With the advancement of motion tracking hardware such as the Microsoft Kinect, synthesizing human-like characters with real-time captured movements becomes increasingly important. Traditional kinematics and dynamics approaches perform sub-optimally when the captured motion is noisy or even incomplete. In this paper, we proposed a unified framework to control physically simulated characters with live captured motion from Kinect. Our framework can synthesize any posture in a physical environment using external forces and torques computed by a PD controller. The major problem of Kinect is the incompleteness of the captured posture, with some degree of freedom (DOF) missing due to occlusions and noises. We propose to search for a best matched posture from a motion database constructed in a dimensionality reduced space, and substitute the missing DOF to the live captured data. Experimental results show that our method can synthesize realistic character movements from noisy captured motion. The proposed algorithm is computationally efficient and can be applied to a wide variety of interactive virtual reality applications such as motion-based gaming, rehabilitation and sport training.


The increased cultural diversity of the New Zealand population has generated challenges for local government. Ethnic groups have different needs and expectations of the services local government provides. Section 37K of the Local Government Act (1974) states that local government has an important role in providing for the wellbeing of local communities. As local communities today increasingly consist of diverse ethnic groups, local government has the challenge of meeting community needs in more difficult social, economic and cultural areas. As well, the local government also has responsibilities to provide avenues to accommodate the input of these increasingly diverse groups. The research presented in this dissertation examines (1) whether the needs of the Asian community are being met, and (2) what is the pattern of Asian participation in the local government democracy. Palmerston North City Council was used as a case study. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect information from the resident Asian population. The findings of the research indicate that the majority of Asians felt their needs were being met. Though the overall assessment of the Council's services was positive, some peopie made suggestions on possibie ways that the Council should improve its services to the Asian community. These suggestions include promoting cultural awareness, encouraging cultural activities, providing more English language classes and enhancing employment opportunities for new migrants. The research also showed that the number of Asian people participating in the Council decision making processes is low. The survey results indicated that this is due to limited understanding of the participation process and lack of awareness of the opportunities the citizens have for participating in local affairs.


In the German national election this fall, based on the forecast of the Chancellor Model, the governing coalition will score a resounding victory. Chancellor Angela Merkel enjoys a high approval rating, which puts her at a 2-1 advantage over the challenger, Peer Steinbrück. Although Germany is not a presidential system, where voters elect the chief policymaker, chancellor support has proved to be a strong predictor of vote choice in German national elections. Our forecast model also includes long-term partisanship, which provides a broad base for the governing parties in this election, and length of tenure, which exacts a modest penalty after two terms of office. Since its premiere in 2002, the model has predicted the winner in each election. In a case of perhaps beginner's luck, the 2002 forecast scored a bull's-eye with 47.1%, the exact share of the governing parties; the forecast was posted three months before Election Day. No poll or other model, not even the Election-Day exit polls, came close to this performance; in fact, most people predicted a defeat for Schröder's red-green coalition (Norpoth and Gschwend 2003).


This article discusses the underlying policy rationales for statutes of limitations and their exceptions, as demonstrated by Supreme Court precedents. This article explores limitations law in the context of a case brought by African-American survivors of the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 who sought restitution from the local government for its participation in one of the worst race riots in American history, in violation of their constitutional and federal civil rights. Using the Tulsa case as an exemplar, this article analyzes the propriety of the case's dismissal as time-barred, and contends that this outcome was unwarranted under precedents and failed to serve the underlying policy rationales of limitations law today. Although limitations periods have been a fixture in the American legal system for centuries, in general, little modern scholarship has explored the continued validity of their underlying purposes. The Tulsa litigation is a perfect test case. Such litigation presents both the starkest example of a stale claim (i.e., one that is decades old) and, at the same time, one of the most egregious circumstances under which equitable principles would conceivably apply (i.e., state-sanctioned violence and discrimination). The case provides an important lens through which scholars may examine the policy rationales for our limitations system. Central to limitations law is society's recognition that there must be tradeoffs for a just and orderly legal system to prevail. Limitations law provides fairness to the defendant by providing repose, promoting accurate fact finding, and curtailing plaintiff misconduct - such as dilatory action and fraudulent litigation. Limitations law also promotes efficiency and ensures institutional legitimacy through the consistent application of neutral rules. Notwithstanding the many benefits of limitations law, the Anglo-American legal system has carved out numerous exceptions to the application of limitations periods to serve countervailing interests. Such exceptions include: Providing litigants their due process right to be heard; ensuring procedure does not trump substance; promoting institutional legitimacy through flexible and equitable considerations; developing the law; and promoting fairness to the plaintiff. Some argue that civil rights claims remote in time should be barred because their age complicates the identification of the parties, causation and remedies. They contend that such claims compromise deterrence, undermine repose or do not warrant equitable treatment. Others argue that these claims should survive limitations periods and be adjudicated on the merits because the claims fall within commonly recognized exceptions such as: equitable estoppel; equitable tolling; and accrual mechanisms like the discovery rule and the continuing violations doctrine. Or they contend that these claims fall outside of law governed by temporal restrictions altogether. This article explores such countervailing views in the context of African-American citizens (some over 100 years old) seeking restitution for a racial massacre that occurred over three-quarters of a century ago. Where the claims are so horrendous they cry out for equitable relief and yet so remote in time they seem insurmountable, it is important for courts to recognize that they have the tools to permit such claims to be heard on the merits, and the responsibility to examine when the underlying policy rationales for limitations law are not being served. This article is part of a series examining the impact of procedure on civil rights.


In this paper we studied the finite sample behaviour of a range of estimators for extreme regression quantiles. We studied the behaviour of the estimators over a wide range of heavy tailed error distributions and design matrices containing influential design points. Our main conclusion is that restricted bounded influence estimators should be the estimators of choice. In particular the preferred estimator is a restricted bounded influence Koenker-Bassett based on a common slope estimator of a 20% trimmed mean. This estimator has good performance in well-behaved cases and protects one against the adverse effects of heavy tails and high leverage design points.


Henry-Louis de la Grange, a scholar of Gustav Mahler's life and works, tells us that an "early plan of the Fourth Symphony, put together some time before that symphony was composed … contained a 'Scherzo in D major' entitled 'Die Welt ohne Schwere' ('The World Without Gravity')" (2.800). Given this suggestive title, any reader well trained by Pynchon to see connections and affiliations in the most trivial detail may recall the dialogue between Saure Bummer and Gustav Schlabone in Gravity's Rainbow and wonder whether Gustav's given name is meant to evoke Mahler's, and wonder also whether the song's words, if any exist, have some relevance to Pynchon's novel. Any account of the German dialectic in music that Schlabone trumpets would surely include Mahler, a contemporary of Strauss and a composer much admired by Schonberg for taking German music the first steps away from tonality, deploying dissonances first initiated by Wagner (Friedrich 167). La Grange describes the fruitful period in which Mahler wrote a series of songs including "Die Welt ohne Schwere," but he says nothing about the song's words. The instrumental music itself, according to La Grange, became the fourth movement of Mahler's Fifth Symphony.


Worldwide, some 57 million primary school age children don't have the chance to go to school. Many factors hold these children back: poverty, poor health and overcrowded or faraway facilities. The problem is most acute in Sub-Saharan Africa, where some 30 million primary school age children aren't enrolled, but many countries in other regions are also still struggling to reach universal primary school enrollment. In some places, education experts and policymakers are looking to low-cost private schools- whether run by private providers, faith-bases groups or non-governmental organizations to educate more children, especially where the public system is unable to do so. In order to make private schools accessible, governments usually set a per student subsidy that is supposed to cover tuition. In turn, schools agree to charge fees to families. Development experts and policymakers have to consider numerous issues before implementing such approaches, from how to reach the target population to how to ensure schools maintain quality standards, among other things.


The information presented in this report represents data collected from farming and ranching operations in the southern two tiers of counties in Nebraska. This study was based on a random sample of 151 southern Nebraska farms that have annually-planted crop acreage. Information was obtained for the 1997 crop year. This data set is referred to as the MSU/UNL survey data. From the MSU/UNL survey data, the average size of the farming operations in the survey, in 1997, was 1,316 acres. Of these, 856 acres were planted to annual crops, and the remaining 460 acres included 61 acres in fallow, 29 acres in hay, 287 acres in range and pasture, 28 acres in CRP, and 55 acres in other uses. Operation size was largest in the west, due mostly to a large number of range and pasture land acres per operator. Average farm size decreased in the east as range and pasture land acres and acres fallowed per farm both decreased. Acreage planted to annual crops was similar from east to west. Irrigated and dryland grain corn was the predominant crop grown in the survey area. Other major crops included soybeans, sorghum, and winter wheat. An estimated 44 percent of the respondents' cropland acreage was dedicated to corn production. Other annual crops included soybean (21 percent of cropland acreage), sorghum (10 percent of cropland acreage), winter wheat (12 percent of cropland acreage), and minor crops (4 percent of cropland acreage) with most of the remaining cropland in fallow. The distribution of these crops varied across the southern tier of Nebraska counties. Winter wheat was most common in the west and soybean was more prevalent in the east. About 65 percent of total cropland acreage reported was dryland while the remaining 35 percent was irrigated. Significantly more irrigation takes place in the central area. Two-thirds of the operations surveyed reported some type of livestock enterprise. Cattle were the most common type of livestock reported, followed by hogs and sheep. Breeding cattle numbers were greater than feeder cattle numbers. Dairy cattle were rarely reported except in the eastern counties. Producers in the central and eastern counties also reported hog production, with feeder hogs greatly outnumbering breeding animals. Comparisons of acres planted and crop yields from the MSU/UNL survey data to data collected by Nebraska Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), for the same year, show little differences. Most estimates are within 2 percentage points of each other.


In addition to their ascending pathways that originate at the receptor cells, all sensory systems are characterized by extensive descending projections. Although the size of these connections often outweighs those that carry information in the ascending auditory pathway, we still have a relatively poor understanding of the role they play in sensory processing. In the auditory system one of the main corticofugal projections links layer V pyramidal neurons with the inferior colliculus (IC) in the midbrain. All auditory cortical fields contribute to this projection, with the primary areas providing the largest outputs to the IC. In addition to medium and large pyramidal cells in layer V, a variety of cell types in layer VI make a small contribution to the ipsilateral corticocollicular projection. Cortical neurons innervate the three IC subdivisions bilaterally, although the contralateral projection is relatively small. The dorsal and lateral cortices of the IC are the principal targets of corticocollicular axons, but input to the central nucleus has also been described in some studies and is distinctive in its laminar topographic organization. Focal electrical stimulation and inactivation studies have shown that the auditory cortex can modify almost every aspect of the response properties of IC neurons, including their sensitivity to sound frequency, intensity, and location. Along with other descending pathways in the auditory system, the corticocollicular projection appears to continually modulate the processing of acoustical signals at subcortical levels. In particular, there is growing evidence that these circuits play a critical role in the plasticity of neural processing that underlies the effects of learning and experience on auditory perception by enabling changes in cortical response properties to spread to subcortical nuclei.


Although neural progenitor cells (NPCs) can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes, brain injury typically stimulates production of astrocytes in preference to neurons (see Libert et al.). Noting that various neurological diseases are associated with inflammation, which promotes oxidative conditions, Prozorovski et al. investigated the effects of redox state on NPC differentiation. Pharmacological inhibition of antioxidative enzymes (oxidative conditions) decreased proliferation of mouse cortical NPCs cultured in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), whereas reducing conditions enhanced NPC proliferation. The fraction of cells that differentiated into astrocytes after bFGF withdrawal was greater when NPCs had been cultured under oxidative conditions, whereas the fraction that differentiated into neurons was smaller. In contrast, cells that had been cultured under reducing conditions were more likely to differentiate into neurons and less likely to differentiate into astrocytes. Expression of the histone deacetylase Sirt1 was increased in NPCs cultured under oxidative conditions, and Sirt1 knockdown with siRNA blocked the effects of oxidation on NPC differentiation. Oxidative conditions promoted association of Sirt1 with the transcription factor Hes1 and with the promoter of Mash1, which encodes a neurogenic transcription factor, and led to decreased acetylation of histone H3, residue Lys9, and a Sirt1-dependent decrease in Mash1 expression. Mouse pups injected with a pro-oxidant showed an increase in Sirt1 immunoreactivity in a germinal region of the brain, along with a decrease in neurogenesis; in utero electroporation with shRNA directed against Sirt1 increased neurogenesis in such oxidant-treated pups. Thus, the authors conclude that nontoxic manipulation of redox conditions can influence NPC fate and that Sirt1 plays a critical role in this process. T. Prozorovski, U. Schulze-Topphoff, R. Glumm, J. Baumgart, F. Schröter, O. Ninnemann, E. Siegert, I. Bendix, O. Brüstle, R. Nitsch, F. Zipp, O. Aktas, Sirt1 contributes critically to the redox-dependent fate of neural progenitors. Nat. Cell Biol. 10, 385-394 (2008). [PubMed] S. Libert, D. Cohen, L. Guarente, Neurogenesis directed by Sirt1. Nat. Cell Biol. 10, 373-374 (2008). [PubMed]


There is a pre-physical, unobservable domain of potentiality in quantum theory. It is the basis of fundamental interconnectedness and wholeness of Reality. The human body is not an object in space, but seamlessly welded to spacetime. We are not merely a phenomenal body of flesh, but one of awareness, of consciousness, a living interface of inner and outer field phenomena. The brain is not confined to our skull, but permeates our whole being through the intracellular matrix and sensory system, as well as the strong EM fields generated by the beating heart. Archetypes are rooted in or emerge from the holographic source field as attractors, chaotic systems having fractal or reiterative structures that repeat at all levels of observation. They never settle into equilibrium, periodicity, or resonance. Transpersonal experience creates a new interpretation, or perspective on reality. Systems arise from positive feedback and amplification. Thus, archetypes introduce erratic behavior that leads to the emergence of new situations, including creative insight.


—In a secure analytics platform , data sources consent to the exclusive use of their data for a pre-defined set of analytics queries performed by a specific group of analysts, and for a limited period. If the platform is secure under a sufficiently strong threat model, it can provide the missing link to enabling powerful analytics of sensitive personal data, by alleviating data subjects' concerns about leakage and misuse of data. For instance, many types of powerful analytics that benefit public health, mobility, infrastructure, finance, or sustainable energy can be made differentially private, thus alleviating concerns about privacy . However, no platform currently exists that is sufficiently secure to alleviate concerns about data leakage and misuse ; as a result, many types of analytics that would be in the interest of data subjects and the public are not done. CoVault uses a new multi-party implementation of functional encryption (FE) for secure analytics, which relies on a unique combination of secret sharing, multi-party secure computation (MPC), and different trusted execution environments (TEEs). CoVault is secure under a very strong threat model that tolerates compromise and side-channel attacks on any one of a small set of parties and their TEEs. Despite the cost of MPC, we show that CoVault scales to very large data sizes using map-reduce based query parallelization. For example, we show that CoVault can perform queries relevant to epidemic analytics at scale.


The effect of heat treatment (50, 70 and 90C) and spray drying, with the addition of Arabic gum (inlet air temperature: 180C; outlet air temperature: 70C), on the diastase activity and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content in multifloral honey (MFH) and rape honey (RH) was investigated. The physical properties of the powders were studied, including particle shape and size distribution, water content, bulk loose and tapped density, and hygroscopicity. During heat treatment, diastase activity was a more sensitive parameter than HMF content: its values decreased below admissible level (8 DN Schade units) for samples treated at 70 and 90C, while HMF increase exceeded admissible upper limit (40 mg/kg). Powders were characterized by low water content and good or medium flowability. Diastase activity in the powders remained at the same level as in fresh honeys, while HMF content increased by 1.8 (MFH) and 26.1 times (RH), exceeding maximum admissible value in the case of RH.

Practical Applications

Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content and diastase activity are two major parameters used as honey quality indicators. This work shows the effect of heat treatment on the values of these two parameters in two types of honey. The results indicate that honey diastase activity decreases with temperature increase, while HMF increases, in the 50–90C range, and this behavior is different in multifloral honey than in rape honey, directly influencing honey processing and handling. Moreover, the paper deals with a difficult problem: honey production in a powder form, showing that it is possible to obtain powdered honey of good physical properties by spray drying with the addition of Arabic gum as a carrier material. The results show also that diastatic activity during spray drying was preserved, which is important for the final quality of the product.


HPF (H: hydroquinone; P: dinuclear cobalt-phthalocyanine sulfonate; F: ferrous sulphate) coking desulphurisation waste solution (CDWS) produced from coking oven gas desulphurisation process is an extremely harmful pollutant. The fundamental natures of this solution, which involves its main ingredient and content, type of organic matter, thermal decomposition characteristics of salt, and relationship of boiling point and density with salt content, were examined in this paper. Results show that inorganic salts in CDWS mainly contain ammonium thiosulfate and ammonium thiocyanate; the content and ratio of this two differ with factories and batches of CDWS. Organic matters in CDWS mainly contain phenolic and nitrogenous organic compounds, which together account for 98.79% of the total organic matter. The salts in CDWS are of poor thermal stability and can be decomposed at 425°C. The density and boiling point of CDWS increase with increasing salt content. Heating temperature should be strictly controlled, and solution flow should be supplemented by stirring at vacuum conditions during concentration and drying.


I n noticeable ways our current health reform period resembles the 2005-2006 era when political leaders, stakeholders, and think tanks began formulating proposals to prepare for a future national effort to achieve comprehensive health reform, a process that came to fruition with the signing of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in March 2010. Though those years were also a time of unitary Republican control of the White House and both houses of Congress, many foresaw the arrival of a new president and Congress in 2009 as a potential and not-to-be-missed window of opportunity for important reform. Waiting until 2009 to begin planning would have been too late. I propose that in 2018 we embrace this renewed possibility for reform with realism and humility. Today we already see a plethora of legislative and policy proposals emerging from elected Democratic officials and progressive think tanks such as the Urban Institute and the Center for American Progress. While Sen. Bernie Sanders's Medicare for All bill seeks the holy grail of singlepayer reconstruction, others aim for meaningful yet incremental changes to address critical pain points in the current system. All of these plans rely on an unreliable expectation that, come January 2021, Democrats will control the White House and governing majorities in the US Senate and House of Representatives, as the federal election cycles of 2018 and 2020 come to resemble the blue-wave cycles of 2006 and 2008. All of these plans recognize little potential for meaningful reform until then. However, if Democrats control all 3 power sources come January 2021, public demands on them for far-reaching national health reform may well be overpowering. I suggest a more temperate health reform agenda, based in part on my vivid memories of working in the US Senate during the 2009-2010 health reform campaign that led to the ACA's passage. Back in 2008, Democratic politicians, especially then–presidential candidate Barack Obama, made numerous promises to many groups, few


Context. Multiplicity in massive stars is key to understanding the chemical and dynamical evolution of galaxies. Among massive stars, those of O type play a crucial role due to their high masses and short lifetimes.
Aims. MONOS (Multiplicity Of Northern O-type Spectroscopic systems) is a project designed to collect information and study O-type spectroscopic binaries with δ >  −20°. In this first paper we describe the sample and provide spectral classifications and additional information for objects with previous spectroscopic and/or eclipsing binary orbits. In future papers we will test the validity of previous solutions and calculate new spectroscopic orbits.
Methods. The spectra in this paper have two sources: the Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS), a project that obtains blue-violet R ∼ 2500 spectroscopy of thousands of massive stars, and LiLiMaRlin, a library of libraries of high-resolution spectroscopy of massive stars obtained from four different surveys (CAFÉ-BEANS, OWN, IACOB, and NoMaDS) and additional data from our own observing programs and public archives. We have also used lucky images obtained with AstraLux.
Results. We present homogeneous spectral classifications for 92 O-type spectroscopic multiple systems and ten optical companions, many of them original. We discuss the visual multiplicity of each system with the support of AstraLux images and additional sources. For eleven O-type objects and for six B-type objects we present their first GOSSS spectral classifications. For two known eclipsing binaries we detect double absorption lines (SB2) or a single moving line (SB1) for the first time, to which we add a third system reported by us recently. For two previous SB1 systems we detect their SB2 nature for the first time and give their first separate spectral classifications, something we have also done for a third object just recently identified as a SB2. We also detect nine new astrometric companions and provide updated information on several others. We emphasize the results for two stars: for σ Ori AaAbB we provide spectral classifications for the three components with a single observation for the first time thanks to a lucky spectroscopy observation obtained close to the Aa,Ab periastron and for θ1 Ori CaCb we add it to the class of Galactic Of?p stars, raising the number of its members to six. Our sample of O-type spectroscopic binaries contains more triple- or higher-order systems than double systems.


: Measurements of dust emissions and the modeling of dissipation dynamics and total values are related to great uncertainties. Agricultural activity, especially soil cultivation, may be an essential component to calculate and model local and regional dust dynamics and even connect to the global dust cycle. To budget total dust and to assess the impact of tillage, measurement of mobilized and transported dust is an essential but rare basis. In this study, a simple measurement concept with Modified Wilson and Cook samplers was applied for dust measurements on a small temporal and spatial scale on steep-slope vineyards in the Moselle area. Without mechanical impact, a mean horizontal flux of 0.01 g m 2 min − 1 was measured, while row tillage produced a mean horizontal flux of 5.92 g m 2 min − 1 of mobilized material and 4.18 g m 2 min − 1 emitted dust from site (=soil loss). Compared on this singular-event basis, emissions during tillage operations generated 99.89% of total emitted dust from the site under low mean wind velocities. The results also indicate a differing impact of specific cultivation operations, mulching, and tillage tools as well as the additional influence of environmental conditions, with highest emissions on dry soil and with additional wind impact. The dust source function is strongly associated with cultivation operations, implying highly dynamic but also regular and thus predictable and projectable emission peaks of total suspended particles. Detailed knowledge of the effects of mechanical impulses and reliable quantification of the local dust emission inventory are a basis for analysis of risk potential and choice of adequate management options.


OBJECTIVES
To compare (1) blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) laboratory results and (2) longitudinal trends in blood glucose levels among veterans switched from one second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) to another.

DESIGN
Retrospective, naturalistic, nonequivalent control group.

SETTING
United States between April 1, 2003, and September 30, 2003.

PATIENTS
1,776 U.S. Veterans Health System beneficiaries living with schizophrenia-related disorders switching (1) from olanzapine to another SGA, (2) to olanzapine from another SGA, and (3) among nonolanzapine SGAs.

INTERVENTION
Data were retrieved from the laboratory results (LAR) database for a maximum of 180 days before and 365 days after the index date.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Mean blood glucose, A1C, and change in blood glucose.

RESULTS
Blood glucose (36.0 mg/dL, paired t test109 = -4.87, P < 0.001) and A1C (1.0%, paired t143 = -4.84, P < 0.001) declined among veterans switched from olanzapine who were taking a blood glucose-lowering agent before the switch but was unchanged for those who were not. Adjusting for age, gender, and race, addition of the switch-type variables improved prediction of blood glucose change (F-ratio = 3.76, P = 0.03). Linear mixed-effects models confirmed that blood glucose levels declined for veterans switched from olanzapine with glucose dysregulation before the switch (Est(beta2 - beta1) = -34.5 mg/dL, t424 = -5.05, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION
Blood glucose and A1C were significantly improved among veterans switched from olanzapine with evidence of glucose dysregulation before the switch. They were stable among those without evidence of preexisting glucose dysregulation. Therapeutic switches from one SGA to another should be monitored as a risk factor for changes in glucose regulation.


Large metal and concrete structures suffer by various kinds of deterioration, and accurate prediction of the remaining life is important. This paper informs about two methods for its assessment. One method, suitable for steel bridges and other constructions exposed to fatigue, monitors the loads and damage accumulation using information systems for the operation and the finite element model of the construction. In addition to the operation load, the dead weight of the construction and thermal stresses can be included into the model. The second method is suitable for concrete bridges and other structures, which suffer by carbonatation and other degradation processes, driven by diffusion. The diffusion constant, important for the prediction of future development, can be determined from the depth-profile of pH, obtained by pH measurement at various depths. Comparison with measurements on real objects illustrates the suitability of both methods. Keywords—Bridges, carbonatation, concrete, diagnostics, fatigue, life prediction, monitoring, railway, simulation, structures.


The surface of Venus is so hot that the lower crust may be weak enough to allow decoupling of mantle and crust. An analytic model of such decoupling assumes that the shallow mantle forms the top boundary layers of large scale mantle convection cells. Crustal flow is driven by the motion of the mantle and by topographically induced pressure gradients. The model predicts that the lowest lowlands are sites of mantle upwelling and thinner than average crust. Highlands are places where mantle downwells and the crust is thick. Surface heat flow is inversely correlated with elevation, consistent with recent estimates of brittle layer thickness variations on Venus. If the average crustal thickness is about 20 km then the average lower crustal viscosity must be close to 1018 Pa s to allow decoupling. The observed amplitude of geoid highs over highlands requires an Earth-like increase in mantle viscosity with depth.


Historians of sexuality are uniquely placed to act the flâneur. Loitering in an archive's seedier or more obscure files, they tour the marginal landscapes of the past. They can vicariously experience deviant activity while maintaining historical detachment, writing histories which titillate as much as educate. Fun though this may be, there is the danger that producing such texts benefits only the writers themselves. Michel Foucault famously suggested that writing about the history of sexuality occurs purely for the 'speaker's benefit'. Historians have thus sought to prove that 'marginal' histories are of true academic, not just voyeuristic, significance. This quest has been particularly fruitful for histories of sexuality – stories which are fascinating not least because they are simultaneously marginal, or unspeakable, and utterly central to human life.


Introduction. While four in ten female sex workers (FSWs) in sub-Saharan Africa are infected with HIV, only a small proportion is enrolled in HIV care. We explored facilitators and barriers to linkage to HIV care among FSWs receiving HIV testing services at a community-based organization in periurban Uganda. Methods. The cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted among 28 HIV positive FSWs from May to July 2014. Key informant interviews were conducted with five project staff and eleven peer educators. Data were collected on facilitators for and barriers to linkage to HIV care and manually analyzed following a thematic framework approach. Results. Facilitators for linkage to HIV care included the perceived good quality of health services with same-day results and immediate initiation of treatment, community peer support systems, individual's need to remain healthy, and having alternative sources of income. Linkage barriers included perceived stigma, fear to be seen at outreach HIV clinics, fear and myths about antiretroviral therapy, lack of time to attend clinic, and financial constraints. Conclusion. Linkage to HIV care among FSWs is influenced by good quality friendly services and peer support. HIV service delivery programs for FSWs should focus on enhancing these and dealing with barriers stemming from stigma and misinformation.


The objective of this paper is to investigate whether estimates of the cloud frequency of occurrence and associated cloud radiative forcing as derived from ground-based and satellite active remote sensing and radiative transfer calculations can be reconciled over a well-instrumented active remote sensing site located in Darwin, Australia, despite the very different viewing geometry and instrument characteristics. It is found that the ground-based radar–lidar combination at Darwin does not detect most of the cirrus clouds above 10km (because of limited lidar detection capability and signal obscuration by low-level clouds) and that the CloudSat radar–Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) combination underreports the hydrometeor frequency of occurrence below 2-km height because of instrument limitations at these heights. The radiative impact associated with these differences in cloud frequency of occurrence is large on the surface downwelling shortwave fluxes (ground and satellite) and the top-of-atmosphere upwelling shortwave and longwave fluxes (ground). Good agreement is found for other radiative fluxes. Large differences in radiative heating rate as derived from ground and satellite radar–lidar instruments and radiative transfer calculations are also found above 10km (up to 0.35Kday 21 for the shortwave and 0.8Kday 21 for the longwave). Given that the ground-based and satellite estimates of cloud frequency of occurrence and radiative impact cannot be fully reconciled over Darwin, caution should be exercised when evaluating the representation of clouds and cloud–radiation interactions in large-scale models, and limitations of each set of instrumentation should be considered when interpreting model–observation differences.


article Be denudation rates Landscape transience High magnitude precipitation events provide large contributions to landscape formation and surface denudation in arid environments. Here, we quantify the precipitation-dependent geomorphic processes within the Rio Piura drainage basin located on the Western Escarpment of the northern Peruvian Andes at 5°S latitude. In this region, monsoonal easterly winds bring precipitation to the N3000 m asl high headwaters, from where the annual amount of precipitation decreases downstream toward the Pacific coast. Denudation rates are highest in the knickzones near the headwaters, ~200-300 mm ky �1 , and sediment discharge is limited by the transport capacity of the channel network. Every few years, this situation is perturbed by westerly, wind-driven heavy precipitation during El Nino events and results in supply-limited sediment discharge as indicated by bedrock channels. The detailed analysis of the stream-long profiles of two river basins within the Rio Piura catchment reveals a distinct knickzone in the transition zone between the easterly and westerly climatic influences, suggesting an En Nino forcing on the longitudinal channel profiles over at least Holocene timescales. Measured trunk stream catchment-wide denudation rates are up to ca. 300 mm ky �1 and decrease successively downstream along the river profiles. Denudation rates of tributary rivers are ca. 200 mm ky �1 near the plateau and show a stronger downstream decreasing trend than trunk stream rates. This suggests that the landscape is in a transient stage of local relief growth, which is driven by fluvial incision. This corroborates the results of paleoclimate studies that point towards higher El Nino frequencies during the past ca. 3000 years, leading to higher runoff and more erosion in the trunk channel compared to the hillslopes and thus growth of local relief. Downstream increases in channel gradient spatially coincide with the reaches of highest precipitation rates during El Nino events, we therefore interpret that Holocene landscape evolution has largely been controlled by climate. The ky-timescale of the 10


Understanding the damage mechanisms of fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite materials under high voltage conditions is of great significance for lightning strike protection and high voltage insulation applications of composite structures. In this paper, we investigated effects of the lightning impulse (LI) voltage and high voltage alternating current (HVAC) puncture on damage modes of the electrically nonconductive glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) matrix composite materials through experimental tests and numerical simulations. The LI and HVAC tests represent the lightning strike and high voltage insulation cable puncture conditions, respectively. Our experimental examinations showed that GFRP composite specimens subjected to the LI voltage test exhibited distinct damage modes compared with those in the HVAC puncture test. The GFRP composite material suffered more charring and fiber vaporization in the HVAC puncture test, whereas less matrix charring and fiber vaporization but severe fiber breakage and delamination in response to the LI voltage tests. The findings indicate that the thermal effect dominates the damage of GFRP composites inflicted by the HVAC puncture test, whereas the mechanical impact effect governs the GFRP composite damage in the LI voltage test. In addition, the electric arc plasma formation during the puncture of the GFRP composite material was modeled through solving Maxwell's equations and the heat generation equations using finite element analysis. Simulation results provided insights on the effects of duration and intensity of the high voltage electric discharge on the composite damage.


The problem posed in this paper is that of restoring a Poisson-point-process intensity that has been degraded by a band-limiting filter followed by a truncation of the signal. The approach is to derive a maximum-likelihood estimate from the count data of the degraded point process. The expectation-maximization algorithm is used to realize this estimate, while the derivation of this algorithm is an extension to previous developments by Shepp and Vardi [ IEEE Trans. Med. ImagingMI-2, 113 ( 1982)], Snyder et al. [ IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.NS-28, 3575 ( 1981)], and others used for positron-emission tomography. We also extend our own work reported earlier by considering the truncated signal, which is analogous to practical situations in both two- and three-dimensional microscopy in which the image of the specimen has been truncated. Computer simulations with one-dimensional and two-dimensional signals demonstrate such a reconstruction with reasonable success. The plausibility of doing such a reconstruction is explained in that for the noiseless case the transformation characterizing the degradation is invertible.


Bacterial cells reproduce by doubling in size and dividing. The molecular control systems which regulate the cell cycle must do so in a manner which maintains a similar cell size over many generations. A cell can under conditions of fast growth conclude cell cycles in shorter time than the time required to replicate its chromosome. Under such conditions several rounds of replication are maintained in parallel and a cell will inherit replication processes which were initiated by an ancestor. To accomplish this the cell has to initiate and terminate one round of replication during each cell cycle.To investigate the effects of the cell cycle on gene-regulation in the gut bacterium Escherichia coli, an experimental method combining microfluidics, single molecule fluorescence microscopy and automated analysis capable of acquiring an arbitrary number of complete cell cycles per experiment was developed. The method allowed for the rapid exchange of the chemical environment surrounding the cells. Using this method it was possible to measure the dissociation time of the transcription factor molecule, LacI-Venus, from the native lactose operator sequence, lacO1, and an artificially strong operator, lacOsym, in vivo. The results indicated that regulation of gene-expression from the lactose operon does not occur at equilibrium in living cells. Furthermore, by studying the intracellular location of non-specifically interacting transcription factor molecules it was possible to determine that these do not form long-lived gradients inside the cell as was previously proposed.By studying the replication machinery and the origin of replication it was found that replication is initiated according to a cell volume per origin which did not vary over different growth conditions. Further, division timing was found to be determined by the initiation event to occur after a fixed time-delay. A consequence of this mode of regulation is an uncertainty relation between the size at birth and the cell cycle time, in which cells will vary more in in the cycle time during conditions of slow growth as compared to fast growth and vary more in birth length during conditions of fast growth as compared to slow growth.


Coreference resolution for event mentions enables extraction systems to process document-level information. Current systems in this area base their decisions on rich semantic features from various knowledge bases, thus restricting them to domains where such external sources are available. We propose a model for this task which does not rely on such features but instead utilizes sentential features coming from convolutional neural networks. Two such networks first process coreference candidates and their respective context, thereby generating latent-feature representations which are tuned towards event aspects relevant for a linking decision. These representations are augmented with lexicallevel and pairwise features, and serve as input to a trainable similarity function producing a coreference score. Our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on two datasets, one of which is publicly available. An error analysis points out directions for further research.


In this paper we have proposed a novel multi-user interference (MUI) cancellation scheme for OCDMA systems employing prime code families. We have also discussed in detail the feasibility and implementation of this novel scheme. In addition, the performance analysis of a few prime code families are evaluated experimentally using this newly proposed MUI cancellation scheme. The results reveal that the proposed scheme is easy to implement and totally removes the MUI effect.


The Aitchison vector space structure for the simplex is generalized to a Hilbert space structure A2(P) for distributions and likelihoods on arbitrary spaces. Central
notations of statistics, such as Information or Likelihood, can be identified in the algebraical structure of A2(P) and their corresponding notions in compositional data analysis, such as Aitchison distance or centered log ratio transform.
In this way very elaborated aspects of mathematical statistics can be understood
easily in the light of a simple vector space structure and of compositional data analysis. E.g. combination of statistical information such as Bayesian updating,
combination of likelihood and robust M-estimation functions are simple additions/
perturbations in A2(Pprior). Weighting observations corresponds to a weighted
addition of the corresponding evidence.
Likelihood based statistics for general exponential families turns out to have a
particularly easy interpretation in terms of A2(P). Regular exponential families form
finite dimensional linear subspaces of A2(P) and they correspond to finite dimensional
subspaces formed by their posterior in the dual information space A2(Pprior).
The Aitchison norm can identified with mean Fisher information. The closing constant itself is identified with a generalization of the cummulant function and shown to be Kullback Leiblers directed information. Fisher information is the local geometry of the manifold induced by the A2(P) derivative of the Kullback Leibler information and the space A2(P) can therefore be seen as the tangential geometry of statistical inference at the distribution P.
The discussion of A2(P) valued random variables, such as estimation functions
or likelihoods, give a further interpretation of Fisher information as the expected squared norm of evidence and a scale free understanding of unbiased reasoning


The study identifies the multimodal discourse features of selected cartoons from TELL newsmagazine. It analyses the features of multimodal discourse in the cartoons, discusses the manners of their deployment in the cartoons and relates the features to the contexts in which they were applied. These are done with a view to discovering their intended implicating messages, especially in the visual images. The study employs both primary and secondary data. The primary data are drawn from cartoons of TELL newsmagazine in Nigeria, while the secondary data are obtained from books, journal articles and the internet. The data are analysed using the frameworks of Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA) as explicated by Gunther Kress and Theo Van Leeuwen 2001. The paper concludes that the cartoons are deployed to enhance easy understanding and comprehension of the messages on sensitive political issues.


The lattice of the set partitions of $[n]$ ordered by refinement is studied. Suppose $r$ partitions $p_1,\dots,p_r$ are chosen independently and uniformly at random. The probability that the coarsest refinement of all $p_i$'s is the finest partition $\bigl\{\{1\},\dots,\{n\}\bigr\}$ is shown to approach $0$ for $r=2$, and $1$ for $r\ge 3$. The probability that the finest coarsening of all $p_i$'s is the one-block partition is shown to approach $1$ for every $r\ge 2$.


This article assesses the case for federalizing public education in the United States. The starting point is a conception of democracy I call equitable sharing, meaning that the goods of social life must be equitably distributed among all society's members. I argue that equitable sharing mandates society to ensure that all children have access to a relatively equal educational opportunity - i.e., a comparable opportunity to advance educationally as far as their abilities, interests and willingness to strive allow - at least through elementary and secondary school. To set the stage for discussing the merits of federalization, I examine various models through which society might promote comparable opportunity. These range from total public provision in a government-run school system that all children are required to attend, to total privatization with no government involvement other than a requirement that parents educate their children, to several mixed public/private alternatives including the parental prerogative to opt out of the government-run system and educate their children at their own expense, government subsidization of the education of children whose parents cannot afford it under an otherwise totally privatized system, and government provision of vouchers that parents can use to educate children publicly or privately as they see fit. I conclude that under egalitarian social conditions all the models might produce relatively equal educational opportunity, and that none are likely to do so under inegalitarian conditions although a government-run or voucher system would likely be more nearly comparable than total privatization. I then discuss in the abstract three models for the provision of education in a federal system: total national responsibility, total local responsibility, and a mixed bag with the national government responsible for some aspects of education and local governments responsible for others. I conclude that under egalitarian conditions either national or local provision may yield comparable educational opportunities, but that under inegalitarian conditions the case for federalizing at least some aspects of education in order to promote comparability becomes stronger. Finally, I examine the implications of the foregoing discussions for the United States. Given the highly inegalitarian conditions prevailing here, I conclude that the principle of equitable sharing requires government provision of education. And given the inequalities among the states and among localities within the states, I conclude that the federal government must assume some responsibility for the provision of education in order to promote comparable educational opportunity. Assuming that a universal voucher system will not be adopted in this country and that most children will continue to attend public schools, I examine three models: full federal financing of the existing state and local government system, federal financing plus the federal takeover of the states' primary role in superintending a decentralized system of local school districts responsible for day-to-day management pursuant to federal standards, and total federalization of both the financing and operation of a national public school system. I conclude that at a minimum full federal financing of public education seems necessary, and that whether a more intensive federal involvement is necessary is an open question depending on the relative effectiveness of the various levels of government in administering the other aspects of public education.


BACKGROUND
The contribution of fructose consumption in Western diets to overweight and obesity in populations remains uncertain.

PURPOSE
To review the effects of fructose on body weight in controlled feeding trials.

DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library (through 18 November 2011).

STUDY SELECTION
At least 3 reviewers identified controlled feeding trials lasting 7 or more days that compared the effect on body weight of free fructose and nonfructose carbohydrate in diets providing similar calories (isocaloric trials) or of diets supplemented with free fructose to provide excess energy and usual or control diets (hypercaloric trials). Trials evaluating high-fructose corn syrup (42% to 55% free fructose) were excluded.

DATA EXTRACTION
The reviewers independently reviewed and extracted relevant data; disagreements were reconciled by consensus. The Heyland Methodological Quality Score was used to assess study quality.

DATA SYNTHESIS
Thirty-one isocaloric trials (637 participants) and 10 hypercaloric trials (119 participants) were included; studies tended to be small (<15 participants), short (<12 weeks), and of low quality. Fructose had no overall effect on body weight in isocaloric trials (mean difference, -0.14 kg [95% CI, -0.37 to 0.10 kg] for fructose compared with nonfructose carbohydrate). High doses of fructose in hypercaloric trials (+104 to 250 g/d, +18% to 97% of total daily energy intake) lead to significant increases in weight (mean difference, 0.53 kg [CI, 0.26 to 0.79 kg] with fructose).

LIMITATIONS
Most trials had methodological limitations and were of poor quality. The weight-increasing effect of fructose in hypercaloric trials may have been attributable to excess energy rather than fructose itself.

CONCLUSION
Fructose does not seem to cause weight gain when it is substituted for other carbohydrates in diets providing similar calories. Free fructose at high doses that provided excess calories modestly increased body weight, an effect that may be due to the extra calories rather than the fructose.

PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE
Canadian Institutes of Health Research. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT01363791).


We consider the problem of estimating the size of a maximum matching when the edges are revealed in a streaming fashion. When the input graph is planar, we present a simple and elegant streaming algorithm that, with high probability, estimates the size of a maximum matching within a constant factor using Õ(
 n
 2/3
 ) space, where
 n
 is the number of vertices. The approach generalizes to the family of graphs that have bounded arboricity, which include graphs with an excluded constant-size minor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first result for estimating the size of a maximum matching in the
 adversarial-order
 streaming model (as opposed to the random-order streaming model) in
 o
 (
 n
 ) space. We circumvent the barriers inherent in the adversarial-order model by exploiting several structural properties of planar graphs, and more generally, graphs with bounded arboricity. We further reduce the required memory size to Õ(√
 n
 ) for three restricted settings: (i) when the input graph is a forest; (ii) when we have 2-passes and the input graph has bounded arboricity; and (iii) when the edges arrive in random order and the input graph has bounded arboricity.

 Finally, we design a reduction from the Boolean Hidden Matching Problem to show that there is no randomized streaming algorithm that estimates the size of the maximum matching to within a factor better than 3/2 and uses only
 o
 (
 n
 1/2
 ) bits of space. Using the same reduction, we show that there is no deterministic algorithm that computes this kind of estimate in
 o
 (
 n
 ) bits of space. The lower bounds hold even for graphs that are collections of paths of constant length.


Little research has addressed the degree to which domestic violence is mutual and whether patterns are stable across women's relationships. Studies that exist have conflicting results. This study addressed these issues and the effects of sustaining past violence on women's expressions of violence in their current relationship. Archival data from a sample of severely psychologically abused community women (N = 92) and a sample of low-income community women (N = 836) were analyzed. Results showed the presence of mutual violence in women's current relationships which was not related to past partners' violence. Results regarding the stability of violence are weak, but indicate that the frequency and severity of violence across relationships sustained by women does not decrease across relationships. Overall, results supported the hypothesis that violence is mutual in the relationships of community women, although specific patterns may differ by ethnicity.


Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry has allowed the determination of elemental formulas of the compounds comprising crude oils. However, elucidating molecular structures remains an analytical challenge. Herein, we propose and demonstrate an approach combining ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, and theoretical collisional cross-section (CCS) calculations to determine the molecular structures of aromatic compounds found in crude oils. The approach is composed of three steps. First, chemical structures are suggested based on the elemental formulas determined from ultrahigh-resolution mass spectra. Second, theoretical CCS values are calculated based on these proposed structures. Third, the calculated CCS values of the proposed structures are compared with experimentally determined CCS values from IM-MS data to provide proposed structures. For proof of concept, 31 nonalkylated and short-chain alkyl (n < 5, (CH2)n) aromatic compounds commonly observed in crude oils were analyzed. Theoretical and experimental CCS values matched within a 5% RMS error. This approach was then used to propose structures of compounds in selected m/z regions of crude oil samples. Overall, the combination of ion mobility mass spectrometry, ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, and theoretical calculations was shown to be a useful tool for elucidating chemical structures of compounds in complex mixtures.


This essay examines the emergence of an academic and popular discourse that advocates turning the cannons of the punitive machine against the powerful. I identify this discourse as "progressive punitivism": a logic that wields the classic weapons of punitive law — shaming, stigmatization, harsh punishment, and denial of rehabilitation — in the service of promoting social equality. This logic has permeated much of the political conversation on the progressive left in the United States, and while it has gained some hold in academic discourse, particularly in the legal field, its core lies in the leftist social media arena, where it has enjoyed considerable popular appeal in the last few years. Progressive ire before, and especially after, the election of Donald Trump to the presidency, has flared around issues such as police accountability for use of excessive force, especially against people of color; the proliferation of sexual harassment, assault, and abuse, by the powerful, with too little accountability; and the too-lenient legal response to expressions of racism, xenophobia, corporate/political malfeasance, and other forms of discrimination, social hatred and exclusion.

Progressive punitivism operates within the criminal justice system, in the context of a call to hold people perceived as belonging to powerful groups accountable for their actions. However, it also operates throughout the realm of social media and public opinion, often compensating for the perceived lack of formal consequences against the powerful with intense bursts of informal social control, such as online shaming and excoriation. These two realms — formal and informal social control — frequently cross paths in progressive punitivism in complex ways, often yielding informal, democratized punitive power to those perceived as powerless within the formal apparatus.

In this paper I attempt to sketch the main features, origins, and consequences, of the progressive punitive perspective. I start with an overview of the main characteristics of progressive punitivism: turning the existing punitive machine on the powerful, focusing on identity and group politics as an epistemological resource for identifying perpetrators, the concept of "ratcheting up" punishment, the preoccupation with victim voices, and the idea of punishment as a catalyst for social change. I then review the three key areas in which ideas of progressive punitivism have gained visible popularity in recent times: police abuse of force, sexual assault (carceral feminism and the #metoo movement) and hate crimes. I also engage in a brief discussion of the interplay between the call for formal consequences for lawbreaking and the engagement in intense punitive expressions of informal social control, particularly via shaming campaigns on social media. I then expand the theoretical framework by interrogating the intellectual and cultural sources of progressive punitivism, examining radical and critical criminology, second-wave feminism, and Communist China as a surprising intellectual parallel. I conclude that the most plausible source of progressive punitivism is conservative punitivism; Americans of all political stripes, I explain, have been steeped for decades in a framework that sees criminal justice as the quintessential solution for moral problems and victims of crime as the premier moral interlocutors. American criminal justice in the late 20th and early 21st centuries has had a deep impact on the national psyche, and progressive punitivism is, upon reflection, an application of this mentality, rather than a deviation or revolutionary reinterpretation of it. The essay ends with a discussion of the discontents of progressive punitivism and the dangers of cottoning to it as a viable strategy for social justice reform.


The systemic hemodynamic effects of different microsphere suspension agents were evaluated in 22 Sprague-Dawley male rats. Rats were divided into three groups, and three different solutions (distilled water; n = 7, 10% dextran; n = 8, and 70% glucose; n = 7) were injected through the left atrium respectively. 0.2 ml of each solution was injected repeatedly until significant hemodynamic changes developed. During four sequential injections, distilled water had no significant effects on cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate. However, the 10% dextran (mol wt 70,000) solution produced significant decreases in both cardiac output and mean arterial blood pressure during and after the third injection. The 70% glucose solution also decreased, cardiac output significantly during the third injection. Although microspheres itself must cause some hemodynamic changes, our results indicated that the hemodynamic disturbances observed during a large dose injection of microspheres might have been at least in part due to the use of high-density suspending solutions. The doses of radioactive microsphere solution in many previous rat studies were usually less than 0.6 ml. However, in the case of large dose injection of microspheres, these results indicate that the suspending solutions can affect hemodynamic parameters in various ways.


Title of Document: AN ANALYSIS OF SECTOR ALLOCATIONS IN COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. Jorge Gabriel Holzer, Doctor of Philosophy, 2010 Directed By: Professors Kenneth McConnell and Lars Olson, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics The formation of harvest cooperatives has recently generated considerable interest among fishermen and regulators as an alternative to other rights-based systems such as individual transferable quotas. Many consider the promotion of selfgovernance to be essential to more sustainable, equitable and efficient management of commercial fisheries. This dissertation examines the incentives created by the allocation of collective fishing rights as a mechanism for inducing the creation of cooperatives (or sectors). A theoretical model of the fishery characterizes necessary and sufficient conditions for the formation of sectors when harvesters have incomplete information on how to organize collective fishing but instead must learn by doing. The equilibria of the dynamic sector-formation game played by the heterogeneous fishermen shows that sectors may fail to form if permit holders are unfamiliar with cooperative harvesting. Conversely, when sectors do organize, the least skilled fishermen join first and the scope of their cooperation, as given by the number of tasks they choose to coordinate, increases progressively over time until the uncertainty is fully resolved. Profitability, in turn, benefits from enhanced cooperation. I test the predictions of the model using a panel data set from the hook gear segment in the New England Multispecies Fishery to estimate a stochastic output distance function and a technical inefficiency model. The simultaneous estimation of both equations allows the full characterization of the underlying multi-output technology and the assessment of key determinants of technical efficiency such as vessel characteristics, congestion conditions and cooperation. The results show that the least efficient vessels were the first to join the Georges Bank Cod Hook sector in 2004, and present evidence of earlier cooperation among these vessels (i.e. previous to the institutionalization of the group as a sector), hence suggesting familiarity with collective harvesting when joining the sector. Additionally, the resulst demonstrate that technical efficiency was higher for sector vessels than common pool boats during the sector years and increased during this period. AN ANALYSIS OF SECTOR ALLOCATIONS IN COMMERCIAL FISHERIES


Sparse methods are widely used in image and audio processing for denoising and classification, but there have been few previous applications to neural signals for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). We used the dictionary- learning algorithm K-SVD, coupled with Orthogonal Matching Pursuit, to learn dictionaries of spatial and temporal EEG primitives. We applied these to P300 and ErrP data to denoise the EEG and better estimate the underlying P300 and ErrP signals. This methodology improved single-trial classification performance across 13 of 14 subjects, indicating that some of the background noise in EEG signals, presumably from neural or muscular sources, is highly structured. Furthermore, this structure can be captured via dictionary learning and sparse coding algorithms, and exploited to improve BCIs.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence, mortality, risk factors, aetiology and the susceptibility to antibiotics of the bacteria responsible for sepsis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
A single centre, prospective, observational study, involving 200 neonates admitted over 12 months to the NICU of the University Children's Hospital, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

RESULTS
The crude incidence of all neonatal sepsis was 68.0% (136/200) and that of late-onset sepsis (LOS) was 48.5% (97/200), yelding an incidence density of LOS of 41.6/1000 patient days. LOS represented the most frequent infection and was significantly more frequent than early-onset sepsis (EOS) (71.3% versus 28.7% p<0.001). The overall mortality was 14.0%, and 18.4% among infected neonates. Risk factors associated with LOS were: mechanical ventilation, intravascular catheter, surgical procedures, birth weight ≤1500 g, gestational age ≤ 28 weeks and Apgar score ≤ 3 at 5 minutes. Culture proven sepsis developed in 43.4% of neonates. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis were the predominant bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to amikacin, imipenem and meropenem; gram-positive bacteria to vancomycin and amikacin.

CONCLUSION
Neonatal sepsis in our NICU showed a high incidence rate, and gram-negative bacteria were predominant. Low gestational age, mechanical ventilation and an intra-vascular catheter were significantly associated with sepsis. It is necessary to develop a multidisciplinary approach for routine surveillance of nosocomial infections, to improve the asepsis of therapeutic procedures, and to implement the more appropriate use of antibiotics.


About the book:
This invaluable volume set of Advances in Geosciences continues the excellent tradition of the Asia-Oceania scientific community in providing the most up-to-date research results on a wide range of geosciences and environmental science. The information is vital to the understanding of the effects of climate change, extreme weathers on the most populated regions and fastest moving economies in the world. Besides, these volumes also highlight original papers from many prestigious research institutions which are doing cutting edge study in atmospheric physics, hydrological science and water resource, ocean science and coastal study, planetary exploration and solar system science, seismology, tsunamis, upper atmospheric physics and space science.


We inferred climate change through the Pleistocene-Holocene transition from δ 13 C and δD values of bat guano deposited from 14.5 to 6.5 ka (calendar ka) in Bat Cave, Grand Canyon, Arizona. The δ 13 C and δD values generally covaried, indicating that regional late Pleistocene climate was relatively cool and wet, and early Holocene climate gradually became warmer with increased summer precipitation until ca. 9 ka, at which time the onset of modern North American Monsoon–like conditions occurred. During the Younger Dryas event, δ 13 C values decreased, whereas δD values increased, indicating a cool and possibly drier period. We also observed a distinct isotopic anomaly during the 8.2 ka event, at which time both δ 13 C and δD values decreased. The δ 13 C values abruptly increased at 8.0 ka, suggesting a rapid change in atmospheric circulation and greater infl uence from convective storms originating from the south. Deposits of bat guano represent a largely untapped source of paleoenvironmental information that can provide continuous and long-term continental archives of environmental change.


Tor hidden services make it possible to hide Internet services' location. Via so-called rendezvous circuits, Tor users can communicate with hidden services without learning each other's location. In this paper, we propose a performance-enhanced rendezvous circuit, which consists of five instead of six relays. We show that omitting the client's middle relay in a rendezvous circuit brings significant performance improvements and affects security only in case of very specific client behavior. In our security analysis we discuss a number of attacker strategies, including a novel honeypot scenario, and demonstrate that our approach maintains strong anonymity.


Reciprocally supported element (RSE) lattice honeycomb dome structures have the ability to support considerable loading via their composition of interconnected closed circuits of elements. Distinctively, these dome structures use only three elements in each circuit. To understand the structural behaviour of these RSE lattice domes, a structural modelling investigation was carried out. Global linear elas- tic analysis was considered where the behaviour of the structure under the application of loading on selected elements was monitored. The aim of the modelling was to investigate the influencing factors to monitor for model calibration as well as to compare predicted structural behaviour output with future monitored behaviour in laboratory experiments involving the manufacture and construction of an RSE lattice honeycomb dome structure. The creation of the selected RSE honeycomb lattice structures together with the structural modelling findings are presented and discussed. Predicted displacements and stresses were compared under varying boundary support conditions. The von Mises ductile material failure criterion showing the onset of local yielding is considered.


There are different opinions as to the process whereby double taxation agreements (DTAs) are incorporated into South African law. This contribution aims to discuss some of the existing opinions and to offer a further perspective on the matter. At the heart of the debate lies the interpretation of two provisions, namely section 231 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and section 108 of the Income Tax Act and the interaction between the two. This contribution argues that South Africa's DTAs are not self-executing (a term referred to in section 231(4) of the Constitution) and should therefore be enacted into law by national legislation. It is furthermore argued that section 108(2) of the Income Tax Act enables a DTA to be incorporated into South African domestic law, by means of publication in the Government Gazette. An analysis of the case law supports this argument. Whether or not DTAs are regarded as self-executing, the status of a DTA in relation to the Income Tax Act still has to be determined. In other words, once the DTA forms part of South African domestic law, does it rank higher, lower or on a par with the Income Tax Act? It is submitted that the status of DTAs in South Africa is determined by the Constitution. It is furthermore submitted that South Africa's DTAs do not attain a status on the same level as the Constitution and that the Constitution allows for the possibility that South Africa's DTAs may be overridden by subsequent legislation (for example, by amendments to the Income Tax Act). Whether or not an override will take place in a specific case should, it is submitted, be determined by the application of the principles of statutory interpretation which apply in the case of conflict. Although this latter submission finds support in the minority judgement in Glenister, both the AM Moolla and Tradehold decisions express contrary views. The hope is expressed that the South African courts will provide clarity on this matter in due course.


This article reviews current research on gender gaps in educational outcomes among children of new migrants (first, 1.5, and second generations) from a comparative cross-national perspective. The article examines potential explanations for why gendered differences in educational outcomes among immigrants (vis-a-vis non-migrants) continue to occur, focusing on individual, schooling, and institutional factors. For example, while gender gaps in expectations and aspirations as well as some cognitive outcomes are increasing (reading ability is considerably higher among females) and shrinking in specific subjects (e.g. math and science ability is slightly higher among boys), that process often has been less explored within and across immigrant vis-a-vis non-immigrant students. We show that in some countries, gender gaps among disadvantaged ethnic minorities (in relation to other groups) continue to persist and are exacerbated by institutional factors. These disadvantages vary not only across different educational systems and at different rates over time but also are based on students' social background. Overall, we argue that these educational inequalities are key to understanding not only the socioeconomic and future political adaptation of migrants and their children but also future social policy developments in the European Union context.


At-speed testing of deep-submicron digital very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits
has become mandatory to catch small delay defects. Now, due to continuous shrinking
of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistor feature size, power
density grows geometrically with technology scaling. Additionally, power dissipation
inside a digital circuit during the testing phase (for test vectors under all fault models
(Potluri, 2015)) is several times higher than its power dissipation during the normal
functional phase of operation. Due to this, the currents that flow in the power grid during
the testing phase, are much higher than what the power grid is designed for (the
functional phase of operation). As a result, during at-speed testing, the supply grid
experiences unacceptable supply IR-drop, ultimately leading to delay failures during
at-speed testing. Since these failures are specific to testing and do not occur during
functional phase of operation of the chip, these failures are usually referred to false
failures, and they reduce the yield of the chip, which is undesirable.
In nanometer regime, process parameter variations has become a major problem.
Due to the variation in signalling delays caused by these variations, it is important to
perform at-speed testing even for stuck faults, to reduce the test escapes (McCluskey
and Tseng, 2000; Vorisek et al., 2004). In this context, the problem of excessive peak
power dissipation causing false failures, that was addressed previously in the context of
at-speed transition fault testing (Saxena et al., 2003; Devanathan et al., 2007a,b,c), also
becomes prominent in the context of at-speed testing of stuck faults (Maxwell et al.,
1996; McCluskey and Tseng, 2000; Vorisek et al., 2004; Prabhu and Abraham, 2012;
Potluri, 2015; Potluri et al., 2015). It is well known that excessive supply IR-drop during
at-speed testing can be kept under control by minimizing switching activity during
testing (Saxena et al., 2003). There is a rich collection of techniques proposed in the past
for reduction of peak switching activity during at-speed testing of transition/delay faults
ii
in both combinational and sequential circuits. As far as at-speed testing of stuck faults
are concerned, while there were some techniques proposed in the past for combinational
circuits (Girard et al., 1998; Dabholkar et al., 1998), there are no techniques concerning
the same for sequential circuits. This thesis addresses this open problem. We
propose algorithms for minimization of peak switching activity during at-speed testing
of stuck faults in sequential digital circuits under the combinational state preservation
scan (CSP-scan) architecture (Potluri, 2015; Potluri et al., 2015). First, we show that,
under this CSP-scan architecture, when the test set is completely specified, the peak
switching activity during testing can be minimized by solving the Bottleneck Traveling
Salesman Problem (BTSP). This mapping of peak test switching activity minimization
problem to BTSP is novel, and proposed for the first time in the literature.
Usually, as circuit size increases, the percentage of don't cares in the test set increases.
As a result, test vector ordering for any arbitrary filling of don't care bits
is insufficient for producing effective reduction in switching activity during testing of
large circuits. Since don't cares dominate the test sets for larger circuits, don't care
filling plays a crucial role in reducing switching activity during testing. Taking this
into consideration, we propose an algorithm, XStat, which is capable of performing test
vector ordering while preserving don't care bits in the test vectors, following which, the
don't cares are filled in an intelligent fashion for minimizing input switching activity,
which effectively minimizes switching activity inside the circuit (Girard et al., 1998).
Through empirical validation on benchmark circuits, we show that XStat minimizes
peak switching activity significantly, during testing.
Although XStat is a very powerful heuristic for minimizing peak input-switchingactivity,
it will not guarantee optimality. To address this issue, we propose an algorithm
that uses Dynamic Programming to calculate the lower bound for a given sequence
of test vectors, and subsequently uses a greedy strategy for filling don't cares in this
sequence to achieve this lower bound, thereby guaranteeing optimality. This algorithm,
which we refer to as DP-fill in this thesis, provides the globally optimal solution for
minimizing peak input-switching-activity and also is the best known in the literature
for minimizing peak input-switching-activity during testing. The proof of optimality of
DP-fill in minimizing peak input-switching-activity is also provided in this thesis.


This essay examines the discursive constellation of the concepts of sovereignty, coinage, and kinship from the Warring States Period to the first empires of the Qin and Han dynasties. Drawing upon philosophical texts, including the Lunyu, Mengzi, and Guanzi, as well as historical texts such as the Shang shu, Shi ji, and Han shu, I will argue that the foundational narrative for the emergence of coinage in China was inextricable from theories of both sagely and tyrannical sovereignties — an ideological ambivalence that was reflected in the discourse on coinage itself. The coin of the realm was the symbol of power and profit and thus of the political and the economic realities of empire. Yet imperial anxieties over political tyranny would lead classical political theorists to recode the minting of coin in terms of a moral discourse, one that was also instrumental in the moral legitimation of imperial sovereignty itself. This would be the discourse on kinship, which allowed theorists to equate the sovereign with the parent. Coinage, then, like sovereignty, would appeal to the language of kinship, and in this way would be translated from base tokens of material profit into symbols of the sovereign's beneficent concern.


BACKGROUND
As part of the ROAMER (ROAdmap for MEntal health Research in Europe) project, aiming to create an integrated European roadmap for mental health research, we set out to map the hitherto unmapped territory of public mental health research in Europe.

METHODS
Five electronic databases (CINAHL, Health Management, Medline, PsycINFO, Social Services Abstracts) were used for identifying public mental health research articles published between January 2007 and April 2012. The number of publications for each European country in five research domains (i.e. mental health epidemiology, mental health promotion, mental disorder prevention, mental health policy and mental health services) was analysed by population size and gross domestic product (GDP), and mean impact factors were compared.

RESULTS
In all, 8143 unique publications were identified. Epidemiology research dominates public mental health research, while promotion, prevention and policy research are scarce. Mental health promotion is the fastest growing research area. Research targeting older adults is under-represented. Publications per capita were highest in northwestern Europe, and similar trends were found also when adjusting the number of publications by GDP per capita. The most widely cited research origins from Italy, Switzerland, the UK, the Nordic countries, the Netherlands, Greece and France.

CONCLUSION
In Europe, public mental health research is currently a matter of the affluent northern and western European countries, and major efforts will be needed to promote public mental health research in south and east Europe. In spite of a smaller public mental health research output, some Mediterranean countries produce highly cited public mental health research.


The struggle of the Dutch Reformed Mission Churches (1881–1994) with reference to the character and extend of discipline. In this article the struggle concerning the nature and extent of the disciplinary power in the Dutch Reformed Mission Church (DRMC) (1881–1994) is discussed. Since the establishment of the DRMC in 1881 until 1982 the Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) retained the right to censure and discipline the missionaries in the DRMC. The article argues that the struggle for disciplinary power under the Constitution of the DRMC, the Statute of the DRMC as well as under the memorandum of agreement between the DRMC and the DRC, was nothing less than an attempt by the DRMC to entrench the principles of Voetius in the disciplinary power of the church polity and church government of the DRMC. In 1982 the DRMC accepted a new church order in which these principles were entrenched. The acceptance of this church order provision concluded the DRMC's struggle for disciplinary power of all its officers, missionaries included, which already began in 1908. At the inaugural meeting of the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa a Church Order was adopted in which provisions with regards to the disciplinary power based on above principles was hedged.


Purpose: The aim of this research is to identify factors that can further explain the benefits and draw backs of activity based office concepts, resulting in practical recommendations for addressing and preventing issues. Theory: Nowadays a lot of organisations shift to working in a more flexible and activity based manner. When it comes to the experience of employees, the activity based office concept often gives rise to long-standing issues such as lack of privacy, concentration problems and insufficient supporting facilities. Method: In 20 case studies both a questionnaire and group interviews were conducted, resulting in 2733 survey respondents and 57 group interviews with 271 participants. Findings: Results show that respondents appreciate the light and colourful environment and that the openness of the work environment can lead to more communication in general and between different colleagues and departments. However, this openness is also mentioned as a downside, since people feel like there is not enough privacy for personal conversations and communication with direct colleagues seem to decrease. While people value the different types of workspaces provided, they are not always available in practice. Explanations for problems with concentration and privacy are mainly related to the openness and transparency of the work environment. Among others, behaviour of both employees and managers seems to be important in addressing the issues. Value: The results are based on a large number of cases in which both quantitative and qualitative data was collected, leading to extensive and solid explanations regarding main experienced positives and negatives.


Deep Learning (DL) algorithms have become the {\em de facto} choice for data analysis. Several DL implementations -- primarily limited to a single compute node -- such as Caffe, TensorFlow, Theano and Torch have become readily available. Distributed DL implementations capable of execution on large scale systems are becoming important to address the computational needs of large data produced by scientific simulations and experiments. Yet, the adoption of distributed DL implementations faces significant impediments: 1) most implementations require DL analysts to modify their code significantly -- which is a show-stopper, 2) several distributed DL implementations are geared towards cloud computing systems -- which is inadequate for execution on massively parallel systems such as supercomputers.
This work addresses each of these problems. We provide a distributed memory DL implementation by incorporating required changes in the TensorFlow runtime itself. This dramatically reduces the entry barrier for using a distributed TensorFlow implementation. We use Message Passing Interface (MPI) -- which provides performance portability, especially since MPI specific changes are abstracted from users. Lastly -- and arguably most importantly -- we make our implementation available for broader use, under the umbrella of Machine Learning Toolkit for Extreme Scale (MaTEx) at {\texttt this http URL}. We refer to our implementation as MaTEx-TensorFlow.


Abstract "Dualism" in the structure of production across sectors of the U.S. economy, employment by sector, productivity levels and growth, real wages, and intersectoral terms of trade increased markedly between1990 and 2016. The discussion focuses on 16 sectors. Seven were "stagnant"—construction, education and health, other services, entertainment, accommodation and food, business services, and transportation and warehousing. They had low productivity levels, productivity growth rates hovering around zero, and low real wages. Their share of total employment rose from 47% in 1990 to 61% in 2016. The other "dynamic" sectors had higher and positively growing productivity while the terms of trade shifted against them. This bifurcation between industries is discussed in terms of a simple model. Increasing duality and secular stagnation are distinct possibilities.


Musculoskeletal pain (excluding bone cancer pain) affects more than 30% of the global population and imposes an enormous burden on patients, families, and caregivers related to functional limitation, emotional distress, effects on mood, loss of independence, and reduced quality of life. The pathogenic mechanisms of musculoskeletal pain relate to the differential sensory innervation of bones, joints, and muscles as opposed to skin and involve a number of peripheral and central nervous system cells and mediators. The interplay of neurons and non-neural cells (e.g. glial, mesenchymal, and immune cells) amplifies and sensitizes pain signals in a manner that leads to cortical remodeling. Moreover, sex, age, mood, and social factors, together with beliefs, thoughts, and pain behaviors influence the way in which musculoskeletal pain manifests and is understood and assessed. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the different pathogenic mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal pain and how these mechanisms interact to promote the transition from acute to chronic pain.


Summary and Conclusions
Aedes aegypti feeds on the blood of many species of animals, including man. The object of these experiments was to determine whether there exist significant differences in the nutritive values of the blood of different species of warm- and cold-blooded vertebrates, when fed to Aedes aegypti, using egg-production as the criterion. The number of eggs produced per milligram of blood ingested served as the basis on which to compare the relative values of the various diets. The quantity of blood ingested was determined by weighing the mosquitoes before and after feeding.
A uniform group of imagines for use in experiments was obtained by carefully rearing and selecting the larvae, pupae, and adults. All the mosquitoes used were produced under similar conditions and selected in a similar manner. All of these mosquitoes had access to sugar solution in addition to blood, but on sugar solution alone no eggs were produced.
In several preliminary observations mosquitoes which had ingested blood-meals from man invariably produced fewer eggs than those which had ingested blood-meals from any of several species of laboratory animals. Very little or no difference was found in the value for egg-production of blood from different human individuals, nor from one individual obtained at different times in relation to the time of ingestion of food by the host.
An experiment to obtain data with which to determine more definitely the comparative effects on egg-production of blood from different species of animals appeared to be indicated. Seven lots of mosquitoes were prepared and each lot was fed on the blood of a different species of animal. Records were obtained of the quantity of blood ingested and the number of eggs produced for each of two successive blood-meals by each individual mosquito in each of the seven lots. The results from the 23 to 28 mosquitoes in the different lots were treated statistically. The essential data are summarized in table 1, and the results of the analysis in table 2. The conclusions may be expressed as follows:
The blood of different species of animals differs in its effect on egg-production of Aedes aegypti.
Significantly greater numbers of eggs are produced on the blood of turtle, frog, canary, rabbit, and guinea pig, than on the blood of man and of monkey, and significantly greater numbers of eggs on the blood of guinea pig, and of frog, than on the blood of canary.
The difference in the effect of the blood of man and of monkey on egg-production is probably not significant.
The difference in the effect of the blood of rabbit, guinea pig, and frog, on egg-production is probably not significant.
The difference in the effect of the blood of turtle and of rabbit on egg-production is probably not significant.
The difference in the effect of the blood of turtle and of guinea pig, turtle and frog, canary and turtle, and canary and rabbit, in each case, is probably significant, but is questioned.
The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Dr. Francis M. Root, now deceased, under whose direction this work was started, and to Dr. Robert W. Hegner and Dr. Justin Andrews under whose guidance it was continued, for their helpful criticism and suggestions.


ABSTRACT Isolation of motile, vanC enterococci has yet to be a major infection control concern; however, rapid detection still is important. We evaluated 15 motility media from three manufacturers and a 2-h direct microscopic method for accurate detection of 89 enterococcal strains, including 72 vanC enterococcal strains. Resistance genes were confirmed by a multiplex PCR method with the vanC gene detected in all motile enterococci. Motility in the 72 vanC enterococci was detected at 30°C within 72 h in BD Biosciences motility nitrate medium and in Remel motility B medium, motility B medium supplemented with methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (investigational), motility S medium, motility test medium, and motility test medium with tetrazolium indicator. Motility was also observed for all vanC enterococci with the 2-h direct (30°C incubation) microscopic detection method. All Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates were observed to be nonmotile in all media and by the direct microscopic method. Since differences between the various motility media tested were observed, the medium used for detection of enterococcal motility must be selected carefully.


Abstract Operating under responsible command is an essential requirement to qualify as a lawful combatant, and is also central to the doctrine of command responsibility. This reveals the inextricable link between the role of the commander and the effective implementation of the international humanitarian law (IHL). Understanding this linkage is vital to ensuring that commanders and other military leaders fulfil their obligation to prepare subordinates to navigate the chaos of mortal combat within the legal and by implication moral framework that IHL provides. Few commanders would question the proposition that responsible commanders prepare their military units to effectively perform their combat missions. However, operational effectiveness is only one aspect of developing a "responsible" command. Because this term is grounded in the expectation of IHL compliance, a truly responsible command exists only when the unit is prepared to execute its operational mission in a manner that fully complies with IHL obligations. This broader conception of a disciplined and effective military unit reflects the true nature of the concept of responsible command, as only military units built on this conception of discipline advance the complementary objectives of military effectiveness and humanitarian respect. Accordingly, the requirement that lawful combatants operate under responsible command is an admonition to all military leaders that truly effective military units are those capable of executing their missions with maximum operational effect within the framework of humanitarian constraint that defines the limits of justifiable violence during armed conflict.


OBJECTIVE
Does supplemental perioperative oxygen reduce the risk of surgical wound infection after colorectal surgery?

DESIGN
Randomized controlled trial.

SETTING
Multicentre trial that included 14 hospitals in Spain.

PATIENTS
300 patients aged 18-80 years who underwent elective colorectal resection. Patients who had surgery performed laparoscopically or who had minor colon surgery were excluded.

INTERVENTION
Patients were randomly allocated to either 30% or 80% fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) intraoperatively and for 6 hours postoperatively. Anesthetic treatment and antibiotic administration were standardized.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Surgical site infection (SSI) as defined by the Center for Disease Control.

RESULTS
SSI occurred in 35 of 143 patients (24.4%) who were administered 30% FiO2 and in 22 of 148 patients (14.9%) who were administered 80% FiO2 (p = 0.04). The risk of SSI was 39% lower in the 80% group (relative risk [RR], 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38-0.98) versus the 30% FiO2 group.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients receiving supplemental oxygen have a significant reduction in risk of surgical site infection.


'It will change the way you remember the 20th century and read the news in the 21st' Steven Pinker 'A clarion call to preserve law and order across our planet' Philippe Sands 'A fascinating and important book ... given the state of the world, The Internationalists has come along at the right moment' Margaret MacMillan, Financial Times Since the end of the Second World War, we have moved from an international system in which war was legal, and accepted as the ultimate arbiter of disputes between nations, to one in which it was not. Nations that wage aggressive war have become outcasts and have almost always had to give up their territorial gains. How did this epochal transformation come about? This remarkable book, which combines political, legal, and intellectual history, traces the origins and course of one of the great shifts in the modern world. 'Sweeping and yet personable at the same time, The Internationalists explores the profound implications of the outlawry of war. Professors Oona Hathaway and Scott Shapiro enrich their analysis with vignettes of the many individuals (some unknown to most students of History) who played such important roles in this story. None have put it all together in the way that Hathaway and Shapiro have done in this book' Paul Kennedy


We report spin-wave (SW) propagation in a one-dimensional magnonic crystal (MC) explored by all electrical spectroscopy. The MC consists of a periodic array of 255 nm wide permalloy nanowires with a small edge-to-edge separation of 45 nm. Provoking antiparallel alignment of the magnetization of neighboring nanowires, we unexpectedly find reciprocal excitation of Damon-Eshbach type SWs. The characteristics are in contrast to ferromagnetic thin films and controlled via, both, the external magnetic field and magnetic states. The observed reciprocal excitation is a metamaterial property for SWs and attributed to the peculiar magnetic symmetry of the artificially tailored magnetic material. The findings offer great perspectives for nanoscale SW interference devices.