Accurate path tracking control of tractors became a key technology for automation in agriculture. Increasingly sophisticated solutions, however, revealed that accurate path tracking control of implements is at least equally important. Therefore, this work focuses on accurate path tracking control of both tractors and implements. The latter, as a prerequisite for improved control, are equipped with steering actuators like steerable wheels or a steerable drawbar, i.e. the implements are actively steered. This work contributes both new plant models and new control approaches for those kinds of tractor-implement combinations. Plant models comprise dynamic vehicle models accounting for forces and moments causing the vehicle motion as well as simplified kinematic descriptions. All models have been derived in a systematic and automated manner to allow for variants of implements and actuator combinations. Path tracking controller design begins with a comprehensive overview and discussion of existing approaches in related domains. Two new approaches have been proposed combining the systematic setup and tuning of a Linear-Quadratic-Regulator with the simplicity of a static output feedback approximation. The first approach ensures accurate path tracking on slopes and curves by including integral control for a selection of controlled variables. The second approach, instead, ensures this by adding disturbance feedforward control based on side-slip estimation using a non-linear kinematic plant model and an Extended Kalman Filter. For both approaches a feedforward control approach for curved path tracking has been newly derived. In addition, a straightforward extension of control accounting for the implement orientation has been developed. All control approaches have been validated in simulations and experiments carried out with a mid-size tractor and a custom built demonstrator implement.


Thermal protection systems (TPS) are employed for spacecraft to survive high temperature conditions during atmospheric re-entry. For space shuttle type re-entries, the use of ceramic tiles shield the payload from exposure to these high heat fluxes. Recent research into the use of low-density materials, such as alumina foams, brings its own scientific challenges, of which understanding internal heat transfer is one. To this end, the exact 3D geometry of their complex porous structures, before and after plasma torch heating, is obtained by tomography and used in direct pore-level simulations to numerically calculate their effective heat transfer properties. Morphological characterisation is conducted via two-point correlation functions and mathematical morphology operations. Porosity and hydraulic pore diameter are seen to increase from the pre-heating (virgin) to the post-heating (charred) sample. Collision-based Monte Carlo methods are then used for radiative heat transfer characterisation. A decrease in extinction coefficient is noted between the virgin and charred samples. Both samples exhibit a large backward scattering peak for diffusely reflecting surfaces.


This article, by Anthony Maher of the University of Central Lancashire, explores, from the perspective of SENCos and learning support assistants (LSAs) in north-west England, the perceived adequacy of Statements of special educational needs as they relate to physical education (PE). The findings, generated via online surveys, suggest that most SENCos and some LSAs believe that Statements are appropriate for all curricular subjects, with PE being no different. Thus, two groups who play an integral role in facilitating the inclusion of pupils with special educational needs in mainstream secondary schools in England do not differentiate between classroom based and more physically orientated subjects such as PE, which could have a negative impact on the experiences of pupils with special educational needs in PE because of the contextual and dynamic nature of special educational needs. Indeed, because most Statements do not provide PE-specific information or learning targets, teachers and LSAs are often unable to collaboratively plan and deliver inclusive lessons or monitor and evaluate the progress made by Statemented pupils in PE.


The literature, as is the intuitions of many, is skeptical as to the coherence of 'legal rights to do legal wrong.' A right to do wrong is a right against interference with wrongdoing. A legal right to do legal wrong is, therefore, a right against legal enforcement of legal duty. It is, in other words, a right that shields the right holder's legal wrongdoing. The skeptics notwithstanding, the category of 'legal right to do legal wrong' coheres with the concepts of 'right' and 'legality.' In fact, once the parameters and features of the category of 'legal right to do legal wrong' are clarified, it becomes apparent that positive law contains actual doctrines that have the structure of a right to do wrong. One example is the doctrine of diplomatic immunity. This, and other examples of normatively sound legal doctrines that constitute legal rights to do legal wrong, demonstrate that such rights are not only conceptually coherent, but at times are normatively valuable. Moreover, looking to the law helps detect a category of rights to do wrong that has thus far gone wholly undetected in the literature, which is immunity from liability for violation of duty.


This paper deals with a multi-objective optimization of a novel micro solar driven combined power and ejector refrigeration system (CPER). The system combines an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) with an ejector refrigeration cycle to generate electricity and cold capacity simultaneously. Major thermodynamic parameters, namely turbine inlet temperature, turbine inlet pressure, turbine back pressure, and evaporator temperature are selected as the decision variables. Three objective functions, namely the energetic efficiency, exergetic efficiency and cost rate of products are selected for optimization. NSGA-II and MOPSO are employed and compared, to achieve the final solutions in the multi-objective optimization of the system operating. It is found that the values of the energetic and exergetic efficiencies increase within 27.7% and 26.1%, respectively and the cost rate of products decreases by about 32.7% with respect to base case.


Participant perceptions of the effectiveness of the Middle School Project Partnership (pseudonym) professional development course strategies were evaluated using Q Methodology. Factor analysis of participant sorts of a Q set developed from interviews and observations yielded three teacher types, with one group preferring social activities, the second preferring activities promoting deeper understanding, and the third preferring autonomy in their learning. These teacher types are consistent with the basic needs identified in Self-Determination Theory which is commonly employed as a theory to explain motivation associated with positive outcomes in the field of education.  Participant types did not differ by gender, course location, teaching experience, or scores on measures of teacher conceptual understanding of mathematics. Findings indicate that professional development activities should be varied to meet the learning needs of teachers, which tend to differ based on the range of teachers' self-determination to engage in the professional learning activities. Teachers appeared to interact with course strategies and activities in a manner that met underlying needs for learning. Therefore, collecting this type of information from teachers could be used to design training in ways that will lead to increased self-efficacy and enhanced experiences for all teachers. Future research is necessary to explore the possible connection between self-determination theory and teacher outcomes as designing teacher development activities and strategies using a theoretical framework for motivation might strengthen existing approaches and outcomes including retention and fidelity to instructional approaches. Keywords: Self-Determination Theory, Professional Development, Middle School, Learning Preferences


The empirical analyses of agricultural industrialization pattern and local husbandry in northwestern areas show that the industrialization development of husbandry in northwestern areas fasces international and national competitive pressures. The survival ability and competitive ability are the key points of husbandry industrialization. The paper, having a lamb fattening professional cooperatives in Hainan sub-prefecture of Qinhai Province as the example, introduces the general conditions of the establishment and development of cooperatives and points out the advantages and disadvantages of husbandry in Qinghai Province. The paper analyzes the competitive advantages of Hongyuan Lamb Fattening Cooperatives through five forces mode of Michael Port, putting forward countermeasures and upgrading the competitiveness of Hongyuan Lamb Fattening Competitive.


This paper discusses practical and methodological issues arising from ongoing case study research exploring the hopes, aspirations and learning identity of 4 cohorts of GNVQ Foundation (level 1) students in 2 English General Further Education (FE) colleges. This paper focuses on work with the student participants in the study and poses a number of questions. How can young people be engaged with a research process? How can that process be meaningful to them in the context of their lives and experiences? How can the significant ethical issues involved with working with these students be addressed? Part of the thesis for this work has been the lack of value placed on students enrolled on Foundation level programmes. Therefore, it was important to demonstrate value for them throughout this process, and one way in which this was achieved was by engaging the young people with the research process as actively as possible. Working within a Social Justice theoretical framework, and specifically considering the notion of knowledge/power relationships the paper outlines the participative approach which was taken in the development of interview questions, informed by the 'arenas of action and centres of choice' described by Ball et. al (2000:148). Further, it explores the practical issues and ethical tensions which arose associated with respecting the young people and facilitating their involvement in the research process whilst working within the constraints placed by their level of experience and understanding, and discusses some of the unanticipated challenges that arose from this process. The paper concludes with a discussion of the way the research has evolved in response to these issues and of the 'added value' to the research which has arisen from the participants' engagement with the process.


Automatic speech recognition (ASR) via call is essential for various applications, including AI for contact center (AICC) services. Despite the advancement of ASR, however, most publicly available call-based speech corpora such as Switchboard are old-fashioned. Also, most existing call corpora are in English and mainly focus on open domain dialog or general scenarios such as audiobooks. Here we introduce a new large-scale Korean call-based speech corpus under a goal-oriented dialog scenario from more than 11,000 people, i.e., ClovaCall corpus. ClovaCall includes approximately 60,000 pairs of a short sentence and its corresponding spoken utterance in a restaurant reservation domain. We validate the effectiveness of our dataset with intensive experiments using two standard ASR models. Furthermore, we release our ClovaCall dataset and baseline source codes to be available via this https URL.


The targeting life skills model created by Dr. Patricia A. Hendricks represents the skills developed by youths participating in 4-H. The model is used to identify desired learning and action outcomes of positive youth development programs. An article related to the origins and validation of the model was never published. This oral history describes Hendricks's Extension background, explains the circumstances that led her to create the model, traces the model's genesis, and reveals why the model lacks empirical validation and confirmation. The research-referenced, universally accepted model remains a valuable and systematic approach to planning and engaging youths in high-quality youth development experiences.


The present paper is the result of a research project (EDU2013-42979-R) which investigated youth empowerment from different perspectives. The initial question was where, when and how youth empowerment takes place. The aim was to build an educational model that could serve as guidance for the organization and study of these spaces, moments and processes. The starting point was a previous extensive documentary analysis that formulated an initial conceptualization of youth empowerment. It was based on the review of 297 biblio¬graphical references from the year 2000 onwards that addressed youth empowerment from a socio-educational perspective. The methodology consisted in the reflective analysis of the abovementioned documentary sources and the subsequent systematization of the data ob¬tained, in order to build a reasoned and well-argued theoretical proposal. This paper provides its own definition of youth empowerment by focusing on previous studies carried out by the research team and on M. Nussbaum's capabilities approach. A general pattern was constructed in the form of an educational model intended to offer a benchmark to describe, explain and interpret youth empowerment, as well as to plan and guide interventions intended to optimize it. We conclude with some final reflections on some possible—but undesirable—ways to understand and exploit these empowerment processes.


Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPs) interact with many cell-adhesion proteins and signaling proteins (see the Perspective by Blair). Two groups investigated HSP interactions with key signaling proteins. Paine-Saunders et al. determined that the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) antagonist Noggin interacted with HSPs and was sequestered at the cell surface when expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines that synthesized HSPs. Surface localization of Noggin appeared to be dependent on heparin sulfate, because Noggin was released from the cell surface by the addition of excess soluble heparin or when expressed in cells with mutations in enzymes essential for heparin sulfate biosynthesis. The heparin-bound Noggin retained biological activity as a BMP antagonist, and the interaction with HSPs may be one mechanism by which gradients of BMP activity are established in vivo. A second group, Ihrie et al., analyzed how sulfation of specific sites on heparin sulfate contributes to the control of axon guidance in the Xenopus optic pathway. Axon targeting was disrupted when exogenous heparin sulfates were applied or when sulfation of the polysaccharides in the 2-O and 6-O positions was inhibited pharmacologically. Analysis of the expression of the enzymes required for sulfation at the 2-O [heparan sulfate 2-O sulfotransferase (HS2ST)] and 6-O (HS6ST) positions showed broad distribution of the HS2ST modification, but a highly restricted occurrence of HS6ST. Thus, the structure of the HSPs also plays a key role in controlling the interaction between these proteins and those that are important for mediating axon guidance. S. S. Blair, Wnts, signaling and sulfates. Science's STKE (2001), http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/OC_sigtrans;2001/101/pe32 [Abstract] [Full Text] S. Paine-Saunders, B. L. Viviano, A. N. Economides, S. Saunders, Heparan sulfate proteoglycans retain Noggin at the cell surface. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 2089-2096 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text] A. Ihrie, E. A. Yates, J. E. Turnbull, C. E. Holt, Specific heparan sulfate structures involved in retinal axon targeting. Development 129, 61-70 (2002). [Online Journal]


The recent Mw 9.0 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake and its aftershocks generated widespread strong shakings as large as ~3000 Gal along the east coast of Japan. Here we systematically analyze temporal changes of material properties and nonlinear site response in the shallow crust associated with the Tohoku main shock, using seismic data recorded by the Japanese Strong Motion Network KiK-Net. We compute the spectral ratios of windowed records from a pair of surface and borehole stations, and then use the sliding-window spectral ratios to track the temporal changes in the site response of various sites at different levels of peak ground acceleration (PGA). Our preliminary results show clear drop of resonant frequency of up to 70% during the Tohoku main shock at 6 sites with PGA from 600 to 1300 Gal. In the site MYGH04 where two distinct groups of strong ground motions were recorded, the resonant frequency briefly recovers in between, and then followed by an apparent logarithmic recovery. We investigate the percentage drop of peak frequency and peak spectral ratio during the Tohoku main shock at different PGA levels, and find that at most sites they are correlated.


This is a practitioner's guide to today's most effective asset protection strategies. Shielding assets isn't easy to do in our increasingly litigious society. Yet all too often, business owners and high-net-worth individuals find it more difficult to protect their financial interests from unregulated "asset protection planners" than from the courts - and find themselves losing heavily to both."Asset Protection" details today's most successful, legitimate, and court-proven strategies for protecting one's assets. Taking a unique, all-encompassing approach that minimizes complex legalese to focus on easy-to-understand, effective asset-shielding practices and techniques, this timely book discusses: the goals of asset protection, along with steps for implementing an effective asset protection program; traditional as well as new techniques - what they are, how they work, when and how to use them; the vital relationship between asset protection and financial planning, and how to design one umbrella program to address both. "Asset Protection" delivers a welcome dose of common sense and legitimacy to a field top-heavy with gimmickry and dishonesty.Written by two of today's top legal asset protection experts, it provides you with frank, pull-no-punches details on how to do everything under the law to shield assets from harm in an unpredictable and financially perilous world. For professionals, business owners, and high net worth individuals, the danger in leaving assets vulnerable to the whims of courts and claimants is higher today than at any time in the past. And while seminar speakers often refer to "bulletproof" asset protection strategies, experienced asset protection planners know that no program or method exists that is effective in every situation - because as soon as a strategy is proven effective the attempts to undermine it will begin in earnest."Asset Protection" is today's most level-headed and technique-based look at how asset protection planning should be approached, both by the finance practitioner and the individual. It presents tools that have worked while warning against means that are inappropriate or even perilous, and provides guidelines for developing effective strategies that will work in both macro (broad) and micro (specific) situations.Written by two of today's most experienced and authoritative asset protection attorneys, this results-driven book provides a detailed, objective look at all vital aspects of the asset protection picture: Trusts - what they are, what they aren't, which to implement; and when Bankruptcy law - including pre-bankruptcy planning tactics; Fraudulent transfers - and the confusion underlying the Uniform Fraudulent Transfers Act (UFTA); Offshore planning - how to make it financially effective, tax-compliant, and judicious asset exemption options; and the limits of exempt asset status. In addition, "Asset Protection" also goes beyond other books of its type to explore the issue of morality in asset protection, and how actions that are seemingly right under the law can still lead to defeat in the courtroom. It provides different scenarios to illustrate how moral dilemmas can impact judges and juries, and discusses how to address these situations - or, better yet, keep them from ever reaching the courtroom. The future of asset protection is being written even as you read these words. Get the inside story on strategies for shielding assets both today and in the future, from everything from lawsuits and the IRS to creditors and even outright scams, in the comprehensive and indispensable "Asset Protection".


Following the collapse of Enron Corporation, the ethical obligations of corporate attorneys have received increased scrutiny. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, enacted in response to calls for corporate reform, specifically requires the Securities and Exchange Commission to address the lawyer's role by requiring covered attorneys to report up evidence of corporate wrongdoing to key corporate officers, and, in some circumstances, to the board of directors. Failure to report up subjects a lawyer to liability under federal law. This article argues that the reporting up requirement reflects a second-best approach to corporate governance reform. Rather than focusing on the actors that traditionally control a corporation's activities, the statute attempts to solve governance problems indirectly by assigning to the lawyer the role of corporate gatekeeper and information intermediary. We demonstrate that the reporting up requirement fails to address the incentives that motivate corporate attorneys, directors, and managers. At the same time, the provision threatens to undermine the flow of information between lawyers and corporate actors. As a consequence, we suggest that the requirement is unlikely to achieve its objective of providing key corporate decisionmakers with early information about potential misconduct. Moreover, attorney and manager responses to the reporting up requirement are likely to reduce the quality of legal services provided to the corporation. Based on this cost-benefit analysis, we conclude that the Sarbanes-Oxley approach to corporate governance reform is flawed. Instead, we argue that a demand side approach is most likely to realign corporate attorney incentives and to reinvigorate the business lawyer's important role in promoting good corporate governance. Toward that end, we identify specific reforms tailored to increasing the incentives for corporate officers and directors to demand and obtain better legal advice.


The continuous absorption coefficients for the bound-free and free-free transitions of H and H− as well as the total absorption coefficients are given for hydrogen plasmas of 1, 10, 30, 100, and 300 atmos pressure and temperatures of 10 080, 12 600, and 16 800°K in the wavelength range from 2000 to 40 000 A. In order to calculate the free-free transitions of H− the tables of Chandrasekhar and Breen have been extended to include θ=0.4 and θ=0.3. The results of these calculations, namely the free-free absorption coefficients for H− per neutral hydrogen atom in the ground state and unit electron pressure, are given for θ=0.4 and θ=0.3. Finally, from the total absorption coefficients, the continuous emission from a 1-cm thick layer of the hydrogen plasmas under consideration has been derived. It is shown that for certain temperatures and pressures the continuous emission becomes so strong that the blackbody intensity of the corresponding temperature is reached for all wavelengths under consideration. This makes the plasma, in particular, useful for photolysis work and absorption spectroscopy.


Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) occurs primarily in adults and is caused by a chromosomal translocation event that produces a persistently activated form of a protein kinase called Abl. A small molecule inhibitor of the Abl kinase, called STI-571, has shown very encouraging results in early clinical trials. To investigate how this inhibitor achieves its high specificity for Abl, Schindler et al. (see the news story by Marx) determined the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of Abl in a complex with a variant of STI-571. The ability of the drug to penetrate deeply into the core of the Abl catalytic domain appears to depend on a distinctive inactive conformation adopted by the "activation loop," a protein segment that controls enzyme activity by switching between an inactive and an active state. Because the catalytic domains of other protein kinases also adopt characteristic inactive conformations, this finding offers hope that similar inhibitors can be designed for other medically relevant protein kinases. Schindler, T., Bornmann, W., Pellicena, P., Miller, W.T., Clarkson, B., and Kuriyan, J. (2000) Structural mechanism for STI-571 inhibition of Abelson tyrosine kinase. Science 289: 1938-1942. [Abstract] [Full Text] Marx, J. (2000) Cancer fighter's modus operandi revealed. Science 289: 1857-1859. [Full Text]


This paper presents a simple, fast method or management tool for the analysis and improvement of software-intensive complex products and systems CoPS called software analysis-software improvement SA-SI. The tool relies on outside intervention, rapid data collection and structured in-company workshops. The distinctive feature of the method is that it focuses on the "soft", human side of the software development process and examines and compares formal or rational processes "what should be" with real, actual practices "what is", in order to identify problems, their causes and strategies for improvement. The tool complements existing formal approaches by delivering a "bottom up", grass roots, practitioner view of real processes in action. The purpose of SA-SI is to help overcome the severe problems of measuring, analysing and improving performance in large scale, complex software projects. An illustrative case example Company X is used to show how the tool is applied and how it confronts the problem of actual/real processes differing from ideal/formal processes. It also shows how SA-SI is used to identify process "hot spots" severe problems, analyse their causes and identify solutions. The paper provides guidance on typical problems encountered in running SA-SI and how to overcome them. It also shows how the tool has been modified and extended to deal with other complex domains and innovation management issues. Although SA-SI cannot be a substitute for a change programme, it can play a useful part in complementing ongoing improvement activities. From a research perspective, the method helps link up studies from the organisational development and software fields and assists in "closing the loop" between innovation research and business practice.


We describe a new data format for storing triangular, symmetric, and Hermitian matrices called Rectangular Full Packed Format (RFPF). The standard two-dimensional arrays of Fortran and C (also known as full format) that are used to represent triangular and symmetric matrices waste nearly half of the storage space but provide high performance via the use of Level 3 BLAS. Standard packed format arrays fully utilize storage (array space) but provide low performance as there is no Level 3 packed BLAS. We combine the good features of packed and full storage using RFPF to obtain high performance via using Level 3 BLAS as RFPF is a standard full-format representation. Also, RFPF requires exactly the same minimal storage as packed the format. Each LAPACK full and/or packed triangular, symmetric, and Hermitian routine becomes a single new RFPF routine based on eight possible data layouts of RFPF. This new RFPF routine usually consists of two calls to the corresponding LAPACK full-format routine and two calls to Level 3 BLAS routines. This means no new software is required. As examples, we present LAPACK routines for Cholesky factorization, Cholesky solution, and Cholesky inverse computation in RFPF to illustrate this new work and to describe its performance on several commonly used computer platforms. Performance of LAPACK full routines using RFPF versus LAPACK full routines using the standard format for both serial and SMP parallel processing is about the same while using half the storage. Performance gains are roughly one to a factor of 43 for serial and one to a factor of 97 for SMP parallel times faster using vendor LAPACK full routines with RFPF than with using vendor and/or reference packed routines.


This article seeks to explore the identity of the Khoisan as symbolic for reconciliation in South Africa. What contributions can the narrative of a marginalised people such as the Khoisan make to reconciling a divided nation such as South Africa? The Khoisan have been victims of continuous dispossession since the arrival of Bartholomew Diaz at the Cape in 1488. However, it was the taking of land in 1657 from the Khoisan for the free burgers that marked a significant period for the current discourse on land and for identity and reconciliation within post-apartheid South Africa. Notwithstanding the attempts by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) to use narratives for healing, restoration, and continuing engagement with the meta-narratives of the past, my own use of narrative is open-ended with space for dialogue through interaction. The past or history does not have fixed boundaries, but rather blurred boundaries that function as spaces of transcendence. The narrative approach has four interactionist variables which are personhood, communication, power as reflected experience, and fluid community. I point out weaknesses of the use of narrative by the TRC as well as the interaction between experience and theory by practical theologians to construct an open-ended narrative of the Khoisan for reconciliation in South Africa.


Abstract. The paper examines the assertion that limits to growth in the renewable energy sector can be inferred statistically from global historical data for installed capacity of solar and wind power. This claim has been made in the peer reviewed scientific literature and has been subject to considerable media coverage. If true, the harsh implication is that the substitution of fossil fuels by renewables is impossible due to Earth System constraints. It is demonstrated here that rational selection between an exponential and a logistic growth model cannot be made from existing data for the historical evolution of global installed capacity. For global power consumption, the growth limit for a fitted logistic model is so high that the growth is indistinguishable from exponential growth for any practical purpose. It is observed that some regional data show polynomial, rather than exponential, growth. But there are no signs of levelling off to a finite limit, and it is suggested that the difference between global and regional growth patterns may be that increasing technology transfer to undeveloped areas gives an extra impetus to the global growth. If this is the case we may see slower than exponential growth in the future without a definite growth limit. These overall negative results regarding drawing definite conclusion from statistical considerations lead to the conclusion that, even though statistical methods are indispensable in energy planning, they are not a substitute for physical and economic modelling.


A macropolyol was successfully prepared by combining two different biomolecules from biomass, i.e. lignin and oleic acid, using a solvent-free and catalyst-free method. The chemical structures of this original lignin–fatty acid based polyol and its intermediates were determined by 1H NMR and FT-IR analyses. A series of polyurethanes (PUs) were then prepared by a two-step procedure. Three linear isocyanate prepolymers were first synthesized from 4,4′-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) and poly(propylene)glycol of different molecular weights (PPG – 425, 1000 and 2000 g mol−1). These intermediates were used to obtain different PU macromolecular architectures by varying reaction parameters in the presence of the lignin–fatty acid based macropolyol. The final lignin-based polyurethanes were thoroughly chemically characterized by FT-IR studies, whereas the properties of these polymers were assessed by DSC, TGA, DMTA, and tensile test experiments. All these were performed in order to evaluate the influence of the NCO : OH molar ratio (from 0.2 to 1.0) as well as the influence of the PPG chain length. These new polymers with controlled architectures presented advanced properties. Their high biobased content (until 89%) depicts an important output for the valorisation of lignin and they may be an optimal alternative to conventional PUs.


The cooperation between university and industry life in the region of Gavle is always a topic of importance. University and High schools have various roles to fulfill: except administrating the training and supporting research they should also - as a third role - contribute to cooperation between organizations, business companies and other associations. In addition to that, they should support individuals by local as well as regional development. The purpose of our paper is to make a critical review of the cooperation between the University of Gavle (HiG) and industry life until today and the consequences in order to encourage students to stay in the Gavle region during and after their period of studies.Initial we started with a preliminary inquiry with a questionnaire as a base for students in three programs at the Department of Economy; the program for Bachelor of Science, the program for estate agent and another economy program with direction estate economy. From this preliminary inquiry we got the picture of the way the students looked at the problem. By using the survey as a starting position we established questionnaires for making deeper interviews. These interviews were carried through by internal and external representatives, such as four teachers who took part from two institutions at HiG, "Drivhuset" and "Kontakttorget", the Industry department of Gavle, the Federation of Swedish Industries and the local authority of Gavle.What has been proved in our work from the student's point of view is the demand for a better cooperation between HiG and industry life in the region. New forms should be developed to give more job opportunities for students during and after their period of studies. There is also a demand for more trainee opportunities in order to get a clear connection between studies and future career life. Part of the population even gives the impression that HiG sometimes has a bureaucratic attitude towards the choice of subjects.The main aspects given by the internal and external organizations and the teachers can be summarized as follows;they all mention questions about building new natural bridges and contact-areas between HiG and the surrounding civil society. It should also become more natural for companies and other entrepreneurs to take part in training, networks etc at HiG. In addition to this students as well as teachers should visit the companies and contribute to a deeper understanding of the way the companies work.To conclude, the question of match-making has been discussed which means a better matching between the choices offered by the university and the industry and the surrounding civil society when it comes to the future need for manpower, without making HiG as an authority of vocational education.


MPONDI, DOUGLAS PH.D March 2004. Cultural Studies Educational change and cultural politics: national identity-formation in Zimbabwe (240pages) Director of Dissertation: Stephen Howard The study investigates how the post-independent government of Zimbabwe, as seen through the lens of its cultural critics, used the institution of education as a focal point for nation-building and social transformation. The project examines how critics respond to the use of educational change as a way of political legitimization. Whilst a number of scholars have focused on post-colonial Zimbabwe during the post-1980 period, they did not have the chance to study it during the post-2000 era, which was a critical and dramatic historical juncture because of the turmoil and a reversal trend of the promises that were made at independence. The qualitative research approach was formulated to collect data on education and language policy, politics and culture from a cross-section of people of the Zimbabwean society. Brief case study interviews were conducted to provide newer and richer details on Zimbabwean cultural landscape. The research design was structured to allow for the use of documentary and archival sources for the collection of qualitative and historical data, participant-observation, and for the use of the interview to solicit perspectives, viewpoints and perceptions. The case study of Zimbabwe shows that an official historiography of national culture was imposed at independence through educational change as a way of political legitimization. The Zimbabwean education system is situated in the context of culture, knowledge and power. While the Zimbabwean official discourse on national culture includes claims to homogeneity, it also conflicts directly with the leadership elite's maintenance of hierarchies of class. The elites actually need the heterogeneity they also deny. The postcolonial state is replicating the colonial state. English dominates as the media of instruction in schools and as the official language in Zimbabwe. The curriculum is itself part of what has been called a selective tradition. The curriculum is always the result of struggle and comprise. Zimbabwean artists, through music and literature are fighting for the creation of new political spaces and public spheres that fall outside traditional definitions of the government. Artistic expression expands discursive space and dialogue on national issues and gives us alternative stories and possibilities about Zimbabwean realities, cultures, and identities. Approved Stephen Howard Professor of Educational Studies


A healthy lifestyle that addresses modifiable risk factors is beneficial for promoting brain health in older adults. Grey Matters,  a community-based therapeutic recreation specialist (TRS) led group intervention, focuses on promoting healthy aging and use of practical memory strategies. Grey Matters  participants (adults aged 55 years or more) completed questionnaires pre- and post-program about healthy aging, use of memory strategies and their memory abilities. Participants' behavioral change was surveyed immediately post-program and six to eight months later. Participants significantly increased both their knowledge about lifestyle factors and use of memory strategies. Short- and long-term behavioral change occurred in the small subset of participants surveyed. This community-based TRS led program helped older adults utilize memory strategies, increase their knowledge of proactive lifestyle factors that they could use to reduce the risk of future memory loss and motivate behavior change. This is an emerging role for therapeutic recreation.


The aim of this paper is to explore what kind of network relations women build within a supportive constructed network aimed at developing the women's enterprises and also to discuss how such constructed networks should be organized. The research questions are concentrated around development programs and the networking development within such a program. The first two questions center on development programs with the aim to stimulate networking among women entrepreneurs: Does a development program benefit women´s networking? How should a development program be designed to support networking? The third and fourth research questions explore what happens in a development program that could be seen as a form of constructed network: What network relationships are present in a constructed network? Who are the women networking with and about what, within the constructed network? This study contribute to earlier studies by Hill et al. (1999) and Greve and Salaff (2003) in the area of network development and to Granovetter´s (1973, 1982) ideas about strong and weak ties between actors in networks. Overall this is a contribution to women's entrepreneurship theory, especially on issues regarding the way networks develop over time with an emphasis on women entrepreneurs' networking in constructed networks. A qualitative approach was used to study a development program comprised of 24 women entrepreneurs. Surveying was threefold: First, a short questionnaire was handed out twice querying the entrepreneurs regarding network contacts important for business development. Second, the entrepreneurs wrote reflective answers to questions regarding their participation in mixed network groups (with participants from both countries and from different branches): did they develop new ideas about networking that they would like to test themselves or see tested by others? Finally, participant observations were made at meetings in the development program. The results show that new relations emerge over country borders and business borders as well as within and outside the program. Initially the networking was about advice and support. There were also some business relationships forged crossing the national border and within the same branches. The entrepreneurs have gradually realized the value of networking and have seen the benefits of developing their network with more professional contacts. It is not possible to organize everything around networking but we can facilitate with theoretical and practical examples in development programs.


The aqueous calyx extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) has a folk reputation as an antihypertensive agent. On account of its antioxidant properties and probably high K+ concentration, we hypothesized that HS may attenuate the development of salt-induced hypertension. Sprague-Dawley rats (n=8 each) were treated for 12 weeks as follows: control (normal diet + water), salt-loaded (8% salt diet + water), HS (normal diet + 6 mg/ml HS), salt+HS (8% salt diet + 6 mg/ml HS) and furosemide (normal diet+ 0.25mg/Kg furosemide). Their blood pressure and heart rates were measured and responses to noradrenalin and acetylcholine (0.01 mg/kg respectively) were estimated. The cationic concentration of 6 mg/ml HS was determined. The Na+ and K+ concentrations of 6 mg/ml HS were 3.6 and 840 mmol/l respectively. The mean arterial pressure (MAP±SEM; mmHg) of salt loaded rats (184.6±29.8) was significantly higher than control (113.2±3.0; P<0.05), HS (90.0±7.4; P<0.001) salt+HS (119.4±8.9; P<0.05) and furosemide (94.9±11.5; P<0.01). The MAP of salt+HS and control rats did not differ significantly and the effect of HS was comparable to furosemide. The pressor response to noradrenalin or vasodilator response to acetylcholine remained similar in all groups. These results suggest that HS attenuated the development of salt-induced hypertension and this attenuation may be associated with its high K+ content or high potassium: sodium ratio and not with altered pressor/depressor response to noradrenalin or acetylcholine. Also the effects of HS and furosemide on blood pressure are comparable.


Of the many objections rationalists have raised against moral sentimentalism, none has been more long-lived and central than the claim that sentimentalism cannot accommodate the non-consequentialist aspects of our moral thinking. I examine how Stephen Darwall directs this criticism at Hume's account of moral judgment and argue that Darwall's criticism is based on an incorrect interpretation of Hume's view of motivation and the moral sentiments. Humean moral psychology is more nuanced than Darwall's objection in particular and rationalist criticisms more generally have assumed. Developing a clear picture of why Hume's account of moral judgment does not imply an implausible consequentialism reveals the strength of Hume's moral sentimentalism overall.


BACKGROUND
Clinical thermography is a relatively novel technique in wide use in different medical fields because of its versatility and ease of application. It inflicts no pain and it entails no contact with the pediatric patient, which assuages anxiety and fear in subjects when undergoing diagnostic exploration. The use of infrared clinical thermography being suggested here is to establish normality patterns, which have not been described in the relevant literature. These patterns may be extrapolated to pathological study by means of future research lines.

METHODS
An observational, cross-sectional study (descriptive in nature) has been carried out, with a sample population of 328 children divided into two age groups; 6-7 and 13-16 years old, all of them schooled in the province of Cáceres (Spain). The variables analyzed here are: age, sex, and temperature. A FLIR E60bx® thermographic camera has been used to study foot temperature.

RESULTS
Results show that the temperature varies among the different study areas established for the foot, although they remain constant bilaterally. In addition, the highest temperature is found to be located in the area of the first toe (29.8ºC), and the lowest at the heel (28.8ºC).

CONCLUSIONS
It can be concluded that both feet have the same thermal behavior, despite the variation in temperature among the different areas that were established in the foot for the purposes of this study.


Even though manmade climate change is widely agreed upon in climate science it is a highly polarizing issue both off- and online with climate skeptics on the one side and the mainstream on the other. This is especially visible in a country like Germany where skeptics are a small minority that have formed a counterpublic online. The study at hand is looking at the relationship between counterpublic and mainstream in the networked public sphere to find out how and where skeptics are trying to make their voices heard and how users from the mainstream react to that. In order to shine a light at this 'clash of publics', 10,262 comments from 4 news sites and 6 climate blogs have been manually analyzed. The results show that skeptics are very active within all comment sections: they wrote over 40% of the relevant comments and were even more active in conservative comment sections where they wrote over 70% of the comments thus creating some kind of skeptic 'free-harbor'. They also did not adjust their framing but rather promote their messages of doubt and denial in all comment sections. This shows that for skeptics the message is more important than the place. This, however, is not tolerated by mainstream users who react critically to skeptics and even take the 'fight' to the skeptic blogs. Integrating counterpublic theory within the networked public sphere offers both a theoretical as well as an empirical framework for analyzing and understanding online debates.


A synthesis series of new heterocyclic derivatives (A2-A7) (pyrrole, pyridazine, oxazine and imidazol) derived from 4-acetyl-2,5-dichloro-1-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate(A1) have been synthesised. Synthesis of compound (A2) by the reaction of starting material (A1) with hydroxyl amine hydrochloride in the presence of pyridine. Compound (A2) was reacted with hydrazine hydrate in dry benzene to give (A3) derivative. The compound )A3( deals with sodium nitrite to give diazonium salt, and the reaction diazonium salt with ethyl acetoacetate to produce compound (A4). To a mixture of compound (A4) and hydroxyl amine with sttired to yield (A5).Compound (A6) was prepared by reaction compound (A4) with thiosemicarbazide in presence of drops of acetic acid. Synthesis of 1compound (A7) by reaction compound (A6) with ethyl chloro acetate. The reactions have been monitored by TLC and the synthesized compounds were characterized using spectrophotometric methods FT-IR, 1H NMR.The biological effects of the prepared compounds on the cancer cells were studied in vitro. The results indicated that these Synthesized compounds (A1–A7) inhibited1 the cancer1 cells1 efficiently, the compound (A6) was activity inhibited on the cancer cells.


We analyze the rationale for the market rewarding accurate management earnings guidance. We postulate that firms with better quality of information before investment also have better quality of information after investment but before earnings are realized. This late-interim information is of no value for production-investment decisions; however, by issuing accurate guidance, firms can signal a high-quality information environment, leading to better investment decisions in the future. We show that guidance accomplishment predicts future performance even if current earnings are not statistically correlated to future earnings. A manager interested in short-term market value tends to issue optimistic earnings guidance in equilibrium. Since the market rewards accurate guidance, though the management guidance is not verifiable, the equilibrium market valuation still induces the manager to issue informative guidance that enhances the investment efficiency through information quality discovery process.


The early Eocene climatic optimum was a period of major climatic and environmental change that was caused by perturbations to the global carbon cycle. Recent work from terrestrial sections in the Northern Hemisphere demonstrates that the period was characterized by different responses in the terrestrial and marine realms, suggesting that traditional causal mechanisms may not adequately explain the dynamics of the early Eocene climatic optimum. Here, we present a new high-resolution multiproxy record of terrestrial climatic and environmental conditions during the early Eocene climatic optimum from the Southern Hemisphere and compare this reconstruction to other marine and terrestrial records. Similar to Northern Hemisphere terrestrial records, there is a transient peak period of atmospheric carbon isotope enrichment as well as increased temperatures and precipitation, which indicate that terrestrial environmental responses to the early Eocene climatic optimum were broadly consistent in temperate settings worldwide. This global consistency in terrestrial records demonstrates differences in peak warming time scales and carbon isotope responses between marine and terrestrial systems, which further constrain potential causes for the early Eocene climatic optimum to multiple-system or nontraditional mechanisms and highlight the importance of paired records for understanding past climate.


Cervical cancer forms in the interior lining of the cervix, the junction of the vagina and uterus. The development of cervical cancer is typically slow, and occurs over a period of years. The progression to cervical cancer begins with the development of precancerous changes in normal cells. Most of these changes, even if left untreated, will not progress to cancer. However, in 2018 the American Cancer Society estimates 13,240 women will be diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer and 4,170 will die of the disease in the United States.


Collegiate recreational sports provide many avenues for student development resulting in various benefits that have been supported through theoretical and empirical research. This study examined social outcomes of participation in intramural sports. The data revealed differences in social outcomes related to gender, age, year in school, ethnicity, residence, and division of competition. Differences were found between groups in the degree of social outcomes experienced. The data contribute to a body of empirical research which shows that intramural sport participation serves as a vehicle for social development among college students, which not only improves overall well-being but can also help serve as a potential reason for why students persist at universities. Specific areas of development include social interaction, time management, ability to work within a team, overall happiness, sense of belonging, and feelings of self-worth. The results of this study will assist university recreational sport professionals and administrators in further understanding the role and importance of intramural sports as a vehicle for social development while also providing evidence of differences between groups.


'Medieval and Historical Bindings in a Modern Design 2 (USA)' consists of 11 exhibits of varying sizes including eight made especially for the exhibition at this venue, in 2006.

This commissioned exhibition at the Thomas Dodd Research Centre enabled the making of a number of new book bindings and to assess their utility when seen together. As part of the researcher's long standing interest in codicology, four considerations informed the practice based research which applied and adapted historical binding techniques. These were high levels of strength, complete protection for the text block, easy of display and opening, durability and the use of decorative design rooted in traditional precedents but copies or pastiches. The public was encouraged to handle the exhibits throughout which all stood up well to this incurring no damage. Subsequent inspection under magnification reveals only the very slightest surface damage.

The exhibits displayed a wide variety of techniques pertaining to leather dyeing, staining and tooling, gathering and stitching, pleating and onlays, and a wide choice of core and basic materials in order to demonstrate effectives across the four categories given above. The exhibits including three exhibited in Poland and the Czech Republic, then recently acquired by the Dodd Research Centre together with eight entirely new pieces. This collection has an extensive holding of rare books including Scottish decorative bindings and material relating to Robert Hauser, author of 'American Decorative Papermakers', 1984.

It was also important for this exhibition for the researcher to only use materials and processes that lent themselves to ease of conservation at some future point. Therefore particular attention was paid to adhesives that are reversible and materials with a proven longevity in stable conditions.


We have just experienced the worst financial crash the world has seen since the Great Depression of the 1930s. While real economies in general did not crash as they did in the 1930s, the financial parts of the economy certainly did, or, at least, came very close to doing so. Hundreds of banks in the United States and Europe have been closed by their supervisory authorities, forcibly merged with stronger partners, nationalized or recapitalized with the tax payers' money. Banks and insurance companies had, by mid 2010, already written off some 2000 billion dollars in credit write-downs on loans and securities. In this book, Johan Lybeck draws on his experience as both an academic economist and a professional banker to present a detailed yet non-technical analysis of the crash. He describes how the crisis began in early 2007, explains why it happened and shows how it compares to earlier financial crises.


This paper shows a general matrix method for analyzing systems of gimbaled mirrors, prisms, and ray projectors. The method shows how to find the gimbal angles which are necessary to ensure that a ray traversing the system obeys some requirement of collimation or orientation. Gimbal angles are considered to be the important measurement parameters, and more meaningful than the usual direction cosines. The methods apply to a large class of optical systems, including those in which gimbals are not specifically used. The gimbal concept will be found very useful in describing the orientation of images in prism systems, such as the peculiar behavior of a penta prism. A gimbal operator is defined and used throughout. The appendix contains a formal development of the mirror as a second-rank tensor together with important properties of prisms as products of mirror matrices.


Though the medical damage wrought by COVID-19 has been examined thoroughly, economists and legislators are still seeking effective cures for the financial repercussions of the pandemic. To address the devastating consequences of business closures and millions of employees losing both their jobs and healthcare coverage during a public health emergency, the U.S. Congress funded a Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP"). That program immediately pumped more than a half-trillion dollars in loans out to five million businesses. But criticism has been swift and widespread, if sometimes spurious, with detractors attacking the award of loans to wealthy celebrities such as Kanye West, politically connected donors such as the Kushner family, and large corporations such as Shake Shack and Ruth's Chris Steakhouse.In this Article, we conduct one of the first empirical studies of the central component of the largest financial bailout in U.S. history. We examine quantitative data released by the Small Business Administration to answer various competing claims about the effect of the PPP. Critics have accused the program of being administered as a partisan political tool for the president's reelection, as a corrupt slush fund for cronies of the Trump administration, and as an incompetent waste of money on undeserving recipients. We test these hypotheses to evaluate the distribution of funds and whether the disbursement materially suffered from politics, corruption, or waste. We find that the lending process not only suffered from high-profile failures, it failed to target the neediest areas, particularly early on. Other studies present mixed findings on whether the PPP successfully protected paychecks. We conclude that critical data does not yet exist, as the PPP's greatest weakness was in failing to reach businesses unable to survive long enough to apply for or to receive loans.Accordingly, we call for a start to the process of theorizing a model for future programs to fund economic crises, which avoids the worst mistakes of the PPP. In 2008 and 2020, the U.S. government engaged in massive transfers of money from the federal fisc to corporations and, on both occasions, the task was cobbled together during an emergency, with predictable failures and shortcomings. We consider successful economic responses and how they might guide more effective, fair, and efficient models for providing emergency economic funding in the future. We may soon need one to address the continuing financial devastation from COVID-19 itself.


We report expression of Pax3, an important regulator of skeletal muscle stem cell behaviour, in the brachial and femoral arteries of adult mice. In these contractile arteries of the limb, but not in the elastic arteries of the trunk, bands of GFP-positive cells were observed in Pax3GFP/+ mice. Histological and biochemical examination of the vessels, together with clonal analysis after purification of Pax3–GFP-positive cells by flow cytometry, established their vascular smooth muscle identity. These blood-vessel-derived cells do not respond to inducers of other mesodermal cell types, such as bone, however, they can contribute to muscle fibre formation when co-cultured with skeletal muscle cells. This myogenic conversion depends on the expression of Pax3, but is rare and non-cell autonomous as it requires cell fusion. Myocardin, which promotes acquisition of a mature smooth muscle phenotype in these Pax3–GFP-positive cells, antagonises their potential for skeletal muscle differentiation. Genetic manipulation shows that myocardin is, however, positively regulated by Pax3, unlike genes for other myocardin-related factors, MRTFA, MRTFB or SRF. Expression of Pax3 overlaps with that reported for Msx2, which is required for smooth muscle differentiation of blood vessel-derived multipotent mesoangioblasts. These observations are discussed with respect to the origin and function of Pax3-expressing cells in blood vessels, and more general questions of cell fate determination and adult cell plasticity and reprogramming.


The research is an associative research. The chosen population was students of class X and XI of SMK PGRI 2 Malang visiting the school library, that is 223 students. The sampling technique used in the research is simple random sampling with 144 respondents, and the analysis method used is multiple regression method. The result shows that there is a partially positive and significant influence of library collections and facilities on the student visiting motivation to the school library in SMK PGRI 2 Malang. There is a simultaneously positive and significant influence of the library collections and facilities on the student visiting motivation to the school library in SMK PGRI 2 Malang. According to Standardized Coefficients Beta, library facilities have dominant influences on the student visiting motivation to the school library in SMK PGRI 2 Malang. Suggestions that can be recommended related to the result of the research are the school should give more attention in improving the management of the school library facilities focused on the completeness of the library collections and the comfort of the library facilities. As the time to complete the library collections and facilities, students are encouraged to visit the library often. The condition of the student visiting motivation to the school library in SMK PGRI 2 Malang is categorized high enough. That is why, the school is expected to maintain and improve the recent condition. It is intended to improve the student competence as what students are learning. Ways applied by the school recently (like encouraging students to visit the library by including learning program activities taken place in the library) should be maintained. Some strategies are creating a comfortable environment by making the room more colorful and cheerful, providing a set of sound system for music, and spreading the air freshener. About the room design, there are tables of which the color are needed to repaint and it should be added some individual tables, not just group tables. About the ventilation, it should be provided air conditioner (AC). In further researches, it is suggested to take better objects that are other variables of out of the research such as librarians, the headmaster and teachers' attention, the relationship with the curricula, and programs and activities designed by the librarians. That will probably influence the visiting motivation and the sample used is all libraries in all schools in Malang. Taking all libraries in all schools in Malang, the result of the research will have higher diversities in term of school management that can influence student visiting motivation to the school library.   Key Words: Library Collections and Facilities, Visiting Motivation


Tracking in urban street scenes plays a central role in autonomous systems such as self-driving cars. Most of the current vision-based tracking methods perform tracking in the image domain. Other approaches, e.g. based on LIDAR and radar, track purely in 3D. While some vision-based tracking methods invoke 3D information in parts of their pipeline, and some 3D-based methods utilize image-based information in components of their approach, we propose to use image- and world-space information jointly throughout our method. We present our tracking pipeline as a 3D extension of image-based tracking. From enhancing the detections with 3D measurements to the reported positions of every tracked object, we use world-space 3D information at every stage of processing. We accomplish this by our novel coupled 2D-3D Kalman filter, combined with a conceptually clean and extendable hypothesize-and-select framework. Our approach matches the current state-of-the-art on the official KITTI benchmark, which performs evaluation in the 2D image domain only. Further experiments show significant improvements in 3D localization precision by enabling our coupled 2D-3D tracking.


The Wizards of Langley examines the creation and evolution of the CIAs Directorate of Science and Technology examining both bureaucratic battles that were fought over its role as well as its accomplishments and failures.. In 1956, the CIA dramatically breached the Iron Curtain when its U-2 began overflying Soviet territory to photograph that nations military installations. Four years later, the Soviets would shoot down pilot Francis Gary Powers and his U-2, thereby ceasing these missions. Within months, however, the CIA had another, and better, technical program in operation - the CORONA satellite. Throughout the Cold War and beyond, the CIA's scientific wizards would continue to devise high-tech ways to collect and analyze information about potential adversaries. Their mission was of such importance that a new branch of the CIA was created - the Directorate of Science and Technology. In this first full-length study of the CIA's Directorate of Science and Technology, author Jeffrey Richelson introduces us to key personalities who helped shape the directorate: Edwin Land of Polaroid, Albert Wheelon, Carl Duckett, and others who operated secretly within the directorate such as Antonio Mendez, whose technical service skills helped six Americans escape Iran after the seizure of the U.S. Embassy in 1979.Richelson presents intriguing details - many never before published - of the directorate's programs and activities. For example, the CIA's wizards: *Designed, developed, and operated a series of high-tech imagery and eavesdropping satellites and aircraft, including the KH-11 and RHYOLITE, which revolutionized U.S. intelligence capabilities *Established ground stations in Iran, Norway, and China to monitor missile testing as well as manning embassy listening posts around th e world *Employed technical intelligence analysts and photographic interpreters to unravel the secrets of foreign missile and space programs and monitor developments, including Chernobyl and the Gulf War, across the globe *Devised a vast assortment of equipment to support clandestine operations-from collecting intelligence to assisting the escape of Americans hiding in Iran to helping Delta Force apprehend an ally of Somali warlord Mohammed Farah Aideed *Developed a key component of heart pacemaker technology and other scientific advances, which have medical or other purposes *Attempted to employ psychics to uncover foreign military secrets *Employed birds (and unmanned aerial vehicles that appeared to be birds) and cats as intelligence collection platforms. The Wizards of Langley walks us down the corridors of Langley through the four decades of science and bureaucratic warfare, in which lives and careers were risked, that produced the CIA we have today. Based on original interviews and extensive archive research, Jeffrey Richelson sheds a piercing lamp on many of the Agency's least understood activities.


Outside the photonic bandgap of two-dimensional square lattice photonic crystals, we found spectral regions in which light coupling from the air is forbidden. This uncoupling spectral region originates from the anisotropy of the photonic crystals. A two-dimensional square photonic crystal has a complete total bandgap (forbidden region in both TE and TM modes) with hole radius ranging from 0.15 to 0.45 times a lattice constant.


We present a logic for reasoning about pairs of interactive quantum programs – quantum relational Hoare logic (qRHL). This logic follows the spirit of probabilistic relational Hoare logic (Barthe et al. 2009) and allows us to formulate how the outputs of two quantum programs relate given the relationship of their inputs. Probabilistic RHL was used extensively for computer-verified security proofs of classical cryptographic protocols. Since pRHL is not suitable for analyzing quantum cryptography, we present qRHL as a replacement, suitable for the security analysis of post-quantum cryptography and quantum protocols. The design of qRHL poses some challenges unique to the quantum setting, e.g., the definition of equality on quantum registers. Finally, we implemented a tool for verifying proofs in qRHL and developed several example security proofs in it.


An adaptive approach is developed for the compensation of uncertain failures in aircraft morphing actuators, which operate at only one of two states: "on" and "off." By modeling such actuator failures as a piecewise-linear characteristic, a compensation scheme with an adaptive inverse is thus constructed to ensure the closed-loop stability and tracking property. An application to the control of an aircraft lateral dynamic model using morphing actuators is presented with simulation results.


Patient safety in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) environment is an under-researched area, but recently seems to get high priority on the healthcare quality agenda worldwide. NICU, as a highly sensitive and technological driven environment, signals the importance for awareness in causation of mistakes and accidents. Adverse events and near misses that comprise the majority of human errors, cause morbidity often with devastating results, even death. Likewise in other organizations, errors causes are multiple and complex. Other high reliability organizations, such as air force and nuclear industry, offer examples of how standardized/homogenized work and removal of systems weaknesses can minimize errors. It is widely accepted that medical errors can be explained based on personal and/or system approach. The impact/effect of medical errors can be reduced when thorough/causative identification approach is followed by detailed analysis of consequences and prevention measures. NICU's medical and nursing staff should be familiar with patient safety language, implement best practices, and support safety culture, maximizing efforts for reducing errors. Furthermore, top management commitment and support in developing patient safety culture is essential in order to assure the achievement of the desirable organizational safety outcomes. The aim of the paper is to review patient safety issues in the NICU environment, focusing on development and implementation of strategies, enhancing high quality standards for health care.


Evidence is mounting that the temporal dynamics of the climate system are changing at the same time as the average global temperature is increasing due to multiple climate forcings. A large number of extreme weather events such as prolonged cold spells, heatwaves, droughts and floods have been recorded around the world in the past 10 years. Such changes in the temporal scaling behaviour of climate time-series data can be difficult to detect. While there are easy and direct ways of analysing climate data by calculating the means and variances for different levels of temporal aggregation, these methods can miss more subtle changes in their dynamics. This paper describes multi-scale entropy (MSE) analysis as a tool to study climate time-series data and to identify temporal scales of variability and their change over time in climate time-series. MSE estimates the sample entropy of the time-series after coarse-graining at different temporal scales. An application of MSE to Central European, variance-adjusted, mean monthly air temperature anomalies (CRUTEM4v) is provided. The results show that the temporal scales of the current climate (1960–2014) are different from the long-term average (1850–1960). For temporal scale factors longer than 12 months, the sample entropy increased markedly compared to the long-term record. Such an increase can be explained by systems theory with greater complexity in the regional temperature data. From 1961 the patterns of monthly air temperatures are less regular at time-scales greater than 12 months than in the earlier time period. This finding suggests that, at these inter-annual time scales, the temperature variability has become less predictable than in the past. It is possible that climate system feedbacks are expressed in altered temporal scales of the European temperature time-series data. A comparison with the variance and Shannon entropy shows that MSE analysis can provide additional information on the statistical properties of climate time-series data that can go undetected using traditional methods.


Collisional effects can play an essential role in the dynamics of plasma waves by setting a minimum damping rate and by interfering with wave-particle resonances. Kinetic simulations of the effects of electron-ion pitch angle scattering on Electron Plasma Waves (EPWs) are presented here. In particular, the effects of such collisions on the frequency and damping of small-amplitude EPWs for a range of collision rates and wave phase velocities are computed and compared with theory. Both the Vlasov simulations and linear kinetic theory find the direct contribution of electron-ion collisions to wave damping is about a factor of two smaller than is obtained from linearized fluid theory. To our knowledge, this simple result has not been published before.
Simulations have been carried out using a grid-based (Vlasov) approach, based on a high-order conservative finite difference method for discretizing the Fokker-Planck equation describing the evolution of the electron distribution function. Details of the implementation of the collision operator within this framework are presented. Such a grid-based approach, which is not subject to numerical noise, is of particular interest for the accurate measurements of the wave damping rates.


An electronics manufacturing facility in Colorado was constructed with typical commercial steel framing containing fiberglass batt insulation with foil-facing as the vapor retarder. A large portion of the facility required constant positive space pressurization and an indoor relative humidity (RH) of 48 % RH at 21°C (70°F). Due to a lack of containment of the moist interior air, condensation formed in the exterior walls, in the roofing, on the window and door systems, and on the skylights of the facility, particularly along the north and east elevations of the building, which resulted in significant damage to the wall components and the inability of the HVAC system to remain properly balanced. The as-constructed exterior wall systems were evaluated for performance relative to the existing building mechanical system. It was determined that the as-designed and as-constructed exterior wall assemblies and components could not perform satisfactorily under the necessary indoor environmental requirements. Options were explored to improve the performance of the exterior wall assemblies and related details. Due to a number of constraints, it was decided that constructing new walls inside the as-constructed exterior walls and windows, thereby creating an "interstitial" space to separate the exterior walls from the interior building space for their full height and mechanically supplying warm, dry air to this interstitial space, was the desired method to correct the condensation problems that were occurring. These repairs have proven to be effective. This paper discusses the original design and construction, the method of evaluation of the condensation problems that occurred, and the design and results of the implemented repairs.


Higher education has many of the attributes of a competitive industry. Many enterprises compete for inputs and sell similar outputs to a great variety of buyers. The competitive perspective has not been much used in the analysis of higher education. In this paper we find such a point of view yields both insights and puzzles. The familiar "stand alone" test from industrial organization casts doubt on the claim that undergraduate education subsidizes graduate education in the large research university; since institutions that sell both graduate and undergraduate education survive in competition with institutions that sell only undergraduate education, the claim of cross subsidization is hard to maintain. We note that the analysis of the use of prices to regulate admission to universities is complex because students are both inputs and outputs of the educational process. We note, but do not explain, some conspicuous failures of universities to use incentives and prices. Perhaps most interesting are the failures of research universities to reward excellent teaching (which has a clear" market value) and the failure of elite institutions, particularly professional schools, to exploit their preeminent market positions by charging a tuition which begins to capture the rents that graduation confers.


Dbf2 is a multifunctional protein kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that functions in transcription, the stress response and as part of a network of genes in exit from mitosis. By analogy with fission yeast it seemed likely that these mitotic exit genes would be involved in cytokinesis. As a preliminary investigation of this we have used Dbf2 tagged with GFP to examine intracellular localisation of the protein in living cells. Dbf2 is found on the centrosomes/spindle pole bodies (SPBs) and also at the bud neck where it forms a double ring. The localisation of Dbf2 is cell cycle regulated. It is on the SPBs for much of the cell cycle and migrates from there to the bud neck in late mitosis, consistent with a role in cytokinesis. Dbf2 partly co-localises with septins at the bud neck. A temperature-sensitive mutant of dbf2 also blocks progression of cytokinesis at 37 degrees C. Following cytokinesis some Dbf2 moves into the nascent bud. Localisation to the bud neck depends upon the septins and also the mitotic exit network proteins Mob1, Cdc5, Cdc14 and Cdc15. The above data are consistent with Dbf2 acting downstream in a pathway controlling cytokinesis.


This work presents an innovative education experience for engineering students, with the objective of connecting students to labor market, in the context of the regular subject practices, with the analysis of real cases of companies, and using as tools the ICTs and the flipped learning methodology. The assessment of the impact of this innovation education action consisted on the creation of data bases, and the organization of lecturers´ panels, and surveys for students and teachers. The most outstanding drawback raised by teachers was the lack of alignment between the companies' needs and the curricula of the students. The students appreciated this kind of activity in the subject practices. The students also considered positive the use of ICTs as part of this innovative teaching-learning process, which are familiar technologies for them. According to the teachers, the action contributed to improve autonomous and collaborative teaching in Higher Education.


In this paper we evaluate the potential in combining different testing methodologies. The evaluation indicates an increase in effectiveness when adding random testing to partition testing. At the same time, the increase in efficiency inevitably fades because of the added number of random test cases being executed. Nevertheless, the potential in an automation scheme for creating and executing test cases is visible, thus indicating that a future implementation combining the best of two worlds, i.e. partition and random testing could be pursued.


The court-appointed translator is largely an invisible actor in the legal space. The Israeli context provides an extreme example of this invisibility: apart from a general statutory definition of the court's obligation to translate criminal proceedings, the work of translation in the Israeli courtroom is mostly unregulated by state law, rendering it highly susceptible to informal manifestations. This article offers a critical empirical investigation into the micropractices of translation performed in the Jerusalem criminal trial court in 2002. On the face of things, the court-appointed translator performs a technical task in the everyday working of the court. Expected to mediate between the defense, the prosecution, and the judiciary, the translator is usually not perceived as an active participant in the legal procedure. Problematizing this perception, the article examines the multiple tasks of court-appointed translators in the Jerusalem criminal trial court, thereby challenging traditional court roles and legal perceptions. Not exactly court officials yet also not outsiders to the courtroom, the translators exercise a mixed bag of formal and substantive roles. They act not only as linguistic intermediaries, but also as intermediaries between formal legalities and commonsense discourses.The article is divided into three parts. The first part sketches three primary linguistic challenges, as those are identified by the translators interviewed for this study. The second part of the article adds the perspective of other court practitioners so as to depict a dynamic picture of the particular loyalties of the translators. Finally, the third part of the article examines the liminal, "third space," of translation. Precisely for its extreme articulation of sovereign ideologies, the Israeli/Palestinian setting provides an intriguing geohistorical context within which to think about translation. This last part ties the article together by highlighting the dynamic relationship between language, law, and space, as these are constructed and subverted through practices of translation within the particular setting of the Jerusalem courtroom.


Losses hurt more than foregone gains—an asymmetry that psychologists call "loss aversion." Losses cause more regret than foregone gains, and people struggle harder to avoid losses than to obtain equivalent gains. Loss aversion produces a variety of anomalous behaviors: people's preferences depend upon the initial reference point (reference-dependent choice); people are overly focused on maintaining the status quo (status quo bias); people attach more value to goods they own than to identical goods that they do not (endowment effect); and people take excessive risks to avoid sure losses (risk seeking in the face of losses). These phenomena are so pervasive that legal scholars have assumed that they influence the development of law. Although numerous studies reveal that framing influences how ordinary people think about their rights, a clear demonstration that judges decide cases differently when the underlying facts present gains as opposed to losses does not exist. This Article fills that gap. We present eight studies with over one thousand judges as research participants that demonstrate that all four of these anomalous features of framing influence how sitting judges evaluate legal cases.


Summary We explored practical steps to implement a sustainable treatment against Varroa destructor which is adapted to common beekeeping situations, and applies conventional control but nevertheless exerts selection pressure towards increased mite tolerance in honey bees. This approach approximates conditions of natural selection in host-parasite systems, and is supported by evidence that the impact of V. destructor decreases when bee populations are overexploited by the parasites. However, instead of a "live or let die" approach to selection, which is not feasible for commercial beekeeping, death of highly infested colonies was mimicked by treatment and requeening. We established a feasible treatment threshold based on powder sugar shaking of worker bee samples in 250 colonies kept by four beekeepers on the island of Marmara, Turkey. We subsequently requeened heavily infested colonies with queens from lightly infested colonies using simple methods. We found that although one third of the colonies were routinely left untreated, it was possible to decrease mean mite infestation levels and maintain a stable bee population in our apiaries.


In the north part of Iran (Alborz Mountain belt), landslides occur frequently due to climatologic and geologic conditions and high tectonic activities, that results, annually, millions of dollars financial defect excluding casualties and unrecoverable resources. The reliable hazard map would help to mitigate the consequences of landslide occurrences by land-use management and other strategies. This paper evaluates the hazardous area in Marzan Abad (Central Alborz, North part of Iran) using probabilistic–Frequency ratio (PFR) model, Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote sensing techniques. Hazardous areas have been analyzed and mapped using the landslide occurrence factors by frequency ratio model.In GIS platform, layers such as geology, geomorphology, soil, slope, aspect, elevation, annual precipitation, land use, distance from faults, lineaments, roads and drainages were displayed, manipulated and analyzed. The validation of hazard map has been estimated with the validation group of actual landslides and rate curves method. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) evaluates how well the method predicts landslides. The results have showen satisfactory agreement between prepared hazard map and existing data on total landslide locations (93.60%) and validation group of landslide locations (91.68%) So, the methodology used in this study was validated.
Final hazard map classified in five hazardous classes (very high, high, moderate, low and non hazardous area). Receiver Operating Characteristic curve method (ROC curve) was used to validate the classification and based on its area under the curve value, final classification was evaluated as excellent classification (AUC=0.94).
This study evaluates geology, soil and distance to road networks as the most effective factors on landslide analysis and deep valleys, old landslide traces, area near the roads and faults as the most hazardous areas for landslide occurrence in Marzan Abad area.


Abstract Background Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is characterised by unexplained fatigue for at least 6 months accompanied by a diverse but consistent set of symptoms. Diet modification and nutritional supplements could be used to improve patient outcomes, such fatigue and quality of life. We reviewed and discussed the evidence for nutritional interventions that may assist in alleviating symptoms of CFS/ME. Methods Medline, Cinahl and Scopus were systematically searched from 1994 to May 2016. All studies on nutrition intervention were included where CFS/ME patients modified their diet or supplemented their habitual diet on patient‐centred outcomes (fatigue, quality of life, physical activity and/or psychological wellbeing). Results Seventeen studies were included that meet the inclusion criteria. Of these, 14 different interventions were investigated on study outcomes. Many studies did not show therapeutic benefit on CFS/ME. Improvements in fatigue were observed for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride (NADH), probiotics, high cocoa polyphenol rich chocolate, and a combination of NADH and coenzyme Q10. Conclusions This review identified insufficient evidence for the use of nutritional supplements and elimination or modified diets to relieve CFS/ME symptoms. Studies were limited by the number of studies investigating the interventions, small sample sizes, study duration, variety of instruments used, and studies not reporting dietary intake method. Further research is warranted in homogeneous CFS/ME populations.


1. Studies in anaesthetized animals suggest that the renal nerves have a role in the regulation of sodium excretion. Urinary sodium excretion decreases when the renal nerves are stimulated and increases after renal denervation or ganglionic blockade. In order to define the role of the renal nerves in the regulation of urinary sodium excretion in awake animals, dogs were prepared with one kidney denervated and the other intact and the bladder split so that urine could be collected from each kidney. Denervation was confirmed by kidney noradrenaline analysis (1·72 ± 0·29 vs 0·18 ± 0·12 nmol/g). 2. These dogs were studied awake with one of two protocols on each of two separate days. In protocol VH, volume expansion (5% body weight) was followed by haemorrhage of 2% body weight. Fractional sodium excretion fell from 4·7 ± 0·5 to 1·1 ± 0·2% on the denervated side and from 5·6 ± 0·6 to 1·4 ± 0·3% on the intact side. Inulin and p -aminohippurate clearance fell similarly on both sides. 3. In protocol HV, haemorrhage of 2% body weight was followed by blood replacement and volume expansion of 5% body weight. In this second protocol fractional sodium excretion during haemorrhage was 0·23 ± 0·07 and 0·24 ± 0·09% for denervated and intact kidneys respectively and increased to 2·04 ± 0·32 and 2·78 ± 0·60 after volume expansion. 4. In both protocols the denervated kidney was able to reabsorb sodium as well as the innervated kidney during haemorrhage and was able to increase fractional sodium excretion as well as the denervated kidney during volume expansion. These results suggest that the renal nerves do not have a significant role in the regulation of sodium excretion in conscious animals.


ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Update breastfeeding indicators trend in Brazil for the last three decades, incorporating more up-to-date information from the National Health Survey. METHODS We used secondary data from national surveys with information on breastfeeding (1986, 1996, 2006, and 2013) to construct the time series of prevalence for the following indicators: exclusive breastfeeding in children under six months of age (EBF6m), breastfeeding in toddlers under 2 years of age (BF), continued breastfeeding at one year of age (BF1year), and continued breastfeeding at two years of age (BF2years). RESULTS The prevalence of EBF6m, BF, and BF1year increased until 2006 (rising from 4.7%, 37.4%, and 25.5% in 1986 to 37.1%, 56.3%, and 47.2% in 2006, respectively). For these three indicators, there was relative stabilization between 2006 and 2013 (36.6%, 52.1%, and 45.4%, respectively). The BF2years indicator had a distinct behavior – relatively stable prevalence, around 25% between 1986 and 2006, and a subsequent increase, reaching 31.8% in 2013. CONCLUSIONS The time series of breastfeeding indicators in Brazil shows an upward trend until 2006, stabilizing from that date onwards on three of the four indicators evaluated. This result, which can be considered as a warning sign, requires evaluation and revision of policies and programs to promote, protect and support breastfeeding, strengthening existing ones and proposing new strategies so that the prevalence of breastfeeding indicators returns to an upwards trend.


The aim of this study was to rationalise retention behaviour of a chiral solute on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) HPLC stationary phases in terms of variation of the mobile phase. It is generally held that the most important interaction governing the separation of enantiomers on such materials is H-bonding, and that retention times increase with decreasing H-bonding potential of the mobile phase. Previous studies have largely concerned mobile phases containing chloroform with acetic acid as a polar modifier. Boc-L-Phenylalanine (Boc-L-Phe-OH) MIPs were prepared, processed, and packed into HPLC columns, which were then used to investigate the retention characteristics of Boc-L-Phe-OH and Boc-D-Phe-OH with a range of mobile phases. The main observations were as follows: (1) in chloroform-based mobile phases there was generally a linear relationship between the H-bond donator factor of the polar modifier and capacity (K′). Results also indicated a hydrogen bond donor parameter value for a polar modifier at which retention became concentration independent; (2) For given values of K′L, K′D varied depending on the polar modifier, indicating that enantiomer resolution was solvent dependent; (3) Using mobile phases based on solvents of lower polarity/H-bonding potential than chloroform, substantial increases in K′ were observed, although enantioselectivity was greatly reduced.


The study of media, texts and culture(s) and especially the analysis of interdependent relationships between them has become a major concern in various academic fields, such as intercultural communication, contrastive textology, comparative cultural studies, historical and intercultural pragmatics. Starting from the observation that in contrastive studies of mass media communication not only the theoretical status of "culture" often remains unclear but also the interdependent relation between the theoretical conceptualization of "culture" and the methodological approach of text analysis, this volume brings together linguistic mass media studies with intercultural, diachronic, intermedia and interlingual perspectives. Apart from offering new empirical insights into the field, this volume's aim is to advance and to broaden the methodological and theoretical discussions involved. Comparing such diverse formats and genres like newspapers, TV news shows, TV commercials, radio phone-ins, obituaries, fanzines and film subtitles, the contributions of this volume illustrate the complexity of the growing field of contrastive media analysis.


The drive for low emission combustion systems encourages applications using premixed flames. Yet in many applications, considerations of flame stability or mixing times lead to systems with neither premixed nor diffusion flames, which are often called technically premixed or stratified flames. In this talk we discuss the current state of understanding of the effect of mixing and extent of stratification on the structure, microstructure and dynamics of selected turbulent stratified flames. Over the past few years, a significant database of scalar and velocity data has been built to analyze the effects of unmixedness on local and global flame structure. Microscale studies of the flame structures show in detail how the effect of local stratification affects (or not!) the flame structure, flame surface density and scalar dissipation rates, and production of selected species. The experiments place exacting demands on current spectroscopic diagnostics, and reveal the progress and limits to our understanding of turbulent flames in general. The dynamics of stratified flames with respect to instabilities is also shown to be very rich, as the particular shape of the flames and the stabilization points are is significantly affected by the fuel distribution, modifying the rate and location of heat release, and thus the coupling with the surrounding acoustics and determining the onset of self-excitations.


A 50 year old male was referred to a tertiary cancer hospital. On inquiry, the patient revealed a painful, non healing ulcer on the cheek, since one month. He was a habitual smoker; his medical history was non-significant and the neck was negative for lymph nodes. Clinical examination revealed a diffuse ulcero-indurative lesion extending from the left lip commissure to the left buccal mucosa (A and B). A biopsy was performed at the buccal mucosa and the findings confirmed the absence of malignancy, but it rather described granulomatous tissue admixed with multinucleated foreign body gaint cells and inflammatory cell infiltrate. Considering the granulamatous nature, the lesion was rebiopsied and Ziehl Neelsen stain was applied; it clearly indicated a tuberculous etiology. Sputum was positive for Acid Fast Bacilli (10-99AFB/100 Field, grading 1+). Postero-anterior chest radiograph showed obliteration of right CP angle (pleural thickening), irregular fibrotic lesions and calcifications in both upper and middle lobes (sequelae of old koch's). Interestingly, this patient never had any symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis. Though the incidence of oral lesions in tuberculosis is low, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of atypical oral lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma.


The Western Australian Department of Planning (DoP) identified the need for additional decision support capability regarding land use and infrastructure planning using current, leading scenario modelling software tools. The DoP has identified a broad range of scenario planning needs at the state, regional and local scale associated with social, economic and environmental concerns. This review of land-use scenario planning and modelling software conducted by Curtin University will assist the DoP with identification of appropriate planning software tools. Effective use of appropriate planning software can enhance stakeholder engagement and assist with justification of planning decisions through evidence based decision making.


Clickbait PDFs are PDF documents that do not embed malware but trick victims into visiting malicious web pages leading to attacks like password theft or drive-by download. While recent reports indicate a surge of clickbait PDFs, prior works have largely neglected this new threat, considering PDFs only as accessories of email phishing campaigns. This paper investigates the landscape of clickbait PDFs and presents the first systematic and comprehensive study of this phenomenon. Starting from a real-world dataset, we identify 44 clickbait PDF clusters via clustering and characterize them by looking at their volumetric, temporal, and visual features. Among these, we identify three large clusters covering 89% of the dataset, exhibiting significantly different volumetric and temporal properties compared to classical email phishing, and relying on web UI elements as visual baits. Finally, we look at the distribution vectors and show that clickbait PDFs are not only distributed via attachments but also via Search Engine Optimization attacks, placing clickbait PDFs outside the email distribution ecosystem. Clickbait PDFs seem to be a lurking threat, not subjected to any form of content-based filtering or detection: AV scoring systems, like VirusTotal, rank them considerably low, creating a blind spot for organizations. While URL blocklists can help to prevent victims from visiting the attack web pages, we observe that they have a limited coverage.


"We should stop sending £350m [€450m; $500m] per week to unelected politicians in Brussels and spend our money on our priorities, like the NHS." 1

### Response

Sir Andrew Dilnot, chair of the independent UK Statistics Authority, said the figure was "potentially misleading" and that the information given out by the Vote Leave campaign lacked clarity.2

The Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) said that it did not believe, as the Leave Campaign suggested, that the £8bn annual windfall from leaving the European Union it has calculated would lead to a cash injection for the NHS. "There is virtual unanimity among economic forecasters that the negative effect of leaving the EU would be greater."3

NHS England chief executive, Simon Stevens, expressed deep concern over the effect of a possible economic downturn, as predicted by Mark Carney, governor of the Bank of England, on the NHS. Stevens said that figures from …