TUCKER, BEVERLEY DANDRIDGE (4 Feb. 1882-4 July 1969), sixth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Ohio (1938-52), was born in Warsaw, Va. to Anna Maria (Washington) and Beverley Dandridge, an Episcopal clergyman. He received a B.A. from the University of Virginia (1902); graduated from Virginia Theological Seminary (1905); and earned a B.A. (1908) and M.A. (1912) at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar. Ordained a deacon (1908) and priest (1909), Tucker assumed rectorships in Virginia (1908-20, 1923-38) and a professorship at Virginia Theological Seminary (1920-23). In Virginia and after becoming bishop in Cleveland, Tucker worked to improve interracial harmony and ecumenicalism, also fostering the interests of small churches while encouraging the development of schools, colleges, and welfare organizations. Tucker was on the board of trustees of Kenyon College, Lake Erie College, and Western Reserve University. Tucker reversed a tradition forbidding Ohio rectors who had not graduated from Bexley Hall seminary in Gambier, Ohio, thus allowing the recruitment of rectors with different backgrounds. He also made sure churches were established in the suburbs to accommodate movement there from the city. He was president of the Cleveland Church Fed. (1947). His fundraising resulted in increasing diocesan giving to missions from $13,000 to $150,000 annually. He also helped achieve Bexley Hall's first accreditation by the American Assoc. of Theological Seminaries. In July 1963, Tucker introduced Martin Luther King to a Cleveland audience, comparing him favorably with Pope John XXIII. Tucker married Eleanor Carson Lile in 1915; they had five children: Maud, (Rev.) Beverley D., Jr., Eleanor, Maria, and Louisa. He died in Cleveland and was buried in Charlottesville, VA. Baker, Wallace J. Bishops of Ohio, 1819-1968 (1968).


We study pressure and flow-rate fluctuations in microchannels, where the flow rate is supplied by a syringe pump. We demonstrate that the pressure fluctuations are induced by the flow-rate fluctuations coming from mechanical oscillations of the pump motor. Also, we provide a mathematical model of the effect of the frequency of the pump on the normalized amplitude of pressure fluctuations and introduce a dimensionless parameter incorporating pump frequency, channel geometry and mechanical properties that can be used to predict the performance of different microfluidic device configurations. The normalized amplitude of pressure fluctuations decreases as the frequency of the pump increases and the elasticity of the channel material decreases. The mathematical model is verified experimentally over a range of typical operating conditions and possible applications are discussed.


In what ways might systems thinking be helpful to designers?  In the 21st century, the types of project with which designers have become engaged has expanded to include service systems.  Service systems are typically composites of mechanisms, organisms, human beings and ecologies.  Systems thinking is a perspective with theories, methods and practices that enables transcending disciplinary boundaries.  Application of systems thinking in designing a service system can aid in surfacing potential flaws and/or anticipating future breakdowns in functions, structures and/or processes. Designers and systems thinkers should work together to improve the nature of service systems.  As a starter set into these conversations, seven conditions are proposed as a starting context.  These conditions are presented neither as rigourously defined nor as exhaustive, but as an entry point into future joint engagement.


Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a massive increase in global debt levels and exacerbated the trade-offs between the benefits and costs of accumulating government debt. This paper examines these trade-offs by putting the recent debt boom into a historical context. It reports three major findings. First, during the 2020 global recession, both global government and private debt levels rose to record highs, and at their fastest single-year pace, in five decades. Second, the debt-financed, massive fiscal support programs implemented during the pandemic supported activity and illustrated the benefits of accumulating debt. However, as the recovery gains traction, the balance of benefits and costs of debt accumulation could increasingly tilt toward costs. Third, more than two-thirds of emerging market and developing economies are currently in government debt booms. On average, the current booms have already lasted three years longer, and are accompanied by a considerably larger fiscal deterioration, than earlier booms. About half of the earlier debt booms were associated with financial crises in emerging market and developing economies.


ABSTRACT: We propose that small patches of land protected by low (1.2-m tall) fence is a viable approach for restoring and/or conserving forests in riparian or upland areas with high white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman) populations. We also propose that this new approach may be advantageous because, unlike tree shelters, fenced areas protect shrubs just as well as trees in afforestation projects. Multi-year field experiments were performed involving deer exclosures where fence height and fenced area were manipulated in upland and lowland pasture and forest settings. Results show that low fencing significantly increased seedling survival and growth relative to unfenced areas when fenced areas were small (i.e., less than or equal to ∼100 m2). Moreover, tall fencing (1.8 or 2.3 m) did not provide significantly greater protection than shorter (1.2-m) fencing when the fenced areas were kept small. We propose that creating small patches of deer-free pasture or forest habitat will greatly support new approaches to afforestation such as applied nucleation. Finally, we show that low-stature fencing may also have application for protecting larger areas (≥0.8 ha) if the fencing is deployed around the perimeter as two low fences erected in parallel and with a small (3-m) space between them. We conclude that low fencing can result in levels of survival and growth of both trees and shrubs suitable to meet the success criteria for afforestation projects funded by the US federal government.


Relative Positional Encoding (RPE), which encodes the relative distance between any pair of tokens, is one of the most successful modifications to the original Transformer. As far as we know, theoretical understanding of the RPE-based Transformers is largely unexplored. In this work, we mathematically analyze the power of RPE-based Transformers regarding whether the model is capable of approximating any continuous sequence-to-sequence functions. One may naturally assume the answer is in the affirmative -- RPE-based Transformers are universal function approximators. However, we present a negative result by showing there exist continuous sequence-to-sequence functions that RPE-based Transformers cannot approximate no matter how deep and wide the neural network is. One key reason lies in that most RPEs are placed in the softmax attention that always generates a right stochastic matrix. This restricts the network from capturing positional information in the RPEs and limits its capacity. To overcome the problem and make the model more powerful, we first present sufficient conditions for RPE-based Transformers to achieve universal function approximation. With the theoretical guidance, we develop a novel attention module, called Universal RPE-based (URPE) Attention, which satisfies the conditions. Therefore, the corresponding URPE-based Transformers become universal function approximators. Extensive experiments covering typical architectures and tasks demonstrate that our model is parameter-efficient and can achieve superior performance to strong baselines in a wide range of applications. The code will be made publicly available at https://github.com/lsj2408/URPE.


Adolescent pregnancy creates challenges for this minority population in balancing their motherhood identity with continuing to develop their identity at the adolescent stage, which presents a social problem today. The intent of this thesis is to explore the relationship between identity, adjustment, and social support among college students who were adolescent mothers. The following surveys: Personal Network Matrix (PNM), The Identity Distress Scale (IDS), and The Dimension of Identity Development Scale (DIDS), were administered through the UCF SONA system. Participants were divided into three groups: mothers who had their first child as a teenager (teen mothers; n = 6), mothers who had their first child at 20 years or older (older mothers; n = 12), and women who have never had children (non-mothers; n = 182). Overall, the results of the study indicated that non-mothers tended to ruminate more than older mothers and the more social support mothers received as an adolescent, the less likely they were to ruminate at the adolescent stage. Moreover, older mothers displayed less identity exploration in breadth than non-mothers and adolescent mothers. Future researchers is needed to further investigate the relationship between social support, adjustment, and identity distress, in order to start building intervention research in assisting adolescent mothers in their struggle with identity development, emotional support, and for the well-being of their offspring.


Plantation sector has an important role for the economy of Riau Province, among others, as a provider of employment and sources of income for farmers, the sources of industrial raw materials and sources of basic necessities as well as foreign countries. The purpose of this research is to analyze the role of the plantation sector to the economy of Riau Province through a review of the structure of input-output. The data used in this research is a data input-output table of Riau Province based on producer price transactions in 2012 with the classification of the 17x17 sector of the regional development planning Board (Bappeda) of Riau Province. Results of the analysis show that: first, the plantation sector contributes to the economy of Riau Province. Three plantation sectors, which have high contribution is the sector of palm oil, rubber and coconut sector. Second, in terms of output, component output forming plantation sector more driven by intermediate output followed by investment and consumption. Thirdly, the establishment of the component input, the more the economy is driven by the producer surplus, followed by intermediate input and wages/salaries. Based on those results, in order to encourage economic growth through the development of the plantation sector needs the efforts of the Government and the private sector to increase investment, especially the accumulation of capital sourced from producer surplus.


The Dinner Book is a rare account of a series of 36 dinners hosted by the London Drapers' Company between 1564 and 1602. At these events, new Company leaders symbolically received corporate endorsement by participating in investiture ceremonies in front of an elite group of Company members and their selected guests. Though all in attendance enjoyed lavish spreads of food and drink, each table received varying, carefully apportioned dishes designed to ensure honour and city hierarchies were upheld.

As a compilation of incredibly detailed accounts for many consecutive years of corporate dining, the Drapers' Company Dinner Book is extraordinary. It records the organisation of the Company's dinners and the supply of items of food and drink, as well as the names of guests in the hall and employees in the kitchen. Food gifts sent out after the dinner are recalled comprehensively (which on one occasion consisted of 162 venison pasties). During the period covered by the Dinner Book, new trading corporations and accelerated city growth began to undermine the economic powerbase of London guilds such as the Drapers. Dinner records indicate that the City companies in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries recognised the potential of their annual Election Dinners to reinforce the antiquity of corporate authority, inferring a mythical past as a means of legitimizing their stake in the future.
This edition is presented with introduction and notes to the text.


Recent advances in nonlinear Independent Component Analysis (ICA) provide a principled framework for unsupervised feature learning and disentanglement. The central idea in such works is that the latent components are assumed to be independent conditional on some observed auxiliary variables, such as the time-segment index. This requires manual segmentation of data into non-stationary segments which is computationally expensive, inaccurate and often impossible. These models are thus not fully unsupervised. We remedy these limitations by combining nonlinear ICA with a Hidden Markov Model, resulting in a model where a latent state acts in place of the observed segment-index. We prove identifiability of the proposed model for a general mixing nonlinearity, such as a neural network. We also show how maximum likelihood estimation of the model can be done using the expectation-maximization algorithm. Thus, we achieve a new nonlinear ICA framework which is unsupervised, more efficient, as well as able to model underlying temporal dynamics.


BACKGROUND
The prevalence of asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis diagnosed by venography after hip or knee replacement remains high despite 7 to 10 days of anticoagulant prophylaxis. However, the risk of symptomatic events in such patients is unclear. We performed a meta-analysis to provide reliable estimates of the risk of symptomatic venous thromboembolism occurring within 3 months of hip or knee replacement in patients who received short-duration (7-10 days) anticoagulant prophylaxis.

METHODS
The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched from January 1993 to March 2001, supplemented by a manual search of bibliographies and conference abstracts, to identify prospective studies of patients undergoing hip or knee replacement who received short-duration prophylaxis (ie, 7-10 days of fixed-dose low-molecular-weight heparin or adjusted-dose warfarin, with a target international normalized ratio of 2.0-3.0). Studies were classified as clinical outcome studies if the outcome was symptomatic venous thromboembolism or as venographic outcome studies if the outcome was asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis diagnosed after bilateral venography.

RESULTS
There were 4 clinical outcome studies with 6089 patients who had 3 months of follow-up, and 13 venographic outcome studies with 7080 patients who had venography 7 to 10 days after surgery. In clinical outcome studies, the 3-month incidence of nonfatal venous thromboembolism was 3.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0%-4.4%), and the 3-month incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism was 0.10% (95% CI, 0.02%-0.20%). The postprophylaxis incidence of nonfatal venous thromboembolism was 2.2% (95% CI, 1.4%-3.0%), and the incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism was 0.05% (95% CI, 0%-0.12%). The postprophylaxis incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism was higher after hip than after knee replacement (2.5% vs 1.4%; P=.02). In venographic outcome studies, the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis (total and proximal) was higher after knee than after hip replacement (total: 38.8% vs 16.4%; P<.001; proximal: 7.6% vs 3.8%; P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS
In patients who undergo hip or knee replacement and receive short-duration anticoagulant prophylaxis, symptomatic nonfatal venous thromboembolism will occur in about 1 of 32 patients and fatal pulmonary embolism will occur in about 1 of 1000 patients within 3 months of the surgery. Although the prevalence of asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis is more than 2-fold higher after knee replacement than after hip replacement 7 to 10 days after surgery, in the subsequent 3 months, symptomatic venous thromboembolism is more likely to occur after hip replacement.


type="main" xml:id="ecop12023-abs-0001"> Japan has the highest debt to GDP ratio among advanced countries, and many studies find that the current fiscal regime of Japan is not sustainable. Yet, the Japanese government bond continues to enjoy low and stable interest rates. The most plausible explanation for such an apparent anomaly is that the bonds are predominantly held by the Japanese residents, who are willing to absorb increasing amount of Japanese Government Bonds (JGB) without requiring high yields. Even if the Japanese residents continue to invest their new saving into the government bonds, however, Japan's fiscal situation is not sustainable, which this paper shows through simulations under various scenarios. In all of the scenarios that assume the fiscal policy stance of the Japanese government does not change in the future, we find that the amount of government debt will exceed the private sector financial assets available for the government debt purchase in the next 10 years or so. The paper also shows that sufficiently large tax increases and/or expenditure cuts in the future would put the government debt on a sustainable path. Thus, if the market believes that Japan will embark on such fiscal consolidation in the next 10 years, at most, the low JGB yields are justifiable. If and when the expectation changes, however, a fiscal crisis can be triggered even before the government debt hits the ceiling of the private sector financial assets. — Takeo Hoshi and Takatoshi Ito


Summary Equivalent gaits may be present in pedestrians that differ greatly in leg number, leg design and skeletal type. Previous studies on ghost crabs found that the transition from a slow to a fast run may resemble the change from a trot to a gallop in quadrupedal mammals. One indication of the trot‐gallop gait change in quadrupedal mammals is a distinct alteration in bone strain. To test the hypothesis that ghost crabs ( Ocypode quadrata) change from a trot to a gallop, we measured in vivo strains of the meropodite of the second trailing leg with miniature strain gauges. Exoskeletal strains changed significantly (increased fivefold) during treadmill locomotion at the proposed trot‐gallop transition. Maximum strains attained during galloping and jumping (100031026‐300031026) were similar to the values reported for mammals. Comparison of the maximum load possible on the leg segment (caused by muscular tension) with the strength of the segment under axial loading revealed a safety factor of 2.7, which is similar to values measured for jumping and running mammals. Equivalent gaits may result from similarities in the operation of pedestrian locomotory systems.


The paper analyses Anthony Browne's illustrations for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll. Browne's images, rooted in and indebted to surrealist painting (especially the art of Rene Magritte), show manifold relations between the formal qualities and social questions of surrealism and Carroll's novel. In his illustrations Browne employs numerous optical games and illusions to undermine the traditions of the gaze and visual perception, and thus, in a way, he equates the visual methods of surrealism with those used by Carroll in Alice.


This research describes the development of novel, environmentally-friendly, non-releasing contact-active thin film coatings by immobilizing the quaternary ammonium (QA) antimicrobial group on a multitude of surfaces. Various chemical anchors based on organosilanes (i.e. textiles, silica, oxide surfaces), organosulfur comprising of thiol (noble metals), organophosphorus comprising of phosphonate and phosphonic acid (i.e. stainless steel (SS), titanium (Ti)), and catechol (Ti, SS) monolayers are employed to attach the QA antimicrobial onto metal surfaces, while benzophenone photoactive crosslinkers containing QA groups are used to coat plastic surfaces (C-H surfaces, i.e. polyethylene (PE), silicone (Si), polyvinylchloride (PVC)). Surfaces treated with covalently attached antimicrobial coatings function by killing microbes on contact, preventing surface attachment, colonization and contamination without releasing the chemical into the environment. The advantages of this method of delivery of the antimicrobial include a lower cost of application, decreased antimicrobial resistance, lower toxicity and increased environmental safety.

Samples prepared by an overnight immersion in an ethanolic solution of phosphorus containing quats followed by an overnight cure at 100oC showed the highest antimicrobial reduction versus electrospray application and no curing. Short chain phosphonic acid quats and the organosilane quat were inactive on titanium. Antimicrobial activity of long chain phosphonate quats prepared by dip coating and annealing on metal surfaces (Ti, SS, Al) was tested by growth enumeration in the dry state utilizing methods developed in the Wolfaardt lab. All samples showed a 100% reduction (106 cells) of viable Salmonella, Arthrobacter, S.aureus and P.aeroguinosa after 2 hrs of contact time and maintained their activity over 24 hrs versus the uncoated controls. To demonstrate the phosphonate quats were truly immobilized, Ti samples from the first trial were washed in distilled H2O, dried, and re-innoculated with 106 Anthrobacter colonies. No visible colonies of Anthrobacter remained after 2 hrs of contact time with the Ti surfaces indicating a contact killing mechanism at play.


The gating mechanism of a single–ion channel is usually modelled by a finite–state–space continuous–time Markov chain. The patch–clamp technique enables the experimenter to record the current flowing across a single–ion channel. In practice, the current is corrupted by noise and low–pass filtering, and is sampled with a typically very short sampling interval. We present a method for performing Bayesian inference about parameters governing the underlying single–channel gating mechanism and the recording process, directly from such single–channel recordings. Our procedure uses a technique known as Markov chain Monte Carlo, which involves constructing a Markov chain whose equilibrium distribution is given by the posterior distribution of the unknown parameters given the observed data. Simulation of that Markov chain then enables the investigator to estimate the required posterior distribution. As well as providing a method of estimating the transition rates of the underlying Markov chain used to model the single–channel gating mechanism and the means and variances of open and closed conductance levels, the output from our Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations can also be used to estimate single–channel properties, such as the mean lengths of open and closed sojourn times, and to reconstruct the unobserved quantal signal which indicates whether the channel is open or closed. The theory is illustrated by several numerical examples taken mainly from the ion–channel literature.


PURPOSE
The degree to which electronic health records (EHRs) enhance the quality of patient care depends on use of the system to monitor and improve practice. In planning the transition to Epic's Beacon electronic chemotherapy ordering platform, we saw an opportunity to measure our performance and increase evidence-based practice.

METHODS
Advanced planning began 2 years before implementation and included formation of a chemotherapy council charged with reviewing references and approving each chemotherapy protocol; a readiness assessment; design of electronic flow-sheet adherent with Oncology Nursing Society guidelines. To monitor use of evidence-based treatments, we created a novel quality metric: the rate of evidence-based adherence (REBA).

RESULTS
A full infusion schedule was maintained through implementation, with a transient 1-month increase in wait time. Our overall REBA of 0.86 significantly exceeded our prespecified goal of 0.80 (P = .001). REBA varied from 0.50 to 0.95 between disease groups. Antiemetic use increased by 20% after Beacon implementation. Provider satisfaction at 8 months ranged from 76% to 80%.

CONCLUSION
The transition to electronic chemotherapy ordering offers an institution the chance to develop evidence-based oncology practice, standardize supportive care, and enhance patient safety. The key elements that made our transition so successful were (1) extensive involvement of oncology leadership, (2) use of a chemotherapy council to enforce evidence-based practice, (3) ongoing collaboration between clinical operations and information technology. Finally, the REBA is a powerful tool to monitor adherence to evidence-based chemotherapy prescribing.


The major areas of carbon-carbon materials and composites are described in this comprehensive volume. It presents data and technology on the materials and structures developed for the production of carbon-carbon materials and composites. The text is composed of papers by 13 noted authors in their areas of expertise relating to the processes and production of these material systems and structures. The subject matter in the book is arranged to lead the reader through materials processing, fabrication, structural analysis, and applications of typical carbon-carbon products. The information provided includes: fiber technology, matrix material, design of composite structures, manufacturing techniques, engineering mechanics, protective coatings, and structural applications using carbon-carbon materials and composites.


This article examines whether and how accountability in international organizations (IOs) influences their speed of reaction to economic and humanitarian crises. Reaction speed is one among several factors in the capacity of IOs to handle crisis-like problems and, therefore, also a factor in their capacity to create legitimacy for themselves. Original theoretical arguments and statistical survival analyses of the time it takes for IOs to react to crises confirm that accountability in IOs indeed affects reaction speed. However, the effect varies depending on the use of alternative accountability mechanisms. Transparency speeds up reactions while stakeholder participation slows them down. More generally, this article identifies synergies, trade-offs, and nonlinear relationships between reaction speed and different accountability mechanisms that should be reflected in debates on legitimacy in global governance as well as in the institutional design of legitimate IOs.


Non-African populations have experienced major bottlenecks in the time since their split from West Africans, which has led to the hypothesis that natural selection to remove weakly deleterious mutations may have been less effective in non-Africans. To directly test this hypothesis, we measure the per-genome accumulation of deleterious mutations across diverse humans. We fail to detect any significant differences, but find that archaic Denisovans accumulated non-synonymous mutations at a higher rate than modern humans, consistent with the longer separation time of modern and archaic humans. We also revisit the empirical patterns that have been interpreted as evidence for less effective removal of deleterious mutations in non-Africans than in West Africans, and show they are not driven by differences in selection after population separation, but by neutral evolution.


This essay starts out by identifying two contrary but equally inadequate ways in which to receive Rahner's theological legacy, each of which serves to distort and diminish his true lasting significance for contemporary Catholic theology. Where one would treat his work as a new orthodoxy and narrow the task of interpretation to a self-enclosed Rahnerian scholasticism, the other would succumb to a simplistic construal of the relationship between Rahner's progressivism and the more conservatively inclined counter-forces that now prevail. The central constructive counter-claim of this essay is that honouring Rahner's legacy requires us to continue and extend his characteristic concern to explore rigorously yet imaginatively how Catholic thought and practice can be authentically renewed and refashioned in the various particular situations in which it finds itself. This claim is pressed in four phases: I. brief review of story and influence; II. resume of key critical reactions; III. outline of some significant fresh readings and IV. reflections on Rahner's lasting significance proper.


The paper addresses the problem, which quantum mechanics resolves in fact. Its viewpoint suggests that the crucial link of time and its course is omitted in understanding the problem. The common interpretation underlain by the history of quantum mechanics sees discreteness only on the Plank scale, which is transformed into continuity and even smoothness on the macroscopic scale. That approach is fraught with a series of seeming paradoxes. It suggests that the present mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics is only partly relevant to its problem, which is ostensibly known. The paper accepts just the opposite: The mathematical solution is absolute relevant and serves as an axiomatic base, from which the real and yet hidden problem is deduced. Wave-particle duality, Hilbert space, both probabilistic and many-worlds interpretations of quantum mechanics, quantum information, and the Schrödinger equation are included in that base. The Schrödinger equation is understood as a generalization of the law of energy conservation to past, present, and future moments of time. The deduced real problem of quantum mechanics is: "What is the universal law describing the course of time in any physical change therefore including any mechanical motion?"


Policy decisions, and public preferences about them, often entail judgements about costs people should be willing to pay for the benefit of future generations. Economic analyses discount policies' future benefits based on expectations about increasing standards of living, while empirical studies in psychology have found future-oriented people are more motivated to protect the environment. In this article, using original surveys and survey experiments in four countries—Sweden, Spain, South Korea, and China—we show that support for future-oriented policies also strongly reflects people's political trust. Focusing on policies for reducing either global warming or public debt, we find political trust operates on attitudes by shaping people's (a) confidence in policies' effectiveness and (b) willingness to sacrifice for others. The influence of political trust outweighs that of subjective concern, while discounting has so little impact that people who expect future generations to be richer are more, not less, willing to sacrifice.


Aeolian dune development is influenced by feedback between surface properties and sediment transport, yet little is known about the larger scale temporal and spatial natures of this relationship. Surface moisture is particularly influential, and is generally recognized in aeolian environments for its ability to increase the critical shear velocity required to entrain sediment in beach settings or, alternatively, to sustain vegetation and stabilize surfaces at a dune-field scale. However, conceptual models and field work have alluded to its importance in protodune initiation, while field observations infer that seasonal moisture input may contribute to residual dune ridge formation at the dune-field scale. This has the potential to reveal geomorphic adaptation to variations in climate, and identify a recognizable signature in the rock record. This article presents a simulation model that produces geomorphological features similar to field observations and is capable of examining the implications of surface and transport feedback at both scales. Results (1) reveal the control of surface moisture at different temporal scales, (2) display complexity in the development of multiple spatial scales within a cellular automaton framework, (3) highlight the importance of transient sand strips and sediment supply frequency in aeolian transport dynamics and protodune development, and (4) explore the relationship and significance of feedback duration, development time, and bedform spatial scale in the development of incipient dunes. This study illustrates the importance of considering geomorphic feedback when assessing the influence of surface moisture in aeolian process–dominated systems.


In this paper, we study the role non-adaptivity plays in maintaining dynamic data structures. Roughly speaking, a data structure is non-adaptive if the memory locations it reads and/or writes when processing a query or update depend only on the query or update and not on the contents of previously read cells. We study such non-adaptive data structures in the cell probe model. The cell probe model is one of the least restrictive lower bound models and in particular, cell probe lower bounds apply to data structures developed in the popular word-RAM model. Unfortunately, this generality comes at a high cost: the highest lower bound proved for any data structure problem is only polylogarithmic (if allowed adaptivity). Our main result is to demonstrate that one can in fact obtain polynomial cell probe lower bounds for non-adaptive data structures. To shed more light on the seemingly inherent polylogarithmic lower bound barrier, we study several different notions of non-adaptivity and identify key properties that must be dealt with if we are to prove polynomial lower bounds without restrictions on the data structures. Finally, our results also unveil an interesting connection between data structures and depth-2 circuits. This allows us to translate conjectured hard data structure problems into good candidates for high circuit lower bounds; in particular, in the area of linear circuits for linear operators. Building on lower bound proofs for data structures in slightly more restrictive models, we also present a number of properties of linear operators which we believe are worth investigating in the realm of circuit lower bounds.


It is well established that gene interactions influence common human diseases, but to date linkage studies have been constrained to searching for single genes across the genome. We applied a novel approach to uncover significant gene-gene interactions in a systematic two-dimensional (2D) genome-scan of essential hypertension. The study cohort comprised 2076 affected sib-pairs and 66 affected half-sib-pairs of the British Genetics of HyperTension study. Extensive simulations were used to establish significance thresholds in the context of 2D genome-scans. Our analyses found significant and suggestive evidence for loci on chromosomes 5, 9, 11, 15, 16 and 19, which influence hypertension when gene-gene interactions are taken into account (5q13.1 and 11q22.1, two-locus lod score=5.72; 5q13.1 and 19q12, two-locus lod score=5.35; 9q22.3 and 15q12, two-locus lod score=4.80; 16p12.3 and 16q23.1, two-locus lod score=4.50). For each significant and suggestive pairwise interaction, the two-locus genetic model that best fitted the data was determined. Regions that were not detected using single-locus linkage analysis were identified in the 2D scan as contributing significant epistatic effects. This approach has discovered novel loci for hypertension and offers a unique potential to use existing data to uncover novel regions involved in complex human diseases.


Gunnerson and colleagues [1] found in their retrospective study that critically ill patients with lactate acidosis had a higher mortality compared to patients with hyperchloremic acidosis, whose mortality was not significantly different from patients with no acidosis. Because of its iatrogenic etiology the authors commented that it is reassuring that hyperchloremic acidosis is not associated with an increased mortality. Previous randomized controlled trials have, however, generated concerns regarding the adverse effects of hyperchloremic acidosis associated with rapid isotonic saline administration. Rapid isotonic saline infusion predictably results in hyperchloremic acidosis [2]. The acidosis is due to a reduction in the strong anion gap by an excessive rise in plasma chloride as well as excessive renal bicarbonate elimination. In a randomized controlled trial with a mixed group of patients undergoing major surgery, isotonic saline infusion was compared to Hartmann's solution with 6% hetastarch with a balanced electrolyte and glucose solution. Two-thirds of patients in the isotonic saline group but none in the balanced fluid group developed hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis [3]. The hyperchloremic acidosis was associated with reduced gastric mucosal perfusion on gastric tonometry. Another randomized double blind trial of isotonic saline versus lactated Ringer's in patients undergoing aortic reconstructive surgery confirmed this result and the acidosis required interventions like bicarbonate infusion and was associated with the application of more blood products [4].


This paper summarizes the first publicly available, user-side data set of indicators that measure how adults in 148 countries save, borrow, make payments, and manage risk. We use the data to benchmark financial inclusion—the share of the population that uses formal financial services—in countries around the world, and to investigate the significant country- and individual-level variation in how adults use formal and informal financial systems to manage their day-to-day finances and plan for the future. The data show that 50 percent of adults worldwide are "banked," that is, have an account at a formal financial institution, but also that account penetration varies across countries by level of economic development and across income groups within countries. For the half of all adults around the world who remain unbanked, the paper documents reported barriers to account use, such as cost, distance, and documentation requirements, which may shed light on potential market failures and provide guidance to policymakers in shaping financial inclusion policies.


A series of reports developed for UNAIDS and presenting HIV estimates at sub-national level computed from Demographic and Health Surveys. The method has been fully described in HIV estimates at second subnational level from national population-based surveys (AIDS 2014). Reports are available on UNAIDS webiste, under the Subnational estimates from survey data heading. References Larmarange Joseph (2014) Haiti: Developing subnational estimates of HIV (...)


A sense of national identity in France is something that has been defined and redefined throughout the twentieth century. With a history that includes two world wars, the creation of the European Union, in addition the the notable action of decolonization on the part of France, particularly in Indo-China and Algeria, there have been evident increases in immigration into France in recent history. These actions have forced France, as a nation, to question what its identity really is, particularly in terms of its cultural identity. In addition to these immigrants who may arrive from former French colonies, however, there are those individual cultures that have existed within France's own borders for centuries. They have been a part of the ever-changing definition of French nationalism and French culture. One such area of France is known as Brittany or Bretagne in French. With the Breton National Party's alliance with Nazi Germany during World War II, there was a decline in Breton nationalism in politics immediately following the war, which was exacerbated by the exclusion of the Breton language in schools, and led to the division between nationalist politics and culture. With the creation of "Regions" in France during the 1970s and 1980s, the borders of what had once been Bretagne changed as well. This did not eliminate the nationalism and identity, particularly through culture, that existed within what had formerly been the Brittany "province." A revival of Breton folk music and other cultural elements, as well as the Breton Democratic Union party in France reflect both the cultural and political aspects of an area of France that serves as an example of the larger French question of national identity and cultural identity that still exists today.


An adaptive data channel is proposed which is better able to deal with the variations in performance typically found in the recording components of a hard disk drive. Three such categories of variation were investigated in order to gain an understanding of their relative and absolute significance; variations over radius, along the track length, and between different head I media pairs. The variations were characterised in terms of their effects on the step-response pulse width and signal-to-noise ratio. It was found that in each of the categories investigated, significant variations could be found in both longitudinal and perpendicular recording systems which, with the exception of radial variations, were nondeterministic over different head I media pairs but were deterministic for any particular head I media pair characterised. Conventional data channel design assumes such variations are non-deterministic and is therefore designed to provide the minimum error rate performance for the worst case expected recording performance within the range of accepted manufacturing tolerance. The proposed adaptive channel works on the principle that once a particular set of recording components are assembled into the disk drive, such variations become deterministic if they are able to be characterised. Such ability is facilitated by the recent introduction of partial response signalling to hard disk magnetic recording which brings with it the discrete-time sampler and the ability of the microprocessor to analyse signals digitally much more easily than analogue domain alternatives. Simple methods of measuring the step-response pulse width and signal to noise ratio with the partial response channel's electronic components are presented. The expected error rate as a function of recording density and signal to noise ratio is derived experimentally for the PR4 and EPR4 classes of partial response. On the basis of this information and the recording performance it has measured, the adaptive channel is able to implement either PR4 or EPR4 signalling and at any data rate. The capacity advantage over the non-adaptive approach is investigated for the variables previously identified. It is concluded on the basis of this investigation that the proposed adaptive channel could provide significant manufacturing yield and capacity advantages over the non-adaptive approach for a modest increase in electronic complexity.


Background Lenalidomide is an immunomodulator agent authorised in 2007 by EMA for treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), also used as off-label treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome (MS). In December 2010 EMA communicated the association between lenalidomide and an increased risk of arterial and venous thromboembolic events (AVTEs), recommending the administration of antithrombotic prophylaxis (AP) and to avoid erythropoietic agents, especially when other risk factors (RFs) were present. Purpose To assess the incidence of AVTEs and the presence of RFs in patients treated with lenalidomide. To assess treatments with lenalidomide in relation to the EMA's warning. Materials and methods Observational retrospective study involving the treatments with lenalidomide started between May 2008 and September 2010 in a regional hospital. Results Sixteen patients required lenalidomide, 14 with MM and 2 with MS. Male/female ratio was 8/8, with a median age of 68.3 years (CI 95% 63.1 to 73.4). The average number of cycles administered per patient was six (2–21). The most frequent RFs were: administration of erythropoietic factors (93.8%), tobacco smoking (75.0%) and prior thrombosis (68.8%). More than 85% of patients had at least two RF. The mean value of maximum haemoglobin levels (Hb) was 12.5 g/dl (CI 95% 11.0 to 14.0). 81.3% of patients received AP with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) or oral anticoagulants. In this period, three AVTEs occurred (during the second, third and seventh cycle, respectively). These cases presented between three and four RFs but none had Hb>13 g/dl. One of these patients had not previously received AP and the treatment with LMWH was started after the AVTE. Treatment with erythropoietic factors was not discontinued in any case. Lenalidomide treatment was spaced out in one case and stopped in another one. Conclusions All the patients presented thromboembolism risk factors and most received antithrombotic prophylaxis. The relation between the number of risk factors and thromboembolism events was not found, probably due to the limited size of the population.


Abstract : Forensics is undertaken to find out exactly what happened on a computing system and who or what was responsible for it. This is done by a structured investigation while maintaining a documented chain of evidence Cloud computing is emerging as an attractive, cost effective computing paradigm. The early offerings of cloud capabilities have not provided security, monitoring or attribution that would allow an effective forensics investigation. The high assurance requirement presents many challenges to normal computing and some rather precise requirements that have developed from high assurance issues for web service applications and forensics applications of cloud systems. The challenges of high assurance and the maintenance of a documented chain of evidence associated with cloud computing are primarily in four areas. The first is virtualization and the loss of attribution that accompanies a highly virtualized environment. The second is the loss of ability to perform end-to-end communications. The third is the extent to which encryption is needed and the need for a comprehensive key management process for public key infrastructure, as well as session and other cryptologic keys. The fourth is in monitoring and logging for attribution, compliance and data forensics. Our view of high assurance and the issues associated with web services is shaped by our work with DoD and the Air Force, but applies to a broader range of applications.


Background It has previously been suggested that diabetes worsens tuberculosis treatment outcomes, but studies included in previous systematic reviews had substantial limitations in defining tuberculosis and diabetes, and made little adjustment for potential confounders. Many new studies have been published in this area since 2010. We performed an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We searched bibliographic databases including MEDLINE/Pubmed, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, and LILACS between January 1st 1980 and July 1st 2015, not restricted by language or region. We included cohort (prospective or retrospective) studies, case-control studies, and randomised controlled trials which investigated the difference in tuberculosis treatment outcomes between patients with both tuberculosis and diabetes and those with tuberculosis only. Study participants were not restricted by sex, race, drug resistance, or HIV status. Tuberculosis treatment outcomes were defined by WHO guidelines. Additional outcomes including relapse and recurrence were also considered. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Cochrane review guidelines were used to assess the methodological quality and risk of bias of the included studies. Two reviewers independently reviewed all titles, abstracts, and extracted data. Random effect meta-analysis using generic inverse variance method was used for data synthesis using Stata 12, and main analyses were stratified by low and high income countries. Results Of 15476 titles identified, 4156 articles were duplicates, and another 11028 studies were excluded after the abstract screening. Full-text screening was performed in 292 articles, of which 100 studies were eligible for inclusion for systematic review (including 70178 tuberculosis only patients and 11562 patients with both tuberculosis and diabetes). Patients with both tuberculosis and diabetes had double the risk of treatment failure or death compared with those with tuberculosis only (Odds ratio = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.68–2.53). Diabetes was also associated with increased risk of recurrence (1.57, 1.38–1.79), but not relapse (1.12, 0.50–2.49). Moreover, the odds ratio for death, and treatment failure were similar in low- (2.08, 1.54–2.82) and high-income countries (2.00, 1.52–2.52). Conclusion Death or treatment failure was twice as common in tuberculosis patients with diabetes, compared with those without; longer-term outcomes such as recurrence were also adversely affected. Diabetes burden is rising globally, particularly in urban centres in low-income countries where tuberculosis is still endemic. Given the high risk of a poor outcome among those with co-morbid disease, heightened clinical attention to improve both diabetes control and tuberculosis outcomes.


One common teacher behavior exhibited in college of agriculture class sessions is oral questioning of students. Belland, Belland, and Price (1971) believed that if questioning was a noted teacher behavior, then it was important to evaluate and analyze questions asked by professors. Professors use questions to control classroom interactions, including stimulating the level of thinking which occurs (Blosser, 2000). The purpose of this study was to identify the types and cognitive levels of questions used by selected professors in college of agriculture class sessions. Professor questions were categorized by type and cognitive level. The type of question was categorized using Blosser's classification system which includes managerial, rhetorical, open, and closed questions. The cognitive level of questions was categorized using the Newcomb-Trefz (1987) model which includes remembering, processing, creating, and evaluating levels. Nearly one-half (42%) of the questions asked by the 12 professors in 21 class sessions were closed-type (pre-determined "right" answer) questions. One-third (33%) of the questions asked by professors were remembering (lowest) level of cognition questions. Creating and evaluating level questions were asked least often. It is recommended that professors analyze the types and cognitive levels of their questions, because questions can be designed to fully engage students in the content, and thus, further develop both cognitive skills and content expertise.


Perhaps the most famous character in modern physics is Schrodinger's Cat, an unfortunate feline trapped in a box alongside a flask containing deadly poison that may or may not have been released. Thanks to the wonders of quantum mechanics, the cat is both alive and dead — "mixed or smeared out in equal parts" — until the box is opened, at which point the act of observation causes its state to collapse into either life or death. Far away in the Mojave Desert, the "life" of a six-foot-tall cross is disputed: it is either a religious symbol or it is not. Like the cat, it has spent much of its life (or non-life) in a box that makes direct observation impossible. Is the cross, like the cat, both alive and dead? And does opening the box — either metaphorically or otherwise — cause it to become one or the other? This short Article argues that recent forays into "constitutional physics" may have over-emphasized the role of box-opening judges, and thereby elided the cat's predicament and the relationship between legal and social reality.


Remote sensing has provided valuable insights into agronomic management over the past 40 yr. The contributions of individuals to remote sensing methods have lead to understanding of how leaf reflectance and leaf emittance changes in response to leaf thickness, species, canopy shape, leaf age, nutrient status, and water status. Leaf chlorophyll and the preferential absorption at different wavelengths provides the basis for utilizing reflectance with either broad-band radiometers typical of current satellite platforms or hyperspectral sensors that measure reflectance at narrow wavebands. Understanding of leaf reflectance has lead to various vegetative indices for crop canopies to quantify various agronomic parameters, e.g., leaf area, crop cover, biomass, crop type, nutrient status, and yield. Emittance from crop canopies is a measure of leaf temperature and infrared thermometers have fostered crop stress indices currently used to quantify water requirements. These tools are being developed as we learn how to use the information provided in reflectance and emittance measurements with a range of sensors. Remote sensing continues to evolve as a valuable agronomic tool that provides information to scientists, consultants, and producers about the status of their crops. This area is still relatively new compared with other agronomic fields; however, the information content is providing valuable insights into improved management decisions. This article details the current status of our understanding of how reflectance and emittance have been used to quantitatively assess agronomic parameters and some of the challenges facing future generations of scientists seeking to further advance remote sensing for agronomic applications.


Iqbal and Twombly introduced a new standard for pleading federal claims, overruling five-decades old language from Conley v. Gibson. Instead of plaintiffs' being entitled to discovery unless the complaint affirmatively forecloses the possibility of recovery, Iqbal and Twombly require a more searching evaluation of the complaint under an ambiguous "plausibility" standard. The policy behind this increased burden on plaintiffs is to prevent the false positive error that burdensome discovery creates. How the plausibility standard from Iqbal and Twombly should operate in the real world is poorly understood. There is general acknowledgement that no clear guidance exists about how to ensure only plausible inferences are indulged. Professor Josh Davis recently summed up the sentiments: "Twombly is a very confusing decision. I really do think… it's going to be a while before we get a rule that produces predictable results." Professor Adam Steinman is more hyperbolic: "thanks to" Twombly and Iqbal, "federal pleading standards are in a crisis." This article fills the void in scholarly and judicial thought by providing an understanding of the Twombly/Iqbal pleading standard that is both theoretically sound and pragmatic. Our approach turns on the policy underlying Iqbal and Twombly – a concern that permitting the case to proceed past the motion to dismiss creates a high expected cost of false positive error through non-merits-based settlements. The expected cost of false positive error is a function of two variables: the cost to society if the error occurs and the likelihood that the error will occur. The cost to society if false positive error occurs varies among different areas of substantive law. The likelihood that false positive error will occur varies by the type of facts in controversy. We use antitrust law as an example of the effects of those two variables. Because false positive error in antitrust is costly to society, the analysis focuses on the likelihood of false positive error. The likelihood of false positive error depends on the nature of facts in controversy and the manner in which proof of those facts will be made. If evidence of contested facts is uniquely in the defendant's hands, it can be retrieved (or its absence shown) only through burdensome, and asymmetrical, discovery of the defendant. If evidence of contested facts is public or quasi-public in nature, it can be gathered without disproportionate burden being placed on the defendant. Whether discovery will be disproportionately burdensome on the defendant will affect the defendant's incentive to settle. Settlements to avoid burdensome discovery result in false positives. Using antitrust law as an example, we demonstrate that different elements of different substantive claims give rise to different likelihoods of false positives. This approach is trans-substantive, and the same inquiry we conduct should be conducted for any claim brought in federal litigation. This analysis resolves the uncertainty left in the wake of Twombly and Iqbal.


The issue of modernity with regard to the function of translation has been one of the most cutting-edge theoretical topics in both Chinese and international contexts, especially in dealing with globalization and world literature. As we know, modernity functioned both politically and culturally in the Chinese context. And large-scale translation in the 1920s and 1930s played an important role in constructing the modern Chinese literary canon. This literary and cultural translation has also led to serious debate among China's intellectuals. The great achievements in modern Chinese literature can never be neglected, especially from the perspective of world literature; for through such large-scale literary and cultural translation, modern Chinese literature has come closer and closer to the mainstream of world literature, carrying on direct dialogues with its international counterparts — a role that will function dynamically in the reconstruction of world literature. This essay therefore calls for another large-scale translation in the current age of globalization: translating contemporary Chinese literature into the major world languages and deconstructing the West-centric framework of world literature. In the Chinese context this is another stage of modernity, and it is one that will contribute a great deal to the remapping of world literature in the age of globalization.


This study examined the relationship between speakers' production and perception of the English vowel /i/. Participants were 24 male native English speakers representing diverse dialects. First, subjects produced /i/ in two speaking conditions: In condition one, subjects were instructed to speak normally; in condition 2, subjects produced exaggerated/hyperarticulated speech. Second, subjects completed 30 trials using a method of adjustment procedure where they selected their perceptually ''preferred or prototype /i/'' by sampling from a grid of 330 synthetic vowel stimuli that differed in F1 and F2. Speakers differed substantially in their productions, as well as their prototype selections. Preliminary results demonstrate that subjects' prototypes were generally higher and fronter in the vowel space (i.e., had lower F1 and higher F2 values) than the vowels they actually produced in the normal condition. Moreover, for individual subjects, there was a negative correlation in F2 values for these two conditio...


As is becoming clearer and clearer, pressures on water resources in the United States are growing, with no foreseeable end in sight. Yet these pressures are not due to a national water scarcity. While the Southwest faces the problems of draught, a rising population, and over-allocation of resources, the Northeast and Northern Plains must deal with increasingly wet weather and flooding. The greatest challenges that the United States faces with regard to water are regional disparities in availability, a changing climate, worsening water quality, and, increasingly, controversies over management strategies and policies. While many countries have adopted federal approaches to water management, the United States has no cohesive national water policy. In fact, the oversight of current water policy is shared by over sixty different agencies,and the last national water assessment undertaken in the United States occurred over forty years ago. The lack of coordinated oversight not only renders national policymakers unable to make informed analyses of water quality standards and availability, it also results in large gaps of understanding regarding variability of water resources and how to most efficiently and effectively manage and preserve those resources. A Twenty-First Century U.S. Water Policy culls together independent analysis of freshwater availability; water usage in agriculture, municipalities, tribal settlements, and energy production; exisiting legal frameworks; environmental justice movements; and data on water quality and climate change. The result is a visionary proposal for a coherent and critically needed federal water policy. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/9780199859443/toc.html


Analogical reasoning is effective in capturing linguistic regularities. This paper proposes an analogical reasoning task on Chinese. After delving into Chinese lexical knowledge, we sketch 68 implicit morphological relations and 28 explicit semantic relations. A big and balanced dataset CA8 is then built for this task, including 17813 questions. Furthermore, we systematically explore the influences of vector representations, context features, and corpora on analogical reasoning. With the experiments, CA8 is proved to be a reliable benchmark for evaluating Chinese word embeddings.


In a climate of increasing multiculturalism in education, classrooms have become more diverse, offering educators and institutions both opportunities and challenges. In response to changing advancements and trends in education, school administrators claim that classroom diversity can develop students' learning potential when properly harnessed and matched with inclusive pedagogy. This research reflects how diversity within the Omani education system can be enhanced by comparing the beliefs and experiences of students in diverse classrooms. This information provides a better understanding of students' learning needs based on their perception of diversity. A descriptive study was performed with a quantitative approach, whereby a sample of 283 students completed a survey. The results indicate that female students rated more highly on the teaching method scale in comparison to male students. Additional post hoc tests on simple effects confirmed that non-Arab students tend to rate their teachers comparatively more highly in terms of teaching methods, curriculum design, assessment techniques, and practical skills than Omani and Arab pupils across the different subjects. This study offers valuable insights and practical strategies for cultivating diversity and inclusion in diverse settings in Omani schools.


How do we articulate a religious vision that embraces evolution and human authorship of Scripture? Drawing on the Jewish mystical traditions of Kabbalah and Hasidism, path-breaking Jewish scholar Arthur Green argues that a neomystical perspective can help us to reframe these realities, so they may yet be viewed as dwelling places of the sacred. In doing so, he rethinks such concepts as God, the origins and meaning of existence, human nature, and revelation to construct a new Judaism for the twenty-first century.


This book reports and rationalizes the state-of-the-art concerning the social costs of electricity generation. Social costs are assessed by adding to the private generation costs, the external costs associated with damages to human health, the environment, crops, materials, and those related to the consequences of climate change. The authors consider the evolution of these costs up to 2030 for major electricity generating technologies and, using these estimates, evaluate policy options for external cost internalization, providing quantitative scenarios by country and primary fuel for 2010, 2020 and 2030. While mainly focusing on European countries, the book also examines the situation in key emerging economies such as China, India, Brazil and Turkey.


Within 3-tier behavioral models, universal interventions are expected to prevent the onset of problem behavior in a majority of children altogether and to sustain improvements in child outcomes by the selected and indicated interventions. A cohort longitudinal design was used to assess the extent to which a 3-tier model achieves these expected outcomes. The respective universal, selected, and indicated interventions included Behavior and Academic Support and Enhancement, First Step to Success, and MultiSystemic Therapy. A total of 407 children in Grades K-3 from 1 of 4 longitudinal cohorts participated. The results of 2-level linear growth analyses indicate that the 3-tier behavior model achieved the anticipated outcomes with respect to social behavior. The results, limitations, and implications are discussed.


The Family and Childcare Trust (2017) have highlighted concerns from policymakers and head teachers about the perceived lack of 'school readiness' among large numbers of young children when they enter the first year of primary (elementary) school. The majority of previous research has focused on young children's cognitive, social-emotional and behavioural readiness for school (Whitebread and Bingham, 2011). In contrast, there has been a paucity of research, which asks what it means to be physically ready for the demands of formal schooling.

This paper seeks to address this gap in knowledge and understanding. It will explore primary teachers' and practitioners' beliefs about 'physical readiness' at the beginning of school life, which in England can be as early as just after the child's 4th birthday.

Ofsted (2014) identified that in over one in eight young children settings from disadvantaged areas, children were arriving with low levels of physical development on entry. Some children were up to 12 months behind in their development and could not manage activities such as; riding a trike / scooter / throwing / catching / kicking. School readiness in the physical development sense has been defined by NAHT and Family and Childcare Trust (2017) identify physical development readiness as issues with coordination, control and movement.

The paper will questions if there is a mismatch within practice between early years' practitioners expectations of what children can physically do and how they move, as they exit their care and then what primary education teachers expect the children in terms of physical development and 'readiness' to enter their care and school setting. It is believed that there is a potential mismatch of understanding and knowledge. The paper will offer novel perspectives of practice and support potential developments that are needed to support both our workforce and our children's physical development.


In homogeneous catalysis, the main emphasis on improving catalyst performance (rate, yield and selectivity) is directed towards manipulation of the ligands. The steric and electronic effects of ligands are extremely well understood and the rational design of new ligands that leads to improved catalysts is feasible. Similarly, in heterogeneous catalysis structural changes to the catalyst are used to improve their properties. In contrast, the role that solvents play in catalytic processes is often given cursory attention. The environmental impact of solvents is often considered, as it should be, and the use of organic-immiscible solvents, e.g. water, ionic liquids, etc., is frequently considered with respect to catalyst recovery, product isolation, and recycling. Nevertheless, the direct role of solvents in reactions is often overlooked, although solvents interact directly with the catalyst, the substrates and products, and all these interactions can increase or decrease reaction rate and/or selectivity. Herein we consider the role of solvents in catalysis and illustrate the critical role of solvents viewed from a mechanistic approach. In particular, we focus largely, but not exclusively, on hydrogenation reactions and cross-coupling reactions as the main types of solvents used for these two classes of reactions tend to be very different and illustrate different functions of solvents in catalysis.


The displacements of ensembles of colloids at the interface between oil and suspensions of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14ΔpelA indicate enhanced colloid mobilities and apparently diffusive motion driven by interactions with the bacteria. However, inspection of individual trajectories of ∼500 particles reveals prolonged, directed displacements inconsistent with purely hydrodynamic interactions between swimming bacteria and colloids. Analysis of the properties of colloid paths indicates trajectories can be sorted into four distinct categories, including diffusive, persistent, curly, and mixed trajectory types. Non-diffusive trajectories are the norm, comprising 2/3 of the observed trajectories. Imaging of colloids in the interface reveals anisotropic assemblies formed by colloids decorated with one or more adhered bacteria that drive the colloids along these paths. The trajectories and enhanced transport result from individual colloids being moved as cargo by these adhered bacteria. The implications of these structures and open questions for interfacial transport are discussed and related to the active colloid literature.


This thesis deals with the evolution of individuals within a species adapted to utilize specific resources, i.e. resource polymorphism. Although a well-known phenomenon, the understanding of the mechanisms behind is not complete. Considering the ruling theories, resource polymorphism is suggested to depend on severe competition for resources, the presence of open niches to be occupied leading to a reduction in competition, and disruptive selection where generalist are out-competed due trade-offs in foraging efficiency for different prey. In order to study resource polymorphism, I have used fish as the animal group in focus and the methods I have used range over laboratory experiments, field experiments, literature surveys and theoretical modelling. In my work, I have showed that different resource use induces different body shapes and that the rate of change is dependent of the encounter rate of different resources. The induced body changes partly led to increased foraging efficiency but surprisingly I did not find any trade-offs due to specialization. However, when studying predation risk in relation to resource polymorphism, my studies point towards that resource use and predation risk may act as balancing factors in such a way that disruptive selection can take place. My work also shows that population feedbacks have to be explored when considering the evolution of resource polymorphism. In pond and field experiments, I found that changes in resource densities affected the actual resource use despite previous adaptations to certain resources. By performing a literature survey, I found that cannibalism indirectly by its effect on population dynamics seems to facilitate the evolution of resource polymorphism. Modelling a size-structured population, I found that resource dynamics were stabilized, and the relative availability of different resources was levelled out due to cannibalism. Taken together, my studies strongly suggest that to understand the development of resource polymorphism in consumer populations, future studies have to include the effect of a dynamic environment both with respect to resources and predators.


This thesis discusses solutions to several open problems in
Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks with the aid of Knowledge
Discovery. PPI networks are usually represented as undirected graphs,
with nodes corresponding to proteins and edges representing interactions
among protein pairs. A large amount of available PPI data and noise
within it has made the knowledge discovery process a necessary central
part for the network analysis. We define Knowledge Discovery as a
process of extracting informative knowledge from the huge amount of
data. Much success has been achieved when the input data is represented
as a set of independent instances and their attributes. But, in the
context of PPI networks, there is interesting knowledge to be mined from
the relationships between instances (proteins). The resulting research
area is called ``Graph Mining''. Here, the input data is modeled as a
graph and the output could be any type of knowledge. In this thesis,
we propose several graph mining algorithms to examine structural
characteristics of PPI networks and link them to the information useful
for biologists, such as function or disease.


Semiconductor technology scaling faced tough engineering challenges while moving towards and beyond the deep sub-micron range. One of the most demanding issues, limiting the shrinkage process until the present day, is the difficulty to control the leakage currents in nanometer-scaled field-effect transistors. Previous articles have shown that this source of energy dissipation, at least in case of digital CMOS logic, can successfully be exploited as a side-channel to recover the secrets of cryptographic implementations. In this work, we present the first fair technology comparison with respect to static power side-channel measurements on real silicon and demonstrate that the effect of down-scaling on the potency of this security threat is huge. To this end, we designed two ASICs in sub-100nm CMOS nodes (90 nm, 65 nm) and got them fabricated by one of the leading foundries. Our experiments, which we performed at different operating conditions, show consistently that the ASIC technology with the smaller minimum feature size (65 nm) indeed exhibits substantially more informative leakages (factor of ~10) than the 90nm one, even though all targeted instances have been derived from identical RTL code. However, the contribution of this work extends well beyond a mere technology comparison. With respect to the real-world impact of static power attacks, we present the first realistic scenarios that allow to perform a static power side-channel analysis (including noise reduction) without requiring control over the clock signal of the target. Furthermore, as a follow-up to some proof-of-concept work indicating the vulnerability of masking schemes to static powerattacks, we perform a detailed study on how the reduction of the noise level in static leakage measurements affects the security provided by masked implementations. As a result of this study, we do not only find out that the threat for masking schemes is indeed real, but also that common leakage assessment techniques, such as the Welch's t-test, together with essentially any moment-based analysis of the leakage traces, is simply not sufficient in low-noise contexts. In fact, we are able to show that either a conversion (resp. compression) of the leakage order or the recently proposed X2 test need to be considered in assessment and attack to avoid false negatives.


PURPOSE
We sought to identify racial differences among histological subtypes of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) between black and non-black patients in an equal-access health care system.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We established a multi-institutional, prospective database of patients undergoing partial or radical nephrectomy between January 1, 2000 and Sept 31, 2009. For the purposes of this study, data captured included age at diagnosis, race, tumor size, presence of lymphovascular invasion, presence of capsular invasion, margin status, and tumor histology.

RESULTS
204 kidney tumors were identified (Table-1). Of these, 117 (57.4%) were in black patients and 87 (42.6%) were in non-black patients. Age at surgery ranged from 37 to 87 with a median of 62. Tumor size ranged from 1.0 to 22.0 cm with a median of 5.0 cm. Overall, tumors were composed of clear cell RCC in 97 cases (47.5%), papillary RCC in 65 cases (31.9%), chromophobe RCC in 13 cases (6.4%), collecting duct/medullary RCC in 2 cases (1.0%), RCC with multiple histological subtypes in 8 cases (3.9%), malignant tumors of other origin in 6 cases (2.9%), and benign histology in 13 cases (6.4%). Among black patients, papillary RCC was seen in 56 cases (47.9%), compared to 9 cases (10.3%) among non-black patients (p < 0.001) (Table-2). Clear cell RCC was present in 38 (32.5%) of black patients and in 59 (67.8%) of non-blacks (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
In our study, papillary RCC had a much higher occurrence among black patients compared to non-black patients. This is the first study to document such a great racial disparity among RCC subtypes.


The propagation of spatial soliton arrays in waveguides with nonlinear boundaries was studied theoretically. We found equilibrium states of the soliton arrays in a waveguide by employing soliton perturbation theory. The propagation of the array was shown to be accompanied by oscillations of the solitons' positions and phases. The oscillation modes of the system were analyzed analytically and numerically, revealing the presence also of nonmechanical oscillations associated with the soliton phases.


An Outstanding Reference Covering the Legal and Ethical Issues Important to the Nursing Profession! Essentials of Nursing Law and Ethics is an authoritative resource designed to meet the needs of both nursing students and practicing nurses. This reference is a compilation of brief chapters covering such diverse legal and ethical topics as documentation, patient teaching, and confidentiality to the more complex areas of end of life and advanced directives. In addition, this text includes those issues pertinent to nurses's everyday practice including refusing patient assignment, sexual harrassment in the workplace, and the Americans with Disabilities Act. An outstanding reference, this text focuses on the most important legal and ethical issues of the nursing profession. Instructors Resources include a test bank with answers and rationales.


Objective
This study aims to observe the clinical efficacy of low-dose rituximab in patients with cryoglobulinaemia secondary to connective tissue diseases.

Methods
Rituximab (100 mg) was infused in patients once a week for four weeks, combined with prednisone (20 mg) once a day, and reduced regularly. Treatment effect was observed regularly.

Results
Joint pain, fever, rash and fatigue symptoms in patients eased. The serology (globulin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase and others) parameters returned to normal.

Conclusion
Low-dose rituximab therapy for cryoglobulinaemia secondary to connective tissue diseases was safe and effective, and can be used as a treatment option in this condition.


For over a quarter century, Iran has been one of America's chief nemeses. Ever since Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah in 1979, the relationship between the two nations has been antagonistic: revolutionary guards chanting against the Great Satan, Bush fulminating against the Axis of Evil, Iranian support for Hezbollah, and President Ahmadinejad blaming the U.S. for the world's ills. The unending war of words suggests an intractable divide between Iran and the West, one that may very well lead to a shooting war in the near future. But as Ray Takeyh shows in this accessible and authoritative history of Iran's relations with the world since the revolution, behind the famous personalities and extremist slogans is a nation that is far more pragmatic-and complex-than many in the West have been led to believe. Takeyh explodes many of our simplistic myths of Iran as an intransigently Islamist foe of the West. Tracing the course of Iranian policy since the 1979 revolution, Takeyh identifies four distinct periods: the revolutionary era of the 1980s, the tempered gradualism following the death of Khomeini and the end of the Iran-Iraq war in 1989, the "reformist" period from 1997-2005 under President Khatami, and the shift toward confrontation and radicalism since the election of President Ahmadinejad in 2005. Takeyh shows that three powerful forces-Islamism, pragmatism, and great power pretensions-have competed in each of these periods, and that Iran's often paradoxical policies are in reality a series of compromises between the hardliners and the moderates, often with wild oscillations between pragmatism and ideological dogmatism. The U.S.'s task, Takeyh argues, is to find strategies that address Iran's objectionable behavior without demonizing this key player in an increasingly vital and volatile region. With its clear-sighted grasp of both nuance and historical sweep, Guardians of the Revolution will stand as the standard work on this controversial-and central-actor in world politics for years to come.


A geek who wears glasses? Or a sex kitten in a teddy? This is the dual vision of the college girl, the unique American archetype born when the age-old conflict over educating women was finally laid to rest. College was a place where women found self-esteem, and yet images in popular culture reflected a lingering distrust of the educated woman. Thus such lofty cultural expressions as Sex Kittens Go to College (1960) and a raft of naughty pictorials in men's magazines. As in Pink Think, Lynn Peril combines women's history and popular culture-peppered with delightful examples of femoribilia from the turn of the twentieth century through the 1970s-in an intelligent and witty study of the college girl, the first woman to take that socially controversial step toward educational equity.


American maritime prisoners during the War of 1812 took seriously their government's assertion of "free trade and sailors' rights," but when the United States government failed to make this rhetoric a reality, imprisoned sailors clashed with both British and American officials. The U.S. government lacked effective mechanisms to challenge impressment, influence prisoner exchange, or meet the daily needs of its imprisoned citizens, who often interpreted this inefficacy as indifference to their situation. However, the relative absence of government support gave American prisoners space to create a form of nationalism that stressed self-reliance, cooperative action, aggressive masculinity, and occasional violence and deceit. This nationalism was performative, situational, and conditional, used to extract concessions from their captors and representatives of their government. Prisoners based their expectations of support on their understanding of republican government, their seafaring experiences, their perceptions of their own characters in comparison to foreigners, and their observations on foreign prisoners' interactions with their own national governments. American prisoners employed a wide-ranging language of "rights," but conceptualized their obligations to the United States government in much more modest terms.


We analyze daily precipitation extremes from simulations of a polar‐optimized version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Simulations cover 19 years and use the Regional Arctic System Model (RASM) domain. We focus on Alaska because of its proximity to the Pacific and Arctic oceans; both provide large moisture fetch inland. Alaska's topography also has important impacts on orographically forced precipitation. We use self‐organizing maps (SOMs) to understand circulation characteristics conducive for extreme precipitation events. The SOM algorithm employs an artificial neural network that uses an unsupervised training process, which results in finding general patterns of circulation behavior. The SOM is trained with mean sea level pressure (MSLP) anomalies. Widespread extreme events, defined as at least 25 grid points experiencing 99th percentile precipitation, are examined using SOMs. Widespread extreme days are mapped onto the SOM of MSLP anomalies, indicating circulation patterns. SOMs aid in determining high‐frequency nodes, and hence, circulations are conducive to extremes. Multiple circulation patterns are responsible for extreme days, which are differentiated by where extreme events occur in Alaska. Additionally, several meteorological fields are composited for nodes accessed by extreme and nonextreme events to determine specific conditions necessary for a widespread extreme event. Individual and adjacent node composites produce more physically reasonable circulations as opposed to composites of all extremes, which include multiple synoptic regimes. Temporal evolution of extreme events is also traced through SOM space. Thus, this analysis lays the groundwork for diagnosing differences in atmospheric circulations and their associated widespread, extreme precipitation events.


The paper explores the feasibility of the use of weather index based derivatives for farms' risk management in an Italian province. Based on a combination of detailed local weather data and of data on farms' yields, various possible weather indexes are found that are highly correlated with yields of the major crops in the area. Simulations show that hedging through such index based derivatives can be effective in protecting the stability of farms' incomes, at a cost that is likely to be much lower than that of the current system of subsidized crop insurance and ex-post compensation.


Reproduction comes at a cost, including accelerated death. Previous studies of the interconnections between reproduction, lifespan, and fat metabolism in C. elegans were predominantly performed in low-reproduction conditions. To understand how increased reproduction affects lifespan and fat metabolism, we examined mated worms; we find that a Δ9 desaturase, FAT-7, is significantly up-regulated. Dietary supplementation of oleic acid (OA), the immediate downstream product of FAT-7 activity, restores fat storage and completely rescues mating-induced death, while other fatty acids cannot. OA-mediated lifespan restoration is also observed in C. elegans mutants suffering increased death from short-term mating, and in mated C. remanei females, indicating a conserved role of oleic acid in post-mating lifespan regulation. Our results suggest that increased reproduction can be uncoupled from the costs of reproduction from somatic longevity regulation if provided with the limiting lipid, oleic acid.


In order to improve students' physics problem solving skills, the points which students have difficulty in during the problem solving process must be identified. In this study, It is aimed to determine the points in which students have difficulty in by using clinic interview method with the help of hint cards. 17 different problems related to 10th class "Force and Motion" unit have been designated and 9-11 different hint cards which have the same titles for each problem have been prepared. 17 problems have been solved by 21 students studying at 2 different schools in Trabzon. Firstly, all students have been asked to solve the given problems by thinking out loud, then, students who were able to solve the problem have been asked to tell the process in details and clearly; the students who have failed to solve the problems were asked to retry solving the same problem by using hint cards. Students have come up with the correct solution for some problems without using hint cards, while for some other problems; they have needed to use the hint cards. Whereas these students, despite using hint cards, could not come up with the correct solution to some problems. It was clearly seen that students have used the hint cards which include formulas and steps of solution mostly. It was determined that there ought to be a hint card about unit conversions and the "sample solution" hint should be expressed more clearly. It was retained that some students have had superficial problem solving approach and they have difficulty in making plan, an important step in problem solving; some students have little awareness about their own problem solving process and that proposing hints can help to solve the problem only to a certain extent. Teachers have been suggested to teach the simplest steps of the problems in a clear way, to give students enough time to solve the problems by themselves, to help students find their own wrong steps in the solution process. Accordingly, researchers have been suggested to determine the difficulties that students who are at different levels have while problem solving on different topics.


Most South Eastern Desert ophiolites are found along the Allaqi-Heiani-Gerf suture along the Egypt-Sudan border. Serpentinites, altered slices of upper mantle, are the main components of this suture and other sutures in the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Listwaenites are a distinctive alteration of serpentinized peridotite and are commonly found in shear zones that concentrate hydrothermal fluids involved in the formation of this type of rock. Along Wadi Allaqi area, listwaenites are distinguished into two main types: i) silica-rich, and ii) carbonate-rich. The presence of fuchsite in the former indicates that it is typical listwaenite, while the absence of fuchsite in the latter indicates listwaenite-like rock. These two types of listwaenites represent different stages of hydrothermal alteration. The large variations in their mineralogical and geochemical compositions are due to the different influence of reactions between protoliths and hydrothermal solutions, leading to different stages of metasomatic replacement. Ore minerals accompanying the listwaenites vary greatly both among and within separate occurrences. These variations depend on lots of factors, including the presence of shearing, P-T conditions, reactions with host rocks, and the composition of the hydrothermal fluids. Silica-rich listwaenite is well sheared and is more commonly ore bearing, while carbonate-rich listwaenite is less obviously sheared and shows less metal enrichment. The listwaenites of Wadi Allaqi area have a potential for gold mineralization (4-12ppm; 400-1100x enriched in comparison with serpentinites) since native gold occurs as inclusions in pyrite or as small disseminated specks along fractures. Base metals, mostly copper, lead and zinc, are also associated with listwaenites, but are more erratically distributed. Gold content increases with increasing SiO2 content of listwaenite. Carbonatization and silicification of ophiolitic peridotites can concentrate gold in the alteration products more than the parent rocks.


This article unpacks and critiques the scholarship of Elizabeth Rata on the politics of knowledge in education. Rata represents a widespread, though covert, influence within the global academy of an imperialist form of philosophical universalism which has particular significance for Aotearoa New Zealand due to her vocal opposition to Kaupapa Māori education and Māori politics more generally. This article uses critical discourse analysis (CDA) to focus on the arguments of one key article, in order to expose its philosophical weaknesses. Our analysis shows that Rata's scholarship is based on misconceptions of several key terms and concepts, which inexorably lead to inadequate arguments and invalid conclusions, and undermine the cogency of her claims about the 'dangers' of Kaupapa Māori education.


Each year, academic conferences are held at destinations throughout the world. These conferences provide benefits to the host destination's economy as well as to the conference participants. Involving travel and accommodation, academic conferences can be classified as business tourism. Academics often have a range of conferences from which to choose. The conference experience therefore may be important in the decision to reattend or recommend a conference to other potential attendees. While many conference organizers distribute a "conference evaluation sheet" at the end of a conference, there is no evidence of a standardized questionnaire that evaluates the entire conference experience. The objective of this work is to make such a contribution by identifying the attributes that are deemed to be important to the academic conference attendee and assigning a measurement scale for each attribute. The attributes are identified by way of a review of the services and tourism literature, and through semistructured interviews with academics. In addition to evaluating the entire conference experience, the questionnaire can be used to make longitudinal comparisons of a conference, and comparisons between


BACKGROUND
Although accelerated diagnostic protocols are being increasingly used in emergency departments to diagnose acute cardiac ischemia, there have been no prospective evaluations of a chest pain diagnostic protocol with serial determinations of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme and mandatory exercise electrocardiography (ExECG).

METHODS
Prospective cross-sectional study in which chest pain protocol results were compared with final (reference) diagnoses of acute cardiac ischemia (including acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina). Patients in need of hospital admission but at low probability (by a validated algorithm) for acute myocardial infarction were examined for exclusions: known coronary artery disease, cardiac complications, severe comorbidities, or inability to perform exercise testing. A 12-hour diagnostic protocol included serial measurements of creatine kinase MB, ECG, and clinical assessments followed by ExECG for those with negative initial serial testing. Reference diagnoses were established during hospitalization and diagnostic accuracy was assessed.

RESULTS
The study group of 317 patients was 54% male and 65% black, and had a mean age of 46.6 years; 9.5% had a final diagnosis of acute cardiac ischemia. For this diagnosis, the protocol had a sensitivity of 90.0% (95% confidence interval, 72.3%-97.4%); specificity, 50.5% (95% confidence interval, 44.6%-56.4%); positive predictive value, 16.0%; and negative predictive value, 98.0%. Creatine kinase MB, serial ECGs, and ExECG each made a contribution to improved sensitivity and accuracy, whereas clinical reassessments were less discriminating, as indicated by protocol's receiver operating characteristic curve.

CONCLUSIONS
A chest pain diagnostic protocol achieved high sensitivity and improved specificity over the standard emergency department workup. There were no adverse advents associated with early ExECG.


A self-consistent analytical approach was developed to describe the optical properties of an assembly of magneto-plasmonic composite nanoparticles distributed on a dielectric substrate. The proposed theory is based on the effective susceptibility concept in the frame of Green's function method and accounts for the local-field effects in the system. The analytical expressions for effective susceptibility of a single particle, as well as for assemblies of particles, on the substrate were derived to treat the scattered electromagnetic field by an assembly of composite nanoparticles. The developed formalism was applied to describe the polar Kerr effect in the Au/Co-based magneto-plasmonic system. The results of the simulation suggest that the magneto-optical properties of the considered magneto-plasmonic composite are determined by the interplay between "particle–particle" and "particle–surface" interactions, which are mainly given by the geometry of the particles, their concentration, and the optical properties of the substrate.


This article examines firm characteristics associated with the probability of relocating part of the activity in a foreign country. Using manufacturing firms' micro data for the 1999-2005 period, we find evidence that cost-cutting objectives are the main determinants for offshoring production, that firms with lower profits are more likely to undertake in-house offshoring, and that imports from low-wage countries increase the likelihood that part of the activity will be relocated. We also find that most offshoring firms are foreign – nearly 76% of the total.


Over the past few decades the computing industry has gone past several milestones,
each of which has had a paradigm shift in the way we live our lives.
Computers were initially only confined to large corporations. With the advent
of personal computers, people started using them daily at work and also at
home. Today it is not uncommon for a person to move around with several
devices which have substantial amounts of computation power, e.g. a notebook,
mobile phone, PDA, digital camera, navigation system, etc. While one may
be inclined to feel that we are already surrounded by a huge number of embedded
devices, it appears that the computing industry, thanks to the further
miniaturization of electronics, might be on the verge of another paradigm shift
- one that would make computers omnipresent. The past decade has seen the
emergence of a new breed of tiny computers known as wireless sensor nodes.
These nodes, which may be battery powered, are equipped with sensors, a radio
transceiver, a CPU and some memory. They are usually networked together to
form wireless sensor networks. It is envisioned that sensor networks made up of
hundreds, thousands or probably even millions of nodes will eventually weave
into the very fabric of our lives and be present in one form or another in even
the most mundane of devices, like in a coffee mug for instance.
The enormous scale of these networks makes it impossible for them to be
managed manually by humans. In other words, the system needs to operate
autonomously and recover automatically from faults that may occur. As sensor
nodes are typically highly energy constrained devices, network lifetime is also of
paramount importance. Unlike conventional computer networks, e.g. an office
LAN, which can be used for a multitude of applications, wireless sensor networks
are generally known to be application-specific. This unique characteristic helps
save energy as it allows protocols designed for sensor networks to be optimized
for a particular application.
This thesis focuses on different techniques that may be used to extract data from a wireless sensor network in an energy-efficient manner. We present a
range of distributed, self-organizing and energy-efficient data management algorithms
that influence different components of the sensor node architecture:
MAC, routing, data aggregation and sensor sampling.
The algorithms we present are used for two different classes of applications:
(i) applications that only require a subset of all the data in the network to
be extracted using range-queries and (ii) applications that require all the data
to be extracted from all the sensors in the network at periodic intervals using
long-running queries.
For the first class of applications, we present a framework that ensures that
one-shot range queries are routed only to the relevant regions of the network
instead of carrying out flooding. The same framework is also used to assign
an appropriate amount of bandwidth to regions that are expected to generate
more data with respect to the incoming query. This allows precious energyresources
to be spent only where gains are expected. For the second class of
applications, we have designed two algorithms that help extract raw data in an
energy-efficient manner. The first algorithm, that takes advantage of spatial
correlations that may exist between the readings of neighbouring sensor nodes,
is a scheduling algorithm which decides when a particular node should aggregate
data. The second algorithm helps save energy by sampling the sensors in an
energy-efficient manner by taking advantage of temporal correlations that may
exist between successive sensor readings. In every instance, we have illustrated
how the various algorithms can benefit by using cross-layer information.