In recent decades, an inconclusive (even by the standards of academia!) debate has intermittently flared up within the legal academy, as professors, judges, and practitioners have gone back and forth as to what legal scholarship ought to be. This article makes no contribution whatsoever to that debate. Instead, it looks at student legal scholarship, which has gone unnoticed while the larger debate about legal scholarship simpliciter simmered on. The article does two things, neither of which appears to have been attempted by anyone hitherto. First, it offers an extensive critique of the leading guidebooks for aspiring student authors (e.g. Eugene Volokh's Academic Legal Writing), which are taken to task for their narrow conceptions of student scholarship. Second, it provides an empirical analysis of recent student notes, enabling the reader to get an overview of the forms that student scholarship has actually taken over the past few years.


Spatial resolution is the main instrumental requirement for the multi-spectral optical space missions that address the scientific issues of marine coastal systems. This spatial resolution should be at least decametric. Aquatic color data processing associated with these environments requires specific atmospheric corrections (AC) suitable for the spectral characteristics of high spatial resolution sensors (HRS) as well as the high range of atmospheric and marine optical properties. The objective of the present study is to develop and demonstrate the potential of a ground-based AC approach adaptable to any HRS for regional monitoring and security of littoral systems. The in Situ-based Atmospheric CORrection (SACOR) algorithm is based on simulations provided by a Successive Order of Scattering code (SOS), which is constrained by a simple regional aerosol particle model (RAM). This RAM is defined from the mixture of a standard tropospheric and maritime aerosol type. The RAM is derived from the following two processes. The first process involved the analysis of a 6-year data set composed of aerosol optical and microphysical properties acquired through the ground-based PHOTONS/AERONET network located at Arcachon (France). The second process was related to aerosol climatology using the NOAA hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. Results show that aerosols have a bimodal particle size distribution regardless of the season and are mainly represented by a mixed coastal continental type. Furthermore, the results indicate that aerosols originate from both the Atlantic Ocean (53.6%) and Continental Europe (46.4%). Based on these results, absorbing biomass burning, urban-industrial and desert dust particles have not been considered although they represent on average 19% of the occurrences. This represents the main current limitation of the RAM. An assessment of the performances of SACOR is then performed by inter-comparing the water-leaving reflectance ( ρ w ) retrievals with three different AC methods (ACOLITE, MACCS and 6SV using three different standard aerosol types) using match-ups (N = 8) composed of Landsat-8/Operational Land Imager (OLI) scenes and field radiometric measurements. Results indicate consistency with the SWIR-based ACOLITE method, which shows the best performance, except in the green channel where SACOR matches well with the in-situ data (relative error of 7%). In conclusion, the study demonstrates the high potential of the SACOR approach for the retrieval of ρ w . In the future, the method could be improved by using an adaptive aerosol model, which may select the most relevant local aerosol model following the origin of the atmospheric air mass, and could be applied to the latest HRS (Sentinel-2/MSI, SPOT6-7, Pleiades 1A-1B).


The study of MHD flow in a porous medium is receiving worldwide attention because of its numerous applications in cooling of electronic systems, chemical catalytic reactors and thermal insulating engineering etc. The study of radiation heat transfer is very useful in nuclear power plants, missile satellites and space vehicles. In the present work the free convection heat and mass transfer flow of a Newtonian, viscous electrically conducting and heat generation/absorption fluid over a continuously vertical permeable surface in the presence of radiation, a first order homogeneous chemical reaction and Dufour effect have been studied.. The governing equations of motion have been solved by Perturbation technique. Graphical results for velocity, temperature and concentration profiles of both phases based on the analytical solutions are presented and discussed. The results show that the concentration decreases as the Schimdt number Sc increases. Velocity within the boundary layer is observed to decrease as the chemical reaction γ increases and it increases with an increase in the values of Heat parameter S. Increment in the thermal radiation parameter N and the magnetic field parameter M result in reduction of velocity. It has also been deduced that as the Radiation parameter increases, the skin friction decreases and the Nusselt number increases.


The 2011 Cedar Canyon landslide, eight miles (12.8 km) east of Cedar City, Utah, severely damaged State Route 14. Bedrock stratigraphy at the site consists of the cliff-forming Straight Cliffs Formation and the underlying slope-forming Tropic Shale and Dakota Formation. The lower part of the Straight Cliffs Formation and all of Tropic Shale and Dakota Formation are covered with a thick deposit of colluvial soil that has accumulated at the base of the steep cliff formed by the Straight Cliffs Formation. The landslide initiated in the colluvium and propagated as a translational slide along the contact between the colluvial soil and underlying bedrock units. The Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) drilled and installed slope inclinometers in three borings and conducted a geophysical survey from the crest to the toe of the landslide. We collected orientation data for 186 discontinuities from the Straight Cliffs and Dakota Formations to determine the principal joint sets for use in kinematic analysis; tested samples of colluvial soil and bedrock to determine natural water content, density, and shear strength parameters of soil, bedrock, and the soil-bedrock contact; used SLIDE software to perform a preliminary stability analysis; and performed a sensitivity analysis with respect to varying positions of the water table. Results show that a combination of relatively steep colluvial slope (~30°), extra weight from previous rockfalls, and buildup of pore pressure due to a rainstorm prior to failure, contributed to the landslide.


OBJECTIVE
To examine the effect of tai chi chuan exercise on peripheral nerve modulation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

DESIGN
Parallel group comparative study with a pre- and post- design.

SUBJECTS
Twenty-eight participants with diabetes mellitus and 32 healthy adult controls from communities in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

METHODS
Cheng's tai chi chuan, 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels, insulin resistance index and nerve conduction studies were measured.

RESULTS
A 12-week tai chi chuan programme significantly improved fasting blood glucose (p = 0.035) and increased nerve conduction velocities in all nerves tested (p = 0.046, right; p = 0.041, left) in diabetic patients. Tai chi chuan exercise did not advance the nerve conduction velocities of normal adults; however, it significantly improved the motor nerve conduction velocities of bilateral median and tibial nerves, and distal sensory latencies of bilateral ulnar nerves in diabetic patients. Tai chi chuan exercise had no significant effect on amplitudes of all nerves tested in diabetic patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Results from this study suggest that fasting blood glucose and peripheral nerve conduction velocities in diabetic patients can be improved by 12 weeks tai chi chuan exercise. A further larger randomized controlled clinical trial with longer follow-up time is needed.


We address the problem of visually detecting causal events and fitting them together into a coherent story of the action witnessed by the camera. We show that this can be done by reasoning about the motions and collisions of surfaces, using high-level causal constraints derived from psychological studies of infant visual behavior. These constraints are naive forms of basic physical laws governing substantiality, contiguity, momentum, and acceleration. We describe two implementations. One system parses instructional videos, extracting plans of action and key frames suitable for storyboarding. Since learning will play a role in making such systems robust, we introduce a new framework for higher-order hidden Markov models and demonstrate its use in a second system that segments stereo video into actions in near real-time. Rather than attempt accurate low-level vision, both systems use high-level causal analysis to integrate fast but sloppy pixel-based representations over time. The output is suitable for summary, indexing, and automated editing.


In this article, the joint fluctuations of the extreme eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a large dimensional sample covariance matrix are analyzed when the associated population covariance matrix is a finite-rank perturbation of the identity matrix, which corresponds to a so-called spiked model in random matrix theory. The asymptotic fluctuations, as the matrix size grows large, are shown to be intimately linked with matrices from the Gaussian unitary ensemble (GUE). When the spiked population eigenvalues have unit multiplicity, the fluctuations follow a central limit theorem. This result is used to develop an original framework for the detection and diagnosis of local failures in large sensor networks, for known or unknown failure magnitude. Simulations are carried out that show the strong performance of the derived failure localization algorithms.


This study presents the research of an investigation into communication challenges that affected the implementation of Black Economic Empowerment and the communication strategies/policies used to inform and communicate with employees in businesses. To achieve this aim questionnaires were administered to seven BEE compliant organizations in KwaZulu-Natal. Mersham's communication model for development provides a basis for evaluation of the BEE communication challenges. This study reviewed theories and literature relevant to the implementation of Black Economic Empowerment and Communication Strategies. The perceptions gained from the literature review were used to interpret the results which were obtained through a qualitative paradigm. The findings revealed that communication is a pivotal pillar in any organization and both employers and employees need to maintain the strength that binds these pillars and brings the organization together. South Africa has faced many challenges since the apartheid era. The BEE policy therefore, aims to iron out unfair practices in businesses, which is why communication is extremely important to this process.


The mechanical interaction of propagating normal faults is known to influence the linkage geometry of first-order faults, and the development of second-order faults and fractures, which transfer displacement within relay zones. Here we use natural examples of growth faults from two active volcanic rift zones (Koa`e, island of Hawai`i, and Krafla, northern Iceland) to illustrate the importance of horizontal-plane extension (heave) gradients, and associated vertical axis rotations, in evolving continental rift systems. Second-order extension and extensional-shear faults within the relay zones variably resolve components of regional extension, and components of extension and/or shortening parallel to the rift zone, to accommodate the inherently three-dimensional (3-D) strains associated with relay zone development and rotation. Such a configuration involves volume increase, which is accommodated at the surface by open fractures; in the subsurface this may be accommodated by veins or dikes oriented obliquely and normal to the rift axis. To consider the scalability of the effects of relay zone rotations, we compare the geometry and kinematics of fault and fracture sets in the Koa`e and Krafla rift zones with data from exhumed contemporaneous fault and dike systems developed within a > 5×104 km2 relay system that developed during formation of the NE Atlantic margins. Based on the findings presented here we propose a new conceptual model for the evolution of segmented continental rift basins on the NE Atlantic margins.


We have identified new services intended for users and administrators of community wireless networks. Troubleshooting assistance services will assist the users during solution of communication problems, gathering data for expert analysis, informing the user about the state of the network (including outages), and so forth. Network administrators will be provided with a unique tool supporting the network analysis, operation, and development. We have mainly focused on the use cases and prerequirements—the problem of topology discovery.


The purpose of this pilot project is to investigate the relationship between the implementation of classification and labelling of chemical substances and their use. The system that has been examined is the EU legislation for classification and labelling of chemical substances and mixtures. The focus lies on substances with harmonised classification at European Union (EU) Community level as dangerous for the environment which by themselves or in a mixture above a certain concentration limit lead to classification and labelling with the symbol "Fish and tree" and the indication of danger Dangerous for the environment (N). Other effects were also included to some extent. EU Environmental hazard classification has been conducted since the mid 1990s and from the early first decade of the 21st century for chemical substances and mixtures. Now, almost 20 years after the first criteria were implemented it is interesting to look back and see whether this classification has had an impact on the use of these substances.


The ability to predict the success of students when they enter a graduate program is critical for educational institutions because it allows them to develop strategic programs that will help improve students' performances during their stay at an institution. In this study, we present the results of an experimental comparison study of Logistic Regression Analysis (LRA) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for predicting prospective mathematics teachers' academic success when they enter graduate education. A sample of 372 student profiles was used to train and test our model. The strength of the model can be measured through Logistic Regression Analysis (LRA). The average correct success rate of students for ANN was higher than LRA. The successful prediction rate of the back-propagation neural network (BPNN, or a common type of ANN was 93.02%, while the success of prediction of LRA was 90.75%.


In this paper, an attempt was made to explain the causes of surface delamination in high carbon steel wires during the torsion test. For end wires with 1.7 mm diameter drawn at speeds of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 m/s, technological tests were carried out. Then the susceptibility of the wire to plastic strain was determined. The microstructure analysis complemented the research. Analysis of the fracture torsion test showed that the wires drawn at speeds exceeding 15 m/s are delamination, which disqualify it as a material for a rope and a spring. The source of delamination in high carbon steel wires is their stronger strengthening, especially of the surface layer, which leads to a decrease in the orientation of the cementite laminaes and an increase in the degree of their fragmentation.


Excerpt] This paper builds upon earlier work of mine which explored the determinants of population migration in Colombia. As before, the basic proposition is that areas' economic opportunities play a central role in determining the spatial allocation of the population. My earlier paper used published data from the 1973 Colombian Census of Population to establish that the rates of net lifetime migration into Colombia's 23 provinces (or, as they are known in Colombia, "departments") are associated with those areas' labor market conditions. The present paper uses unpublished data for 12 zones (six regions, rural and urban segments of each) to analyze the causes of place-to-place migration flows (lifetime and recent) for the population as a whole and for eight specific demographic groups (four educational categories and the two sexes). Several hypotheses are formulated and tested. The results give strong support to the economic model of migration, overall and in explaining differences in migration behavior among demographic groups. For Colombia this is particularly useful since some past work has been interpreted to the contrary.


The production of commodities such as palm oil and pulpwood is leading to large-scale land use change in the rural tropics to fulfil the demands of the increasing world population and overall living standard. On the one hand, such land use changes provide income to companies, smallholders and government actors. On the other hand, these can lead to land use conflicts and declines in forest cover, biodiversity, carbon stocks, and local food production. In this dissertation, firstly, we quantified and visualised land use change processes and trajectories that contributed to forest loss in the West Kutai and Mahakam Ulu districts between 1990 and 2009. These districts are part of a landscape that is under high land development pressure in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. Over the time period analysed, about one third of the study area changed and forest cover declined substantially with almost 10 %. The main contributors to forest loss included smallholder rubber, pulpwood plantations, mixed cropland and oil palm, the latter with a rapidly increasing land area. Secondly, we projected and visualised the impacts of four contrasting land use change scenarios with varying levels of land development and restrictions of land zoning on forest cover in these districts between 2009 and 2030. We found that with unlimited development of the aforementioned commodities, forest cover declines substantially stronger (~0.4-1.6 Mha, ~17-60%) than with limited development (~ 0.1 Mha, ~4%). Thirdly, we estimated the impacts of the four scenarios on plant biodiversity and carbon. We found that between 1990 and 2030, mean species richness declined much stronger (-22% to -52%) than AGB (-19% to -37%). Under all scenarios, the lowlands showed the highest risk of land use change. Fourth, we analysed whether and how the production of palm oil can be reconciled with the production of pulpwood, rice and rubber, while mitigating unwanted land use changes. We analysed the technical potential of four measures to mitigate unwanted land use change between 2008 and 2020 in North and East Kalimantan. We found that the expansion on under-utilised land is the most important measure (45-62% of total potential), followed by improvements in yields (32-46%), chain efficiencies and chain integration. Finally, we discussed the findings of the previous chapters in the context of the Forest Transition Theory. We estimate that our study region is only at the start of the forest transition curve, possibly in stage 2, given the high forest cover and high deforestation rates. We estimate that a stabilising forest cover in the study region is possible, but only with an integrated perspective on mitigating unwanted land use change that includes significant efforts in i) establishing a limit-to-growth on land development for the production of palm oil, rubber, pulpwood and coal; ii) responsible land use planning and zoning, by using underutilised lands and accounting for land tenure; iii) developing or strengthening incentives to maintain forests, such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation+; iv) implementing additional measures, such as yield improvements; v) supporting these measures by capacity building and enabling policies.


Heuristic planning has a central role in classical planning applications and competitions. Thanks to this success, there has been an increasing interest in using Deep Learning to create high-quality heuristics in a supervised fashion, learning from optimal solutions of previously solved planning problems. Meta-Reinforcement learning is a fast growing research area concerned with learning, from many tasks, behaviours that can quickly generalize to new tasks from the same distribution of the training ones. We make a connection between meta-reinforcement learning and heuristic planning, showing that heuristic functions meta-learned from planning problems, in a given domain, can outperform both popular domain-independent heuristics, and heuristics learned by supervised learning. Furthermore, while most supervised learning algorithms rely on ad-hoc encodings of the state representation, our method uses as input a general PDDL 3.1 description. We evaluated our heuristic with an A* planner on six domains from the International Planning Competition and the FF Domain Collection, showing that the meta-learned heuristic leads to the expansion, on average, of fewer states than three popular heuristics used by the FastDownward planner, and a supervised-learned heuristic.


The combination of ever increasing computational power and new mathematical models has fundamentally changed the field of computational chemistry. One example of this is the use of new algorithms for computing the charge density of a molecular system from which one can predict many physical properties of the system. This thesis presents two new algorithms for minimizing the Kohn-Sham energy, which is used to describe a system of non-interacting electrons through a set of single-particle wavefunctions. By exploiting a known localization region of the wavefunctions, each algorithm evaluates the Kohn-Sham energy function and gradient at a set of iterates that have a special sparsity structure. We have chosen to represent the problem in real-space using finite-differences, allowing us to efficiently evaluate the energy function and gradient using sparse linear algebra. Detailed numerical experiments are provided on a set of representative molecules demonstrating the performance and robustness of these methods.


Renewable energy policies have grown in popularity. Given that renewable energy costs are mostly nonmarginal, due to the large presence of fixed costs, there are many different ways to implement these policies in both the environmental design and retail pricing margins. I show that the efficiency and distributional implications of large-scale policies crucially depend not only on the design of wholesale policies to incentivize renewables but also on how the costs of such policies are passed-through to consumers. Using data from the California electricity market, I develop a model to illustrate the interaction between large-scale renewable energy policies (carbon taxes, feed-in tariffs, and renewable portfolio standards) and their pricing to final consumers under alternative retail pricing schemes (no pass-through, marginal fees, fixed flat tariffs, and Ramsey pricing). I focus on the trade-off between charging residential versus industrial consumers to highlight tensions between efficiency, distributional, and environmental goals.


In his first work of fiction, artist Jake Chapman slashes the romantic novel down to bare bone and constructs his own disfigured version from the slaughtered remains. Chlamydia Love is gifted her very own tropical island by her fiance, where she develops a grudging adoration for its real owner, the enigmatic bestselling author, Helmut Mandragorass. A battle between her fiance and Helmut ensues, for ownership of the island and ultimately for the love of Chlamydia. This mercilessly subversive tale is illustrated by Chlamydia's watercolours entitled Visions of Morass, images inspired by the island as she struggles with her feelings of agony and ecstasy.


Learner corpora and lingua franca corpora differ in important ways in social and interactional aspects. Yet in the cognitive domain of language processing they have much in common, as reflected in lexicogrammatical and phraseological features. They can therefore be seen as complementary takes on second language research. We can expect advanced second/foreign language learners to show similar linguistic features to lingua franca speakers, and supporting evidence is accumulating. This paper suggests that although some features in an English as a lingua franca (ELF) corpus can be explained on cognitive principles similar to those likely to operate in learners, such as economy of effort, others cannot. For instance the common use of not quite native-like phraseological units requires a use-based rather than learning-based explanation. On the whole, the major differences between learner and ELF corpora make it necessary to keep them separate. At the same time, both can contribute results of considerable mutual interest.


Concerns over environmental impact and high infrastructure cost heavily influence the uptake of wind turbine technology. Recently, researchers have started to look into small wind turbines, which are much smaller in size and capacity. Small wind turbines have less environmental impact and low infrastructure cost. These small turbines have limited power generation capacity, requiring multiple turbines to be connected together to produce useful power. In order to capture power from multiple wind turbines, researchers have proposed numerous topologies in the literature. However, these traditional topologies were designed for high-power wind turbines and cannot be used to connect very small wind turbines since a significant amount of the generated power would be lost in driving the complex electronic circuits used in traditional topologies. In this paper, we present a multiple-input nonisolated dc–dc converter design that collects the output power from series-connected very small wind turbines. The proposed system was implemented in our smart energy laboratory and experimental results were gathered, showing a significant improvement over existing converters.


Toastmasters International (TMI), from the USA is the only large successful world-wide club for public speaking. With over 300,000 active members, and over 15,000 clubs in over 100 countries worldwide it organizes the World Championships of Speaking. TM has refined the success formula for learning to speak in public to a fine art. What is it that TM clubs do so well that thousands are willing to pay good money for? Truth to tell English Speaking lecturers can learn a lot from Toastmasters. First, TMI has a well-honed formula for running friendly welcoming meetings that give both stage-shy neophytes and also experienced speakers' positive encouragement. Second, TM has excellent manuals: every new member is automatically sent the starting manual with notes for preparing the first ten speeches which, once given, will earn the new member a Competent Communicator Certificate. Third, members pledge to help each other. Fourth, all members learn to give evaluation speeches. Members learn a golden rule for evaluations: look for things to praise and then comment on one thing to do better. Fifth, all speeches are timed. Sixth, TM meetings are lively and interesting with a variety of activities– via: prepared speeches, word of the week, table topics. Club meetings are not large 15 to 30 people. Speaking Classes can learn a lot from TMI - if the Class is turned into a Club all the students who will then become its members and each student will surely benefit a lot.


Title of dissertation: ULTRACOLD BOSONIC ATOMS IN OPTICAL LATTICES Ana Maria Rey, Doctor of Philosophy, 2004 Dissertation directed by: Prof. Theodore R. Kirkpatrick Department of Physics Dr. Charles W. Clark National Institute of Standards and Technology This thesis covers most of my work in the field of ultracold atoms loaded in optical lattices. It makes a route through the physics of cold atoms in periodic potentials starting from the simple noninteracting system and going into the many-body physics that describes the strongly correlated Mott insulator regime. Even though this thesis is a theoretical work all the chapters are linked either with experiments already done or with ongoing experimental efforts. This thesis can be divided into four different parts. The first part comprises chapters 1 to 3. In these chapters, after a brief introduction to the field of optical lattices I review the fundamental aspects pertaining to the physics of systems in periodic potentials. The second part deals with the superfluid weakly interacting regime where standard mean field techniques can be applied. This is covered in chapters 4 and 5. Specifically, chapter 4 introduces the discrete nonlinear Schr ödinger equation (DNLSE) and uses it to model some experiments. In chapter 5 I go one step further and include the small quantum fluctuations neglected in the DNLSE by studying quadratic approximations of the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian. Chapters 6 to 8 can be grouped as the third part of the thesis. In them I adopt an effective action formalism, the so called two particle irreducible effective action (2PI) together with the closed time path (CTP) formalism to study far-from-equilibrium dynamics. The many-body techniques discussed in these chapters systematically include higher order quantum corrections, not included in the quadratic approximations of the Hamiltonian, which we show are crucial for a correct description of the quantum dynamics outside the very weakly interacting regime. Finally, chapter 9 to 11 are devoted to study the Mott insulator phase. In these chapters using perturbation theory I study the Mott insulator ground state and its excitation spectrum, the response of the system to Bragg spectroscopy, and propose a mechanism to correct for the residual quantum coherences inherent to the Mott insulator ground state. Even though small these are not ideal for the use of neutral atoms in optical lattice as a tool for quantum computation. Ultracold bosonic atoms in optical lattices


Searchable encryption is of increasing interest for protecting the data privacy in secure searchable cloud storage. In this work, we investigate the security of a well-known cryptographic primitive, namely Public Key Encryption with Keyword Search (PEKS) which is very useful in many applications of cloud storage. Unfortunately, it has been shown that the traditional PEKS framework suffers from an inherent insecurity called inside Keyword Guessing Attack (KGA) launched by the malicious server. To address this security vulnerability, we propose a new PEKS framework named Dual-Server Public Key Encryption with Keyword Search (DS-PEKS). As another main contribution, we define a new variant of the Smooth Projective Hash Functions (SPHFs) referred to as linear and homomorphism SPHF (LH-SPHF). We then show a generic construction of secure DS-PEKS from LH-SPHF. To illustrate the feasibility of\ our new framework, we provide an efficient instantiation of the general framework from a DDH-based LH-SPHF and show that it can achieve the strong security against inside KGA.


Scarcity of water is the most severe constraint for development of agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas. Under this condition, the need to use the available water economically and efficiently is unquestionable. Based on the actual crop need, irrigation management has to be improved so that the water supply to the crop can be reduced while still achieving high yield. A field experiment was carried out at Mehoni Agricultural Research Center, Raya Valley of Ethiopia, during 2016/17 season with objectives of determining the effect of deficit irrigation on Onion yield component and crop water productivity and the effect of Conventional, Alternate and Fixed furrow irrigation on yield and crop water productivity of onion. The treatment were five deficit irrigation levels (40, 55, 70, 85 and 100% ETc), and three furrow irrigation techniques (conventional, alternate and fixed furrow) were laid out in a random complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The highest bulb yield was obtained at 100% ETc with conventional furrow method. In terms of irrigation and water use efficiency, 40% ETc deficit irrigation level application gave the highest irrigation water use efficiency and crop water use efficiency which was significantly superior to all other treatment. Among the irrigation water application methods, the highest water use efficiency was obtained with alternate furrow application method. On the other hand, the minimum water use efficiency was recorded with conventional furrow method. Alternative furrow irrigation (AFI) gave the highest crop water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency whereas conventional furrow irrigation (CFI) recorded the lowest. Better crop water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency were obtained in the AFI and fixed furrow irrigation (FFI), while the applied water in AFI was reduced by 50% of the CFI. Therefore, it can be concluded that increased water saving and associated water productivity can be achieved without significant reduction of yield in AFI with 100% ETc of irrigation level. AFI system appears to be a promising alternative.

 Key words: Alternate furrow, conventional furrow, deficit irrigation, fixed furrow, onion.


The relationship between specific aspects of cognition and adherence is examined in a group of individuals participating in the Dr. Dean Ornish Program for Reversing Heart Disease, an intensive lifestyle modification program. This research was guided by a hypothesis of supply and demand - the information-processing skills in highest demand for adherence may be in short supply due to how the cardiovascular disease process impacts the brain. This hypothesis was evaluated by using results of neuropsychological testing administered to participants before they began the Ornish program to predict specific learning and adherence outcomes. Hierarchical regression was used to evaluate the contribution made by neuropsychological and non-neuropsychological variables (disease, demography, amount of Ornish lifestyle knowledge at the time of program entry and self-reported emotional status, psychosocial adjustment, and quality of life) to the prediction of adherence and program-specific learning. Nine outcomes were examined including behavioral adherence (diet, exercise, group support, and stress management), in-program learning (knowledge acquisition and procedural learning), staff perceptions of participant learning, and the level of program intensity required at the end of twelve weeks (Phase II Stratification). Neuropsychological variables made the most significant and unique contributions to the majority of predictive models. Measures of working memory and executive control were strongly represented in the adherence models. Explicit verbal memory and working memory were, respectively, significant facilitators of in-program knowledge acquisition and improvements in the accuracy of food diaries. Also, working memory was an important predictor of the level of program intensity participants needed at the end of twelve weeks. In summary, most aspects of the neuropsychological supply - information-processing demand (NIP) model were supported. By carefully selecting neuropsychological measures that capture vulnerable areas of cognitive processing in individuals with cardiovascular disease, the importance of cognitive information-processing capacity to adherence and adherence-based learning is demonstrated. Moreover, the research validates previous studies showing that critical cognitive moderators of adherence and learning cannot be discerned by health care professionals delivering clinical care, even when this contact involves intensive educational interventions. Only through the administration of a broad-based neuropsychological assessment battery are these essential cognitive facilitators of learning and adherence identified.


Knowledge is a critical organizational resource and in order to gain a sustainable competitive advantage, organizations must in some ways rely on their employees because knowledge sharing is the main activity through which employees can contribute to knowledge application, innovation, and consequently the competitive advantage of the organization. There are many studies that research on the relationship between empowerment and performance, creativity, innovation. In this study, the relationship between psychological empowerment and knowledge sharing behavior is researched. The main purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between empowerment and knowledge sharing. The research sample is selected from the fast moving consumer goods (fmcg) sector where knowledge sharing is thought to be very important because of the fast changing environment. When measuring empowerment Spreitzer's (1995) scale is used and when measuring knowledge sharing behavior Yi's (2009) scale is used. The results of the research are important in today's fast changing environment because knowledge sharing is crucial to future success.


Audit cost has a great impact on the independence of audit work and the quality of audit report, which has aroused many scholars' research and discussion. Risk-oriented auditing requires certified public accountants to put enterprises in the current economic environment, analyze and evaluate the importance level of auditing from various aspects such as the industry situation, business activities and internal control of enterprises, so as to determine the part with higher risk level of auditing and conduct key auditing. This article selects A part from 2013 to 2015 a-share listed companies' financial reporting data, establishing audit fees and measuring business risk index of the regression model, multiple regression analysis. At the same time, the influence of audit fees related index has carried on the empirical research. The research results indicate that: the asset-liability ratio and audit fees of listed companies are positively correlated; accounts receivable turnover and net interest rate on sales are negatively correlated with audit charges. And according to the results of research and analysis, I put forward relevant opinions and suggestions.


Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in patients with diabetes mellitus, accounting for 50% of all deaths. Dyslipidemia is an important modifiable risk factor in diabetic patients and represents a key area for intervention in these patients. Diabetic patients have a lipid profile characterized by low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and an increase in triglyceride levels. Diabetics have increased numbers of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) particles but with a shift to smaller, denser LDL-C particles. The net effect is that patients with type 2 diabetes do not have substantially higher LDL concentrations than patients without diabetes. Lifestyle modification with reductions in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol intake, weight loss (if indicated), and increased physical activity are initially recommended to improve the lipid profile. In addition, enhanced glycemic control can improve plasma lipid levels, especially in patients with very high triglycerides. Statin therapy should be added to lifestyle therapy, regardless of baseline lipid levels for diabetic patients without overt CVD and for diabetics >40 years who have 1 or more other cardiovascular risk factors. For lower-risk patients without overt CVD 40 mg/dL in men and >50 mg/dL in women are desirable. If triglyceride and HDL-C targets are not achieved using statins, the use of a statin and other lipid-lowering therapy may be considered, but combination therapy has not been shown to reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular events to an extent greater than that of a statin alone.


Balancing the autonomy of religious organizations against regulatory laws remains both a difficult and hotly contested issue. It is helpful to survey labor, property, tax, and education laws to illustrate the tensions between religion and government in American law.

Labor law cases show the autonomy of religious organizations concerning governmental regulations through the National Labor Relations Act and Title VII. In regard to church property, the government has an interest in regulating how religious organizations buy and sell land, run day care centers and food kitchens, raise and borrow money, commit torts, and enter into contracts. Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code provides tax-exempt status for churches, integrated auxiliaries of churches, and charitable organizations. The IRS has promulgated numerous factors to distinguish among these three organizations. Although parents have the right to send their children to religious schools, the assistance they can obtain from the state to effectuate that choice is limited. The Supreme Court has decided a number of cases involving both the extent of religious symbolism and accommodation in public schools and the extent of aid to religious schools. These cases and laws show that although American law zealously guards the autonomy of religious organizations, it does not grant those organizations the right to be a law unto themselves.


This paper presents Songle Sync, a web-based platform on which hundreds of Internet-connected devices - including smartphones, computers, and other physical computing devices - can be controlled to synchronize with music playback. It uses music-understanding technologies to dynamically synthesize music-driven multimedia performances from a musical piece of choice. To simultaneously control hundreds of devices, a conventional architecture keeps always-on connections between them. However, it does not scale and suffers from latency and jitter issues when there are various devices with potentially unstable networks. We address this with a novel autonomous control architecture in which each device is notified of forthcoming musical events (e.g., beats and chorus sections) to automatically drive various changes in multimedia performances. Moreover, we provide a development kit of an event-driven multimedia framework for JavaScript, example programs, and an interactive tutorial. To evaluate the platform, we compared latencies, jitters, and amounts of network traffic between ours and the conventional architecture. To examine use cases in the wild, we deployed the platform to drive over a hundred of a variety of devices. We also developed a web browser-based application for a multimedia performance with music playback. It provided audiences of hundreds with a bring-your-own-device experience of synchronized animations on smartphones. In addition, the development kit was used in a two-day hackathon. We report lessons learned from these studies and discuss the future of the Internet of Musical Things.


This thesis considers the impact of immigration on party politics in Northern Ireland between 2004 and 2014. It maps out key areas of consensus and conflict between the major political parties during a period of changing cultural demography. In order to do this, an in-depth, thematic analysis is carried out on party narratives that relate to immigration, cultural accommodation and racism during the period studied. The data is derived from original interviews, contributions to assembly debates and a range of other qualitative sources. The thesis highlights a tendency for issues related to immigration to become 'swords and shields' in the arena of inter-party conflict.

It will be shown that ethnically defined parties utilise immigration in order to bolster long-standing ideological narratives related to historic divisions in the territory. It is argued that this process undermines the possibility for political leadership in offering cultural accommodation for new minorities, and joined-up action in tackling racism. It is suggested that this evidence highlights the need for some degree of explicit political separation between matters that pertain to immigration-generated diversity, and issues related to bi-national accommodation in the territory.


Time-lapse system(s) (TLS) have, potentially, two benefits over standard incubation systems; an undisturbed culture environment and an enormous volume of images of the embryos within them. The current research aimed to determine if a TLS could provide a comparably stable culture environment
compared to a standard incubator measured as pH, osmolality and treatment success rates. Second, the hypothesis that patient, treatment and environment specific embryo selection algorithms (ESAs) are required to improve the efficacy of a TLS as an embryo assessment tool was tested.

A TLS was shown to provide a comparably stable environment when compared to a standard incubator in terms of pH and osmolality. In addition, using a strict matched-pair design, embryos cultured in a TLS resulted in a significantly higher implantation, clinical pregnancy and live birth rates. It was
also concluded that, of six published ESAs, none performed with clinically relevant predictive capabilities when applied to the same cohort of known implantation embryos. Owing to this, the identification of five abnormal division events as significantly reducing an embryos implantation potential was performed providing an easily adopted, clinically relevant means to
deselect embryos cultured in a TLS. A regression analysis found a number of treatment and patient parameters having a significant effect on crucial morphokinetic parameters, although no systemic effect was observed. Finally, an interim analysis of a sibling oocyte study of three, commercially available
culture media revealed significant differences in the time of embryo compaction as well as embryo quality and utilisation.

Together, these results highlight that a TLS provides a stable culture environment and leads to increased implantation, clinical pregnancy and live birth rates. It is also likely that the patient, treatment type and environment can significantly alter an embryos morphokinetic profile and specific ESAs are required to unlock the true potential of time-lapse technology.


Independent development of system components may cause integration problems if their interaction is faulty. This problem may be solved by enforcing required component interactions at the system level. We have developed a system that automatically integrates control-oriented components, to make them consistent with aggregate system behavior re- quirements. Ourmethod is based on the automated synchronization method that modifies independently designed compo-nents to make them satisfy a set of user defined receptive safety properties. The automated synchroniza-tion allows us to design the compo nents as independent controllers that satisfy their individual requirements and to compose a correct executable system by combining the components and enforcing their interaction constraints. This approach gives component designers the freedom to design independently, and produce a functional system by combining the components and specifying their interaction requirements.


ABSTRACTThe occurrence of extreme events of air pollutant concentrations at urban hotspots is a routine phenomenon, particularly during the winter season. However, extreme events of reactive air pollutants are more frequent during the summer season. The assessment of air pollution extreme events will provide a platform to formulate an effective and efficient hotspot urban air quality management plan. The statistical distribution model (SDM) is widely used to describe the average as well as extreme air pollutant concentration in a more organized and efficient manner. In the present study, the best fit SDM has been evaluated for hourly average PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations at one of the busiest traffic intersections in Delhi city (air pollution hotspot 1: APH-1) and for PM2.5 at one of the heavily trafficked road corridors in Chennai city (air pollution hotspot 2: APH -2). The SDMs were developed for different seasons to evaluate the impacts of climatic conditions on the air pollution events. Results indicate that NO2 concentrations were best fitted with lognormal and log logistic distribution models respectively, for winter and summer seasons at APH-1. However, lognormal distribution was best fitted to PM2.5 concentration of winter and summer seasons at both APHs.


I will focus on the ways that agents of NGOs engaged with Roma and/or women's recognition struggles can be classified, and how these constructions make sense of the conditions forming the lives of Roma women and furthermore how Roma women's interests are positioned. Detacting the intersecting aspects of ethnic-, gender-, and class-based relations that constitute Roma women's position, I seek to identify which segments of the complex of relations different NGOs articulate as central. I aim to explore whether Roma women's NGOs can be seen as more reflexive of the intersectional complexity of Roma women's relations compared to Roma and women's organizations.


The spatial and temporal variability of nearshore winds in eastern boundary current systems affect the oceanic heat balance that drives sea surface temperature changes. In this study, regional atmospheric and oceanic simulations are used to document such processes during an atmospheric coastal jet event off central Chile. The event is well reproduced by the atmospheric model and is associated with the migration of an anomalous anticyclone in the southeastern Pacific region during October 2000. A robust feature of the simulation is a sharp coastal wind dropoff, which is insensitive to model resolution. As expected, the simulated oceanic response is a significant sea surface cooling. A surface heat budget analysis shows that vertical mixing is a major contributor to the cooling tendency both in the jet core area and in the nearshore zone where the magnitude of this term is comparable to the magnitude of vertical advection. Sensitivity experiments show that the oceanic response in the coastal area is sensitive to wind dropoff representation. This is because total upwelling, i.e., the sum of coastal upwelling and Ekman pumping, depends on the scale of wind dropoff. Because the latter is much larger than the upwelling scale, coastal wind dropoff has only a weak positive effect on vertical velocities driven by Ekman pumping but has a strong negative effect on coastal upwelling. Interestingly though, the weakening of coastal winds in the dropoff zone has a larger effect on vertical mixing than on vertical advection, with both effects contributing to a reduction of cooling.


Synaptic plasticity is a model for learning and memory. Dendrites, the sites of excitatory synaptic contacts, undergo morphological changes in response to stimuli. Wu et al. investigated the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in changes in dendritic structure in response to multiple brief depolarizations over a period of minutes in cultured neurons or explants. Single stimuli (depolarizations induced by elevated extracellular K+) of long or short duration produced a transient activation of the MAPKs, ERK1 and ERK2, measured as phosphorylation of these MAPKs. However, repeated spaced depolarizations produced a prolonged MAPK phosphorylation. Application of pharmacological inhibitors showed that the initial increase in MAPK activity depended on an increase in the concentration of free intracellular Ca2+, activation of calmodulin and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase, the small guanosine triphosphatase Ras, and MEK (the upstream kinase for ERK1 and 2). Persistent MAPK phosphorylation required continuous activity of MEK and was dependent on protein kinase A. In explants of dentate gyrus transfected to express green fluorescent protein, MAPK activity was found to be essential for changes in dendrite morphology (filopodial extensions and the formation of new spines) produced by multiple spaced stimulations. G.-Y. Wu, K. Deisseroth, R.W. Tsien, Spaced stimuli stabilize MAPK pathway activation and its effects on dendritic morphology. Nature Neurosci. 4, 151-158 (2001). [Online Journal]


Care staff, those who attend to the day-to-day needs of people in residential facilities, represent an important segment of the health-care provision of those entrusted to their care. The potential use of technology by care staff has not been a focus of researcher attention. The work reported here provides initial steps in addressing that gap, considering both the design requirements for this population and presentation of early work on a software system for use by care staff. We describe the development of a software tool for use by care staff, called Portrait, and report two studies related to factors affecting technology use by this population. The results of this research are promising, with Portrait being very positively received by care managers and care staff. Use of this software in a care home for over a month indicated continued use, with care staff returning to the system throughout the test period. The contributions of this research are the identification of factors important in working with a care staff population, the introduction and evaluation of a novel software tool for care staff in residential homes, and the highlighting of potential benefits of technology in assisting care staff.


Epigenetic inheritance in mammals relies in part on robust propagation of DNA methylation patterns throughout development. We show that the protein UHRF1 (ubiquitin-like, containing PHD and RING finger domains 1), also known as NP95 in mouse and ICBP90 in human, is required for maintaining DNA methylation. UHRF1 colocalizes with the maintenance DNA methyltransferase protein DNMT1 throughout S phase. UHRF1 appears to tether DNMT1 to chromatin through its direct interaction with DNMT1. Furthermore UHRF1 contains a methyl DNA binding domain, the SRA (SET and RING associated) domain, that shows strong preferential binding to hemimethylated CG sites, the physiological substrate for DNMT1. These data suggest that UHRF1 may help recruit DNMT1 to hemimethylated DNA to facilitate faithful maintenance of DNA methylation.


Since 2006 veterinarians from Perth Zoo have been working collaboratively with the Department of Environment and Conservation and Murdoch University to investigate the causes of dramatic population declines in free-ranging woylies in south west Western Australia.

Investigation to date has included examining and collecting diagnostic samples from free-ranging and captive woylies, and from conspecific free-living vertebrate species. Blood samples are analysed for haematologic and biochemical parameters, along with evidence for specific pathogens (including Macropod Herpes Virus, Trypanosomes, Toxoplasmosis and Piroplasmosis). Obviously diseased animals undergo thorough veterinary examination and treatment at Perth Zoo. Full post mortem examinations are conducted on deceased animals, including histological examination of tissues, by university pathologists.

Historical information from previous disease outbreaks or population declines in woylies has been collated. Temporal and spatial analysis of the complex data sets collected during field investigations facilitates understanding of the factors influencing population dynamics.


In recent years there has been a renewed interest in modeling the halftone microstructure to better control the colors produced in a halftone image. Diffusion of light within the paper has a significant effect on the halftone color; this effect is known as optical dot gain or the Yule-Neilsen effect. Because of diffusion, a photon may exit the paper from a different region of the halftone microstructure than that into which it entered the paper. To account rigorously for this effect requires knowledge of the paper's point-spread function or, equivalently, the paper's modulation transfer function (MTF). A new technique for measuring the MTF of paper-the series-expansion bar-target technique-is introduced. The method uses a bar target, but the analysis more closely resembles that of the edge-gradient technique. In the series-expansion method, bar-target image data are expanded into a Fourier series, and the paper's MTF is given by the series-expansion coefficients. It differs from the typical bar-target analysis in that the typical method plots the amplitude of the fundamental frequency component for several targets of varying frequency, whereas the series-expansion method plots the amplitude of the fundamental and its harmonics for a single target. Two possible techniques for measuring the MTF with the bar-target series-expansion method are considered. In the first, the image of the bar target is projected onto the paper, and in the second, the bar target is placed directly on the paper, in close contact.


This is the first national report on the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus among Australian women. The report uses data from the National Diabetes Services Scheme and the National Hospital Morbidity Database to determine the number of cases of GDM among Australian women of child-bearing age. Trends in the incidence of the condition over time, changes in insulin treatment status and differences by high-risk groups-including women aged over 30 years, women who identify as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander and women born overseas-are also included in the report.


The Florida Department of Transportation (DOT) has initiated multi-modal level-of-service (LOS) methodologies, including that for the bicycle travel mode. It has already adopted a bicycle LOS methodology for the roadway segment portion of the transportation network, the Bicycle Level of Service Model. Florida DOT's ultimate goal is to develop corridor- and facilities-level LOS methodologies. Toward that goal, Florida DOT sponsored research to develop the first part of an intersection bicycle LOS methodology, the Intersection LOS for the bicycle through movement. This Intersection LOS for the bicycle through movement would provide a measure of the level of safety and comfort experienced by bicyclists riding through an intersection. The Intersection LOS model for the bicycle through movement is based on Pearson correlation analyses and stepwise regression modeling of approximately 1,000 combined real-time perceptions from bicyclists traveling a course through a typical U.S. metropolitan area's signalized intersections. The study's participants represented a cross section of age, gender, and geographic origin of the population of cyclists. Although further hypothesis testing is being conducted, the resulting general model for the Intersection LOS for the bicycle through movement is highly reliable, has a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.83) with the average observations, and is transferable to the vast majority of U.S. metropolitan areas. The study reveals that roadway traffic volume, total width of the outside through lane, and the intersection (cross street) crossing distance are primary factors in the Intersection LOS for the bicycle through movement.


In most of Argentina, the warming since 1901 was a little lower than the global average, although with strong trends in temperature extremes and in heat waves during the most recent decades. There was a remarkable increase in precipitation over most of subtropical Argentina, especially since 1960. This has favored agriculture yields and the extension of crop lands into semiarid regions, but this increase also came with more frequent heavy rainfalls and consequent flooding of rural and urban areas. Since the early 1970s, the main rivers of the Plata Basin have increased their mean flows, but this was attributable not only to increased precipitation, but also to land use changes. In contrast, over the Andes Mountains, reduced rainfall and increased temperature has led to glaciers receding and reduced river flows. Climate projections for the first half of this century maintain observed trends and raise additional concerns that in most cases can be dealt with timely adaptation policies. However, by the end of this century, under an extreme emissions scenario, the projected warming reaches 3.5°C in the north of the country with respect to present‐day conditions. There is insufficient knowledge to assume that this warming would not create severe damages to the people and the economy of Argentina. Because of the damages and casualties that heat waves and extreme precipitation events are already producing, the first and most urgent adaptation required is to reinforce early warning systems and contingency planning to cope with climatic extremes and their consequences on health. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:151–169. doi: 10.1002/wcc.316


The gaining popularity of Knowledge Management (KM) has been reinforced by the quest for innovation and value creation. Value creation is grounded in the appropriate combination of human networks, social capital, intellectual capital, and technology assets, facilitated by a culture of change. It is indicated that the future of KM tends to focus on the study of the impact on people in terms of value or knowledge value creation. Because of this, the positive relationship between KM and value creation has been discussed extensively in the literature. However, the majority of the studies on knowledge value creation have been widely undertaken to highlight several case studies demonstrating success in developed countries, whilst very few studies have been done in the cultural context of developing countries. These studies in developing economies have identified several distinctive features, in particular
socio-cultural factors that have an important role and influence in KM practices. A call has been made for further research to explore KM in different organisational and cultural contexts in developing economies. Thailand is an example of a developing country where a number of distinctive socio-cultural features have been identified. It therefore represents an interesting case to conduct a study on the influence of these cultural features on KM practices within an organisational context. The objective of this empirical study is to explore knowledge value creation practices in a Thai organisation. The research adopts an interpretive stance and employs a case study
approach involving multiple data collection methods. It is based on the researcher's personal expertise and close involvement in the selected case study organisation for over a decade. The study characterises Thai distinctive culture in terms of collectiveness, shyness, conscientiousness and seniority, and indicates that these distinctive socio-cultural features critically influence (a) the social network ties and relationships between employees within and across teams, (b) the resulting level of trust between employees, and (c) the ability to share and create knowledge effectively in the organisational socio-cultural environment. The study is limited to a Thai organisation, but can be generalised to other organisations that exhibit similar characteristics. It provides interesting insights into the socio-cultural factors affecting knowledge management adoption in a Thai organisation and a foundation to further the research on the validation of the theoretical model that emerged from this empirical study.


Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amebiasis in humans. This ameba parasite resides as a commensal in the intestine where it shares intestinal resources with the bacterial microbiome. In the intestinal ecosystem, the ameba encysts and eventually develops disease by invading the tissues. E. histolytica possesses cell surface receptors for the proper sensing of signals involved in encystation or sustaining parasite interaction with bacteria and human cells. Among those receptors are the Gal/GalNAc lectin, G protein‐coupled receptors, and transmembrane kinases. In addition there are recently discovered, promising proteins, including orthologs of Toll‐type receptors and β trefoil lectins. These proteins trigger a wide variety of signal transduction pathways; however, most of the players involved in the signaling pathways evoked in this parasite are unknown. This review provides an overview of amoebic receptors and their role in encystation, adherence to bacteria or human cells, as well as the reported intracellular signal transduction processes that they can trigger. This knowledge is essential for understanding the lifestyle of E. histolytica and its cytopathic effect on bacteria and human cells that are responsible for infection.


This article aims to identify and analyse the lifecourse and contextual factors that influence the quality of life in early old age. We conceptualise quality of life as distinct from the factors which influence it, and employ a model of the quality of life that is derived from an explicit theory of human need. The operational measure (CASP-19) consists of 19 Likert-scaled items which cover four theoretical domains: control, autonomy, self-realisation and pleasure. A postal questionnaire was sent to 286 British people aged 65–75 years who were members of the sample for the 1930s Boyd-Orr study of health and diet and who had been followed up through retrospective interviews during the late 1990s. The 286 were broadly representative of their age group. The survey's response rate was 92 per cent. Respondents provided information on a number of contextual influences on their quality of life in early old age, notably social support and participation, the quality and quantity of social contact, feelings of trust and reciprocity about the local neighbourhood, health and financial security. In the analyses reported here, a series of conceptual and operational influences on quality of life in early old age is identified using block regression models. Finally, the relative impact of each predictor on CASP-19 is examined. The findings suggest that the legacy of the past tends to be best captured by people's feelings about the adequacy of their pensions and their status as owner-occupiers as well as a feeling that the area in which they live is deprived. The quality of the social contact people describe and how close they feel to those around them will ameliorate the negative impacts of the past and the immediate environment. In addition, we must recognise that people remain vulnerable to the impact of loss: recent bereavement, and major illnesses can impact on a person's quality of life.


Earnings management (EM) literature examines managers' use of judgment in financial reporting and in structuring transactions to alter financial reports for a specific reason. Mainstream EM literature strongly concentrates on statistical research methodologies and it is driven by positive accounting theory. Although EM occurs in the process of preparing corporate financial reports, that process has so far largely remained a "black box" in prior literature. The purpose of this study is to analyze what EM is, how and why it unfolds and how it is intertwined in the process of preparing corporate financial reports. In order to meet the needs of the study, a qualitative case study method will be used. The contribution of this study is threefold. First, it indicates that the concept of EM is not as unambiguous as the prior literature has assumed. I find that EM is socially constructed and more open to interpretation than absolutely dichotomous conception given by previous studies. Second, this study contributes to our knowledge of the role and the importance of actors involved in conducting EM, indicating that EM is much more actor-dependent than the prior literature has assumed. Third, this study broadens our knowledge base with regard to the processes and potential for EM in academic research.


Space-time differential coding (STDC) is an effective technique for exploiting transmitter diversity while it does not require the channel state information at the receiver. However, like conventional differential modulation schemes, it exhibits an error floor in fading channels. In this paper, we develop an STDC decoding technique based on multiple-symbol detection and decision-feedback, which makes use of the second-order statistic of the fading processes and has a very low computational complexity. This decoding method can significantly lower the error floor of the conventional STDC decoding algorithm, especially in fast fading channels. The application of the proposed multiple-symbol decision-feedback STDC decoding technique in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system is also discussed.


BACKGROUND
Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by gradual renal enlargement and cyst growth prior to loss of renal function. Standard radiographic imaging has not provided the resolution and accuracy necessary to detect small changes in renal volume or to reliably measure renal cyst volumes. The Consortium for Radiologic Imaging Studies in Polycystic Kidney Disease (CRISP) is longitudinally observing ADPKD individuals using high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to determine if change in renal and cyst volumes can be detected over a short period of time, and if they correlate with decline in renal function early in disease.

METHODS
Standardization studies were conducted in phantoms and four subjects at each participating clinical center. After, in the full-scale protocol, healthy ADPKD individuals 15 to 45 years old with creatinine clearance>70 mL/min underwent standardized MR renal imaging, renal iothalamate clearance, comprehensive clinical evaluation, and determination of 24-hour urinary albumin and electrolyte excretion. Stereology was used from T1-weighted images to quantify renal volume, and region-growing thresholding was used from T2-weighted images to determine cyst volume. Renal structures were evaluated in relation to demographic, clinical, and biochemical variables using means/medians, standard deviations, and Pearson correlations.

RESULTS
Reliability coefficients for MR renal and cyst volume measurements in phantoms were 99.9% and 89.2%, respectively. In the full-scale protocol, 241 ADPKD individuals (145 women and 96 men) were enrolled. Total renal, cyst, and % cyst volume were significantly greater in each decade group. Hypertensive individuals demonstrated greater renal, cyst, and % cyst volume than normotensive subjects. Age-adjusted renal (r = -0.31, P < 0.0001), cyst (r = -0.36, P < 0.0001), and % cyst volume (r = -0.35, P < 0.0001) were inversely related to glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Age-adjusted renal volume (r = 0.42, P < 0.0001), cystic (r = 0.39, P < 0.0001, and % cyst volume (r = 0.41, P < 0.0001) were related with urinary albumin excretion.

CONCLUSION
MR measures of renal and cyst volume are reliable and accurate in patients with ADPKD. ADPKD is characterized by significant cystic involvement that increases with age. Structure (renal and cyst volume) and function (GFR) are inversely related and directly related with the presence of hypertension and urinary albumin excretion in individuals with normal renal function.


In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the merchants of Julfa, a town on the trade routes linking the Mediterranean with Iran, developed an extensive international trade network reaching from the Atlantic coast of Europe to the Indian Ocean. Part 1 of the dissertation traces the history of Julfa and examines the factors contributing to the Armenians' success - among them the significant growth of Iranian raw silk exports to Europe; the stimulus to East-West trade given by the influx of American silver to Europe and the consequent imbalance in the value of bullion between Europe, the Middle East and South Asia; the forced resettlement of the Julfans in Isfahan and the formation of a close economic relationship with the Safavi court.Part 2 concentrates on social and economic organisation, examining the structure of the Armenian patriarchal household and its commercial operation as family firm, and the community and its provision of the institutions that upheld commercial law and the merchants' system of values and standards of behaviour. The discussion in Chapters 4 and 5 of partnership and agency and the credit system operated by the Julfans is based on research into surviving contracts and credit instruments.These documents also provide the material for Part 3. The Julfan mercantile documents are a unique record of the commercial world of an Asian trading community in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. They also present numerous technical difficulties, which are discussed through the presentation of examples of documents in the original, with translation, notes and a glossary.The history of the Julfa merchants affords a rare opportunity for close examination of the organisation and techniques of trade in Asia and provides a basis for comparison with other Asian merchants.


Replication of information across multiple servers is becoming a common approach to support popular Web sites. A distributed architecture with some mechanisms to assign client requests to Web servers is more scalable than any centralized or mirrored architecture. In this paper, we consider distributed systems in which the Authoritative Domain Name Server (ADNS) of the Web site takes the request dispatcher role by mapping the URL hostname into the IP address of a visible node, that is, a Web server or a Web cluster interface. This architecture can support local and geographical distribution of the Web servers. However, the ADNS controls only a very small fraction of the requests reaching the Web site because the address mapping is not requested for each client access. Indeed, to reduce Internet traffic, address resolution is cached at various name servers for a time-to-live (TTL) period. This opens an entirely new set of problems that traditional centralized schedulers of parallel/distributed systems do not have to face. The heterogeneity assumption on Web node capacity, which is much more likely in practice, increases the order of complexity of the request assignment problem and severely affects the applicability and performance of the existing load sharing algorithms. We propose new assignment strategies, namely adaptive TTL schemes, which tailor the TTL value for each address mapping instead of using a fixed value for all mapping requests. The adaptive TTL schemes are able to address both the nonuniformity of client requests and the heterogeneous capacity of Web server nodes. Extensive simulations show that the proposed algorithms are very effective in avoiding node overload, even for high levels of heterogeneity and limited ADNS control.


During the final days of the 2017 general election, Civic Nation coordinated a series of non-partisan election festivals designed to encourage voter turnout in targeted precincts across the country. Previous experimental research conducted in low-salience elections (Addonizio, Green and Glaser, 2007) and presidential elections (Green and McClellan, 2017) indicates that festivals held at polling sites significantly increase voter turnout. The present study revisits the effectiveness of festivals as an inducement to voting in low- and medium-salience elections. In 2017, 104 precincts were randomly assigned to treatment or control, making the current study larger than previous experiments. Festivals appear to have had a modest positive effect on turnout in 2017; however, this effect was smaller than estimated in previous research. Heavy rains in 85% of the sites as well as limited community outreach prior to Election Day may explain the weaker treatment effects observed in 2017.


Platform regulation has become the cause celebre of technology regulation: a call to regulate the intermediaries who provide platforms for networked digital services. These include the GAFA giants: Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple. Many policy entrepreneurs are peddling solutions as the policy cycle turns, in a classic Kingdon case of "solutions chasing a problem." Yet networks are not new, and their platforms have been regulated for hundreds of years, generally unsuccessfully. In this article, I take the long view, focusing on the railways/telegraphy regulation of the 1840s in England and the 'fake news' problems of 2011 to date. I offer some historical examples that may be highly relevant to 'prosumer' digital capitalism 180 years later.

Prosumers (a term coined by Toffler) are active users who are sharing and producing content, rather than passively consuming it, notably 'hacking' content using techniques famously described as "rip, mix, burn." Any Internet user who has posted content, from Facebook to Twitter to blog posts to podcasts, has become a prosumer—though there are very broad categories, ranging from the occasional tweeter to the fully developed hacker. Over two billion people now use Google to search for content; Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp to share news, gossip, and photos; YouTube to watch and upload videos; and Twitter, Snapchat, and other sites to say just about anything.
We are all becoming 'prosumers' sharing intimate details of our personal lives. But this 'prosumer environment' is currently either grossly unregulated—leaving users' data and content at the mercy of the multinational companies who host it and sometimes claim to own it—or is subject to knee-jerk over-regulation, as with the current 'fake news' law ("Netzwerkdurchsetzungsgesetz") in Germany. The prosumer environment is a new regulatory policy cycle in network regulation.


Choroideremia is an X-linked inherited retinal degeneration characterized by primary centripetal degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), with secondary degeneration of the choroid and retina. Affected individuals experience reduced night vision in early adulthood with blindness in late middle age. The underlying CHM gene encodes REP1, a protein involved in the prenylation of Rab GTPases essential for intracellular vesicle trafficking. Adeno-associated viral gene therapy has demonstrated some benefit in clinical trials for choroideremia. However, challenges remain in gaining regulatory approval. Choroideremia is slowly progressive, which presents difficulties in demonstrating benefit over short pivotal clinical trials that usually run for 1-2 years. Improvements in visual acuity are particularly challenging due to the initial negative effects of surgical detachment of the fovea. Despite these challenges, great progress toward a treatment has been made since choroideremia was first described in 1872.


The demand for different recreational activities in national parks and peri-urban reserves – including horse riding – has increased. Horse riding has been found to be more damaging to the surrounding environment than other recreational activities such as walking. Typical impacts include trampling of vegetation, deepening and widening of trails, spread of weeds and pathogens, and compaction of the soil. Common management techniques include site management and visitor management, but there is little knowledge about the success of these management techniques or if they are being implemented at all. This report documents a case study analysis of bridle trail management undertaken in peri-urban settings near Perth, Western Australia. It provides a simple, rapid assessment of trail condition, and makes recommendations for the ongoing sustainability of the trails.


IN 1959, A RURAL COUPLE TOOK THEIR 9-MONTH-OLD SON, "JOHN," TO BE tested for something they had never heard of before, hemophilia. They had just read an article about the disease in Reader's Digest and wondered if John's bruising and listlessness could be explained by the unfamiliar bleeding disorder. Soon thereafter, John was diagnosed with hemophilia A, a coagulation defect that required countless doctor visits and painful bleeding crises throughout his childhood. While John was in his 20s, the first report about an unusual disease affecting homosexual men appeared in the scientific literature. Later identified as the disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), AIDS has since received tremendous mass media coverage. Perhaps partly as a result of how AIDS was depicted in the press, patients with hemophilia and other groups associated with HIV became modern-day pariahs among some members of the public, who responded with fear and discrimination against them. John, who eventually tested positive for HIV, entertained the idea of submitting a more detailed account of his experiences for this issue of MSJAMA. However, 20 years after AIDS first hit the press, John decided that publishing his story would invite unwelcome scrutiny of him and his family, especially by those in his community who still live in irrational fear and ignorance of the transmissibility of HIV. This true story illustrates the enormous impact—both positive and negative—that magazines, television, radio stations, daily newspapers, and other communication entities that comprise the "mass media" can have on an individual's health and life. Every day, physicians face the myriad effects of the mass media on their patients' perceptions of health care and medical science. This issue of MSJAMA explores some challenges and opportunities that arise as a result of disseminating scientific and medical information to the public. To better understand how the mass media shapes the public's perception of medicine, it is important to quantify the public's response to media coverage and critically analyze the contents of this coverage. Gail Geller, Barbara A. Bernhardt, and Neil A. Holtzman discuss the mass media's role in influencing the public's perception of genetics research. Lisa Schwartz and Steven Woloshin lend a critical eye to the health claims made in some medical advertisements. While misrepresentation of medical information by mass media can have negative consequences, the use of mass media to educate the public about medicine has an enormous potential to do good. Physician and reporter Miriam Shuchman discusses examples of good reporting that has resulted in positive changes in the health care field.


It is widely accepted that diversifying one's portfolio by adding more securities leads to the elimination of idiosyncratic, but not systematic, risk. Previous studies suggest that holding up to just ten distinct stocks is enough to gain the full economic benefit of diversification. Moreover, these studies suggest holding different stocks in different industries to have effective diversification. In practice, however, many investors maintain a highly concentrated portfolio, particularly within a growth-oriented sector, like technology. This study presents a method of determining the minimum number of stocks to hold in various industries while still being diversified. The authors seek to determine the number of stocks necessary to eliminate idiosyncratic risk within an industry. The authors' results show that industry-concentrated investors should hold no less than ten stocks in their portfolio. However, diversification across industries is still recommended, as systematic risk is lower when investors diversify across all sectors.


Background We sought to determine the associations between baseline chronic medical conditions and future risk of sepsis. Methods Longitudinal cohort study using the 30,239 community-dwelling participants of the REGARDS cohort. We determined associations between baseline chronic medical conditions and incident sepsis episodes, defined as hospitalization for an infection with the presence of infection plus two or more systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria. Results Over the mean observation time of 4.6 years (February 5, 2003 through October 14, 2011), there were 975 incident cases of sepsis. Incident sepsis episodes were associated with older age (p<0.001), white race (HR 1.39; 95% CI: 1.22–1.59), lower education (p<0.001) and income (p<0.001), tobacco use (p<0.001), and alcohol use (p = 0.02). Incident sepsis episodes were associated with baseline chronic lung disease (adjusted HR 2.43; 95% CI: 2.05–2.86), peripheral artery disease (2.16; 1.58–2.95), chronic kidney disease (1.99; 1.73–2.29), myocardial infarction 1.79 (1.49–2.15), diabetes 1.78 (1.53–2.07), stroke 1.67 (1.34–2.07), deep vein thrombosis 1.63 (1.29–2.06), coronary artery disease 1.61 (1.38–1.87), hypertension 1.49 (1.29–1.74), atrial fibrillation 1.48 (1.21–1.81) and dyslipidemia 1.16 (1.01–1.34). Sepsis risk increased with the number of chronic medical conditions (p<0.001). Conclusions Individuals with chronic medical conditions are at increased risk of future sepsis events.


PURPOSE
To investigate the potential of refractive lenticule (RL) storage and re-implantation in vivo as a method for reversing RL extraction (ReLEx) and restoring corneal stromal volume.

METHODS
ReLEx [-6.00 diopter (D) correction] was performed on six New Zealand White rabbits in one eye. Each extracted RL was tagged and orientated before storage at -80°C for 28 days. Each RL was then re-implanted autologously in the correct orientation after flap relifting. All animals were monitored for 28 days before being euthanized for immunohistochemical analysis. Unoperated fellow eyes were used as controls. All animals had regular pre- and postoperative slit lamp photography, in vivo confocal microscopy, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), keratometry, and topography.

RESULTS
No intra-operative complications occurred and RL re-implantation was performed without complication. A mild intrastromal haziness was noted on day 3 after re-implantation (corneal haze grade: 2.20 ± 0.45), but corneas were clear on day 28 (0.20 ± 0.27). RL re-implantation restored central corneal thickness, and keratometric and topographic indices to near pre-operative values. Wound healing processes, marked by fibronectin and tenascin, and a few inflammatory cells were present along the re-implanted lenticular interfaces. No myofibroblasts formation, and Ki67- and TUNEL-positive cells were observed in the corneal stroma on postoperative day 28.

CONCLUSIONS
RL storage and re-implantation is a feasible technique for restoring stromal volume after myopic ReLEx, and may provide a method for restoring tissue in ectatic corneas, or provide an opportunity for further refractive surgery and presbyopic treatment.


Results are presented on experimental and theoretical work performed to compare diffraction phenomena for ultrashort 10 fs pulses and continuous-wave propagation modes illuminating different-sized pinholes and slits. Results demonstrate that 10 fs pulses do not produce high-frequency diffraction like that produced with continuous-wave illumination. The diffraction through a 1 mm pinhole of temporally stretched pulses obtained by using fused silica plates whose frequency spectrum remains the same is compared with those of 10 fs pulses. The overall diffraction intensity profiles are, however, nearly identical in this case. The simulations of diffraction patterns for 100 fs, 10 fs, and 1 fs incident pulse were compared theoretically for different aperture sizes and frequencies. Calculations indicate that the lack of high-frequency diffraction for the mode-locked case is due to the broadband nature of the ultrashort laser pulses; i.e., the distribution of the frequency contained in the pulse ends up washing out when objects are illuminated with pulses of broad frequency content. The results of this work have important application in biomedical imaging and remote imaging applications, to name only a few.


Emerging AI-enabled applications such as augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) leverage multiple deep neural network (DNN) models for various sub-tasks such as object detection, image segmentation, eye-tracking, speech recognition, and so on. Because of the diversity of the sub-tasks, the layers within and across the DNN models are highly heterogeneous in operation and shape. Diverse layer operations and shapes are major challenges for a fixed dataflow accelerator (FDA) that employs a fixed dataflow strategy on a single DNN accelerator substrate since each layer prefers different dataflows (computation order and parallelization) and tile sizes. Reconfigurable DNN accelerators (RDAs) have been proposed to adapt their dataflows to diverse layers to address the challenge. However, the dataflow flexibility in RDAs is enabled at the cost of expensive hardware structures (switches, interconnects, controller, etc.) and requires per-layer reconfiguration, which introduces considerable energy costs. Alternatively, this work proposes a new class of accelerators, heterogeneous dataflow accelerators (HDAs), which deploy multiple accelerator substrates (i.e., sub-accelerators), each supporting a different dataflow. HDAs enable coarser-grained dataflow flexibility than RDAs with higher energy efficiency and lower area cost comparable to FDAs. To exploit such benefits, hardware resource partitioning across sub-accelerators and layer execution schedule need to be carefully optimized. Therefore, we also present Herald, a framework for co-optimizing hardware partitioning and layer scheduling. Using Herald on a suite of AR/VR and MLPerf workloads, we identify a promising HDA architecture, Maelstrom, which demonstrates 65.3% lower latency and 5.0% lower energy compared to the best fixed dataflow accelerators and 22.0% lower energy at the cost of 20.7% higher latency compared to a state-of-the-art reconfigurable DNN accelerator (RDA). The results suggest that HDA is an alternative class of Pareto-optimal accelerators to RDA with strength in energy, which can be a better choice than RDAs depending on the use cases.


For the screening purposes urine is an especially attractive biofluid, since it offers easy and noninvasive sample collection and provides a snapshot of the whole metabolic status of the organism, which may change under different pathological conditions. Raman spectroscopy (RS) has the potential to monitor these changes and utilize them for disease diagnostics. The current study utilizes mouse models aiming to compare the feasibility of the urine based RS combined with chemometrics for diagnosing kidney diseases directly influencing urine composition and respiratory tract diseases having no direct connection to urine formation. The diagnostic models for included diseases were built using principal component analysis with linear discriminant analysis and validated with a leave‐one‐mouse‐out cross‐validation approach. Considering kidney disorders, the accuracy of 100% was obtained in discrimination between sick and healthy mice, as well as between two different kidney diseases. For asthma and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis achieved accuracies were noticeably lower, being, respectively, 77.27% and 78.57%. In conclusion, our results suggest that RS of urine samples not only provides a solution for a rapid, sensitive and noninvasive diagnosis of kidney disorders, but also holds some promises for the screening of nonurinary tract diseases.


In the spring of 1983 a large debris flow occurred in the drainage of Birch Creek, near Fountain Green in central Utah. During the debris-flow activity, a new channel was incised into part of the alluvial fan at the mouth of the canyon. This channel was up to 20 meters deep, approximately one kilometer long, and exposed layers of unconsolidated materials representing distinct depsotional events. Based on morphology and analysis of sedimentological parameters, at least 17 deposits were identified as paleo-debris-flows in the upper part of the alluvial fan. By dating deposits, the average recurrence interval for debris flows to reach this location was determined to be 206 years during the period 4210 to 710 years B.P. At a point lower on the alluvial fan, where eight paleo-debris flows were identified, the average recurrence interval was established to be 296 years during the period 4470 to 2105 years B.P. Exceedance probabilities were calculated for debris flows to reach these two positions on the fan during different intervals of late Holocene time. The techniques used at this site could be applied to other alluvial fans to estimate the hazard from debris flows in probabilitic terms.


Previous studies demonstrate the initiation of colon cancers through deregulation of WNT‐TCF signalling. An accepted but untested extension of this finding is that incurable metastatic colon carcinomas (CCs) universally remain WNT‐TCF‐dependent, prompting the search for WNT‐TCF inhibitors. CCs and their stem cells also require Hedgehog (HH)‐GLI1 activity, but how these pathways interact is unclear. Here we define coincident high‐to‐low WNT‐TCF and low‐to‐high HH‐GLI transitions in patient CCs, most strikingly in their CD133+ stem cells, that mark the development of metastases. We find that enhanced HH‐GLI mimics this transition, driving also an embryonic stem (ES)‐like stemness signature and that GLI1 can be regulated by multiple CC oncogenes. The data support a model in which the metastatic transition involves the acquisition or enhancement of a more primitive ES‐like phenotype, and the downregulation of the early WNT‐TCF programme, driven by oncogene‐regulated high GLI1 activity. Consistently, TCF blockade does not generally inhibit tumour growth; instead, it, like enhanced HH‐GLI, promotes metastatic growth in vivo. Treatments for metastatic disease should therefore block HH‐GLI1 but not WNT‐TCF activities.


This study on customer service focused on four five star hotels in Nairobi. Some hotels have recorded reduced business activities due to the quality of services that they offer to customers. The study sought to give an assessment of the effectiveness of staff training in the enhancement of customer service in the improvement of such services that might have contributed to such a drop in business. The study identified the kind of training offered to the staff in the customer service department, quality of service offered to customers, the nature of customer compliments, suggestions and complaints. The study would also make policy recommendations and suggest areas for the benefit of all stakeholders in the hotel industry. Using a combination of purposive, multistage, systematic and simple random sampling techniques, a sample of four(4) five star hotel, four customer contact departments in each hotel and forty, (40) management staff from these four hotels will be sampled. Primary data was mainly obtained using structured and self-administered questionnaire, which was pre-tested to ensure reliability and validity. The data collected was be analyzed using a combination of statistical techniques. These included cross-tabulations, tally marks, range percentages, average and ratios. The analyzed data was interpreted and presented through charts, frequency tables and in textual fOI111Sfor clarity.


The 'shadow banking system' refers to a system of credit-provision occurring outside of the official regulatory perimeter of commercial banks. Facilitated by securitization vehicles, mutual funds, hedge funds, investment banks and mortgage companies, the function and regulation of these shadow banking institutions has come under increasing scrutiny after the subprime crisis of 2007–8. Matthias Thiemann examines how regulators came to tolerate the emergence of links between the banking and shadow banking systems. Through a comparative analysis of the US, France, the Netherlands and Germany, he argues that fractured domestic and global governance systems determining the regulatory approach to these links ultimately aggravated the recent financial crisis. Since 2008, shadow banking has even expanded and the incentives for banks to bend the rules have only increased with increasing regulation. Thiemann's empirical work suggests how state-finance relations could be restructured to keep the banking system under state control and avoid future financial collapses.


In this Article, I defend the interpretive attitude of professionalism. Professionalism is a stance toward the law which accepts that a lawyer is not merely an agent of her client. Rather, in carrying out her client's lawful instructions, a lawyer has an obligation to apply the law to her client's situation with due regard to the meaning of legal norms, not merely their formal expression. Professionalism requires a lawyer acting in a representative capacity to respect the achievement represented by law, namely the final settlement of contested issues (both factual and normative) with a view toward enabling coordinated action in our highly complex, pluralistic society. This social function of law gives it legitimacy, in the sense that the law becomes worthy of being taken seriously, interpreted in good faith with due regard to its meaning, and not simply seen as an obstacle standing in the way of the client's goals. The grounds for the authority of law entail a conception of lawyers as custodians of the law, which in turn entails principles of legal interpretation that constrain the manipulation of legal norms to serve the ends of clients. The jurisprudential argument in the Article relies on the nature of language and its inability to capture the full range of meaning that a text must bear. In other words, there is no such thing as a self-interpreting legal text that regulates the actions of lawyers or clients apart from the exercise of interpretive judgment by a community of professionals. As a consequence, the law cannot operate as a device to settle normative conflict and coordinate activity without a commitment on the part of law-interpreters to respect the substantive meaning standing behind the formal expression of legal norms. This theory of interpretation stands in contrast to the prevailing belief of many scholars and practicing lawyers, which can be labeled legal realism, law-as-price, or the Holmesian bad man view of law. This view regards the law as functioning in practical reasoning as only one cost among many, and not as the expression of a view that individuals should, or should not do something. Professionalism, by contrast, requires lawyers to treat the law as having normative significance as such. After first considering a simple hypothetical case, the Article takes up three recent controversies - tax shelters, the Enron transactions, and the torture memos prepared by Justice Department lawyers - that show clearly the distinction between professionalism in interpretation and the Holmesian bad man stance toward the law. In my view, if the lawyers involved in those cases deserve moral criticism, it is not due to the moral wrongfulness of the clients' ends, but for failing in their responsibilities to treat the law as legitimate. This paper is an updated version of a work-in-progress previously published on SSRN under the title The Jurisprudence of Enron: Professionalism as Interpretation.