In this study performance characteristics of ammonia engines using direct injection strategies are investigated. Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel, and thus its combustion does not produce carbon dioxide, a critical greenhouse gas. Ammonia can be produced by using renewable energy sources (e.g., wind and solar) and used as an energy carrier. Recent research also has shown that the efficiency of solar thermochemical production of ammonia can be increased by combining the ammonia solid-state synthesis cycle with hydrogen production. Ammonia is under consideration for a potential storage method for wind energy. Ammonia's nature as carbon-free and its ability to be renewably produced make it an alternative to fossil fuels.
In this study two direct injection strategies are tested and performance data, and exhaust emissions are recorded and analyzed.
The first strategy tested liquid direct injection in a compression-ignition (diesel) engine utilizing highly advanced injection timings. Ammonia was used with dimethyl ether (DME) in a duel fuel combustion strategy. Ammonia was mixed with DME prior to injection. DME was chosen as a diesel substitute for its close fuel properties to ammonia. Three ammonia-DME ratios were tested: 100%DME, 60%DME-40%NH3, and 40%DME-60%NH3. Engine speeds of 1900 rpm and 2500 rpm were used based on the operational capability of 40%DME-60%NH3.
Operation at 40%DME-60%NH3 required injection timing ranging from 90-340. Highly advanced injection timings resulted in homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion (HCCI). Cycle-to-cycle variations were reduced with increased load. NOx, NH3, CO, CO2, and HC were reduced with increased load for 40%DME-60%NH3. Low temperature combustion from low in-cylinder temperature from ammonia vaporization resulted in low NOx emissions meeting EPA emissions standards for small engine operation.
The second strategy tested gaseous direct injection of ammonia in a spark-ignition (gasoline) engine. A CFR engine was operated at idle using the existing gasoline port injection system. Ammonia was directly injected using a solenoid injector. A ruthenium catalyst was implementing to partially decompose ammonia into hydrogen. Testing was performed over a range of seven performance modes using gasoline, gasoline-ammonia, and gasoline-ammonia with ruthenium catalyst. Injection timings of 270, 320, and 370 BTDC were used.
Gasoline-ammonia showed little improvement in break specific energy consumption and CO2, and exhibited increased levels of NOx and HC over performance modes using gasoline only. Due to ammonia's low flammability limits and slow flame speed combustion efficiency was reduced. With the ruthenium catalyst Improvements in flywheel power were seen over performance modes without catalyst. The peak in-cylinder pressure was increased, and the start of ignition was advanced over both gasoline-ammonia and gasoline only performance modes. There was a significant reduction in NOx and NH3 present in the exhaust. Hydrogen present in the fuel increased combustion efficiency due to…


1. Experiments are reported which aimed at determining whether transferrin loses sialyl residues from the carbohydrate side-chains during the biological lifetime of the molecule. To explore this possibility, transferrin fractions of relatively high sialic acid content (referred to as sialotransferrin) were prepared from purified rabbit and bovine transferrin by preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. After labelling with 125 I, the preparations were injected into a group of three rabbits each. From the plasma samples obtained between 1 h and 6–8 days after injection, transferrin was partially purified, mixed with 131 I-labelled asialotransferrin of the corresponding species and run in preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. In each specimen examined, the 125 I radioactivity migrated ahead of the marker asialotransferrin, and no portion of the dose was detected with the electrophoretic mobility of asialotransferrin. 2. Evidence is presented that bovine transferrin desialylated in vitro remains detectable in the plasma of rabbits for intervals which are comparable with those found in previous studies with rabbit asialotransferrin. 3. A mathematical model is described for the computation of asialo- to sialotransferrin radioactivity ratios in the plasma, continuous desialylation of pulse-injected sialotransferrin being assumed. Calculations were made at various hypothetical rates of desialylation. 4. On the basis of the experimental data and the model it is concluded that transferrin (both rabbit and bovine) is not subjected to systematic desialylation in rabbits. Random desialylation of some transferrin could take place at rates less than 5% of the fractional catabolic rate of transferrin, which would be without any biological significance.


Objective To study the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and to assess potential risk factors and possible complications among children aged 6–12 years. Background H. pylori infection is said to be associated with growth delay in children, resistant iron-deficiency anemia, chronic antral gastritis that is related to duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, and probably gastric adenocarcinoma. Participants and methods A cross-sectional study included randomly selected 384 apparently healthy children from whom blood samples were collected after obtaining their parents' written consent. The study included 179 males and 205 females, and their age ranged from 6 to 12 years. Sociodemographic data and history of risk factors were obtained through a questionnaire. For every child, H. pylori antibody in serum was tested using H. pylori Antibody Rapid Test Cassette to detect the overexposure of H. pylori. Results Results of this study showed that prevalence of the overexposure to H. pylori was 45.1%. A significant association was found between each of previous usage of municipal tap water drinking, lack of personal hygiene, and contact with domestic animals and H. pylori infection, whereas there was no significant association between age, sex, or socioeconomic level and H. pylori infection. Conclusion In Menoufia Governorate, the seroprevalence of H. pylori was 45.1%. Tap water, lack of personal hygiene, and contact with domestic animal were major risk factors.


Through an alternate analysis, the results of Hamilton and Blackstock [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83, 74–77 (1988)] are reviewed and a new interpretation is presented. In this view, the nonlinearity of the momentum equation is examined, and its effect on the coefficient of nonlinearity is revealed.


Biogas plants can contribute significantly to the integration of renewable energy sources in the energy system due to their flexible operability. The storability of the energy carrier enables them to generate power in a demand-oriented way and to participate in electricity markets that focus on balancing power supply and demand. In this study process simulation was used to investigate the economic and technical effects of flexible power generation on an Austrian biogas plant that focuses on biomethane production. Three different power generation scenarios were evaluated considering participation in the electricity spot market and markets for control energy reserves, while continuously producing biomethane. The results show that no major technical adaptions are needed for flexible power generation but an appropriate support scheme (premium system) is required to make demand-oriented power generation economically viable. The determined required premium was 37.3-99.9 EUR/MWh depending on the power generation scenario.


We use the distributional approach to determine the asymptotic expansion of the Hankel integral ∫0∞ Φ(x) x–λ Jν(bx) dx for arbitrarily large b. We find that the approach reproduces the known Poincare asymptotic expansion plus the exactifying terms that are missed out by the Poincare expansion. It is demonstrated that exactifying the Poincare expansion does not necessarily produce an expansion that is superior to the Poincare expansion in numerically approximating the Hankel integral. However, it is also demonstrated that a rearrangement of the exactified expansion may lead to an expansion that is more accurate than the Poincare asymptotic expansion.


In this paper, previous work on chalcogenide-glass (ChG)-based radiation sensors is extended to include the effects of mechanical strain and temperature stress on sensors formed on a flexible polymer substrate. We demonstrate the feasibility of producing inexpensive flexible radiation sensors, which utilize radiation-induced migration of Ag+ ions in germanium selenide ( Ge20Se80) films to produce a decrease in resistance of several orders of magnitude between surface electrodes. This change in resistance can be related to total ionizing dose to give an instantaneous readout of radiation exposure. The ChG films are inherently flexible and this, along with an extremely simple device fabrication process at or near room temperature, allows inexpensive sensor structures to be fabricated on lightweight pliable polymeric substrates such as polyethylene napthalate (PEN). Test samples were irradiated with ionizing radiation (UV light and 60 Cobalt gamma rays). Irradiated samples were subjected to both tensile and compressive stress, and elevated operating temperatures. Stress and exposure to increased ambient temperature had little effect on device resistance. Analysis of the experimental data is supported by the results of COMSOL simulations that model radiation-induced lateral Ag diffusion in ChG.


The trading activity in the German intraday electricity market has increased significantly over the last years. This is partially due to an increasing share of renewable energy, wind and photovoltaic, which requires power generators to balance out the forecasting errors in their production. We investigate the bidding behavior in the intraday market by looking at both last prices and continuous bidding, in the context of a fundamental model. A unique data set of 15-minute intraday prices and intraday-updated forecasts of wind and photovoltaic has been employed and price bids are modelled by prior information on fundamentals. We show that intraday prices adjust asymmetrically to both forecasting errors in renewables and to the volume of trades dependent on the threshold variable demand quote, which reflects the expected demand covered by the planned traditional capacity in the day-ahead market. The location of the threshold can be used by market participants to adjust their bids accordingly, given the latest updates in the wind and photovoltaic forecasting errors and the forecasts of the control area balances.


We propose a real-time optimization algorithm that selects an appropriate channel code for hybrid systems that combine packetization of an embedded wavelet bitstream into independently decodable packets and forward error correction using a family of channel codes with error detection and error correction capability. Such systems are very powerful for the transmission of audio, images, and video over fading and erasure channels with varying statistics. We also give an implementation that uses an optimal packetization technique and a concatenated cyclic redundancy check/rate-compatible punctured convolutional coder. Experimental results show that the peak signal-to-noise ratio of the average mean square error of our system is up to 1.74 dB higher than that of the previous best hybrid system for a Rayleigh fading channel and a transmission rate of 0.25 bits per pixel. Finally, we compare the hybrid approach to a state-of-the-art approach that uses a product code to protect the information bitstream.


Hate crimes are crimes that are motivated by personal prejudice or bias. Hate-crime laws criminalise such conduct and allow for the imposition of aggravated penalties on convicted perpetrators. This article examines the historical, social and political factors which influenced the shaping and enactment of the first British hate-crime law. The South African context is also considered since the Department of Justice has recently released the Prevention and Combatting of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill for public commentary and input. While Britain has had a long historical record of criminal conduct that was motivated by the race and the ethnicity of victims, it was only in the twentieth century that civil society first drew attention to the problem of violent racist crimes. Nevertheless, successive British governments denied the problem of racist crimes and refused to consider the enactment of a hate-crime law. Following a high-profile racist murder and a governmental inquiry, a British Labour Party-led government eventually honoured its pre-election commitment and passed a hate-crime law in 1998. Some parallels are apparent between the British and the South African contexts. South Africa also has a long historical record of racially motivated hate crimes. Moreover, in the post-apartheid era there have been numerous reports of racist hate crimes and hate crimes against Black lesbian women and Black foreigners. Despite several appeals from the academic and non-governmental sectors for the enactment of a hate-crime law, and the circulation for public commentary of the Prevention and Combating of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill , such a law has hitherto not been enacted in South Africa. This article posits that the enactment of a hate-crime law is a constitutional imperative in South Africa in terms of the right to equality and the right to freedom and security of the person. While the enactment of a hate-crime law in South Africa is recommended, it is conceded that enacting a hate-crime law will not eradicate criminal conduct motivated by prejudice and bias.


n the 1960s a group of Brazilian legal educators dissatisfied with the state of legal education in their country sought support from the Ford Foundation and USAID for a project designed to spur reform. They created the Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas no Ensino do Direito (Ceped) and developed an innovative course in economic law. The project was initially successful but the course only lasted seven years: the project effectively came to and end in 1973 and the reform effort faltered. Thirty years later Brazil's prestigious Fundac Getulio Vargas (FGV) created new law schools in Rio and Sao Paulo: these schools looked back to Ceped for inspiration. The essay, written for an informal history of Ceped, reflects on this 40 year experience. It asks why Ceped failed to overcome the barriers to reform it faced in the 1970s and shows how, because of changed conditions in Brazil, FGV overcame them in the 21st century. The essay argues that democratization, liberalization, privatization, the globalization of knowledge, and a boom in corporate legal practice helped make the successful FGV experiment possible.


Latin Americans have written some of the world's finest poetry in the twentieth century, as the Nobel Prizes awarded to Gabriela Mistral, Pablo Neruda, and Octavio Paz attest. Yet this rich literary production has never been gathered into a single volume that attempts to represent the full range and the most important writers-until now. Here, under one cover, are the major poets and their major works, which appear both in the original language (Spanish or Portuguese) and in excellent English translations. The poems selected include the most famous representative poems of each poetic tradition, accompanied by other poems that represent the best of that tradition and of each poet's work within it. Tapscott's selections cover the full range, from the Modernist generation though the Mexican Revolutionary post-Moderns and the Vanguardist poets to very contemporary younger writers of political and experimental commitments. In all, eighty-five poets, including Pablo Neruda, Nicanor Parra, Octavio Paz, Gabriela Mistral, Nicolas Guillen, Jorge Luis Borges, Julio Cortazar, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Carlos Pellicer, Cesar Vallejo, and Cecilia Meireles, and over 400 poems are included, often in translations by some of North America's most esteemed poets.


The twenty-first century business environment is expanding and increasingly attracting the interest of countries from developed and developing nations of the world. As countries of the world become increasingly interdependent and interconnected because of global market and diverse consumer needs, it is critically important that participating countries and their organizations understand and appreciate one another's cultural differences in order to ensure growth and sustainability in international business. Recent studies have traced the failure of some international business ventures to three significant factors: lack of intercultural skills and competence, inability to communicate effectively at a global level, and failure to practice acceptable etiquette in business negotiations. Therefore, businesses from different countries need to appreciate the importance of understanding the cultures and values of their counterparts as well as develop intercultural communication sensitivity and decorum. This paper then is an attempt toward analyzing the significance and role of intercultural communication and etiquette in international business. Recommendations for appropriate practices and acceptable conducts among nations are provided.


Background: Extracting a decayed tooth and replacing it or trying to save it is one of the most common chief complaints, and every patient is given a variety of viable treatment options. Cost of each option plays a major role in the patient's decision. Aim: The aim was to compare the costs of three treatment modalities in the private dental clinics in Riyadh and Al-Hasa, dental implants placement to replace a missing tooth or to replace a missing tooth with a fixed dental prosthesis (FDP), or to save the tooth with endodontic treatment and crown lengthening and an FDP. Materials and Methods: An interview-based survey was done in the private dental clinics in both Riyadh and Al-Hasa. Convenience sampling was used to choose the clinics. Results: A total of 52 clinics were surveyed. Average costs of a single ceramo-metal, all ceramic and zirconium FDP were 589, 857, and 1241 S. R., respectively. Average costs of a 3-unit ceramo-metal, all ceramic, and zirconium FDP were 1595, 2329, and 3402 S. R., respectively. Average costs of randomized control trials of anterior and posterior teeth were 507 and 733 S. R., respectively. The average cost of the crown lengthening surgical procedure was 411 S. R. Average baseline cost for a single dental implant was 3907 S. R., and the average cost for placing an immediate dental implant was 2972 S. R. Moreover finally, the average cost for replacing the anterior and posterior teeth with dental implants were 3199 and 3176 S. R., respectively. Patients nowadays are faced with a variety of treatment options to replace or save a tooth, one of the most important factors in this decision-making process in the financial factor. This research's results revealed that the highest discrepancy margin in the price was for the treatment with implant therapy, followed by the replacement with a 3-unit FDP and finally the procedures to try and save the tooth. Conclusion: Treatment with implant therapy in both Riyadh and Al-Hasa is still the costliest treatment modality compared to the other modalities, but by a smaller cost margin compared to what it used to be in previous years.


There has been a rapid proliferation of machine learning/deep learning (ML) models and wide adoption of them in many application domains. This has made profiling and characterization of ML model performance an increasingly pressing task for both hardware designers and system providers, as they would like to offer the best possible system to serve ML models with the target latency, throughput, cost, and energy requirements while maximizing resource utilization. Such an endeavor is challenging as the characteristics of an ML model depend on the interplay between the model, framework, system libraries, and the hardware (or the HW/SW stack). Existing profiling tools are disjoint, however, and only focus on profiling within a particular level of the stack, which limits the thoroughness and usefulness of the profiling results.This paper proposes XSP — an across-stack profiling design that gives a holistic and hierarchical view of ML model execution. XSP leverages distributed tracing to aggregate and correlate profile data from different sources. XSP introduces a leveled and iterative measurement approach that accurately captures the latencies at all levels of the HW/SW stack in spite of the profiling overhead. We couple the profiling design with an automated analysis pipeline to systematically analyze 65 state-of-the-art ML models. We demonstrate that XSP provides insights which would be difficult to discern otherwise.


Titanium-based alloys are used extensively in orthopaedic implants due to their low cytotoxicity and high mechanical strength. However these issues can also limit full implant functionality, particularly for patients with complex orthopaedic issues. The surfaces of Ti-based implants do not typically induce strong mechanical interlocking, and the elastic modulus mismatch between the implant and host bone can lead to stress shielding and bone resorption. These issues often necessitate painful and costly revision surgeries. Major strategies in solving these problems include the use of alternate fabrication processes such as selective laser melting (SLM), surface coating with bone-like minerals, and the use of hydrogels as temporary intermediaries between the implant and growing host tissue.


The POSSIBLE WINNER problem asks whether some distinguished candidate may become the winner of an election when the given incomplete votes are extended into complete ones in a favorable way. POSSIBLE WINNER is NP-complete for common voting rules such as Borda, many other positional scoring rules, Bucklin, Copeland etc. We investigate how three different parameterizations influence the computational complexity of POSSIBLE WINNER for a number of voting rules. We show fixed-parameter tractability results with respect to the parameter "number of candidates" but intractability results with respect to the parameter "number of votes". Finally, we derive fixed-parameter tractability results with respect to the parameter "total number of undetermined candidate pairs" and identify an interesting polynomial-time solvable special case for Borda.


Local stresses within granular materials are random variables whose variance depends on the size of the elementary surface considered. This paper shows that this 'mechanical scale effect' is closely related to internal random variations of porosity ('geometric scale effect') and can be described through a simple analytical expression supported by experimental data obtained on Schneebeli's material. The results presented are relevant to problems of measurement of stresses within coarse geomaterials used in civil engineering.


Interdiffusion in multi-phase diffusion couples of polycrystalline Ti and polysynthetically twinned (PST) Ti-49.3 at.% Al, with the diffusion direction parallel to the lamellar planes, is investigated in the temperature range 973 – 1173 K. A reaction zone (RZ) of the α2-Ti3Al phase forms between the end materials and exhibits deeper penetration in the α2 lamellae than in the primary γ lamellae. The mass balance and the lamellar thickness across the RZ / PST interface are believed to be the major factors that lead to the different behaviors in the penetration depth of the RZ. Direct measurements of the RZ thickness reveal a parabolic growth of the RZ, indicating a diffusion-controlled growth macroscopically. Concentration profiles from the Ti, through the RZ, into the PST γ and α2 lamellae are measured by x-ray spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope. Deviations from a diffusion-controlled composition profile indicate some extent of interface-controlled growth. Plateaus are seen in the concentration profiles in the RZ adjacent to the RZ/PST interface, extending through most of the deeply penetrated well region. The interfacial energy and strain energy are possible reasons for the plateaus. The interdiffusion coefficients are found to be largely independent of composition with a temperature dependence that obeys the Arrhenius relationship. Comments Copyright Materials Research Society. Reprinted from MRS Proceedings Volume 753. 2002 Fall Meeting Symposium BB Defect Properties and Related Phenomena in Intermetallic Alloys Publisher URL: http://www.mrs.org/members/proceedings/fall2002/bb/BB4_5.pdf This conference paper is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/mse_papers/21 Microscopic and Quantitative Investigations on PST Ti-Al / Ti Reaction Diffusion Couples Ling Pan, David E. Luzzi Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A.


Constructed stormwater wetlands are one strategy for mitigating the negative effects of urbanization on aquatic ecosystems. However, the biotic community in these wetlands generally is dominated by organisms able to tolerate poor water quality. Reduced macroinvertebrate diversity and abundance in comparison to natural wetlands, and prevalence of invasive species, such as Gambusia, can influence the flow of energy through food webs. We used stable-isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) of food webs to assess whether the amount of catchment urbanization (total imperviousness [imperviousness] = % catchment covered in impervious surfaces) influenced basal resources and trophic relationships in constructed wetlands in Melbourne, Australia. As imperviousness increased, the abundance and diversity of macroinvertebrates decreased significantly and the values of δ13C and δ15N recorded for fishes and macroinvertebrates increased significantly. An increase in imperviousness was associated with a decrease in the mean trophic position of fishes and an increase in the mean trophic position of macroinvertebrates. Our results suggest that sources of C differed between sites of low and high imperviousness and that N sources increased with increasing imperviousness. Our study provides an understanding of the likely consequences of disturbance associated with urbanization on the foodweb structure of constructed wetlands.


Concomitant displaced vertical neck fracture and unstable 4-part trochanteric fracture in the ipsilateral femur has seen rarely but they can occur on occasions. One such case was seen a 56-year-old male patient with both of those fractures. He underwent dynamic hip screw fixation for intertrochanteric and neck fracture with a candy- packing wiring for reduction of lesser trochanteric fragment. At the 18th month follow-up after surgery, all fracture sites were united with no evidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head on radiograph and the function of the hip joint was restored without pain. We would report this case with a review of the literature; the anatomical reduction and stable internal fixation are an important factor for a good prognosis in a young patient with concomitant displaced vertical neck fracture and unstable 4-part trochanteric fracture in the ipsilateral femur.


The sustainability of two scenarios for the exploitation of Jatropha curcas biomass was assessed using a suitable sustainability framework. The first scenario, or base case (BC), was set up as a traditional biodiesel process with crude glycerin as the only co-product. The second scenario was a biorefinery plant (BR) that builds on the BC by including thermochemical transformations of lignocellulosic biomass into bio-oil, bio-char, and heat and power for internal consumption. The process lifecycle was divided in two stages: (1) cultivation and (2) transformation. The BC scenario was only sustainable in the Renewability category. Expanding the system to a biorefinery (BR scenario) improved performance on all other indicators. The biorefinery was also sustainable in the Economics, Community development, and Mitigation categories. None of the scenarios was sustainable in the fossils-based products Displacement category. The main areas for improvement were the use of water for irrigation, and the high inputs of agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, and herbicides). Seed yield is a critical variable that affects most sustainability indicators. The capital investment would be recovered after year 10 in the current economic context. The cultivation stage is largely responsible for the impacts of both cases as it contributes the most to the production costs (62–77%), environmental impacts, nonrenewable energy consumption (66–68%), and freshwater consumption (97–98%). Hence, even though diversifying the products portfolio improves the values of all sustainability indicators, it is clear that optimizing the agronomic stage is crucial for attaining the sustainability of the overall system. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Supporting information may be found in the online version of this article.


Invasive species directly threaten freshwater biodiversity, particularly in regions of high aquatic richness like the Pacific Northwest (PNW). Crayfish are among the most impactful of aquatic invasive species. Invasive crayfish are considered ecosystem engineers due to their ability to alter basic wetland properties, such as reducing vegetation and bank integrity and increasing turbidity. In areas where invasion is advanced, crayfish pose major economic and ecological problems. Crayfish have been widely introduced for aquaculture and can become established in a wide range of habitat conditions. They also may be spread by anglers who use them as bait. Several non-native crayfish are established in the PNW, but the extent of their invasion is not well known. At least two groups are known from scattered sites in the PNW, and both have proven problematic for native species in other parts of the world: Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and several members of the genus Orconectes. Both groups are native to areas of the eastern United States. Both are identified globally as invasives of high concern and appear on the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife's "10 Most Unwanted" and the U.S. Forest Service's "Primary Species of Concern" lists for stream systems in the PNW. Despite the presence of introduced crayfish in the PNW and their high potential for negative effects, the scope of their invasion and effects on aquatic systems are not well known. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), along with local groups and state agencies, is working to clarify crayfish distribution and to outline which basins may not yet be invaded. Other goals are to improve understanding of habitat associations of invasive crayfish and their potential effects on native crayfish.


The starting point in the theory of the regularity of the
Jacobian is the celebrated result due to S. Muller [M] that for an orientation preserving mapping f e W1,n loc (Ω, Rn), J belongs to the Zygmund space L log L(K) for any compact K C Ω.
The improved integrability property of the Jacobian could be observed in Orlicz-Sobolev spaces near W-1,n loc (Ω, Rn)(see [IS], [BFS], [MO], [GIOV], [GIM])).
As suggested in [BFS] it is interesting to study the regularity of the Jacobian when Df belongs to Lorentz spaces. It appears that to get positive results one cannot rely only on these spaces but it is forced to encode the theory in the Lorentz-Zygmund spaces.
It is also possible to extend this study to the couple (B,E), B : Ω → Rn, E → Rn, of vector fields on Ω, such that divB = 0 and curl E = 0, having the scalar product ‹ B,E › nonnegative. In this case we obtain results of higher integrability for the scalar product ‹ B,E ›. R. Coifman, P.L. Lions, Y. Meyer and S. Semmes in a famous paper "Compensated compactness and Hardy spaces" studied the regularity of the mappings with Jacobian of arbitrary sign and as a consequence of couple (B,E), belonging to Lebesgue
spaces, where divB = 0 and curl E = 0 whose scalar product is of arbitrary sign. Following this idea, we study analogous regularity properties of couple in the framework of Lorentz spaces.
The last chapter is devoted to study nondivergence elliptic equations, applying the results found previously. We develop a theory for elliptic equations with bounded coecients having sufficiently small BMO-norm and we find a higher integrability of the solution. More delicate is the case of unbounded coecients, our main result is a L2 log L estimate for |V2u|.


Background: Low food intake is a frequent problem in undernourished hospital patients. Objective: To study whether a reorganization of a hospital catering system enabling patients to choose their evening meal individually, in combination with an increase in the energy density of the food, increases the energy and protein intake of the patients. Design: Observational study comparing the food intake before and twice after the implementation of the new system, the first time by specially trained staff and the second time by ordinary staff members, following training. The amount of food served, eaten and wasted was measured, and energy and protein intake calculated. Results: The quartile of patients with the lowest energy intake consumed on average 128 kJ per patient [(95% confidence interval (CI) 79-178 kJ] with the old system; with the new system they consumed 560 kJ per patient (95% CI 489-631 kJ) on the first occasion, and 1021 kJ per patient (95% CI 939-1104 kJ) on the second occasion. With the old system, the wastage was on average 276 g per patient (48% of the total amount produced) compared with 118 g per patient (30%) and 78 g (21%) on the two test occasions with the new system. Conclusions: Reorganization of a hospital catering system can increase energy and protein intake and reduce waste substantially. Keywords: hospital food; nutritional risk; undernutrition


The 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act had a profound impact on the demographic and skill composition of immigrants arriving in the United States. A large literature has investigated the relative earnings of immigrants and natives, but much less is known about relative wealth accumulation and the preparation of immigrants for retirement. This paper compares the retirement preparation of older immigrants to that of native-born households using an annualized comprehensive measure of available resources. We find that immigrants have less wealth overall, but that they appear to be drawing down resources at a slower rate. We attempt to make sense of the trends in annualized wealth with the help of a life-cycle framework that incorporates uncertain longevity, bequests, risk in retirement resources, as well as endogenous housing wealth. Simulations from the model indicate that it is difficult to match the observed patterns in annualized wealth without the combination of both an explicit bequest motive and an explicit treatment of housing choice. These patterns mask a good deal of heterogeneity, however, in terms of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Some of the largest differences within immigrants occur along the margins of race and ethnicity, as well as the number of years since arrival. The evidence suggests that the typical immigrant is relatively well situated in retirement, but that more recent immigrants have low levels of total resources and are likely to have difficulty maintaining adequate levels of spending in retirement.


ObjectiveTo assess the feasibility and acceptability of bimonthly home oral fluid (OF) and dried blood spot (DBS) collection for HIV testing among high-risk individuals. DesignA total of 241 participants [including men who have sex with men (MSM), injecting drug users (IDU), and women at heterosexual risk] were recruited from a randomly selected subset of study participants enrolled at four sites in the HIV Network for Prevention Trials (HIVNET) cohort, and assigned at random to bimonthly home collection of OF or DBS specimens over a 6 month interval. Participants could select telephone calls or clinic visits to receive HIV test results. MethodsBimonthly specimens were tracked for adherence to the schedule, were evaluated for adequacy for testing, and tested using antibody assays and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for DBS. The acceptability of bimonthly home OF and DBS collection and telephone counseling was assessed in an end-of-study questionnaire. ResultsThe laboratory received 96 and 90% of expected OF and DBS specimens, respectively; 99% of each specimen type was adequate for testing. Almost all (95%) participants chose results disclosure by telephone. The majority of participants (85%) reported that bimonthly testing did not make them worry more about HIV, and almost all (98%) judged that with bimonthly testing their risk behavior remained the same (77%) or became less risky (21%). ConclusionBimonthly home specimen collection of both OF and DBS with telephone counseling is acceptable and feasible among study participants at high risk. These methods will be useful for the early detection of HIV infection and remote follow-up of research cohort participants in HIV vaccine and prevention trials.


Dynamic collaborations are the means by which a group of autonomous entities collaborate to achieve common objectives through sharing their own resources (e.g. specialised applications, controlled information and data, and storage and networking infrastructures). With the emergence of "cloud computing", it is now possible to share such resources as services. However, sharing such resource services requires that the participants agree to the terms and conditions of their responsibilities, as well as access to information and policies regulating their behaviour within the collaboration. This is done through the use of an eContract that captures the contributed resource-oriented services, as well as their respective service level agreements. One of the unique characteristics of the contract in dynamic collaborations is that each autonomous participant must agree with the services contributed by other participants against a set of its own policies. Within this context, this paper presents an efficient contract negotiation algorithm, called conflict neighbouring algorithm (CNA). We model and verify the algorithm using SPIN model checker, and compare its performance results with other alternative algorithms.


Johanna Drucker's "sweet dream" is for a new and more positive approach to contemporary art. Calling for a revamping of the academic critical vocabulary used to discuss art into one more befitting current creative practices, Drucker argues that contemporary art is fully engaged with material culture - yet still struggling to escape the oppositional legacy of the early twentieth-century avant-garde. Drucker shows that artists today are aware of working within the ideologies of mainstream culture and have replaced avant-garde defiance with eager complicity. Finding their materials at flea markets or exploring celebrity culture, contemporary artists have created a vibrantly participatory movement that exudes enthusiasm and affirmation - all while critics continue to cling to an outmoded vocabulary of opposition and radical negativity that defined modernism's avantgrade. At the cutting edge of new media research, Drucker surveys a wide range of exciting contemporary artists, demonstrating their clear departure from the past and petitioning viewers and critics to shift their terms and sensibilities as well. Sweet Dreams is a testament to the creative processes and self-conscious heterogeneity of art today as well as a revolutionary effort to solicit collaboration that will encourage the production of imaginative thought and contribute to contemporary life.


The North China Plain (NCP) belongs to the major maize (Zea mays L.) growing areas in China. Maize yields have increased steadily since the 1980s, but in recent years average yields have stabilized around 5000 kg ha -1 . The objective of this study was to quantify the production potential of summer and spring maize in the NCP. For this purpose the CERES-Maize model was calibrated and validated. The variability caused by climate was considered by using up to 30 yr of weather data from 14 meteorological stations across the NCP. Simulations were carried out for five different soil texture. Results were linked to a Geographic Information System (GIS). The results of the model calibration and validation showed a good fit between simulated and measured yield. Average simulated grain yield for summer maize was 4800 kg ha -1 and for spring maize was 5700 kg ha -1 . Yields of summer maize were limited by the duration of the growing period. In order to increase spring maize yields, two strategies were developed. The first approach was to sow spring maize at a time when water deficit was least likely to occur during the late vegetative, flowering, and grain-filling stages. A delay in sowing of 30 d shifted maize development closer to the rainy season and increased average yield by 13%. In a second test the use of a variety with a later flowering date as a result of a longer vegetative growth led to an average increase in yield of 15%.


With over 90,000 miles of road in Indiana, it is important that adjoining vegetation be maintained for safety concerns, road structure maintenance and aesthetics. Mowing is currently the main form of vegetation management on Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) roadsides. Ever-increasing fuel costs and the high labor demand associated with mowing leads to millions of dollars spent on in-house and contract mowing cycles each year. Drastic cost reductions can be achieved by reducing mowing cycles through the incorporation of other management tools including herbicide and native plantings. This study provides data on six herbicide tank mixtures (Milestone/Escort; Milestone/Escort/Plateau; Perspective; Perspective/Plateau; Viewpoint/Streamline; and 2,4-D/Escort/Plateau) and two mowing cycles (one-cycle and two-cycle) at six sites across the state. All herbicide treatments decreased broadleaf cover better than mowing treatments. Herbicide treatments containing Plateau, a plant growth regulator that retards cool-season grass growth, had the shortest grass height. Herbicide mixtures without Plateau were still shorter than mowing plots due to the seedhead suppression qualities found in the selective broadleaf herbicides. A cost savings of over 40% is achieved with one application of herbicide in lieu of one cycle of mowing. Further cost savings can be achieved through the planting of native vegetation, which was the focus of the second portion of this project. Four native seed mixes (western wheat, short grass, tall grass and short grass with forbs) were analyzed for use on right-of-ways. Successful native plantings have reduced maintenance costs for many DOTs across the country by eliminating mowing and herbicide needs. Drought and persistent weeds at study sites resulted in a sparse covering of native species during the year after planting. This is not uncommon for native roadside planting studies since many native grass species require two to three growing seasons to establish.


Homosexuality is generally viewed negatively. That is certainly the case in the Jewish and Christian holy books as well as the Quran, although opinions differ as to interpretation. The practice has been condemned by these religions. An Imam in Orlando, Florida, the site of the mass murder of homosexuals, has gone so far as to say that killing homosexuals would be the compassionate thing to do.It is not the purpose of this paper to review the history of homosexuality, or the pros and cons or moral standing of the practice. Readers can obtain that information by reading the items listed in the reference section of this paper. The goal of this study is more limited, to determine whether liberals and conservatives hold different views on homosexuality.The present study is part of a series on homosexuality. Other studies in the series look at trends on the acceptance of homosexuality and examine specific demographic variables such as gender, age, social class, level of education, religion and region to see whether these variables are significant. One study ranks the acceptance of homosexuality for 98 countries. Citations to some of those studies (with links) are listed in the reference section of the present.


Near-infrared surface-enhanced Raman scattering (NIR SERS) was detected with high sensitivity for two model compounds, crystal violet and the DNA base adenine, adsorbed on silver and gold colloidal particles in aqueous solutions. The NIR SERS spectra were measured with a fiber-optic probe with the use of a Ti:sapphire laser at 850 nm as the excitation source and a charge-coupled device (CCD) as the detection system. In a step to achieve the optimal electromagnetic SERS-enhancement conditions, silver and gold sols were modified to shift their extinction spectra more to the NIR region. Surface enhancement factors for both crystal violet and adenine were estimated to be on the order of 106 and 108 for gold and silver, respectively. A larger enhancement factor was observed for adenine with NIR excitation than with visible excitation. The benefits of NIR SERS and its potential applications are discussed.


The stratigraphic distribution of the planktonic foraminiferal species Globorotalia margaritae has been determined in 34 DSDP, ODP and piston core sites from throughout the world's oceans and from one land section. All these sites have good palaeomagnetic records, and thus the age of the first and last appearance of G. margaritae can be determined in each case. The results show strong diachronism and indicate that this is not a good species to use for correlation. There appears to be no simple explanation for this diachronism, dissolution is probably a contributing factor in the deeper sites, and the edges of the geographical range of the species show shorter stratigraphic ranges but these factors do not explain all the data. We suggest that diachronism in planktonic foraminifera may be common, but without global arrays of palaeomagnetically dated cores it will be very difficult to distinguish reliable species from unreliable ones.


There are limited studies completed in the East African region to assess barriers to adherence with amblyopia treatment and outcomes of this treatment. Our study aims to identify factors which are associated with higher adherence in amblyopia treatment. Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was obtained and a hospital-based retrospective and prospective observational study was performed at the pediatric ophthalmology clinic of Menelik II Referral Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from March 2015 to June 2015. Included in the study were Ethiopian children, between the ages of 4 and 8, with a clinical diagnosis of amblyopia defined as interocular acuity difference of at least 0.2 logMAR. We collected demographic and clinical data from charts. Parents were asked to estimate the number of hours they were able to administer patching in the past week and fill out a brief questionnaire addressing adherence, social stigma, and adverse effects associated with patching. Questions addressing parents' basic knowledge of amblyopia and its treatment were also included in the questionnaire. Fifty-three patients (25 male, 28 female) of mean age 6.4 + 1.3 years participated. Fortyone (77.3%) of patients were residents of the capital, Addis Ababa, and 73.6% spoke Amharic, the national language. Amblyopia was associated with strabismus (n=36), anisometropia (n=6) and combined mechanism (n=11). Mean duration of treatment was 19 months. Approximately one-third of the parents (28%) were found to be non-adherent to the amblyopia treatment. Adherence was associated with parental educational level (p= 0.003) and residual amblyopia (p=0.001). Only 23.4% of patients achieved residual amblyopia of 0.19 logMAR units or less. The main factor affecting the outcome of amblyopia treatment in this study was treatment adherence.


Non-scanning UV-(A&B) spectroradiometers of our own design have been deployed for long-term measurements at NDSC sites in both polar regions. Since 1997 spectral resolved UV-spectra are continuously recorded at Neumayer Station (Antarctica, 70.65°S, 8.25°W) and at Ny-Aalesund (Spitsbergen, 78.9°N, 11.9°E). Concerning some parameters which are important for UV radiative transfer the conditions differ significantly at these two stations. Due to the differences in the stability of the northern and southern polar vortex ozone depletion in spring is found only in some years at Spitsbergen whereas the Antarctic ozone hole can be observed every year over Antarctica. Our UV measurements are evaluated by taking into account total ozone data from ozone sondes and TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) satellite data. To suppress the dominating influence of cloud variations on the UV radiative transfer, the ratio of the irradiation at two wavelengths (300nm/320nm), the so-called ozone index, is being used. By making use of the daily available TOMS data the expected anticorrelation of the ozone index and the total ozone could be verified. For the observation period the comparison of changes in the ozone index and total ozone for different years leads to a quantitative relation between the two measurands, the radiation amplification factor of total ozone. Apart from the different variability in total ozone, there is a distinctive seasonal variation in ground albedo and cloud cover at Spitsbergen, which is not found at Neumayer Station. These parameters are determinative for UV fluxes at the ground. A comparison of the datasets from the two sites will be presented.


Within ethnography, observation and participation are interwoven as sociological research practice that involves watching, listening and asking questions about people's daily lives and experiences, and the meaning they attach to these. For ethnographic researchers a close and regular engagement with participants raises both practical and ethical challenges related to intrusion, relationship boundaries and issues of 'attachment' on leaving the field. Research that has the added dimension of profound sensitivity may also present the researcher with the challenge of managing the impacts on them of emotional stress caused by watching people's discomfort and suffering. This article discusses the author's methodological reflections on an ongoing ethnographic study of a cancer drop-in centre, focusing on the ways in which emotion and empathy shape researcher-respondent rapport. An underpinning theme of the discussion is the potential for emotion deluge and fatigue on the part of the researcher and the consequent need to establish self-care strategies.


Legal philosophers have long debated the question, what is law? But few in social science have attempted to explain the phenomenon of legal order. In this article, we build a rational choice model of legal order in an environment that relies exclusively on decentralized enforcement, such as we find in human societies prior to the emergence of the nation state and in many modern settings. We demonstrate that we can support an equilibrium in which wrongful behavior is effectively deterred by exclusively decentralized enforcement, specifically collective punishment. Equilibrium is achieved by an institution that supplies a common logic for classifying behavior as wrongful or not. We argue that several features ordinarily associated with legal order—such as generality, impersonality, open process, and stability—can be explained by the incentive and coordination problems facing collective punishment.


This article explores the concept of the automatic unfair dismissal that is regulated in s 187(1)(c) of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (LRA), where the reason for the dismissal is to "compel the employee to accept a demand in respect of any matter of mutual interest". This provision raised important questions of law, as it brought to the fore the conflict that existed between this provision and sections 188(1)(a)(ii) and 189 of the LRA, which permits dismissals for operational requirements. This dichotomy was dealt with by the court in Fry's Metals (Pty) Ltd v National Union of Metalworkers of SA 2003 ILJ 133 (LAC), but the decision was controversial and faced criticism. The decision of the court was consequently rendered incorrect, resulting in the amendment to s 187(1)(c), which now reads that a dismissal is automatically unfair if the reason for the dismissal is a refusal by employees to accept a demand in respect of any matter of mutual interest between them and their employer. However, it is doubtful whether the amended provision provides a solution to the contradiction that exists. Resultantly, this article seeks to critique the amendment and to make recommendations regarding the regulation of this part of labour law.


A key assumption in regression discontinuity analysis is that units cannot affect the value of their running variable through strategic behavior, or manipulation, in a way that leads to sorting on unobservable characteristics around the cutoff. Standard identification arguments break down if this condition is violated. This paper shows that treatment effects remain partially identified under weak assumptions on individuals' behavior in this case. We derive sharp bounds on causal parameters for both sharp and fuzzy designs, and show how additional structure can be used to further narrow the bounds. We use our methods to study the disincentive effect of unemployment insurance on (formal) reemployment in Brazil, where we find evidence of manipulation at an eligibility cutoff. Our bounds remain informative, despite the fact that manipulation has a sizable effect on our estimates of causal parameters.


Courts, especially supreme and constitutional courts, need social legitimacy to successfully fulfill their roles. This article argues that courts are not only aware of this need but also can, and do in practice, actively manage their relationships with their audiences in an attempt to increase this legitimacy. The article proposes a new framework for understanding these court-audience relationships. Using insights from organizational theory, the article proposes a broad definition of courts' audiences. It also argues that court-audience relationships should be analyzed using the concepts of "intended image" and "organizational image." Based on the proposed framework, the article identifies a wide variety of methods that courts use to manage these relationships and to convince their different audiences to support them. It focuses in particular on one type of methods courts use – methods that are external to their official roles (e.g., movies and books, museums, gift shops, websites, and advertisements). Many of these methods are similar to techniques used by public relations specialists to promote other organizations. These methods, the article argues, which until now have not been accorded much scholarly investigation, are pivotal for courts' ability to gain the support of their audiences. The article also discusses the practical concerns that arise from courts' use of these methods, situations in which using them may decrease courts' legitimacy. Finally, the article addresses normative concerns that result from courts' turn to public relations methods for managing their relationships with their audiences and the way this turn may influence their social role.


Objective: To update the 1997 American Academy of Neurology (AAN) practice parameter regarding sports concussion, focusing on 4 questions: 1) What factors increase/decrease concussion risk? 2) What diagnostic tools identify those with concussion and those at increased risk for severe/prolonged early impairments, neurologic catastrophe, or chronic neurobehavioral impairment? 3) What clinical factors identify those at increased risk for severe/prolonged early postconcussion impairments, neurologic catastrophe, recurrent concussions, or chronic neurobehavioral impairment? 4) What interventions enhance recovery, reduce recurrent concussion risk, or diminish long-term sequelae? The complete guideline on which this summary is based is available as an online data supplement to this article. Methods: We systematically reviewed the literature from 1955 to June 2012 for pertinent evidence. We assessed evidence for quality and synthesized into conclusions using a modified Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation process. We used a modified Delphi process to develop recommendations. Results: Specific risk factors can increase or decrease concussion risk. Diagnostic tools to help identify individuals with concussion include graded symptom checklists, the Standardized Assessment of Concussion, neuropsychological assessments, and the Balance Error Scoring System. Ongoing clinical symptoms, concussion history, and younger age identify those at risk for postconcussion impairments. Risk factors for recurrent concussion include history of multiple concussions, particularly within 10 days after initial concussion. Risk factors for chronic neurobehavioral impairment include concussion exposure and APOE ε4 genotype. Data are insufficient to show that any intervention enhances recovery or diminishes long-term sequelae postconcussion. Practice recommendations are presented for preparticipation counseling, management of suspected concussion, and management of diagnosed concussion.


A combination of sclerochronologic techniques and stable isotope analysis reveals that the fossil bivalve Cucullaea raea , from the Eocene of Antarctica, regularly lived for more than a century. In addition, shell growth occurred only during the Austral winter, when food (phytoplankton) availability was limited by darkness. Although extreme longevity in modern bivalves tends to correlate with cold temperature, paleotemperature conversion of δ18O values indicates that these high-latitude fossil clams lived in relatively warm (∼14 °C) shallow seas of the Eocene greenhouse world. Growth cessation during otherwise optimal summer conditions is inferred to reflect summer spawning and a reproductive strategy by which to increase the likelihood of larval survival in a light-stressed (and hence food stressed) setting. Long life may therefore be adaptive in a setting where the chances of reproductive success during any one spawning cycle are very low. In addition, food limitation may play a role in extending life by reducing metabolic rate and somatic growth, slowing the process of senescence (aging). The unusual life history of this fossil high-latitude, temperate-water bivalve suggests that low light and food availability, as opposed to cold temperature, may have a greater influence on molluscan growth at high latitudes than previously thought.


Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most frequently occurring life threatening congenital diseases. This progressive disease manifests itself in several organ systems. The disease is caused by a mutation in the CFTR protein. The studies in the thesis focused on the development and treatment of CF in the liver and intestine, in particular the role of bile salts. Bile salts are essential in metabolism and play a crucial role in intestinal dietary fat and vitamin absorption in the gut. The experiments were performed in mice models with a mutation in the CFTR protein. With respect to CF disease in the gut we found that a disturbance in the bile salt metabolism, together with e.g. changes in the intestinal microbial flora, could be related to the clinical finding of persistent decrease of intestinal fat absorption in CF, despite adequate medication. These findings could be related to the decreased growth in CF conditions. With respect to CF disease in the liver we found that the currently used treatment for CF related liver disease (Ursodeoxycholaat or UDCA) can potentially be effective. We were particularly interested to investigate whether the severe form of cirrhotic CF related liver disease is caused by the altered bile salt metabolism. This was not the case. We did however find that normal liver growth is impaired in CF. This is most likely due to the important interaction between the mutated CFTR protein, the intestinal microbial flora, and the altered bile metabolism.


European harmonization efforts - such as a European civil code, European constitutional treaties, European principles, and European fundamental rights - are frequently criticized for building on or creating a European legal culture that does not exist. In reality, what we have is European legal pluralism. Some have argued that the pluralistic structure of European law hinders the development of a community, which is a necessary requirement for a European legal culture. And, if there can be no common European legal culture, then there is no basis for harmonizing exercises. The contributors to this book explore whether, in fact, the contrary is true. Cultural pluralism might indeed be a distinctive feature of European legal culture. Diversity is not something that is in opposition to a European legal culture, but rather constitutes a new, different understanding of it. The book demonstrates in detail how such an approach - inter alia in the areas of private, corporate, administrative, and constitutional law - furthers the understanding of a developing European legal culture, how it offers theoretical and doctrinal insights, and how it adds critical perspective.


Aortic stenosis (AS) and regurgitation (AR) may be treated with surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR), transcatheter AVR (TAVR), or medical therapy (MT). Data are lacking regarding usage and cost of SAVR, TAVR, and MT for patients hospitalized with aortic valve disease. From the Nationwide Readmissions Database, we determined utilization and cost trends for SAVR, TAVR, and MT in patients with aortic valve disease admitted 2012-2016 for valve replacement, heart failure, unstable angina, non-STelevation myocardial infarction, or syncope. From 2012 through 2016, there was a 48.1% increase in the number of patients hospitalized for aortic valve disease annually. Overall, 19.9%, 6.7%, and 73.4% of patients received SAVR, TAVR, and MT, respectively. SAVR decreased from 21.9% in 2012 to 18.5% in 2016; TAVR increased from 2.6% to 12.5%; and MT decreased from 75.5% to 69.0%. In multivariable analysis, likelihood of TAVR relative to SAVR increased 4.57-fold (95% confidence interval 4.214.97) with TAVR increasing at the expense of both SAVR and MT. The average 6month inpatient costs were $59,743 for SAVR, $64,395 for TAVR, and $23,460 for MT. TAVR IA costs decreased over time to become similar to SAVR costs by 2016. The TAVR increase was distributed inequitably, with certain patients more likely to receive TAVR and certain hospitals more likely to provide TAVR. Aggregate costs were higher for TAVR than SAVR and were significantly more expensive than MT alone. With the expected expansion of indications, equitable and affordable access to TAVR must be addressed to minimize disparities and to optimize patient outcomes.


The technology of instructional television is dynamic. It is improving and hopefully it is here to say. Universities and college teachers will never be able to claim that they really care about the learning process until professors and administrators are required to exhibit knowledge and proficiency in the teaching process including the ability to use instructional television. Even though the University teachers have expressed their opinion about Educational Television programmes, many of the University teachers are not in the habit of viewing ETV programmes. Hence the University authorities or the U.G.C. may take initiative to see that the University teachers developed a tendency to view the ETV programmes and make use of it.


The Faint Object Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope was used to obtain spectra of the central region of M87. These spectra cover the wavelength range 1140-1606 Å and have a resolution of ~1 Å. The nuclear continuum is clearly visible in the spectra. The only strong line that is observed is Lyα, which has a velocity width of about 3000 km s-1 (higher than the width of any line previously observed in the M87 nucleus). There is also a marginal detection of C IV λ1549. The ratio of Lyα to C IV in the nuclear spectrum is at least a factor of 2 higher than in a spectrum taken at a position on the disk ~0.″6 away from the nucleus by Dopita et al. This enhancement of Lyα at the nucleus could point to significant differences in the properties of the emitting gas and/or the excitation mechanism between the outer and inner disk regions. The strength of the observed Lyα places limits on the properties of the absorbing gas present within M87. For instance, if the hydrogen column at the systemic velocity of M87 is greater than about 1018 cm-2, then it can cover only a small fraction of the line-emitting region. Spectra separated by 5 days show a 60% difference in the Lyα flux, but the same continuum level. This could either be due to a displacement between the aperture positions for the two sets of observations, or it could be due to intrinsic variability of the source. The current observations do not strongly favor either of these alternatives. The observations do show, however, that the Lyα line is a useful tracer of kinematics in the M87 nucleus.


The Web-Based Artificial Intelligence for Diagnostic Use (WeAidU) system is a support system providing near instantaneous professional aid in clinical decision making. The system involves neural networks trained to interpret myocardial perfusion scintigrams, and enhance the effectiveness of clinical decision making when it comes to coronary artery disease. The system is designed to work on the Internet in a client/server setup. The usability of the system is evaluated. The evaluation result is related to two previous evaluations. A link is made from evaluation results to the way the system is designed and developed. It is observed that some of the usability problems found are tied to the development process. Usability inspections locate a number of possible problem areas when it comes to the user interaction. At the same time the user's assessment of usability is satisfactory or even high. This is most likely explained by the novel nature of this computer support and a very committed user group. Clinical physiology is acknowledged to be a computerized field, where physician's acceptability and use of computers is fairly high. It is observed that the development team's, in this particular context, favored a view of usability as a quality of the product before the view of usability as integrated in the development process/product. A more integrated view of usability is suggested to remove usability errors and integration barriers, and to help the system better fit into the physician's daily routines.


Maize offers an ideal system through which to demonstrate the potential of ancient population genomic techniques for reconstructing the evolution and spread of domesticates. The diffusion of maize from Mexico into the North American Southwest (SW) remains contentious with the available evidence being restricted to morphological studies of ancient maize plant material. We captured 1 Mb of nuclear DNA from 32 archaeological maize samples spanning 6000 years and compared them with modern landraces including those from the Mexican West coast and highlands. We found that the initial diffusion of domesticated maize into the SW is likely to have occurred through a highland route. However, by 2000 years ago a Pacific coastal corridor was also being used. Furthermore, we could distinguish between genes that were selected for early during domestication (such as zagl1 involved in shattering) from genes that changed in the SW context (e.g. related to sugar content and adaptation to drought) likely as a response to the local arid environment and new cultural uses of maize.


Using data from Peru and Pakistan, this article tests two hypotheses: there is a positive association between hours of child labor and poverty, and there is a negative association between child schooling and poverty. Both of these hypotheses are confirmed by the Pakistani data, but not by the Peruvian data. The reduction in poverty rates due to income from children's labor is greater in Pakistan than in Peru. The nature of interaction between adult and child labor markets varies with the gender of the child and the adult. In Peru rising men's wages significantly reduce the labor hours of girls, whereas in Pakistan there is a strong complementarity between women's and girls' labor markets. Both data sets agree on the positive role that increasing adult education can play in improving child welfare.


Ensuring that artemisinin-containing antimalarials (ACAs) are of good quality is a key component of effective malaria treatment. There are concerns that a high proportion of ACAs are falsified or substandard, though estimates are rarely based on representative data. During a nationally representative survey in Tanzania, ACAs were purchased from private retail drug outlets, and the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was measured. All 1,737 ACAs contained the labeled artemisinin derivative, with 4.1% being outside the 85–115% artemisinin API range defined as acceptable quality. World Health Organization (WHO) prequalified drugs had 0.1 times the odds of being poor quality compared with non-prequalified ACAs for the artemisinin component. When partner components of combination therapies were also considered, 12.1% were outside the acceptable API range, and WHO prequalified ACAs had 0.04 times the odds of being poor quality. Although the prevalence of poor quality ACAs was lower than reported elsewhere, the minority of samples found to be substandard is a cause for concern. Improvements in quality could be achieved by increasing the predominance of WHO prequalified products in the market. Continued monitoring of quality standards is essential.


Despite the prevalence of sexual offending in our communities, there is a lack of understanding about the nature and dynamics of sexual crimes. Myths and misconceptions about sexual offending are common and may contribute to the high attrition rates of sexual offence cases throughout the criminal justice system. This study synthesises over 40 years of research evidence to present an accurate and updated picture of sexual offending. With specialist knowledge, we can improve criminal justice responses and outcomes for victims of sexual crime.


This major reference work provides a rich source of methods for analyzing water to assure its safety from natural and deliberate contaminants, including those that are added because of carelessness of human endeavors. Human development has great impact on water quality, and new contaminants are emerging every day. The issues of sampling for water analysis, regulatory considerations, and forensics in water quality and purity investigations are covered in detail. Microbial as well as chemical contaminations from inorganic compounds, radionuclides, volatile and semivolatile compounds, disinfectants, herbicides, and pharmaceuticals, including endocrine disruptors, are treated extensively. Researchers must be aware of all sources of contamination and know how to prescribe techniques for removing them from our water supply. Unlike other works published to date that concentrate on issues of water supply, water resource management, hydrology, and water use by industry, this work is more tightly focused on the monitoring and improvement of the quality of existing water supplies and the recovery of wastewater via new and standard separation techniques. Using analytical chemistry methods, offers remediation advice on pollutants and contaminants in addition to providing the critical identification perspective. The players in the global boom of water purification are numerous and varied. Having worked extensively in academia and industry, the Editor-in-Chief has been careful about constructing a work for a shared audience and cause.


Radiolarian, diatom, nannoplankton, and foraminifer assemblages were studied in detail in four key sections (Kantemirovka, Sergeevka, and 9540 Rudaevka, 5-93 Boguchar boreholes) of the south and central parts of the Voronezh anticline area. The widespread middle Eocene sediments lie uncorformably on marls and limestones of Upper Cretaceous age. They are mainly composed by a transgressive-regressive succession of phosphoritic sands, marls, and siliceous clays of the Kiev Formation in the Ukraine (or Sergeevka and Tishki formations in Russia) and by sandy clays and siliceous clays of the lower part of the Khar'kov Formation in the Ukraine (or Kas'anovka Formation in Russia). Lithologically, the coeval formations range from terrigenous-carbonate to siliceous-carbonate. The age of the formations has long remained a point of discussion. Recent studies based on calcareous and, especially, siliceous microplankton allowed a direct correlation of these sections with standard zonal scales.


In 2010, AIIDE will host the StarCraft AI competition. This event enables researchers to evaluate their systems in a commercial real-time strategy game. Participants are given the task of building the best performing bot for StarCraft: Brood War, which was released by Blizzard Entertainment in 1998. The goals of the competition are to provide a testbed for AI and to promote game AI research by exhibiting techniques in an immensely popular game. It includes participants from several universities, industry professionals, and StarCraft enthusiasts.


We have fabricated a p–n heterojunction diode by vapor depositing a thin film of polyaniline on top of the crystalline copolymer: poly(vinylidene fluoride with trifluoroethylene). The formation of a diode is expected from the band offsets of the two polymers near the Fermi level. The interface between the two components was investigated, and an abrupt interface was found that is very different from the inorganic analog.


My presentation explores several Japanese travel-writers' impressions of Pacific War battle sites in southwestern Pacific Islands. I discuss how the writers engage with the memories of deceased Japanese soldiers and the bereaved families. Unlike other genres of war writing, travel-writers bring the past into the present by integrating travel experience with disparate forms of knowledge. This characteristic gives emotional gravity to two interpretations of the war. Some honour the war dead for the noble sacrifice for peace and prosperity of postwar Japan. Some question the Japanese military strategies that led to the soldiers' death and the hardship the bereaved families have endured. These two interpretations resonate with the broader debate about the significance of Japan's defeat. However, the ways the travel-writers develop and communicate historical consciousness can illuminate themes overlooked in other genres. In this sense, this presentation hopes to contribute to a historiography of the Pacific War memories.


This article presents a new analysis of full-root reduplication in Klamath. This process, hitherto termed intensive reduplication, has previously been analyzed as involving prefixation. Klamath prefixes normally induce vowel reduction in the following morpheme, but the intensive reduplicant does not. McCarthy and Prince (1995) attempt to account for this divergent behavior by invoking base-reduplicant faithfulness; Zoll (2002) attributes it to a stem-internal/stem-external distinction among prefixes. Based on phonological and semantic criteria, our analysis resolves intensive reduplication into several classes, including both prefixing and suffixing types. This analysis improves empirical coverage over previous accounts while minimizing assumptions and demonstrates that careful morphological and phonological analysis can distinguish between prefixing and suffixing copying in cases of seemingly ambiguous total reduplication.


Climate change is a global phenomenon, but its effects occur on a local scale. An example is provided by tourism. Tourism is closely interlinked with climate change both as culprit and as victim. On the one hand, it is responsible for a large portion of GHG emissions from leisure-related transport and high energy consumption in the accommodation and activity sectors. On the other hand, sea level rise, snow pack reduction, glaciers melting, increase of frequency of natural hazards, among other negative impacts, both modify tourism flow and damage infrastructures. This will lead to many regions and nations to become more vulnerable and fragile. One of the concerned regions is the Alpine chain and its villages. The Alpine region is highly affected by climate change (snow pack reduction, glaciers and permafrost melting, increase in flood, landslides, and rock falls events). Because this region is highly dependant on the tourism sector for its subsistence and that the tourism sector is highly dependant on climate conditions and on the frequency of natural hazards, it is essential to reduce vulnerability and starting implementing adaptation measures. In order to do so, it is important to define which areas face which problems and to recognize vulnerability hot spots. This motivation comes from the prospect that the greatest environmental, social and economic damages are likely to be concentrated in vulnerable areas. This article presents an overview of the stand of the knowledge on the impacts, the vulnerability and the possible adaptation measures of the tourism sector in relation to climate change. It also presents a methodology which will allow assessing this vulnerability, referring in particular to the Swiss situation. The methodology consists in the conception of a vulnerability map, in which the exposure, the sensitivity and the adaptive capacity of the different tourism regions are depicted. For these three dimensions of vulnerability considered, indicators have been chosen, and will – in a second time – be weighted and combined. The map created in the frame of this study will eventually allow assessing where it is more important to start implementing adaptation measures. In addition, it will permit to assess if there are similarities between different areas and therefore where the implementation of collaboration and information sharing could be enhanced. Moreover, results will indicate who could benefit from climate change (from example, tourism could profit in some part of the Alps from the relative coolness and freshness in the hotter months of the year). The subject of this work is of particular relevance due to the vulnerability of the sector in regard to climate change, to the importance of tourism for the Swiss economy, to the lack of studies on the subject on a national and regional level, and in a broad context due to the urgent need for more detailed assessments of adaptation costs.


Spotlight is a monthly in-depth analysis of timely topics related to peace negotiations, the DDR processes, and/or implementation of peace agreements.


This study evaluated various high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane enforcement techniques on a recently constructed section of HOV lanes along I-405 in the Seattle, Washington, area. The research included a related public opinion survey concerning HOV lanes. The enforcement techniques that were evaluated included intensive (or continuous saturation) enforcement, once a week saturation enforcement, and once a week stationary enforcement. This study concluded that each type of enforcement effort helped in lowering the number of HOV lane violations; however, it was not possible to determine which method was most effective. Violations decreased considerably during the first weeks of enforcement, regardless of the type of enforcement. The public opinion survey indicated that, in general, the public supports the concept of HOV lanes. Eighty-six percent of the respondents felt that HOV lanes were a good idea. At the same time, 55% indicated that existing HOV lanes were not being used enough. Almost 60% of the respondents believed HOV lane violations were common during the commute hours. Almost the same percentage (58%) believed that HOV lane violators were seldom caught by enforcement agencies. A higher percentage of the respondents (71%) believed HOV violations increased when the Washington State Patrol was not visible along the HOV lane. The research team recommends intensive enforcement only for the first three months (or less) of the operation of a new HOV facility. After that point, the level of effort should revert to routine enforcement. This study also makes recommendations concerning the design of HOV lanes related to enforcement issues. Specifically, enforcement areas alongside HOV lanes must be designed in cooperation with the appropriate enforcement agency. Two types of enforcement areas along freeways are suggested.


African Swine Fever (ASF) is one of the most serious transboundary swine diseases because of its high lethality for pigs, socioeconomic consequences, rapid and international spread and the absence of either treatment or vaccine. This Sida Minor Field Study (MFS) was carried out during fall 2010, as part of a larger collaborative research project called ASFUganda, focusing on the epidemiology of the disease in Uganda. The aim with this study was to get more knowledge about the pathology in cases of ASF in Uganda, by studying macroscopic and microscopic lesions in pigs with acute and chronic ASF and to detect the ASF virus (ASFV) in tissues by immunohistochemistry.

The pigs were selected from the two different geographical locations in Uganda, Mityana and Gulu district, both with on going confirmed outbreaks of ASF. Necropsies were performed in the field, and the laboratory procedures at the JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Entebbe, Uganda, and at the Department of BVF, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden. Three pigs from an outbreak of ASF in Mityana district showed both the history and the clinical symptoms typical for ASF. The macroscopic and histopathological findings were consistent with the lesions described in the literature for acute ASF. ASFV antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry in the lymphoid tissues from these pigs, indicating that the lesions were the direct result of the virus infection. Three pigs from Gulu district did not show any clinical symptoms of ASF disease before slaughter but were positive for ASFV on RT-PCR and ELISA. The macroscopic and histopathological findings resembled the lesions previously described for subacute and chronic ASF.


Abstract. Close range hyperspectral imaging is a developing method for the analysis and identification of material composition in many applications, such as in within the earth sciences. Using compact imaging devices in the field allows near-vertical topography to be imaged, thus bypassing the key limitations of viewing angle and resolution that preclude the use of airborne and spaceborne platforms. Terrestrial laser scanning allows 3D topography to be captured with high precision and spatial resolution. The combination of 3D geometry from laser scanning, and material properties from hyperspectral imaging allows new fusion products to be created, adding new information for solving application problems. This paper highlights the advantages of terrestrial lidar and hyperspectral integration, focussing on the qualitative and quantitative aspects, with examples from a geological field application. Accurate co-registration of the two data types is required. This allows 2D pixels to be linked to the 3D lidar geometry, giving increased quantitative analysis as classified material vectors are projected to 3D space for calculation of areas and examination of spatial relationships. User interpretation of hyperspectral results in a spatially-meaningful manner is facilitated using visual methods that combine the geometric and mineralogical products in a 3D environment. Point cloud classification and the use of photorealistic modelling enhance qualitative validation and interpretation, and allow image registration accuracy to be checked. A method for texture mapping of lidar meshes with multiple image textures, both conventional digital photos and hyperspectral results, is described. The integration of terrestrial laser scanning and hyperspectral imaging is a valuable means of providing new analysis methods, suitable for many applications requiring linked geometric and chemical information.


The study aims to measure the extent of implementing ERP systems in the banking sector in Jordan, and identify the main factors that influence the implementation decision, in addition, to measure the impact of the post-implementation of the ERP system on the financial performance. The study utilized a content analysis as a research instrument. The study of population consisted of all the banks in Jordan, where the study applied 'Purposive Sample' type. Therefore, the study included 11 banks from 2011 to 2016. The study indicated that the implementation year of the ERP system started in most of the Jordanian banks in 2013, and the rates vary from bank to bank according to their importance and the level of awareness. Training courses are considered the main vari- able that these banks face in the process of implementation. In addition, awareness of the advantages, the cost, and supporting the infrastructure are the core factors needed to influence the implementation decision. There is no impact when implementing the ERP system on the financial performance of the Jordanian banks in regard to the ROI and the DPS; on the other hand, there is an impact of the ERP system on the overall performance of the banks. The study recommends to disseminate knowledge on the advantages of implementing of ERP system in Jordanian banks and to develop the IT department efficiency. Moreover, it will be worthwhile to examine the effect of ERP systems by utilizing financial and non-financial measurements.


To reach the limiting resolution of a digital holographic system and improve the displaying quality of the reconstructed image, the subdivision convolution algorithm and the subdivision Fresnel algorithm are presented, respectively. The obtained results show that the lateral size of the reconstructed image obtained by two kinds of subdivision algorithms is the same in the central region of the reconstructed image-plane; moreover, the size of the central region is in proportional to the recording distance. Importantly, in the central region of the reconstructed image-plane, the reconstruction can be performed by the subdivision Fresnel algorithm instead of the subdivision convolution algorithm effectively, and, based on these subdivision approaches, both the displaying quality and the resolution of the reconstructed image can be improved significantly. Furthermore, in the reconstruction of the digital hologram with the large numerical aperture, the computer's memory consumed and the calculating time resulting from the subdivision Fresnel algorithm is significantly less than those from the subdivision convolution algorithm.


The Tree Sway Biomechanics Study is a part of the STORMWISE project, an initiative within the Department of Natural Resources and the Environment at UConn in Storrs, CT, USA. This study was enacted to look at the drivers of tree sway (both amplitude and frequency thereof) in the trees of the roadside forests of Southern New England, an area of 'Mixed Wood Plain' ecoregion (defined by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 2009), characterized by a landcover mosaic of temperate forest with mixed-deciduous species distribution, agriculture and wetland. The landscape consists of glacial landforms including lakes, plains, rolling hills and low mountains. The sway motion of 41 trees was monitored continuously for one year in the data presented here. Wind was monitored simultaneously. It is the researchers intentions to link published work with data collection details as well as analysis. The following files are included here: -Tree Table (1 of 3 datasets) -Site table (2 of 3 datasets) -Weather Records (3 of 3 datasets) Future plans for this study involve the continued monitoring the same trees for years after a thinning treatment has been applied to the forest sites. This will allow analysis of change in sway motion due to forest management practices in this under-studied forest type.


Anaesthesia is the largest single hospital specialty. There are over 5500 anaesthetists in England and Wales alone, just under half of whom are consultants. Yet, as the introduction to Anaesthesia under Examination ,1 published last month by the Audit Commission, points out, few mainstream medical specialties are as poorly understood. Many patients do not realise that anaesthetists are doctors or that they have responsibilities outside the operating theatre.2 Anaesthetists now provide clinical skills in acute and chronic pain management, intensive care, obstetrics, interhospital transfer, trauma, and resuscitation. This new found diversity may be partly to blame for current difficulties in service provision, for consultants' job plans have often not changed to reflect their increased activities.

Anaesthesia under Examination is based on a substantial amount of data. Most British hospitals replied to postal surveys on consultant shortages, maternity services, and services for pain after surgery; 39 randomly selected acute trusts underwent more extensive data collection, and in seven interviews were held with anaesthetists, managers, and patients. By highlighting anaesthetists' …


Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) causes vasodilatation by activating soluble guanylate cyclase, and glomerular mesangial cells respond to NO with elevations of intracellular guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). We explored whether mesangial cells can be stimulated to produce NO and whether NO modulates mesangial cell function in an autocrine or paracrine fashion. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) raised mesangial cell cGMP levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner (threshold dose 1 ng/ml, IC50 13.8 ng/ml, maximal response 100 ng/ml). TNF-alpha-induced increases in mesangial cGMP content were evident at 8 h and maximal at 18-24 h. The TNF-alpha-induced stimulation of mesangial cell cGMP production was abrogated by actinomycin D or cycloheximide suggesting dependence on new RNA or protein synthesis. Hemoglobin and methylene blue, both known to inhibit NO action, dramatically reduced TNF-alpha-induced mesangial cell cGMP production. Superoxide dismutase, known to potentiate NO action, augmented the TNF-alpha-induced effect. Ng-monomethyl-L- arginine (L-NMMA) decreased cGMP levels in TNF-alpha-treated, but not vehicle-treated mesangial cells in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 53 microM). L-arginine had no effect on cGMP levels in control or TNF-alpha-treated mesangial cells but reversed L-NMMA-induced inhibition. Interleukin 1 beta and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but not interferon gamma, also increased mesangial cell cGMP content. Transforming growth factor beta 1 blunted the mesangial cell response to TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha-induced L-arginine-dependent increases in cGMP were also evident in bovine renal artery vascular smooth muscle cells, COS-1 cells, and 1502 human fibroblasts. These findings suggest that TNF-alpha induces expression in mesangial cell of an enzyme(s) involved in the formation of L-arginine-derived NO. Moreover, the data indicate that NO acts in an autocrine and paracrine fashion to activate mesangial cell soluble guanylate cyclase. Cytokine-induced formation of NO in mesangial and vascular smooth muscle cells may be implicated in the pathogenesis of septic shock.


Abstract Evaluating the relative importance of biotic versus abiotic factors in governing macroevolutionary patterns is a central question of paleobiology. Here, we analyzed patterns of changes in global relative abundances and diversity of ecological groups to infer the role of biological interactions as driving evolutionary forces in mid-Mesozoic macrobenthic marine ecosystems. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis of escalation, which states that macroevolutionary patterns were controlled by an increasing pressure exerted by enemies on their victims. Associated with evidence of increasing levels of predation and biogenic sediment reworking (bulldozing) is an increasing representation of predation- and disturbance-resistant groups in the fossil record. In particular, we observe increasing proportions of mobile organisms; a decline of vulnerable epifauna living freely on the substrate; and a trend toward infaunalization of the benthos. These trends were most pronounced in the paleotropics, i.e., the region where biological activity is thought to have been highest. The observation that these changes affected several biotic traits and occurred within independent clades argues against the overriding role of a single key adaptive innovation in causing shifts in ecological abundance. Also, changes in the abiotic environment cannot explain these faunal patterns because of lacking cross-correlations with physico-chemical parameters such as global sea level, climate, and seawater chemistry. We conclude that in marine benthic ecosystems of the mid Mesozoic, enemy-driven evolution, or escalation, was a plausible and important factor.


The sharing of music files has been the focus of a massive struggle between representatives of major record companies and artists in the music industry, on one side, and peer-to-peer (p2p) file-sharing services and their users, on the other. This struggle can be analysed in terms of tactics used by the two sides, which can be classified into five categories: cover-up versus exposure, devaluation versus validation, interpretation versus alternative interpretation, official channels versus mobilisation, and intimidation versus resistance. It is valuable to understand these tactics because similar ones are likely to be used in ongoing struggles between users of p2p services and representatives of the content industries.


We reported (Troscianko et al, 1995 Perception 24 Supplement, 18) that a neural network has been developed which is capable of labelling objects in natural scenes by first segmenting a scene, then obtaining a description of each segment in terms of a set of features. A neural net is then trained to label the segments on the basis of the feature set. The question we are now addressing is: how important is each of these features to overall performance, both in human and machine vision? We carried out an experiment in which human subjects were trained in the same labelling task as the neural net. Individual segments of scenes (sometimes corresponding to a whole object, eg a car, and sometimes an incomplete region, eg part of the sky) were presented on a screen, and the subject asked to label the scene as one of eleven possible types of object (sky, vegetation, vehicle …). Feedback was given and the learning curve monitored. When the learning curve was flat, each subject's performance was investigated with both intact and degraded stimuli. The degradation consisted of partial representation of the information, such as presenting just the outer boundary, or the average colour, or the average luminance, or randomising the size, position, and texture of the segment. The results suggest that this degradation produces significant changes in performance (F9,7=4.4, p=0.0005). A posteriori analysis indicates that certain attributes (particularly texture, boundary-only, colour-averaging) are particularly influential in mediating performance. A similar set of results was obtained by training the network on similarly degraded data. The results imply: (1) that a neural net can provide a useful model of human object labelling processes, and (2) that certain features are more important than others in mediating such performance.


A complete reference for fermentation engineers engaged in commercial chemical and pharmaceutical production, Fermentation and Biochemical Engineering Handbook emphasizes the operation, development and design of manufacturing processes that use fermentation, separation and purification techniques. Contributing authors from companies such as Merck, Eli Lilly, Amgen and Bristol-Myers Squibb highlight the practical aspects of the processes-data collection, scale-up parameters, equipment selection, troubleshooting, and more. They also provide relevant perspectives for the different industry sectors utilizing fermentation techniques, including chemical, pharmaceutical, food, and biofuels. New material in the third edition covers topics relevant to modern recombinant cell fermentation, mammalian cell culture, and biorefinery, ensuring that the book will remain applicable around the globe. It uniquely demonstrates the relationships between the synthetic processes for small molecules such as active ingredients, drugs and chemicals, and the biotechnology of protein, vaccine, hormone, and antibiotic production. This major revision also includes new material on membrane pervaporation technologies for biofuels and nanofiltration, and recent developments in instrumentation such as optical-based dissolved oxygen probes, capacitance-based culture viability probes, and in situ real-time fermentation monitoring with wireless technology. It addresses topical environmental considerations, including the use of new (bio)technologies to treat and utilize waste streams and produce renewable energy from wastewaters. Options for bioremediation are also explained. It is fully updated to cover the latest advances in recombinant cell fermentation, mammalian cell culture and biorefinery, along with developments in instrumentation. Industrial contributors from leading global companies, including Merck, Eli Lilly, Amgen, and Bristol-Myers Squibb. It covers synthetic processes for both small and large molecules.