Swirl effects on velocity, mixture fraction, and temperature intermittency have been analyzed for turbulent methane flames using large eddy simulation (LES). The LES solves the filtered governing equations on a structured Cartesian grid using a finite volume method, with turbulence and combustion modeling based on the localized dynamic Smagorinsky and the steady laminar flamelet models, respectively. Probability density function (PDF) distributions demonstrate a Gaussian shape closer to the centerline region of the flame and a delta function at the far radial position. However, non-Gaussian PDFs are observed for velocity and mixture fraction on the centerline in a region where center jet precession occurs. Non-Gaussian behavior is also observed for the temperature PDFs close to the centerline region of the flame. Due to the occurrence of recirculation zones, the variation from turbulent to nonturbulent flow is more rapid for the velocity than the mixture fraction and therefore indicates how rapidly turbulence affects the molecular transport in these regions of the flame.


Natural resource regulation is heavily "scientized," by which we mean both that the current regulatory structure requires the use of science in a wide range of decisions, and that decisionmakers generally emphasize the role of science in those decisions. Nonetheless, critics on all sides of the political spectrum claim to believe that regulatory decisions remain too political and insufficiently scientific. Administration of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the Klamath Basin illustrates the challenges of scientifically managing nature. A series of science-based decisions are needed, from species listing to consultation on federal actions. Those decisions carry substantial costs for the people who share the landscape with protected species. Unless science can provide some level of confidence that management actions are both necessary and effective, those decisions will be widely perceived as unfair. The key question, not yet answered, is just how much confidence should be expected. There may well be points in the decisionmaking process at which greater objectivity would be desirable. As we argue in more detail below, however, science can never provide the perfect rationality we have been conditioned to expect from it. Therefore, simplistic generalized demands for objective rationality are not a useful reform strategy. Typically, the disputes are fundamentally about how incomplete data are interpreted and applied, rather than about what the data are or how they have been gathered. Agency judgments, in other words, are the real issue. It is impossible to entirely prevent the exercise of judgment, influenced by the subjective values and biases of the decisionmaker, from creeping into decisions. A more useful inquiry would take a closer look at the role of judgment, asking at what stage and through what mechanisms it factors into resource management decisions, whether the effect of those judgment steps is to advance or retard the identification and achievement of societal goals, and, when correction is needed, how judgments might be more closely constrained.


Understanding the mechanisms of local adaptation of wild species is a central issue in evolutionary biology. DNA sequence data allows investigating the recent demographic history of organisms. Knowledge of this history makes it possible to quantify adaptive and deleterious mutations and to analyze local adaptation at candidate genes taking the demographic context into account. As modulation of gene expression is crucial for an organism's survival during stress conditions, a next step to investigate adaptation is to study the expression profile of candidate genes. Wild species are more valuable systems to investigate local adaptation than model organisms as key issues in ecology and evolution of the later cannot be addressed properly in some cases. Wild tomato species provide several advantages when studying adaptation to abiotic stress: they grow in diverse environments – ranging from mesic to extremely arid conditions – and its genomic information is available from the cultivated relative.
First, we investigated the potential for adaptation and the strength of purifying selection acting at eight housekeeping genes in four closely related wild tomato species (Solanum arcanum, S. chilense, S. habrochaites, S. peruvianum) occupying different habitats by analyzing the distribution of fitness effects of a new mutation. There is no evidence for adaptation at these loci, but we detect strong purifying selection acting on the coding regions in all four species. Additionally, we find evidence for negative selection acting on non-coding regions. However, the strength of selection varies among species. Our results suggest that the variance of the distribution of fitness effects differ between closely related species which inhabit different environments.
Second, using a candidate gene approach, we studied the evolution the Asr (ABA /water stress/ripening induced) gene family in populations from contrasting environments of S. chilense and S. peruvianum. Asr genes have been reported to help the plant cope with waterdeficit in many ways and are therefore useful candidates to study adaptation to drought stress. The molecular variation in the Asr gene family indicates that Asr1 has evolved under strong purifying selection. Prior reports described evidence for positive election at Asr2 – we cannot confirm this hypothesis and argue that patterns of selection discovered previously were caused by demography. Asr4 shows patterns consistent with local adaptation in a S. chilense population that inhabits an extremely dry environment. A new member of the Asr family (Asr5) was also discovered and seems to exchange genetic material with Asr3 by gene conversion. Our results provide a good example for the dynamic nature of gene families in plants, especially of tandemly arrayed genes that are of importance in adaptation.
Third, we investigated the expression profile following cold and drought stress as well as the regulatory regions of Asr genes and the dehydrin pLC30-15. The latter has been reported to be involved in water and chilling stress response. Populations from different habitats of S. chilense and S. peruvianum were analyzed. The gene expression of Asr4 seems to be adaptive to drought conditions. Analysis of the regulatory regions shows a conserved promoter region of Asr2 and positive selection acting on the downstream region of pLC30-15. We provide an example for expression variation in natural populations but also observe plasticity in gene expression. As noise in expression is common in stress responsive genes, we describe this expression plasticity to be advantageous in these stress-responsive genes.
In conclusion, taking the potential distribution of the species into account, it appears that S. peruvianum (and S. habrochaites) can cope with a great variety of environmental conditions without undergoing local adaptation, whereas S. chilense (and S. arcanum) seem to undergo local adaptation more frequently. With Asr4 we identify a gene to be of potential interest for further functional studies and describe wild Solanum species to be of great interest as a genetic resource for its cultivated relatives.


Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) promise to offer solutions to problems where established, older paradigms fall short. In order to validate such claims that are repeatedly made in software agent publications, empirical in-depth studies of advantages and weaknesses of multi-agent solutions versus conventional ones in practical applications are needed. Climate control in large buildings is one application area where multi-agent systems, and market-oriented programming in particular, have been reported to be very successful, although central control solutions are still the standard practice. We have therefore constructed and implemented a variety of market designs for this problem, as well as different standard control engineering solutions. This article gives a detailed analysis and comparison, so as to learn about differences between standard versus agent approaches, and yielding new insights about benefits and limitations of computational markets. An important outcome is that "local information plus market communication produces global control".


Five previously unreported compounds were prepared and characterised; (C[sub]5Me[sub]5)[sub]2Zr(CH[sub]2Ph)[sub]2, (C[sub]5Me[sub]5)[sub]2Zr(CH[sub]2Ph)Cl, (C[sub]5Me[sub]5)(C[sub]5H[sub]5)Zr(CH[sub]2Ph)[sub]2, (C[sub]5Me[sub]5)2Zr(CD[sub]3)[sub]2(c[sub]5H[sub]5)[sub]2Mo(CH[sub]2CMe[sub]3)[sub]2. In addition new routes were found to (C[sub]5Me[sub]5)[sub]2Zr(Ome)[sub]2 and (C[sub]5H[sub]5)[sub]2Mo(CH[sub]2Ph)[sub]2. It was discovered that the latter compound had been prviosuly reported in error.

Peaks in the [sup]IH NMR spectra of both dialkyl molybdenocenes were selectively broadened in the presence of oxygen. This phenomenon was acribed to a charge-transfer interatction. The heat of formation, [delta]H[sup]0 of the complex formed between dineopentyl molybdebocene and oxygen was calculated to be -9.1 kJ mol[sup]-1.

The dialkyl molybdenocenes also reacted irreversibly with ca. 2.5 mole equivalents of oxygen. It is proposed that initiation of autoxidation occurred by thermal degradation of molybdenum-carbon [sigma]-bonds to give products which were reactive towards molecular oxygen. Intermediates with an empirical formula, CpMo(0)R, (R=Ch[sub]2Ph or CH[sub]2CMe[sub]3), were isolated and the final products of autoxidation were polymeric black solids.

The autoxidation of the permethylzirconocene alkyls was investigated and the results were related to the unique properties of the pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ring and compared to previous work on alkyl compounds of zirconium. Rates of reaction, inhibition times, rates of self-initiation and initiation by di-tert-butyl hyponitrite were determined. In contrast to the relatively fast, clean, stoichiometric reactions of dialkyl zirconocenes, those of the permethylzirconocene diakyls were found to be complex. Propagation of autoxidation occurred by facile hydrogen abstraction from the ring methyls and not by S[sub]H2 displacement of alkyl radicals at the zirconium centre.

Products of the photolysis of (C[sub]5Me[5])[sub]2ZrCl[sub]2 and (C[sub]5Me[sub]5)[sub]2ZrMe[sub]2 were identified using ESR spectrometry. Teh pentamethylcyclopentadienyl radical was readily cleaved from both compounds and at low temperatures photolysis of (C[sub]5Me[sub]5)[sub]2ZrMe[sub]2 yielded an ESR spectrum of the methyl radical. Photolysis of (C[sub]5Me[sub]5)[sub]2ZrMe[sub]2 was accompanied by evolution of methane formed by abstraction of hydrigen from ring methyls by methyl radicals, even in the presence of oxygen.


Transform zones present fascinating geometry and tectonic deformation, some of which can be confusing, especially, when rift and transform zones interact, and rift structures are displaced by transform fractures. A case study from north Iceland includes the transform zone of Tjörnes (the Tjörnes Fracture Zone) and the Theistareykir Fissure Swarm of the Northern Rift Zone. This fissure swarm contains two north-trending central graben that are apparently shifted in a sinistral motion across a WNW-trending fault of the transform zone (the Stórihver Fault). The present analysis takes into account the number of faults and their relative displacement as criteria, and demonstrates that the configuration of the north-trending rift structures is compatible with the dextral slip on this WNW blind leaky fault of the transform zone. The dextral motion along the WNW fault explains more coherently the greater number and greater throw of the north-trending normal faults in two of the blocks on the shoulder of the graben, as well as with the formation of the central graben themselves. A dextral motion is also compatible with the regional tectonics and the mechanism of transform faulting. The apparent displacement of tectonic structures at diverging plate boundaries can be misleading. Therefore, identifying the correct sense of motion is essential for exploration and structural drilling targets where rift and transform of any age interact.


Single walled carbon nanotubes have garnered substantial interest in the electronic materials research community due to their unparalleled intrinsic electrical properties. In addition, their mechanical robustness and thin geometries make SWNTs ideal candidates for transparent electronics. Aligned arrays of SWNTs grown via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on quartz enable device uniformity and wafer scale integration with existing commercial semiconductor processing methods. A crucial roadblock in incorporation of SWNTs in commercial electronics has been the co-existence of metallic and semiconducting SWNTs. Demanding device metrics in high performance and complex integrated electrical devices, sensors, and other applications dictate the necessity of pristine, purely semiconducting arrays of SWNTs. By exploiting a novel process in nanoscale flow of thin film organic coatings, we have demonstrated a method to purify as-grown aligned arrays to produce such as result. Comparison with single nanotube statistics, characterization using a novel thermal scanning probe microscopy technique, as well as corroboration with thermal modeling validated the result. Thin film field effect transistors exhibiting mobilities exceeding ~1000cm2/Vs and on/off ratios exceeding 10,000 were fabricated using the purified semiconducting SWNTs. This manuscript reviews some of these results, which represent the first successful demonstration of purification of aligned arrays of SWNTs, in a robust and scalable scheme that allows integration of aligned arrays into complex, high performance electrical devices. We separately also describe new results on the advanced development of soft lithography techniques with the ability to transfer print aligned arrays of SWNTs onto transparent substrates after synthesis and processing, thereby completing a direct pathway to achieve complex, high performance, and highly integrated transparent SWNTs electronics, sensors, or other devices.


In a seminal article published in 1979 John Mbiti1 sent out a call to African Christians, theologians and churches, African oral theology is a living reality. We must come to terms with it. We must acknowledge its role in the total life of the Church. It is the most articulate expression of theological creativity in Africa. ...Since it is the living Church which produces its own theology, oral theology takes us to the fields where the Christians who make up the living Church are to be found. The bulk of written African theology must germinate and grow in these open fields while only very little of it will come from the library shelves. By arising from the fields, it will keep closer to the Church than have some of the speculative theologies which have little or no contact with the grassroots of the Church. ...I make an appeal...for the recording and collection of oral theological material in African Churches. This appeal is only possible through the cooperation of Churches, organizations, seminaries, and other bodies.2 Very little biblical interpretation done in the Southern Sudan is written. Most is produced through sermons, songs, prayers and art work which reflect the reality of the suffering of that country. The aim of this paper is to examine how the people of Southern Sudan interpret biblical texts in the context of the suffering of the world's longest civil war and how they interpret their own experience of suffering through biblical texts, stories and themes. CONTEXT Africa's largest country with almost one million square miles, until recently Sudan has been in a state of civil war for all but eleven of its forty-six year post-colonial history. The conflict between the North and the South has multiple dimensions including race (the Northern population is Arab, the Southern is African) and religion (the North is predominantly Muslim, the South has been predominantly traditionalist, but is now largely Christian). And of course economic issues are also crucial to the present stage of the conflict. Due to its larger population the North has always controlled the political power, but oil is found in the South. In addition, the water of the Nile which is so important to the North and to the most powerful political player in the region, Egypt, must flow through the South first. The latest phase of this protracted conflict began in 1983, after then President Ja'far Muhammad Numayri revoked the limited autonomy granted to the South in the Addis Ababa Agreement which had ended the first civil war. He subsequently imposed Shari'a (Islamic law) on the entire country, including the South, which largely consists of African traditionalists and Christians. Since 1983 military action, famine (much of it "man-made" through the burning and looting of crops and the slaughter of cattle), the bombing of civilian targets such as schools, hospitals, churches and refugee camps, have devastated the Southern population. With two million fatalities so far, this war has produced more casualties than those in Angola, Bosnia, Chechnya, Kosovo, Liberia, the Persian Gulf, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and Rwanda put together. An astounding four million Sudanese-out of a population of around 29 million-have been made homeless.3 This was a war in which slaves and cattle are used as a form of currency for murahaleen proxies who fight the war on behalf of the government by burning villages, slaughtering the men and taking the women and children north to be sold or used as chattel slaves. This was a war in which children of Southern refugees were kidnapped off the streets of the capital, Khartoum, and sent to "peace camps" to be forcibly Islamized and sent back to the South to fight against their own families.4 Needless to say the decimated South has been left with almost no infrastructure. With few schools, literacy is rare. With almost no medical care and little food, disease is rampant. The outside world showed little interest in helping to end this carnage. …


BACKGROUND
Most patients with post-stroke dysphagia are also affected by facial dysfunction in all four facial quadrants. Intraoral stimulation can successfully treat post-stroke dysphagia, but its effect on post-stroke facial dysfunction remains unknown.

OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to investigate whether intraoral stimulation after stroke has simultaneous effects on facial dysfunction in the contralateral lower facial quadrant and in the other three facial quadrants, on lip force, and on dysphagia.

METHODS
Thirty-one stroke patients were treated with intraoral stimulation and assessed with a facial activity test, lip force test, and swallowing capacity test at three time-points: before treatment, at the end of treatment, and at late follow-up (over one year after the end of treatment).

RESULTS
Facial activity, lip force, and swallowing capacity scores were all improved between baseline and the end of treatment (P < 0.001 for each), with these improvements remaining at late follow-up. Baseline and treatment data did not significantly differ between patients treated short and late after stroke.

CONCLUSIONS
Treatment with intraoral stimulation significantly improved post-stroke dysfunction in all four facial quadrants, swallowing capacity, and lip force even in cases of long-standing post-stroke dysfunction. Furthermore, such improvement remained for over one year after the end of treatment.


This note highlights a major reason to limit climate change to the lowest possible levels. This reason follows from the large increase in uncertainty associated with high levels of warming. This uncertainty arises from three sources: the change in climate itself, the change's impacts at the sector level, and their macroeconomic costs. First, the greater the difference between the future climate and the current one, the more difficult it is to predict how local climates will evolve, making it more difficult to anticipate adaptation actions. Second, the adaptive capacity of various economic sectors can already be observed for limited warming, but is largely unknown for larger changes. The larger the change in climate, therefore, the more uncertain is the final impact on economic sectors. Third, economic systems can efficiently cope with sectoral losses, but macroeconomic-level adaptive capacity is difficult to assess, especially when it involves more than marginal economic changes and when structural economic shifts are required. In particular, these shifts are difficult to model and involve thresholds beyond which the total macroeconomic cost would rise rapidly. The existence of such thresholds is supported by past experiences, including economic disruptions caused by natural disasters, observed difficulties funding needed infrastructure, and regional crises due to rapid economic shifts induced by new technologies or globalization. As a consequence, larger warming is associated with higher cost, but also with larger uncertainty about the cost. Because this uncertainty translates into risks and makes it more difficult to implement adaptation strategies, it represents an additional motive to mitigate climate change.


Produced by the NFPA, the popular National Electrical Code- (NEC-) 2002 Handbook contains the complete text of the 2002 edition of the NEC- supplemented by helpful facts and figures, full-color illustrations, real-world examples and expert commentary. An essential reference for students and professionals, this Handbook is the equivalent of an annotated edition of the 2002 NEC- that offers insights into new and more difficult articles in order to guide users to success in interpreting and applying current Code requirements to all types of electrical installations. A valuable information resource for anyone involved in electrical design, installation and inspection, the NEC- 2002 Handbook is updated every three years and provides 100% of the information needed to meet Code and avoid costly errors. Delmar is pleased to make this one-of-a-kind reference - containing the most widely accepted and most frequently used criteria for electrical installations in the U.S. - available directly from us for our customers who work in and around the electrical trades. It may be used independently and makes an excellent companion to books in Delmar's best-selling electrical wiring series."


Bug prediction is an important challenge for software engineering research. It consist in looking for possible early indicators of the presence of bugs in a software. However, despite the relevance of the issue, most experiments designed to evaluate bug prediction only investigate whether there is a linear relation between the predictor and the presence of bugs. However, it is well known that standard regression models cannot filter out spurious relations. Therefore, in this paper we describe an experiment to discover more robust evidences towards causality between software metrics (as predictors) and the occurrence of bugs. For this purpose, we have relied on Granger Causality Test to evaluate whether past changes in a given time series are useful to forecast changes in another series. As its name suggests, Granger Test is a better indication of causality between two variables. We present and discuss the results of experiments on four real world systems evaluated over a time frame of almost four years. Particularly, we have been able to discover in the history of metrics the causes - in the terms of the Granger Test - for 64% to 93% of the defects reported for the systems considered in our experiment.


The design of retrofitted energy efficient buildings is
a promising option towards achieving a cost-effective
improvement of the overall building sector's energy
performance. With the aim of discovering the best design
for a retrofitting project in an automatic manner,
a decision making (or optimization) process is usually
adopted, utilizing accurate building simulation
models towards evaluating the candidate retrofitting
scenarios. A major factor which affects the overall
computational time of such a process is the simulation
execution time. Since high complexity and prohibitive
simulation execution time are predominantly
due to the full-scale, detailed simulation, in this work,
the following simulation-time reduction methodologies
are evaluated with respect to accuracy and computational
effort in a test building: Hierarchical clustering;
Koopman modes; and Meta-models. The simplified
model that would be the outcome of these
approaches, can be utilized by any optimization approach
to discover the best retrofitting option.


Current debates about birth control can be surprisingly volatile, especially given the near-universal use of contraception among American and British women. Conceived in Modernism: The Aesthetics and Politics of Birth Control offers a new perspective on these debates by demonstrating that the political positions surrounding birth control have roots in literary concerns, specifically those of modernist writers. Whereas most scholarship treats modernism and birth control activism as parallel, but ultimately separate, movements, Conceived in Modernism shows that they were deeply intertwined. This book argues not only that literary concerns exerted a lasting influence on the way activists framed the emerging politics of contraception, but that birth control activism helped shape some of modernism's most innovative concepts. By revealing the presence of literary aesthetics in the discourse surrounding birth control, Conceived in Modernism helps us see this discourse as a variable facet rather than a permanent bulwark of reproductive rights debates.


Unmanned aircraft systems—commonly known as drones—have changed the landscape of public and private life. The many uses for drones include law enforcement surveillance, wildlife tracking, disaster response and recreation. For this reason, state governments have considered a diverse spread of policies aimed at defining, regulating and, in some cases, prohibiting the use of unmanned aircraft systems, or UAS, since 20131. Bills defining drones and establishing rules for their use are highly variable at the state level.


Abstract. The primary method for geo-localization is based on GPS which has issues of localization accuracy, power consumption, and unavailability. This paper proposes a novel approach to geo-localization in a GPS-denied environment for a mobile platform. Our approach has two principal components: public domain transport network data available in GIS databases or OpenStreetMap; and a trajectory of a mobile platform. This trajectory is estimated using visual odometry and 3D view geometry. The transport map information is abstracted as a graph data structure, where various types of roads are modelled as graph edges and typically intersections are modelled as graph nodes. A search for the trajectory in real time in the graph yields the geo-location of the mobile platform. Our approach uses a simple visual sensor and it has a low memory and computational footprint. In this paper, we demonstrate our method for trajectory estimation and provide examples of geolocalization using public-domain map data. With the rapid proliferation of visual sensors as part of automated driving technology and continuous growth in public domain map data, our approach has the potential to completely augment, or even supplant, GPS based navigation since it functions in all environments.


The challenge to resolve a record of one million points along a single optical fibre is demonstrated using a Brillouin distributed fibre sensor. The proposed system is based on a phase-correlation technique combined with a temporal pump gating, making possible to detect a 14 mm-long hot-spot located at the end of a 17.5 km-long fibre. This corresponds to an increase by one order of magnitude in the number of points that a single system has resolved, representing a major breakthrough in the field. Specific issues arising when resolving such a large number of points are discussed.


Genetic modification therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy for many diseases of the lung intractable to other treatments. Lung gene therapy has been the subject of numerous preclinical animal experiments and human clinical trials, for targets including genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis and α1-antitrypsin deficiency, complex disorders such as asthma, allergy, and lung cancer, infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Pseudomonas, as well as pulmonary arterial hypertension, transplant rejection, and lung injury. A variety of viral and non-viral vectors have been employed to overcome the many physical barriers to gene transfer imposed by lung anatomy and natural defenses. Beyond the treatment of lung diseases, the lung has the potential to be used as a metabolic factory for generating proteins for delivery to the circulation for treatment of systemic diseases. Although much has been learned through a myriad of experiments about the development of genetic modification of the lung, more work is still needed to improve the delivery vehicles and to overcome challenges such as entry barriers, persistent expression, specific cell targeting, and circumventing host anti-vector responses.


The authors reviewed the literature, published from 1970 through December 2009, on biomechanical research in dance. To identify articles, the authors used search engines, including PubMed and Web of Science, five previous review articles, the Dance Medicine and Science Bibliography, and reference lists of theses, dissertations, and articles being reviewed. Any dance research articles (English language) involving the use of electromyography, forceplates, motion analysis using photography, cinematography or videography, and/or physics analysis were included. A total of 89 papers, theses/dissertations, and abstracts were identified and reviewed, grouped by the movement concept or specialized movements being studied: alignment (n = 8), plié (8), relevé (8), passé (3), degagé (3), développé (7), rond de jambe (3), grand battement (4), arm movements (1), forward stepping (3), turns (6), elevation work (28), falls (1), and dance-specific motor strategies (6). Several recurring themes emerged from these studies: that elite dancers demonstrate different and superior motor strategies than novices or nondancers; that dancers perform differently when using a barre as opposed to without a barre, both in terms of muscle activation patterns and weight shift strategies; that while skilled dancers tend to be more consistent across multiple trials of a task, considerable variability is seen among participants, even when matched for background, years of training, body type, and other variables; and that dance teachers recommend methods of achieving movement skills that are inconsistent with optimal biomechanical function, as well as inconsistent with strategies employed by elite dancers. Measurement tools and the efficacy of study methodologies are also discussed.


Several critical limitations exist in the currently available tracking technologies for fully enclosed virtual reality (VR) systems. While several 6DOF tracking projects such as Hedgehog have successfully demonstrated excellent accuracy, precision, and robustness within moderate budgets, these projects still include elements of hardware that can interfere with the user's visual experience. The objective of this project is to design a tracking solution for fully enclosed VR displays that achieves comparable performance to available commercial solutions but without any artifacts that can obscure the user's view. JanusVF is a tracking solution involving a cooperation of both the hardware sensors and the software rendering system. A small, high-resolution camera is worn on the user's head, but faces backward (180 degree rotation about vertical from the user's perspective). After acquisition of the initial state, the VR rendering software draws specific fiducial markers with known size and absolute position inside the VR scene. These virtual markers are only drawn behind the user and in view of the camera. These fiducials are tracked by ARToolkitPlus and integrated by a single-constraint-at-a-time (SCAAT) filter algorithm to update the head pose. Experiments analyzing accuracy, precision, and latency in a six-sided CAVE-like system show performance that is comparable to alternative commercial technologies.


Abstract Little research has been conducted on interrogative constructions in Chinese Sign Language (CSL) based on naturalistic data. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of CSL interrogative constructions. Based on findings from naturalistic data, both manual and non-manual components of these constructions are described and analyzed, revealing a complex system. Firstly, manual markers in content questions consist of two basic wh-signs, what and how-many, which form two series of wh-compounds for more specific information retrieval. As for the manual marking of CSL polar questions, three types of particles are attested, namely yes, a-not-a, and some negators. Non-manual markers work as interrogative markers in two ways: morphologically and prosodically. The former way is realized by mouthings, which can be equaled to suprasegmental markers like tones in spoken language. Prosodic non-manual marking is mainly realized by brow movement while head tilt, eye gaze, etc. are excluded as optional. Considering the spread of brow movement, we find that polar questions without particles are predominantly marked by brow raise spreading over the entire sentence, while in interrogatives with manual markers, brow movement seems to be optional, since its frequency is lower and its spreading behavior less regular. CSL is proposed to be a particle-rich sign language, and some speculations are offered on what may cause this behavior.


The cost burden associated with chronic bronchitis and emphysema, collectively known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is large. The disease impacts not only on patients but caregivers and society as well. An estimated 16 million people in the US are currently diagnosed with COPD, the majority having chronic bronchitis. Mortality associated with this disease is on the upswing, as is its prevalence in the female population and the elderly. It is currently the fourth most common cause of death both in the US and worldwide. To date, the only proven cost-effective therapies for the disease are the cessation or prevention of smoking, which is the single most common cause of COPD, and vaccination to prevent influenza and pneumococcal infection. Hospitalisation and associated costs represent the greatest healthcare expenditures for people with the disease. Long-term oxygen therapy is also among the most costly interventions in terms of total money spent on direct medical costs for COPD treatment, although it is probably cost-effective because of its positive impact on rates of mortality. In fact, oxygen therapy is the only intervention to date that has been shown to decrease death rates due to COPD. Appropriate treatment with medication has the potential to decrease resource utilisation but does not appear to affect death rates. Similarly, pulmonary rehabilitation programs appear to benefit patients in terms of quality of life; however, long-term cost-effectiveness and effects on mortality have yet to be elucidated. Indirect costs also contribute a substantial part of the economic burden of the disease but are significantly harder to quantify.


Background: The use of autologous peripheral stem cell (PB-SCs) in Diabetes Mellitus type 1 (type 1 DM) was described in 2007 with promising conclusion. However a similar treatment with a positive outcome on type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (type 2 DM) has not been yet reported. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of combination of autologous PB-SCs transplantation and low glycemic index diet (LGI diet) in treatment of DM2 patient.
Methods: Current study involved 13 patients with type 2 DM (aged 48 to 84 years) during a period of 180 days in our facility in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam. Clinical variables (duration of DM, oral hypoglycemic drugs, time free from oral drugs) and laboratory variables (HbA1c, blood pressure, weight, cholesterol), mononuclear cells infused were assessed. Purified PB SCs were infused into major systemic vein (upper limbs or lower limbs) and subcutaneously in the abdomen. Follow-up is performed weekly after infusion during a period of 6 months.
Results: Mean HbA1c values showed a significant reduction during follow-up in all patients after autologous PB-SCs. After the treatment with stem cells the HbA1c level dropped by at least one unit relative to the HbA1c level in the medication phase, with stem cells patients have mean value of HbA1c lower than 6.5% (Mean value at time of diagnose 8.9%, at time of medication 7.9% and at time of post stem cell therapy 6.2%). Also, it was confirmed that the stem cell treatment is more efficient for the patients with higher HbA1c level in the medication phase and the level originally diagnosed. In 180 days after the combined therapy,HbA1c, cholesterol, and liver profile stay stable compare to the baseline among those patients who did not continue the LGI diet. All patients were insulin and/or oral hypoglycemic drugs completely free.
Conclusions: Combined therapy of autologous PB-SCs and LGI diet treatment can improve glucose control and reduce the dose of insulin and/or oral hypoglycemic drugs in type 2 DM patients, but it only improve pancreatic β-cell function transiently if the patients would not continue the LGI diet. Further randomized controlled clinical trials involving more patients will be required to confirm these findings and the mechanism needs to be learned deeply.


Introduction: Implant-prosthetic therapy has predictable success, and the complications are associated with a lot of factors. Smoking cigarettes is reason for different oral diseases, bone loss, loss of soft tissue and teeth, appearance of periimplantitis and implant loss. The corellation of smoking and implant-prosthetic therapy failure was examined in the clinical study.
Materials and method: Fifty patients with FDP on 61 implants in frontal and molar region were investigated. They were divided in two groups: smokers and nonsmokers. Thirty four patients were smokers, and sixteen didn't smoke cigarettes in the last two years. Criteria data for the success of the therapy were mobility of the implant, pain, peri-implant bone loss higher than 1.5 mm, absence of technical complications and function and aesthetics appeal. Control checkups were made after six months, one and two years. Patients had questionnaires, clinical examination and X-ray.
Results: There is a statistically significant difference between smokers and nonsmokers in the failure rates of dental implants. During first year 0,5 mm of bone was lost around eleven implants, and 0,05 mm next years.Total seven implants failed, five in smoker group at the beginning of the first year, and 2 in nonsmoker group during second year.
Conclusion: Results showed that smoking habit can increase the risk of early implants loss two times more often in smokers. For some complications like periimplantitis, local factors have greater influence. Smoking does not increase the risk of late implant loss, but the implants at patients with smoking habit, in correlation with several different local risk factors, is contraindicated. Early complications are results of smoking, while quality and quantity of surrounding bone are responsible for late complications.The results from the investigation, also give informations for proper treatment planning, and patient education for quiting their harmfull habit.
Keywords
Implants, therapy failure, smoking, periimplantitis.


The COVID-19 pandemic did not only dramatically impact the personal and social lives, for many academics, it also demanded immediate changes to the way their courses are taught. While a pragmatic approach is to do conventional lectures via video streaming platforms, much more may be done to educate students also in a remote setting properly. This particularly holds true for practice-oriented and technology-engaging courses. This paper describes our experience of transforming an in-person Master level class on model-driven software engineering into a distance learning one. We describe the structure, the content, the teaching and examination format, and the used platforms in detail. We critically reflect on our experiences and report the feedback gained by a post-class student evaluation. We believe this paper provides meaningful lessons learned and best practices for other educators challenged with the task of teaching similar courses in a remote setting. With this paper, we publish an openly available Github repository that features all course content including sample solutions for all practical lab assignments.


The project presented here is part of the FREYR project. Its purpose is to explore the possibilities of applying knowledge-based technologies to the design of databases. It is divided into two main parts. The first one presents a state of the art, which should serve as a collection of results to be possibly used in the design of the project. Part of this text (essentially the state of the art) is taken from the description of an ESPRIT project in which the author was involved during the academic year 1984-85. It has been completed to take into account the recent developments in the field. The second part contains the description of the project. The research proposal comprises as a main theme the use of the so-called designer's apprentice. The possibility to use such a pastiche of the well-known programmer's apprentice in conceptual modelling appeared in an 85 report of the author. Interestingly enough, though the programmer's apprentice seems to fall short of expectation, quite the same technique applies to the conceptual design with more success. Roughly, the reason for this may be that programming (as a coding activity) has not yet found its geometry, while design drawing lends itself to formal description in the theory of graphs. Problems that we are able to connect with a graph become simpler to discuss and large sections of verbal description are replaced by manipulation with pictures; graphs are as close as possible both to their visual image as a whole and to their description using formal rules.


With the increasing size and complexity of embedded systems, the impact of software on energy consumption is becoming more important. Previous research focused mainly on energy optimization at the hardware level. However, little research has been carried out regarding energy optimization at the software design level. This paper focuses on the software design level and addresses the gap between software and hardware design for embedded systems. This is achieved by proposing a framework for software design patterns, which takes aspects of power consumption and time behavior of the hardware level into account. We evaluate the expressiveness of the framework by applying it to well-known and novel design patterns. Furthermore, we introduce a dimensionless numerical efficiency factor to make possible energy savings quantifiable.


Both east-west and north-south view images of magnetosphere for various interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) parameter have been investigated simultaneously in a laboratory experiment of the solar wind-magnetosphere coupling. An aurora is observed for both case of southward and northward IMF but the luminosity becomes stronger for southward IMF. The X type reconnections in the front and tail areas for southward IMF clearly shown in the magnetosphere images for higher IMF magnitude. The distances between the terrella and the front side and tail reconnection for southward IMF are increased as the magnitude of IMF decreases. A sector of discontinuity boundary which corresponds to the reconnection area is observed on the tail region of the north-south view magnetosphere when the IMF is southward. With northward IMF applied, a long narrow plasma beam jet in the magnetotail has been observed for the east-west view while a water drop shape of magnetotail is shown in the north-south view. Inserting the 20 degree terrella tilt, the study of modeling analysis is also processed for comparison with photograph of the experimental results in the laboratory simulation. The OpenGGCM model on CCMC overview of the global structure, the comparisons show that the model presented lower temperature in the magnetotail for the northward IMF. This corresponds to the weak and diffused tail in the laboratory simulation. For the southward IMF, the model presented higher temperature in the magnetotail, which corresponds to the more luminous tail region in the laboratory simulation. And the curvature of the magnetic lines due to the dipole tilt is qualitatively matched. Article history: Received 10 January 2019


In a syndicated loan arrangement, one or more of the lending banks coordinate the lending activities such as pre-contractual documentation, negotiation of the loan agreement and administration of the loan. The coordinator(s) of such activities function as 'manager(s)' and as 'agent(s)' at different phases of a loan syndicate. The nature of the relationship between the manager(s)/agent and the syndicate determines the parties' rights and duties. Whether the manager and agent are to be treated as fiduciaries of the syndicate has been a vexed issue for courts and academic commentators. This paper tackles this issue. The discussion will be based on an examination of the fiduciary principles, the roles of the manager(s)/agent(s) in a syndicated loan arrangement, case law and academic treatises on this issue.


Purpose: Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), encoded by the CD274 gene, is a target for immune checkpoint blockade; however, little is known about genomic CD274 alterations. A subset of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) exhibits increased copy number of chromosome 9p24, on which CD274 resides; however, most SCLCs show low expression of PD-L1. We therefore examined whether CD274 is a target of recurrent genomic alterations. Experimental Design: We examined somatic copy number alterations in two patient cohorts by quantitative real-time PCR in 72 human SCLC cases (cohort 1) and SNP array analysis in 138 human SCLC cases (cohort 2). Whole-genome sequencing revealed the detailed genomic structure underlying focal amplification. PD-L1 expression in amplified cases from cohorts 1 and 2 was further examined by transcriptome sequencing and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Results: By examining somatic copy number alterations in two cohorts of primary human SCLC specimens, we observed 9p24 copy number gains (where CD274 resides) and focal, high-level amplification ofCD274.We found evidence for genomic targeting of CD274, suggesting selection during oncogenic transformation. CD274 amplification was caused by genomic rearrangements not affecting the open reading frame, thus leading to massively increased CD274 transcripts and high level expression of PD-L1. Conclusions: A subset (4/210, 1.9%) of human SCLC patient cases exhibits massive expression of PD-L1 caused by focal amplification ofCD274. Such tumorsmay be particularly susceptible to immune checkpoint blockade. Clin Cancer Res; 1–7. 2016 AACR.


The paper presents the Co-ordinated controller design of boiler turbine unit. Co-ordinated controller design is a conventional method, that controller values are optimized using the optimization techniques like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) in dynamic system. A complete analysis for each technique is presented in time domain. Performance of both controllers is examined and control performance measures for common input changes. Integral Square Error (ISE) is used as performance index for designing the controllers. Finally, a comparative assessment of each controller on the system performance is presented and discussed. From the results, it is inferred that the performance of PSO gives minimum Integral Square Error (ISE).


WHEN NONMUSICIANS TAP with isochronous auditory tone sequences, the taps typically precede the tone onsets. However, when the tone inter-onset interval (IOI) is increased beyond 2 s, an increasing proportion of taps follows the tone onsets by 150 ms or more. Such responses indicate reactions rather than anticipations, and they have been interpreted as reflecting a rate limit of synchronization related to a temporal limit of auditory working memory. In the present study, musicians and nonmusicians were asked to synchronize their taps with sequences whose IOIs ranged from 1000 to 3500 ms. Nonmusicians showed much larger anticipation errors
and higher variability but actually fewer reactive responses than musicians. No clear landmarks of a rate limit for synchronization were observed.


This paper examines the differentials in estimates of reproductive and child health services by two alternative wealth indices in India. Data from the National Family and Health Survey 3 (NFHS 3, 2005-06) have been used in the analyses. Two wealth indices, namely, a single wealth index for the country without considering the rural and urban specification of economic proxies (Index 1) and a wealth index derived from rural and urban wealth indices (Index 2), are compared. Results indicate that the agreement between two alternate wealth indices is weak. Only 40 percent of the households remained in the same wealth quintile in both the indices and the kappa statistic was 0.19. A comparison of the differentials in estimates of reproductive and child health services (antenatal care, medical assistance at delivery, contraceptive use and child immunization) by wealth indices found that these estimates are higher using Index 1 compared to Index 2 for rural areas. Similarly, the estimates of underweight of children and unmet need for contraception are lower in Index 1 compared to Index 2. The reverse is true for urban areas. It suggests that constructing and using a wealth index specific to rural and urban areas can help in understanding the true economic differentials of health estimates in population based surveys. Sanjay K. MOHANTY, Ph.D, Reader, Department of Fertility Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road ,Deonar, Mumbai-400088. E-mail: email@example.com


Previous research has demonstrated that the two main ethnolects of New Zealand English display distinct rhythmic qualities (e.g., Warren 1998; Szakay 2006). Using the normalized vocalic Pairwise Variability Index (PVI) to measure rhythm, as suggested by Grabe and Low (2002), Szakay (2006) showed that Maori English is significantly more syllable-timed than Pakeha English, the main variety used by speakers of European descent. The present study set out to investigate whether listeners are aware of this prosodic difference and whether they are capable of tuning in to speaker rhythm to facilitate dialect identification. A perception experiment was carried out using 20 speakers and 107 listeners, with nearly equal numbers of Maori and Pakeha participants. As the linguistic experience of participants has been shown to affect the perception of dialect variation (e.g., Preston 1986; Tamasi 2003; Clopper 2004), each listener was assigned a Maori Integration Index (MII) to measure their previous exposure to Maori English. To isolate the precise features that listeners might attend to when identifying speaker ethnicity, various speech conditions were created, each retaining different prosodic information in the speech signal. Thus, listeners were asked to perform a forced choice ethnolect identification task in the following conditions: (a) unaltered speech (b) low-pass filtered speech at 400Hz (c) resynthesized rhythm and intonation together (d) resynthesized rhythm only The results indicate that, overall, New Zealanders are in fact aware of the rhythmic difference between Maori English and Pakeha English, and are capable of attending to speaker rhythm in a dialect identification task, perceiving syllable-timed speakers as Maori-sounding, and stress-timed speakers as Pakeha-sounding. However, not all participants are equally good at exploiting speaker rhythm to facilitate dialect identification. Logistic regression analyses reveal that PVI interacting with MII is a significant predictor of perceived ethnicity in all conditions. The results demonstrate that listeners with a higher MII are significantly better at relying on rhythm than those participants who are less integrated into Maori social networks. These low MII participants only tend to use rhythm correctly in the unaltered and low-pass filtered speech conditions where many other cues are also available. In the more degraded listening conditions they either do not rely on rhythm as a cue or use it incorrectly. The fact that highly integrated listeners are able to rely on rhythm more accurately than low-MII listeners confirms the hypothesis that greater exposure to a dialect facilitates the identification of not only segmental but also prosodic features as belonging to the particular dialect. The results in general also demonstrate the role of social network not just in terms of frequency of forms but also in terms of accuracy in identifying ingroup vs. out-group members. Cover Page Footnote Special thanks to Jen Hay, Alex D'Arcy, Margaret Maclagan and Paul Warren for their support and invaluable comments. This working paper is available in University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/ vol14/iss2/18 Social Networks and the Perceptual Relevance of Rhythm: A New Zealand Case Study


A 60 h case study of continental boundary layer cumulus clouds is examined using two large‐eddy simulation (LES) models. The case is based on observations obtained during the RACORO Campaign (Routine Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Aerial Facility (AAF) Clouds with Low Optical Water Depths (CLOWD) Optical Radiative Observations) at the ARM Climate Research Facility's Southern Great Plains site. The LES models are driven by continuous large‐scale and surface forcings and are constrained by multimodal and temporally varying aerosol number size distribution profiles derived from aircraft observations. We compare simulated cloud macrophysical and microphysical properties with ground‐based remote sensing and aircraft observations. The LES simulations capture the observed transitions of the evolving cumulus‐topped boundary layers during the three daytime periods and generally reproduce variations of droplet number concentration with liquid water content (LWC), corresponding to the gradient between the cloud centers and cloud edges at given heights. The observed LWC values fall within the range of simulated values; the observed droplet number concentrations are commonly higher than simulated, but differences remain on par with potential estimation errors in the aircraft measurements. Sensitivity studies examine the influences of bin microphysics versus bulk microphysics, aerosol advection, supersaturation treatment, and aerosol hygroscopicity. Simulated macrophysical cloud properties are found to be insensitive in this nonprecipitating case, but microphysical properties are especially sensitive to bulk microphysics supersaturation treatment and aerosol hygroscopicity.


We present a combined experimental, computational, and semianalytical study of the magnetization dynamics of permalloy disks and nanostructured rings with a systematically varied ring width. We investigate the dynamics of the quasisaturated state. In the case of wide rings the spin wave mode spectrum is similar to that of a disk. The small inner hole can be viewed as a weak perturbation. When the central hole increases, its influence becomes more important and two characteristic modes form gradually. They become localized at different positions in the ring. We explain the localization by the increasing inhomogeneity of the internal magnetic field and the formation of domain wall regions as the rings grow more narrow. In narrow rings one of the modes is clearly confined to the two segments where the internal field Hint is at a maximum and the other to the domain wall region where Hint is small. Dynamic magnetic simulations agree well with the measured spectra and confirm this interpretation. We also applied a semianalytical model, which confirms that the mode localization is driven by the internal field inhomogeneity.


Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the potential impact of oil revenues on the economy of Sudan and the challenges facing the Government in policy making, particularly trade policy and allocation of oil revenues for long-run development and diversification of the production and export structure of the economy. The exploitation of oil resources has been accompanied by impressive liberalization of the economy by the Government of Sudan. Since then the country has been integrating into the world economy rapidly based on oil revenues. Yet, little has been achieved so far in integrating various sectors of the domestic economy despite relatively rapid GDP growth based on oil revenues. Rapid economic growth and diversification of the economy are among the main objectives of the Government. Therefore, the challenge facing the Government is to design and implement a long-term development strategy in order to build up a solid industrial and agricultural sector for sustainable development and expansion of non-oil exports. In such a strategy the design, and implementation, of trade and industrial policies and the way oil revenues are allocated, takes, inter alia, importance. Developing a conceptual framework of analysis, the author will argue that while export of petroleum provides financial resources for the acceleration of investment and growth, prospects for sustained growth and diversification will be still limited by some physical and institutional bottlenecks which can not be easily overcome by ample oil revenues. Trade in oil itself may have some detrimental socio-economic effects, including the attitude and policies of the Government, on the prospects for development and diversification of the economy in the long-run. Therefore, the Government policies, particularly trade policies, and the way oil revenues are allocated may not be necessarily conducive to long-run development and diversification of production and export structure. Proposing an alternative long-run trade and industrial policy for the country, the author will also outline the practical problems of its implementation under current international trade rules. ---------- *The author is a development economist with D.Phil from Oxford Univsity. He is currently an international consultant affiliated to the Institute of Economic Research, University of Neuchatel, Switzerland. He is the former Head, Macroeconomic and Development Policies Branch, UNCTAD and the author of a large number of articles, published in international journals, on trade and industrial policies, economic reform and other development policy issues. His latest book is: Trade Policy at the Crossroads; the recent experience of developing countries, Macmillan, 2005. This paper is developed on the basis of a part of a study undertaken for the World Bank under a DTSI project financed by the same Organization. The author benefited from interviews with Government authorities and comments from Mr. P. Shuler to whom goes his thanks. Comments are welcome and can be sent to author: email@example.com.


In most of the indoor factory monitoring system sensor relocations and reorganizations are necessary with reorganization of production lines and/or starting of new production lines. These relocations and/or additions sometime make congestion in some area of the network and difficult to achieve online expansion. As a result, in the dynamic changing environment the online expansion is a challenging problem for the indoor factory sensor network. A two-tier autonomous decentralized architecture has been proposed for the environment. The first layer consists of sensors and the second layer consists of routers. In the architecture routers make community (a group of nodes mutually cooperate for a common goal is a community) that shares information to achieve a specific goal. A resource deficit router makes a community which we call as request based community to utilize some resources of resource available routers. To utilize the resources the community members share information. After sharing information a resource deficit router switches load to resource available router by connecting and disconnecting sensors. The goal of this paper is to introduce the request based community construction technology in wireless sensor network that shares information by the routers of the community to achieve high expandability. We show the effectiveness of our proposed technology using simulation.


The "credibility revolution" has forced social scientists to confront the limits of our methods for creating general knowledge. The current approach aims to aggregate valid but local knowledge. At the same time, the increasing centrality of the internet to political and social processes has rendered untenable the implicit ceteris paribus assumptions necessary for aggregating knowledge produced at different times. The interaction of these two trends is not yet well understood. I argue that a high rate of change of the objects of our study makes "knowledge decay" a potentially large source of error. "Temporal validity" is a form of external validity in which the target setting is in the future—which, of course, is always the case. A crucial distinction between cross-sectional external validity and temporal validity is that the latter implies a fundamental incompleteness of social science that renders the project of non-parametric knowledge aggregation impossible. I discuss the limitations of extant strategies for knowledge aggregation through the lens of temporal validity, and propose strategies for improving


In this paper, we examine the role of trade shocks in promoting the diffusion of elementary education in subnational units in Brazil during a period (1889-1930) in which they had relative financial autonomy to collect export taxes and spend on public goods. The argument is that trade shocks affect asymetrically the tax revenues of state governments and, thus, their expenditures on elementary education per capita according to what crop mix they had. We then show that states with more egalitarian and democratic institutions use positive trade shocks to invest in education, while the opposite takes place in states with less democratic institutions (e.g., in states that had more slaves). We also show using OLS and instrumental variables that positive trade shocks increased expenditures on education per capita and led to higher literacy rates and to more schools per children. The resulting distribution of human capital across states persists until today.


PURPOSE
To describe the psychometric characteristics of the Impact of Vision Impairment (IVI) Profile and evaluate its validity and reliability over time and between different forms of administration.

METHODS
The IVI is a 32-item questionnaire developed to measure the impact of vision impairment on restriction of participation in daily activities in five domains of functioning. Each item is rated on a six-level scale from "no difficulty" to "can't do because of vision." The IVI was administered by trained interviewers to 115 people with impaired vision (visual acuity less than 6/12 or visual field deficit) who attended the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, a vision rehabilitation agency, or a self-help group for people with impaired vision. Data were also collected on demographic characteristics of participants, cause of vision impairment, and distance and near vision. General health status was assessed with the Short Form-12 (SF-12) of the Physical and Mental Health Summary Scales. A subset of participants completed the IVI twice, either 1 to 2 weeks apart or by different forms of administration (different interviewers or self).

RESULTS
Internal consistency of total and domain average IVI scores was high (alpha = 0.80-0.96) and sequential elimination of items did not affect consistency. Total and domain average IVI scores correlated moderately with both near and distance vision (r = 0.21-0.31) but did not correlate with physical or general health or comorbidity. Total and domain average IVI scores correlated most closely with global measures of restriction of participation (r = 0.44-0.82). Principal-components analysis confirmed that all IVI items contribute to one underlying theme and tended to confirm two of the five domains: emotional reaction to vision loss and mobility. The first three components explained 43%, 8%, and 6% of the variation in the data. Guttman split-half reliability coefficients between different forms of administration and over time ranged from 0.73 to 0.94 for domain and total IVI scores. Mean absolute difference for domain and total scores between administrations was less than 1 step for all domains and the total score.

CONCLUSIONS
This study provides support that the IVI has sufficient internal and construct validity to measure the effect of vision impairment on restriction of participation in daily activities. The IVI demonstrates acceptable reliability over a short period and yields consistent results between interviewers. The IVI can also be self-administered with assurance that the results will be comparable to those that would have been obtained by a trained interviewer. Therefore, the psychometric characteristics of the IVI support its use in assessment of the vision rehabilitation needs of people with impaired vision. Its stability over time indicates that it has potential to evaluate outcomes of intervention.


Holistic development of students for life transformation through process of educational metamorphosis with the help of pentagonal model of integral education is the unique program of School of Holistic Development (SHD). With a vision to create and nurture the 'Wholesome' Personality of student to build 'Winning Personalities and Comprehensive Global Professionals' enabling them to meet challenges of career as well as life with skills, sensibility and sense of responsibility towards society and humanity by emphasizing on enhancing Employability of students by building Skills, Competencies and Multiple intelligence, Character, Values of Life are the objectives of the program. Inspired with this Indic approach SHD has designed a unique model of creating and fostering wholesome personalities through Integral Education. Indic wisdom of personality talks of five aspects (Panch Kosh). This 'Pentagon' of five 'Koshas' emphasizes five-dimensional development like Physical, Emotional, Psychological and Intellectual Development and Spiritual Awakening. This program at SHD works at levels of senses and for healthy body; mind, emotions and psychology; skills and competencies for technical and intellectual enhancement, responsible behavior towards society and environment, yoga, values and spirituality to achieve the final objective of self-realization, self-discovery and finding out one's own real-life purpose. The paper discusses the case study of SHD, launched by MIT Arts Design Technology University, Pune, India gives details of conceptual framework, vision, mission, objectives, methodology and tools adopted under SHD for holistic development of students and also compares and gives similarities between SHD and the National Educational Policy of Indian 2019.


This paper proposes a new multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) modulation scheme applicable for optical interconnection systems. The method enables parallel transmission of multiple channels over a single multimode waveguide, thus avoiding cumbersome physical multichannel routing. In addition, the proposed method enables possible integration of the transmitter, transmission channel, and receiver using silicon technology, therefore facilitating direct interfacing with silicon circuitry.


•  Here we examine the accumulation pattern of dehydrins in non- vs cold-acclimated leaves of 21 species comprising two divergent groups of Rhododendron, Subgenus Hymenanthes and Subgenus Rhododendron. Individuals from five other Ericaceous genera were also evaluated in the same way. Quantitative comparisons of cold-inducibility of a 25-kDa dehydrin and cold acclimation ability in six Rhododendron species were also performed. •  Leaf freezing tolerance assay and dehydrin detection and quantification were performed as previously described. •  Eleven dehydrins, ranging from 25- to 73-kDa, were observed among the 21 species, and most were more abundant in winter-collected leaves than in summer-collected leaves. One dehydrin, a 25-kDa protein, was uniquely conserved across most (95%) of the species surveyed, and was absent only in R. brookeanum, a tropical species that may not be capable of cold acclimation. The 25-kDa dehydrin was also identified in Kalmia, a genus closely related to Rhododendron but not in four other less related Ericaceous genera. Comparison of dehydrin profiles in non- and cold-acclimated leaf tissue from six species (three very hardy, and three less hardy, species) indicated a close association (R2  = 0.95) between relative changes in leaf freezing tolerance and 25-kDa dehydrin accumulation. •  The taxonomic and physiological comparisons suggest a central, but as yet unknown, function for the 25-kDa dehydrin in protecting rhododendron leaves from freezing injury.


We explore fundamental properties of the distribution of low-mass dark matter haloes within the cosmic web using warm dark matter (WDM) and cold dark matter (CDM) cosmological simulations. Using self-abundance-matched mock galaxy catalogues, we show that the distribution of dwarf galaxies in a WDM universe, wherein low-mass halo formation is heavily suppressed, is nearly indistinguishable to that of a CDM universe whose low mass haloes are not seen because galaxy formation is suppressed below some threshold halo mass. However, if the scatter between dwarf galaxy luminosity and halo properties is large enough, low-mass CDM haloes would sometimes host relatively bright galaxies thereby populating CDM voids with the occasional isolated galaxy and reducing the numbers of completely empty voids. Otherwise, without high mass to light scatter, all mock galaxy clustering statistics that we consider - the auto correlation function, the numbers and radial profiles of satellites, the numbers of isolated galaxies, and the probability distribution function of small voids - are nearly identical in CDM and WDM. WDM voids are neither larger nor emptier than CDM voids, when constructed from abundance-matched halo catalogues. It is thus a challenge to determine whether the CDM problem of the overabundance of small haloes with respect to the number density of observed dwarf galaxies has a cosmological solution or an astrophysical solution. However, some clues about the dark matter particle and the scatter between the properties of dwarf galaxies and their dark matter halo hosts might be found in the cosmic web of galaxies in future surveys of the local volume.


Recycling and the recovery of waste are crucial waste management strategies. In light of the new EU circular economy approach, these strategies remain core pillars of a competitive and sustainable waste value chain. Local governments have an important role in controlling and checking the implementation of waste management policies. We study the spatial determinants of waste recovery by using a dataset of 102 Italian provinces from the years 2001-2014. We exploit the political cycle of the provinces to isolate the effects of waste recovery in one province on neighboring provinces. We find that provinces mimic their own neighbors' in the separate collection of waste aimed at recycling and recovery, with this effect being fully guided by provinces where the president can run for re-election (consistent with the yardstick competition hypothesis) but only when waste management policies become politically salient, that is, after the transposition of the 2008 EU Waste Framework Directive.


Though a small part of the body, the human hand is complex and remarkably versatile and multipurpose. Much work has gone into understanding the hand, such as understanding the physical capabilities of the human hand, how humans develop manipulation skills throughout the lifespan, how people translate task requirements into grasping strategy, and so on. Despite that, human manipulation is still not well understood. For example, how many grasps or manipulation actions do people use in daily life? How often and under what circumstances do people use both hands simultaneously instead of one? A better understanding of how humans grasp can improve our ability to control robotic hands, which are still far behind human hands in dexterity. In our work we have used a variety of methods to observe how humans grasp and manipulate in natural, everyday settings. We have used photos taken throughout a normal day; high-framerate video in a specific setting (that of a convenience store); and cameras and motion capture systems in the context of a controlled experiment involving transporting a bowl from one location to another. In these studies we found that a single grasp pose can be used for a variety of actions, were able to observe the grasping process in detail, and found that minimizing body rotation plays a large role in the use of one hand vs. two in transport tasks. We propose applications of some of the main findings of these studies to the goal of improving the success of grasping performed by robotic hands and virtual characters. In particular, we propose using the detailed grasping behavior found in the high-framerate video to create a simple soft hand capable of executing several ways of turning precision grasps into power grasps. This work thus presents the results and insights from investigations of human manipulation and lays out ways in which those insights can be used to improve the capabilities of artificial manipulators.


Zi Teng is a sex workers concern organisation in Hong Kong. We believe that every human being should have the same basic human rights regardless of her or his background and gender, and should enjoy the right to live with respect and dignity. We work to ensure women, who are often less privileged and vulnerable to violence and disease, live in a carefree and desirable environment. We support women, particularly sex workers, living and working in undesirable conditions and areas. During the past few years, Zi Teng has begun to develop projects not only in Hong Kong but also in Macau, the Mekong region and China. Our projects in China with the medical departments of one of our partners are centred on health and occupational safety issues. We provide education, medical assistance and knowledge about self-protection for sex workers. Recently, we have been working to train mainland service providers and social workers. In this article we comment and add additional facts to Tucker and Ren's article.


One influential approach to environmental problems holds that their solution requires the definition of full liberal property rights over goods that will enable their value to be registered in actual or hypothetical markets. How adequate is that solution? In this paper I offer reasons to be sceptical, by placing recent liberal arguments in the context of older debates about property, in particular those concerned with the distribution of care. Although proposals for the extension of liberal property rights over environmental goods often appeal to arguments from the need to distribute care, I show that there are conflicts between them. Care for particular places that embody the life of a community that has an existence over time is often expressed through resistance to liberal property rights. We express mutual obligations to members of a community through a denial of exclusive property rights over certain common goods. Also, what constitutes care for environmental goods itself is contested across class, occupation, culture, and history. Conflicts between those with different conceptions of care are often expressed through conflicts in property rights. The justification of property rights by appeal to particular accounts of proper care has, from the time of Locke to the present, been invoked to legitimate the appropriation of goods. The introduction and maintenance of liberal property-rights regimes involves the creation and sustenance of a particular distribution of social power, and should be understood as such.


As applications scale to increasingly large processor counts, the interconnection network is frequently the limiting factor in application performance. In order to achieve application scalability, the interconnect must maintain high bandwidth while minimizing variation in packet latency. As the offered load in the network increases with growing problem sizes and processor counts, so does the expected maximum packet latency in the network, directly impacting performance of applications with any synchronized communication. Age-based packet arbitration reduces the variance in packet latency as well as average latency. This paper describes the Cray XT router packet aging algorithm which allows globally fair arbitration by incorporating "age" in the packet output arbitration. We describe the parameters of the aging algorithm and how to arrive at appropriate settings. We show that an efficient aging algorithm reduces both the average packet latency and the variance in packet latency on communication-intensive benchmarks.


Bamboo-structured carbon nanotubes (BCNTs), with mean diameters of 20 nm, have been synthesized on MgO-supported Cu and Mo catalysts by the catalytic chemical vapor deposition of methane. BCNTs could only be generated using a combination of Cu and Mo catalysts. No BCNTs were produced from either individual Cu or Mo catalysts. In combination, Mo was found to be essential for cracking the methane precursor, while Cu was required for BCNT formation. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of the individual particles at the tips of the nanotubes suggest that Cu and Mo are present as a "composite" nanoparticle catalyst after growth. First-principles modeling has been used to describe the interaction of the Cu/Mo catalyst with the nanotubes, suggesting that the catalyst binds with the same energy as traditional catalysts such as Fe, Ni, and Co.


Heat transfer and fluid flows in various complicated geometries are numerically investigated using a finite volume method. The computation is based on a body-fitted coordinate system on a staggered grid with Cartesian velocity components as the dependent variables. The transfinite interpolation (TFI) is used to generate the initial grid and the elliptic grid generation technique is employed to adjust the grid smoothness. The SIMPLE algorithm is utilized for the pressure-velocity coupling. The flows of interest are laminar, steady and incompressible. A case of heat diffusion and two cases of internal flows are considered here; heat conduction in a square plate with a circular hole, flows through a gradual-expansion channel, and a channel with wavy wall. The results are compared with analytical or numerical data available in the literature. It can be seen that the present method can accurately solve heat transfer and fluid flow problems in complex geometries.


The book clearly and accurately explores constitutional and administrative law as well as the major areas of substantive law which are also considered in the context of implementation within the UK. Topics are extensively illustrated with decisions from the European Court of Justice and Court of First Instance enabling students to consider the principles of law in a realistic context. New to this edition *Ratification problems with the proposed Constitutional Treaty and its future. *Incorporation of all the changes to the structure of the European Union following Bulgaria and Romania's accession to the EU on 1 January 2007. *Significant case law development with particular reference to judicial review, state liability and EU citizenship. *Detailed examination of Directive 2004/38 on the right of entry and residence of EU citizens and their family members. *Consideration of Directive 2005/36 on the recognition of professional qualifications. Key features *Clearly distinguished case summaries encourage students to quickly recognize the key cases and differentiate them from surrounding commentary. *New two colour text design and larger format enable students to follow the text with ease. *Chapter summaries highlight the main points covered in each chapter, cementing understanding. *Concise, comprehensive coverage combined with a clear principle led approach. *Four part structure which clearly highlights the main topics covered. Online Support Companion Website (pearsoned.co.uk/fsls) offers students: *Bi-annual legal updates. *Tutorial style questions and answers for each topic covered in the textbook. *Self-test multiple-choice questions to help students assess their progress. *Glossary of legal and commonly-used EU terms. *Web links to online European Law resources. *Flashcards designed to test understanding of key vocabulary. *Lecturers are supported through access to a new European Law Testbank. John Fairhurst BA PgDip MPhil Solicitor is Associate Dean (Staff and Student Experience), Faculty of Arts, Law and Social Sciences at Anglia Ruskin University. He was previously a Jean Monnet Tutor in EU Law and Course Director of the Diploma of Law (CPE) programme at the University of Huddersfield.


The goal of sustainable water quality management is to keep total pollutant discharges from exceeding the assimilation capacity of a water body. Climate change may influence streamflows, and further alter assimilation capacity and degrade river sustainability. The purposes of this study are to evaluate the effect of climate change on sustainable water quality management and design an early warning indicator to issue warnings on river sustainability. A systematic assessment procedure is proposed here, including a weather generation model, the streamflow component of GWLF, QUAL2E, and an optimization model. The Touchen creek in Taiwan is selected as the study area. Future climate scenarios derived from projections of four global climate models (GCMs) and two pollutant discharge scenarios, as usual and proportional to population, are considered in this study. The results indicate that streamflows may very likely increase in humid seasons and decrease in arid seasons, respectively. The reduction of streamflow in arid seasons may further degrade water quality and assimilation capacity. In order to provide warnings to trigger necessary adaptation strategies, an early warning indicator is designed and its 30-year moving average is calculated. Finally, environmental monitoring systems and methods to prioritize adaptation strategies are discussed for further studies in the future.


graphene with the Dirac cone band structure. To understand the microscopic physics of the metal-atom-induced charge and spin polarization in graphene, we present scanning tunneling spectroscopy STS simulations based on density-functional theory calculations. We find that a Cs atom on graphene is fully ionized with a significant band-bending feature in the STS whereas the charge and magnetic states of Ba and La atoms on graphene appear to be complicated due to orbital hybridization and Coulomb interaction. By applying external electric field, we observe changes in charge donations and spin magnetic moments of the metal adsorbates on graphene.


Aknowledgments xiii Chapter 1. NATIVES AND FOREIGNERS: Switching the Question 1 Chapter 2. THE FOREIGNER AS FOUNDER 15 Dorothy and the Wizard 15 Rousseau's Lawgiver 18 Freud's Moses 25 Girard's Scapegoat 33 Democracy and Foreignness 38 Chapter 3. THE FOREIGNER AS IMMIGRANT 41 The Book of Ruth as a Foreign-Founder Text 41 Ruth 42 Immigration and Founding 45 Ozick's Ruth: Convert or Migrant? 48 Kristeva's Ruth: The Ideal Immigrant 55 Gender and the Foreign-Founder 58 Kristeva's Orpahs: Cosmopolitanism without Foreignness 62 Mourning, Membership, Agency, and Loss: Ruth's Lessons for Politics 67 Chapter 4. THE FOREIGNER AS CITIZEN 73 The Myth of an Immigrant America 73 Class Mobility as American Citizenship 80 Ethnic Bases of Social Democracy: Michael Walzer's Immigrant America 82 Foreign Brides, Family Ties, and New World Masculinity 86 Dramatizing Consent: The Universal Charms of American Democracy 92 Taking Liberties: Intimations of a Democratic Cosmopolitanism 98 Chapter 5. THE GENRES OF DEMOCRACY 107 Does Democracy Have a Genre? 108 Democracy's Romance: A Tale of Gothic Love 115 Notes 123 Bibliography 173 Index 199


Industrial processes use energy to transform raw materials and intermediate goods into final products. Many efforts have been done on the minimization of energy costs in industrial plants. Apart from working on "how" an industrial process is implemented, it is possible to reduce the energy costs by focusing on "when" it is performed. Although, some manufacturing plants (e.g. refining or petrochemical plants) can be inflexible with respect to time due to interdependencies in processes that must be respected for performance and safety reasons, there are other industrial segments, such as alumina plants or discrete manufacturing, with more degrees of flexibility. These manufacturing plants can consider a more flexible scheduling of the most energy-intensive processes in response to dynamic prices and overall condition of the electricity market. In this scenario, requests for energy can be encoded by means of a formal structure called flex-offers, then aggregated (joining several flex-offers into a bigger one) and sent to the market, scheduled, disaggregated and transformed into consumption plans, and eventually, into production schedules for given industrial plant. In this paper, we describe the flex-offer concept and how it can be applied to industrial and home automation scenarios. The architecture proposed in this paper aims to be adaptable to multiples scenarios (industrial, home and building automation, etc.), thus providing the foundations for different concept implementations using multiple technologies or supporting various kinds of devices.


This article explores the extent to which social capital theory can respond to the crisis in the subprime mortgage markets. Building on the groundbreaking theories of Robert Putnam in his book BOWLING ALONE: THE COLLAPSE AND REVIVAL OF AMERICAN COMMUNITY, this article seeks to explore the role of trust and social capital in micro-economic transactions, specifically those involving homeownership in general and the subprime mortgage crisis in particular. The article posits that asymmetries of information, the lack of fiduciary obligations between the mortgage broker and the subprime borrower, the incentives built into the subprime mortgage market as a result of mortgage securitization that promote abusive lending practices, deregulation that led to the influx of subprime mortgage products into communities of color, the limits of anti-discrimination laws to address this influx adequately, and restrictions on refinancing built into securitization agreements have all led to the current crisis. In response to these causes of the current crisis, this article suggests changes to the broker-borrower relationship, the promotion of greater consumer education and the creation of problem-solving courts to address the looming foreclosure crisis.


This plenary panel was convened at 4:30 p.m. on Friday, March 27, by its moderators, Lucy Reed of Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer and Ralph Steinhardt of George Washington University Law School, who introduced the panelists: President Hisashi Owada of the International Court of Justice; Judge Thomas Buergenthal of the International Court of Justice; and Judge Bruno Simma of the International Court of Justice. * THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE AT SEVERAL CROSSROADS Lucy Reed is certainly right that our panelists need no introduction before this audience, and I am honored to be here. It is also true that the institution they represent needs no introduction to this audience. But the occasion of this annual meeting does offer a unique--maybe even unprecedented--opportunity for three sitting members of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to assess the role of the Court in this time of transition and challenge for the international legal order. I should say that as the keyboards player in a little-lamented erstwhile rock-and-roll band, I understand the danger of being the warm-up act. So let me take exactly three minutes to suggest a few, inter-related reasons that I think the challenge before the Court is so remarkable and so important right now. May I ask in that connection that we pass a moment in celebration of Wolfgang Friedmann, who almost fifty years ago, observed that the defining characteristic of international law in the twentieth century was its transformation "from an essentially negative code of rules of abstention to positive rules of cooperation." He saw that--in its traditional conception--international law was predominantly a collection of jurisdictional rules of mutual forbearance and abstention, rules which tended in operation to preserve more power for states than they constrained. The power of his insight was that we're not in that particular Kansas anymore: the transition to what he called "positive rules of cooperation" marked a dramatic expansion in the substantive reach of international standards, as though a law that had primarily been about the "fences" separating states had to be re-conceptualized as a matter of "bridges" connecting them. Of necessity, I think that means that the International Court's docket, which has always had its share of jurisdictional and territorial cases, now increasingly addresses legal questions arising in substantive legal areas that would have been inconceivable to the framers of the ICJ Statute and its predecessor court. Look at the range of topics in the program for the Society's meeting this year: gender and race discrimination, banking, intellectual property, environmental protection, family law, the rights of children. We have incrementally abandoned any prissy or stable notion of exclusive domestic jurisdiction as our predecessors understood that term, and the consequences for the institutional life and power of the Court are profound. Let us acknowledge, second, a related, more procedural phenomenon, namely the continuing decentralization and balkanization of the international law-making processes: new regional and functional tribunals and norm-entrepreneurs at the international plane but also at the domestic plane, including, for example, the supreme courts and constitutional courts of the various nations, which now routinely enforce and articulate international legal standards in ways that no one could have predicted when the ICJ was established. Is the Court in any sense supreme to these other bodies, first among equals, or is the right relationship--whatever it is--something entirely different, more nuanced, potentially more modest? Third, I would stress the related proliferation in the sources of international law, again in ways that would have been inconceivable to the generation that drafted what became Article 38 of the Court's statute. Read the recent decisions of the ICJ and recognize that it now routinely articulates international obligations on the basis of authorities that are not listed among the famous four of Article 38, namely treaties, customary international law, general principles, and "as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law," judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations. …


Banks and other financial institutions use web technologies to create a new channel through which they can provide and deliver financial services. The distinct nature of web technologies makes the financial services different. When customers choose Internet banking services, they assess both the technological and service attributes in order to make a complete decision. In this study, an integrated model is developed to investigate customers' perceptions of Internet banking from both technological and service perspectives, and their influences on the acceptance decisions. The model is tested in an exploratory study with 133 subjects. The results show that customers' perceptions of both technological attributes (i.e., TAM attributes) and service attributes (i.e., service quality) of an Internet banking service interact with each other and both have impacts on their intention to use the service.


MapReduce is a programming model from Google for cluster-based computing in domains such as search engines, machine learning, and data mining. MapReduce provides automatic data management and fault tolerance to improve programmability of clusters. MapReduce's execution model includes an all-map-to-all-reduce communication, called the shuffle, across the network bisection. Some MapReductions move large amounts of data (e.g., as much as the input data), stressing the bisection bandwidth and introducing significant runtime overhead. Optimizing such shuffle-heavy MapReductions is important because (1) they include key applications (e.g., inverted indexing for search engines and data clustering for machine learning) and (2) they run longer than shuffle-light MapReductions (e.g., 5x longer). In MapReduce, the asynchronous nature of the shuffle results in some overlap between the shuffle and map. Unfortunately, this overlap is insufficient in shuffle-heavy MapReductions. We propose MapReduce with communicationoverlap (MaRCO) to achieve nearly full overlap via the novel idea of including the reduce in the overlap. While MapReduce lazily performs reduce computation only after receiving all the map data, MaRCO employs eager reduce to process partial data from some map tasks while overlapping with other map tasks' communication. MaRCO's approach of hiding the latency of the inevitably high shuffle volume of shuffle-heavy MapReductions is fundamental for achieving performance. We implement MaRCO in Hadoop's MapReduce and show that on a 128-node Amazon EC2 cluster, MaRCO achieves 23% average speedup over Hadoop for shuffle-heavy MapReductions.


Great Britain has been rabies‐free since 1922, which is often considered to be in part due to the strict laws requiring that imported cats and dogs be vaccinated and quarantined for 6 months immediately on entry into the country. Except for two isolated incidents, this quarantine policy has contributed to ensuring that Great Britain has remained free of rabies. In 2000, amendments to the UK quarantine laws were made and the Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) was launched for companion animals traveling from European Union countries and rabies‐free islands. Since its introduction, it has been proposed that other countries including North America should be included within the UK scheme. A quantitative risk assessment was developed to assist in the policy decision to amend the long‐standing quarantine laws for dogs and cats from North America. It was determined that the risk of rabies entry is very low and is dependent on the level of compliance (i.e., legally conforming to all of the required regulations) with PETS and the number of pets imported. Assuming 100% compliance with PETS and the current level of importation of cats and dogs from North America, the annual probability of importing rabies is lower for animals traveling via PETS (7.22 × 10−6, 95th percentile) than quarantine (1.01 × 10−5, 95th percentile). These results, and other scientific evidence, directly informed the decision to expand the PETS scheme to North America as of December 2002.


Glycine nanocrystals, grown in aligned nanometer-scale cylindrical pores of nanoporous polystyrene-poly(dimethyl acrylamide) monoliths by evaporation of imbibed aqueous solutions, adopt preferred orientations with their fast-growth axes aligned parallel with the pore direction. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the exclusive formation of the metastable beta-polymorph, with crystal size comparable with the 22 nm pore diameter, in contrast to the formation of alpha-glycine in the absence of nanoscale confinement. When grown from aqueous solutions alone, the nanocrystals were oriented with their [010] and [010] axes, the native fast growth directions of the (+) and (-) enantiomorphs of beta-glycine, respectively, aligned parallel with the pore direction. In contrast, crystallization in the presence of racemic mixtures of chiral auxiliaries known to inhibit growth along the [010] and [010] directions of the enantiomorphs produced beta-glycine nanocrystals with their [001] axes nearly parallel to the pore direction. Enantiopure auxiliaries that inhibit crystallization along the native fast growth direction of only one of the enantiomorphs allow the other enantiomorph to grow with the [010] axis parallel to the cylinder. Collectively, these results demonstrate that crystal growth occurs such that the fast-growing direction, which can be altered by adding chiral auxiliaries, is parallel to the pore direction. This behavior can be attributed to a competition between differently aligned crystals due to critical size effects, the minimization of the surface energy of specific crystal planes, and a more effective reduction of the excess free energy associated with supersaturated conditions when the crystal grows with its fast-growth axis unimpeded by pore walls. These observations suggest that the beta-glycine nanocrystals form by homogeneous nucleation, with minimal influence of the pore walls on orientation.