Architecture Live Projects provides a persuasive, evidence-based advocacy for moving a particular kind of architectural learning, known as Live Projects, towards a holistic integration into current and future architectural curricula. Live Projects are work completed in the borderlands between architectural education and built environment practice; they include design/build work, community-based design, urban advocacy consulting and a host of other forms and models described by the book's international group of authors. Because of their position, Live Projects as vehicle for simultaneously providing teaching and service has the potential to recalibrate the contesting claims that both academia and profession make to architecture.

This collection of essays and case studies consolidates current discussions on theory and learning ambitions, academic best practices, negotiation with licensure and accreditation, and considerations of architectural integrity. It is an invaluable resource to current and future Live Projects advocates – whether they aim to move from pedagogy into practice or practice into pedagogy.

The book was reviewed by Michael Collins: see 'Book Club review: Architecture Live Projects: Pedagogy Into Practice' 2015, http://www.bdonline.co.uk/book-club-review-architecture-live-projects-pedagogy-into-practice/5072213.article


Tapping into the creativity of a crowd can provide a highly efficient and effective means of acquiring ideas, work, and content to solve problems. But crowdsourcing solutions can also come with risks, including the legal risks associated with intellectual property. Therefore, we raise and address a two-part question: Why—and how—should organizations deal with intellectual property issues when engaging in the crowdsourcing of solutions? The answers lie in understanding the approaches for acquiring sufficient intellectual property from a crowd and limiting the risks of using that intellectual property. Herein, we discuss the hazards of not considering these legal issues and explain how managers can use appropriate terms and conditions to balance and mitigate the risks associated with soliciting solutions from a crowd. Based on differences in how organizations acquire intellectual property and limit associated risks, we identify and illustrate with examples four approaches for managing intellectual property (passive, possessive, persuasive, and prudent) when crowdsourcing solutions. We conclude with recommendations for how organizations should use and tailor the approaches in our framework to source intellectual property from a crowd.


The breeding biology, behavior, and diet of Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus were studied during 2 breeding seasons in forests in southwestern Iran (n = 3 nests) from April to June in 2012 and 2013. All nests faced west to east on the upper edges of cliffs. Eggs were laid during 7-11 March. The clutch size was 3 eggs and incubation period was 31 ± 1 days. Brood reduction was observed in one of the nests (in the first year), and mortality of the smallest chicks occurred during the second week after hatching. The young fledged successfully at 49.5 ± 0.5 days of age and left the nest at approximately 52 ± 2 days. Information about diet during the breeding season was obtained by collecting pellets, prey remains, and video recordings. Mammalian prey, especially Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus), and lizards and snakes made up most of the diet of Long-legged Buzzards.


We report five experiments in which listeners heard the beginnings of classical minuets (or similar dances). The phrase in either measures 1-2 or measures 3-4 was selected as a target, tested at the end
 of the excerpt. A "beep" indicated the test item, which was a continuation of the minuet as written. Test items were targets (repetitions of the selected phrase), similar lures (imitations
 of targets), or different lures , and occurred after delays of 4-5, 15, or 30 s. We estimated the proportion of correct discriminations of targets from similar lures and targets from different lures.
 In Experiment 1, discrimination of targets from similar lures (but not of targets from different lures) improved between 5 and 15 s. Experiment 2 extended this result to a delay of 30 s. Discrimination
 of targets from similar lures improved over time, especially for second-phrase targets. This improvement was due mainly to decreasing false alarms to similar lures. Experiments 3 and 4 replaced the continuous
 music with silence and with a repetitive "oom-pah-pah" pattern, and the improvement in discrimination of targets from similar lures disappeared. Experiment 5 removed listeners9 expectations of being tested,
 and the improvement also disappeared. Results are considered in the framework of current theories of memory, and their implications for the listener9s experience of hearing music are discussed.


Prior work has shown that features which appear to be biologically plausible as well as empirically useful can be found by sparse coding with a prior such as a laplacian (L1) that promotes sparsity. We show how smoother priors can preserve the benefits of these sparse priors while adding stability to the Maximum A-Posteriori (MAP) estimate that makes it more useful for prediction problems. Additionally, we show how to calculate the derivative of the MAP estimate efficiently with implicit differentiation. One prior that can be differentiated this way is KL-regularization. We demonstrate its effectiveness on a wide variety of applications, and find that online optimization of the parameters of the KL-regularized model can significantly improve prediction performance.


This Article describes an alternative model for the process of legal counseling, a model applicable to a very common counseling experience ignored by the conventional Interviewing and Counseling texts - the experience of obtaining negotiating and settlement authority from a client.Counseling is, of course, a basic lawyering skill taught in law school clinics and in simulation courses. It is one of the most critical elements of good lawyering, and it is a skill which can be taught, and taught through the use of models. Every lawyering skills book available includes instruction about effective counseling. But when one reviews the available models for counseling, one finds a very interesting phenomenon: The texts explore in considerable detail the techniques and strategies involved in counseling clients about making choices. The choices might be binary (you take the offer, or we go to trial), or the choices might be more than two (we can draft you a straightforward will, or instead put most of your property into a life estate, or alternatively you could create a living trust, or maybe you'll want to do an irrevocable trust), but the ultimate goal of the counseling considered in the skills texts is to assist a client to decide satisfactorily among finite alternatives. The existing counseling models suggest protocols and meeting structures with that comparative, decision-focused end in mind.Much of client counseling is precisely that kind of activity, and the traditional models work well in that context. But a substantial part of client counseling does not involve weighing and choosing among discrete alternatives. Often, a lawyer must meet with a client not to review options on the table, but to anticipate future negotiations and to create new options. By definition, there are no alternatives to choose between or among, because the bargaining has not yet begun. But a client meeting is still necessary, in order to determine what kind of authority the client will give to the lawyer to negotiate, and to determine what kinds of offers or demands to make. It is still a counseling meeting, although a different kind of counseling meeting.The Article calls this special kind of counseling pre-negotiation counseling. It is an awkward phrase, perhaps, but it does capture the moment in time when this kind of meeting will occur. We might refer to this activity as authority counseling, but that phrase seems a bit narrow given the goals of this endeavor. It is counseling tied directly to negotiation, but it is separate from the negotiation process because it involves a meeting between the lawyer and the client to determine what the client wishes to occur. Not surprisingly, many of the same considerations will apply in this process as that within the standard models, but not all will apply. In several respects pre-negotiation counseling will be distinctly different. It therefore seems important to offer an alternative model for pre-negotiation counseling. The civil clinic at Boston College Law School has used this alternative model for close to 20 years, and it has become a common and accepted distinction for the faculty and for the students. The pre-negotiation structure arose because students encountered confusion and difficulty in attempting to employ the standard model to the pre-negotiation context.This article develops the structure of the alternative model, and defends it from some anticipated criticism. It contrasts the pre-negotiation model to the pioneering and standard model of client counseling developed in Lawyers as Counselors and its predecessors. It shows the following discrete alterations from the standard model:First, the goal of the meeting is very different in pre-negotiation counseling. No longer is the goal of the meeting to learn a client's decision about some important matter. Instead, the goal is to learn what a client's bottom line will be, either in an absolute sense or in a provisional sense. The meeting may also decide upon an appropriate opening demand in an upcoming negotiation.Second, the order of discussion of the client's alternatives will be different. In the conventional model where a lawyer seeks a decision from her client, the lawyer is indifferent about the order in which various alternatives are discussed, and deliberately so, in order to maintain a neutral presentation. In pre-negotiation counseling, a particular order is necessary. The lawyer must first describe the default setting, so that a client can appreciate new alternatives that will be developed in the meeting. Discussion of new alternatives cannot precede discussion of the default setting.Third, the use of comparisons is more subtle and more infrequent in the pre-negotiation counseling model. A comparison between generic alternatives (say, trial versus settlement) will be fruitless in this setting, because a concept like settlement encompasses an entire range of very good possibilities and very bad possibilities. The comparisons will come, but only when the lawyer has moved to consider possible acceptable settlements.Fourth, once a lawyer has obtained an acceptable settlement idea from a client, she will have to press her client to see if a less favorable settlement package would be unacceptable. That act of pressing shows where the clients' bottom line authority is. Accomplishing this inquiry is a delicate matter, as the Article explains. Whether one should try to achieve a true bottom line is a complicated question covered here as well.After describing the model with these four variations from traditional counseling, the Article defends it in light of some expected criticisms. The most substantial worry about pre-negotiation client is its seeking from the client some finite bottom line authority, which is precisely its aim. Critics may worry that obtaining a bottom line is either illusory as a practice or unfair to the client's interests, or both. The Article accepts the criticisms as fair descriptively, but thoughtful counselors can accommodate them.


BACKGROUND
Otitis media is the most common medical problem in young children. The usual surgical treatment is myringotomy with insertion of tympanostomy tubes. There is debate about the usefulness of concomitant adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy. We examined the effects of these adjuvant procedures on the rates of reinsertion of tympanostomy tubes and rehospitalization for conditions related to otitis media.

METHODS
Using hospital discharge records for the period 1995 through 1997, we examined the results of surgery for all 37,316 children (defined as persons 19 years of age or younger) in Ontario, Canada, who received tympanostomy tubes as their first surgical treatment for otitis media. We determined the time to the first readmission for conditions related to otitis media and the time to the first reinsertion of tympanostomy tubes.

RESULTS
As compared with treatment involving the insertion of tympanostomy tubes alone, adjuvant adenoidectomy was associated with a reduction in the likelihood of reinsertion of tympanostomy tubes (relative risk, 0.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.5 to 0.6; P<0.001) and the likelihood of readmission for conditions related to otitis media (relative risk, 0.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.5 to 0.6; P<0.001). The risk of these outcomes was further reduced if an adjuvant adenotonsillectomy was performed. The effect was age-related. Children as young as one year appeared to benefit from adjuvant adenotonsillectomy; the benefit of an adjuvant adenoidectomy was apparent in two-year-olds and was greatest for children three years of age or older.

CONCLUSIONS
Performing an adenoidectomy at the time of the initial insertion of tympanostomy tubes substantially reduces the likelihood of additional hospitalizations and operations related to otitis media among children two years of age or older.


Abstract Previous research has shown that air movement has a significant influence on humans' thermal comfort. For persons feeling cool, air movement tends to be perceived as draught, whilst when feeling warm air movements may provide a desired cooling effect. In the transition zone it therefore seems difficult to use constant air velocity as a tool for cooling without creating draught problems. Nevertheless, from an energy saving perspective it appears to be far more efficient to use enhanced convective cooling, induced by the air movement, to cool only the occupants instead of the entire building. One possible way to use air movement as a method to improve thermal comfort without resultant draught problems could be to use intermittent air velocity instead of constant velocity. The present paper reports results from three experiments where subjects have been exposed to velocity variations, showing support for the hypothesis that it is possible to cool humans and reduce the percentage of occupants who are dissatisfied with the room temperature, without creating draught problems, through intermittent cooling.


According to its incidence patterns, colorectal cancer (CRC) tends to occur more frequently in males than in females, and the evidence shows that CRC is a hormone-related tumor. These findings indicate that androgen receptor (AR) gene methylation might be important for the regulation of the CRC risk in the different sexes. We used a case–control study to investigate the association between AR methylation in peripheral blood (PBL) and CRC risk. A cohort study was conducted to analyze the effect of AR methylation levels in both PBL and tissue on the prognosis of CRC. AR methylation levels were detected using methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM). The results indicate that the hypomethylation of AR was significantly associated with the risk of CRC (OR = 1.869, 95% CI: 1.629–2.141, P < 0.001), and the results remained similar after adjusting for the propensity score (PS) (OR = 1.344, 95% CI: 1.147–1.575, P < 0.001) and PS matching (OR = 1.138, 95% CI: 1.000–1.292 P = 0.049). The hypomethylation of AR was significantly associated with CRC in males (OR = 2.309, 95% CI: 1.200–4.245; P = 0.012) but not females (OR = 1.000, 95% CI: 0.567–1.765; P = 0.999). The methylation status of AR in PBL and tissue does not seem to be associated with prognosis in colorectal cancer (OR = 1.425, 95% CI: 0.895–2.269, P = 0.135; OR = 0.930, 95% CI: 0.674–1.285, P = 0.661). We conclude that AR hypomethylation in PBL is associated with a high risk of CRC and may serve as a biomarker. Further studies involving large sample sizes are needed to validate the results of this study.


The Nordic electricity market experienced extremely high prices during the winter 2009/2010. Using real data from the peak price hours the zonal solution from the Nordic market is replicated and compared to the nodal price solution when the central grid and its physical characteristics are explicitly modelled. Demand elasticity is introduced to the bid curves and its effect on prices and network utilisation is studied for the nodal solution. The sensitivity of the zonal solution to the changes in aggregate transfer capacities is investigated. The results demonstrate that better system utilisation is possible without capacity expansion. Nodal pricing solutions compared to the actual zonal pricing mechanism give insights into how the system functions in strained capacity situations and what hinders a more efficient system utilisation.


When statistical inference is used for spatial prediction, the model-based framework known as kriging is commonly used. The predictor for an unsampled element of a population is a weighted combination of sampled values, in which weights are obtained by estimating the spatial covariance function. This solution can be affected by model misspecification and can be influenced by sampling design properties. In classical design-based finite population inference, these problems can be overcome; nevertheless, spatial solutions are still seldom used for this purpose. Through the efficient use of spatial information, a conceptual framework for design-based estimation has been developed in this study. We propose a standardized weighted predictor for unsampled spatial data, using the population information regarding spatial locations directly in the weighting system. Our procedure does not require model estimation of the spatial pattern because the spatial relationship is captured exclusively based on the Euclidean distances between locations (which are fixed and do not require assessment after sample selection). The individual predictor is a design-based ratio estimator, and we illustrate its properties for simple random sampling.


The velocity and flux of spherical glass beads with nominal diameters of 200, 80 and 40 μm have been obtained by phase-Doppler anemometry in a round unconfined air jet over the first 28 diameters. The jet diameter was 15 mm and the exit velocity was 13 ms-1 giving a Reynolds number of 13 000 and a timescale of 1.15 ms, which increased quadratically with axial distance: the bead inertial time constants were 298, 48 and 12 ms. The purposes of the experiments were to quantify the velocity and flux characteristics of the beads and of the gas phase in the presence of the beads as a function of bead diameter and of the mass loading in the jet nozzle. Due to the large inertia of the 200 μm beads, the mean bead velocity downstream of the exit of the jet was constant and independent of mass loading up to 0.37 and the axial root mean square (r.m.s.) bead velocity decayed by about one-fifth : at the exit of the jet, the axial r.m.s. bead velocity was higher than that of the corresponding clean jet. The mean centreline velocity of the 80 μm beads decayed to about one-half of the bead exit velocity by 28 diameters downstream and was independent of mass loading up to 0.86. The decay rate of the mean gas centreline velocity in the presence of the beads reduced as the loading increased because of momentum transfer from the discrete to the gaseous phase. The axial r.m.s. velocity of the beads was comparable to that of the gas phase and both decreased with increasing loading and the rate of spread of the half width of the jet increased with increasing loading. For the 40 μm beads, the decay rate of the mean centreline velocity of the beads decreased with increasing loading and, in contrast to the 80 μm beads, the rate of spread decreased with increasing loading up to 0.80. The axial r.m.s. velocity of the beads became largest at a position downstream of the nozzle exit, which moved downstream with increasing loading and was larger than the axial r.m.s. velocity of the clean jet, although the beads were not expected to be responsive to the frequencies of the energy-containing eddies. The bead axial r.m.s. velocity was more than twice as large as the radial r.m.s. velocity and the correlation coefficient of the cross correlation was larger than that of the clean jet. The large bead turbulence, anisotropy and strong correlation coefficient are explained by the superposition of bead trajectories from regions of different bead mean velocity and are not because of acquisition of axial turbulent motion from the gaseous phase.


Multiterminal (MT) source coding refers to separate lossy encoding and joint decoding of multiple correlated sources. Recently, the rate region of both direct and indirect MT source coding in the quadratic Gaussian setup with two encoders was determined. We are thus motivated to design practical MT source codes that can potentially achieve the entire rate region. In this paper, we present two practical MT coding schemes under the framework of Slepian-Wolf coded quantization (SWCQ) for both direct and indirect MT problems. The first, asymmetric SWCQ scheme relies on quantization and Wyner-Ziv coding, and it is implemented via source splitting to achieve any point on the sum-rate bound. In the second, conceptually simpler scheme, symmetric SWCQ, the two quantized sources are compressed using symmetric Slepian-Wolf coding via a channel code partitioning technique that is capable of achieving any point on the Slepian-Wolf sum-rate bound. Our practical designs employ trellis-coded quantization and turbo/low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes for both asymmetric and symmetric Slepian-Wolf coding. Simulation results show a gap of only 0.139-0.194 bit per sample away from the sum-rate bound for both direct and indirect MT coding problems.


Background Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released from the atria (on cleavage of proANP) in response to elevated intra-atrial pressure and wall stretch. Clinical data on proANP are still limited, mainly due to limitations in assaying the protein, which recently have been solved. ProANP is elevated in cardiovascular disease and predicts outcome in heart failure. However, knowledge of the prognostic value in acute myocardial infarction remains limited. Methods We prospectively included 680 patients with STEMI treated with primary-PCI, from September 2006 to December 2008. Blood samples were drawn immediately before PCI. Plasma MR-proANP was measured using an automated processing assay. Endpoints were all-cause mortality (n = 137) and the combined endpoint (n = 170) of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) defined as cardiovascular mortality and admission due to recurrent MI, ischaemic stroke or heart failure. Results During 5-year follow-up, MR-proANP was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality and MACE (both p < 0.001). After adjustment for confounding risk factors (age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, smoking, previous MI, BMI, eGFR, CRP, peak-TnI, symptom-to-balloon time, multivessel disease, complex lesion, LAD-lesion and use of glycoprotein inhibitor), MR-proANP remained an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and MACE – hazard ratio: 1.68 (95% CI 1.35–2.10; p < 0.001) and 1.68 (95% CI 1.39–2.03; p < 0.001) per standard deviation increase in MR-proANP. MR-proANP significantly increased C-statistics and reclassified 26% of the patients for all-cause mortality and 34% for MACE into higher or lower risk categories, matching actual event rates more accurately. Conclusions Plasma MR-proANP independently predicts all-cause mortality and MACE in patients with STEMI.


Special issue of "Transactions on Machine Learning and Data Mining" includes three papers spanning a wide spectrum of data mining and machine learning fields. The first paper applies contrasting correlations between databases to detect changes of interest. The second paper uses frequent sequential patterns to extract sets of connected pixels to reveal meaningful patterns in satellite radar images of agriculture cultivated areas. The third paper is concerned with recognition of wood species using invariant features based on pore distribution in wood microscopic images. An expert system based on the rules extracted from C4.5 classification tree is proposed and tested with real data.


This Comment examines the holding of Rux v. Republic of Sudan in light of other successful judgments under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act's (FSIA) Terrorism Exception, with a focused emphasis as to whether it is sound policy and law to allow service-members, or their surviving family members, to recover monetary judgments against foreign states during a time of war. By examining the principles of sovereign immunity as elucidated in both the Federal Tort Claims Act ("FTCA") and FSIA, this Comment argues that allowing U.S. service-members to recover monetary judgments against foreign states for injuries incurred during war interferes with the constitutionally granted executive powers of the President by frustrating U.S. foreign policy efforts, and significantly undermines the President's role as Commander in Chief of the U.S. military. Allowing service-members to recover monetary judgments under FSIA's Terrorism Exception could also have an extremely negative impact on the military itself; permitting the unjustifiable discrimination between the types of recovery different service-members could collect if injured could drastically affect the morale of the very troops the United States is relying on to fight this war on terror.


Over 1000 samples from cores and cutting from 37 wells from offshore South America have been investigated and have provided new insight into the evolution of the miogypsinids. For the first time Paleomiogypsina, a genus first described from the Late Oligocene of Japan, is reported from the Early Oligocene of the American province. One new genus, Americogypsina and 18 new species, Neorotalia sp. I, Paleomiogypsina braziliana, P. americana, Americogypsina braziliana, A. americana, A. koutsoukosi, Miogypsinella elan gala, Mlla matsumaria, Mlla sp. I, Miogypsinoides praegunteri, Mdes sp. 1, Miogypsinodella braziliana, Miogypsina triangulata, M. americoprimitiva. Miolepidocyclina braziliana, Ml. sp. 1, Ml. sp. 2, Ml sp. 3 are described. The American, regional evolutionary lineages of the miogypsinids taxa are described, starting in the Early Oligocene and ending in the Early Miocene. Their phylogenetic lineages are similar to those of the Tethyan miogypsinids, however the stratigraphic ranges of the main genera and their species are different, as the American miogypsinids made their first appearance earlier than their morphologically similar Tethyan counterparts.


For decades, US multinational corporations (MNCs) conducted nearly all their research and development (R&D) within the United States. Their focus on R&D at home helped establish the United States as the unrivaled leader of innovation and technology advances in the world economy. Since the late 1990s, however, the amount of R&D conducted overseas by US MNCs has grown nearly fourfold and its geographic distribution has expanded from a few advanced industrial countries to many parts of the developing world, creating an innovation system that spans the globe. Like many aspects of globalization, including the offshoring of manufacturing over recent decades, the globalization of R&D raises concerns about US competitiveness and loss of technological leadership. At the same time, the spreading geographic location of innovation presents opportunities for US-based companies if the right policies are adopted to seize them. The research presented in this Policy Brief demonstrates that US innovators continue to remain involved in important ways in US MNCs' global R&D activities, and fears of a hollowing out of US capacity to innovate—based probably on previous fears about the hollowing out of US-based manufacturing—may be overstated. Indeed, the large and growing pool of highly educated scientists and engineers in the developing world could increase the rate of global productivity growth, to the advantage of US-based companies and the world in general. The authors conclude that a productive way to capitalize on the globalization of MNC R&D is not to oppose it but to combine emerging-market talent with MNC experience so that innovation can flourish to improve global living standards and fuel economic progress.


In the summer of 2011, the Library Assessment Workgroup began an investigation into the Lesley University and Episcopal Divinity School faculties' information needs for research and teaching. By exploring faculty members' perceptions of the library, and behaviors as researchers and instructors, we hoped to discern how well the library addresses their needs. The resulting project is a qualitative analysis of Lesley University and Episcopal Divinity School faculty members' use of the library in the research and instruction process. Through twenty-five interviews and 3 focus groups, we studied the information-seeking strategies of forty members of the faculties. The examination focused on three areas: faculty research habits, student research required by the faculty, and faculty perceptions of student research strategies and results.


The strongest of all governmental powers is the power to engage in war; and the strongest challenge for constitutionalism is to bring the war power of the state under meaningful control. The 1787 Constitution allocated some military powers to the Congress and others to the President as part of the scheme of constitutional checks and balances. To this day, however, the distribution of authority between the branches remains contested and uncertain. The Clinton Administration has had substantial opportunity to contribute to the evolution of constitutional practice concerning war powers, by virtue of numerous occasions of combat deployments, cruise missile strikes, and other forms of military engagement since January 1993. In broad outline, the constitutional practice of the Clinton Administration concerning war powers is similar to that of previous administrations in the sense that sweeping claims of executive authority have been tempered through pragmatic political accommodation. The legal opinions issued to explain the constitutional and statutory rationales for executive military initiatives embody some subtle differences from those of other administrations. This article compares the record of the Clinton Administration with those of its predecessors, after first briefly locating U.S. war powers practice in the context of crossnational comparisons. The subject of the Clinton Administration and war powers can be addressed from a crossnational perspective, along the lines of the comparative constitutional research on war powers I have been pursuing in other writing. In relation to the military intervention in Kosovo, for example, how did President Clinton's exercise of executive power compare to the authority of the heads of state or heads of government in the other member states of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ("NATO") that participated in the operation? Were other chief executives constitutionally authorized to commit their forces to a military campaign without reference to their national parliaments, as President Clinton effectively did, or are such decisions shared with parliament in the respective constitutional systems? Crossnational comparisons show variations in the degree to which national parliaments participated in determining the nature of a given state's commitment to the NATO engagement in Kosovo. President Clinton was not the only NATO leader who initiated his country's participation in the Kosovo operation without obtaining explicit authorization from the legislative branch. In the parliamentary system of the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Tony Blair may assume support from the House of Commons without necessarily putting the matter to a formal vote. In France's mixed system, President Jacques Chirac operates under Gaullist premises that military decisions belong to the presidential domaine reserve with little scrutiny from the Assemblee Nationale. In other countries, however, parliamentary control is considered a fundamental constraint on executive war-making powers. Germany's postwar constitution broke with the past by renouncing war, but participation in collective defense or collective security organizations is constitutionally permitted, subject to parliamentary approval. Notably, as required by a decision of the German Federal Constitutional Court at an earlier stage of the Yugoslav conflict, the Bundestag had to act affirmatively to approve German involvement in the Kosovo campaign. Polities in transition have looked to diverse constitutional models in developing their own approaches to executive-legislative relations with respect to war powers. The newest NATO members and NATO aspirants had their first tests of constitutional control of war powers in the post-cold war era with the Kosovo crisis. Hungary, a front-line state for this conflict, which borders on Yugoslavia and has close ties to ethnic Hungarians in the Vojvodina region of Serbia, submitted certain critical decisions for the affirmative authorization of the national parliament. Bulgaria and Romania, not yet NATO members but eager to prove themselves to be suitable partners, had parliamentary votes to approve opening their airspace to NATO planes. The remainder of this article focuses on comparisons between the Clinton Administration and its predecessors: Does President Clinton's approach to war powers and other foreign policy problems cohere with that of previous Presidents, or has the present administration forged a new approach in these domains? This general question also addresses the theme of Dawn Johnsen's paper: To what extent has the executive branch under Clinton declined to comply with congressional enactments regarding war powers on the basis of an executive position that the law in question is unconstitutional?


The Arisaig series comprises a very fossiliferous, fairly continuous sequence of strata of early Llandovery to Gedinnian age. The brachiopod species of the Arisaig series are described, identified generically, and compared with related species. Forty-five genera and eighty-two species are recognized. Seven new species, three new genera, and three new subgenera are proposed.

A phylogeny is proposed for each of the following groups: the Rhipidomellidae, plagiorhynchids, leptostrophids, douvillinids, and the Pholidostrophiinae.

Idiorthis is considered to be related to a proposed new genus of Silurian platyorthids. Shaleria(Telaeoshaleria) Williams is considered to be a pholidostrophid and is rejected as a subgenus of Shaleria Caster. Mclearnites Caster is considered to be closely related to Mesodouvillina Williams and not closely related to Shaleria. Pholidostrophia (Mesopholidostrophia) Williams and Lissostrophia(Mesolissostrophia) Williams are considered to be identical. Photochonetes Muir-Wood and Strophochonetes Muir-Wood are considered to be closely related, if not congeneric. Spirifer(Quadrifarius) Fuchs is redefined as a subgenus of Delthyria Dalman.

The lowest formation in the Arisaig series, the Beechhill Cove Formation is considered to be of early Llandovery age, as is the Glencoe Brook Formation in Pictou Co., N.S. The three members of the Ross Brook which overlies it are middle Llandovery (or high early Llandovery), late Llandovery (C[subscript 3]-C[subscript 5]), and late Llandovery C[subscript 6] or low Wenlock in age respectively. The overlying French River Formation is considered to be late Llandovery (C[Subscript 6] or low Wenlock in age. The lower two members of the overlying McAdam Formation are considered to be Wenlock or Ludlow in age, the upper two, Ludlow in age. The overlying Moydart Formation is considered to be Ludlow in age, and the highest formation in the series, the Stonehouse Formation, is considered to be Gedinnian and possibly, in part, Skala in age.

Many brachiopod groups which are common and widespread in beds of equivalent age elsewhere in the world are absent or virtually absent in the Arisaig series; the genera which are present are not endemic-most of them are common and widespread in beds of equivalent age elsewhere. This very possibly resulted from the presence of a barrier which prevented the larvae of some, but not all, groups from entering the area of Arisaig rocks; but the possibility that it resulted from certain factors in the depositional environment being unfavorable to the missing groups cannot be ruled out.

Photographic materials on pp. 319-429 are essential and will not reproduce clearly on Xerox copies. Photographic copies should be ordered.


Intensity of Internet use is significantly influenced by government policies, people's levels of income, education, employment and general development and economic conditions. Iraq has very low Internet usage levels compared to the region and the world. This study uses an ordered logit model to analyse the intensity of Internet use in Iraq. The results showed that economic reasons (internet cost and income level) were key cause for low level usage intensity rates. About 68% of the population revealed that Internet access at homes is costly. Thus, it is no wonder that Internet cafes is the most commonly used mode of Internet use followed by broadband and dial-up connections. Iraq has to develop proper strategies to enhance the rate of Internet use in the country. These strategies need to focus on decreasing internet access prices, increasing awareness about the importance of the technology and internet education in schools and universities.


PURPOSE
Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG)/Intergroup study 9623 was undertaken to compare treatment with an anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy regimen followed by high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell support (AHPCS) with a modern dose-dense dose-escalated (nonstandard) regimen including both an anthracycline and a taxane.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Participants in this phase III randomized study had operable breast cancer involving four or more axillary lymph nodes and had completed mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to receive four cycles of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by HDC with AHPCS or to receive sequential dose-dense and dose-escalated chemotherapy with doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and cyclophosphamide. The primary end point of this study was disease-free survival (DFS).

RESULTS
Among 536 eligible patients, there was no significant difference between the two arms for DFS or overall survival (OS). Estimated five-year DFS was 80% (95% CI, 76% to 85%) for dose-dense therapy and 75% (95% CI, 69% to 80%) for transplantation. Estimated 5-year OS was 88% (95% CI, 84% to 92%) for dose-dense therapy and 84% (95% CI, 79% to 88%) for transplantation.

CONCLUSION
There is no evidence that transplantation was superior to dose-dense dose-escalated therapy. Transplantation was associated with an increase in toxicity and a possibly inferior outcome, although the hazard ratios were not significantly different from 1.


The road history projects undertaken by the Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research (formerly the Virginia Transportation Research Council) establish the feasibility of studies of early road networks and their use in the environmental review process. These projects, by gathering and publishing the early road orders of the vast parent counties, also lay the foundation for additional research by local groups over a broad area of Virginia. This volume marks the 27th entry in the Historic Roads of Virginia series, first initiated by the Virginia Highway & Transportation Research Council (subsequently the Virginia Transportation Research Council, and now the Virginia Center for Innovation and Research) in 1973. New Kent County Road Orders 1684-1758 expands the coverage of early central Tidewater transportation records begun in the previously published New Kent County and Hanover County Road Orders 1706-1743. This project covers the surviving transportation records from the end of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century for a significant parent county of Virginia's central Tidewater region. During the late 17th century and early 18th century, the area covered in this volume included much of modern New Kent County, portions of King William County and Hanover County, and a small portion of James City County. This information will eliminate the need for further research into the early New Kent County road order records. If questions arise about early roads once a Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) road improvement project is already under way (or nearly under way), primary historical research of this nature can take 6 to 12 months to complete. Therefore, this study can be a source of potentially significant cost savings for VDOT, including the avoided costs of project delays and avoided consultant costs for cultural resource studies should questions arise.


CUSTOMERS In the Department of Adaptronics at the Otto-vonGuericke University in Magdeburg, Germany, an adaptive interface is being developed to decouple two mechanical systems. This interface effectively cancels out vibrations propagating from one mechanical system to another. The model of the mechanical structure as well as an adaptive control algorithm is implemented within the MATLAB/ Simulink environment. For real-time simulation, the control algorithm, defined as Simulink blocks, runs on dSPACE Prototyper, comprising a multiprocessor system. The developed adaptive interface has been verified and proved to work fine. As a result, series production levels for various applications have been reached.


The Exposure of Workplace Conflict on Residential Mental Health Clients by Shawna D. Stoneking MS, Walden University, 2008 BS, New York Institute of Technology, 2006 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Health Psychology Walden University February 2016 Abstract Individuals who receive residential mental health services rely on caregivers for support, supervision, and a safe living environment. Residential clients exposed to workplace conflict among staff may feel insecure and mistrust their caregivers, which in turn could negatively impact quality of life and treatment outcomes. The theory of therapeutic alliance proposed by Zetzel, emphasizing the client's perception of the therapist as a nurturing beneveolent figure, was used as the conceptual framework for this phenomenological study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 adults, recruited with homogenious sampling, who had experienced conflict among staff members and who had been discharged from residential mental health services within the last two years. Participants were asked about treatment satisfaction and perceptions of their safety while in treatment. Open-coding, categorizing, and interpretation were used to create theoretical categories for interpretation and analysis. The themes that emerged in situations involving staff conflict included reporting of increased mental health symptoms, feeling ignored by staff, feeling fear, perceiving their basic needs as unmet, and noticing staff splitting. The social change implications of this study include findings can be used to benefit the clients of these facilities and also staff through education about how relationships among staff members impact treatment; these findings may result in improved treatment outcomes that would benefit not only the clients and their families, but also the staff and facility through improved treatment outcomes and satisfaction. In turn, improved mental health outcomes benefit society in general through reduced financial costs and increased productivity.Individuals who receive residential mental health services rely on caregivers for support, supervision, and a safe living environment. Residential clients exposed to workplace conflict among staff may feel insecure and mistrust their caregivers, which in turn could negatively impact quality of life and treatment outcomes. The theory of therapeutic alliance proposed by Zetzel, emphasizing the client's perception of the therapist as a nurturing beneveolent figure, was used as the conceptual framework for this phenomenological study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 adults, recruited with homogenious sampling, who had experienced conflict among staff members and who had been discharged from residential mental health services within the last two years. Participants were asked about treatment satisfaction and perceptions of their safety while in treatment. Open-coding, categorizing, and interpretation were used to create theoretical categories for interpretation and analysis. The themes that emerged in situations involving staff conflict included reporting of increased mental health symptoms, feeling ignored by staff, feeling fear, perceiving their basic needs as unmet, and noticing staff splitting. The social change implications of this study include findings can be used to benefit the clients of these facilities and also staff through education about how relationships among staff members impact treatment; these findings may result in improved treatment outcomes that would benefit not only the clients and their families, but also the staff and facility through improved treatment outcomes and satisfaction. In turn, improved mental health outcomes benefit society in general through reduced financial costs and increased productivity. The Exposure of Workplace Conflict on Residential Mental Health Clients by Shawna D. Stoneking MS, Walden University, 2008 BS, New York Institute of Technology, 2006 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Health Psychology Walden University February 2016


The direct benefits of transport projects are well known; paving roads reduces vehicular operating costs, mass transport systems reduce commuting times and road maintenance prolongs their operating lifespan. Impact evaluation reveals a range of ways in which transport projects improve lives. The empirical evidence shows that paved roads encourage preventive healthcare and increase employment opportunities, mass transport systems improve air quality and reduce crime, and satisfaction of road maintenance increases when services are provided by local communities.
Impact evaluations generate valuable information for both executing agencies and stakeholders. Their results provide rigorous measurements of the effect of a project, who benefits the most and why. As a result, the evidence generated by well-conducted impact evaluations is increasingly used to attract resources to effective investments and to guide institutional choices.


Sympathetic nerve activity influences cerebral blood flow, but it is unknown whether augmented sympathetic nerve activity resets cerebral vasoreactivity to hypercapnia. This study tested the hypothesis that cerebral vasodilation during hypercapnia is restrained by lower-body negative pressure (LBNP)-stimulated sympathoexcitation. Cerebral hemodynamic responses were assessed in nine healthy volunteers [age 25 yr (SD 3)] during rebreathing-induced increases in partial pressure of end-tidal CO(2) (Pet(CO(2))) at rest and during LBNP. Cerebral hemodynamic responses were determined by changes in flow velocity of middle cerebral artery (MCAV) using transcranial Doppler sonography and in regional cerebral tissue oxygenation (ScO(2)) using near-infrared spectroscopy. Pet(CO(2)) values during rebreathing were similarly increased from 41.9 to 56.5 mmHg at rest and from 40.7 to 56.0 mmHg during LBNP of -15 Torr. However, the rates of increases in MCAV and in ScO(2) per unit increase in Pet(CO(2)) (i.e., the slopes of MCAV/Pet(CO(2)) and ScO(2)/Pet(CO(2))) were significantly (P ≤0.05) decreased from 2.62 ± 0.16 cm·s(-1)·mmHg(-1) and 0.89 ± 0.10%/mmHg at rest to 1.68 ± 0.18 cm·s(-1)·mmHg(-1) and 0.63 ± 0.07%/mmHg during LBNP. In conclusion, the sensitivity of cerebral vasoreactivity to hypercapnia, in terms of the rate of increases in MCAV and in ScO(2), is diminished by LBNP-stimulated sympathoexcitation.


The Romanian post-December 1989 transition to the market economy has conduced to a deindustrialization process which was concretized into real salaries reduce for several Romanian citizens, also to life level diminution, unemployment rate
development, emigration amplifying from Romania. Migration is a phenomenon which consists in moving of people from a territory area to another one, followed by changing the domicile or employing a form of activity within the arrived area.
The external migration phenomenon has also some social implications: positives for the emigrants from Romania (finding work, obtaining great revenues), however for the adverse social-economical activities in labor into the countries where it
emigrates; negatives for Romanian country (depopulation of some localities or areas, lost young specialists) and for destination countries too (export of infringement, begged practice, organized crime). Such phenomena have generated obligatory repatriates and have compromised the Romania`s image within the world.


This paper focuses on the creation of a U.S. maritime reporting system designed to alert the industry of safety incidents and prevent accidents. A brief history of aviation safety reporting will be provided, followed by an analysis of eight recent U.S. maritime accidents that reveal a gap in maritime safety information sharing. This paper will also describe the United Kingdom's maritime reporting system and the previous work completed on a U.S. maritime reporting system. This paper concludes with the impact of terrorism on maritime security and how previous work in aviation security reporting could be incorporated into a maritime reporting system.


Excessive salt can reduce soybean yield [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in grower fi elds. Salttolerant cultivars are needed to prevent fi eld yield losses where excess salt is a problem. Soybean genotypes have primarily been evaluated for reaction to salt in the greenhouse using a labor-intensive and costly hydroponics method. A reliable, inexpensive method to screen soybean lines for salt tolerance would be useful in breeding programs. A simple, inexpensive method of exposing V2 to V3 plants growing in a sandy soil in plastic cone-tainers (PC method) was compared to the hydroponics method to evaluate soybean genotypes for salt tolerance in the greenhouse. Fourteen soybean genotypes including checks 'Hutcheson' (sensitive), and 'S-100' and 'Forrest' (tolerant) were exposed to 100 mM salt solution at the V2 to V3 growth stage. Genotypes responded similarly to the screening methods except leaf scorch, an indicator of salt damage, appeared up to 4 d sooner in the PC method. The PC method was highly correlated with the hydroponics method for leaf scorch score and chloride content in soybean leaves among the 14 genotypes evaluated. Exposure of roots at the V2 to V3 growth stage to salt solution using the PC method was less labor intensive, consumed less time, was less costly, and gave similar results compared with the hydroponics method. Thus, the PC method is an easy, reliable method to screen soybean genotypes for salt tolerance.


Originally introduced by Chalupa, Leath and Reich for use in modeling disordered magnetic systems, $r$-bootstrap percolation is the following deterministic process on a graph.  Given an initial infected set, vertices with at least $r$ infected neighbors are infected until no new vertices can be infected.  A set percolates if it infects all the vertices of the graph, and a percolating set is minimal if no proper subset percolates.  We consider minimal percolating sets in finite trees.  We show that if $A$ is a minimal percolating set on a tree $T$ with $n$ vertices and $\ell$ vertices of degree less than $r$ (leaves in the case $r=2$), then $\frac{(r-1)n+1}{r} \leq |A| \leq \frac{rn+\ell}{r+1}$.  Moreover, we show that the difference between the sizes of a largest and smallest minimal percolating sets is at most $\frac{(r-1)(n-1)}{r^2}$.  Finally, we describe $O(n)$ algorithms for computing the largest (for $r=2$) and smallest (for $r \geq 2$) minimal percolating sets.


Mashup is a web technology that allows different service providers to flexibly integrate their expertise and to deliver highly customizable services to their customers. Data mashup is a special type of mashup application that aims at integrating data from multiple data providers depending on the user's request. However, integrating data from multiple sources brings about three challenges: 1) Simply joining multiple private data sets together would reveal the sensitive information to the other data providers. 2) The integrated (mashup) data could potentially sharpen the identification of individuals and, therefore, reveal their person-specific sensitive information that was not available before the mashup. 3) The mashup data from multiple sources often contain many data attributes. When enforcing a traditional privacy model, such as K-anonymity, the high-dimensional data would suffer from the problem known as the curse of high dimensionality, resulting in useless data for further data analysis. In this paper, we study and resolve a privacy problem in a real-life mashup application for the online advertising industry in social networks, and propose a service-oriented architecture along with a privacy-preserving data mashup algorithm to address the aforementioned challenges. Experiments on real-life data suggest that our proposed architecture and algorithm is effective for simultaneously preserving both privacy and information utility on the mashup data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that integrates high-dimensional data for mashup service.


This study focuses on "the many careers of negative polarity items", taking a diachronic perspective on NPIs in general and on scalar NPIs in particular. Its main thesis is that scalar NPIs are prototypical NPIs. The downward entailing contexts of NPIs can be explained and made cognitively accessible by the pragmatic mechanisms associated with scalar NPIs, viz. the capacity to evoke alternatives (ALT) and the scalar interpretation of these alternatives (SCALE). NPIs with standard contexts of distribution are, or are otherwise tied to, scalar expressions, while NPIs with an idiosyncratic range of contexts are not. The diachronic development of core NPIs crucially involves the loss, change or replacement of ALT and/or SCALE. Non-scalar elements can also become NPIs, but non-prototypical ones, viz. escort particles, analogy NPIs, or mimicry NPIs.


The aim of this study was to make an inventory of water quality and operational parameters which could affect manganese removal through aeration and rapid sand filtration and to establish correlations between these parameters and manganese removal efficiency. The focus of the overview was on manganese removal efficiency in the first aeration-filtration stage of conventional groundwater treatment plants (GWTPs). Data from selected full-scale GWTPs have been collected, and univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were conducted. Multivariate statistics indicated that multiple parameters including NH 4 + removal efficiency, iron loading per filter run (FR) and pH of filtrate play a significant role in manganese removal, while other parameters (oxygen concentration in filtrate, filtration rate and empty bed contact time (EBCT)) were found to be of secondary importance. Univariate statistical assessment of the data suggests that very effective manganese removal can be achieved when all of the following conditions are met: NH 4 + removal efficiency >85%, pH of filtrate >7.1, iron loading per FR 2 , oxygen concentration in filtrate >1 mg O 2 /L, filtration rate 11.5 min.


Unrivalled in its coverage and unique in its hands-on approach, this guide to the design and construction of scientific apparatus is essential reading for every scientist and student of engineering, and physical, chemical, and biological sciences. Covering the physical principles governing the operation of the mechanical, optical and electronic parts of an instrument, new sections on detectors, low-temperature measurements, high-pressure apparatus, and updated engineering specifications, as well as 400 figures and tables, have been added to this edition. Data on the properties of materials and components used by manufacturers are included. Mechanical, optical, and electronic construction techniques carried out in the lab, as well as those let out to specialized shops, are also described. Step-by-step instruction supported by many detailed figures, is given for laboratory skills such as soldering electrical components, glassblowing, brazing, and polishing.


This study investigated the effects of using the "Instructional Systems Design" (ISD) process on transfer of training achievement. Two groups of employees were trained. The experimental group was given a structured training program using the ISD process in terms of ADDIE modelthrough the researcher while the control group received the conventional training by the training department. The two groups were assessed five months after the period of training. Results of the assessment showed a significant difference between the two groups. The experimental group assessed its transfer of training achievement better than the control group. However, the immediate supervisors of these two groups assessed the training transfer achievement for both of them in the similar degree. The study offers systematic and instructional-basedoperational guidelines for measuring transfer of training in organizational setting.


Abstract. Measurements of the ambient aerosol were performed at the Southern coast of Spain, within the framework of the DOMINO ( D iel O xidant M echanisms I n relation to N itrogen O xides) project. The field campaign took place from 20 November until 9 December 2008 at the atmospheric research station "El Arenosillo" (37°5'47.76" N, 6°44'6.94" W). As the monitoring station is located at the interface between a natural park, industrial cities (Huelva, Seville) and the Atlantic Ocean, a variety of physical and chemical parameters of aerosols and gas phase could be characterized in dependency on the origin of air masses. Backwards trajectories were examined and compared with local meteorology to classify characteristic air mass types for several source regions. Aerosol number and mass as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon concentrations were measured in PM 1 and size distributions were registered covering a size range from 7 nm up to 32 μm. The chemical composition of the non-refractory submicron aerosol (NR-PM 1 ) was measured by means of an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Aerodyne HR-ToF-AMS). Gas phase analyzers monitored various trace gases (O 3 , SO 2 , NO, NO 2 , CO 2 ) and a weather station provided meteorological parameters. Lowest average submicron particle mass and number concentrations were found in air masses arriving from the Atlantic Ocean with values around 2 μg m −3 and 1000 cm −3 . These mass concentrations were about two to four times lower than the values recorded in air masses of continental and urban origins. For some species PM 1 -fractions in marine air were significantly larger than in air masses originating from Huelva, a closely located city with extensive industrial activities. The largest fraction of sulfate (54%) was detected in marine air masses and was to a high degree not neutralized. In addition, small concentrations of methanesulfonic acid (MSA), a product of biogenic dimethyl sulfate (DMS) emissions, could be identified in the particle phase. In all air masses passing the continent the organic aerosol fraction dominated the total NR-PM 1 . For this reason, using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) four organic aerosol (OA) classes that can be associated with various aerosol sources and components were identified: a highly-oxygenated OA is the major component (43% OA) while semi-volatile OA accounts for 23%. A hydrocarbon-like OA mainly resulting from industries, traffic and shipping emissions as well as particles from wood burning emissions also contribute to total OA and depend on the air mass origin. A significant variability of ozone was observed that depends on the impact of different air mass types and solar radiation.


Purpose of review The yellow nail syndrome (YNS) is a rare disorder of unknown cause characterized by the triad of yellow and thickened nails, lymphedema and respiratory manifestations. We review the current state of knowledge, particularly regarding the diagnosis and management of this disorder. Recent findings Available data suggest acquired lymphatic dysfunction to be the predominant mechanism underlying the clinical manifestations of YNS. The clinical features are variable among individuals diagnosed to have this disorder, and these features can vary over time. Although many disorders have been reported to be associated with YNS, there is no consistent theme in these associations. Longevity of patients with YNS is modestly reduced when compared with a control population. There is no specific treatment for YNS, but most patients can be managed with supportive measures aimed at ameliorating various clinical manifestations. Summary The pathogenesis of YNS remains poorly defined. The diagnosis is established on the basis of characteristic clinical features including abnormal nails, lymphedema and respiratory manifestations. The clinical course is generally benign, and current treatment aims to control the various clinical manifestations of this obscure disease process.


A young mother presented her 19-month-old boy to the general practitioner (GP) with a 24 h history of reluctance to stand or walk and a slightly raised temperature. The GP arranged an assessment by the paediatrician, who organised an ultrasound of the hips which was normal. Approximately 1 week later the patient became constipated as well, was seen again by another GP but no cause was found. Another week later mother consulted the initial GP again as the boy had not shown any signs of improvement and had become more irritable. The GP arranged a review by the paediatrician and MRI scans of the hips and back were performed. These scans showed normal hips but lumbar spine changes suggestive of a spondylodiscitic event. The patient was treated with intravenous antibiotics, a corset and analgesia and made an excellent recovery.


Despite signs of recovery from the global financial crisis, the GDP growth rate for the Indian economy is likely to be between 5.8 to 6.1 per cent in 2009-10, below the 6.7 per cent recorded in fiscal 2008-09. While there has been an improvement in Indian industry, particularly the manufacturing sector, the adverse impact of the fall in kharif production due to a rainfall deficiency will act as a drag on the overall growth of the economy. In the current financial year, the major policy challenges for the government will come from the rather sharp rise in inflation and deteriorating public finances. The balance of payments situation may also require policy attention despite a narrowing of the current account deficit and a considerable capital account surplus because of the appreciation of the rupee.


The Living Document Project aims to harness the collective knowledge within communities in digital libraries, making it possible to enhance knowledge discovery and dissemination as well as to facilitate interdisciplinary collaborations amongst readers. Here we present a prototype that allows users to annotate content within digital libraries; the annotation schema is built upon the Annotation Ontology; data is available as RDF, making it possible to publish it as linked data and use SPARQL and SWRL for querying, reasoning, and processing. Our demo illustrates how a social tagging system could be used within the context of digital libraries in life sciences so that users are able to better organize, share, and discover knowledge embedded in research articles. Availability: http://www.biotea.ws/videos/ld_ao/ld_ao.html


Based on a hydrodynamic length, which is typically larger than the nominal flame thickness, a premixed flame can be viewed as a surface of density discontinuity, advected and distorted by the flow. The velocities and the pressure suffer abrupt changes across the flame front that consist of Rankine–Hugoniot jump conditions, to leading order, with corrections of the order of the flame thickness that account for transverse fluxes and accumulation. To complete the formulation, expressions for the flame temperature and propagation speed, which vary along the flame as a result of local non-uniformities in the flow field and of flame front curvature, are derived. Unlike previous studies that assumed a mixture consisting of a single deficient reactant, the present study uses a two-reactant scheme and thus considers mixtures whose compositions vary from lean to rich conditions. Furthermore, non-unity and general reaction orders are considered in an attempt to mimic a wider range of reaction mechanisms and, to better represent actual experimental conditions, all transport coefficients are allowed to depend arbitrarily on temperature. The present model, expressed in a coordinate-free form, is valid for flames of arbitrary shape propagating in general fluid flows, either laminar or turbulent.


Cultural journalism is a unique and underresearched subfield of journalism. This article presents the first systematic study of Swedish cultural journalism, quantitatively mapping content from four decades, zooming in on the years 1985, 1995, 2005, and 2015. We study conceptions of the world outside Sweden during times marked by geopolitical turning points, globalization, and rapid structural transformations in the journalistic market. Employing content analysis of a representative sample from the press and public service radio, we explore geographical and scalar aspects, with a focus on political and global dimensions. Although we found evidence for Eurocentrism and domestication—staples of Western journalism overall—results show that Swedish cultural journalism was a steady conveyor of transnational narratives during all studied periods, which together with a primarily nonconflictual approach, sets cultural journalism apart from foreign news and decreases the risk of misframing in a globalized world.


In this paper we generalise results of V. I. Arnold on functions defined on discriminant sets of simple singularities to the case where we have a transverse intersection of such sets. This generalization is very easy, but the results are of some geometric importance since they describe (amongst other things) the quasi global behaviour of wavefront evolution that is the changes in the self intersections of the wavefronts as time progresses. We first prove the required generalisation and then discuss how to proceed when considering functions on the transverse intersection of bifurcation sets. Familiarity with the results and notation of Arnold's paper (1976, Wavefront evolution and equivariant Morse lemma, "Commun. pure appl. Math." 29, 557-82) is assumed.


− The development of improved windows with respect to energy savings has mainly focused on lowering the U-value of the components glazing and frame. However, the window should be evaluated on its total energy performance, i.e. the total effect of heat loss coefficient, solar energy transmittance and the influence on the heat flow in the surrounding constructions. This paper describes the ideas for a new energy efficient and durable window concept. The window is made as a triple pane glazing with a glass distance of 75-125 mm in which way the window thickness matches the insulation thickness in a well-insulated wall construction. An integrated frame of glass fibre reinforced polyester replaces the traditional spacer in sealed glazing units, and combined with the large glass distance the thermal bridge effect is negligible. As a consequence the total U-value and the centre U-value of the glazing is approximately the same with a value of 1-1.1 W/(m K). Due to the large glass distance, the integrated frame and the durability aspect the enclosures between the panes is allowed to "breathe" in order to equalise the internal pressure changes caused by temperature variations. The concept is evaluated theoretically by means of computer simulations of heat flow, internal pressure conditions and the risk of internal condensation. The result is a window with a highly improved durability and a superior total energy performance compared to other existing window products.


Although most governments sell their bonds through a share auction, little is known about behaviour of bidders in these auctions. This thesis analyzes the literature on government securities auctions, focusing primarily on structural empirical estimation. Additionally, it examines bidders behaviour in Colombian government bond auctions during 2007, including the additional sale done after the auction. The thesis summarizes the different structural methodologies that have been developed to determine what the best auction for a particular case is. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each methodology and explores assumptions and robustness when confronted with data. To make these comparisons more straightforward, a unified notation is introduced and several methods are applied to the same auctions, uniform price auctions conducted by the government of Colombia.


The Department of Psychiatry at Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai has been treating substance use disorders (SUDs) at its De-addiction Center of Excellence (DAC) for more than 25 years. This DAC was established with the support of Drug De-addiction Program (DDAP) of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOH & FW). This is an overview of the services provided by the KEM DAC, with the information about the Drug Treatment Clinics (DTC) scheme of the central ministry that is implemented for the past 4 years. This provides information about the outdoor, indoor, and community services of KEM DAC along with the facilities available for the SUD patients and their relatives. The main focus of the article is the DTC scheme, its initiation, process, and the implementation. The scheme is implemented since 2014 with the support of DDAP, MOH and FW, with National Drug Dependence Treatment Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi as the national coordinating Center and KEM DAC as the Regional Resource and Coordination Centre (RRCC) in the Western region. Besides its own DTC, KEM RRCC has established five more DTCs in the region. These are established after seeking permissions from the competent authorities and after the feasibility assessment. Thousands of patients have been taking the benefit of these DTC services and can remain drug-free. The scheme had also reduced crime and helped their families and the society at large.


At a gathering of Southeast Asian experts at the Suntory-Toyota Centre on 31 May 1991 three papers were given on aspects of Thai-Japanese and Anglo-Thai relations. Dr Brailey's paper ranged widely over the field from 1868-1941, though it concentrated on the period when Satow was minister in Bangkok (1884-7) and minister in Tokyo (1895-1900). Dr Iida contributed a paper on the period from c. 1910 to c. 1925, concentrating on the initiatives from both the Thai and the Japanese sides for some sort of rapprochement. Though relations grew much closer, the expected treaty did not emerge. Patrick Davis, the author of A Child at Arms, 1943-5, gave a paper covering episodes (partially autobiographical) from British experiences in Bangkok, Saigon and Batavia in the immediate postwar period.


A fun, focused guide to making words work for you Whether you are working on the novel that's been in the back of your mind for years or simply facing an increasing demand to write well at work or school, the fact remains: we all write more often these days, be it reports, e-mails, blog posts, or texts. But despite the increase in written communication, the fundamentals of good writing have been lost. Grammar maven Patricia T. O'Conner comes to the rescue with the most painless, practical, and funny writing book ever written. In short, snappy chapters filled with crystal-clear examples, amusing comparisons, and humorous allegories that cover everything from "Pronoun Pileups" and "Verbs That Zing" to "What to Do When You're Stuck," O'Conner provides simple, straightforward tips to help you sort through your thoughts and make your sentences strong."


Complex oxide materials providing numerous physical properties can be fabricated in different forms, for instance in thin films or heterostructures, due to their highly adaptable crystal structures. In the last decade, the heterostructures of complex oxides have been in high-demand due to their large number of impressive functionalities, which do not exist in their bulk forms but emerge at the interfaces. Recent technical improvements of epitaxial growth techniques enable fabricating high-quality oxide heterostructures, where the phenomena occurring at their interfaces can be tailored depending on the choice of the constituents. However, the key factor dominating the interface functionalities is the control of the interface sharpness.
Prominent combination of state-of-the-art atomic-layer-by-layer molecular beam epitaxy (ALL oxide-MBE) and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is utilized in the thesis, for the atomic-layer-precise synthesis and atomic-resolution characterization of the heterostructures, respectively. Atomically-resolved STEM imaging [i.e. high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF), annular bright field (ABF)] and spectroscopy [i.e. electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS)] techniques are combined with dedicated conductivity measurements as well as atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Using these results, the local structure, octahedral distortions, and chemical properties are correlated with the functionalities of the systems. For the STEM data analysis, "Oxygen-octahedra picker tool" and "STEM-SI Warp" software tools are used in order to quantify and to post-correct the (spectrum) images, respectively.
Complex functional oxide heterostructures consisting of iso-structural or hetero-structural contacts – mainly based on La2CuO4 and its derivatives – are concerned with the aim of not only tailoring the novel interface properties, which are directly linked to the local structural and chemical properties but also identifying the interface sharpness.
First, La1.6A0.4CuO4 / La2CuO4 bilayers composed of a metallic (M) and an insulating phase (I), where A represents a divalent dopant (namely, Ba2+, Sr2+, and Ca2+), are studied. After the growth optimization, detailed characterization of the structures – especially extensive STEM investigations – substantiated the importance of the elemental distribution at the interfaces: Despite the perfect epitaxial growth, the dopants were found to be inhomogeneously distributed depending on the dopant size. This distribution defines whether the final superconducting properties emerge due to the striking "interface effect" or due to "classical" homogeneous doping. Moreover, a clear correlation between dopant size, dopant distribution and local lattice deformations is underlined suggesting a relationship between the nature of superconductivity (interface vs bulk) and Jahn–Teller distortions of the anionic sublattice.
The second example of homoepitaxial (i.e. iso-structural) systems considered in this work is two-dimensionally-doped (i.e. δ-doped) La2CuO4 superlattices, where specified La–O atomic layers in the La2CuO4 crystal structure are substituted with A–O layers, in which A is an acceptor dopant (A = Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+). STEM-EELS analyses substantiated that despite the differences on the cation redistribution lengths, δ-doping results in asymmetric dopant distribution profiles at the interfaces. Such distribution is correlated with a qualitative model based on thermodynamic considerations and growth kinetics: As far as the dopant redistribution mechanism is concerned, the main factor leading to intermixing in the substrate direction is thermal diffusion. On the other hand, the wider distribution in growth direction is a consequence of the high lateral mobility of the atoms, which triggers the tendency to cationic intermixing at the surface. Moreover, the substrate temperature variation also affects the cationic distribution length, while the tensile strain induced by the substrate may influence the asymmetric profile.
Furthermore, the contacts of different materials, namely, lanthanum cuprate and lanthanum nickelate systems, are studied. High-temperature superconductivity at the interface of lanthanum cuprate (La2CuO4, 214-phase) and strontium (Sr)-doped lanthanum nickelate (La2-xSrxNiO4, 214-phase) heterostructures, and high-temperature thermoelectricity of lanthanum cuprate (La2CuO4, 214-phase) and lanthanum nickelate (LaNiO3, 113-phase) heterostructures are reported. For the former, i.e. La2CuO4/La2–xSrxNiO4 contacts, the ability to tune the superconducting properties simply by changing the structural parameters is presented. More importantly, STEM techniques combined with dedicated conductivity measurements evidenced the decoupling between the electronic charge carrier and the cation (Sr) concentration profiles at the interface, which induces the formation of a hole accumulation layer dictating the final superconducting properties. This phenomenon is rationalized in the light of a generalized space-charge theory. As far as the La2CuO4/LaNiO3 heterostructures are concerned, the variation of the individual layer thicknesses (with constant total film thickness) influences the physical properties: As the thickness of the individual layers is reduced, the electrical conductivity decreases and the sign of Seebeck coefficient changes.
Independent from the functionalities, the differences in chemical sharpness of lanthanum cuprate–lanthanum nickelate interfaces are further realized, although all the interfaces are structurally sharp: In the case of La2CuO4/La2– La2CuO4, 214-phase xSrxNiO4/La2CuO4 contacts, the La2CuO4–La2–xSrxNiO4 interface is sharper concerning the elemental intermixing, while the La2–xSrxNiO4–La2CuO4 interfaces exhibit a wider Sr distribution. On the other hand, the decrease of individual layer thickness in La2CuO4/LaNiO3 multilayers results in strong intermixing while thicker cuprate–nickelate layers maintain sharper interfaces.
In the case of hetero-structural epitaxy of different materials (phases), e.g. superconducting–ferromagnetic La2CuO4/LaMnO3 multilayers, substantial differences in cationic redistribution and the local octahedral network is observed. STEM investigations demonstrate that Sr redistribution in 113-LaMnO3 and 214-La2CuO4 phases is different and this directly affects the sharpness of the interfaces. In particular, a stronger tendency of Sr segregation (in growth direction) in the 113-phase compared to the 214-phase is unveiled.
Moreover, detailed high-resolution STEM imaging and spectroscopy of PLD-grown NdNiO3 epitaxial layers on [011]-oriented NdGaO3 substrate experimentally show a structural re-orientation from the [011]-phase (α-phase) to the [101]-phase (β-phase), which could be understood within the framework of DFT+U calculations. The calculations further unveil enhanced NiO6 octahedral breathing distortions for tensile strained α- and β-phases of NdNiO3.


Learning representations of multimodal data that are both informative and robust to missing modalities at test time remains a challenging problem due to the inherent heterogeneity of data obtained from different channels. To address it, we present a novel Geometric Multimodal Contrastive (GMC) representation learning method comprised of two main components: i) a twolevel architecture consisting of modality-specific base encoder, allowing to process an arbitrary number of modalities to an intermediate representation of fixed dimensionality, and a shared projection head, mapping the intermediate representations to a latent representation space; ii) a multimodal contrastive loss function that encourages the geometric alignment of the learned representations. We experimentally demonstrate that GMC representations are semantically rich and achieve state-of-the-art performance with missing modality information on three different learning problems including prediction and reinforcement learning tasks.


The nonlinear stability of two-phase core-annular flow in a cylindrical pipe is studied. A constant pressure gradient drives the flow of two immiscible liquids of different viscosities and equal densities, and surface tension acts at the interface separating the phases. Insoluble surfactants are included, and we assess their effect on the flow stability and ensuing spatio-temporal dynamics. We achieve this by developing an asymptotic analysis in the limit of a thin annular layer – which is usually the relevant regime in applications – to derive a coupled system of nonlinear evolution equations that govern the dynamics of the interface and the local surfactant concentration on it. In the absence of surfactants the system reduces to the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky (KS) equation, and its modifications due to viscosity stratification (present when the phases have unequal viscosities) are derived elsewhere. We report on extensive numerical experiments to evaluate the effect of surfactants on KS dynamics (including chaotic states, for example), in both the absence and the presence of viscosity stratification. We find that chaos is suppressed in the absence of viscosity differences and that the new flow consists of successive windows (in parameter space) of steady-state travelling waves separated by time-periodic attractors. The intricate structure of the travelling pulses is also explained physically. When viscosity stratification is present we observe a transition from time-periodic dynamics, for instance, to steady-state travelling wave pulses of increasing amplitudes and speeds. Numerical evidence is presented that indicates that the transition occurs through a reverse Feigenbaum cascade in phase space.


Chinese foreign ministers' press conferences are significant occasions for journalists to learn about the country's policies and attitudes toward heated and important issues. This study analyzes and measures Chinese foreign ministers' aggressiveness in response to journalists' questions at press conferences between 1996 and 2016 with an IDAAA (initiative, directness, assertiveness, adversarialness, and accountability) framework. The results indicate that foreign ministers become significantly less aggressive over time and that the higher China's gross domestic product ranking is, the more aggressive they are and vice versa. In addition, Chinese foreign ministers tend to be more aggressive toward sensitive questions, foreign journalists, and those from countries with worse diplomatic relations with China, and they tend to be less aggressive toward nonsensitive questions, domestic journalists, and those from countries with whom China has good relations. Finally, foreign ministers with overseas educational experiences are less aggressive than those who did not receive this type of education.


Unlabeled network traffic data is readily available to the security research community, but there is a severe shortage of labeled datasets that allow validation of experimental results. The labeled DARPA datasets of 1998 and 1999, while innovative at the time, are of only marginal utility in today's threat environment. In this paper we demonstrate that network warfare competitions can be instrumented to generate modern labeled datasets. Our contributions include design parameters for competitions as well as results and analysis from a test implementation of our techniques. Our results indicate that network warfare competitions can be used to generate scientifically valuable labeled datasets and such games can thus be used as engines to produce future datasets on a routine basis.


Wildfires are a major problem in Portugal. Since 1980 an area equivalent to 3/5 of the forested surface has burned. The aim of the study was to assess the potential impact of regional climate change on wildfires in Portugal using an appropriate Burnt Area Model (BAM). Based on multiple regression analysis, the model was able to estimate the decimal logarithm of the monthly burnt areas in July and August using the Daily Severe Rating as a predictor in the pre-fire season (May and June) and the fire season (July and August). The BAM, which was able to explain 63% of the total observed variance from the 1980−2011 period, was then fed with simulated data by a Global Climate Model (GCM) for the present climate and for two 30 yr periods (2051−2080 and 2071−2100) of future IPCC emission scenario B1. Comparison analysis between the logarithm of burnt area in July and August under present and future climate conditions shows an increase in the mean values of 7 and 11% for the first and second 30 yr periods, respectively, and a decrease of 32% in the SD for the first (2051−2080) period but no distinction between the observed and the simulated values for the last (2071−2100) period. Obtained estimates with the developed approach consistently point towards an increasing risk of fire under future climate conditions, and thus an increasing likelihood of much larger burnt areas.


Background: Knowledge of existing situation in each region plays great role in order to prevent oral and dental diseases in people. Meanwhile, DMFT index is one of the best epidemiological indices in dentistry representing oral hygiene situation in society. So, this study was conducted in order to evaluate DMFT index in 12years-old students of Zarand City at 2011. Methods: This descriptive study was done cross – sectionally using interview, examination and questionnaire among 12yearsold students of Zarand city. Considering WHO criteria, 350 samples were selected for the study and periodontal condition, number of caries, decayed, missed and filled teeth, existing fluorosis, occlusion, orthodontic and preventive treatment were evaluated. The data were analyzed by SPSS software Version 17. Results: The mean of DMFT index was 2.03 that it was zero at 121 students (34.6%) and maximum of DMFT reported at 11 persons (0.6%). The 34.6% of students were caries free. Results revealed no significant differences in need to orthodontic treatment between different groups of DMFT. Conclusion: Considering WHO criteria, the achieved, DMFT index in Zarand city was not acceptable. According to the aim of WHO for the year of 2015 for 12 years old people (SCI of less than 3DMFT<1), it is necessary to perform special program for the purpose.


In modern world, there exists direct relation between leader-member exchange and organizational justice because if subordinates feel satisfied in availing benefits, they will improve organizational performance. Organizational change and modifications are necessary for availing competitive advantage and for survival. This study examined the impact of leader-member exchange relationship on organizational justice with moderating role of organizational change. Supervisors contribute to implement the changes as organization provides justice. Simple and multiple regression analysis were used as statistical technique. Top level managerial personnel have more authority to regulate positive changes for better performance. The findings revealed that there existed significant and positive relationship between LMX and organizational justice. Furthermore, organizational change showed negative moderating effect between LMX and organizational justice. The managerial implications we present may help to address how organizational contexts might be manipulated in an attempt to understand, reduce, and avoid the development of organizational change to produce more effective and successful change.


AIMS
Accurate analysis of dinucleotide redox cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced (NADPH), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) from biological samples is important to understanding cellular redox homeostasis. In this study, we aimed to develop a simple protocol for quenching metabolism and extracting NADPH that avoids interconversion among the reduced forms and the oxidized forms.

RESULTS
We compared seven different solvents for quenching and extraction of cultured mammalian cells and mouse tissues: a cold aqueous buffer commonly used in enzyme assays with and without detergent, hot aqueous buffer, and cold organic mixtures (80% methanol, buffered 75% acetonitrile, and acidic 40:40:20 acetonitrile:methanol:water with either 0.02 M or 0.1 M formic acid). Extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). To monitor the metabolite interconversion, cells were grown in 13C6-glucose medium, and unlabeled standards were spiked into the extraction solvents. Interconversion between the oxidized and reduced forms was substantial except for the enzyme assay buffer with detergent, 80% methanol and 40:40:20 acetonitrile:methanol:water, with the 0.1 M formic acid mix giving the least interconversion and best recoveries. Absolute NAD+, NADH, NADP+, and NADPH concentrations in cells and mouse tissues were measured with this approach.

INNOVATION
We found that the interconversion between the reduced and oxidized forms during extraction is a major barrier to accurately measuring NADPH/NADP+ and NADH/NAD+ ratios. Such interconversion can be monitored by isotope labeling cells and spiking NAD(P)(H) standards.

CONCLUSION
Extraction with 40:40:20 acetonitrile:methanol:water with 0.1 M formic acid decreases interconversion and, therefore, is suitable for measurement of redox cofactor ratios using LC-MS. This solvent is also useful for general metabolomics. Samples should be neutralized immediately after extraction to avoid acid-catalyzed degradation. When LC-MS is not available and enzyme assays are accordingly used, inclusion of detergent in the aqueous extraction buffer reduces interconversion. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 167-179.


Children born and live not only in a society but also in a specific part of it, and are therefore, influenced by particular subcultures of class, race, religion, and region, as well as by specific groups such as family and friends. During their lifetime, they continually encounter new or changing conditions, both personal and social, and must learn to adjust to them. The most important socialization, however, occurs during infancy and childhood, when the foundations of later personality are laid. Whether a child becomes outgoing or shy, intellectually advanced or average, or energetic or subdued depends on many unique influences effects are difficult to predict at the child's birth. A variety of factors influence child development. Heredity guides every aspect of physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and personality development. Family members,' peer groups, the school environment, and the community influence how children think, socialize, and become self-aware. In this research a cross sectional study was conducted in Faisalabad city The purpose was to study the impact of socio-cultural factors on the personality development of adolescents.

The study was confined to children of age 11-16 years. Mothers were interviewed through a well-structured questionnaire consisting of open ended and close-ended questions. The sample size was 600 respondents. Faisalabad city was divided into three categories on the basis of upper, middle, and lower income groups by the Federal Bureau of Statistics and according to this criterion two localities from each category was selected randomly. Moreover focus group discussion from 36 persons representing different areas and income groups was also made to make their views part of this study.

This study entails with the major socio-cultural factors that affect the children personality. After a comprehensive research the factors which are identified as important determinants of child personality are parents economic conditions, their education level, family size, family structure, children's socialization level, peer group, school environment, parent's involvement level in children's day to day activities, extra curricular activities and government policies. On the basis of results and findings of the study, different recommendations are proposed, focusing on parents reasonability towards child education, governments role in providing equal quality education to all classes of children compared emphasizing on improving parent, teacher and children relationships. This study also highlighted and suggested areas of further research. Subject having potential to be studied individually. Moreover, the role of media and other new emerging sources of mass communication should also be investigated. More studies on children's psychology gives understanding to better personality development of children. Nurturing children in the best way is the key to attain broader objective of building an educated, well behaved society and nation and this objective can be achieved through conducting research on children psychology.


Age-based differences in fall type and neuroanatomy in infants and toddlers may affect clinical presentations and injury patterns. Objective: Our goal is to understand the influence of fall type and age on injuries to help guide clinical evaluation. Design/Setting/Participants: Retrospectively, 285 children 0–48 months with accidental head injury from a fall and brain imaging between 2000 and 2006 were categorized by age (infan ≤ 1 year and toddler = 1–4 years) and fall type: low (≤3 ft), intermediate (>3 and <10 ft), high height falls (≥10 ft) and stair falls. Outcome Measures: Clinical manifestations were noted and head injuries separated into primary (bleeding) and secondary (hypoxia, edema). The influence of age and fall type on head injuries sustained was evaluated. Results: Injury patterns in children <4 years varied with age. Despite similar injury severity scores, infants sustained more skull fractures than toddlers (71% vs. 39%). Of children with skull fractures, 11% had no evidence of scalp/facial soft tissue swelling. Of the patients with primary intracranial injury, 30% had no skull fracture and 8% had neither skull fracture nor cranial soft tissue injury. Low height falls resulted in primary intracranial injury without soft tissue or skull injury in infants (6%) and toddlers (16%). Conclusions: Within a given fall type, age-related differences in injuries exist between infants and toddlers. When interpreting a fall history, clinicians must consider the fall type and influence of age on resulting injury. For young children, intracranial injury is not always accompanied by external manifestations of their injury.


Purpose: Adavosertib (AZD1775), an inhibitor of WEE1 kinase, potentiates replicative stress induced by oncogenes or chemotherapy. Antitumor activity of adavosertib has been demonstrated in preclinical models of pediatric cancer. This phase I trial was performed to define dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), recommended phase II dose (RP2D), and pharmacokinetics of adavosertib in combination with irinotecan in children and adolescents with relapsed or refractory solid tumors or primary central nervous system tumors. Patients and Methods: Using a 3+3 escalation design, five dose cohorts of the combination of adavosertib and irinotecan (50/70; 65/70; 65/90; 85/90; 110/90 mg/m2/day) delivered on days 1–5 of a 21-day cycle were studied. Pharmacokinetics and analysis of peripheral blood γH2AX was performed. Results: Thirty-seven patients were enrolled; 27 were evaluable. The median (range) age was 14 (2–20) years. Twenty-five (93%) received prior chemotherapy (median, three regimens) and 21 (78%) received prior radiotherapy. Eleven patients had a primary central nervous system (CNS) malignancy. Common toxicities were hematologic and gastrointestinal. Two patients receiving adavosertib (110 mg/m2) in combination with irinotecan (90 mg/m2) experienced dose-limiting grade 3 dehydration. A patient with Ewing sarcoma had a confirmed partial response and 2 patients (ependymoma and neuroblastoma) had prolonged stable disease (≥ 6 cycles). Pharmacokinetics of adavosertib were variable but generally dose proportional and clearance was lower in younger patients. Conclusions: Adavosertib (85 mg/m2) in combination with irinotecan (90 mg/m2) administered orally for 5 days was the MTD in children and adolescents with solid and CNS tumors.