New compact, low-power implementation technologies for processors and imaging arrays can enable a new generation of portable video products. However, software compatibility with large bodies of existing applications written in C prevents more efficient, higher performance data parallel architectures from being used in these embedded products. If this software could be automatically retargeted explicitly for data parallel execution, product designers could incorporate these architectures into embedded products. The key challenge is exposing the parallelism that is inherent in these applications but that is obscured by artifacts imposed by sequential programming languages. This paper presents a recognition-based approach for automatically extracting a data parallel program model from sequential image processing code and retargeting it to data parallel execution mechanisms. The explicitly parallel model presented, called multidimensional data flow (MDDF), captures a model of how operations on data regions (e.g., rows, columns, and tiled blocks) are composed and interact. To extract an MDDF model, a partial recognition technique is used that focuses on identifying array access patterns in loops, transforming only those program elements that hinder parallelization, while leaving the core algorithmic computations intact. The paper presents results of retargeting a set of production programs to a representative data parallel processor array to demonstrate the capacity to extract parallelism using this technique. The retargeted applications yield a potential execution throughput limited only by the number of processing elements, exceeding thousands of instructions per cycle in massively parallel implementations.


art gallery 52 ARTIST STATEMENT This physical computing project creates an ecosystem for a rubber tree, where conditions for life or death are controlled by monitoring fluctuations in the price of Home Depot stock. The plant was purchased from The Home Depot, so the project is eligible for the com-pany's one-year return policy if the tree dies. Spore 1.1 makes visible the artificiality of our immediate reality by relating the stock market to the ecosystem. Using small-form-factor computing, microcontrollers, and custom software, the life of a plant is controlled with data typically used to monitor the life of a corporation. The primary goal of the project was to find creative expression within a system of control that is systematically monitored through globalization , the growth of multinational corporations, and the loss of heterogeneity and market-driven economies. Another goal was to produce a visually engaging work that shows the familiar form of a potted plant encased within a cybernetic environment that reads as simultaneously unpleasant and bound, yet balanced and harmonious. Spore 1.1 derives creative expression from, and visually exposes, a growing system of control that has steadily been replacing heterogeneous market-driven economies. These systems (or multinational corporations) employ a variety of strategies in the name of consumer freedom (liberal return policies, etc.) but forcefully act as consumer-control mechanisms on the macroscopic level. Spore 1.1 has already died five times and been replaced each time through Home Depot's one-year guarantee. Unexpectedly, each death was a result of too much water, an interesting consequence that remarks upon the effects of runaway economic growth. While shareholders and executives are enjoying the capital rewards of this growth, other detrimental effects go unnoticed. New Spore projects are in progress, utilizing physical computing technology and data mined from economies of scale. Spore 2.0 will be strategically installed to capture the recent propagation of wireless internet signals radiating from homes and businesses across the country. Internal components will compare signal-to-strength ratios, deploying nutrient-enriched water to encourage fungus growth in non-native urban settings.


Abstract : Unlike aircrew directly associated with acquisitions, line operators are not fully engaged in the methods to push materielhardware or softwarechange requests up the chain, to a decision maker, and then to the engineers. The Air Force trains these end users to logically apply expert systems knowledge to execute the mission but has not fully leveraged this resource for properly identifying and correcting operational shortfalls in an aircrafts design. Focusing on the Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) community, the research goal is to determine if the Air Force should establish a formal program for collecting and prioritizing unsolicited user change requests from operators, and if so, how should the process be implemented and what characteristics should the system possess. This Delphi study sought consensus from a panel of MQ-1 and MQ-9 expert operators on desired characteristics and basic architecture. The analysis revealed that the deficiency reporting program, traditionally focused on Test and Evaluation squadrons, meets many of the desired characteristics but could be improved to meet all of them. Additionally, cockpit development could improve through supplementing the already established Cockpit Working Groups with a commercially developed tool with many of the desired characteristics.


The International Competition Network (ICN), which is an unofficial global network of competition authorities, promotes the international convergence of competition law and policy. The article examines how this emerging network accommodates increasing diversity among its members. Drawing on key publications of the ICN and secondary sources, the article reveals core elements of the ICN's 'benchmarking' strategy for regulatory convergence among its heterogeneous members. Theoretically, the article contributes to the literature on international public policies by identifying major factors which facilitate international policy convergence even in the absence of a rigorous implementation mechanism based on hard law.


Analyses of non-avian dinosaur locomotion have been hampered by the lack of an appropriate locomotor analog among extant taxa. Birds, though members of the clade Dinosauria, have undergone significant modifications in hindlimb osteology and musculature. These changes have resulted in a uniquely developed system of limb kinematics (involving a more horizontal femoral posture and knee-dominated limb motion), which precludes the direct use of extant birds as models for non-avian dinosaur locomotion. Analyses of locomotor data from extant birds and mammals suggest a causal link between general hindlimb kinematics, bone strains, and limb bone morphology among these taxa. A model is proposed that relates the amount of torsional loading in femora to bone orientation, such that torsion is maximal in horizontal femora and minimal in vertical femora. Since bone safety factors are lower for torsional shear strains than for longitudinal axial strains, an increase in torsion can potentially affect bone morphology dramatically over evolutionary time. Interpreting the nearly identical limb bone dimensions and limb element proportions of non-avian dinosaurs and mammals in the light of this relationship supports the prediction of similar vertical femoral postures and hip-driven limb kinematics in these two groups. This information can be used to interpret patterns of locomotor evolution within Dinosauria. The evolution of quadrupedalism with large body size and the acquisition of cursorial or graviportal limb morphologies occurred repeatedly but did not affect the underlying uniformity of dinosaur locomotor morphology. Only derived coelurosaurian theropods (paravians) developed significant modifications of the basic dinosaurian patterns of limb use. Changes in theropod hindlimb kinematics and posture apparently began shortly prior to the origin of flight, but did not acquire a characteristically modern avian aspect until after the later acquisition of derived flight characteristics.


This study focuses on victim-offender dialogue files archived by Ohio's Office of Victim Services (OVS). The OVS director was interested in knowing why only one in four initiated dialogue files complete actual face-to-face dialogue. Victim offender dialogue programs based on restorative justice theory have been shown to increase victim and offender satisfaction, decrease offender recidivism, and increase the rate of restitution. An archived data analysis on a sample (N = 212) of OVS completed and will-not-proceed files revealed offender race did not have a significant effect on dialogue completion rate. However, victim sex was found to have a significant effect on dialogue completion. Included are descriptive analyses of victims' stated motivations for seeking dialogue. Victims who state specific motivations for participation in dialogue were no more likely to complete dialogue than those who did not. Results lead to several suggestions regarding other uses of restorative dialogue in the contexts of severe crime and felonies.


Recent years have seen a significant shift in the study of new religious movements. In Satanism studies, interest has moved to anthropological and historical work on groups and inviduals. Self-declared Satanism, especially as a religion with cultural production and consumption, history, and organization, has largely been neglected by academia. This volume, focused on modern Satanism as a practiced religion of life-style, attempts to reverse that trend with 12 cutting-edge essays from the emerging field of Satanism studies. Topics covered range from early literary Satanists like Blake and Shelley, to the Californian Church of Satan of the 1960s, to the radical developments that have taken place in the Satanic milieu in recent decades. The contributors analyze such phenomena as conversion to Satanism, connections between Satanism and political violence, 19th-century decadent Satanism, transgression, conspiracy theory, and the construction of Satanic scripture. A wide array of methods are employed to shed light on the Devil's disciples: statistical surveys, anthropological field studies, philological examination of The Satanic Bible, contextual analysis of literary texts, careful scrutiny of obscure historical records, and close readings of key Satanic writings. The book will be an invaluable resource for everyone interested in Satanism as a philosophical or religious position of alterity rather than as an imagined other.


Replacing of complex solar concentrating unit, this paper designs a solar heat-concentrating medium-temperature steam-generating system. Solar radiation is collected by using a large solar collecting and heat concentrating plate and is converged to the metal evaporating pipe with high efficient heat transfer. In the meantime, the heat loss is reduced by employing a double-glazed cover and other heat insulating structures. Thus, a high temperature is reached in the metal evaporating pipe. The influences of the system's structure parameters on system performance are analyzed. The steam production rate and the steam production under different solar irradiance, solar collecting and heat concentrating plate area, solar collecting and heat concentrating plate temperature and heat loss are obtained. The results show that when solar irradiance is higher than 600 W/m2, the effective heat collecting area is 7.6 m2 and the double-glazing cover is adopted, the system heat loss amount is lower than the solar irradiance value. The stable steam is produced in the metal evaporating pipe at 100 °C, 110 °C, and 120 °C, respectively. When the average solar irradiance is about 896 W/m2, and the steaming cumulative time is about 5 hours, the daily steam production of the system is about 6.174 kg. In a single day, the solar irradiance is larger at noon, thus the steam production rate is large at that time. Before 9:00 and after 16:00, the solar irradiance is smaller, and the steam production rate is almost 0. Keywords—Heat concentrating, heat loss, medium temperature, solar steam production.


We report on the ferroelectric properties of c‐axis oriented ferroelectric SrBi2Ta2O9 thin films. Pt/SrBi2Ta2O 9/Pt capacitors were grown on single crystal MgO (and/or SrTiO3) substrates using pulsed laser ablation. These substrates provide the necessary template for (100) texture in platinum due to their close lattice matching. This in turn facilitates the c‐axis orientation in the ferroelectric films. The degree of orientation in the layered structure ferroelectric film was systematically varied from highly c‐axis oriented to random polycrystalline by varying the growth conditions of the bottom metal electrode. The polarization and coercive field values were found to decrease with an increasing degree of c‐axis orientation; while the randomly oriented films exhibited a remnant polarization of 5 μC/cm 2, a coercive field of 70 kV/cm, and a dielectric constant of 320, the c‐axis oriented films exhibited very low polarization (∼1 μC/cm2), coercivity (22 kV/cm), and dielectric constant (∼200) values.


The White Sox's appearance in the 2005 World Series reminded Chicago baseball enthusiasts about "the other drought." The White Sox's previous World Series championship was 1917, a level of futility eclipsed only by their cross-town rival Cubs, who have not won a championship since 1908. While the Cubs' troubles have taken on mythical proportion during the century of ineptness, the White Sox suffered through their incompetence in virtual obscurity. Unlike the Cubs, the White Sox had no Billy goats, August day games, or Bartmans to blame, nor a conspicuous Wrigleyville fandom to promulgate their plight. Rather, the unassuming White Sox quietly slipped to a secondclass status within the Windy City. Curses, sunshine, and booted balls aside, there is some mystery to the dissimilar way the Cubs and White Sox are received in Chicago when one considers that they share such similar history. Both teams are charter members of their respective leagues. Unlike any other pair of teams in the same city, only this pair has spent its entire history in that city, and Chicago is the only city to always have more than one team. (1) Both teams have been owned by baseball luminaries and played in parks considered the grandest of their day. And both teams' on-field futility extends beyond the dearth of World Series championships. For example, out of the 150 chances for a first-place finish during the past seventy-five years, the Cubs and White Sox have a combined total of 9. (2) As similar as their histories may be, the perception is that the Cubs and White Sox are not similarly accepted in Chicago. The conventional wisdom is that Chicago is a Cubs town, an idea so pervasive that even White Sox players buy into it. For example, as the White Sox ramped up for the World Series in 2005, first baseman Paul Konerko declared, "As far as the Cubs, we know mainly it's a Cubs town." (3) White Sox catcher A. J. Pierzynski surmised, "There's a lot of teams that have gone a long time with out winning anything ... with the Cubs, it's always fun when you have curses and stuff like that to talk about. It makes it much more compelling." (4) Even White Sox manager Ozzie Guillen got into the act: "This is a Cubs town. ... You go to Niketown, you only see Chicago Cubs stuff, and I don't blame them, because we haven't done anything yet to make that step." (5) This impression was bolstered by the 2005 attendance figures: the White Sox completed a wire-to-wire finish in first place, but a Cubs team that was out of the playoff picture in August outdrew them by 800,000 fans. (6) This study examines the strategies and exogenous actions that would explain different outcomes for the Cubs and White Sox in Chicago. Since Chicago is a duopoly rather than a monopoly, strategies that may yield an advantage are considered. (7) Although the Cubs and White Sox have rarely competed on the field of play, they have nonetheless competed in an economic sense. (8) This economic competition is investigated in this study. Specifically, the study answers the questions: * What kind of baseball town is Chicago? * Is Chicago a "Cubs town"? * Has it always been that way? * What factors determine whether Chicago is a Cubs or White Sox town? This study identifies factors that explain attendance trends for the Cubs and White Sox over the 1901 to 2005 seasons. The factors under consideration are categorized into two groups: baseball-related and economic-related. The baseball-related factors include the impact on attendance of player quality, team position in the standings, and post-season appearances. The economic-related factors include the impact on attendance of ballpark construction and renovation, and media utilization. (9) The results indicate that Chicago is a Cubs town today, but it has not always been that way. WHAT KIND OF BASEBALL TOWN IS CHICAGO? There are caveats associated with using season attendance statistics for MLB games played in Chicago to size up the kind of baseball town Chicago is. …


The rise of ubiquitous sensing enables the harvesting of massive amounts of data from the physical world. This data is often used to drive the behavior of devices, and when presented to users, it is most commonly visualized quantitatively, as graphs and charts. Another approach for the representation of sensor network data presents the data within a rich, virtual environment. These scenes can be generated based on the physical environment, and their appearance can change based on the state of sensor nodes. By freely exploring these environments, users gain a vivid, multi-modal, and experiential perspective into large, multi-dimensional datasets. This paper presents the concept of "Resynthesizing Reality" through a case study we have created based on a network of environmental sensors deployed at a large-scale wetland restoration site. We describe the technical implementation of our system, present techniques to visualize sensor data within the virtual environment, and discuss potential applications for such Resynthesized Realities.


We present a Markov mixed membership model (Markov M3) for grouped data that learns a fully connected graph structure among mixing components. A key feature of Markov M3 is that it interprets the mixed membership assignment as a Markov random walk over this graph of nodes. This is in contrast to tree-structured models in which the assignment is done according to a tree structure on the mixing components. The Markov structure results in a simple parametric model that can learn a complex dependency structure between nodes, while still maintaining full conjugacy for closed-form stochastic variational inference. Empirical results demonstrate that Markov M3 performs well compared with tree structured topic models, and can learn meaningful dependency structure between topics.


The Savage River in western Maryland and its associated reservoir and watershed serves many purposes including recreation, drinking water supply, and auxiliary water supply for Washington DC. Streamflow on the Savage River was modeled using a simple hydrologic model and validated with historical streamflow observations. Future projected climate data were used to drive the model to assess the impact of temperature and precipitation changes on future streamflow. Winter streamflow is projected to increase, while spring, summer, and fall streamflow are projected to decrease. Annual streamflow totals show a slight negative trend over the coming century. Future changes in precipitation are more influential on future streamflow during the winter while temperature may be more important during the summer and fall. On an annual basis, by the year 2098, the impacts of temperature and precipitation will essentially cancel each other out resulting in only a small negative trend in annual streamflow. Increased streamflow during the winter months may not be able to compensate for decreased flow during the remainder of the year which raises concerns about the ability of the reservoir to supply water during future droughts.


This thesis is concerned with the sheared flow of medium dense slurries, consisting rigid particles in a Newtonian fluid. The particles are rough. The interaction between rough particles in the lubrication limit is studied and expanded on. In a shear gradient geometry a migration phenomenon occurs, in which the particles congregate in the low shear rate region. The literature on this phenomenon is reviewed and for each model that is available a sample calculation of channel flow is calculated. Two models appear to yield realistic results. They incorporate the fluctuations in particle motion (which is a necessary feature of sheared dense slurries). These two models require further attention. The first is the granular temperature model. This model is studied as an isotropic cell model, which permits first order estimates for its many parameters, thus making the model more suitable for practical calculations. The second is the anisotropy-induced model for which in the literature only a phenomenological version is available. The latter model is studied by setting up an analytical continuum calculation that entails explicit fluctuations. It is shown that in steady-state shear a linear approximation never leads to a stable result, unless a substantial repulsive particle interaction is present. The theory is then modified to include a non-linear term (associated with a rough particle interaction), elaboration of which yields stability, but at the same time structures formation. The latter problem (in two dimensions) is then further studied by carrying out numerical simulations employing the Discrete Element Method. The analytical results are qualitatively replicated: structures form when the particle interaction does not involve a substantial repulsive element; they disappear when a repulsive elastic interaction is implemented. Thus the understanding of the physics of medium dense slurry flow is improved.


Abstract The relationships between hypnotizability, sleepiness, and the subjective experience of hypnotic suggestions were investigated in 90 participants. Scores from the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility Form A (HGSHS:A), the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and our self-developed Questionnaire on Subjective Hypnotic Experiences (QSHE) were analyzed. Findings show that hypnotizability correlates with both habitual daytime sleepiness and instantaneous sleepiness after the hypnotic procedure. Results also indicate that subjective self-evaluation of responses to hypnotic suggestions may be a useful tool in some cases when comparing with other subjectively rated scales, such as those concerning sleepiness.


The European Union is currently negotiating free trade agreements, called Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), with African countries as part of the Cotonou Agreement between the European Union and African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. The paper empirically assesses the impact of the EPAs on trade flows and government revenue for 14 West African countries. The results indicate that the decline in import duties due to the preferential tariff elimination might be of some cause for concern and that complementary fiscal and economic policies have to be implemented before or at the time the EPAs come into force.


Time and space can take on a sacred nature in both Judaism and Christianity accompanied by a permanent critical attitude towards the sacred. Conceptions of sacredness imply a conception of community and of society at large. This study investigates the different attitudes toward sacred time and space from an interdisciplinary perspective, ranging from the Biblical period through Qumran, Patristics, Rabbinics, archaeology and theology to modern and even to post-modern rituals. This approach offers a fascinating insight into both the common heritage of Judaism and Christianity and their mutual differences.


A well-developed body of literature has detected positive effects of technology investments on economic growth. We contribute to this literature by studying the joint effects of technology and economic freedom on economic growth. Using two different time points, 1990 and 2000, and a sample of over 100 countries, we find that economic freedom enhances the effect of technology on economic growth. In fact, we find that the standalone effect of freedom is not as large as its interactive effect with technology.


Conditions under which a single oscillator model coupled with Dieterich-Ruina's rate and state dependent friction exhibits chaotic dynamics is studied. Properties of spring-block models are discussed. The parameter values of the system are explored and the corresponding numerical solutions presented. Bifurcation analysis is performed to determine the bifurcations and stability of stationary solutions and we find that the system undergoes a Hopf bifurcation to a periodic orbit. This periodic orbit then undergoes a period doubling cascade into a strange attractor, recognized as broadband noise in the power spectrum. The implications for earthquakes are discussed.


Emotional well-being can be affected by the type of goals people have, how they view their goals, and their progress toward those goals. This paper proposed that characteristics of the cognitive representations of people's personal goals, such as having goals in different life domains (goal diversity) and their level of abstraction, can have an impact on emotional well-being both independently and when a person is faced with a negative goal-related life event. To test the relationships between goal characteristics and emotional well-being, students from an introductory psychology class reported their goals at the beginning of the academic year and completed questionnaires assessing aspects of emotional well-being, including depressive symptoms and worrying. At the end of the academic year, students were asked to describe life events associated with the most stressful time during the year and rate their depressive symptoms. Goals obtained were coded to determine level of abstraction and life domain. It was hypothesized that people with more abstract goals would report lower emotional well-being. Also, the study aimed to look at how goal diversity correlated with emotional well-being. Finally, the moderating effect of goal diversity at Time 1 on the effect of a goal-related life event on emotional well-being at Time 2 was tested. Additionally, it was hypothesized that goal adjustment would interact with life categories to predict emotional well-being. Results did not support the initial hypotheses for the study. Goal diversity was not found to be correlated with negative emotional well-being or to have a moderating role on the effect of a negative life-event. However, main effects were found for GAS reengagement (s = -.15, p = .003) and number of categories (s = .12, p = .021).


Remote Access Laboratory (RAL) based learning activities are commonplace in engineering faculties; in other disciplines such activities are not widely used. Practicing safe-installations of intravenous pump driver setups and related clinical reasoning skills are important components for the training of nurses. The aim of this research project is to develop and trial remote access technologies that enable nursing students to test their knowledge, skills, and clinical reasoning with intravenous infusion pump drivers. This has been possible by extending the concept of RAL from a physical and tangible experiment, to more conceptual experimentation in any form conducted remotely. In such a context clinical reasoning becomes possible. This paper discusses a prototype that has been build through collaboration betweens the Faculty of Engineering and Surveying and the Department of Nursing and Midwifery. An initial evaluation with a group of nursing students has been completed to assess if such activities can assist with the training of student nurses. Previous work has identified the need to scaffold learning activities that rely on RAL technology; the key conclusion in this paper is that in the context of nursing this have to be taken a step further. RAL activities here require contextualisation to become an effective learning tool.


Correcting the knee joint to accommodate the pre-existing soft tissue structures is a major aim in total knee arthroplasty. 3D-to-2D registration of segmented boney geometry obtained from computer tomography (CT) scans to functionally stressed positions in X-Ray (XR) imaging can be a more accurate method of obtaining the laxity envelop. From which, a more patient specific limit for the correctability of the knee joint can be found. Supine CT scans were segmented, and 3D bone models and anatomical landmarks were registered to 2D functional stressed XR imaging. The functional position of the patient femoral and tibial bone is then used to calculate the varus and valgus extent of the patient's knee joint laxity. 103 preoperative knees undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty identified from six different surgeons. The range of patients who are correctable back to within 3 degrees when a force is applied is 52%. 65% of patients who were within 3 degrees varus/valgus for tibia varus were correctable, while 41% of patients who were within 3 degrees varus/valgus for femoral valgus were correctable. 26% of patients were correctable when the LDFA is outside the threshold and MPTA is not, while 56% of patients were correctable when the MPTA is outside the threshold and LDFA is not. This study demonstrates the complexity of soft tissue structures of the knee joint. The main finding of this study is that correctability is more sensitive to the proximal tibial than the distal and posterior femoral articulating geometry. A lack of dependency between correctability of the knee joint and anatomical measures specific to flexion of the knee is seen. Careful consideration should be made intraoperatively when balancing the knee joint flexion gaps surrounding the soft tissue structures. Health Sciences EPiC Series in Health Sciences Volume 4, 2020, Pages 179–182 CAOS 2020. The 20th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Computer Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery F. Rodriguez Y Baena and F. Tatti (eds.), CAOS 2020 (EPiC Series in Health Sciences, vol. 4), pp. 179–182


A key aspect of scholarship is how you create a personal research library, find and access your sources when needed, and cite them accurately and comprehensively. Patrick Dunleavy explains how the (relatively new) software Mendeley has transformed his previous time-consuming practice in just a few days, and solved numerous other problems of accessing literature and sources wherever he is. Mendeley can offer all academics and PhDs massive productivity gains.


This thesis gives an account of an extensive experimental investigation of the operation of a twin roll coater. Two distinct modes of operation are identified: Classical (fullyflooded inlet) and Meniscus (ultra-starved inlet). The former has been the subject of investigation for a number of years; the latter is less well known and would appear to have escaped the attention of the Coating Community at large prior to the research work reported here being carried out.

A detailed description of how the key features of an industrial roll coater can be reproduced using a piece of simple but well designed experimental apparatus, which
encapsulates all the necessary elements for an in-depth study of the flow, is presented. Various methods are used to visualise the flow. These include dye injection and novel
computerised particle tracking techniques, coupled with state-of-the-art image processing and High Speed Video photography.

Experiments reveal that the flow associated with the Classical mode of operation is essentially one-dimensional throughout the nip; Meniscus coating flow, on the other
hand, is uniquely two-dimensional, containing large vortical structures. Also the pressure distributions are found to be quite distinct. A fully-flooded nip results in a pressure profile which exhibits a characteristic maximum and minimum, while an ultra-starved nip produces one which is linear and entirely sub-ambient.

The transformation of the flow from one mode of operation to the other is then considered, a key feature of which is the behaviour of the upstream free surface which movesin to a minimum point and then out again as the flux is reduced, giving a non-singular result, that is, there are two non-dimensional values of the flux for each free surface position.

Finally, the subject of instability in roll coating is addressed, for both the Classical and Meniscus regimes. A number of new instabilities were observed using High Speed
Video photography and tentative explanations for their occurrence are given.


The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the relationship between bicycle ridership and bike racks in a given area. The goal was to discern whether or not the density of bike racks determines the number of riders in the area. I predicted that there would be higher ridership in the areas with a denser bike rack concentration. To investigate this point, I set up five different areas of varying sizes with a similar number of bike racks, and then observed them over a period of 5 business days. By using a simple tally of the bikes found on the racks and bikes locked to other objects, like railings, I collected data in the area during the day when there were likely to be many commuter bikes parked outside. The results show that there is a positive relationship between the density of bike racks in a given area and bike ridership. While there is a positive r-value, more data collection needs to be done to determine the relationship that may exist between bike ridership and bike racks.


BACKGROUND
Suboccipital cough-induced headaches are considered a hallmark symptom of Chiari malformation type I (CMI). However, non--Valsalva-related suboccipital headaches and headaches in other locations are also common in CMI. The diagnostic significance and the underlying factors associated with these different headaches types are not well understood.

OBJECTIVE
To compare cranial morphology and hydrodynamics in 3 types of headaches in CMI to better understand the pathophysiological basis for the different headache characteristics.

METHODS
Twenty-two cranial physiological and morphological measures were obtained with specialized magnetic resonance imaging scans from 63 symptomatic pretreated CMI patients, 40 with suboccipital headaches induced by Valsalva maneuvers (34 women; age, 36 ± 10 years), 15 with non--Valsalva-related suboccipital headaches (10 women; age, 33 ± 9 years), 8 with nonsuboccipital non--Valsalva-induced headaches (8 women; age, 39 ± 13 years), and 37 control subjects (24 women; age, 36 ± 12 years). Group differences were identified with the use of the 2-tailed Student t test.

RESULTS
Posterior cranial fossa markers of CMI were similar among the 3 headache subtypes. However, the Valsalva-related suboccipital headaches cohort demonstrated a significantly lower intracranial compliance index than the non--Valsalva-related suboccipital headaches cohort (7.5 ± 3.4 vs 10.9 ± 4.9), lower intracranial volume change during the cardiac cycle (0.48 ± 0.19 vs 0.61 ± 0.16 mL), and higher magnetic resonance imaging--derived intracranial pressure (11.1 ± 4.3 vs 7.7 ± 2.8 mm Hg; P = .02). The Valsalva-related suboccipital headaches cohort had smaller intracranial and lateral ventricular volumes compared with the healthy cohort. The non--Valsalva-related suboccipital headaches cohort had reduced venous drainage through the jugular veins.

CONCLUSION
Valsalva-induced worsening of occipital headaches appears to be related to a small intracranial volume rather than the smaller posterior cranial fossa. This explains the reduced intracranial compliance and corresponding higher pressure measured in CMI patients with headaches affected by Valsalva maneuvers.


The scheduled disposal capacity for spent nuclear fuel and other high-level radioactive wastes (HLW) is inadequate and the estimated supply of recoverable uranium for continued nuclear energy production is scarce in the beginning of the 21st century. Hence, the development of a safe method for permanent disposal of HLW is an imminent global imperative to the continued development and use of nuclear energy, as is the prudent use of available uranium resources. However, permanent disposal of HLW poses a potential long-term public health and environmental hazard (risk) presenting unprecedented scientific challenges as well as moral, ethical and political concerns. The Minimum Disturbance to the Geologic Setting (MD) Design is an integrated, generic, low-temperature (cool), cradle-to-grave, radioactive waste management system for safe geologic disposal of radioactive waste. The application of the MD Design introduced in this paper is a safe and cost-effective geologic repository for permanent disposal of HLW. The main safety features are: highly focused site selection and site characterization; mechanical mining; maximum near-field geologic setting temperature of 90 degrees Centigrade (°C) (194 degrees Fahrenheit [°F]); long-term primary (substantial) radionuclide containment by the engineered barriers system (EBS); long-term near-field monitoring; and a three-tiered licensing process. The main cost-effective features are: concurrent construction and operation; remote controlled handling and inroom emplacement of HLW; concurrent temporary and permanent disposal of HLW; and ready long-term access to the emplaced HLW. The unique combination of new and old safety and HLW disposal concepts in the MD Design offers potential solutions to three global HLW disposal problems: credible validation of safety assessments; enhanced HLW disposal capacity; and ready long-term access to a reusable, scarce natural energy resource - uranium.


In this chapter we will argue that to understand how gaming supports learning, as well as to design games for educational purposes, educators and scholars must think beyond elements of the game software to the social practices, or metagame , that take place within and around games. Based on studies of fan sites associated with the popular computer game The Sims , we identify features of what we call nurturing affinity spaces that are particularly supportive of learning and contrast these features with how schools are typically organized. How such spaces are developed and sustained remains a central question for future research on games and learning, and we conclude by identifying key areas for further investigation. Games and Learning Those of us who have made the claim that games are good for learning have meant, of course, that well-designed games are good for learning, not poorly designed ones. While an empirical enterprise is under way to test whether and how games are good for learning, too often these studies do not first ensure that they are assessing games that are well designed.


We investigate the impact of plant downsizing on disability pension utilization in Norway. Plant downsizing substantially increases the disability entry rate of workers in affected plants. Workers originally employed in plants that downsized by more than 60% between 1995 and 2000 were 24% more likely to utilize disability pensions in 2001 than comparable workers in non-downsized plants. We also estimate significant effects of downsizing on future earnings and mortality, which suggest that the increase in disability participation could be driven by an adverse effect of downsizing on the economic opportunities or the health of affected workers. (JEL: H55, I12, I38, J63, J65) (c) 2009 by the European Economic Association.


The purpose of this research study was to describe motivations and demographics of luxury wine buyers in the US market. An online survey was completed by 1081 US wine consumers, of which 473 were designated to be luxury buyers based on price spent on wine. Standard demographic and wine consumer scales were utilized for profiling. Results show that the luxury wine buyer is more likely to be male, aged 30 to 50, with a higher income and education level. Motivations of the luxury wine buyer are different than the non-luxury wine buyer, and reasons for purchasing luxury wine go beyond mere collecting. This research is one of the first to analyze the luxury wine consumer in the US market, and provides useful information for wine marketers and researchers on the profile of the luxury wine buyer in America.
JEL Classification: M31


Whilst no consensus yet exists on how the Internet of Things will be realised, a global infrastructure of networked physical objects that are readable, recognizable, locatable, addressable and controllable is undoubtedly a compelling vision. Although many implementations of the Internet of Things have presented these objects in a largely ambient sensing role, or providing some form of remote access/control, in this paper we consider the emerging convergence between games and the Internet of Things. This can be seen in a growing number of games that use objects as physical game pieces to enhance the players' interaction with virtual games. These hybrid physical/digital objects present game designers with number of interesting challenges as they i) blur the boundaries between toys and games; ii) provide opportunities for freeform physical play outside the virtual game; and iii) create new requirements for interaction design, in that they utilise design techniques from both product design and computer interface design. Whilst in the past the manufacturing costs of such game objects would preclude their use within games from small independent games developers, the advent of low cost 3D printing and open software and hardware platforms, which are the enablers of the Internet of Things, means this is no longer the case. However, in order to maximise this opportunity game designers will need to develop new approaches to the design of their games and in this paper we highlight the design sensibilities required if they are to combine the digital and physical affordances within the design of such objects to produce good player experiences.


Atrazine bioconcentration and uptake were determined for eight freshwater green algae and diatoms. Atrazine uptake was extremely rapid in all species examined, with nearly 90% of total uptake occurring within the first hour of exposure. Within each division, different species had different bioconcentration capacities, although the accumulation of atrazine was consistently higher in green algae (5.43–12.73 ng/mg) than in diatoms (0.33–1.69 ng/mg). Atrazine concentrations in the algal cells were much higher than in the medium, although the total amount of atrazine taken up by algae was small relative to the total atrazine in solution (1–3%). The ability of algal cells to accumulate atrazine was highly correlated with algal cell biovolume and surface area, and a strong relationship was observed between sensitivity to atrazine and bioconcentration, cell biovolume, and surface area. In general, higher bioconcentration factors were associated with increased atrazine sensitivity.


This article takes up a significant yet surprisingly overlooked question: What accounts for the Supreme Court's lack of methodological uniformity in constitutional interpretation? The question can be phrased in other ways: Why do strong methodological pronouncements in one case go unfollowed and unacknowledged in the next? Why, to use an example, does the originalist analysis of District of Columbia v. Heller not create a presumption that subsequent Second Amendment cases must also be analyzed via an originalist approach?An easy answer suggests itself — the justices simply do not want to bind themselves to someone else's preferred methodology. They hold strongly divergent views, and advocate on behalf of those views in their opinions. Each justice might be willing to adhere to a single approach, but only so long as it is the one he or she favors. This easy answer turns out to be, at best, incomplete. There are many respects in which the Court does adhere to its past methodological choices, such as with Chevron deference or the tiered-scrutiny framework. This adherence is both unremarkable and, more generally, consistent with the application of stare decisis, which, properly understood, entails being bound by some past court's preferences. Given that, we might imagine that stare decisis ought to apply to broader interpretive commitments. Indeed, a recent wave of scholarship has argued in favor of the application of stare decisis to the process of statutory interpretation, while at the same time demonstrating that a number of state courts have achieved methodological uniformity in that domain. Along the way, several of these scholars have suggested that their arguments might apply to constitutional interpretation as well. In attacking these questions, this article attempts, first, to unpack the relationship between stare decisis and interpretive methodology, and to understand when stare decisis will apply to methodology and when it will not. It concludes that, at least at the broad level of determining constitutional meaning, stare decisis and interpretive methodology are an inherently unstable combination. The attainment of methodological uniformity, it turns out, is better analyzed and understood in terms of consensus. Simply put, large-scale methodological uniformity results not from the doctrinal pressure of stare decisis, but rather as a product of a settled understanding that a given method is the appropriate way to engage in legal reasoning. Second, the article explores explanations for the methodological pluralism that characterizes the Court's decision making. That pluralism may be a product of a tacit consensus that pluralism is the most legitimate approach to constitutional interpretation. But it may also be a default position reached due to the lack of any mechanism for forcing consensus, or the product of external, political limitations on the Court's ability to consistently follow the logic of any single methodology. More likely still is the possibility that each of these explanations is at least partially correct.


A large amount of resources and effort have been devoted to the development of open source software like Linux. The development of Linux as the most well-known open source software with graphical user interface and useful functionalities is expected to result in the high level of Linux adoption by individual users based on the technology adoption model. However, Linux has about one percent of the operating systems market for personal computers. User resistance to switch remains one of the major obstacles in any successful open source migration. Based on the integration of equity implementation model and technology adoption model, this study examines how users form their resistance and the effect of user resistance on the adoption of Linux by individual users for their personal computers. The findings show that the adoption intention is negatively influenced by user resistance to switch. This study discusses the role and effect of user resistance to switch based on the equity implementation model in comparison with the two main determinants of technology adoption. This study contributes toward advancing theoretical understanding of OSS migration and user resistance. The findings also offer OSS community and practitioners suggestion for promoting the use of OSS by individual users.


&NA; The complex set of phenomena posed by societies affected by violence has prompted calls for integration and coordination between peacebuilding and psychosocial work. The ways in which psychosocial support interventions are implemented can contribute to, or impede, the peacebuilding process. In northern Uganda, a rise in cases of suicide, domestic violence and substance abuse has pointed to the pressing need to better understand the experiences and stressors of individuals and communities navigating post conflict life. Drawing on the perspectives of community leaders, traditional authorities, local government officials, and nongovernmental organisations, this article offers a critical analysis of mental health and psychosocial interventions in northern Uganda. It that demonstrates that psychosocial interventions have largely been: (1) short lived; (2) targeted specific groups at the expense of others; (3) failed to respond to the daily needs of the population; and (4) remained relatively disconnected from the wider post conflict recovery process. To address the full range of conditions affecting societies emerging from complex emergencies, psychosocial interventions must be responsive to the needs and changes that arise during the delicate war-to-peace transition.


The Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change aims not only at avoiding +2°C warming (and even limit the temperature increase further to +1.5°C), but also sets long‐term goals to guide mitigation. Therefore, the best available science is required to inform policymakers on the importance of and the adaptation needs in a +1.5°C warmer world. Seven research institutes from Europe and Turkey integrated their competencies to provide a cross‐sectoral assessment of the potential impacts at a pan‐European scale. The initial findings of this initiative are presented and key messages communicated. The approach is to select periods based on global warming thresholds rather than the more typical approach of selecting time periods (e.g., end of century). The results indicate that the world is likely to pass the +1.5°C threshold in the coming decades. Cross‐sectoral dimensions are taken into account to show the impacts of global warming that occur in parallel in more than one sector. Also, impacts differ across sectors and regions. Alongside the negative impacts for certain sectors and regions, some positive impacts are projected. Summer tourism in parts of Western Europe may be favored by climate change; electricity demand decreases outweigh increases over most of Europe and catchment yields in hydropower regions will increase. However, such positive findings should be interpreted carefully as we do not take into account exogenous factors that can and will influence Europe such as migration patterns, food production, and economic and political instability.


Nickel Alloy 22, UNS N06022, is being evaluated for use as the material of construction in permanent containers for spent nuclear fuel in Yucca Mountain, NV. To meet nuclear design criteria, Charpy impact data were required for the N06022 plate material, but conventional full-size specimens exceed the energy capacity of typical 400 J impact test machines, which results in stopping the pendulum during the test. Half-size specimens break with about 40% of the machine energy capacity, but their use raises questions concerning energy scaling to full size equivalent data. To address this, a range of subsize specimens were tested at room temperature using a standard 400 J impact test machine, and full-size, 3/4-size, and 2/3-size specimens were tested on a high energy capacity, 950J machine. Additional tests were performed at temperatures ranging from -196 to +200°C. Impact energy and lateral expansion measurements for the various test conditions are presented, their implications are examined, and a new model for absorbed energy correlation between subsize specimens and full size conventional Charpy specimens is proposed.


The New Economic Diplomacy explains how states conduct their external economic relations in the 21st century: how they make decisions domestically; how they negotiate internationally; and how these processes interact. It documents the transformation of economic diplomacy in the 1990s and early 2000s in response to the end of the Cold War, the advance of globalisation and the growing influence of non-state actors like private business and civil society. Fully updated, the second edition reflects the impact of the campaign against terrorism, the war in Iraq and the rise of major developing countries like China and India.Based on the authors' own work in the field of international political economy, it is suitable for students interested in the decision making processes in foreign economic policy including those studying International Relations, Government, Politics and Economics but will also appeal to politicians, bureaucrats, business people, NGO activists, journalists and the informed public.


OBJECTIVE--To investigate the relation between apolipoprotein(a) concentrations and angiographically defined coronary artery disease in patients with atheromatous peripheral vascular disease. DESIGN--40 consecutive patients were recruited at the time of admission for peripheral vascular surgery. All underwent clinical assessment and coronary arteriography. Apolipoprotein(a) concentrations were measured by an immunoradiometric assay. SETTING--Tertiary referral centre. SUBJECTS--Patients requiring surgical intervention for large vessel peripheral vascular disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Presence or absence and severity and distribution of angiographically defined coronary artery disease. Measurement of circulating contractions of apolipoprotein(a) and other lipid indices. RESULTS--Coronary artery disease was absent in 11 patients (group 1), mild to moderate in 12 (group 2), and severe in 17 (group 3). The distribution of peripheral vascular disease and of standard lipid indices was similar in these three groups of patients. There was a significant difference in apolipoprotein(a) concentrations between the three groups, with concentrations progressively increasing with the severity of coronary artery disease (mean (95% confidence interval): group 1, 112 U/1 (52 to 242); group 2, 214 U/1 (129 to 355); group 3, 537 U/1 (271 to 1064) (analysis of variance p < 0.005). The prevalence of coronary artery disease was increased 7.4 fold in patients with apolipoprotein(a) concentrations that were greater than the cohort median (206 U/1) (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS--The results show an association between apolipoprotein(a) concentrations and angiographically defined coronary artery disease in patients with large vessel peripheral vascular disease. The findings imply differences in the pathogenesis of coronary and peripheral atheroma and suggest that the measurement of apolipoprotein(a) may prove a useful additional tool in the risk factor assessment of patients undergoing peripheral vascular surgery.


We have discovered a robust microcrystalline record of the early genesis of North American lithosphere preserved in the U-Pb age and oxygen isotope zoning of zircons from a lower crustal paragneiss in the Neoarchean Superior province. Detrital igneous zircon cores with δ 18 O values of 5.1‰–7.1‰ record creation of primitive to increasingly evolved crust from 2.85 ± 0.02 Ga to 2.67 ± 0.02 Ga. Sharp chemical unconformity between cores and higher δ 18 O (8.4‰–10.4‰) metamorphic overgrowths as old as 2.66 ± 0.01 Ga dictates a rapid sequence of arc unroofing, burial of detrital zircons in hydrosphere-altered sediment, and transport to lower crust late in upper plate assembly. The period to 2.58 ± 0.01 Ga included ∼80 m.y. of high-temperature (∼700–650 °C), nearly continuous overgrowth events reflecting stages in maturation of the subjacent mantle root. Huronian continental rifting is recorded by the youngest zircon tip growth at 2512 ± 8 Ma (∼ 600 °C) signaling magma intraplating and the onset of rigid plate behavior. This >150 m.y. microscopic isotope record in single crystals demonstrates the sluggish volume diffusion of U, Pb, and O in zircon throughout protracted regional metamorphism, and the consequent advances now possible in reconstructing planetary dynamics with zircon zoning.


The 1938-39 excavations in the village areas at the Hatchel site (41BW3) along the Red River in northeastern Texas have not been previously published or the findings made widely available to the archaeological community. This work exposed large blocks in Late Caddoan period, Texarkana phase (ca. A.D. 1400-1700) archaeological deposits in the Nasoni Caddo village. There were hundreds of post holes, structures, midden deposits, and burials in these village areas that appear to be part of individual Caddo farm compounds. Works Program Administration (WPA) archaeological work in the 1930s and early 1940s in the Southeastern United States revolutionized the understanding of the prehistory and early history of much of the Southeast, including the Caddoan area of northeastern Texas, northwestern Louisiana, southwestern Arkansas, and southeastern Oklahoma (see Lyons 1996:196-200). The first true synthesis of Southeastern prehistory by James A. Ford and Gordon R. Willey (1941) was "the direct result of archeological researches undertaken [in the last ten years] by several federal agencies and by universities or other institutions in nearly every one of the states" (Ford and Willey 1941:325). In northeastern Texas, WPA archaeological investigations between 1938 and 1941 were conducted at two Caddo sites on the Red River: the Hatchel site (41BW3) and the nearby Mitchell site (41BW4) (Guy 1990:40-44 and Table 4; Lyons 1996:120). The work at these two major Caddo sites has never been published. Other prehistoric sites excavated by the WPA in the Caddoan archaeological area includes the Early Caddoan period George C. Davis mound center (41CE19) (Newell and Krieger 1949), the Yarbrough site (41VN6) (Johnson 1962), and the Joslin site (41VN3); the Joslin site excavations have also never been published. When Ford and Willey's (1941:353) summarized the late prehistory of the Caddoan area, they relied on preWPA archaeological work done by Harrington (1920), Lemley (1936), and Dickinson (1936) rather than any of the WPA findings from work in Texas Caddo sites. Since the WPA archaeological work at the Hatchel and Mitchell sites had only ended in 1939, and excavations at George C. Davis continued until 1941 (Guy 1990:42), it is not surprising that none of the results of that work were included in Ford and Willey (1941). Of course, the George C. Davis site investigations were eventually published by the Society for American Archaeology in the now-classic 1949 monograph by H. Perry Newell and Alex D. Krieger. Unfortunately, the WPA archaeological work at Hatchel has never been brought to complete and final publication. A very short summary of the WPA mound excavations by Krieger (1946), some bioarchaeological studies of burials at the Hatchel site (Lippert 1997; Lee 1997), and an overview of the archaeological work written by Creel (1996) constitute the published record concerning the sum total of the WPA work. Creel (1996:505) has noted that "the quantity of data gathered from this site complex is so great that it has prevented full analysis and publication." Recently, in conjunction with an archaeological study of parts of the Hatchel site done in collaboration with the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma (Perttula 2003; Perttula and Nelson 2003), I had an opportunity to examine the extensive original notes, records, files, and artifacts from the 1938-39 WPA excavations in village areas at Hatchel. I came away convinced that it is vital that the extensive village excavations be fully analyzed, reported, and published finally to put on record the significant archaeological data already recovered-in the form of several structures, midden features, cemetery areas, and an extensive material culture assemblage-from this earlier work at the Hatchel site. The WPA Hatchel village excavations are one of the very few broad-scale excavations of Caddo habitation areas ever done in northeastern Texas. I begin the documentation by summarizing the WPA excavations in the village areas at the Hatchel site. …


Background: Over the last decade, progressively fewer available posts in UK sonography have been filled.[5,6] As such, interventions in higher education (HE) to attract new blood have become a matter of increasing interest for medical imaging research.[2,3] While this corpus of literature has produced a range of actionable findings to date, the views of employers in clinical ultrasound around how the issue might be addressed in HE have remained largely unresearched.

Methods: Three models of ultrasound education were proposed to N=20 ultrasound department leads in public (n=17) and private (n=3) units: (1) The direct entry undergraduate model (DEUM); (2) the direct entry postgraduate model (DEPM); and (3) the 3+1 postgraduate model (31PM). Participants were encouraged to express a preference, reasons for their preference, and which components of each model were desirable/undesirable. Using a Straussian model of Grounded Theory[1,4], the extended accounts provided were analysed.

Results: Of the participants, n=9 indicated a sole preference for the DEPM, while n=3 indicated a sole preference for the 31PM. However, n=8 found variable strengths/weaknesses in each. Qualitative concerns thematised as: (1) The feed of undergraduate entry programmes into extant pay banding. (2) A lack of life, communication and time management skills synonymous with younger graduates. (3) Sustaining the current quality of sonographers without a prior background in plain radiography. (4) Condensing ultrasound learning into too brief a period.

Conclusions: There is no simple solution in HE to the sonographer shortage. Unit managers' perspectives add depth to our understanding of what might be required.

References
1. Society and College of Radiographers. Sonographer workforce survey analysis. SCoR; 2014.
2. Society and College of Radiographers. Developing and growing the sonographer workforce: Education and training needs. SCoR; 2009.
3. Parker PC, Harrison G. Educating the future sonographic workforce: Membership survey report from the British Medical Ultrasound Society. Ultrasound 2015;23:231-241.
4. Gibbs V. The long and winding road to achieving professional registration for sonographers. Radiography 2012;19:164-167.
5. Sloane C, Miller PK. Informing radiography curriculum development: The views of UK radiology service managers concerning the 'fitness for purpose' of recent diagnostic radiography graduates. Radiography 2017;23:S16-S22.
6. Charmaz, K., Grounded Theory, in: Smith, J.A., ed., Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Methods, Sage, London, 2008, 81-110.


Conservation efforts to increase duck production have led the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to restore grasslands with multi-species (3-5) mixtures of introduced cool season vegetation often termed dense nesting cover (DNC). The effectiveness of DNC to increase duck production has been variable, and maintenance of the cover type is expensive. In an effort to decrease the financial and ecological costs (increased carbon emissions from plowing and reseeding) of maintaining DNC and provide a long-term, resilient cover that will support a diversity of grassland fauna, restoration of multi-species (16-32) plantings of native plants has been explored. We investigated the vegetation characteristics, nesting density and nest survival between the 2 aforementioned cover types in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota, USA from 2010–2011 to see if restored-native plantings provide similar benefits to nesting hens as DNC. We searched 14 fields (7 DNC, 271 ha; and 7 restored native, 230 ha) locating 3384 nests (1215 in restored-native vegetation and 2169 in DNC) in 2010-2011. Nest survival was similar between cover types in 2010, while DNC had greater survival than native plantings in 2011. Densities of nests adjusted for detection probability were not different between cover types in either year. We found no structural difference in vegetation between cover types in 2010; however, a difference was detected during the late sampling period in 2011 with DNC having deeper litter and taller vegetation. Our results indicate restored-native plantings are able to support similar nesting density as DNC; however, nest survival is more stable between years in DNC. It appears the annual variation in security between cover types goes undetected by hens as hens selected cover types at similar levels both years.


The Values History was originally developed to identify core values and beliefs important to individuals with terminal illnesses as a basis for medical treatment should they lose capacity (Doukas and McCulloch, 1991).

The research shows that the standard paradigm of empowerment, which involves individuals with dementia having a clear understanding of the prognosis of the illness to make plans for the future, is complex. Twelve people diagnosed in the early stages of dementia were interviewed twice to complete individual Values Histories. Their carers were interviewed separately and then together with the participants with dementia. Despite knowing their diagnosis and appreciating the opportunity to discuss their current feelings about the illness, only a few participants were able to discuss, or indeed wanted to discuss, the prognosis or future in relation to dementia. No participants wanted to view long term care establishments. However, the research showed that the vast majority were clearly able to document their values and aspects of future care related to old age rather than dementia. Carers confirmed accuracy of their values.

With regards to the impact of Values Histories on future caregivers, forty professionals were interviewed. Two Values Histories were shared with the participants and vignettes were used to explore the extent to which they would refer to individuals' past values and wishes. The study showed that the vast majority of professionals would refer to the documents and find them useful. The majority would attempt to maintain past wishes and values, although not if it caused agitation. General values, medical values, family relationships, religious values and end of life decisions were areas that were considered most beneficial. The person's perception of independence and future risk taking were the areas that caused most controversy.


Among the various rocks of Scandinavian origin, boulders of which occur in our east-coast boulder-clays, and have been utilised by Glacial geologists in tracing the movements of the Pleistocene ice, none are better adapted for this purpose than the rhomb-porphyries. Not only have they a striking and easily-recognized characteristic in the peculiar crystallographic habit of their porphyritic felspars, which causes them to present rhombic sections on a face of the rock, but in this and other peculiarities they are unique or almost unique[*][1] among known rocks. They are thus among the few boulders which can be set down at a glance and without fear of error as having their source in a defined foreign area.

Although this conclusion seems beyond doubt, it may, perhaps, be thought to be strengthened by the cumulative evidence derived from the identification among our boulders, not only of rhomb-porphyries, but of particular varieties of rhomb-porphyries, which have been distinguished as such in their Norwegian home. The occurrence of rhomb-porphyry boulders at Bridlington, Dimlington, and other places on or near our east coast has long been known, but nothing more than a cursory notice of them has yet appeared. For a full description and comparison we must wait until the several types have been more completely and systematically described by the Norwegian geologists; the only object of the present notice is to point out that the Holderness boulders comprise more than one of the types already known in Norway.

Brogger, in his work on the eruptive …

 [1]: #fn-1


Shoulder injuries are a focus of work related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD) research due to rising healthcare costs, an aging workforce, and long recovery times. Substantial research has been performed in the area of shoulder WMSDs and a number of risk factors have been implicated in their development; including static loads, repetition, and deviated posture. However, knowledge of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is limited. Thermography provides a non-invasive technique that may offer clues to unknown physiological markers associated with injury development during job task performance. The objective of this study was to quantify anterior deltoid surface temperature changes as function of changing task demands. Skin surface temperature changes of the anterior deltoid, modified Borg CR-10 ratings, and endurance time during overhead static exertions until exhaustion for two work loads (15 and 30% MVC) and shoulder angles (90 and 115) were quantified. Ten participants (5 males and 5 females) participated in the study and were free of confounding conditions (such as chronic or acute shoulder injury) and were required to meet body fat percentile requirements. Thermography showed that the higher shoulder angle had a reduced blood flow while there were no differences in temperature for exertion. Modified Borg ratings were not found to be well correlated with temperature values. The findings suggest that workers performing overhead work should minimize their deviated posture when available to prevent a high risk of developing a shoulder WMSD.


We apply a typology of exile to factions involved in the Mexican and Russian Revolutions of the early 20th century. Our typology is based on Grubačić and O'Hearn's theory of exile, which seeks to explain how alternative social institutions based on mutual aid, substantive reproduction, and egalitarian, direct democracy come into being and sustain themselves. We argue for exile as a determinant of revolutionary outcomes and the state (de)formation process and that we must understand exile-in-rupture as a moment when structures are at maximal flux due to the existence of exilic factions. By doing so, we offer a novel approach to understanding revolutions and state (de)formation based upon the alliances between exilic and incorporative factions. Through descriptions of loyalty bargains made, maintained, and broken during the Mexican and Russian Revolutions, we demonstrate how factions representing autonomy and exit are excluded from the resulting political-economic order post-Revolution, while their energy and power are leveraged during revolution itself. Based on this, we argue that exile is a key component of radical strategy, but that it is often precariously based on loyalty bargains that underpin it. Due to exile's precarity, revolutions are foreclosed by reincorporation into the capitalist world-system as states are (re)formed by incorporative factions. Therefore, exile is both a necessary and contingent component of revolution and state (de)formation.


With characteristic rigor and readability, Avi Shlaim reflects on a range of key issues, transformations and personalities in the Israel-Palestine conflict. From the 1917 Balfour Declaration to the failure of the Oslo peace process, from the 1948 War to the 2008 invasion of Gaza, "Israel and Palestine" places current events in their proper historical perspective. "Israel and Palestine" assesses the impact of key political and intellectual figures, including Yasir Arafat and Ariel Sharon, Edward Said and Benny Morris; it also re-examines the United States' influential role in the conflict, and explores the many missed opportunities for peace and progress in the region. Clear-eyed and meticulous, "Israel and Palestine" is an essential tool for understanding the fractured history and future prospects of Israel-Palestine.


Abstract : The U.S. federal government maintains more than 500,000 facilities in the United States and around the world, most of which are heavily dependent on fossil fuels to produce electricity. Within the federal government, the Department of Defense (DOD) spends over $2.5 billion per year on facility energy consumption which makes them the largest single energy consumer in the United States. Therefore, federal energy conservation goals focus on aggressively reducing energy consumption by reducing the energy demand at the facility level within the next 20 years. Daylighting is a passive solar energy strategy at the facility level that leverages load avoidance by relying on windows and skylights to reduce building electrical lighting load; which accounts for approximately $15-23 billion annually in energy consumption. Our research findings show that electrochromic windows have the lowest energy consumption compared with other daylighting strategies appropriate for building retrofit. However, the prohibitive initial investment cost of electrochomic windows do not make them economically viable; therefore, the only daylighting strategy currently viable for Air Force facilities, based on our simulations, is the advanced daylighting control system. We found that economic incentive policies currently available for other passive solar technology could make emerging daylighting technology, such as electrochromic windows, viable. Finally, we demonstrate the robustness of probabilistic life-cycle cost model using Monte Carlo simulation that could provide significantly more information compared to the current deterministic tool, BLCC 5, used for federal energy projects.


In this book I present a series of eleven essays written between 1978 and 1987 on subjects relevant to the anthropology of health and international health. The issues addressed in these essays were investigated during 38 months of fieldwork in rural southwest peninsular India (197 4-86) and 15 months of fieldwork in southwest Sri Lanka (1983-84 ).;During various periods of this time I conducted ethnographic fieldwork, explored the feasibility of participatory community research, facilitated the development of a postgraduate health education training program, and served as a consultant to various international health organizations. The essays document my ongoing attempts to integrate academic interests in the anthropology of health with applications of anthropology for international health and development. The volume is divided into four sections structured around the themes of: ethnophysiology, illness ethnography, pharmaceutical related behavior, and health communication. Included are studies of fertility and pregnancy (Chapters 1 and 2), states of malnutrition and approaches to nutrition education (Chapters 5 and 11 ), diarrheal disease and water boiling behavior (Chapters 6 and 1 0), and lay perceptions of fertility control methods and medicines (Chapters 3 and 7). Emerging from these studies is a recognition that perceptions of ethnophysiology and contingent health concerns signifi- cantly influence health behavior and the use as well as demand for traditional and modern health resources.


Abstract. The first results of a campaign of intensive observation of precipitation in Dumont d'Urville, Antarctica, are presented. Several instruments collected data from November 2015 to February 2016 or longer, including a polarimetric radar (MXPol), a Micro Rain Radar (MRR), a weighing gauge (Pluvio2), and a Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC). These instruments collected the first ground-based measurements of precipitation in the region of Adelie Land (Terre Adelie), including precipitation microphysics. Microphysical observations during the austral summer 2015/2016 showed that, close to the ground level, aggregates are the dominant hydrometeor type, together with small ice particles (mostly originating from blowing snow), and that riming is a recurring process. Eleven percent of the measured particles were fully developed graupel, and aggregates had a mean riming degree of about 30 %. Spurious precipitation in the Pluvio2 measurements in windy conditions, leading to phantom accumulations, is observed and partly removed through synergistic use of MRR data. The yearly accumulated precipitation of snow (300 m above ground), obtained by means of a local conversion relation of MRR data, trained on the Pluvio2 measurement of the summer period, is estimated to be 815 mm of water equivalent, with a confidence interval ranging between 739.5 and 989 mm. Data obtained in previous research from satellite-borne radars, and the ERA-Interim reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) provide lower yearly totals: 655 mm for ERA-Interim and 679 mm for the climatological data over DDU. ERA-Interim overestimates the occurrence of low-intensity precipitation events especially in summer, but it compensates for them by underestimating the snowfall amounts carried by the most intense events. Overall, this paper provides insightful examples of the added values of precipitation monitoring in Antarctica with a synergistic use of in situ and remote sensing measurements.


Objective: To examine whether stroke survivors in inpatient rehabilitation with pre-existing cognitive impairment receive less therapy than those without. Design: Prospective observational cohort. Setting: Four UK inpatient stroke rehabilitation units. Participants: A total of 139 stroke patients receiving rehabilitation, able to give informed consent/had an individual available to act as personal consultee. In total, 33 participants were categorized with pre-existing cognitive impairment based on routine documentation by clinicians and 106 without. Measures: Number of inpatient therapy sessions received during the first eight weeks post-stroke, referral to early supported discharge, and length of stay. Results: On average, participants with pre-existing cognitive impairment received 40 total physiotherapy and occupational therapy sessions compared to 56 for those without (mean difference = 16.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.9, 29.2), which was not fully explained by adjusting for potential confounders (age, sex, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and pre-stroke modified Rankin Scale (mRS)). While those with pre-existing cognitive impairment received nine fewer single-discipline physiotherapy sessions (95% CI = 3.7, 14.8), they received similar amounts of single-discipline occupational therapy, psychology, and speech and language therapy; two more non-patient-facing occupational therapy sessions (95% CI = –4.3, –0.6); and nine fewer patient-facing occupational therapy sessions (95% CI = 3.5, 14.9). There was no evidence to suggest they were discharged earlier, but of the 85 participants discharged within eight weeks, 8 (42%) with pre-existing cognitive impairment were referred to early supported discharge compared to 47 (75%) without. Conclusion: People in stroke rehabilitation with pre-existing cognitive impairments receive less therapy than those without, but it remains unknown whether this affects outcomes.


A recently developed bedload equation (Abrahams & Gao, 2006) has the form ib = ωG3˙4, where ib is the immersed bedload transport rate, ω is the stream power per unit area, G = 1−θc/θ, θ is the dimensionless shear stress and θc is the associated threshold value for the incipient motion of bed grains. This equation has a parsimonious form and provides good predictions of transport rate in both the saltation and sheetflow regimes (i.e. flows with low and high θ values, respectively). In this study, the equation was validated using data independent of those used for developing it. The data represent bedload of identical sizes transported in various steady, uniform, fully rough and turbulent flows over plane, mobile beds. The equation predicted ib quite well over five orders of magnitude. This equation was further compared with six classic bedload equations and showed the best performance. Its theoretical significance was subsequently examined in two ways. First, based on collision theory, the parameter G was related to the ratio of grain‐to‐grain collisions to the total collisions including both grain‐to‐grain and grain‐to‐bed collisions, Pg by Pg = G2, suggesting that G characterizes the dynamic processes of bedload transport from the perspective of granular flow, which partly accounts for the good performance of the equation. Moreover, examining the ability of two common equations to predict bedload in gravel‐bed rivers revealed that G can also be used to simplify equations for predicting transport capacities in such rivers. Second, a simple dimensionless form of the equation was created by introducing B = ib/ω. The theoretical nature of the term B was subsequently revealed by comparing this equation with both the Bagnold model and two commonly used parameters representing dimensionless bedload transport rates.


The rapid proliferation of study abroad and transnational programmes have witnessed increasing student mobility within the Southeast Asian region that has thrust many learners into new learning environments and cultures. These students come with their own academic literacy practices built on experiences in their home countries and have to quickly shift to a new academic culture in the host country. This research highlights that it is erroneous to assume that academic culture and practices are the same across the region by investigating how Korean study abroad students are navigating their literacy practices in a Malaysian tertiary classroom. Data was collected using interviews, student literacy logs and researcher field notes over fourteen weeks. Findings show that these students were unprepared to deal with the new environment and resorted to literacy practices that they were comfortable with and useful in their home country's academic culture. This implies that it is important to identify what is similar and different in the two learning environments to help study abroad students adjust and connect with their new learning context.


This paper proposes a method to simultaneously and coherently present visual and laser sensors information through an augmented reality visualization interface further enhanced by stereoscopic viewing. The use of graphical objects is proposed to represent proximity measurements which are superimposed and suitably aligned to video information through image processing. This new methodology enables an operator to quickly comprehend scene layout and dynamics, and to respond in an accurate and timely manner. Therefore the human-robot interaction is expected to be intuitive, accurate and fast. The use of graphical elements to assist teleoperation, sometime discussed in the literature, is here proposed following a systematic approach and developed based on authors' previous works on stereoscopic teleoperation. The approach is experimented on a real telerobotic system where a user operates a robot located approximately 3,000 kilometers apart. The results of a pilot test were very encouraging. They showed simplicity and effectiveness of the approach proposed and represent a base for further investigations.


Read-based phasing allows to reconstruct the haplotypes of a sample purely from sequencing reads. While phasing is an important step for answering questions about population genetics, compound heterozygosity, and to aid in clinical decision making, there has been a lack of accurate, usable and standards-based software. WhatsHap is a production-ready tool for highly accurate read-based phasing. It was designed from the beginning to leverage third-generation sequencing technologies, whose long reads can span many variants and are therefore ideal for phasing. WhatsHap works also well with second-generation data, is easy to use and will phase not only SNVs, but also indels and other variants. It is unique in its ability to combine read-based with pedigree-based phasing, allowing to further improve accuracy if multiple related samples are provided.


The Danish pig meat industry has been seeing a growing international competition in the past years. In the quest to maintain both competitive prices and high product standards in spite of the higher Danish factor costs, a substantial effort is being put into innovation, research and development of technology. Recently, the use of X-ray computed tomography (CT) coupled with methods from image analysis has been introduced as a powerful means to optimise production, by providing detailed information on the raw materials. This thesis covers two aspects of the application of CT in the modern abattoir. In the first aspect we use CT to analyse the biological diversity of carcass populations. The images form the basis for a data-driven tissue deformation model. The results provide valuable input to assist the development of an automated robotic tool for trimming the rind off pig backs. The second aspect concerns measurements of each single carcass, to improve the raw material utilisation by individually adapted processing. Measurements performed online in the abattoir demand fast, robust and cost-effective imaging. We propose a tomographic reconstruction algorithm, enabling a substantial reduction of the subject-specific X-ray data needed to produce high quality images for accurate measurements. This is very beneficial for the abattoirs, as a reduction in acquired data translates directly into higher speed and a lower cost. The thesis demonstrates the great potential of CT as a technology for improving the yield of the Danish pig meat industry. An introduction of efficient online CT will especially open a vast number of possibilities for optimising the production.


Abstract While the Convention on Biological Diversity employs a habitat‐oriented definition of soil biodiversity including all kinds of species living in soil, the Food and Agriculture Organization, since 2002 assigned to safeguard soil biodiversity, excludes them by focusing on species directly providing four ecosystem services contributing to soil quality and functions: nutrient cycling, regulation of water flow and storage, soil structure maintenance and erosion control, and carbon storage and regulation of atmospheric composition. Many solitary wasps and 70% of wild bees nest below ground and require protection during this long and crucial period of their lifecycle. Recent research has demonstrated the extent of threats to which ground‐nesting pollinators are exposed, for example, chemicals and deep tillage. Ground‐nesting pollinators change soil texture directly by digging cavities, but more importantly by their indirect contribution to soil quality and functions: 87% of all flowering plants require pollinators. Without pollinators, soil would lose all ecosystem services provided by these flowering plants, for example, litter, shade, roots for habitats, and erosion control. Above‐ and belowground biota are in constant interaction. Therefore, and in line with the Convention's definition, the key stakeholder, the Food and Agriculture Organization should protect ground‐nesting pollinators explicitly within soil biodiversity conservation.


Supply-side factors can affect the responsiveness of new dwelling construction to changes in housing demand. Recent reports and liaison with industry participants point to a range of supply-side rigidities in the Australian housing market, including the length and complexity of the planning process, issues related to the provision and funding of infrastructure, land ownership and geographical constraints, and other challenges related to infill development. In recognition of this, governments have made some progress in addressing these concerns.


This thesis examines the contribution of a guided discovery learning approach within a simulated real world context to learning. In order to consider the potential of this approach, a database design task is chosen (Storey & Goldstein, 1993) which requires the learner to capture the semantics of the domain application in a real world situation and then translate this into a data model for the database management system. This approach to learning has advantages since simulating a real world system in a classroom can be a very difficult and time-consuming activity. The aims of the thesis is, therefore, to investigate the possibility of simulating real world situation for gathering database requirements and a teaching strategy that is suitable for this real world situation context. In order to reach the research goal, two main research questions need to be answered. Firstly, to what extent can a simulation of a real world situation improve the quality of learning in the database design area? Secondly, the extent to which a guided discovery teaching strategy can enhance the learning of database design within such a (simulated) real world context? A framework for simulating the real world situation and guided discovery strategies had been designed in order to implement four versions of a prototype systems called GERM for evaluation in order to answer the research questions. The main results obtained from a small group of learners and lecturers indicates that the potential of guided discovery learning within a real world context can improve the quality of learning in database design - in particular entity relationship modelling. Amongst other advantages, it can help students to change their basic misconceptions. Furthermore, it also can improve students' skills in a real world situation. The promising results suggest further lines of research.


This article seeks an answer to a question that should be well settled: for purposes of antitrust analysis, what is 'market power' and/or 'monopoly power'? The question should be well settled because antitrust law requires proof of actual or likely market power or monopoly power to establish most types of antitrust violations. Examination of key antitrust law opinions, however, shows that courts define 'market power' and 'monopoly power' in ways that are both vague and inconsistent. We conclude that the present level of confusion is unnecessary and results from two different but related errors: (1) the belief or suspicion that market power and monopoly power are two different concepts, when they are in fact, for antitrust purposes, qualitatively identical. We argue that attempting to distinguish between market power and monopoly power creates a false dichotomy; and (2) the failure to recognize that anticompetitive economic power can manifest itself in two distinct ways, and these differences have significant legal and policy implications. The true distinction is between anticompetitive economic power that is exercised by restricting one's own output, and such power exercised by restricting the output of one's rivals. Identifying this fundamental distinction and discarding the false one can help to clarify a number of troublesome antitrust issues. The body of this article describes these conclusions, and the bases for them, in some detail. The appendix presents a shorter, more technical description of the principal argument. Readers already familiar with the main body of antitrust law and conversant with antitrust economics may wish to begin by reading the appendix.


Museum visitors are an ideal population for assessing the persistence of the conceptual barriers that make it difficult to grasp Darwinian evolutionary theory. In comparison with other members of the public, they are more likely to be interested in natural history, have higher education levels, and be exposed to the relevant content. If museum visitors do not grasp evolutionary principles, it seems unlikely that other members of the general public would do so. In the current study, 32 systematically selected visitors to three Midwest museums of natural history provided detailed open- ended explanations of biological change in seven diverse organisms. They were not told that these were evolutionary problems. Responses were coded as: informed naturalistic reasoning, featuring some understanding of key evolutionary concepts, novice naturalistic reasoning, featuring intuitive explanations that are also present in childhood, and creationist reasoning, featuring supernatural explanations. All visitors were mixed reasoners, using one or more of these patterns in different permutations across the seven organisms: 72% used a combination of informed naturalistic reasoning and novice naturalistic reasoning, while a further 28% added creationist reasoning to this mix. Correlational analyses indicated that for many visitors these reasoning patterns were coherent rather than fragmented. The theoretical model presented in this article contributes to an analysis of the developmental and cultural factors associated with these patterns. This could help educators working in diverse educational settings understand how to move visitors and students toward


The service-oriented paradigm offers support for engineering service-based systems (SBSs) based on service compositions. The selection of services with the aim to fulfil the quality constraints for SBSs and to achieve the optimisation goals is a critical and challenging issue. In particular, when the quality-of-service (QoS) constraints for a SBS are severe, it is often difficult to find an optimal solution for the SBS. Exploiting the competition among service providers can help SBS developers obtain favourable QoS offers for the component services of SBSs and increase the possibility of finding optimal solutions for the SBSs. In this paper, we present a novel joint optimisation and negotiation approach named Iterative Negotiation for Service Composition (INSC) that supports effective and efficient QoS-aware service selection for SBSs. We evaluate INSC experimentally using example SBSs that are synthetically generated based on a real-world Web service dataset. The experimental results show that INSC can significantly and efficiently increase the possibility of finding optimal solutions in severe service composition scenarios.


This experimental study addresses one of the least explored audiovisual modes: reverse subtitling (L1 audio, L2 subtitles). Specifically, it investigates the effects of different translational choices on learners' noticing and memorisation of lexical items and grammatical structures. The participants were English (L1) native speakers learning Italian (L2) at an upper-intermediate level (CEFR B2). Formal similarity (literal transfer) and discrepancy (non-literal transfer) between L1 and L2 were compared to establish if and how they affect the learners during subtitle processing and recall. Does one of the two translation conditions yield a better recall rate in a verbatim memory post-test? This constitutes the main research question addressed in this study. The main hypothesis was that there would be a difference in recall by translation condition, with formal equivalence having a facilitative effect on memory and literal subtitles therefore being more accurately recalled by learners. To determine how the different subtitle translations were processed, attention allocation and noticing were investigated through triangulation of eye-tracking, the recall post-test and an open questionnaire, which allowed the subjects' thought processes to also be recorded. Subtitle-specific variables such as corpus frequency and linguistic category (lexicon vs. syntax) were also analysed. While participants watched the reversely subtitled clip, their eye behaviour was recorded using a Tobii X120 eye-tracker. After watching, participants answered the recall post-test followed by the open questionnaire and took part in a working memory control test.

Translation condition was found to influence recall, with literal translations yielding superior recall performance than non-literal ones. The data also showed that participants did notice a translation discrepancy. Eye-tracking findings reveal a complex relationship between language elaboration and memory, whereby comparable amounts of visual attention to two subtitle versions can result in significantly different recall. Moreover, considerable insights were drawn from the open questionnaire, indicating that qualitative data can provide a richer picture of processing and memory attainment and should more regularly support experimental studies. The results demonstrate that subtitle-specific factors like translation can indeed influence the viewer and should therefore be taken into consideration in the design of future subtitle reception studies. The mnemonic potential of reverse subtitles for foreign language learning is also confirmed, strongly suggesting that this subtitling mode should be reconsidered as a valuable tool in language learning and deserves a place in the foreign language classroom.

Future research could build on this study by using a larger sample size and more advanced statistical techniques, such as multilevel modelling. The results obtained highlight the complexity of the language faculty and call for additional reception studies where more fine-grained analyses further assess the effects of translation during the consumption of subtitled material. For instance, using a higher-frequency eye-tracker and considering more eye movement measures in the future will provide more precise insights in the reading process, enabling deeper understanding of information processing and memory retention, both crucial aspects in the development of foreign language skills.


The objective of the El-Ain Al-Sokhna 2x650 MWe Gas and Oil Thermal Power Project for Egypt is to identify the environmental and social impacts of construction and operation of the project. Negative measures include: noise, air pollution, water quality, solid and hazardous wastes, traffic and local roads, and flora and fauna. Mitigation measures include: (a) with respect to noise generated from ground traffic and equipment, the predication should be superimposed to all noise sources; (b) the power plant should adopt practices of solid and hazardous wastes as per the solid waste integrated management philosophy; (c) practices of water disinfection and tank cleaning should be adopted in order to improve drinking water quality; (d) wastewater from the new Al-Sokhna power plant will be disposed of through the plant sewer and the Ettaqa sanitary network in the near future; (e) the risks of flooding during power plant construction and operation were also examined. However, site drainage will be constructed to minimize any risks of contaminated water reaching the surroundings and to properly drain the site, no significant flood risk impacts are anticipated; and (f) the traffic count points shall be selected very efficiently.


In markets for goods that are valued for their aesthetic qualities, the ascription of value appears to be an uncertain social process. The wine market is an extraordinary example, as most persons are not able to differentiate between wines based on objective sensory characteristics. Therefore, we theorize valuation according to Bourdieu's field theoretical perspective as a social process in which quality is contested. Our empirical analysis shows, first, that his model has considerable power in explaining price differentiation between wineries and second, that the orientation of consumers toward different segments of the field is based on a homologous class hierarchy.