Hanauma Bay on the southeast coast of Oahu is a breached compound explosion crater invaded by the sea. Ten core holes through an active fringing reef within the bay provided 63 samples for which C 14 dates have been determined. These ages indicate that (1) the reef started growing about 7,000 yr ago; (2) most of its vertical growth was during the interval from 5,800 to 3,500 radiocarbon years ago, when its average upward growth rate was 1 m/300 yr; and (3) during the past 3,000 yr, it advanced seaward at the rate of 1 m/45 yr. The data indicate that Koko Bench at −5 m was formed at least 5,800 radiocarbon years ago when the sea stood from 5 to 9 m below its present level. This result is contrary to a previously suggested date of origin of 4,100 to 4,400 yr ago. During the past 3,500 yr, sea level on the reef has risen to its present position at a decreasing rate, but at an overall rate for the interval of 1 m/∼2,900 yr. It is unlikely that sea level ever stood appreciably higher than at present during the past 3,500 yr. Volcanic ash at the base of several cores marks the latest eruption of nearby Koko Crater, which the C 14 dates place at no later than 5,800 and possibly 7,000 or more radiocarbon years ago. In most cases, the radiocarbon dates follow a sequence that is consistent with stratigraphic position, but age inversions occur that are clearly beyond the statistically defined errors in age. They are probably caused by irregularities in the growth pattern of the reef near channels and large pockets. The profile of ages in this most extensively dated reef indicates that casual and sparse sampling of a reef could lead to dubious results in interpreting reef history and chronology of sea levels.


Pacific island land snail faunas are among the most threatened faunas in the world, having suffered a higher rate of extinction than any other major animal group. The Hawaiian land snails are among the most species-rich and most severely effected of these faunas, yet the current status of most of the Hawaiian species is unknown. Most of the major taxonomic studies on the fauna were undertaken 50–100 years ago and only certain groups were comprehensively studied. New research is uncovering undescribed species, both extant and extinct. The need for rigorous taxonomic treatment of the group is acute if the taxonomic and conservation status of the many species is to be ascertained, and the basis for such research is comprehensive study of type material. The Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History holds type material of 39 nominal species-group taxa of Hawaiian land snails belonging to eight families; this annotated catalog provides details of this material. Of these taxa, 29 were described by Augustus Addison Gould from material collected by the U.S. Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842. For completeness, we also provide details for one lot of purported paralectotypes that are here inferred not to have been syntypes and one lot representing an unavailable infrasubspecific name. We designate lectotypes for 12 species-group taxa .  Yeung, Norine W., Robert H. Cowie, Kenneth A. Hayes, and Ellen E. Strong. Type Specimens of Hawaiian Land Snails in the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, with Lectotype Designations.  Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology,  number 647 , vi + 34 pages, 11 figures, 2017.


The Zambakari Advisory is proud to present our Fall 2020 Special Issue: "The Great Disruption: COVID-19 and the Global Health Crisis." To produce a quality perspective and shine a nuanced light on this health crisis, we invited prominent scholars, medical doctors, epidemiologist and social scientists to share with you the evolving pandemic as it is seen and experienced and battled around the world. Whereas much still remains unknown, untested and unpredictable, only by committing to an all-encompassing, all-inclusive, multidisciplinary approach can we begin to fight back successfully. While we encounter and try to understand new evolutions in the virus and our treatment of it, this is not the first time the world has been confronted with such a challenge. Our universality has provided the coronavirus with more rapid transmission opportunities than ever before, but we cannot turn our backs on the broad lessons we have learned from our fights against such vicious 20th-century killers as the Spanish (1918-20) and Asian (1957-58) flus, the HIV virus that causes AIDS (1981-present), the H1N1 swine flu (2009-10), the West Africa Ebola pandemic (2014-16) and the Zika virus in South and Central America (2015-present).

This issue's collection features seven articles contributed by such respected voices as Marc Lipsitch, John P. A. Ioannidis, Jonathan Fuller, Graham E. Fuller, Dirk Hansohm, Asha Abdel Rahim, Rose Jaji and Paul Gormley.

In the first paper, a professor of epidemiology at Harvard University's T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Marc Lipsitch, writes that we "should use every possible source of insight at our disposal to gain knowledge and inform decisions, which are always made under uncertainty — rarely more so than at present" when faced with the complexities of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Next up, F. Rehnborg Professor in Disease Prevention in the School of Medicine, and a professor of epidemiology at Stanford University, John Ioannidis offers timely insight, noting that "failing to correct our ignorance and adapt our actions as quickly as possible is not good science. Nor is politicizing scientific disagreement or looking away from the undeniable harms of our well-intentioned actions."

The University of Pittsburgh's Jonathan Fuller, assistant professor of history and the philosophy of science, takes his turn next, writing that epidemiology "must be split-brained, acting with one hand while collecting more information with the other. Only by borrowing from both ways of thinking will we have the right mind for a pandemic."

In the fourth paper, Graham E. Fuller, a former senior CIA official and former vice chairman of the National Intelligence Council at the CIA, contributes to our Fall Issue with a look at the COVID-19 pandemic and a warning that "It would be too bad if all we aspire to is only to return to business as usual once this particular virus has been beaten back."

Following Fuller's thoughts, co-contributors Dirk Hansohm and Asha Abdel Rahim explore the ingredients necessary to combat COVID-19, including quality governance, interdisciplinary research, international cooperation, an EU offer of support to the countries of Africa and more. The authors admit that, at best, "the world in Europe and beyond will not return to the same state as it was before."

In the sixth paper, a senior lecturer in the Department of Sociology at the University of Zimbabwe, Rose Jaji writes, "It is time for Africa to be proactive and to actively participate in finding solutions for itself instead of waiting for richer nations to assist." In her article, she looks at the challenges African countries face in battling the pandemic, especially in light of their limited resources.

The final piece is penned by Paul Gormley, a professor of criminal justice administration and chair in social science at Lynn University in Boca Raton, Florida. Gormley contributes his thoughts on the COVD-19 pandemic and, specifically, how the correctional system and its actors are at risk. He concludes that, short of "herd immunity" or a vaccine, the system as it exists and operates today is in danger of being "crushed."


Gamma radiation induced effects on electrical and optical properties of thin films of tellurium dioxide (TeO2), a wide band gap semiconductor material, of different thicknesses prepared by thermal evaporation method have been studied in detail. The current-voltage characteristics for the thin films before and after gamma irradiation were analysed to obtain normalised current versus gamma dose plots at different applied voltages. The plots obtained clearly show that the normalised current increases almost linearly with the radiation dose up to certain limit and this limit is found to be dependent on thickness of the thin film. Beyond this limit the current is found to decrease. For gamma sources emitting higher gamma energy, this linear behaviour extends to higher radiation doses. The optical characterization of the as-deposited thin films as well as gamma irradiated thin films clearly shows that the optical band gap decreases with increase in the gamma radiation dose up to a certain limit. However, the optical band gap has been found to increase beyond this limit. The observed changes in electrical and optical properties clearly indicate the possibility of using TeO2 thin film as a gamma radiation dosimeter.


Reflective practice is a vital aspect of working with young children and enables a deeper understanding of their learning and development. Whilst there is a long tradition among early childhood practitioners of closely observing children's learning so as to nurture and stimulate their development, they are increasingly expected to reflect on their own practice in a variety of ways, in order to enhance their professional development and improve their practice.This book supports early years practitioners in articulating and understanding their own practice in greater depth, exploring some ways in which they can be encouraged to engage in reflecting on their practice. The book will help early years practitioners develop their reflective skills, enabling them to confidently articulate their practice, values and beliefs.It offers opportunities to reflect on how theory, research and policy relate to distinct understandings of children's development and learning. By exploring different ways of understanding their own practice and linking this with theory and policy, practitioners are enabled to think about ways of improving.Developing Reflective Practice in the Early Yearsis essential reading for all early years practitioners working in early years settings for children aged 0-8 years, including nurseries, children's centres and schools.Contributors:Naima Browne, Anna Craft, Michael Craft, Caroline Jones, Alice Paige-Smith, Linda Pound, Michael Reed, Jonathan Rix, Elizabeth Wood.


Due to the over-parameterization nature, neural networks are a powerful tool for nonlinear function approximation. In order to achieve good generalization on unseen data, a suitable inductive bias is of great importance for neural networks. One of the most straightforward ways is to regularize the neural network with some additional objectives. L2 regularization serves as a standard regularization for neural networks. Despite its popularity, it essentially regularizes one dimension of the individual neuron, which is not strong enough to control the capacity of highly over-parameterized neural networks. Motivated by this, hyperspherical uniformity is proposed as a novel family of relational regularizations that impact the interaction among neurons. We consider several geometrically distinct ways to achieve hyperspherical uniformity. The effectiveness of hyperspherical uniformity is justified by theoretical insights and empirical evaluations.


The Electronic Commerce (e-Commerce) Act of 2000 or Republic Act (RA) No. 8792 mandates all government agencies to transact business and perform government functions using electronic documents within two years from the date of its effectivity in June 2000. Unfortunately, only a handful of government agencies were ready to implement the said law in the year 2002 despite the availability of applicable information technology (IT) resources and appropriated budget. After 17 years, there is considerable improvement in the compliance with the said law, though there are still non-compliances of government offices that could not manage to be at par with leading compliant government offices. To understand the compliance behavior of an agency vis-a-vis the e-Commerce Act, I proceed in three steps. First, I adopted socio-economic theory on regulatory compliance Next, I use process pattern matching as a qualitative approach to examine the compliance variables by comparing the case-based empirical patterns with the operational framework. And third, I statistically test the hypotheses that organizational commitment and the organizational maturity on the use of IT impact the level of compliance. I do this by using case study method by combining the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the compliance behavior of the Bureau of Internal Revenue and the Commission on Elections Thus, this paper contributes to the theorization of regulatory compliance in understanding organizational commitment with electronic commerce and related laws involving the use of IT in the Philippine context with detailed elucidation of the variables influencing it.


We study asymptotic stability of an infinite dimensional system that switches between a finite set of modes. Each mode is governed by a system of one-dimensional, linear, hyperbolic partial differential equations on a bounded space interval. The switching system is fairly general in that the space dependent system matrix functions as well as the boundary conditions may switch in time. For the case in which the switching occurs between subsystems in canonical diagonal form, we provide two sets of sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability under arbitrary switching signals. These results are direct generalizations of the corresponding results for the unswitched case. Furthermore, we provide an explicit dwell-time bound on the switching signals that guarantee asymptotic stability of the switched system under the assumption that each of the subsystems are stable. Our results of stability under arbitrary switching generalize to the case where switching occurs between non-diagonal hyperbolic systems that are diagonalizable using a common transformation. For the case where no such transformation exists, we prove existence of a dwell-time bound on the switching signals such that asymptotic stability is guaranteed. To motivate our study, we discuss a potential application to stability of water flow in one-dimensional open channels governed by linearized Saint-Venant equations.


Estimates of the costs involved in the development of a software product and the likely risk are two of the main components associated with the evaluation of software projects and their approval for development. They are essential before the development starts, since the investment early in software development determines the overall cost of the system. When making these estimates, however, the unknown obscures the known and high uncertainty is embedded in the process. This is the essence of the estimator's dilemma and the concerns of this thesis. This thesis offers an Effort Estimation Model (EEM), a support system to assist the process of project evaluation early in the development, when the project is about to start. The estimates are based on preliminary data and on the judgement of the estimators. They are developed for the early stages of software building in which the requirements are defined and the gross design of the software product is specified. From these estimates only coarse estimates of the total development effort are feasible. These coarse estimates are updated when uncertainty is reduced. The basic element common to all frameworks for software building is the activity. Thus the EEM uses a knowledge-base which includes decomposition of the software development process into the activity level. Components which contribute to the effort associated with the activities implemented early in the development process are identified. They are the size metrics used by the EEM. The data incorporated in the knowledge-base for each activity, and the rules for the assessment of the complexity and risk perceived in the development, allow the estimation process to take place. They form the infrastructure for a 'process model' for effort estimating. The process of estimating the effort and of developing the software are linked. Assumptions taken throughout the process are recorded and assist in understanding deviations between estimates and actual effort and enable the incorporation of a feedback mechanism into the process of software development. These estimates support the decision process associated with the overall management of software development, they facilitate management involvement and are thus considered as critical success factors for the management of software projects.


A survey of physicians in private practice (exclusive of pediatricians) was conducted in a medium sized suburban city in the New York metropolitan area, to determine whether physicians' attitudes toward the ill aged and nursing homes were predictors of the quality of medical care available to area nursing home patients. Questionnaires were circulated to 302 practitioners. Of the 28 percent who responded, 32 percent were psychiatrists, 15 percent primary care physicians and 8 percent orthopedists. Physicians felt competent to manage the ill aged, although 50 percent had had no significant degree of exposure to geriatric medicine in their medical education, and 70 percent of the primary care group had had none. Primary care and older physicians were more likely to treat patients in nursing homes. Almost 40 percent viewed the nursing home as a place to die. Although 85 percent studied that physicians should be involved in the nursing home displacement process, only 21 percent believed that they continued to be in charge of their patients after placement. The findings demonstrate generalized medical disinterest in the care of ill aged patients in institutions. The persons responsible for awarding government grants and those involved in planning medical school curricula should pay more attention to the needs of the chronically ill aged.


Interferometric noise in optical communication systems employing reflective modulation schemes can be mitigated by reshaping the data spectrum to reduce the spectral overlap with backscattered and backreflected light. A novel analytical model, capable of analyzing accurately the performance of modulation formats with a wide optical spectrum, is derived here and applied to study the case of interferometric noise caused by Rayleigh backscattering. Compared to more complex models and simulations the new method is fast, simple to implement, and gives clear insight into the physical phenomena involved. In addition, the performance of practical systems can be easily analyzed and optimized due to the capability of the model to include real component specifications such as arbitrary optical and electrical filter responses. The specific case of phase-modulated non-return to zero (PM-NRZ) modulation format is used to validate the model against experimental results and excellent agreement is obtained. The PM-NRZ performance is also investigated as a function of various parameters, quantifying, for example, the trade-off between phase modulation index and interferometric noise mitigation.


The main ideas developed in this habilitation thesis consist in endowing combinatorial objects (words, permutations, trees, Young tableaux, etc.) with operations in order to construct algebraic structures. This process allows, by studying algebraically the structures thus obtained (changes of bases, generating sets, presentations, morphisms, representations), to collect combinatorial information about the underlying objects. The algebraic structures the most encountered here are magmas, posets, associative algebras, dendriform algebras, Hopf bialgebras, operads, and pros. This work explores the aforementioned research direction and provides many constructions having the particularity to build algebraic structures on combinatorial objects. We develop for instance a functor from nonsymmetric colored operads to nonsymmetric operads, from monoids to operads, from unitary magmas to nonsymmetric operads, from finite posets to nonsymmetric operads, from stiff pros to Hopf bialgebras, and from precompositions to nonsymmetric operads. These constructions bring alternative ways to describe already known structures and provide new ones, as for instance, some of the deformations of the noncommutative Fa\`a di Bruno Hopf bialgebra of Foissy and a generalization of the dendriform operad of Loday. We also use algebraic structures to obtain enumerative results. In particular, nonsymmetric colored operads are promising devices to define formal series generalizing the usual ones. These series come with several products (for instance a pre-Lie product, an associative product, and their Kleene stars) enriching the usual ones on classical power series. This provides a framework and a toolbox to strike combinatorial questions in an original way. The first two chapters pose the elementary notions of combinatorics and algebraic combinatorics used here. The last ten chapters contain our original research.


In the past fifty years, the revolution in American family law led to a revolution in family law dispute resolution. Virtually every aspect of divorce law has been transformed since the Mad Men era, including grounds for divorce, characterization of marital property, child custody presumptions, and alimony and child support rules. Marriage is not assumed to be a lifelong commitment. Fault generally is not legally relevant. Gender equality is a fundamental principle.In this period, family courts struggled with an increased volume of cases and ambiguous rules. They found that the tools of litigation were poorly suited to handle most of the problems presented to them. Similarly, divorcing couples often found that they did not want to use litigation to resolve their family disputes because the adversarial structure could easily escalate conflict. Many parties did not want to rely on lawyers at all, often because of the expense but sometimes because they were afraid that lawyers might stimulate new conflict or exercise too much control over their personal affairs. The development of "alternative" dispute resolution methods has been a continuing process of innovation in which professionals try to craft ever-more effective, efficient, and satisfying ways to handle conflict. In this ongoing process, past innovations sometimes became institutionalized as a new status quo, only to be challenged by even newer innovations.This article surveys a wide range of procedures that divorcing parties now use, including self-representation. Lawyers sometimes provide "unbundled" legal services to help parties who want to divide responsibilities for legal tasks between themselves and their lawyers. Parties often use mediation, arbitration, and private judging. Norms for lawyers' professional roles have emphasized the importance of cooperation and some lawyers offer "planned early negotiation" processes such as Collaborative and Cooperative Law. Family courts engage in a wide range of activities beyond traditional litigation and adjudication. Many courts manage or mandate parent education and services related to domestic violence. Courts regularly appoint professionals including advocates for children, custody evaluators, early neutral evaluators, and parenting coordinators.The revolution in family law dispute resolution is still underway. Changing circumstances and limited resources can contribute to deterioration of family court services, frustration of family law professionals, and, most importantly, increased family dysfunction. These pressures create incentives for family law professionals and courts to use dispute system design methods to collaborate more effectively to serve family members and the public. The great challenge for family law professionals is to continue to create better ways to serve families in conflict and transition.


Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a phenomenon occuring at metal surfaces (typically gold and silver) when an incident light beam strikes the surface at a particular angle. Depending on the thickness of a molecular layer at the metal surface, the SPR phenomenon results in a graded reduction in intensity of the reflected light. Biomedical applications take advantage of the exquisite sensitivity of SPR to the refractive index of the medium next to the metal surface, which makes it possible to measure accurately the adsorption of molecules on the metal surface and their eventual interactions with specific ligands. The last ten years have seen a tremendous development of SPR use in biomedical applications. The technique is applied not only to the measurement in real-time of the kinetics of ligand-receptor interactions and to the screening of lead compounds in the pharmaceutical industry, but also to the measurement of DNA hybridization, enzyme-substrate interactions, in polyclonal antibody characterization, epitope mapping, protein conformation studies and label-free immunoassays. Conventional SPR is applied in specialized biosensing instruments. These instruments use expensive sensor chips of limited reuse capacity and require complex chemistry for ligand or protein immobilization. Our laboratory has successfully applied SPR with colloidal gold particles in buffered solution. This application offers many advantages over conventional SPR. The support is cheap, easily synthesized, and can be coated with various proteins or protein-ligand complexes by charge adsorption. With colloidal gold, the SPR phenomenon can be monitored in any UV-vis spectrophotometer. For high-throughput applications, we have adapted the technology in an automated clinical chemistry analyzer. This simple technology finds application in label-free quantitative immunoassay techniques for proteins and small analytes, in conformational studies with proteins as well as in the real-time association-dissociation measurements of receptor-ligand interactions, for high-throughput screening and lead optimization.


Jorgensen examines the emergence of Tranquebar as a heritage town in post-colonial India through the diverse, sometimes competing interests and claims of local residents, state-oriented institutions, scholars and policy makers, non-governmental organisations, and private entrepreneurs. Tharangambadi, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, colloquially known as Tranquebar, is a fishing community of about 23000 people on the Coromandel Coast of India. Tranquebar was one of two trading posts that the Danish East India Company established in the 1600s, and that were taken over by the Danish Crown in 1650. The British East India Company acquired Denmark"s Indian territories in 1845, and they were subsequently taken over in 1857 by the British Crown when the Company was dissolved. These territories were transferred to the Indian national government in 1947, when India gained independence from the British Crown. Jorgensen investigates the use of the past, that is, the making of Tranquebar into a destination for heritage tourism based on its Danish colonial history. The study takes place in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean earthquake on December 26, 2004. This major seismic event centred in the west coast of Sumatra, resulted in a powerful tsunami that radiated from there toward each country that shares a coastline on the Indian Ocean. The tsunami inundation in turn, caused the destruction of infrastructure, towns and villages, the displacement of coastal communities and the loss of human life. Tranquebar was severely impacted and since the tsunami, initiatives to promote economic growth in the town have intensified.


In March 2010, negotiations aimed at enlarging the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (TPP) were launched. Nine countries from Asia, Oceania and the Americas currently participate in them. The United States, which in practice has assumed a leading role, has stated that this process has the ultimate goal of transforming the TPP in a platform for large-scale trans-Pacific economic integration. It has also expressed that the enlarged TPP should be a high-quality, 21st century agreement. For the current two Latin American participants (Chile and Peru), as well as for other prospective candidates, the TPP offers the possibility of strengthening their trade and investment links with Asia Pacific, the world's most economically dynamic region. The TPP could also make a meaningful contribution to tame the tangle of preferential trade agreements across Asia Pacific. However, given the current set of participants, the negotiations offer both Chile and Peru little in terms of improved market access. Moreover, they are characterized by uncertainty as to their content, architecture and membership, as well as by risks such as having to make new concessions in sensitive areas like intellectual property and investment. Overall, the success prospects of the TPP negotiations depend largely on how the trade policy environment in the United States evolves during 2011.""


Pirolisasi is a process of chemical decomposition of organic material through a heating process with no or little oxygen or other reagents, where the raw material will experience a chemical solution into the gas phase structure. The material used is biomass (organic material) which is the production of living beings. In this lab, will be an experiment to produce liquid smoke from oil palm shell by using Pyrolysis. Pyrolysis tool is equipped with a furnace albakos, the reservoir of tar, condensers, vacuum, and gas stoves. The variables used are divided into 2 is fixed variable and independent variables. Fixed variable used is the time and volume of material used while the independent variables are the type of materials used in each experiment.
The experimental results and calculations, the experiment pirolysis palm kernel shells for 3 hour experiment. The experimental results 60 minutes, specific gravity obtained 120,180:0,9336gr/ml, 0,93gr/ml, 0,9152gr/ml for its viscosity in a row is 1,284cp, 1,1073cp, 0,857cp. The resulting volume is 180ml, 150ml, 100ml. Ph 5,4,4. From these experiments it is concluded that the longer the combustion of oil palm shells, the less the volume of liquid smoke produced, so that the lower the density and viscosity. Likewise with yieldnya the lower levels. This is because the volume of produced liquid smoke less and also the existence of impurities from ending. Not only that volume decreased with the length of time due to the smoke generated participated condensed liquid with water. And also charcoal burning has been exhausted so that no smoke is absorbed condensed.


Abstract. Water column dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity were measured during five hydrographic sections in the Atlantic Ocean and Drake Passage. The work was funded through the Strategic Funding Initiative of the UK's Oceans2025 programme, which ran from 2007 to 2012. The aims of this programme were to establish the regional budgets of natural and anthropogenic carbon in the North Atlantic, the South Atlantic, and the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, as well as the rates of change of these budgets. This paper describes in detail the dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity data collected along east–west sections at 47° N to 60° N, 24.5° N, and 24° S in the Atlantic and across two Drake Passage sections. Other hydrographic and biogeochemical parameters were measured during these sections, and relevant standard operating procedures are mentioned here. Over 95% of dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity samples taken during the 24.5° N, 24° S, and the Drake Passage sections were analysed onboard and subjected to a first-level quality control addressing technical and analytical issues. Samples taken along 47° N to 60° N were analysed and subjected to quality control back in the laboratory. Complete post-cruise second-level quality control was performed using cross-over analysis with historical data in the vicinity of measurements, and data were submitted to the CLIVAR and Carbon Hydrographic Data Office (CCHDO), the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) and and will be included in the Global Ocean Data Analyses Project, version 2 (GLODAP 2), the upcoming update of Key et al. (2004).


The Early Years Quality Improvement Team in Calderdale Local Authority in partnership with a team from local primary schools, 'Teamworks' took a decision to address the gender gap in handwriting, with an intervention targeted at 5 boys aged between 36 and 48 months in ten private, voluntary and independent settings. The long term aim of the intervention was to increase the number of boys achieving a good level of development in handwriting in the EYFSP, which takes place towards the end of reception year in school.The team took a unique approach to designing the intervention focussing not just on the outcomes for children but also on the outcomes for practitioners. This approach recognised that the key to success of the intervention would rest on the professional development of the practitioners and the sustainability of the intervention. This presentation is concerned with the practitioners' experiences of taking part in the intervention and to explore if the intervention was carried out 'with' the participants rather than done 'to' them and the effect this had on the sustainability of the intervention.


Herein we report the one-pot transformation of readily synthesised/easily accessed acyl hydrazides into N-acyl carbamates via an alkylation-elimination reaction sequence. A range of N-acyl carbamates are prepared in consistent yields, including those featuring protecting groups and having alkyl & aryl N-acyl functionality. The reaction conditions also tolerate a wide variety of sensitive functional groups.


Abstract This paper reviews academic work on urban Aboriginal identities in Canada since the publication of the urban issue-specific report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, published in 1993. In contrast to earlier work, there is now a substantial body of literature addressing a variety of issues on the report from many disciplinary perspectives. There have also been some major shifts in areas of emphasis and there is, increasingly, material being produced that examines the mechanisms through which cities are defined so that Aboriginal cultures and identities are viewed as being out of place. In contrast to earlier perspectives, there are strong arguments that success in the urban milieu is not incompatible with the retention or emergence of positive Aboriginal identities and communities.


Maori people maintain ambiguous relations with the rest of the Pacific. Genealogical relationships continue to be celebrated in ongoing connections across a wide range of domains and discourses, but the colonial history of New Zealand has also turned Maori into a community of indigenous people that has been eclipsed by European settlers over the past two centuries. As a corollary, Maori are embroiled in an intense struggle for recognition of their proprietary rights as the indigenous people of the islands of New Zealand. Over the past few decades, campaigns for a comprehensive settlement of their colonial grievances have gathered some momentum since the Treaty of Waitangi was gradually recognized again in the 1970s and 1980s. The negotiations between Maori and the government about historical and social justice for the indigenous population, however, may to some extent be counterbalanced by the increasing number of migrants arriving in New Zealand, from Asia and the Pacific Islands.
In the current competition for scarce resources, Maori have consistently argued that within the New Zealand nation state the establishment of biculturalism should precede the development of multiculturalism, implying also that indigenous rights should prevail over those of settlers and migrants. The political dichotomy between Maori and Pacific Islanders raises the question to what extent it distorts historical and contemporary connections. This article explores the multiple histories and manifold relations between Maori and Pacific Islanders in the past and present in order to examine whether the paradox of historical connections and contemporary competition can be resolved.


ABSTRACT Bacterial biofilms at times undergo regulated and coordinated dispersal events where sessile biofilm cells convert to free-swimming, planktonic bacteria. In the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we previously observed that dispersal occurs concurrently with three interrelated processes within mature biofilms: (i) production of oxidative or nitrosative stress-inducing molecules inside biofilm structures, (ii) bacteriophage induction, and (iii) cell lysis. Here we examine whether specific reactive oxygen or nitrogen intermediates play a role in cell dispersal from P. aeruginosa biofilms. We demonstrate the involvement of anaerobic respiration processes in P. aeruginosa biofilm dispersal and show that nitric oxide (NO), used widely as a signaling molecule in biological systems, causes dispersal of P. aeruginosa biofilm bacteria. Dispersal was induced with low, sublethal concentrations (25 to 500 nM) of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Moreover, a P. aeruginosa mutant lacking the only enzyme capable of generating metabolic NO through anaerobic respiration (nitrite reductase, ΔnirS) did not disperse, whereas a NO reductase mutant (ΔnorCB) exhibited greatly enhanced dispersal. Strategies to induce biofilm dispersal are of interest due to their potential to prevent biofilms and biofilm-related infections. We observed that exposure to SNP (500 nM) greatly enhanced the efficacy of antimicrobial compounds (tobramycin, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium dodecyl sulfate) in the removal of established P. aeruginosa biofilms from a glass surface. Combined exposure to both NO and antimicrobial agents may therefore offer a novel strategy to control preestablished, persistent P. aeruginosa biofilms and biofilm-related infections.


This thesis investigates empirically the manufacturing sector in Vietnam during the period 2000-2006. The main objective is to provide a comprehensive analysis on the technical performance, and workplace safety of this sector. The analysis uses the sub-dataset for the manufacturing sector extracted from the annual Vietnam Enterprise Surveys for the period under consideration. Chapter one provides an overview of the economic renovation (commonly called Doi moi). The chapter reviews milestones in the Doi moi process and its consequences in terms of economic structural changes, trade, and investment. Chapter two describes the dataset used in the thesis and the construction of the key variables adopted in the subsequent chapters. Chapter three estimates technical efficiency in the Vietnam's manufacturing sector. The chapter explores if, among other things, the estimates of technical efficiency obtained using the stochastic frontier approach are sensitive to the different distributional and econometric assumptions. Based on several test results, the chapter concludes that average manufacturing sector operated at 62 percent of its technical efficiency. Chapter four investigates empirically the determinants of technical efficiency in the Vietnam's manufacturing sector using both mean and quantile regression approaches. Results suggested that types of ownership, feminization, and compliance of firms to labour market regulation are among important determinants of technical efficiency. Notably, there is a positive, albeit modest impact of trade liberalization on technical performance of the manufacturing sector and this impact is most pronounced for the least technically efficient firms. Chapter five focuses attention on workplace injuries in the manufacturing sector. As data on workplace injuries in Vietnam is very limited, a number of experiments was tried to find the most relevant estimation strategy. The chapter finally adopts a probit model and a simple OLS to inform determinants of workplace injuries. Results suggest that types of ownership and firm size are important factors that exert influences on workplace injuries reported. Interestingly, the foreign-invested sector was found to be the worst performer compared to the domestic counterparts in terms of technical efficiency and workplace safety. Drawing from these chapters, some policy conclusions, limitations of the current exercise, and outlines of possible agenda for future research in this area are discussed in the conclusion section.


This thesis describes the implications of sum-frequency generation in both laser safety and quantum telecommunications applications. Green laser pointer technology uses frequency doubling of invisible 1064 nm infrared radiation to visible 532 nm green radiation. An inexpensive green laser pointer was found to emit infrared leakage primarily due to the lack of an infrared–blocking filter. An experimental setup using common household materials was presented to detect unwanted infrared radiation from such devices. Also reported, is the design and characterization of a high-speed versatile 780 nm pump source up to 1.25 GHz through second harmonic generation from a wavelength of 1560 nm. The 780 nm source is currently being used for the production of correlated photon pairs, one of which is at 656 nm, the hydrogen Balmer alpha line. The final goal will be to generate a high-speed entanglement source after some adjustments in the correlated pair source assembly. This will improve an operational quantum key distribution system.


Organizational level interventions have proven habitually difficult to implement with successful outcomes. Recent process evaluations have identified key factors involved in successful outcomes such as participation, communication and manager behaviour. These factors have ultimately to do with fostering employee engagement and commitment to interventions. It is effectively up to the employees whether interventions achieve their goals or not. The objective of the present study was to investigate how employees perceive and experience an organizational level intervention with particular regards to the survey feedback process. Six interviews were conducted with employees that had recently been through a survey feedback meeting. The survey feedback meeting was part of a larger health promotive work environment intervention. The results of the analysis process showed that the participants had a positive view of the survey feedback process and the intervention, highlighting the participatory aspect and the role their line manager adopted. Despite a positive appraisal, the participants had little faith in the successfulness of the intervention in their department. This was mainly due to the department going through a major restructuring at the time, but the participants also failed to understand the need for or the relevance of the intervention. Possible suggestions as to how to increase employee engagement and commitment to the intervention are discussed in light of the results and previous evidence and literature. More research is needed to understand how employees' appraisals of the surveyfeedback meetings relate to their appraisals and level of engagement toward the entire intervention process, and how this influences intervention outcomes. Gaining and maintaining employee commitment is crucial in an intervention process.


SUMMARY We developed a syndromic surveillance (SyS) concept using emergency dispatch, ambulance and emergency-department data from different European countries. Based on an inventory of sub-national emergency data availability in 12 countries, we propose framework definitions for specific syndromes and a SyS system design. We tested the concept by retrospectively applying cumulative sum and spatio-temporal cluster analyses for the detection of local gastrointestinal outbreaks in four countries and comparing the results with notifiable disease reporting. Routine emergency data was available daily and electronically in 11 regions, following a common structure. We identified two gastrointestinal outbreaks in two countries; one was confirmed as a norovirus outbreak. We detected 1/147 notified outbreaks. Emergency-care data-based SyS can supplement local surveillance with near real-time information on gastrointestinal patients, especially in special circumstances, e.g. foreign tourists. It most likely cannot detect the majority of local gastrointestinal outbreaks with few, mild or dispersed cases.


With the development of practices towards green pavements, many agencies are shifting from the use of the conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA) towards new technologies of warm mix asphalt (WMA). The different techniques of WMA are recently developed to improve many aspects of asphalt works of which to reduce the mixing and compaction temperature, reduce the required energy for production, lessen the emissions and fumes, and extend the construction seasons. Thus, WMA is becoming commonly used in critical paving projects at cold weather or projects with short time-windows where the roadway cannot be closed from traffic for a long period of time. Based on this, it is important to know the cooling characteristics of freshly paved asphalt mats for these projects. The cooling time is a critical factor affecting the completion time of the paving operations where enough time needs to be given for the asphalt layer to cool down and gain the required stiffness to carry the traffic load. Lowering the cooling time will reduce user delays and interruption of services which decreases the accompanied financial and environmental costs. This requires the accurate estimation of the cooling time prior to construction to set more efficient rehabilitation paving operations. To achieve this, a predictive finite element model (FEM) using the ADINA (Automated Dynamic Incremental Nonlinear Analysis) package, is developed to simulate the actual cooling of newly paved asphalt layers. The model is founded on principles of thermodynamics and heat transfer to simulate the effects of conduction, convection, and radiation to predict the cooling rates of pavements. This study provides an accurate and mechanistic prediction tool for asphalt cooling that incorporates the various factors influencing the cooling rate such as layer thickness, air temperature, solar flux, wind speed, time of the day, time of the year, and properties of the paving material. The model is validated using measured data and used to assess the effect of certain critical parameters on cooling rates and impact on paving operations. This tool allows its user to simulate cooling of different types of asphalt concrete of which HMA and WMA are two options. Also, WMA has a time-dependent curing at a relatively short period of time after construction where the asphalt binder regains its original viscosity and/or a certain amount of entrapped moisture is evaporated from the WMA where insufficient curing time can lead to the deterioration of WMA at early stages. So, this tool will be used to predict the cooling time of WMA at different conditions where it will be compared with WMA curing time and thus decide whether the cooling or curing time determines the time to open to traffic for WMA projects.


Abstract. The thickness of ice shelves, a basic parameter for mass balance estimates, is typically inferred using hydrostatic equilibrium, for which knowledge of the depth-averaged density is essential. The densification from snow to ice depends on a number of local factors (e.g., temperature and surface mass balance) causing spatial and temporal variations in density–depth profiles. However, direct measurements of firn density are sparse, requiring substantial logistical effort. Here, we infer density from radio-wave propagation speed using ground-based wide-angle radar data sets (10 MHz) collected at five sites on Roi Baudouin Ice Shelf (RBIS), Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. We reconstruct depth to internal reflectors, local ice thickness, and firn-air content using a novel algorithm that includes traveltime inversion and ray tracing with a prescribed shape of the depth–density relationship. For the particular case of an ice-shelf channel, where ice thickness and surface slope change substantially over a few kilometers, the radar data suggest that firn inside the channel is about 5 % denser than outside the channel. Although this density difference is at the detection limit of the radar, it is consistent with a similar density anomaly reconstructed from optical televiewing, which reveals that the firn inside the channel is 4.7 % denser than that outside the channel. Hydrostatic ice thickness calculations used for determining basal melt rates should account for the denser firn in ice-shelf channels. The radar method presented here is robust and can easily be adapted to different radar frequencies and data-acquisition geometries.


The English version of this paper can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2016680China's growing economic engagement with Latin America has sparked both popular and scholarly debate. Some scholars contend that China is a rising imperial power scouring the globe for natural resources, exploiting less powerful nations, and rejecting international environmental agreements that would curb its profligate consumption of the world's natural resources. Others applaud China's unorthodox development strategies and portray China as a model worthy of emulation. This article interrogates both narratives and examines the environmental and developmental implications of China's rise for Latin America. The article discusses China's bilateral trade and investment agreements with Latin American nations and China's potential contributions to sustainable development law.


Traditional operating systems use magnetic disks as paging devices, even though the cost of a disk transfer measured in processor cycles continues to increase.

In this paper we explore the use of remote main memory for paging. We describe the design, implementation and evaluation of a pager that uses main memory of remote workstations as a faster-than-disk paging device and provides reliability in case of single workstation failures. Our pager has been implemented as a block device driver linked to the DEC OSF/1 operating system, without any modifications to the kernel code. Using several test applications we measure the performance of remote memory paging over an Ethernet interconnection network and find it to be faster than traditional disk paging. We evaluate the performance of various reliability policies and prove their feasibility even over low bandwidth networks, like Ethernet.

We conclude that the benefits of reliable remote memory paging in workstation clusters are significant today and will probably increase in the near future.


One of the characteristic features of the electromagnetic fields radiated by lightning is the far-field inversion of polarity with a zero-crossing occurring in the tens of microseconds range. This feature has been used in several studies to test the ability of return-stroke models to reproduce the observed electromagnetic fields. In this paper, we derive closed-form analytical expressions for the zero-crossing times associated with six engineering models for the lightning return strokes, namely the Bruce-Golde (BG) model, the transmission-line (TL) model, the traveling current source (TCS) model, the modified transmission-line linear (MTLL) model, the modified transmission-line exponential (MTLE) model, and the Diendorfer-Uman (DU) model. For the derivation, the late-time behavior of the current is expressed in terms of a single exponential function. It is shown from the derived expressions that except for the TL model, according to which the zero-crossing time is independent of the current decay constant tau, all the models exhibit greater zero-crossing time as the value of tau increases. This increase is found to be linear for the BG and TCS models, nearly linear for the DU model, and quasi-logarithmic for the MTLL and MTLE models. It is also shown that all the models exhibit a decrease of the zero-crossing time with increasing return-stroke speed, except for the BG model for which the zero-crossing time appears to be independent of v . The DU and TCS models predict almost the same zero-crossing times that vary quasi-linearly with the corresponding running variables. The zero-crossing times predicted by the MTLL and MTLE models are less sensitive to the current decay time and more sensitive to the return-stroke speed, compared to the predictions of the BG, TCS, and DU models. The BG, DU, and TCS models predict, in general, larger values for the zero-crossing times than those predicted by MTLL and MTLE models. The derived expressions are then used to discuss the conditions required for every engineering return-stroke model to reproduce the expected far-field zero-crossing times. The used procedure is to compute the zero-crossing times for each model, starting from channel-base current waveforms typical of the first and subsequent return strokes, and to examine how well the predicted values are in agreement with typical, experimentally observed zero-crossing times. Other adjustable parameters are varied within their typical range of variation. It is shown that only two models, namely MTLL and MTLE, are able to reproduce the typical zero-crossing times.


This Article examines specialty courts, including drug, alcohol, and mental health courts, which proponents claim created a revolution in criminal justice. Defendants whose underlying crime is the result of a substance use disorder or a mental health disorder can choose to be diverted into a specialty court, where they receive treatment instead of punishment. Many of these individuals, however, do not just suffer from a substance use disorder or a mental health disorder; instead, many have a "co-occurring disorder." Approximately 8.9 million American adults have co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders, and almost half of individuals who meet diagnostic criteria for one disorder will also meet criteria for the other. Moreover, an extensive body of literature has shown that treatment for co-occurring disorders should be integrated and that individuals should receive appropriate mental health and substance abuse treatment from a single clinician or clinical team.

This Article argues that the segregation of drug, alcohol, and mental health courts is out of step with our current understanding of the high rates of co-occurring disorders, and often fails to provide integrated treatment for the multiple disorders a single specialty-court participant might present. Moreover, by segregating specialty courts, we are further stigmatizing addiction and failing to acknowledge that drug and alcohol use disorders are some of the many types of mental illnesses recognized by the medical community. Drug, alcohol, and mental health courts should therefore move away from their traditional siloed approach to the selection and treatment of participants and instead provide individuals with comprehensive and integrated treatment for co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders.


To date, there is no 'gold standard' on how to best measure public climate change beliefs. We report a study (N = 897) testing four measures of climate change causation beliefs, drawn from four sources: the CSIRO, Griffith University, the Gallup poll, and the Newspoll. We found that question wording influences the outcome of beliefs reported. Questions that did not allow respondents to choose the option of believing in an equal mix of natural and anthropogenic climate change obtained different results to those that included the option. Age and belief groups were found to be important predictors of how consistent people were in reporting their beliefs. Response consistency gave some support to past findings suggesting climate change beliefs reflect something deeper in the individual belief system. Each belief question was assessed against five criterion variables commonly used in climate change literature. Implications for future studies are discussed.


Various linguists working within the theory of Government and Binding (e.g. Hornstein & Weinberg (1981), Kayne (1981)) have attempted to provide a unified account of preposition-stranding. This article uses evidence from Icelandic to show that preposition-stranding is not a unified phenomenon. Although Icelandic freely allows preposition-stranding in wh-movement constructions, it lacks prepositional passives in which the prepositional object of an active verb corresponds to the grammatical subject of a passive verb. Various syntactic tests which distinguish between grammatical subjects and topicalized NPs are used to demonstrate this. Our conclusion is that while lexical reanalysis is needed to account for prepositional passives, no such reanalysis is warranted for preposition-stranding due to wh-movement; hence, an adequate theory of preposition-stranding must allow for two separate parameters.


Globally, riverine fish face many anthropogenic threats including riparian and flood plain habitat degradation, altered hydrology, migration barriers, fisheries exploitation, environ- mental (climate) change, and introduction of invasive species. Collectively, these threats have made riverine fishes some of the most threatened taxa on the planet. Although much effort has been devoted to identifying the threats faced by river fish, there has been less effort devoted to identifying the factors that may hinder our ability to conserve and restore river fish populations and their watersheds. Therefore, we focus our efforts on identifying and discussing 10 general factors (can also be viewed as research and implementation needs) that constrain or hinder effective con- servation action for endangered river fish: (1) limited basic natural history information; (2) limited appreciation for the scale/extent of migrations and the level of connectivity needed to sustain pop- ulations; (3) limited understanding of fish/river-flow relationships; (4) limited understanding of the seasonal aspects of river fish biology, particularly during winter and/or wet seasons; (5) challenges in predicting the response of river fish and river ecosystems to both environmental change and var- ious restoration or management actions; (6) limited understanding of the ecosystem services pro- vided by river fish; (7) the inherent difficulty in studying river fish; (8) limited understanding of the human dimension of river fish conservation and management; (9) limitations of single species ap- proaches that often fail to address the broader-scale problems; and (10) limited effectiveness of governance structures that address endangered river fish populations and rivers that cross multiple jurisdictions. We suggest that these issues may need to be addressed to help protect, re- store, or conserve river fish globally, particularly those that are endangered.


Objective: The objective of this study is to compare two large biomedical terminologies, SNOMED CT and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Thesaurus, through Semantic Web technologies. Methods: The two terminologies are converted into the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and loaded into a common triple store. The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is used to identify correspondences between concepts across terminologies. Concepts common to both terminologies are compared based on shared relations to other concepts. Results: A total of 20,369 pairs of equivalent SNOMED CT and NCI Thesaurus concepts were identified through the UMLS. The highest proportion of shared relata is for the superclasses traversed recursively (75% of the concepts share at least one superclass). Slightly more than half of the concepts studied share at least one associative relation (direct relation or inherited from some ancestor). Conclusions: Overall, SNOMED CT and NCI Thesaurus concepts exhibit a relatively small proportion of shared relata. Semantic Web technologies, including RDF and triple stores, are suitable for comparing large biomedical ontologies, at least from a quantitative perspective.


This
Memorandum presents a conceptual model and a
mathematical method for computing the physiological fluid
and electrolyte distribution for selected body compartments
of an average, young, 70-kilogram human male. The
mathematical procedure simulates the physiological subsystems
by incorporating all the known chemical reactions
and electrochemical relations which seem necessary to
establish the fluid and electrolyte distribution. Because
the whole body is being considered, the relatively large
number of computations required argues that a computer be
employed,
The construction of the model and the mathematical
background is given in heuristic form only, with reference
to earlier papers for rigorous development. However, considerable detail is shown regarding the analysis of the
computed results for a standard, steady-state, average,
young, resting, 70-kg human male. Finally, the results
of validation experiments, consisting of chemical stresses
applied to the model, are discussed. In some cases, these
results are compared with similar experiments in the biological
literature, but in others reference is made to a companion
paper by G. B. Bradham, et al. (1), in which
particular laboratory validation experiments are described
in detail. The results of these experiments indicate that
the model is a valid supplementary tool for research in
the clinical and the research laboratory as well as in
theoretical physiology.


The Janus kinase (JAK)-inhibitor ruxolitinib decreases constitutional symptoms and spleen size of myelofibrosis (MF) patients by mechanisms distinct from its anticlonal activity. Here we investigated whether ruxolitinib affects dendritic cell (DC) biology. The in vitro development of monocyte-derived DCs was almost completely blocked when the compound was added throughout the differentiation period. Furthermore, when applied solely during the final lipopolysaccharide-induced maturation step, ruxolitinib reduced DC activation as demonstrated by decreased interleukin-12 production and attenuated expression of activation markers. Ruxolitinib also impaired both in vitro and in vivo DC migration. Dysfunction of ruxolitinib-exposed DCs was further underlined by their impaired induction of allogeneic and antigen-specific T-cell responses. Ruxolitinib-treated mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA)/CpG induced markedly reduced in vivo activation and proliferation of OVA-specific CD8⁺ T cells compared with vehicle-treated controls. Finally, using an adenoviral infection model, we show that ruxolitinib-exposed mice exhibit delayed adenoviral clearance. Our results demonstrate that ruxolitinib significantly affects DC differentiation and function leading to impaired T-cell activation. DC dysfunction may result in increased infection rates in ruxolitinib-treated patients. However, our findings may also explain the outstanding anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activity of JAK inhibitors currently used in the treatment of MF and autoimmune diseases.


Within the scope of this study, which deals with distance education method as a communication process, a focus group interview was conducted with voluntary students who were randomly selected from various areas/majors at the Department of Distance Education in Istanbul University in order to determine the relationship between their general Internet usage habits and their Internet usage as a part of distance learning and in line with their expectations. The questions posed for the students during the interview process were drawn up on the basis of Internet medium serving a mass medium and for multi-purposes. The study revealed a positive relationship between general Internet usage habits of distance education students and their particular Internet usage habits during their education. It is concluded that the ability of students to adapt to social media applications and especially to social networks, which are the latest Internet applications based on interactive communications, is considerably high. The expectations of the students from the latest Internet applications are also high when it comes to distance education process.


Abstract : Electrically small antennas trade reception performance for physical size reduction. The SQUID maximizes the reception performance; still achieving a physically small size leading to satisfying the demanding antenna requirements of an airborne high frequency direction finding antenna system. High frequency electromagnetic reception for a direct current (DC) superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) is simulated using the resistor-capacitor-shunted-junction (RCSJ) electronic circuit model, producing a set of two-dimensional ordinary differential equations to describe the electrical operating characteristics for the DC SQUID. A time-varying magnetic flux, consisting of frequencies from the HF band, is applied to characterize the voltage response of the DC SQUID. An instantaneous voltage develops across the DC SQUID, although a fast time-average must be computed to produce usable voltage samples. These voltage samples are shown to be representative samples of the applied time-varying signal containing a voltage bias. The waveform produced from these voltage samples is periodic, while preserving the phase of the incident signal. The HF reception characteristics of a single DC SQUID is shown, including an examination for expanding the loop area, simulating a DC SQUID array. Additionally, the DC SQUID is compared to the MGL-S8A BDOT sensor using by optical responsitivity.


After U.S. accession to the Berne Convention in 1988, many scholars have expected an increasing convergence between U.S. and EU copyright law. Even though some developments in U.S. copyright law evidence a move towards the European model, this article concludes that deep differences will continue to exist between U.S. and EU copyright law, chiefly because of the influence of economic thinking on the scope of copyright law in the U.S. and the influence of the U.S. Constitution. The economic and constitutional underpinnings of U.S. copyright law give rise to a legal regime whose principles and purposes fundamentally differ in many respects from the 'author-centric' regimes of EU nations. Although the article deals with the historical moorings of U.S. copyright law, it offers numerous examples to demonstrate how economic and constitutional reasoning manifest themselves in modern judicial pronouncements on everything from copyright protection for computer programs to the unprotectability of unoriginal data compilations. These decisions have used economics and the Constitution to adapt U.S. copyright law to new technological challenges.


The stable isotope composition of planktic and benthic foraminifera and the distribution of selected benthic foraminiferal species from a Messinian record of the lower Guadalquivir Basin, northeastern Atlantic Ocean, show that regional productivity changes were linked to glacioeustatic fluctuations. Glacial periods were characterized by poorly ventilated bottom waters as a result of weak Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and by phases of high productivity related to intensified upwelling. In contrast, well-ventilated bottom waters owing to strong AMOC, the presence of degraded organic matter in the upper slope, and high input of degraded terrestrial organic matter derived from fluvial discharge to the outer shelf were recorded during interglacial periods. Before closure of the adjacent Guadalhorce Corridor at 6.18 Ma, which was the final active Betic Atlantic–Mediterranean gateway, the study area was alternately influenced by well-ventilated Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) and poorly ventilated Atlantic Upwelled Water (AUW). Following closure of the corridor, cessation of the MOW reduced the AMOC and promoted glacial conditions in the northern hemisphere, resulting in the establishment of local upwelling cells.


Significance Humans interpret others' facial behavior, such as frowns and smiles, and guide their behavior accordingly, but whether such interpretations are pancultural or culturally specific is unknown. In a society with a great degree of cultural and visual isolation from the West—Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea—adolescents interpreted a gasping face (seen by Western samples as conveying fear and submission) as conveying anger and threat. This finding is important not only in supporting behavioral ecology and the ethological approach to facial behavior, as well as challenging psychology's approach of allegedly pancultural "basic emotions," but also in applications such as emotional intelligence tests and border security. Theory and research show that humans attribute both emotions and intentions to others on the basis of facial behavior: A gasping face can be seen as showing "fear" and intent to submit. The assumption that such interpretations are pancultural derives largely from Western societies. Here, we report two studies conducted in an indigenous, small-scale Melanesian society with considerable cultural and visual isolation from the West: the Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea. Our multidisciplinary research team spoke the vernacular and had extensive prior fieldwork experience. In study 1, Trobriand adolescents were asked to attribute emotions, social motives, or both to a set of facial displays. Trobrianders showed a mixed and variable attribution pattern, although with much lower agreement than studies of Western samples. Remarkably, the gasping face (traditionally considered a display of fear and submission in the West) was consistently matched to two unpredicted categories: anger and threat. In study 2, adolescents were asked to select the face that was threatening; Trobrianders chose the "fear" gasping face whereas Spaniards chose an "angry" scowling face. Our findings, consistent with functional approaches to animal communication and observations made on threat displays in small-scale societies, challenge the Western assumption that "fear" gasping faces uniformly express fear or signal submission across cultures.


Why does Ishmael Reed's 1972 novel Mumbo Jumbo, steeped in questions about folklore, anthropological practice, and cultural preservation, receive little attention from scholars who put folklore at the center of their critical analysis? Nineteenth-century folklorist James Russell Lowell once suggested that ballad singers were not truly responsible for the songs that they sang, arguing that part of the "charm" of ballads was that "nobody made them." In Lowell's eyes, the ballads of late nineteenth-century singers seemed "to have come up like violets, and we have only to thank God for them" (qtd. in Bendix 81). This rendering of ballads as organic cultural artifacts, as flowers to be picked by scholars, indicates a type of colonialist thinking that naturalizes racial authenticity. Ishmael Reed's work, with its self-conscious attention to form and metafictional tendencies, does not fit the criteria established by such narrative tropes of organic racial authenticity. To understand why Reed's work is largely overlooked by folklorists and anthropologists, I examine the intersections of several critical discourses: theories of ethnographic writing, scholarship about the relationship between folklore and literature, and the critical reception of Reed's work. First, I look briefly at the emergence of "new ethnography" in anthropology in the late 1970s and early 1980s in order to trace its impact on the study of folklore and fiction--particularly as this new methodology began to raise questions about the relationship of "fictions" to the project of translating the cultures of Others for a white, Western audience. Many of the debates about new ethnography in turn offer us crucial insight into the ways in which the study of folklore and literature has been, to a large degree, racialized so that novels by minority writers are often approached as "ethnographic fictions": that is, as sites of cultural translation and tourism, where nonwhite writers "translate" their culture so that white readers can learn "what life is really like" for an Other. Even more pointedly, the criticisms of new ethnography are directly related to the absence of Mumbo Jumbo from the scholarship of folklore and fiction. The novel's metafictional self-consciousness embraces many of the narrative techniques that critics of new ethnography feared--techniques that complicate the distinction between reality and fiction, thus making an easy cultural translation through fiction impossible. Finally, I argue that Mumbo Jumbo's absence from the discussion of ethnographic fiction offers an opportunity to begin unpacking the colonialist narratives that often underpin the study of folklore and literature. Debates about the relationship between traditional ethnography, "new ethnography," and literary fiction began in earnest when anthropologist James Clifford questioned the "transparency of representation and immediacy of experience" in traditional ethnographic writing. In his introduction to the collection Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Clifford called for an acknowledgment of the fictiveness of seemingly objective works of ethnography, introducing to the discipline of folkloristics the concept of "new ethnography" and spurring scholars to theorize the process of writing ethnography--a task which had not been substantially undertaken before in the field of folklore studies (2). By calling for self-consciousness in ethnography, Clifford and his coeditor George Marcus placed new emphasis on the craft of writing: this move finally required ethnographers to examine the power dynamics involved in, as Robert Emerson argues, "writing" a culture "into being" ("Introduction" 22). Writing Culture therefore had an immediate impact on the study of race in anthropology, as the culture being "written" is so often the culture of an Other. (1) Writing Culture advanced a commitment to move beyond this static inscription of a culture--beginning with recognition of the inherent fictiveness of ethnography. …


This Article identifies a cost to public investors of tying executive pay to the future value of a firm's stock - even its long-term value. In particular, such an arrangement can incentivize executives to engage in share repurchases (when the current stock price is low) and equity issuances (when the current stock price is high) that reduce "aggregate shareholder value," the amount of value flowing to all the firm's shareholders over time. The Article also puts forward a mechanism that ties executive pay to aggregate shareholder value and thereby eliminates the identified distortions.


Purpose: In this article, we discussed whether Imam Mahdi is an Antichrist or a Promised Saviour Besides Jesus Christ and other topics. This article attempts to deal with the concepts "Occultation", "Imamat", "Mahdaviat", "Mahdism" and Who is Antichrist that prophesied both in Islam and Christianity. Also, this research was conducted to answer and clarify three questions that stated in the Introduction section. Methods: We performed our methods in 4 stages: Identifying studies, Selection of Studies, Collating Studies, Reporting results. Results: One of the statements of those who say that Imam Mahdi is the Antichrist is that he is not included in other religious books at all and his name is not mentioned in the Quran and the Muslims forcibly accepted him as their Messiah, but in response to these people, it is not the Muslims who are forcibly introducing the Imam Mahdi as a savior, but vice versa. The Quran contains many verses that mention Imam Mahdi. Not only the Quran, but also other religious books mention him, even with the titles and names mentioned in the Qur'an. Conclusion: The coming of Imam Mahdi and Jesus Christ is one of the sure promises of God, and these two saviors will appear with God's help and the will of the people. They fill the earth with justice and establish the government of God. We hope this article will take an important step in acquainting people with Imam Mahdi and Jesus Christ and paving the ground for their reappearance.


The publication in 1999 of Paths to Justice" presented the results of the most wide-ranging survey of public use of and attitudes towards the civil justice system ever conducted in England and Wales by either an independent body or government agency. "Paths to Justice in Scotland" replicates that survey focusing upon the experiences of ordinary citizens in Scotland as they grapple with the kinds of problems that could ultimately end in the civil courts. In an era of almost unprecedented interest in the resolution of civil disputes and in the procedures and public funding available to assist in the process there remains a lacuna in terms of knowledge of public use of the civil justice system in Scotland which this major survey sets out to fill. In it the authors identify how often people experience problems for which there might be a legal solution and how they set about solving them. Revealing crucial differences in the approach taken to different kinds of potential legal problems the study describes the factors that influence decisions about whether and where to seek advice about problems and whether and when to go to law. In addition to exploring experiences of courts tribunals and ADR processes the study also provides important insights into public confidence in the courts and the judiciary in Scotland. For the first time the study reveals the public's perspective on access to civil justice and makes a significant contribution to debate concerning public experience expectations and needs when trying to resolve justiciable problems.


1. The effect of α-adrenoceptor blockade by phentolamine on plasma arginine vasopressin, on vasopressin dependency of blood pressure and on responsiveness to exogenous lysine vasopressin was studied in conscious normotensive and in deoxycorticosterone (DOC)/salt-treated hypertensive rats. 2. Phentolamine infusion reduced blood pressure of DOC-treated hypertensive rats to levels significantly lower than those of similarly treated Wistar control animals. 3. Plasma vasopressin levels of the DOC-treated hypertensive and normotensive control rats were similar. Phentolamine infusion increased plasma arginine vasopressin levels to 109.4 ±21.8 pg/ml in the DOC-treated rats and to 44.4 ± 8.2 pg/ml in the control animals. It also enhanced the pressor response to exogenous lysine vasopressin in both groups. 4. Administration of the vasopressin analogue dPVDAVP had no effect on blood pressure in either the DOC-treated or the control group but induced a similar fall in blood pressure in both groups during α-adrenoceptor blockade with phentolamine.


Human language content in video is typically manifested either as spoken audio that accompanies the visual content, or as text that is overlaid on the video or contained within the video scene itself. The bulk of research and engineering in language extraction from video thus far has focused on spoken language content. More recently, researchers have also developed technologies capable of detecting and recognizing text content in video. Anecdotal evidence indicates that in the case of rich multi-media sources such as Broadcast News, spoken and textual content provide complementary information. Here we present the results of a recent BBN study in which we compared named entities, a critically important type of language content, between aligned speech and videotext tracks. These new results show that videotext content provides significant additional information that does not appear in the speech stream.


The state of marine systems subject to natural or anthropogenic impacts can be generally summarized by suites of ecological indicators carefully selected to avoid redundancy. Length-based indicators capture the status of fish community structure, fulfilling the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requirement for Descriptor 3 (status of commercial fish species). Although the MSFD recommends the development of regional indicators, a comparison among alternative length-based indicators is so far missing for the Mediterranean Sea. Using principal component analysis and dynamic factor analysis, we identified the most effective subset of length-based indicators, whether or not based on maximum length. Indicator trends and time series of fishing effort and environmental variables are also compared in order to highlight the individual and combined capability of indicators to track system changes across geographical sub-areas. Two indicators, typical length and mean maximum length, constitute the smallest set of non-redundant indicators, capturing together 87.45% of variability. Only in combination can these indicators disentangle changes in the fish community composition from modifications of size structure. Our study supports the inclusion of typical length among the regional MSFD Descriptor 3 indicators for the Mediterranean Sea. Finally, we show dissimilarity between the western and eastern-central Mediterranean, suggesting that there are sub-regional differences in stressors and community responses.


This paper considers the problem of forecasting a collection of short time series using cross sectional information in panel data. We construct point predictors using Tweedie's formula for the posterior mean of heterogeneous coeffcients under a correlated random effects distribution. This formula utilizes cross-sectional information to transform the unit-speciffc (quasi) maximum likelihood estimator into an approximation of the posterior mean under a prior distribution that equals the population distribution of the random coeffcients. We show that the risk of a predictor based on a non-parametric estimate of the Tweedie correction is asymptotically equivalent to the risk of a predictor that treats the correlated-random-effects distribution as known (ratio-optimality). Our empirical Bayes predictor performs well compared to various competitors in a Monte Carlo study. In an empirical application we use the predictor to forecast revenues for a large panel of bank holding companies and compare forecasts that condition on actual and severely adverse macroeconomic conditions.


The word 'kama' means the desire for sensual pleasure in Sanskrit, and was considered an essential part of the well-rounded education of a young, urbane gentleman. Treating pleasure as an art, "Kama Sutra" is a handbook covering every aspect of love and relationships. Its seven sections are devoted to the social life, courtship and marriage, extra-marital relations, the conduct of courtesans and prescriptions for enhancing attractiveness, as well as systematic, detailed instruction on sex. This modern translation of "Kama Sutra" takes it away from the well-worn image of an erotic, Oriental curiosity. This clear, accurate translation conveys all the original flavour and feel of this elegant, intimate and hugely enjoyable work; a masterpiece of pithy description and a wry account of human desires and foibles.


As development introduces competing land uses into forest and grassland landscapes, the public concerns for landscape patterns are expressed through headline issues such as urban sprawl and forest fragmentation. The task for resource managers is to maintain an appropriate balance of biodiversity, water quality, recreation experience, and other amenities in forest and grassland ecosystems. A prerequisite for informed actions at local, regional, and national scales is reliable information about landscape patterns at those scales. National assessments document the status and trends of landscape patterns in a consistent fashion nationwide, making it possible to identify national strategies to achieve particular objectives. To the extent that nationally available input data are able to also capture important local details, the same information can be used for local planning as well.


Wireless implantable devices capable of monitoring the electrical activity of the brain are becoming an important tool for understanding, and potentially treating, mental diseases such as epilepsy and depression. Compressive sensing (CS) is emerging as a promising approach to directly acquire compressed signals, allowing to reduce the power consumption associated with data transmission. To this end, we propose an efficient CS scheme which exploits the structure of the intracranial EEG signals, both in sampling and recovery. Our structure-aware approach is conceptually simple to implement in hardware and yields state-of-the-art compression rates up to 32× with high reconstruction quality, as illustrated on two human iEEG datasets.


Purpose: There has been much debate in recent times about the factors that improve the quality of teaching in higher education (HE) institutions. This has been especially fuelled by the increasing importance attached to Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) qualification. To fill the existing gap in the current literature in this regard, this study aims to investigate whether HE teachers (lecturers) who undergo pedagogical training (PT) in addition to obtaining PhD qualification possess higher knowledge and pedagogical competencies (PCs) than those that relied only on having PhD qualification without further teaching qualifications.

Design/Methodology/Approach: Drawing upon data collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 1174 Nigerian HE teachers in various disciplines from 39 HE institutions, in addition to two focus groups; the study adopts a mixed methods research. The quantitative data were analyzed descriptively while qualitatively data were coded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically.

Findings – This article proposes that teachers who undergo PT in addition to obtaining PhD tend to have more PCs and perform better than those that have not undergone any form of PT. Also, it found a statistically significant difference between PCs of HE teachers who have undergone PT in addition to PhD qualification from those without PT. The implication is that teachers who have undergone PT are more effective in facilitating teaching and learning than those who have not completed PT.

Research Limitations/Implications: Despite the merits of the mixed research method, a major limitation of this study is the failure to compare students' achievements or successes based on the two distinct samples. However, the limitations create opportunities for further studies into the subject matter.

Originality/Value – This study is timely, given that Nigeria (like many African countries) has a low quality HE system and low graduate outcomes (related to knowledge, employability, and skills). More so, research into pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) and practices are rare or non-existent in the literature related to Nigeria and other African countries' HE system.


In this 2004 book, Barry Buzan offers an extensive critique and reappraisal of the English school approach to International Relations. Starting on the neglected concept of world society and bringing together the international society tradition and the Wendtian mode of constructivism, Buzan offers a new theoretical framework that can be used to address globalisation as a complex political interplay among state and non-state actors. This approach forces English school theory to confront neglected questions about both its basic concepts and assumptions, and about the constitution of society in terms of what values are shared, how and why they are shared, and by whom. Buzan highlights the idea of primary institutions as the central contribution of English school theory and shows how this both differentiates English school theory from realism and neoliberal institutionalism, and how it can be used to generate distinctive comparative and historical accounts of international society.


This paper explores the relationship between tax rates and tax evasion in a low-income country context: Ethiopia. By using transaction-level administrative trade data, we are able to provide an analysis that is largely comparable with the rest of the literature while also introducing two important innovations. First, we compare the elasticity of evasion to statutory tax rates and effective tax rates (ETRs). Most studies in the literature so far focused on the former. We show that ETRs are the most relevant parameter to explain evasion in contexts where exemptions are widespread, which results in a large divergence between ETRs and the statutory rates set out in the law. Second, we account for trade costs more precisely than the previous literature by adjusting the trade gap rather than controlling for proxies. We argue that this new approach to accounting for trade costs is superior to those previously adopted in the literature.


Quick clay has a major impact on landslide risk and it is therefore of considerable interest to map its presence and extent. In Sweden, quick clay has been involved in most landslides in soft clay with serious consequences. The predominant method for detection of quick clay in Sweden has been to take undisturbed samples and to perform fall-cone tests on the clay in its undisturbed and remoulded state. Originally deposited in saltwater in a marine environment, the salt maintains the stability of the clay. When the salt is leached out, the clay can become quick. When salt is leached from clay of marine origin the resistivity increases. In this study the intention was to calibrate electrical imaging with cone penetration tests with resistivity measurements (CPTU-R) and measurement of the total penetration resistance, i.e. the total rod friction, together with both geotechnical and chemical analyses on specimens in the laboratory. The results show that electrical imaging can be used for separation of leached soil volumes in marine clays that may form quick clay, from those where the salt content remains too high for this. In the dry crust and thin weathered zone at the top, the resistivity is high but the clay is non-quick. Also soils with less clay content will have higher resistivity without being quick. The technique may thus be used as a screening tool in order to delimit areas where further investigations are needed from areas that do not require more attention. This has a potential of saving significant resources if
used in a relatively early stage of the survey process. It can also increase the overall quality and reliability of the survey results. The induced polarization (IP) results are consistent and seem to be geologically realistic, and appear to contain additional information to the resistivity that is related to material or electrochemical properties, although it is not clear how due to lack of sufficiently detailed reference data. The electrical imaging gives a general picture of the variation in resistivity along soil sections. The CPTU-R gives variations at depth with very high vertical resolution in one specific location.
There is generally good agreement between the models based on electrical imaging and the CPTU-R. The CPTU-R results may be used to calibrate the electrical imaging results with quick clay estimations based on rod friction.


Much has been written about the religious and political conflicts of contemporary Jerusalem--and about the harsh realities of the intifada. But while analysts probe the violence in the "reunited city," its residents must go about their daily affairs. Focusing on the conduct of everyday life, rather than on ideology, Living Together Separately provides a rare look at the complex networks of practical relations developed by Jews and Arabs in over two decades of Israeli control of the city. The work begins with a brief historical review of Jerusalem as an Arab-Jewish city. Then, combining the perspectives of urban geography and social anthropology, it addresses a wide range of questions. How does the use of urban space and urban systems reflect both segregation and integration? How do ethnic identities influence interactions in adjoining neighborhoods, in workplaces, and in a hospital? What rules govern Arab-Jewish contacts in business, consumer, and political settings? In the final chapter the authors evaluate the Jerusalem situation in comparison with conditions in other deeply divided cities and in light of the intifada. Long-time residents of Jerusalem, Romann and Weingrod seek to grasp the variety of day-to-day exchanges without preconceptions and from the viewpoints of all participants. "Michael Romann and Alex Weingrod are my pick to serve on a jury trying a very tangled case."--Fouad Ajami, School of International Studies, The Johns Hopkins UniversityOriginally published in 1991.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


Languages are influenced and enriched by others all over the world. Today, there is hardly any " pure " language in the world, devoid of borrowed words from other languages. In this paper, we are going to examine the lexical influence of French to Kiswahili, spoken and taught in Kenya. This language is spoken in the whole country and is a compulsory subject in the country's primary and secondary schools. Kiswahili is very present in East Africa and parts of Central Africa: it is spoken in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). However, it is mainly in Tanzania and Kenya that the importance of Standard Kiswahili is highly emphasized. Arguably, Kiswahili could easily be considered as the lingua franca of East Africa. People from some Indian Ocean islands such as Comoros Island and Mayotte also use this language. As is the case with many languages all over the world, different dialects of Kiswahili are spoken. Among these are ki-mvita, ki-amu, ki-ngozi and ki-ngwana.


Objectives: The aim of this study was to isolate a potent biosurfactant producing bacterium and characterize the produced biosurfactant for its application in pharmaceutical, petrochemical, cosmetic and food industry. Methods: Enrichment method was carried out followed by serial dilution technique to isolate the bacteria from oil contaminated seawater. Various qualitative assays such as haemolytic assay, oil displacement assay, foaming index and emulsification index was carried out for the screening of the best isolate. Morphological, biochemical, physiological and 16S rDNA sequencing was used to identify the potent bacterium. For the production of biosurfactant, Bushnell Hass Broth (BHB), supplemented with 1% glucose was used. Various physiochemical and structural analysis of biosurfactant were carried out by different techniques. Results: The bacteria producing biosurfactant were isolated and screened for biosurfactant production using various qualitative assays from crude oil contaminated seawater. A potent bacterial isolate was selected on the basis of oil displacement activity and highest biosurfactant producing capability. Based on the morphological, physio-biochemical characteristics and sequencing of 16S rDNA of the isolate, ENO14, was revealed to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The biosurfactant exhibited high surface activity (critical micelle concentration, CMC=3.85 mg/ml) and excellent emulsifying activity against different hydrocarbons (emulsifying activity, EA24 =100% against crude oil). The biosurfactant showed stability over a temperature range of 20-70°C, pH range of 2-12 and salinity range of 2- 12% (w/v). Compositional analysis of the purified biosurfactant by chemical method as well as by Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), reveals it is a type of glycolipid biosurfactant. Conclusion: We conclude that Pseudomonas aeruginosa ENO14 is an efficient biosurfactant producer. The produced biosurfactant was well characterized for its application in pharmaceutical, petrochemical, food and cosmetic industry.


OBJECTIVE
This study examined the effectiveness of using a weighted vest for increasing attention to a fine motor task and decreasing self-stimulatory behaviors in preschool children with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).

METHOD
Using an ABA single-subject design, the duration of attention to task and self-stimulatory behaviors and the number of distractions were measured in five preschool children with PDD over a period of 6 weeks.

RESULTS
During the intervention phase, all participants displayed a decrease in the number of distractions and an increase in the duration of focused attention while wearing the weighted vest. All but 1 participant demonstrated a decrease in the duration of self-stimulatory behaviors while wearing a weighted vest; however, the type of self-stimulatory behaviors changed and became less self-abusive for this child while she wore the vest. During the intervention withdrawal phase, 3 participants experienced an increase in the duration of self-stimulatory behaviors, and all participants experienced an increase in the number of distractions and a decrease in the duration of focused attention. The increase or decrease, however, never returned to baseline levels for these behaviors.

CONCLUSION
The findings suggest that for these 5 children with PDD, the use of a weighted vest resulted in an increase in attention to task and decrease in self-stimulatory behaviors. The most consistent improvement observed was the decreased number of distractions. Additional research is necessary to build consensus about the effectiveness of wearing a weighted vest to increase attention to task and decrease self-stimulatory behaviors for children with PDD.