the context of the implementation. Secondly, DITA is not restricted to the software sector. It brings a lot to a wide variety of domains thanks to its universal benefits: content reuse, its linking system, the expansion of electronic documentation and the possibility to be specialized. Besides, even though DITA is for now mostly used by documentation teams composed of professional technical writers, LightWeight DITA seems to be quite promising in improving the spread of DITA outside the documentation departments.


Introduction Part of the mission of the National Park Service (NPS) entails preservation of natural resources, processes, systems, and associated values of its units in an unimpaired condition. Environmental contamination and pollution processes are well recognized stressors that can adversely affect park units and are addressed by NPS management policies and plans. Nonetheless, biota remain at risk to contaminants at many NPS units. One U.S. Department of the Interior activity that addresses pollution hazards is the Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends project (Zylstra 1994). Its does so through active field monitoring and by use of decision support tools, including the Contaminant Assessment Process (Coyle et al. 1999) and the Contaminant Exposure and Effects-Terrestrial Vertebrates (CEE-TV) database (Rattner et al. 2005). A recent study using the CEE-TV database found that contemporary terrestrial vertebrate ecotoxicological data are lacking at 59 of 126 Park Service units located in coastal watersheds exhibiting serious water quality problems or high vulnerability to pollution. Based upon this finding, a study was undertaken at 23 Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) Program units in the National Capital Region and Mid-Atlantic networks to evaluate contaminant threats to terrestrial vertebrates. The specific objectives included compiling ecotoxicological data for terrestrial vertebrates (viz., amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) residing at these I&M units, using additional pollution data from various federal and state agencies to assess potential hazards at these sites, recommending management activities to mitigate risk, and prioritizing sites for potential contaminant biomonitoring activities.


Background: Being overweight or obese is associated with poor outcomes and an increased risk of failure after rotator cuff (RC) surgery. However, the effect of obesity on enthesis healing has not been well characterized. Hypotheses: Diet-induced obesity (DIO) would result in inferior enthesis healing in a rat model of RC repair, and a dietary intervention in the perioperative period would improve enthesis healing. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 weight-matched groups (n = 26 per group): control diet (CD), high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD until surgery and then CD thereafter (HF-CD). After 12 weeks, the left supraspinatus tendon was detached, followed by immediate repair. Animals were sacrificed, and RCs were harvested at 2 and 12 weeks after surgery for biomechanical and histological evaluations. Metabolic end points were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and plasma analyses. Results: DIO was established in the HFD and HF-CD groups before surgery and subsequently reversed in the HF-CD group after surgery. At 12 weeks after surgery, the body fat percentage (P = .0021) and plasma leptin concentration (P = .0025) were higher in the HFD group compared with the CD group. Histologically, the appearance of the repaired entheses was poorer in both the HFD and HF-CD groups compared with the CD group at 12 weeks after surgery, with semiquantitative scores of 6.20 (P = .0078), 4.98 (P = .0003), and 8.68 of 15, respectively. The repaired entheses in the HF-CD group had a significantly lower load to failure (P = .0278) at 12 weeks after surgery compared with the CD group, while the load to failure in the HFD group was low but not significantly different (P = .0960). There were no differences in the biomechanical and histological results between the groups at 2 weeks after surgery. Body mass at the time of surgery, plasma leptin concentration, and body fat percentage were negatively correlated with histology scores and plasma leptin concentration was correlated with load to failure at 12 weeks after surgery. Conclusion: DIO impaired enthesis healing in this rat RC repair model, with inferior biomechanical and histological outcomes. Restoring a normal weight with dietary changes after surgery did not improve healing outcomes. Clinical Relevance: Obesity is a potentially modifiable factor that impairs RC healing and increases the risk of failure after surgery. Exploring interventions that improve the metabolic state of obese patients and counseling patients appropriately about their modest expectations after repair should be considered.


This thesis studies the use of unmanned aerial vehicles to perform ice management in the Arctic Ocean by gathering information about and physically control the ice environment. Such a system is needed for safety reasons as marine operations are moving further north. In order to gather information about the ice environment, a UAV will be used for surface mapping. The quadcopter Parrot AR. Drone 2.0 will be used as a testbed for implementing proposed strategies for guidance, navigation and control while doing surface mapping using a camera. A guidance and navigation system is designed and implemented using measurements from onboard sensors and the camera system OptiTrack, which is used to measure position, velocity and orientation of the quadcopter. Using these estimated states as parameters and inputs to a proportional-integral-derivative controller, the position will be controlled. Waypoints are calculated according to desired parameters provided by an operator. An autonomous guidance, navigation and control system that moves the drone in a search pattern inside a desired area requested by the operator, is the result of the designed surface mapping strategy. An algorithm that performs object detection and mapping is implemented for the onboard camera to be able to detect objects in the lab setup. Back-projection of a 2D pixel point to respective world coordinates is implemented. C++ is used for all modules. Sub modules are simulated in Matlab and Simulink before tested with the AR. Drone. Simulations and measurements from lab testing are compared for performance evaluation. Results for the overall implementation shows that a UAV platform for doing object mapping is indeed a concept to pursue. However, this lab setup would not be applicable in a real world experiment. The AR. Drone will, due to its weight and limited power, not be able to operate under heavy wind and weather conditions. Also, detection of ice is more complicated than the suggested implementation, due to factors like weather and light reflections. It should be clear that this system design is rather a prototype illustration of a concept than a system to be used.


This article explores arguments about the international legality of compulsory pilotage in the Torres Strait. Although the measure has been opposed by some user states because the Torres Strait is a strait used for international navigation, Australia and Papua New Guinea believe compulsory pilotage is necessary to overcome the risks posed by unpiloted shipping passing through the hazardous waters. The good health of the marine environment in the Torres Strait is essential, particularly for the well-being of indigenous peoples of the area. The article concludes that compulsory pilotage in Torres Strait reflects the obligations of both the user and border states to preserve and protect the marine environment and has support in international law.


Abstract We study the consequences of poverty-alleviation programs for environmental degradation. We exploit the community-level eligibility discontinuity for a conditional cash transfer program in Mexico to identify the impacts of income increases on deforestation and use the program's initial randomized rollout to explore household responses. We find that additional income raises consumption of land-intensive goods and increases deforestation. The observed production response and deforestation increase are larger in communities with poor road infrastructure. This suggests that better access to markets disperses environmental harm and that the full effects of poverty alleviation on the environment can be observed only where poor infrastructure localizes them.


The current trend in combined biological / membrane processes is to challenge the membrane with a high fouling environment, resulting in very costly operating procedures which are required to limit the membrane fouling rates. The MBR requires high membrane area, high energy consumption, excessive pre-screening and large equalization basins. Increasing economic, environmental and political concerns will not sustain the continued high costs and excessive associated CO2 emissions of this process trend. To date, a membrane / biological process approach which has fundamental dual goals of minimizing both membrane area and energy consumption has not only presumably contained mutually exclusive goals, it has in large part been unexplored as an option. A highly efficient membrane / biological process, IMAS (Integrated Membrane Activated Sludge), has been developed to dramatically lower the membrane fouling rate without additional energy input or an increase in the amount of membrane area. In fact, both energy usage and membrane area are significantly reduced compared to a conventional MBR. A demonstration project was in operation at the Eastern Municipal Water District's Perris, CA facility from June to December 2006. The low fouling nature of IMAS generated suspended particles allows the transmembrane pressure drop to remain consistently low, even when challenged with high peak flow periods and varying influent turbidities. Although the membrane influent turbidity can vary significantly, the membrane permeate turbidity consistently remains less than 0.1 NTU.


A 70-year-old man with coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and a 40-pack-year smoking history presented to a neurologist with a 2-month history of muscle twitching and spasms, excessive sweating, and a 10-kg weight loss. The physical examination revealed myokymia (involuntary, undulating muscle twitching) and fasciculations (see video). Myokymia worsened with exercise and persisted during sleep. There was no muscle weakness, rigidity, atrophy, or delayed muscle relaxation after contraction. Needle electromyography showed characteristic neuromyotonic and myokymic discharges. Serologic testing for antibodies against the voltage-gated potassium channel complex was positive (396 pmol per liter; normal value, <85). On the basis of clinical, electromyographic, and serologic findings, neuromyotonia was diagnosed. In this condition, hyperexcitability of peripheral-nerve axons results in continuous activation of muscle fibers. Treatment with carbamazepine was initiated but was ineffective in controlling the symptoms. Because neuromyotonia may be paraneoplastic, and given the patient's smoking history and marked weight loss, diagnostic evaluation for cancer was performed. Ultimately, biopsy of an enlarged supraclavicular lymph node revealed metastatic small-cell lung cancer. The patient died 3 months later from complications of chemotherapy.


Until recently, it was widely believed that code randomization (such as fine-grained ASLR) can effectively mitigate code reuse attacks. However, a recent attack strategy, dubbed just-in-time return oriented programming (JIT-ROP), circumvents code randomization by disclosing the (randomized) content of many memory pages at runtime. In order to remedy this situation, new and improved code randomization defenses have been proposed.

The contribution of this paper is twofold: first, we conduct a security analysis of a recently proposed fine-grained ASLR scheme that aims at mitigating JIT-ROP based on hiding direct code references in branch instructions. In particular, we demonstrate its weaknesses by constructing a novel JIT-ROP attack that is solely based on exploiting code references residing on the stack and heap. Our attack stresses that designing code randomization schemes resilient to memory disclosure is highly challenging. Second, we present a new and hybrid defense approach, dubbed Isomeron, that combines code randomization with execution-path randomization to mitigate conventional ROP and JIT-ROP attacks. Our reference implementation of Isomeron neither requires source code nor a static analysis phase.
We evaluated its efficiency based on SPEC benchmarks and discuss its effectiveness against various kinds of code reuse attacks.


SUMMARY: Exploitation patterns of the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, in two Mediterranean areas were studied in three ports, two in the Thracian Sea (Greece, Eastern Mediterranean) and one in the Catalan Sea (Spain, Western Mediterranean). The study period of one year (July 1998-June 1999) included a monthly collection of data on commercial landings, fishing effort and length distribution of O. vulgaris. Many gears exploit this species in both areas. Specialised and highly productive artisanal gears (fyke nets, pots and traps) have been developed. Herein it is shown that: (1) trawls are responsible for most octopus landings; (2) trawls exploit mostly the small and immature individuals while the artisanal fleets exploit the large and mature ones; (3) there is a marked seasonality of catches; (4) there is little or no interaction between the gears fishing octopus, indicating that each gear affects a certain size range; (5) and the octopus specimens from the Greek area are clearly smaller than the ones from the Spanish area. Our results suggest that octopus fisheries require more effective management strategies. The creation of marine harvest refuges may be beneficial.


Graduation rates from drug courts are impressive and are often attributed to the delivered treatments. However, it is unclear whether graduation rates are bolstered by low severity of drug use problems upon entry into drug court. To address this question, this study examined the relationship between baseline substance use severity and graduation rates among 251 drug court clients. Results revealed that participants with subthreshold drug composite scores on the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) were significantly more likely to graduate than those scoring in the mild-to-moderate or severe range. Furthermore, results revealed that participants who provided a drug-negative baseline urine were significantly more likely to graduate than those who provided a drug-positive baseline urine. A binary logistic regression analysis revealed that ASI drug composite score, urine screen, race, and years educated were statistically significant predictors of drug court graduation.


Dendritic spines are highly mobile structures that are the location of most synaptic input in the central nervous system in mammals. Majewska, Tashiro, and Yuste found a strong correlation between the length of the spine neck and diffusion rates out of the spine, measured as recovery after photobleaching of enhanced green fluorescent protein. They also observed that calcium transients had slower decay kinetics when the spine necks were elongated than when they were short and that the kinetics altered within a single spine as the neck length changed. Although the cause-and-effect relation is not discernible at this time, their data suggest that spine motility may contribute to the compartmentalization of calcium and, thus, may influence synaptic plasticity and responsiveness. Majewska, A., Tashiro, A., and Yuste, R. (2000) Regulation of spine calcium dynamics by rapid spine motility. J. Neurosci. 20: 8262-8268. [Abstract] [Full Text]


Tuition fees for home and EU undergraduate students studying at an English Higher Education Institution (HEI) are currently capped at £3,290. However, not all HEIs charge the full tuition fee of £3,290 resulting in some price differentiation in the market. A former Government review assigned to investigate the future of tuition fees in England recommended in October 2010 to entirely remove the fee cap. The UK coalition government have agreed to allow English universities to levy fees up to £9,000 for European and UK students, it is anticipated that this could lead to greater sector wide price differentiation, which may prove to have a significant influence on student behaviour. This paper investigates prospective students' reservation price for their undergraduate degrees in England. A review of the marketing literature outlines a variety of theoretical approaches to estimating consumer reservation price, including: direct (observational) and indirect (hypothetical) techniques. One rare example of estimating student reservation price for English undergraduate degrees uses a direct approach, however no published study has used an indirect approach to investigate prospective students' reservation price. The researcher will outline a more detailed understanding of student reservation price through the indirect approach of Discrete Choice Experiments. As part of an experimental research methodology, Discrete Choice Experiments' believe it is the attributes and levels of a good that determines its utility. The researcher will outline a more detailed understanding of the stages involved in identifying the specific attributes which influence student reservation price for full-time undergraduate degrees. Findings reveal little guidance on how to construct a DCE from a marketing perspective. This paper intends to provide a theoretically alternative approach to estimating consumer reservation price synthesised from the literature and contextualised for the global HE sector.


The study on "Evaluation of Cropsyst model for yield and water productivity of clusterbean" was conducted on farmers field during kharif 2012 at village Mainawali in Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan. The soils of the area are alluvial and calcareous in nature formed under arid and semi arid climate. The soils of site are brown to greyish brown and dark grey in colour, besides being calcareous and slightly alkaline in reaction having 67.7, 11.1 and 21.0 % of sand, clay and silt, respectively in 0-15 cm soil depth with pH 8.09 and low soil organic matter content. The simulate yield of clusterbean were closer to the observed clusterbean yield. Simulations of early clusterbean above ground biomass development matched the field data reasonably well. Final above ground biomass, however, was over estimated by the model. The total water applied in clusterbean was 405.8 mm out of this 326.7 mm consumed in ET. Thus, ET constituted 81% of total water applied and deep drainage constituted 13% and rest 6% stored as residual soil moisture.


A consistent theme in 2017 Republican Congressional efforts to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was the intent to empower the 50 states to use federal funds to reengineer their Medicaid and individual health insurance markets as they see fit. If yet another Republican attempt at ACA repeal and replace happens in 2018, the most likely vehicle will be a reformulated Graham-Cassidy bill, the final 2017 repeal effort in the US Senate that featured far-reaching devolution to states. The idealization of states as the best makers of health policy is a myth worth busting. States, goes the thinking, are closer to the people than those who govern from Washington, DC, more attuned to real-world preferences and values than feds. States are nimbler, better at adjusting and innovating than the plodding feds. States are, in the high-minded and oft-repeated words of late Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis, "the laboratories of democracy." As Republican Senator Bill Cassidy (R-LA) wrote in the Washington Post this past July, "Returning the decision-making power to the states is not a Republican plan or a Democratic plan, but an American plan that reflects the faith in states held by our Founding Fathers."1 As someone who has labored for decades in the vineyards of state health policy, I reply, nonsense. I give states their due. Massachusetts, for example, provided the inspiration for both the 1997 Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) and the 2010 private health insurance reforms in title 1 of the ACA. Democratic and Republican leaders there and in many other states have forged successful bipartisan approaches to some of America's thorniest health challenges. Yet the notion that states have innate wisdom and a tighter finger on the pulse of the people always superior to the federal government is not true. One example will do. In poll after poll, one ACA provision has shown strong and durable support from Americans across the board, regardless of party.2 That


SETTING
Arusha, Tanzania.

OBJECTIVE
To determine tribal differences in knowledge and practices that might influence tuberculosis control.

METHOD
Twenty-seven villages were selected randomly out of 242 villages in four districts. In each village, a general and a livestock keeping group were selected at random. The households were home-visited and 426 family members were interviewed.

RESULTS
On average, 40% of respondents practised habits that might expose them to both bovine and human tuberculosis. The Barabaig tribe had a significantly higher number of respondents (50%, chi2(2) = 5.1, P = 0.024) who did not boil milk. Eating uncooked meat or meat products was practised by 17.9% of all respondents. The habit was practised more by Iraqw (21.1%, chi2(2) = 6.9, P = 0.008) and Barabaig (31.6%, chi2(2) = 5.6, P = 0.016) than other tribes. About 75% of the respondents had a poor knowledge of tuberculosis.

CONCLUSION
All tribes had habits and beliefs that might expose them to both bovine and human tuberculosis. The Iraqw and Barabaig tribes practised such habits more than other tribes. Knowledge of tuberculosis was limited in all tribes.


The number of constitutional courts and supreme courts with constitutional review rights has strongly increased with the third wave of democratisation across the world as an important element of the new constitutionalism. These courts play an important role in day-to-day politics as they can nullify acts of parliament and thus prevent or reverse a change in the status quo. In macro-concepts of comparative politics, their role is unclear. Either they are integrated as counter-majoritarian institutional features of a political system or they are entirely ignored: some authors do not discuss their potential impact at all, while others dismiss them because they believe their preferences as veto players are entirely absorbed by other actors in the political system. However, we know little about the conditions and variables that determine them as being counter-majoritarian or veto players. This article employs the concept of Tsebelis' veto player theory to analyse the question. It focuses on the spatial configuration of veto players in the legislative process and then adds the court as an additional player to find out if it is absorbed in the pareto-efficient set of the existing players or not. A court which is absorbed by other veto players should not in theory veto new legislation. It is argued in this article that courts are conditional veto players. Their veto is dependent on three variables: the ideological composition of the court; the pattern of government control; and the legislative procedures. To empirically support the analysis, data from the United States, France and Germany from 1974 to 2009 is used. This case selection increases variance with regard to system types and court types. The main finding is that courts are not always absorbed as veto players: during the period of analysis, absorption varies between 11 and 71 per cent in the three systems. Furthermore, the pattern of absorption is specific in each country due to government control, court majority and legislative procedure. Therefore, it can be concluded that they are conditional veto players. The findings have at least two implications. First, constitutional courts and supreme courts with judicial review rights should be systematically included in veto player analysis of political systems and not left aside. Any concept ignoring such courts may lead to invalid results, and any concept that counts such courts merely as an institutional feature may lead to distorted results that over- or under-estimate their impact. Second, the findings also have implications for the study of judicial politics. The main bulk of literature in this area is concerned with auto-limitation, the so-called 'self-restraint' of the government to avoid defeat at the court. This auto-limitation, however, should only occur if a court is not absorbed. However, vetoes observed when the court is absorbed might be explained by strategic behaviour among judges engaging in selective defection.


Solar cell technology is becoming a viable alternative to fossil fuels. The main challenge remains to deliver electricity at grid parity. To achieve this goal increasing the efficiency of solar cells remains the top priority. Most of the solar cells on the market are still based on silicon wafers. Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film technology, however, is becoming one of the main competitors with substantial advantage through reduced material and energy consumption in the production process. Knowledge-based improvement of the silicon as well as the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber material requires a better understanding of the material at the atomic scale. For this purpose, atomistic simulations are a useful approach to gain an understanding of properties and processes in the absorber material, which are hard or even impossible to access experimentally.

The scope of this thesis is to investigate the properties of intrinsic point defects in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and interface-related defect formation processes in silicon grown from the melt. For this purpose, various atomic-scale simulations methods are employed, ranging from ab-initio methods such as screened-exchange hybrid density functional theory to molecular dynamics simulation employing classical interatomic potentials and Lattice Monte Carlo techniques. This choice of methods allows to access the relevant system sizes and time scales relevant to the chosen problems. The detailed characterization of the intrinsic point defects in CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 based on screened-exchange hybrid density functional theory yields a complete and consistent picture of the defect thermodynamics and the electronic properties of all relevant defects. Most importantly, copper self-diffusion is found to be mediated by both copper vacancy as well as by the interstitial and interstitialcy mechanisms. The interstitial mechanism has a particularly low migration barrier and is a likely source of fast electric field-enhanced diffusion as measured in some experiments. CuIn and CuGa antisites are found to act as a hole traps in both CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 and are assigned to the N2 level, a prominent signal in admittance spectroscopy measurements in many samples. It is most likely also the source of a second deeper hole trap level which is consistent with measurements using photocapacitance spectroscopy. GaCu antisites are found to exhibit a deep electron trap level in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 only when the gallium content is sufficiently high, whereas InCu antisites are always shallow. The deep GaCu trap level was confirmed by photoluminescence measurements in ternary CuGaSe2 devices. The full picture of the intrinsic point defects including several proposed metastable defects is analyzed in detail and conclusions for device optimization are drawn. In addition, the results are put into perspective to former results from local density theory in the literature and possible sources of deviations are discussed.

With respect to defect formation processes at the solid-liquid interface in silicon crystal growth, the formation mechanism of twin boundaries at the interface is revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. In contrast to former models, it is shown that twin boundaries can form at the triple line between two grains and the melt. In contrast, the spontaneous formation of twin boundaries at the interface is generally not possible in the absence of grain boundaries since this would inevitably lead to the formation of coherency and anti-coherency dislocations. The excess formation energy of these dislocations inhibits spontaneous twin boundary formation without grain boundaries. At elevated undercooling, however, faulted dislocation loops can be grown into the crystal at the interface. Molecular dynamics simulations show that subsequent shrinkage of these loops is responsible for an interface-related mechanism by which nanoscale vacancy clusters can be directly grown into the crystal. These clusters are large enough to be sustained at typical growth temperatures and may act as nucleation seeds for larger voids. Finally, a new lattice Hamiltonian model for the simulation of the solid-liquid growth interface is presented. This model extends the commonly used lattice models to include stacking faults and twin boundaries for the diamond cubic lattice. The model is applied to study the growth dynamics at the solid-liquid interface and accurately takes into account the formation energy of stacking faults. The simulations show that an undercooling of 50K is sufficient for the spontaneous formation of faulted islands to occur at the interface.


Dissenting in Abrams v. United States, Justice Holmes proclaimed that "the best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market." Economic markets have since become a pervasive metaphor for free speech. This Article critiques the basic argument that underlies this metaphor: that speech should be "free" because markets are "free," and because free markets produce "truth." These assertions about markets are taken for granted, but they portray markets and market regulation inaccurately. Economic markets thus provide a poor analogy for the deregulation of speech. First Amendment jurisprudence invokes the supposed truth-finding function of markets to argue that competition, not law, should distinguish the true from the false. Thus, the law should also refrain from attempting to equalize the relative strength of competing speakers. The Supreme Court relied on the "anti-equalizing" principle — and the marketplace metaphor — to strike down restrictions on corporate political spending in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010). The assumptions of the metaphor are inconsistent with theory and experience, however. Economic markets do not produce normative or empirical "truth." Existing regulatory law reflects this understanding. Mail fraud law and securities regulation, for example, assume that markets are particularly bad at identifying the truth, and thus information is more aggressively regulated in the market context than in other contexts. Economic regulation also assumes that markets require some degree of "equalizing." Antitrust law and insider-trading law, for example, treat certain types of advantages as impediments that must be corrected in order to ensure that markets remain competitive. The marketplace metaphor has proven effective in defending unpopular speech. It has also (perhaps inadvertently) contributed to the general pervasiveness of free-market rhetoric and ideology in legal discourse. But the metaphor is based on a normative vision of unregulated markets, and not on market theory or experience. Thus it is ultimately little more than an antiregulatory assertion that provides no insights into how the law should deal with speech or markets.


Stocker cattle grazing warm season perennial grasses is an important economic activity in the southern Great Plains. Substantial increases in the price of nitrogen fertilizer is negatively affecting forage producers' profitability. Two alternative nitrogen management systems that use annual and perennial legumes have been developed for bermudagrass pastures. The goal of the study is to determine if the legumes systems are more profitable than the conventional practice of applying synthetic sources of nitrogen. Enterprise budgeting techniques were employed to compare the economics of the legume systems relative to the common practice. Results of the two-year grazing study show that the legume systems could not compete economically with the common practice. The perennial legume system was most sensitive to the expected life of the stand and the number of grazing days.


THIS ESSAY INVESTIGATES botanical gardens, economic botany (the uses of plants by people), and colonial botany as they appear in two works of Conrad's Asian fiction, Almayer's Folly (1895) and Lord Jim (1900). By considering these subjects from a "literary-commercial" point of view, it will be argued that we can recover some of the historically specific context of Conrad's fictions and, in addition, observe Conrad writing through commerce to convey part of his portrayal of the moral and social situations of his characters and, through them, of capitalism, colonialism, and globalization.1A telling representation of the process of the appropriation of space through economic botany can be seen in the change from the lithograph of the "View of a Coal-seam on the Island of Labuan" (Fig. 1) to the commercial discourse on activity evident in the extract from the company prospectus in The Times (Fig. 2). Both sites are in the Malay Archipelago, Labuan being the island colony ceded to Britain in 1846 off the north-west coast of Borneo, and the plantation company's estate being in the Dutch East Indies, near the seat of government in Buitenzorg (present-day Bogor), fifty miles south of Batavia (present-day Jakarta), the Dutch East Indies' capital.In the "View of a Coal-seam on the Island of Labuan," the landscape seems to overwhelm the newly arrived Europeans as the reader is invited to witness possibly one of the first footprint of the colonizer somewhere in what, for the Europeans, is a new territory. The image is of two British men admiring a coal seam in the jungle; the figure towards the bottom right-hand corner wears the uniform of a Royal Navy officer, representing the power by which colonial intrusion was underwritten. The other figure, in white, perhaps a civilian, is someone whose commercial imagination may, in his enthusiastic gesture, see the opportunity for gain in this remote spot, like the remote island coal-mine in Victory.2 However, it is also an image in which place, at the particular point in time in which the men look, oestheticizes entirely the commercial object, the coal-seam a setting for a cascading waterfall. The viewer's attention is drawn, in fact, not to the coal-seam, which, without the lithograph's tide, would be unidentifiable as such, nor to the figures, but to the play of light in which patches of light, together with the huge palm on the left, assert the primacy, not of utility, but of view. Sight is almost an intrusion in this as yet unworked place.The extract from the company prospectus declares a newly incorporated venture, "The Northern Tjiliwoeng Plantations, Limited," which is to purchase 5,200 acres from another plantation company, 14 miles from Buitenzorg. The view of the lithograph of undisturbed jungle becomes here fragmented into components of company promotion and the commercial assessment of risk. What in the lithograph is view, is in the prospectus possession and measurement - "tenure" and "acreage"; land has become a function of "situation," "altitude," "contour," "soil," and "rainfall." In the section tided "Acreage" it is announced that 320 acres have so far been planted with tea, and in the following section, tided "Timber," that 75% of the total acreage is "old virgin forest," comparable therefore with what is represented in the lithograph but now viewed as "valuable timber."The globalized nature of exploitation is evident from the fact that the shares are being offered in this venture in the Dutch East Indies not on the Amsterdam exchange, but in London. The commodities of tea and cinchona (the bark of which was used to make quinine), mentioned in the section "General Conclusions," are to be cultivated by people who, in the same way as the "virgin forest" has become the commodity timber, have become the commodity "labour." The report containing this information and forming part of the prospectus has been written, we are told, by "a planter of experience and high repute. …


In factory automation and industrial manufacturing, material handling mechanism of lifting and carrying the objects are widely found. This material handling mechanism has been highly developed right from use of manual labour till the use of advanced strategies. This paper involves design and development of electro-pneumatic lift and carries conveying system used for material handling. It comprises mainly of conveying belts, IR sensors, microcontroller unit, solenoid valves and pneumatic actuators. The purpose of this system is to transfer an object from a conveyor to another conveyor placed at certain height and distance using pneumatic actuators. An IR sensor helps to detect the object and their location on conveyor line giving signal to the microcontroller unit which controls the action of the actuators.


This dissertation examines the concept of torah in final-Isaiah (FI) towards a construal of the intentio operis, understood as the model author's aim to produce model readers who are servant-disciples (Isa 54:13, 17). It develops with attention to the contribution of Marvin A. Sweeney, and asks whether the prophetic book subserves Ezra's reforms or has a separate program for the restoration and reform of Judah and Jerusalem. To surmise the intentio operis, linguistic, literary, and rhetorical approaches are used as appropriate to a holistic theological reading of the received text. Research focuses on passages where the term hrwt appears; its range of meaning is assessed within the broader lexical and conceptual framework of FI, and associated terms, concepts, and images are handled within properly defined units as parts within the larger whole. The investigation observes profound intra-textual connections signaling a bond between prophet and disciples, and a solidarity connecting the servant, herald, and servants, concluding that the conception and use of hrwt in FI is inextricably bound to servant-discipleship and the correlative theme of righteous-suffering. Though hrwt never has a technically precise sense in FI, it has legal, didactic, and sapiential connotations (analogous to the deuteronomic model of catechesis) and refers primarily to the words and acts of Isaiah and YHWH's servant. Since hrwt does not refer to the giving or interpretation of a fixed (external) corpus, but corresponds to the Mosaic model, it is illegitimate to reduce/restrict FI to propaganda literature for Ezra's Mosaic Torah-oriented reform measures. Instead, FI urges the community taught by God to accept God's purpose and adopt God's ways according to a distinct Isaianic 'logic'. Independent of Ezra's reforms and without subordination to Mosaic Torah (or wisdom torah), FI is a prophetic guide for life suitable for interpreting Israel's traditions, fashioning its communal identity, and defining its vocation in the world. As torah in servant-form, FI summons and shapes disciples who humbly seek YHWH, abandon evil ways, and serve God in the hope of hastening the fulfillment of its programmatic vision for a day marked by international peace and cosmic order.


X-ray repair cross complementing group 1 (XRCC1) encodes a protein involved in base excision repair. We examined the association of polymorphisms in XRCC1 (codon 194 Arg-->Trp and codon 399 Arg-->Gln) and breast cancer in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based case-control study in North Carolina. No association was observed between XRCC1 codon 194 genotype and breast cancer, and odds ratios (ORs) were not modified by smoking or radiation exposure. A positive association for XRCC1 codon 399 Arg/Gln or Gln/Gln genotypes compared with Arg/Arg was found among African Americans (253 cases, 266 controls; OR = 1.7, 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.4) but not whites (386 cases, 381 controls; OR =1.0, 95% confidence interval, 0.8-1.4). Among African-American women, ORs for the duration of smoking were elevated among women with XRCC1 codon 399 Arg/Arg genotype (trend test; P < 0.001) but not Arg/Gln or Gln/Gln (P = 0.23). There was no difference in OR for smoking according to XRCC1 codon 399 genotype in white women. ORs for occupational exposure to ionizing radiation were stronger for African-American and white women with codon 399 Arg/Arg genotype. High-dose radiation to the chest was more strongly associated with breast cancer among white women with XRCC1 codon 399 Arg/Arg genotype. Our results suggest that XRRC1 codon 399 genotype may influence breast cancer risk, perhaps by modifying the effects of environmental exposures. However, interpretation of our results is limited by incomplete knowledge regarding the biological function of XRCC1 alleles.


The social brain hypothesis implies that humans and other primates evolved "modules" for representing social knowledge. Alternatively, no such cognitive specializations are needed because social knowledge is already present in the world — we can simply monitor the dynamics of social interactions. Given the latter idea, what mechanism could account for coalition formation? We propose that statistical learning can provide a mechanism for fast and implicit learning of social signals. Using human participants, we compared learning of social signals with arbitrary signals. We found that learning of social signals was no better than learning of arbitrary signals. While coupling faces and voices led to parallel learning, the same was true for arbitrary shapes and sounds. However, coupling versus uncoupling social signals with arbitrary signals revealed that faces and voices are treated with perceptual priority. Overall, our data suggest that statistical learning is a viable domain-general mechanism for learning social group structure. Keywords: social brain; embodied cognition; distributed cognition; situated cognition; multisensory; audiovisual speech; crossmodal; multimodal


This study investigates the impact of inflation and unemployment on the economic growth of Iraq. Considering the fact that the majority of the studies on the Phillips Curve have been done in the context of developed economies and on an aggregate level, this study focuses on Iraq, a single developing economy (a disaggregated level) and aims to empirically analyse the impact of Unemployment and inflation on economic growth in the economy of Iraq. The research results indicate that there exist an equilibrium impact between unemployment and inflation in Iraq thereby supporting the validity of the Phillips Curve hypothesis.


The organisation of ex-service men into a mass membership movement was a new departure in British life. Four main groups came together in 1921 to form the British Legion. On its establishment, the leadership, who were predominantly highranking ex-officers, had high hopes of forming an extremely powerful and influential organisation. Due to a number of inherent flaws in the Legion's ideology, composition and character, the organisation never became a truly mass movement of all ex-service men. This work looks at the dynamics of the movement and provides insights into the motivations of its leaders and their impact upon the organisation. It provides a detailed account of the structure of the Legion and explores the strengths and weaknesses of the movement. The existence of a semi-autonomous Officer's Benevolent Department, a subordinate Women's Section, and an independent Legion in Scotland reveal the serious rifts within this superificially unified movement. The paradox of low officer involvement combined with an almost exclusively officer leadership contributed to low membership and other factors such as geography, unemployment and finance are considered in the discussion of Legion membership. Divisions between leaders and led on policy and methods are explored in an examination of Legion democracy. A full examination of the Legion's practical work and the attitudes which underpinned that activity confirms the Legion's position as a voluntary society with traditional charitable views. A detailed examination of the Legion's struggles over pension legislation gives an insight into Government attitudes towards ex-service men and also reveals the inherent weakness of the Legion's position when dealing with politicians. An analysis of the Legion's contacts with foreign ex-service men penetrates the Legion's rhetoric and reveals the real motivations and attitudes of the Legion leaders who developed and executed the Legion's foreign policy. Ultimately, this study provides important conclusions about the nature of the British ex-service movement.


The Australian Institute of Criminology was asked to conduct a review of Victoria Police crime statistics. The review was to assess the processes by which Victoria Police crime counting rules and classifications are applied to crime allegations; the dataquality and monitoring mechanisms for crime statistics and clearing data; the methods and practices in relation to the recording and inclusion of crime data onto the Law Enforcement Assistance Program (LEAP) database; the reliability and veracity of thecompilation of Victoria Police statistics; and the analytical programs and tools used to generate crime data. This report details the findings of the review relating to these issues, including findings from an analysis of a sample of LEAP records from June 2001 and from a scenario based survey of police officers' decision making processes. The report also makes recommendations to improve the recording of crimes, and their further processing and conversion into published crime statistics.


A total of 23 strains of coryneform bacteria that cause ratoon stunting disease of sugarcane and Bermudagrass stunting disease were examined. These included 17 sugarcane strains from Florida, Louisiana, South Africa, Brazil, and Japan and six Bermudagrass strains from Florida and Taiwan. The sugarcane and Bermudagrass strains contained 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, rhamnose, and fucose in their cell walls, suggesting a relationship to some other phytopathogenic coryneform bacteria and related organisms with similar cell wall compositions. The cellular protein patterns of the sugarcane and Bermudagrass strains after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resembled the patterns of Corynebacterium michiganense subspecies more than the patterns of some other diaminobutyric acid-containing taxa. The protein patterns of the sugarcane strains were distinct from the patterns of the Bermudagrass strains examined. The guanine-plus-cytosine contents of the deoxyribonucleic acids of two sugarcane strains and one Bermudagrass strain were 66 mol%. The sugarcane and Bermudagrass strains formed a homogeneous group based on morphological characteristics and most biochemical characteristics. All of the sugarcane strains were nonpigmented (white) and grew more slowly in culture than the yellow-pigmented Bermudagrass strains. The Bermudagrass strains, unlike the sugarcane strains, hydrolyzed starch and utilized citrate and malate. Although the phytopathogenic coryneform bacteria with 2,4-diaminobutyric acid in the peptidoglycans of their cell walls are presently classified in the genus Corynebacterium, recent studies have indicated that these phytopathogens should be reclassified. These bacteria form a distinct group with characteristics different from those of all existing genera as presently circumscribed; therefore, we propose that a new genus, Clavibacter, be established for these and similar bacteria. We propose reclassification of Corynebacterium michiganense (including Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. michiganense, Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. insidiosum, Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. sepedonicum, Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. nebraskense, and Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. tessellarius), Corynebacterium iranicum, Corynebacterium tritici, and Corynebacterium rathayi in the new genus Clavibacter. We further propose that Clavibacter xyli be recognized as a new species with the following subspecies: Clavibacter xyli subsp. xyli sp. nov., subsp. nov., the species and subspecies type strain of which is sugarcane strain L1A (= ATCC 33974 = NCPPB 3152 = PDDC 7127), and Clavibacter xyli subsp. cynodontis subsp. nov., the subspecies type strain of which is Bermudagrass strain TB1A (= ATCC 33973). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY, Apr. 1984, p. 107-117 Copyright


This paper describes the development of the iSELF: an Internet-tool for Self-Evaluation and Learner Feedback to stimulate self-directed learning in ubiquitous learning environments. In ubiquitous learning, learners follow their own trails of interest, scaffolded by coaches, peers and tools for thinking and learning. Ubiquitous learning solutions include on- and off-line, formal and informal learning. To benefit from its possibilities, learners need to develop competencies for self-directed learning. To do so, a self-evaluation tool can help the learner to get insight in his/her own development, to manage and monitor his/her own learning process, to collaborate in learning, to relate the learning to 'real life' needs, and to take control over educational decisions. The iSELF is developed in an iterative process in three phases, complying to the following high level requirements: (1) Enabling learning anytime, anywhere; (2) Supporting self-directed learning; (3) Evaluating learner, learning solutions and job-needs; (4) Assessing learner competencies; (5) Using card-sort method for questionnaires; (6) Facilitating questionnaires 'under construction'; and (7) Userfriendly design. The resulting online tool contained a card-sort module, looking somewhat like a 'solitaire' game, a profile module to evaluate core competencies, and a feedback module to suggest learning possibilities in a ubiquitous learning environment. The iSELF was developed to be not only a learner tool but a scientific tool as well. Using the tool, two self-evaluation questionnaires were developed and psychometrically tested: competencies for multidisciplinary cooperation in a Network Centric Organization and self-directed learning competencies. They are used in various populations: e.g. students, employees from small and medium enterprises, crisis management organizations, and the military. Usefulness and usability of the self-evaluation tool were valued positively. It contributes to an adaptive ubiquitous learning environment in which the learner can make the educational decisions according to self-directed learning principles. The iSELF will stimulate self-directed learning in a ubiquitous learning environment and will help to create learners for life.


Rural enterprises have played an important role in the extraordinary success of China's economy over the last two decades. They have greatly increased off-farm employment in rural areas and brought substantially increased incomes and standards of living to many rural people. Jun Li provides a comprehensive analysis of the financing of China's rural enterprises over the reform period, and discusses the key aspects of rural enterprise development in China, including the growth of rural enterprises and enterprise-level behaviour, the role of state policy, rural financial institutions and local government. Brings new and challenging analysis to the current debate on the Chinese financial system and the financing of SMEs.


Through the use of transit oriented development (TOD) several New York municipalities have transformed into more sustainable communities by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Contrary to popular belief, these municipalities proved that reduction of emissions is possible while still expanding economic growth. This article highlights several success stories in a variety of community landscapes beginning with a look at urban redevelopment in Yonkers, White Plains, and New Rochelle, New York, and then transitions to suburban success stories in Orangetown, and several municipalities along the Bear Mountain Parkway.


The coastal areas near thermal or nuclear plants are subject to hot water discharges produced by cooling processes. These activities induce an increase of the temperature near the outlet vicinity, which can extend for miles. The temperature variation affects the metabolic rate of organisms and the level of dissolved oxygen. Cooling by cold water from an additional discharge can be considered in order to limit this thermal pollution. This paper present a methodology based on the imple-mentation of a two-dimensional numerical model to study the dynamic of the temperature originated from the industrial discharges. Moreover the optimal injection rate of cold water is sought to keep the water temperature as close as possible to the survival of the ecosystem. Numerical simulations are performed to illustrate the efficiency approach.


20 Running title: Genomic basis of G×E and local adaptation. CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not. Abstract A substantial portion of intraspecific diversity is associated with local adaptation to environment, which is driven by genotype-by-environment interactions (G×E) for fitness. 25 Local adaptation is often studied via 1) multiple common garden experiments comparing performance of genotypes in different environments and 2) sequencing genotypes from multiple locations and characterizing geographic patterns in allele frequency. Both approaches aim to identify the same pattern (local adaptation), yet the complementary information from each approach has not been coherently integrated into a modeling 30 framework. Here, we develop a genome-wide association model of genotype interactions with continuous environmental gradients (G×E). We employ an imputation approach to synthesize evidence from common garden and genome-environment associations, allowing us to identify loci exhibiting climatic clines where alleles are associated with higher fitness in home environments. We apply this model to published data on natural 35 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Our approach reveals candidate genes for local adaptation based on known involvement in environmental stress response. Most outlier SNPs exhibit home allele advantage and fitness tradeoffs along climate gradients, suggesting selective gradients may maintain allelic clines. SNPs exhibiting G×E associations with fitness are enriched in genic regions, putative partial selective sweeps, 40 and G×E associations with an important adaptive phenotype (flowering time). We discuss extensions for situations where only adaptive phenotypes other than fitness are available. Many types of data may point toward the loci underlying G×E and local adaptation; coherent models of these diverse data provide a principled basis for synthesis. 45. CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not .


A detailed analysis of the dryer section of a paper machine was undertaken
in this study. The mathematical model developed relates initial sheet
conditions, paper sheet properties, drying conditions and dryer section
. configuration to the variation of the moisture content and temperature in
the paper sheet as well as energy consumption per unit production.
The theoretical model was based on mass and energy balance equations
about a slice of paper composing pulp fibres, free and bound water, water
vapour and air. Time-varying boundary conditions, corresponding to the
movement of the paper sheet over the 40-50 drying cylinders, were
assigned and the equations were converted to finite difference form and
solved by computer using standard linear algebra methods.
The heat and mass transfer coefficients which control evaporation rates in
the dryer section were investigated experimentally. Drying trials and
boundary layer analysis were performed to establish the effects of dryer
fabric permeability and tension, air flow, cylinder surface temperature,
pulp furnish and sheet basis weight on paper drying rates.
A number of paper sheet properties were investigated as part of the study.
The pore size distribution, permeability and sorptive behaviour of machine
made newsprint were investigated experimentally and theoretically. Other
paper properties correlated from literature for the purposes of this study
included thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, density, fibre
saturation point, diffusibility and shrinkage.
A number of simulations were performed on the two Australian Newsprint
Mills paper machines that formed the focus of this study. A comparison
with actual machine moisture content values showed the model's prediction
of moisture change during drying and specific steam consumption under
different operating conditions to be within 2% and 10% respectively.
A series of simulations were performed to demonstrate the effect of the
paper condition on drying, specifically, initial moisture content, sheet
thickness, sheet basis weight and initial temperature. These graphs
provided a useful insight into the effect on achievable machine speed and
specific steam consumption as a function of such variables. An alternative
perspective on the analysis was to specify the machine speed as constant, as often occurs in a production environment, and determine the necessary
change in each of pocket temperature, pocket humidity and cylinder
temperature to maintain this speed. In each case, increases in the drying
duty were handled most energy efficiently by increasing the temperature of
the pocket ventilation air.
Two dryer section configuration changes were also considered. ANM's
PM3 was examined from the perspective of an optimal design. The results
showed the current lengths of individual cylinder wraps and open draws to
be within lOcm of the optimal case from the viewpoint of drying capacity.
The second prospective change examined was that of PM2's conversion to
an initial dryer sub-section with seven foot diameter cylinders, in a bid to
improve heat transfer and hence drying rate and also improve runnability in
this critical wet section. The simulation predicted that this would lead to a
production increase of almost 20 rnlmin, just over 2%. This suggested the
project would not be feasible on the basis of increased drying rate alone
but would need to be co-justified by other factors.


The study of hard rock conversion into fine earths and clayey materials in the pedosphere is important in understanding the relative proportions of recent soil features to features that were inherited from ancient epochs. Cold environments are widely thought to be areas of physical weathering, but the coexistence of physical and chemical processes have also been shown. To further examine mafic rock (dolerite) weathering in soil environments and the conversion into clayey materials, Entic Podzols formed in the cold continental climate were studied. The key study was located in the central part of the flood basalt complex, or traps (traprocks), of the Central Siberian Plateau (Russia). The qualitative mineralogy was studied using X-ray diffraction and the quantitative mineral composition was determined using X-ray diffraction and subsequent Rietveld analysis. The micromorphological characteristics of the soils were studied in thin sections. Dolerite fragments and fine earths were sampled from soil profiles underlain by dolerite. XRD analyses indicated that pyroxene and especially plagioclase contents in the dolerite fragments and fine earths decreased from the bottom to the top soil horizons mostly in the mature soil profiles that were affected by chemical weathering of dolerite. The dioctahedral and trioctahedral smectites in the soils were inherited from a dolerite previously subjected to chemical weathering. The smectite was conserved in the inherited aggregates and protected against dissolution even in acidic soil horizons. Recent pedogenesis processes fractured individual fragments, converted it into soil micromass, and slightly decreased the total smectite content of the <1 µm soil fraction. However, in soil samples collected from the bottom to the top horizons of a mature soil profile, trioctahedral smectite contents decreased as dioctahedral smectite contents increased. This suggests that dioctahedral smectites formed by pedogenic alteration of inherited trioctahedral smectites.


This book develops a new view of logic as a theory of information-driven agency and intelligent interaction between many agents - with conversation, argumentation and games as guiding examples. It provides one uniform account of dynamic logics for acts of inference, observation, questions and communication, that can handle both update of knowledge and revision of beliefs. It then extends the dynamic style of analysis to include changing preferences and goals, temporal processes, group action and strategic interaction in games. Throughout, the book develops a mathematical theory unifying all these systems, and positioning them at the interface of logic, philosophy, computer science and game theory. A series of further chapters explores repercussions of the 'dynamic stance' for these areas, as well as cognitive science.


The clinical trial is the major investigational tool of clinical medicine. Two recent reports highlight the fact that the most often quoted mechanisms for the protection of research subjects, viz., research ethics board review and eligibility criteria, are insufficient to achieve this end. In this paper, we argue that the prime mechanism for the protection of persons in clinical trials should be the clinical judgement of the physician-investigator. The clinical investigator has a duty to protect subjects from both harm and undue risk. It is argued that the clinical investigator has a duty to screen for, and exclude, potential research subjects who may be unduly vulnerable to the risks of a particular clinical trial. In order to fulfill this obligation, the investigator should personally screen each potential research subject at the time of accrual. In larger trials in which this is not feasible, this task could be delegated to another appropriately qualified health care professional, with the principal investigator retaining personal responsibility. To reinforce and make explicit this legal and moral duty, we propose that the investigator sign a statement, appended to each subject's consent form, to attest that this duty has been responsibly discharged.


In the first portion of this work, we searched for differences in volatiles within a single star forming region, Rho Ophiuchi. We determined the amount, temperature, and composition of two ice features, the bending modes of CO2 and H2O at 15 μm and 6 μm, respectively, toward 28 Young Stellar Objects (YSOs). We found that more than 50% of the YSOs studied contained a portion of crystalline CO2 ice. We also found that some sources with Flat or borderline Class II Spectral Energy Distributions (SEDs) have a larger abundance of CO2 ice with respect to H2O ice. In addition to intracloud differences, we compared our results with several other star forming regions, high mass YSOs, and background objects. The average abundance of CO2 with respect to H2O in Rho Oph is comparable to that in Taurus, Perseus, and the value reported by Oberg et al. (2011) toward high mass YSOs, however, it is less than the average abundance reported toward Corona Australis, Serpens, and the value cited by Oberg et al. (2011) toward low mass YSOs. The second half of this work involved a study of gaseous HCN, C2H2, and CO toward a low mass binary system, GV Tau. We report the second detection of these simple molecules toward a low mass YSO. The abundances of these molecules are consistent with that toward the first low mass YSO with a detection, IRS 46 (Lahuis et al., 2006), models from Willacy and Woods (2009), Walsh et al. (2010), and Markwick et al. (2002), and comets. We also found that these molecules have a rotational temperature of ∼100 K 200 K, indicating they may be located in the warm molecular layer of the disk. This work is part of a larger study to characterize volatiles (others include CH4, NH3, the 6.8 μm absorption feature, and CH3OH) in the gas and/or solid phase toward YSOs in different star forming regions. This characterization includes temperature, location, mass, evolutionary state, and abundance. These characteristics will be used as a diagnostic tool to determine the evolution of molecules during the star formation process.