This research report presents the discussions and findings of the Education Forum commissioned and run by MaldivesResearch. The Education Forum was attended by participants from across the country, representing all education stakeholder groups including teachers, parents, students, Ministry of Education officials and representatives from key businesses in the Maldives. The discussions at the forum were guided by five selected themes related to education in the Maldives:
• Education, Training and Industry: Does Education Meet Employer Needs?
• Qualifications and Quality Control in Education
• School Curriculum
• Language in Education
• Governance and Management of Schools and Colleges

The forum provided an opportunity for stakeholders to voice their concerns and engage with education policy makers in the country. The key findings of the forum conveyed the need for further research and capacity building in a number of key areas.

Raising the quality of education in the Maldives was identified as the biggest challenge due to the inconsistencies in education standards and practices across the country. While some standards are already set in place, further reviews and checks need to be undertaken to ensure the quality of teachers is standardised across the country and the functions and practices of quality control bodies are transparent and independently reviewed.

The opening of the Maldives National University (MNU) is seen as a significant step forward, however the services and resources of MNU should be expanded and strengthened in order to provide students an all-round university experience and to make MNU a better alternative to studying abroad.

Participants highlighted skills development as one of the key areas for improvement. School leavers are often ill-prepared to meet the demands of work environments and are lacking in professional skills. Career guidance and work-based learning were identified as aspects where further investment was needed.

The new national curriculum, although comprehensive and holistic, should keep abreast of the socioeconomic changes in the Maldives. The national curriculum should be subject to periodic review and adequately supported by ensuring resources are available to support teachers. In addition, the curriculum should be more inclusive whereby all student needs, including those with special needs, are taken into account in the planning, implementation and review of the national curriculum.

In relation to discussion on language of instruction in schools, participants were of the view that Dhivehi was widely used in classrooms whilst teaching English medium subjects. Conducting research to assess the impact on primary school pupils of variations in the level of Dhivehi language support provided whilst teaching English medium subjects may be the way forward to address this issue. In addition, teacher training programmes should also be designed to address issues related to mixed language usage in schools.

School boards act as an important channel to feed information from school level stakeholders to policy makers. However, school board functions should be better guided and regulated in order to ensure that they are supported and utilised effectively. Governance training for school managers and school board members is identified as an important measure for capacity building.

This report also provides an overview of the contextual dynamics of the Maldives and a literature review on education in the Maldives in order to present as comprehensive a picture as possible of the issues related to education. The findings and the recommendations provided in the report are presented in the hope that it draws attention to the key issues, and informs and influences policy decisions on improving the education system in the Maldives.


Inhalation injury remains a significant source of morbidity and mortality in children with burn injury. The purpose of this study is to analyze the incidence, demographic characteristics, and outcomes for children who have sustained burn injury at one of four regional pediatric burn centers. A retrospective review of children aged 0 to 18 years admitted to one of four pediatric burn centers from 1997 to 2007 with a diagnosis of inhalation injury was performed. Factors analyzed included demographics, injury severity, treatment duration, and outcomes. A total of 850 patients with a mean age of 7.9 ± 0.2 years and a mean total body surface area burn of 48.6 ± 0.9% were admitted with a diagnosis of inhalation injury. Mean interval between injury and hospital admission was 4.2 ± 0.3 days. Inhalation injury was diagnosed by bronchoscopy in 71%, via elevated carboxyhemoglobin in 4%, and by clinical signs/history alone in 25%. Hospital length of stay averaged 44.8 ± 1.7 days, and patients required mechanical ventilation for a mean of 15.2 ± 0.8 days. Mortality was 16.4%. Inhalation injury in children is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and diagnosis of inhalation injury does not follow consistent guidelines. Further studies are required to standardize diagnostic criteria for inhalation injury and to optimize the treatment of children with inhalation injury.


A vertical co-product technology simultaneously produces multiple outputs that differ along
a rankable quality metric. Co-product manufacturers often sell products through a distributor.
We examine a setting in which a manufacturer sells vertically differentiated co-products
through a self-interested distributor to quality-sensitive end customers. The manufacturer
determines its production, product line design, and wholesale prices. The distributor determines
its purchase quantities and retail prices. In traditional product-line design, products
can be produced independently of each other and higher-quality products have higher production
costs. This literature established that the length of the product line (i.e., difference
1
between highest and lowest qualities) is greater in an indirect channel than in a direct channel.
By contrast, co-products cannot be produced independently of each other. Among
other findings, we establish that this interdependency causes the opposite channel effect:
for co-products, the length of the product line is smaller in an indirect channel than in a
direct channel. Additionally, we show there exists a theoretical contract, combining revenue
sharing and reverse slotting fees, that eliminates the indirect-channel distortions in both
product line design and output quantities.


From the Publisher:
How will low-income communities be affected by the waves of social, economic, political, and cultural change that surround the new information technologies? How can we influence the outcome? This action-oriented book identifies the key issues, explores the evidence, and suggests some answers. Avoiding both utopianism and despair, the book presents the voices of technology enthusiasts and skeptics, as well as social activists.


It is a commonplace in literary criticism that the twentieth century North American writer views the city as destructive of human values. Not since William Dean Howells and Henry James have important American authors been able to reconcile successfully a positive philosophy with the conditions of urban life. Some of the apparent thematic contradictions in Hart Crane's The Bridge (1930) arise from his attempt to accomplish just this. With T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land (1922) and its denunciation of the "Unreal City" prominently in his mind during the composition of The Bridge, Crane still felt that he could reconcile the city with a basically optimistic view of American life. Differences between his conception of the city as expressed in "Atlantis", the section of The Bridge completed first, and in "The Tunnel" and "Cape Hatteras", written much later, suggest that while working on the poem Crane was approaching the disillusionment he mentioned in a February 19, 1931letter to Waldo Frank: "Present day America seems a long way off from the destiny I fancied when I wrote [The Bridge] "


Invasive tunicates are creating costly fouling problems to the mussel aquaculture industry in many regions including Prince Edward Island, Canada. These invasive tunicates are also posing a threat to the ecosystem integrity of native species. There are currently four invasive tunicate species present in waters surrounding Prince Edward Island including: Ciona intestinalis, Styela clava, Botryllus schlosseri, and Botrylloides violaceus . Current monitoring practices for the presence of these species in PEI are conducted by costly and time consuming recruitment plates or via microscopy surveys for egg and larval stages using dissecting microscopes. However, these methods are inadequate for early detection. Recruitment plates only allow for the detection of tunicates once they have already established, and microscopic methods can be inaccurate since it is difficult to distinguish between eggs and larvae of different species of tunicate. In this study, we propose polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based detection as a means to overcome the limitations of current monitoring practices in water samples. For this purpose, oligonucleotide primers were generated to enable the rapid analysis of samples for the presence of invasive tunicates by PCR. Primers were designed from 18S rDNA and COI gene sequences specific to each species and were evaluated for efficacy, specificity, and sensitivity in detecting target tunicate species. Through efficient detection methods and careful monitoring it is hoped that further invasions of these tunicate species throughout Prince Edward Island waters can be prevented or managed in their early stage.


The Arab Spring, a wave of revolutions in nondemocratic countries in North Africa and the Middle East, forced some dictators to flee from their countries while others stayed and one faced intervention by an international coalition. Using a stylized game-theoretic model, this article analyzes the decision-making process of a dictator and explains the different outcomes. A rational dictator only leaves the country if the expected costs from punishment outweigh the benefits of staying. For the international coalition, the model identifies a trade-off between the cost of the intervention and the potential for economic benefit from a successful intervention. A higher number of participants in the coalition increases the probability of the intervention's success. However, if the intervention fails, coalition participants lose all economic benefits. Therefore, an intervening country benefits from the participation of other countries because it lowers the risk of failure. If the intervention succeeds, the economic benefits are shared among all intervening countries. Thus, an intervening country has the most to gain if it acts alone. Furthermore, a country can deliberately abstain from an intervention to benefit from higher shares of economic profit if the intervention fails and coalition members lose all economic benefits. The model can help explain the rarity of unanimous votes for an intervention and the complex and tedious bargaining process surrounding decisions to intervene. ********** In early 2011, the world observed a wave of revolutions in nondemocratic countries in North Africa and the Middle East that became known as the Arab Spring. The revolution in Tunisia swept away the longstanding president, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali. After another successful revolution in Egypt, protests in Libya, Syria and Yemen intensified. The leaders of all three countries countered the uprisings with military force. After Muammar al-Qaddafi ordered his air force to attack demonstrators, the United Nations authorized an international coalition to intervene in Libya. (1) Although the Syrian regime was committing similar violence against its citizens, the international community chose not to intervene militarily. A game-theoretic framework based on a stylized model sheds light on the decisionmaking process underlying these choices at the international level. A dictator seeks to maximize his rents. (2) One can distinguish between two extreme types of dictators who seek high rents. (3) The first type exercises force and control, coercing citizens to work. Since this coercion impedes the growth of the country--at least in the long run--leaders increase coercion and atrocities over time, resulting in a totalitarian regime (e.g., Mao Zedong in China, Pol Pot in Cambodia, Muammar al-Qaddafi in Libya, etc.). Other dictators try to maximize rents by stimulating growth (e.g., Park Chung Hee in South Korea and Lee Kuan Yew in Singapore). (4) Often, a regime's party is founded for the recruitment and distribution of patronage. (5) The incorporation of opposition groups into the system (such as the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan) can reduce the chance of rebellion. (6) The model focuses on totalitarian leaders, but the analysis also discusses a rationale for the existence of the second type of leader. The model assumes a hypothetical country where an insurgency of citizens, rebels or revolutionaries is endangering the rule of a well-established, exploitative dictator. (7) In line with recent events in Libya, the model assumes that the rebels cannot overthrow the current regime without military support from the international community. For this reason, the rebels are not modeled as active decision makers. Only the dictator and the international coalition of intervening countries are players in the model. The dictator can decide to leave the country to avoid punishment or stay and face a possible intervention from the international coalition. …


Increasing awareness of the issue of deforestation and degradation in the tropics has resulted in efforts to monitor forest resources in tropical countries. Advances in satellite-based remote sensing and ground-based technologies have allowed for monitoring of forests with high spatial, temporal and thematic detail. Despite these advances, there is a need to engage communities in monitoring activities and include these stakeholders in national forest monitoring systems. In this study, we analyzed activity data (deforestation and forest degradation) collected by local forest experts over a 3-year period in an Afro-montane forest area in southwestern Ethiopia and corresponding Landsat Time Series (LTS). Local expert data included forest change attributes, geo-location and photo evidence recorded using mobile phones with integrated GPS and photo capabilities. We also assembled LTS using all available data from all spectral bands and a suite of additional indices and temporal metrics based on time series trajectory analysis. We predicted deforestation, degradation or stable forests using random forest models trained with data from local experts and LTS spectral-temporal metrics as model covariates. Resulting models predicted deforestation and degradation with an out of bag (OOB) error estimate of 29% overall, and 26% and 31% for the deforestation and degradation classes, respectively. By dividing the local expert data into training and operational phases corresponding to local monitoring activities, we found that forest change models improved as more local expert data were used. Finally, we produced maps of deforestation and degradation using the most important spectral bands. The results in this study represent some of the first to combine local expert based forest change data and dense LTS, demonstrating the complementary value of both continuous data streams. Our results underpin the utility of both datasets and provide a useful foundation for integrated forest monitoring systems relying on data streams from diverse sources.


Abstract. Vertical column densities (VCDs) of SO2 retrieved by a Pandora spectral sun photometer at Fort McKay, Alberta, Canada, from 2013 to 2015 were analysed. The Fort McKay site is located in the Canadian oil sands region, approximately 20 km north of two major SO2 sources (upgraders), with total emission of about 45 kt yr−1. Elevated SO2 VCD values were frequently recorded by the instrument, with the highest values of about 9 Dobson Units (DU; DU  =  2.69 × 1016 molecules cm−2). Comparisons with co-located in situ measurements demonstrated that there was a very good correlation between VCDs and surface concentrations in some cases, while in other cases, elevated VCDs did not correspond to high surface concentrations, suggesting the plume was above the ground. Elevated VCDs and surface concentrations were observed when the wind direction was from south to southeast, i.e. from the direction of the two local SO2 sources. The precision of the SO2 measurements, estimated from parallel measurements by two Pandora instruments at Toronto, is 0.17 DU. The total uncertainty of Pandora SO2 VCD, estimated using measurements when the wind direction was away from the sources, is less than 0.26 DU (1σ). Comparisons with integrated SO2 profiles from concurrent aircraft measurements support these estimates.


A novel dataset from the Bank of Canada is used to estimate the deposit functions for banknotes in Canada for three denominations: $1,000, $100 and $50. The broad flavour of the empirical findings is that denominations are different monies, and the structural estimates identify the underlying sources of the non-neutrality. There is evidence of large and significant deposit costs for the highest-value denomination, the $1,000 banknote, but insignificant costs for the $100 and $50 denominations. The results imply that the interest rate elasticity of deposit is positive for the $1,000 but negative for the $100 and the $50. Third, 5 percent of the $1,000, 30 percent of the $100 and 22 percent of the $50 banknotes ever issued by the Bank of Canada do not circulate through financial institutions (in Canada). Finally, we find evidence that the Lehman Brothers crisis increased the deposit probability by a factor of 2–3 for the $1,000 banknote for a majority of the population in Canada.


In this contribution a MESFET equivalent circuit that takes into account the device's non-quasi-static (NQS) effects is presented. The model topology is deduced directly from the small-signal measurement analysis and consists of a small-signal equivalent circuit that can be obtained from the linearization of a non-linear NQS model with non-linear state-functions (terminal charges and currents) that include a single relaxation-time. Results confirm that just one relaxation-time for all components is needed. The proposed model provides small-signal simulation performance similar to conventional models, but incorporating NQS effects in a consistent way and using just a reduced number of non-linear functions.


Cross-match spatially clusters and organizes several astronomical point-source measurements from one or more surveys. Ideally, each object would be found in each survey. Unfortunately, the observation conditions and the objects themselves change continually. Even some stationary objects are missing in some observations; sometimes objects have a variable light flux and sometimes the seeing is worse. In most cases we are faced with a substantial number of differences in object detections between surveys and between observations taken at different times within the same survey or instrument. Dealing with such missing observations is a difficult problem. The first step is to classify misses as ephemeral - when the object moved or simply disappeared, masked - when noise hid or corrupted the object observation, or edge - when the object was near the edge of the observational field. This classification and a spatial library to represent and manipulate observational footprints help construct a Match table recording both hits and misses. Transitive closure clusters friends-of-friends into object bundles. The bundle summary statistics are recorded in a Bundle table. This design is an evolution of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey cross-match design that compared overlapping observations taken at different times. Cross-Matching Multiple Spatial Observations and Dealing with Missing Data.


Few people have had a greater impact on the lives of Canadians than the late Supreme Court judge Justice Emmett Hall. At the forefront of several important judgements in the 1960s and 70s ? such as Truscott and Calder ? Hall is perhaps best known for his role in the adoption of universal health care at the federal level in 1968. Based on extensive interviews with Hall and people who knew him, Frederick Vaughan's Aggressive in Pursuit tells Hall's remarkable story. Born in Quebec in 1898 and raised in Saskatchewan, Hall had a long and distinguished career as a lawyer. In 1957, former law school classmate Prime Minister John Diefenbaker appointed Hall to the Saskatchewan Court of Queen's Bench, and four years later to the office of Chief Justice of Saskatchewan. In 1963, Diefenbaker elevated Hall to the Supreme Court of Canada, where he took up the task of universal health care and showed himself to be an aggressive defender of native causes. Aggressive in Pursuit traces Hall's career from his earliest days of private practice in Saskatchewan to the end of his career, and death, in 1994. It shows how one prairie lawyer made a difference in the life of Canada.


IZA DP No. 10516 jANuAry 2017 International Migration and Regional Housing Markets: Evidence from France This article examines the causal relations between non-European immigration and the characteristics of the housing market in host regions. We constructed a unique database from administrative records and used it to assess annual migration flows into France's 22 administrative regions from 1990 to 2013. We then estimated various panel VAR models, taking into account GDP per capita and the unemployment rate as the main regional economic indicators. We find that immigration has no significant effect on property prices, but that higher property prices significantly reduce immigration rates. We also find no significant relationship between immigration and social housing supply. JEL Classification: E20, F22, J61


Ten years ago, D.M. Rowe introduced the best-selling "CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics" to wide acclaim. Since then, increasing environmental concerns, desire for long-life electrical power sources, and continued progress in miniaturization of electronics has led to a substantial increase in research activity involving thermoelectrics. Reflecting the latest trends and developments, the "Thermoelectrics Handbook: Macro to Nano" is an extension of the earlier work and covers the entire range of thermoelectrics disciplines. Serving as a convenient reference as well as a thorough introduction to thermoelectrics, this book includes contributions from 99 leading authorities from around the world. Its coverage spans from general principles and theoretical concepts to material preparation and measurements; thermoelectric materials; thermoelements, modules, and devices; and thermoelectric systems and applications. Reflecting the enormous impact of nanotechnology on the field - as the thermoelectric properties of nanostructured materials far surpass the performance of conventional materials - each section progresses systematically from macro-scale to micro/nano-scale topics. In addition, the book contains an appendix listing major manufacturers and suppliers of thermoelectric modules. There is no longer any need to spend hours plodding through the journal literature for information. The "Thermoelectrics Handbook: Macro to Nano" offers a timely, comprehensive treatment of all areas of thermoelectrics in a single, unified reference.


Pump-probe (PP) and four-wave mixing (FWM) signals from a single quantum dot are presented which are based on a four-level quantum dot model, accounting for the fine structure splitting as well as for the biexciton binding and phonon-induced pure dephasing. We have derived closed form analytical expressions for the PP and FWM polarization components in the time domain after excitation with a pair of ultrafast laser pulses. The solutions are exact within this model. We discuss the dependence of the signals on the polarization of the exciting pulses. We show that for PP spectra after excitation with collinearly polarized pulses and for FWM spectra after cocircular excitation changes in the line shape are entirely due to the polaron formation leading to a fixed shape when this process is completed. For PP spectra after cocircular excitation and FWM spectra after collinear excitation in general periodic modulations of the shape are superimposed which persist even on long time scales and reflect quantum beats due to the fine structure splitting or the biexciton binding energy.


The work discusses the complex thermo-mechanical approaches developed at ONERA within the context of gas turbine component fatigue tests. Emphasis is placed on the general experimental methods to test nickel-based single crystal superalloys used in gas turbine blades under severe thermal and mechanical conditions. First, the successive steps required in combined thermal and mechanical fatigue testing are briefly discussed. Particular focus is placed on the techniques developed to reliably control and measure temperature fields generated by induction heating. The main experimental techniques used for thermo-mechanical testing are then discussed. Here, an axial-torsional thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) testing rig used to study the coupling effects of combined thermal and mechanical loads is described. How a thermal gradient is introduced in the TMF specimens to reproduce the internal air cooling technology of modern gas turbine blades is shown. In order to increase the representativeness of in-service conditions, the problem of thermo-mechanical fatigue coupled with thermal gradients is investigated using smooth, multi-perforated, and thermal barrier coated samples. It is shown that such testing capabilities can reproduce realistic thermomechanical loading conditions typical of service and constitute a powerful means to develop and validate fatigue life prediction methods. Furthermore, the effect of an overheating event that can occur during a one-engine-inoperative event during in-service operation is also investigated. This type of engine malfunction is known to lead to a degradation of the microstructure, which can modify the material constitutive behavior and affect the remaining lifetime. Finally, the additional complexities associated with the creep-fatigue interaction, the required constitutive models and the computational challenges are discussed.


Payment and checkout at retail stores is increasingly being replaced by automated systems. One recent technological invention in this area is mobile self-scanning in which customers carry a mobile scanner while shopping. Mobile self-scanners give real-time feedback on spending. The device increases price saliency and enables customers to keep track of the total amount spent. Using a field experiment, we test if mobile self-scanning affects shopping behavior. Consumers of two grocery stores were allocated randomly to use a mobile self-scanner or not. Overall, we find that using the self-scanner has a negative but insignificant effect on total amount spent. However, the response to using the scanner is heterogeneous and for customers with low self-control, it significantly reduces both their spending and number of items bought when using the mobile scanner. Moreover, we find that consumers with low self-control are more likely to use the self-scanner than individuals with high self-control. Taken together, our results suggest that sophisticated individuals, that is, individuals who are aware of their self-control problem, use the scanner to control their spending. (Less)


Biometric identity verification systems frequently face the challenges of non-controlled conditions of data acquisition. Under such conditions biometric signals may suffer from quality degradation due to extraneous, identity-independent factors. It has been demonstrated in numerous reports that a degradation of biometric signal quality is a frequent cause of significant deterioration of classification performance, also in multiple-classifier, multimodal systems, which systematically outperform their single-classifier counterparts. Seeking to improve the robustness of classifiers to degraded data quality, researchers started to introduce measures of signal quality into the classification process. In the existing approaches, the role of class-independent quality information is governed by intuitive rather than mathematical notions, resulting in a clearly drawn distinction between the single-, multiple-classifier and multimodal approaches. The application of quality measures in a multiple-classifier system has received far more attention, with a dominant intuitive notion that a classifier that has data of higher quality at its disposal ought to be more credible than a classifier that operates on noisy signals. In the case of single-classifier systems a quality-based selection of models, classifiers or thresholds has been proposed. In both cases, quality measures have the function of meta-information which supervises but not intervenes with the actual classifier or classifiers employed to assign class labels to modality-specific and class-selective features. In this thesis we argue that in fact the very same mechanism governs the use of quality measures in single- and multi-classifier systems alike, and we present a quantitative rather than intuitive perspective on the role of quality measures in classification. We notice the fact that for a given set of classification features and their fixed marginal distributions, the class separation in the joint feature space changes with the statistical dependencies observed between the individual features. The same effect applies to a feature space in which some of the features are class-independent. Consequently, we demonstrate that the class separation can be improved by augmenting the feature space with class-independent quality information, provided that it sports statistical dependencies on the class-selective features. We discuss how to construct classifier-quality measure ensembles in which the dependence between classification scores and the quality features helps decrease classification errors below those obtained using the classification scores alone. We propose Q – stack, a novel theoretical framework of improving classification with class-independent quality measures based on the concept of classifier stacking. In the scheme of Q – stack a classifier ensemble is used in which the first classifier layer is made of the baseline unimodal classifiers, and the second, stacked classifier operates on features composed of the normalized similarity scores and the relevant quality measures. We present Q – stack as a generalized framework of classification with quality information and we argue that previously proposed methods of classification with quality measures are its special cases. Further in this thesis we address the problem of estimating probability of single classification errors. We propose to employ the subjective Bayesian interpretation of single event probability as credence in the correctness of single classification decisions. We propose to apply the credence-based error predictor as a functional extension of the proposed Q – stack framework, where a Bayesian stacked classifier is employed. As such, the proposed method of credence estimation and error prediction inherits the benefit of seamless incorporation of quality information in the process of credence estimation. We propose a set of objective evaluation criteria for credence estimates, and we discuss how the proposed method can be applied together with an appropriate repair strategy to reduce classification errors to a desired target level. Finally, we demonstrate the application of Q – stack and its functional extension to single error prediction on the task of biometric identity verification using face and fingerprint modalities, and their multimodal combinations, using a real biometric database. We show that the use of the classification and error prediction methods proposed in this thesis allows for a systematic reduction of the error rates below those of the baseline classifiers.


Background Prices of alcohol and income tend to influence how much people buy and consume alcohol. Price and income may be combined into one measure, affordability of alcohol. Research on the association between affordability of alcohol and alcohol-related harm is scarce. Furthermore, no research exists on how this association varies across different subpopulations. We estimated the effects of affordability of alcohol on alcohol-related mortality according to gender and education in Finland and Sweden. Methods Vector-autoregressive time series modelling was applied to the quarter-annual aggregations of alcohol-related deaths and affordability of alcohol in Finland in 1988–2007 and in Sweden in 1991–2008. Alcohol-related mortality was defined using information on both underlying and contributory causes of death. We calculated affordability of alcohol index using information on personal taxable income and prices of various types of alcohol. Results Among Finnish men with secondary education, an increase of 1% in the affordability of total alcohol was associated with an increase of 0.028% (95% CI 0.004 to 0.053) in alcohol-related mortality. Similar associations were also found for affordability for various types of alcohol and for beer only in the lowest education group. We found few other significant positive associations for other subpopulations in Finland or Sweden. However, reverse associations were found among secondary-educated Swedish women. Conclusions Overall, the associations between affordability of alcohol and alcohol-related mortality were relatively weak. Increased affordability of total alcoholic beverages was associated with higher rates of alcohol-related mortality only among Finnish men with secondary education.


The incidence of proximal humerus fractures in the elderly has been rising. Concomitantly, operative fixation with use of locking plates has been increasing. Postoperative complications of locking plate fixation, particularly in the setting of osteoporotic bone, include screw penetration of the articular surface, progressive fracture displacement, and avascular necrosis. Intraoperative techniques to enhance the fixation construct and reduce complications include use of rotator cuff sutures, bone void fillers (fibular strut allograft, cancellous allograft, autograft, bone cement), appropriate placement of divergent and shorter locking screws, and medial calcar reduction and support. More recent clinical and biomechanical studies suggest that use of these strategies may reduce complications after locked plating of osteoporotic proximal humerus fractures. Furthermore, a multidisciplinary approach to the evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis may be beneficial in these patients.


Microbial mats are encountered in many coastal environments. They are generally constituted by stratified layers produced by the development of various micro-organisms. A current research programme aims to assess the biotechnological potential of the microbial communities in South Pacific atolls. As part of this project, the characterisation of mats was examined in Rangiroa atoll (French Polynesia) using high resolution (20-30 m) multi-spectral images (SPOT HRV and Landsat ETM+), hyperspectral imagery (CASI (Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager), 27 bands, 5.5 2 1 m) and in situ reflectance spectra. At atoll scale, mats are successfully inventoried among different geomorphological environments by fuzzy classification/segmentation of the 20-30 m resolution multi-spectral data. Laboratory biochemical analysis (not described here) highlighted and identified the most promising mats for their biotechnological potential. The spectral signatures of these remarkable mats are described at two scales. Major reflectance features of the microbial community were identified by peaks in fourth-derivatives analysis, discriminating the surface layers dominated by the cyanobacteria Schizothrix sp. (orange mats), Scytonema sp. (grey-black mats) and Phormidium sp. (green mats). At mat scale, CASI-derived spectral signatures from heterogeneous 5.5m 2 pixels including various microbial communities, vegetation, sand and water did not provide fine optical distinctions between mats because of mixing effects. This multi-scale analysis provides optical and geomorphological criteria to locate interesting stratified mats in other atolls.


Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA (ADARs) convert adenosine to inosine in double stranded RNA. Human ADARs can be directed to predetermined target sites in the transcriptome by complementary guide strands, allowing for the correction of disease-causing mutations at the RNA level. Here we use structural information available for ADAR2-RNA complexes to guide the design of nucleoside analogs for the position in the guide strand that contacts a conserved glutamic acid residue in ADARs (E488 in human ADAR2), which flips the adenosine into the ADAR active site for deamination. Mutating this residue to glutamine (E488Q) results in higher activity because of the hydrogen bond donating ability of Q488 to N3 of the orphan cytidine on the guide strand. We describe the evaluation of cytidine analogs for this position that stabilize an activated conformation of the enzyme-RNA complex and increase catalytic rate for deamination by the wild-type enzyme. A new crystal structure of ADAR2 bound to duplex RNA bearing a cytidine analog revealed a close contact between E488, stabilized by an additional hydrogen bond and altered charge distribution when compared to cytidine. In human cells and mouse primary liver fibroblasts, this single nucleotide modification increased directed editing yields when compared to an otherwise identical guide oligonucleotide. Our results show that modification of the guide RNA can mimic the effect of hyperactive mutants and advance the approach of recruiting endogenous ADARs for site-directed RNA editing.


THE SAN JOSE JOINT LIBRARY: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A JOINT CITY/UNIVERSITY LIBRARY by Joel Eanes The Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Library is the largest library building west of the Mississippi River, and uses a rare joint library structure, merging the main San Jose Public Library and the library of San Jose State University. Both the decision to construct a new library, and the decision to merge two institutions, caused enormous controversy during the development and construction of the building from 1997 to 2003. This thesis examines the nature of joint libraries, and why the city of San Jose and San Jose State University decided to pursue the joint library option. An unusual combination of geographic, economic, and political reasons persuaded both city and university authorities that the joint library option was the most appropriate model for the new Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Library.


Illicit financial flows have in the recent times been a source of worry to the Nigerian government. It is in that light that this study is motivated to examine the relationship between illicit financial flows and the growth of Nigerian economy. Ordinary Least Square Statistical tool was adopted, applying E-View version 9 software to run the analysis. The results show that illicit financial flows via illegal commercial activities have a negative nexus with economic growth in Nigeria with a correlation coefficient of -0.006832. It is equally revealed that with a correlation coefficient of -0.043301, a negative relationship exists between illicit financial flows caused by corruption and economic growth in Nigeria. A negative nexus is reported between illicit financial flows caused by international crime and economic growth in Nigeria as depicted with a correlation coefficient of -0.006675.


The historical social positioning and exclusion experienced by disabled people, particularly disabled women in Western society, is profound. Traditional disability research methods and theoretical approaches are built from a combination of fear and ignorance, reflecting myths and misconceptions about the 'abnormality' and 'dysfunction' of disability. People with disabilities remain largely invisible and 'out of place'. Many disability researchers adopt a 'colonial' perspective toward disability and arguably fail to engage with disabled people in a substantive manner other than as a particular type of limitation or possible candidate for correction. Quantitative disability data provides a rudimentary reference source from which a medicalised one-dimensional profile of disability has developed, but information gaps and methodological weaknesses with such data can readily be identified. This thesis is hence a qualitative critical disability survey examining the timing and spacing realities of lives for women with physical disabilities. The social context of disability in public/private space is thereby examined for the perspectives of disabled women. The fluidity of embodied geographies, disability, and impairment are explored, moving well beyond individual incapacity in the workplace and looking at wider social perceptions and attitudes. Through a series of in-depth interviews developed in conjunction with the involving twenty women in Scotland and twenty in Canada, the interconnections of education, community and workspaces are explored in relation to disability policies. The 'voices' of women in disabilities remain at the forefront, and what emerges are rich contextual profiles of women making spaces on their own terms, allowing new insights into proactive policy interventions.


The origin of retinal venous pulsations remains an open problem in physiology and medicine; so too, their exact relationship to intracranial pressure. This study takes a mathematical modeling approach to explore details of blood flow through the eye to reveal the mechanism of pulsations. The intravaginal, intraneural, and intraocular segments of the retinal arteries and veins are modeled as connected resistive-capacitive segments. The analysis incorporates two critical mechanical properties of these small blood vessels, not heretofore studied, which become significant under conditions of negative transmural pressures: (1) dramatically reduced compliance during flattening and (2) cross-sectional shape change as internal volume decreases. Intraocular pressure acting on these veins close to the optic disc normally creates fluctuating negative transmural pressure. The observed long diameters of these venous segments become wider during diastole as they empty and flatten and narrower during systole as they refill with blood. Such visible pulsations occur only in models that include nonlinear compliance and constant-perimeter flattening. Further, the pulsations disappear when raised intracranial pressure, raised cavernous sinus pressure, or reduced arteriolar resistance elevates internal pressure in all retinal veins above the level of intraocular pressure. In this case transmural venous pressures are always positive, cross sectional shapes are circular, and compliance is greatly reduced. Then visible retinal venous pulsations disappear. Scenarios are suggested under which intracranial pressure can be estimated quantitatively from physical examination of retinal venous pulsations, if intraocular pressure is also measured.


Adversarial legalism ("AL"), as Professor Robert Kagan argues, is the American way of law. It is caused by a mismatch between sweeping political demands and a fragmented government system, and it is entrenched by a legal culture that makes vigorous use of existing litigation mechanisms. This paper considers a recent phenomenon among public interest lawyers - a cultural shift from liberal legalism to legal pragmatism - and implications for AL. The author describes one case of legal pragmatism in action, in which state and non-state actors have collaborated to pioneer a problem-solving approach to "low-level" crime. This case, taken as an instance of a broader movement in U.S. criminal justice, illustrates how enterprising groups of legal professionals can catalyze structural changes that chip away at AL's foundations.


Drawing on a longitudinal data collection of six children (three hearing, three deaf) learning Dutch and Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT) in deaf families, this chapter explores the amount and types of simultaneous mixing (code-blending) of signed and spoken language elements in the children's linguistic input and output. The hearing children receive far more code-blending in their input than the deaf children; they also produce more than the deaf children. The types of code-blending also differ between the two groups of children. The factors that determine these differences appear to be the language ability of the children, the input and the language choice. Finally an analysis of the classes of signs/words shows that more nouns than verbs are code-blended and more verbs than adjectives/adverbs, pronouns, or question words. Linguistic factors and the input seem to play a part here.


The Odd One Out test of intelligence consists of 3x3 matrix reasoning problems organized in 20 levels of difficulty. Addressing problems on this test appears to require integration of multiple cognitive abilities usually associated with creativity, including visual encoding, similarity assessment, pattern detection, and analogical transfer. We describe a novel fractal technique for addressing visual analogy problems on the Odd One Out test. In our technique, the relationship between images is encoded fractally, capturing inherent self-similarity. The technique starts at a high level of resolution, but, if that is not sufficient to resolve ambiguity, it automatically adjusts itself to the right level of resolution for addressing a given problem. Similarly, the technique automatically starts with searching for similarity between simpler relationships, but, if that is not sufficient to resolve ambiguity, it automatically searches for similarity between higher-order relationships. We present preliminary results from applying the fractal technique on a representative subset of the problems from the Odd One Out test.


The direct fourth harmonic generation (FHG) is theoretically demonstrated based on quasi-phase-matching (QPM) configuration in periodically poled lithium tantalate (PPLT). The wavelength dependence of the period of FHG QPM gratings is calculated. Bandwidths of fundamental wavelength, temperature, and incident angle are also studied. A very wide bandwidth, as large as 119.5 nm, of fundamental wavelength near 3699 nm is found with the QPM period of 9.442 ?m and the crystal length of 1 cm.


A 42-year-old symptomatic woman with possible adult Williams's syndrome (mental retardation, 'elfin facies' and supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS)) is documented. This patient displayed many unique features in addition to the severe SVAS (peak systolic gradient 96 mmHg): there was an associated persistent left superior vena cava draining into the coronary sinus, mitral valve prolapse (Barlow's syndrome) and complete right bundle-branch block on ECG. Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis was absent. M-mode echocardiograhy in the adult with SVAS is described for the first time in the literature, as is the use of the 60 degrees cross-sectional scan. Both these non-invasive procedures proved of value in the diagnosis. The degree of subendocardial ischaemia, as determined by the 'endocardial viability ratio', was calculated and the possible mechanisms producing angina pectoris with 'coronary artery hypertension' in this condition are discussed. The literature on associated mitral valve abnormalities in SVAS is reviewed. A successful surgical result was obtained; the various forms of operation are outlined.


Given that the Late Modern English (LModE) period has been widely neglected in English historical linguistics and that dialect is now seen by many to play a role as sociolect rather than regionalect, the material on English dialects in Joseph Wright's English Dialect Dictionary (EDD) (1898––1905) is all the more valuable and, therefore, discussed in this paper in its substantiality and complexity. The dictionary provides much more than just the attribution of dialect words to region. Wright has compiled data on practically all levels of the language system and on many kinds of usage features – sometimes, as in the case of pragmatics, features of which he could not have been aware. This survey paper presents a selection of such features, which range from phonetics and spelling to idiomatic phrases, and from rhyme and rhythm to types of word formation. At the same time, the paper demonstrates how the interface of EDD Online, the computerized version of the dictionary, tries to reflect and make accessible the EDD 's wealth of information.


Creative Commons CC BY: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). Brief Report


The Adriatic Marbled Bush-Cricket, Zeuneriana marmorata, is a rare bush-cricket species, which is found in a few wetlands in north-eastern Italy (Friuli Venezia Giulia) and Slovenia. For several decades, Z. marmorata was presumed to be extinct, until it was rediscovered. Considering the history of land use and periodically high groundwater level, it is likely that Z. marmorata was formerly more widespread in the Ljubljana marsh. Currently, it is confined to a small area of extensively used sedge meadows, between Ig and Skofljica. If the wet meadows of the Ljubljana marsh are not immediately preserved from conservation into cornfields or intensive grassland management, the Adriatic Marbled Bush-Cricket will disappear from the area. Therefore, a conservation strategy for the species has been developed in cooperation with the major stakeholders.


Mining maximal frequent itemsets is one of the most fundamental problems in data mining. In this paper we study the complexity-theoretic aspects of maximal frequent itemset mining, from the perspective of counting the number of solutions. We present the first formal proof that the problem of counting the number of distinct maximal frequent itemsets in a database of transactions, given an arbitrary support threshold, is #P-complete, thereby providing strong theoretical evidence that the problem of mining maximal frequent itemsets is NP-hard. This result is of particular interest since the associated decision problem of checking the existence of a maximal frequent itemset is in P.We also extend our complexity analysis to other similar data mining problems dealing with complex data structures, such as sequences, trees, and graphs, which have attracted intensive research interests in recent years. Normally, in these problems a partial order among frequent patterns can be defined in such a way as to preserve the downward closure property, with maximal frequent patterns being those without any successor with respect to this partial order. We investigate several variants of these mining problems in which the patterns of interest are subsequences, subtrees, or subgraphs, and show that the associated problems of counting the number of maximal frequent patterns are all either #P-complete or #P-hard.


In this sequel to the phenomenal New York Times bestseller The Shadow Rising, Robert Jordan again plunges us into his extraordinarily rich, totally unforgettable world: . ... Into the forbidden city of Rhuidean, where Rand al'Thor, now the Dragon Reborn, must conceal his present endeavor from all about him, even Egwene and Moiraine. ... Into the Amyrlin's study in the White Tower, where the Amyrlin, Flaida do Avriny a'Roihan, is weaving new plans. ... Into Andor, where Siuan Sanche and her companions, including the false Dragon Logain, have been arrested for barn-burning. ... Into the luxurious hidden chamber where the Forsaken Rahvin is meeting with three of his fellows to ensure their ultimate victory over the Dragon. ... Into the Queen's court in Caemlyn, where Morgase is curiously in thrall to the handsome Lord Gaebril. For once the Dragon walks the land, the fires of heaven fall where they will, until all men's lives are ablaze. And in Shayol Ghul, the Dark One stirs....


This article examines the relationship between government popularity and exchange rate movements in Britain since 1987. It argues that: (1) unexpected drops in the government's public support lead to currency depreciations and increased exchange rate volatility, and (2) unanticipated depreciations hurt the government's public support. It estimates separate models of the exchange rate and government voting intention iteratively and recursively. At each iteration, measures of exchange rate and public opinion shocks are generated. These generated variables are employed in the next iteration of estimates, including measures of political shocks in the model of exchange rate behavior and measures of exchange rate movements in the model of voting intention. This enables, therefore, the measurement of both the political costs of currency depreciation and the exchange rate consequences of political competition.


We present an extension of convex-hull nonnegative matrix factorization (CH-NMF) which was recently proposed as a large scale variant of convex non-negative matrix factorization (CNMF) or Archetypal Analysis (AA). CH-NMF factorizes a non-negative data matrix V into two non-negative matrix factors V ≈ WH such that the columns of W are convex combinations of certain data points so that they are readily interpretable to data analysts. There is, however, no free lunch: imposing convexity constraints on W typically prevents adaptation to intrinsic, low dimensional structures in the data. Alas, in cases where the data is distributed in a nonconvex manner or consists of mixtures of lower dimensional convex distributions, the cluster representatives obtained from CH-NMF will be less meaningful. In this paper, we present a hierarchical CH-NMF that automatically adapts to internal structures of a dataset, hence it yields meaningful and interpretable clusters for non-convex datasets. This is also conformed by our extensive evaluation on DBLP publication records of 760,000 authors, 4,000,000 images harvested from the web, and 150,000,000 votes on World of Warcraft guilds.


Roll-call votes are important tools for legislative studies. They serve as an empirical foundation for many insights about the causes of party unity and the dominant lines of political conflict. In light of their importance surprisingly little is known about the causes behind the varying frequency of recorded votes across parliaments. This article presents a comprehensive model explaining the different supply of recorded votes as a function of their saliency in the political competition between goal-seeking party groups. Drawing on an original dataset covering 109 electoral terms of all 16 sub-national parliaments in Germany (Landtage) the influence of different variables on the frequency of recorded votes is tested. The results show a significant impact of the electoral system, political polarisation, the presence of 'outsider' parties in the legislature, the margin of the government's majority and voting technology.


The first half of the 19th century saw the emergence of
the world's first modern industrial nation, and the
transformation of England from a rural and agrarian to
an urban and industrial economy. These changes were
accompanied by an alteration in the relations between
the artist and society. Artistic activity of all kinds
comes to be regarded as apart from, and fundamentally
opposed to, the material and spiritual characteristics
of the new order. The so-called Industrial Novels of
the 1840s and '50s, along with some other closely
related works, reflect this displacement of the artist
from the central economic endeavour of the na tion ,
offering ideologically cautious, but imaginatively
highly charged statements of dissent from its perceived
drift.
In thus orienting themselves the authors of these
novels drew decisive inspiration from Wordsworth. His
Lyrical Ballads Preface is an early and influential
manifesto of political and cultural eccentricity,
offering a provisional analysis of the disparate
phenomena which consti tute the centre, or metropolis,
in English life. Many poems in the collection
originate novel strategies for circumscribing its
hegemony. This thesis aims to isolate Wordsworth's
contribution to this field, and to trace his influence
on three mid-19th-century novelists who address similar
issues: Mrs Gaskell, Emily Bronte and Charles Dickens.
The Introduction begins by examining the critical
reception of the Industrial Novels, and the wider
question of Wordsworth's reception by the Victorians.
It elaborates a spatial model of centricity and
eccentricity applicable both to Wordsworth and to the
novelists in question, pointing to the long historical
tradition of dissent locating itself in geographic and
economic margins. Finally, it focuses on the Lake
District, by far the most culturally significant of
these margins in the 19th century, recounting the
stages whereby its bearing on the problems of the new
urban-industrial society came to be widely acknowledged
along lines first proposed by Wordsworth.
Chapter 1 looks first at Wordsworth's carefully crafted
relationship with his society, and the extent to which,
in situating himself in the Lake District, he was
building on an eccentric focus already in existence.
It examines the factors which induced him to adopt this
stance, and the ways in which he sought to appropriate,
and sustain imaginatively, his own "eccentric domain".
In particular, it seeks to distinguish two
contradictory trajectories - inward and outward - and the manoeuvres to which each gives rise. It then looks
closely at a number of shorter poems, illustrative of
th7 variety of what I term "topographical strategies",
wh1ch Wordsworth evolves in order both to defend this
domain against incursions from an aggrandising centre,
and to combat the centre on its own terrain. I end by
looking briefly a t certain factors including his
supposed apostasy which complicate the Victorian
reception of Wordsworth, and which go some way towards
explaining the characteristically oblique homage of
Dickens and Emily Bronte.
Mrs Gaskell, the subject of Chapter 2, represents a
remarkably pure, if occasionally sentimental version of
the Victorian Wordsworth, carrying his enterprise into
the heart of the industrial city. In Mary Barton she
elaborates on Wordsworthian hints of the transfiguring
power of the imagination, to create in Alice Wilson a
memorable characterisation of eccentric virtue, an
alternative moral centre. By furnishing genealogies
for her characters she maps out an underlying geography
which subverts the symbolic and ideological centricity
of Victorian Manchester.
Chapter 3 goes on to examine Wuthering Heights, which
also has an underlying genealogical structure, and
establishes the close kinship between its landscape and
the Lake District. Emily Bronte memorably abstracts
and intensifies the eccentric domain, internalising it
(the familiar inward trajectory), but investing it with
such energy that it acquires a quasi-revolutionary
potential.
In spite of major differences of temperament and social
affiliation, Dickens, the subject of Chapter 4, shares
with Wordsworth an underlying hostility to the 'driven
impetus' of his society. Thus the specifically
metropolitan sources of his inspiration are properly
interpreted as celebrations of eccentricity. He
reproduces both the inward and outward trajectories
embodied in Wordsworth's eccentric enterprise, but
remains reluctant to acknowledge their provenance. The
chapter concludes wi th an account of Hard Times, his
most forthright engagement with the new indliBtrial
forces of the centre. Here problems of serial
publication provoked an uncomfortable identification,
as artist, with the Coketown operatives, both drawn
into unwilling collaboration with alien forces. A
necessary release, negotiated through Stephen
Blackpool's Wordsworthian death, appears to capitulate
to the inward trajectory, but is transformed by
Dickens's metropolitan insights into a much more
positive reassertion of the eccentric domain.


The creators of "Garden Design" magazine, the most luxurious and informative of gardening pulications, are ready to whisk readers away on a journey throught the world's most astounding gardens and shwo how these international ideas can take root in hoem soil. An inspiring dream book as well as an impressive compendium of gardening history and inforamtion, "The World of Garden Design" offeres the superlative photography that is the award-winning magazine's trademark, beautifully illustrated maps and plans, and a section called "Bringing It Home" which adapts the finest elements of the world's garden styles to home gardens. From the sweeping pastoral landscapes of England and Ireland to the exotic walled gardens of the Mediterranean, from the hot color f the tropics to the venerable aesthetic of the Far East, "The World of Garden Design" plumbs the fascinating origins of gardening's most essential principles. With its sumptuous photography, garden history, and practical information, "The World of Garden Design" is the ultimate guide for the true garden-lover.


The field experiment was held on selected areas in the production field in Zhrebino village (South-east Bulgaria) during the 2007 – 2010 period. The test was performed by means of a block method with four repetitions; experimental field area - 15m 2 after sunflower predecessor. Four variants i.e seed treatment whit fertigrain start in rate 50 ml/100 kg seeds, leaf treatment whit fertigrain foliar in rate 1l/ha at tillering phase, seed treatment +leaf treatment and untreated control were considered for this study. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the biostimulants Fertigrain on the elements of productivity and the yield of bread wheatvariety Sadovo 772. The results show: the biostimulant fertigrain have positive effect on the productivity of bread wheat Sadovo 772 variety. The Fertigrain contributes to higher values of structural elements of the yield, such as; length of the spike, number of the spikeletts per spike, number of the grains per spike, weightof the grains per spikeand thousand grain weight. The highest increase in the grain yield was found at variant seed treatment in rate 50 ml + leaf treatment leaf treatment in rate 1l/ha – 18% of the crop grain for the investigated period compared to the untreated control.


Semidefinite programs and especially those derived from the Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov lemma are quite common in control applications. The solver KYPD is a dedicated solver for KYP-SDPs. It solves the optimization problem via the dual SDP and is an iterative solver. In each step a Hessian is formed and a linear system of equations is solved. The calculations can be performed much faster if we utilize sparsity and low rank structure. We show how to transform a dense optimization problem into a sparse one with low rank structure. A customized calculation of the Hessian is presented and investigated


Teacher educators are expected to create experiences for pre-service teachers to prepare them for the world of teaching and the ever-changing contexts of schools and teaching. In this article, we discussed integrating two different aspects of teacher education—field-based instruction and technology—through the use of Evernote®, a digital note-taking and archiving application, to create digital interactive student notebooks. Our goal was to provide other practitioners with insight into our use of Evernote® to address two different pedagogical goals of a field-based course: 1) to enrich our pedagogies through the use of a digital interactive notebook with pre-service teachers who were spending more time in Pre-Kindergarten-12 social studies classrooms, and 2) to teach pre-service teachers to use a particular cloud-based technology that could be implemented in their future classrooms. We described Evernote®, how we used it to work against the notorious theory and practice gap in teacher preparation, and discussed the importance of taking the time in teacher education to teach technology to digital natives.


This article presents the development of an information system for production control in an industry of self-adhesive products. The option to develop their own information system is due to the high specificity of their production system and unsuccessful attempt to adopt ERP systems available. The development of the intended information system was based on the modeling of all businesses processes throughout production, recognizing all data, processes and people involved, and especially the flow of information and decisions made during production. This body of information raised through the modeling of businesses processes enabled the specification of the structure of the data contained in every notation form from the shop floor, as well as the definition of access screens for all reports, and data manipulations required for production. By using a database, spreadsheets and some microcomputers interconnected in a network, a production control system was implemented on the shop-floor six months after the beginning of the system development. Details of the businesses processes modeled, of the data structure and of all flows are presented in this article. Comments on the results complete this study.


:"To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest degree. When it was first said that the sun stood still and the world turned round, the common sense of mankind declared the doctrine false; but the old saying of Vox populi, vox Dei, as every philosopher knows, cannot be trusted in science. Reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a simple and imperfect eye to one complex and perfect can be shown to exist, each grade being useful to its possessor, as is certainly the case; if further, the eye ever varies and the variations be inherited, as is likewise certainly the case and if such variations should be useful to any animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, should not be considered as subversive of the theory. " The purpose of the present chapter would be to understand and explain some of the aspects of this highly complicated organ and how it is likely to coordinate with the brain at the stage of early vision. Pioneering contributions in this domain came from renowned philosophers and vision scientists like Wilhelm Wundt, Hermann von Helmholtz (Helmholtz, 1867) and Ernst Mach (Mach, 1865). The British empiricist school of Locke, Hume and Berkeley led to the structuralist viewpoint of Wundt and the empirio-critical view of Mach, that defined visual perception as a


A critical step towards reducing the incidence of extinction is to identify and rank the species at highest risk, while implementing protective measures to reduce the risk of extinction to such species. Existing global processes provide a graded categorisation of extinction risk. Here we seek to extend and complement those processes to focus more narrowly on the likelihood of extinction of the most imperilled Australian birds and mammals. We considered an extension of existing IUCN and NatureServe criteria, and used expert elicitation to rank the extinction risk to the most imperilled species, assuming current management. On the basis of these assessments, and using two additional approaches, we estimated the number of extinctions likely to occur in the next 20 years. The estimates of extinction risk derived from our tighter IUCN categorisations, NatureServe assessments and expert elicitation were poorly correlated, with little agreement among methods for which species were most in danger-highlighting the importance of integrating multiple approaches when considering extinction risk. Mapped distributions of the 20 most imperilled birds reveal that most are endemic to islands or occur in southern Australia. The 20 most imperilled mammals occur mostly in northern and central Australia. While there were some differences in the forecasted number of extinctions in the next 20 years among methods, all three approaches predict further species loss. Overall, we estimate that another seven Australian mammals and 10 Australian birds will be extinct by 2038 unless management improves.


Energy conversion in complex 1 ATP, the energy source of the cell, is synthesized by a protein residing in the mitochondrial inner membrane. The synthesis is driven by a proton gradient generated by redox reactions that transfer electrons between a series of enzymes in the membrane. The largest complex in this electron transfer chain is the 1-MD complex 1. It couples electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone to the translocation of four protons. Zickermann et al. report the crystal structure of a complex comprising the 14 central subunits and the largest accessory subunit of mitochondrial complex 1 from a yeast-genetic model at 3.6 Å resolution. The structure identifies four potential proton translocation pathways and gives insight into how energy from the redox reactions is transmitted to drive proton pumping. Science, this issue p. 44 The x-ray structure of a protein complex shows how this enzyme pumps protons across the mitochondrial membrane. Proton-pumping complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is among the largest and most complicated membrane protein complexes. The enzyme contributes substantially to oxidative energy conversion in eukaryotic cells. Its malfunctions are implicated in many hereditary and degenerative disorders. We report the x-ray structure of mitochondrial complex I at a resolution of 3.6 to 3.9 angstroms, describing in detail the central subunits that execute the bioenergetic function. A continuous axis of basic and acidic residues running centrally through the membrane arm connects the ubiquinone reduction site in the hydrophilic arm to four putative proton-pumping units. The binding position for a substrate analogous inhibitor and blockage of the predicted ubiquinone binding site provide a model for the "deactive" form of the enzyme. The proposed transition into the active form is based on a concerted structural rearrangement at the ubiquinone reduction site, providing support for a two-state stabilization-change mechanism of proton pumping.


Over the last two decades, following a long history of mass violence in Burundi and Rwanda,
transitional justice (TJ) efforts were deployed in the two countries. Observing, particularly
after the 1994 Rwandan genocide, that cycles of violence had devastated these two nations, a
number of international organisations encouraged and financed socio-political and judicial
responses with the aim of building sustainable peace in the region. The gacaca courts have
been at the centre of the TJ process in Rwanda, and the negotiations over a Truth and
Reconciliation Commission (TRC) remain the key focus in the Burundian TJ process. The
local contexts have not been the sole influence on the design and implementation of the
initiatives: the consolidation of TJ as a field of practice on a global level has also been of
paramount importance. Under scrutiny in this thesis is the 'battlefield' in which TJ
practitioners argue about the past, a battlefield created by the frictions between the universal
TJ discourse, the resulting technocratic aid practices and the often silenced, but highly
politicised negotiations and implementation on the ground.
My research establishes that while TJ practitioners disseminate a positive discourse designed
to help societies emerging from violence, their practices are actually embedded in trenchant
hierarchical structures and tensions from the violent past. I argue that their efforts, delivered
through performative and technocratic work, too often ignore the hierarchical social and
political structures in which they operate. Furthermore, the assumption that their technical
work can fix dysfunctional states results not only in a silencing of the social and political
dynamics in play, but also demonstrates a form of imperialism and colonialism, leading to the
reproduction of multi-layered unequal structures, paternalistic behaviours towards
beneficiaries, privileging of implementers over supposed beneficiaries, and the repetition of
counter-effective practices. These efforts and silences have the potential to exacerbate the
issues rather than to alleviate them.
This analysis engages with two academic debates: first, the questionable capacity of
'professionalised' and 'universalised' TJ mechanisms to deal with past crimes; and, second,
whether aid practices can effectively contribute to 'sustainable peace', 'development' and
'democracy' in post-conflict contexts. My analysis is driven by the following research
questions: Why is the role of practitioners and their everyday crucial to understanding TJ
processes? How does the professionalisation of aid and TJ shape the practices of TJ in Burundi
and Rwanda? How and why do frictions between academic theory, policy discourse and
everyday practice of TJ impact on outcomes on the ground?
In conclusion, my research illustrates the way in which TJ professionalised practices constitute
a battlefield, with "ongoing struggles in the battle for the nature and direction of the transition"
being a metaconflict ‒ a "conflict about what the conflict is about", in which TJ victors tilt all
transitional mechanisms "towards an end point for transition that approximates" to their
"battlefield goals" (Bell 2009). Within these everyday battles, TJ practitioners are playing a
crucial role in the implementation of TJ. Through the dissemination of their expertise, they act
as 'brokers' and 'translators' of the TJ toolkit approach. They, particularly the most powerful
practitioners, produce interpretations and offer "scripts into which others can be recruited for
a period" (Lewis and Mosse 2006, 13). As Norman Long (1992, 275) points out in looking at
development actors, their professional practices constitute a "knowledge battlefield" in
relation to "the issues of conflicting loyalties, of negotiation over 'truth' claims, of battles over
images and contesting interests."
Describing how TJ practitioners work around policy and practice in Rwanda and Burundi, I
demonstrate how the gacaca law and the Burundian TRC law, and their policy frameworks
and implementing activities, have all been created around the same global discourse. But the
actual negotiations of specific prescriptions and implementation have led to very different
practices being moulded around different dynamics of power by actors and organisations
involved in these processes. Whereas these dynamics are but natural, silencing them behind
technocratic knowledge, however, has severe implications. In contrast to most of the TJ
literature making reference to civil society and international donors, my research underlines
the role and consequences of their everyday politics, through which the directions of the TJ
agenda are decided and implemented. Building on social anthropology and development
studies, I underline the entanglement formed between TJ and aid, and bring attention to
unattended effects of TJ practices, including how power has a play in policy implementation
and how unequal relations are reproduced. Doing so, I expand the critical TJ scholarship and
the calls for 'localising transitional justice', as well as developing the understanding of the
limitations of TJ processes in Rwanda and Burundi.


Despite the significance of redox post-translational modifications (PTMs) in regulating diverse signal transduction pathways, the enzymatic systems that catalyze reversible and specific oxidative or reductive modifications have yet to be firmly established. Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) is a conserved antioxidant protein that is well known for its disulfide reductase activity. Interestingly, Trx1 is also able to transnitrosylate or denitrosylate (defined as processes to transfer or remove a nitric oxide entity to/from substrates) specific proteins. An intricate redox regulatory mechanism has recently been uncovered that accounts for the ability of Trx1 to catalyze these different redox PTMs. In this review, we will summarize the available evidence in support of Trx1 as a specific disulfide reductase, and denitrosylation and transnitrosylation agent, as well as the biological significance of the diverse array of Trx1-regulated pathways and processes under different physiological contexts. The dramatic progress in redox proteomics techniques has enabled the identification of an increasing number of proteins, including peroxiredoxin 1, whose disulfide bond formation and nitrosylation status are regulated by Trx1. This review will also summarize the advancements of redox proteomics techniques for the identification of the protein targets of Trx1-mediated PTMs. Collectively, these studies have shed light on the mechanisms that regulate Trx1-mediated reduction, transnitrosylation, and denitrosylation of specific target proteins, solidifying the role of Trx1 as a master regulator of redox signal transduction.


This article analyses the final sentence of Heliodoros's Aithiopika as a sphragis — an autobiographical statement by the author. Heliodoros here stresses his descent from Helios, as one of characters in the romance, Persinna, also does. However, while genealogy (or physis) is an important element it is counterbalanced by the relativization of knowledge in the Aithiopika — nomos is king. The tension between these concepts is resolved by reading the romance in the light of Julian's Hymn to Helios.


The familiar industrialisation of northern England and less familiar de-industrialisation of the south are shown to have depended on a common process. Neither rise nor decline resulted from differences in natural resource endowments, since they began before the use of coal and steam in manufacturing. Instead, political certainty, competitive ideology and Enlightenment optimism encouraged investment in transport and communications. This integrated the national market, intensifying competition between regions and altering economic distributions. Despite a dysfunctional landed system, agricultural innovation meant that the south's comparative advantage shifted towards the farm sector. Meanwhile its manufactures slowly declined. Once industry clustered in the less benign northern environment, technological changes in manufacturing accumulated there.This book portrays the Industrial Revolution as deriving from economic competition within unique political arrangements.


Abstract During the recent Italian expedition 'K2 2004 – 50 years later' (June–July 2004) on Baltoro glacier, Karakoram, Pakistan, glaciological field experiments were carried out on the debris-covered area of this high-elevation glacier. The aim was to investigate the ice ablation and its relations with debris thermal properties and meteorological conditions. Ablation measurements along the glacier up to about 5000 m and within a dedicated test field were combined with meteorological data from two automatic weather stations located at Urdukas (4022 ma.s.l.) and at K2 Base Camp (5033 m a.s.l.). In addition, temperature measurements of the debris cover at different depth levels along the glacier allowed the calculation of debris surface temperature and of the debris thermal resistance (R). Using the air temperature, the local mean lapse rate (0.0075˚C m−1) and the measured ablation, the degree-day factors (K) at different locations on the glacier were calculated. The ice ablation rates were related to debris thickness and elevation. They are typically on the order of 4 cm d−1 during the observation period. However, it was found that the surface topography (slope, aspect) has an influence on the total ablation similar to that of the debris thickness. Thermal resistance of the debris cover and its distribution over the glacier were estimated. Finally, a best-guess estimate of the total meltwater production was calculated from available climate data.


In the family of programming languages derived from the C programming language, the order of evaluation of expressions between sequence points is left undefined and may be counterintuitive. While most programmers assume that this lack of a defined order refers only to a lack of preference between left-to-right and right-to-left sequential evaluation, the standards actually permit, and language processors implement, a variety of non-sequential evaluation orders. In some cases, particularly those where expressions containing sequence points are combined without an intervening sequence point, computed results can be unanticipated, and can vary with different compilers for the same code. Yet these results fail to trigger any warning from compilers or syntax-checkers. Because languages of the C family dominate Information Systems curricula and new business application code, the risk that code in those languages may give incorrect results without any warning from automated tools presents significant hazards against the integrity of financial calculations. This article explains those hazards and outlines countermeasures.


Carbon dioxide release during Deccan Traps volcanism and the Chicxulub impact likely contributed to the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction; however, the intensity and duration of CO2 input differed between the two events. Large and rapid addition of CO2 to seawater causes transient decreases in pH, [CO32–], and carbonate mineral saturation states. Compensating mechanisms, such as dissolution of seafloor sediment, reduced biomineralization, and silicate weathering, mitigate these effects by increasing the same parameters. The calcium isotope ratios (δ44/40Ca) of seawater and marine carbonates are hypothesized to respond to these perturbations through weathering/carbonate deposition flux imbalances and/or changes in fractionation between carbonate minerals and seawater. We used a high-precision thermal ionization mass spectrometry method to measure δ44/40Ca values of aragonitic bivalve and gastropod mollusk shells from the K-Pg interval of the López de Bertodano Formation on Seymour Island, Antarctica. Well-preserved shells spanning the late Maastrichtian (ca. 67 Ma) to early Danian (ca. 65.5 Ma) have δ44/40Ca values ranging from −1.89‰ to −1.57‰ (seawater [sw]). Shifts in δ44/40Ca inversely correlate with sedimentological indicators of saturation state. A negative excursion begins before and continues across the K-Pg boundary. According to a simple mass-balance model, neither input/output flux imbalances nor change in the globally integrated bulk carbonate fractionation factor can produce variations in seawater δ44/40Ca sufficient to explain the measured trends. The data are consistent with a dynamic molluscan Ca isotope fractionation factor sensitive to the carbonate geochemistry of seawater. The K-Pg extinction appears to have occurred during a period of carbonate saturation state variability caused by Deccan volcanism.


Seen through the eyes of games, urban environments can appear as museums, storytelling venues, or intense multi-user experiences that could attract people away from their living rooms into the city. Engaging physical, social, and emotional levels, urban games emerge today as powerful resources, able to lead to a playful reading of the augmented city we live in. Observing recent play practices such as hybrid treasure hunts and geo-location games, several "patterns" can be noticed and recognized as new models for negotiating the density of urban landscapes in a physically and digitally mixed reality. Discovering and wandering across cities are dynamic patterns that invite the research and design community to consider the importance of retrieving the human ludic attitude to explore spaces; these can be recognized in "Rhabdomancy" and "Flânerie", two interesting methods to design the augmented city. They perpetuate a constantly renewed playful relationship between places and human activities, offering to players - as modern citizens - an opportunity for actively participating in contemporary city-life.


Introduction Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are major otitis media pathogens that densely co-colonise the nasopharynx and infect the middle ear of Australian Aboriginal infants from very early in life. Our co-primary hypotheses are that at 18 months of age infants receiving 10-valent pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV10) compared with those receiving 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) as a booster at 12 months of age will have higher antibody levels to Haemophilus influenzae protein D and that infants receiving PCV13 will have higher antibody levels to PCV13-only serotypes 3, 6A and 19A. Methods and analyses Our randomised controlled trial will enrol 270 Aboriginal children at 12 months of age to a booster dose of either PHiD-CV10 or PCV13. Children who completed the three-dose primary course schedules of PHiD-CV10 at 2, 4, 6 months of age; PCV13 at 2, 4, 6 months of age; or a combination schedule of PHiD-CV10 at 1, 2, 4 months of age plus PCV13 at 6 months of age are eligible. The co-primary assessor-blinded outcomes when the infants are 18 months of age are as follows: (a) IgG geometric mean concentration (GMC) and proportion with IgG ≥100 EU/mL for protein D, and (b) IgG GMC and the proportion with IgG ≥0.35 µg/mL for pneumococcal serotypes 3, 6A and 19A. Secondary immunogenicity comparisons of six primary and booster dose schedules of 10 shared serotypes at 18 months of age, nasopharyngeal carriage, all forms of otitis media, hearing loss and developmental milestones at 18, 24, 30 and 36 months of age will be reported. Ethics and dissemination Ethics committees of NT Department of Health, Menzies, WA Department of Health and WA Aboriginal Health approved the study. Results will be presented to communities, at conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration number NCT01735084.


We present observations in the optical, near-infrared and millimetre bands of the Ultraluminous In-frared galaxy IRAS 19254-7245, also known as " The Su-perantennae ". This galaxy is an interacting system with a double nucleus and long tails extending for about 350 kpc. We studied in detail the southern component of the system which is optically classified as a Sy2 galaxy. We have developed a method to determine the parameters of the emission lines in a spectrum in the case of multiple components and severe blending. Our data allow us to build a picture of the environment around the nucleus of the galaxy with unprecedented detail. The optical lines show a complex dynamical structure that is not observable in the near-infrared. In addition we find typical features of AGN such as the coronal lines of [FeVII]5721 and [SiVI]1.96. We also detect strong emission from [FeII]1.64 and H 2 .


ABSTRACT The Tunggur Formation in Inner Mongolia has produced a well-known middle Miocene Platybelodon fauna; this fauna has provided some evidence of intercontinental exchanges of carnivoran taxa during that time. Here we describe a new immigrant mustelid from the Tunggur Formation. The new material, composed of two partial dentaries, belongs to the genus Sthenictis. A new species, S. neimengguensis n. sp., is named after the dentaries which represent the first occurrence of this genus outside North America. Sthenictis neimengguensis n. sp. is closest in size and morphology to the North American S. dolichops, but the former has a more slender dentition and mandible. In terms of carnassial morphology, the less trenchant ml talonid and a well-developed ml metaconid in S. neimengguensis n. sp. are plesiomorphic characters of the Mustelinae. The relatively elongated tooth row and simple premolar morphology, however, unites it with other species of Sthenictis. This combination of characters excludes Sthenictis from both the highly hypercarnivorous Hoplictis-Ischyrictis-Eomellivora group and Iberictis-Plesiogulo group, and seems to represent that of a basal lineage with intermediate morphology.


A numerical model for deposition of non-uniform cohesive sediment at a point was applied to laboratory and field settings. The results were compared with those from a uniform sediment model applied to the same settings. In the non-uniform (distributed) model, classes of sediment (representing different floc sizes) each had a corresponding settling velocity and critical shear stress for deposition. The models were applied to laboratory deposition tests in an annular flume. Tests with steady and slowly decelerating flow were both modelled. The distributed sediment model was shown to be a much better model of deposition in decelerating flow in the closed system of the annular flume. The model was shown to be sensitive to the settling velocity of the class corresponding to the largest flocs. The importance of more accurate methods of determining floc size and settling velocity distributions was recognised. Both models were also applied to field measurements of deposition during a tide made in the Mersey Estuary. Both models gave a reasonable fit to the data, but the distributed sediment model did not significantly improve the uniform sediment model for field use. External influences and advection of sediment from outside the immediate area were shown to affect the field measurements.


Business performance was one of the benchmarks of entrepreneurial behavior so the concept of entrepreneurial behavior in businessmen is important, because it will impact on business performance. Entrepreneurial behavior is formed by two factors namely individual and environmental factors. The objective of this research were to analyze the effect of individual and environmental factors that influence entrepreneurial behavior and to analyze the influence of entrepreneurial behavior on business performance of Salted fish in Muara Angke. This research used Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) 3.0 for quantitative analysis. The result of this research indicated that individual factor had a positive effect and it was significant on entrepreneurial behavior with coefficient value 0.317 and t-statistics 3.860, while the environmental factor in salted fish business had a positive effect, and it was insignificant on entrepreneurial behavior because the value of t-statistics was 1,262 1.96, which means that any increase of entrepreneurial behavior will improve business performance of salted fish businessmen in Muara Angke. Keywords: entrepreneurial behavior, business performance, salted fish, partial least square


Terrorism speech content presents multiple dangers for liberal democracies, the mechanics of attacks, the fostering of motivation to become involved in terrorist incitements and the censoring process which can threaten cherished values or drain state resources. This article will explore these dangers in the contexts of three identified responses in the war of words with terrorism. First, attempts are made to impose criminal laws. However, the limited number of prosecutions suggests ineffectiveness, arising from practical problems of evidence-gathering and transnationality. Prosecutions also encounter principled (human rights) objections. The second, more prevalent and sustainable, approach involves administrative controls, as reflected in police Internet referral units and by private sector denunciation mechanisms. These interventions can handle a high volume of traffic. But within corporatist arrangements, we must question whose interests are being served and the fairness of the process. In an ideal speech situation, the fostering of convincing messages against terrorism would be a preferable approach. Paradoxically, a full debate about values may arise in this third approach through the advent of countering violent extremism (CVE) programmes. These programmes are viewed simplistically by some as repressive. However, CVE programmes could become a platform for the public debate of issues around violent extremism rather than its crude censure.


1. Although diatoms have been used for many decades for river monitoring around the world, studies showing evidence that diatoms integrate temporal variability in water chemistry are scarce. 2. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of the Eastern Canadian Diatom Index (IDEC: Indice Diatomees de l'Est du Canada) with respect to temporal water chemistry variability using three different spatio-temporal data sets. 3. Along a large phosphorus gradient, the IDEC was highly correlated with averaged water chemistry data. Along within-stream phosphorus gradients, the IDEC integrated phosphorus over various periods of time, depending on the trophic status of the site studied (Boyer, Nicolet or Ste. Anne river) and variability in nutrient concentration. 4. In the Ste. Anne River, where nutrient concentrations were low and generally stable, an input of phosphorus induced a rapid change in diatom community structure and IDEC value within the following week. In the mesotrophic Nicolet River, the observed integration period was approximately 2 weeks. Diatom communities in the eutrophic Boyer River appeared to be adapted to frequent and significant fluctuations in nutrient concentrations. In this system, the IDEC therefore showed a slower response to short term fluctuations and integrated nutrient concentrations over a period of 5 weeks. 5. Our results suggest that the integration period varies as a function of trophic status and nutrient concentration variability in the streams. Oligotrophic streams are more sensitive to nutrient variations and their diatom communities are directly altered by nutrient increase, while diatom communities of eutrophic rivers are less sensitive to nutrient fluctuations and major variations take a longer time to be integrated into index values. 6. The longer integration period in the eutrophic environment may be attributed to the complexity of the diatom community. The results from this study showed that the diversity and evenness of the communities increased with trophic status.


This paper describes five new Ceratitis species from the eastern and southern parts of the Afrotropical Region: C. (Pterandrus) quilicii De Meyer, Mwatawala & Virgilio sp. nov.; C. (Ceratalaspis) pallidula De Meyer, Mwatawala & Virgilio sp. nov.; C. (Ceratalaspis) taitaensis De Meyer & Copeland sp. nov.; C. (Ceratalaspis) sawahilensis De Meyer & Virgilio sp. nov.; and C. (Ceratalaspis) flavipennata De Meyer & Virgilio sp. nov. Their relationships with closely allied species within their respective subgenera are discussed where appropriate, and diagnostic characters are given. DNA barcodes are provided for all new species. In addition, the hitherto unknown male of C. (Pardalaspis) serrata De Meyer, 1996 is described, based on material collected in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Recognition of these new species and sexes is the result of an integrative approach using morphological characters and DNA data.


We investigated the size and composition of exhaust plumes of commercial airliners in the northeast Atlantic flight corridor off the shores of Ireland and Scotland, an area with high air traffic density in the tropopause region. The primary objective was to measure the contribution of the NO and NOy emitted from aircraft to the nitrogen oxide background. We have made measurements in aircraft flight corridors by flying a research aircraft perpendicular to the routes of commercial transatlantic air traffic. Although previous studies had succeeded in identifying a few plumes, this study was the first systematic investigation of over 60 aircraft plumes through in situ NO and NOy measurements. These plumes were up to 1.5 km wide (along our flight paths) and showed NOy mixing ratios of up to 10 ppb above the background levels. The measurements showed that on larger scales the composition of NOy in the background air masses was very heterogeneous. On top of this natural variability of the NOy, we could not identify any influence of air traffic exhaust on air chemistry on scales larger than a few kilometers from our data. A secondary objective was to estimate the importance of the oxidation of NOχ to NOy in the relatively fresh plumes. The measured NO/NOy ratios were near the NO/NOχ ratios calculated from a simple photo-stationary state assumption. This result was also consistent with calculations made with an expanding box model that included gas-phase chemistry for the measured plume conditions. The model calculated NO/NOy and NC/NOχ ratios were almost equal, and these were consistent with the measured NO/NOy, ratios. These calculations showed that oxidation of NOχ to higher oxides played only a negligible role in our measured plumes of ages between 14 and 90 min.