Rama's Banishment is a collection of essays by Fiji Indian scholars and others who have worked on aspects of Fiji Indian life. The essays cover a variety of fields - history, politics, sociology, linguistics, religion, anthropology, literature and so forth - and, as a centenary tribute to Fiji Indians, aims to look afresh at the problems of being a Fiji Indian. These essays try to dispel the 'dregs-of-the-earth' concept which has surrounded the Fiji Indians for generations by placing the Fiji Indians within the overall patterns of life in India in the nineteenth century. If the work is not an apology for self-respect, it nevertheless attempts to explore those areas of social crisis which have dramatised Fiji Indian life.

Ever since the arrival of the first Indian indentured labourers on the Leonidas in 1879, the Fiji Indian has seen his stay in Fiji as a banishment whose literary counterpart has been Rama's agonising exile from Ayodyha. The book has used this structure to explore the consequences of this belief (in the conservatism of the Fiji Indians' attitude towards language, religion, social and political change, for instance) and its relationship to th emyths of millenarian fulfilment which underlie Fiji Indian psychology. Though a more realistic adaptation to Fiji is now being made by the Fiji Indians, the first hundred years have been those of banishment. This centenary tribute brings together the various foundations and ramifications of that legacy.


The community college curriculum needs to be determined carefully in terms of instructional objectives for student achievement. These relevant ends should emphasize vital knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Learning opportunities need to be meticulously chosen to achieve the selected objectives. Active student engagement is a necessity. Assessment of student progress must emphasize diverse techniques involving testing and term projects. ********** Community college curriculum development has a plethora of ingredients which need very careful consideration. Instructors for each course must design the curriculum carefully. Time is important and should not be wasted with the irrelevant and the unessential. Most community college students attend the equivalent of two full years of academic/vocational training. It certainly does not take long before these students have met community college requirements and are ready to move on to the next facet of life and living. A demanding curriculum should be the lot of each student. There are standards to meet within course requirements to prepare the student to be a full participant in the societal arena. Student need to be ready to shoulder responsibilities presently as well as in the future. Whatever students learn should--prepare themselves for the next sequential facet of their careers, be it in the academic or vocational world (Ediger, 2000, 41-46). Determining Knowledge Objectives of Instruction Instructors individually or as a member of a teaching team need to give careful consideration to each objective to be emphasized in teaching and learning. Course objectives then have vital significance in that this is what is desired students should learn and achieve. These are objectives which should challenge students to learn as much as possible. They stress what is significant as contrasted to the insignificant. Objectives need to be divided into three categories, each of equivalent value. The first category is knowledge objectives for students to achieve. A careful scrutiny of knowledge objectives indicates that these can be written on diverse levels of complexity. The lowest level is factual content to be learned by students. Facts can be important as building blocks for higher levels of cognition. The second level then becomes important in that students need to understand the facts and be able to explain each In his/her own words. Generally, isolated facts are meaningless, unless they can be understood. Meaning theory here becomes very important. To develop comprehendible content and skills which indicate that students need to make sense out of facts acquired. Level three emphasizes that students are able to use these facts in the classroom setting or in life in society. Being able apply and make practical application of what has been learned provide opportunities to rehearse and retain knowledge. Level four would indicate that students need to analyze subject matter/skills achieved. To analyze means to think critically about level four information and skills. When analyzing, the accurate is separated from the inaccurate, the factual from opinions, and the salient from trivia. Level five stresses creative use of knowledge. Here, novel, unique ways of using information is vital. The "tried and true" may not always work in class as well as at the work place in working toward solutions of problem areas Level six pertains to students assessing what has been learned. The student needs to continually assess and reflect upon knowledge acquired (See Bloom, Editor, 1956). Thus, the involved student asks questions of the self pertaining to the following: 1. Of what value is the knowledge or skills to me? 2. How can I make better use of content and abilities acquired? 3. What else do I need to learn in this course? 4. What doesn't make sense and lacks meaning in ongoing learning opportunities? …


In the world of primary care, we have been struggling for years to render adequate care to our depressed patients. We often fail, even though we know that depression is common, painful, disabling, and expensive.1 We also know that there are adequate treatments available. Or are there? For over 2 decades investigators have been testing whether that's true, and by now the number of studies runs into the thousands. So this is a good time to pause and take stock. What do we know about the 2 fundamental modalities—pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy—for treating depression in primary care? In this issue of the Annals, Linde et al present a pair of excellent meta-analyses that summarize and extend our current state of knowledge about the efficacy or effectiveness of these 2 categories of treatment for depression in the primary care setting.2,3 These results, and the studies on which they are based, can help us understand something about how to care for these patients, the persistent shortfalls in our care, and what we might do next about those shortfalls.

The studies that form the substrate for these 2 meta-analyses are themselves revealing. The analysis of pharmacological treatments includes 66 acceptable studies with 15,161 adult patients.2 These are the best of the randomized controlled trials comparing drugs of different classes to each other or to placebo. One-half of these studies have a high probability of bias of some sort, and another one-third are of uncertain bias status. In most of these studies the dosages are low, even below recommended dosages, and most are short-term trials of 24 weeks or less. Such is the state of pharmacotherapy trials in primary care: you could say this is a weak and messy set of studies. This collection of trials is not sufficient in number or quality to support many of the comparisons we might wish to make or to tell us with confidence which drugs are better for what, and how they should be used. But you could also say this is an elegant, state-of-the-art network meta-analysis, and certain interesting signals do emerge—more in the form of hints and probabilities than certainties. For example, there are no real differences in effectiveness across classes of drugs, and the differences in acceptability, if they exist at all, are hard to interpret. Forty percent of patients receiving placebo show a response—not remission—while 53% of those receiving (low doses of) active drugs respond. As the authors note, "effect sizes over placebo alone cannot provide information on the clinical relevance of treatment effects in individual clinical contexts, so that this issue is likely to remain controversial."2 Also, these are short-term data. And then there's the curious finding that St. John's wort seems to work better in German-speaking countries than other countries! Two things we can say with certainty are that we have not exhausted our need for well-done clinical trials in this field, and we do not yet have sufficiently effective pharmacotherapeutic agents for depression.

With respect to psychological treatments, less than one-half as many studies (30), and one-third as many patients (5,159) were eligible for inclusion, and these studies, which are much harder to do well, are messier, more heterogeneous, and more non-comparable than even the pharmacotherapy trials. They are even more difficult to draw inferences from. Classifying treatments by type (eg, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy, problem-solving therapy, etc), intensity, and mode of delivery (eg, face-to-face vs remote) necessarily produces difficult intraclass variation; mapping this against a range of diagnoses and severities, and comparing these to a heterogeneous set of usual care conditions (often unspecified) or placebo conditions—all of this creates a matrix of comparisons that is exceedingly "dirty," that begs for larger cells, clean distinctions, stable categories, and consistent definitions. To even further complicate the analysis, the risk of bias is either high or unknown in two-thirds of these studies, and 1 in 5 did not have major depression, but only minor depression or dysthymia. And yet again we have a careful and elegant meta-analysis, and a few provisional conclusions emerge. For example, all psychotherapies conducted face-to-face seem to work. Cognitive-behavioral therapy seems to work no matter how it's used, even at low intensity. None of these interventions appears to be effective for minor depression or dysthymia. In all cases, effect sizes are small: 10 patients must be treated to achieve 1 response, and 15 to achieve 1 remission.

Compare this to a recent meta-analysis of studies of treatment for depression in mental health care settings, where 182 studies enabled comparison of pharmacotherapies to each other, to placebo, and to psychotherapies of various types.4 Among the many findings emerging from this larger dataset, we see moderate to large effect sizes of psychotherapies for almost every tested condition, especially CBT, exceeding that of pharmacotherapy.

We should not be misled into thinking that more trials of the kind analyzed here will give us all the knowledge we need to render consistently high-quality care. They will not. They will help (particularly if the quality of the trials is improved), but the knowledge we need for successful care of depressed patients goes beyond the efficacy or effectiveness of known drugs or psychotherapies. As we step back for a wide-angle look at this field, 2 additional considerations come into view. The first concerns psychotherapy itself, and the second concerns how we implement these treatments, however effective they may be, into the fabric of primary care.

Psychotherapies as described and practiced here are complex interventions that often consist of a linked set of several basic therapeutic modules or elements. There is compelling literature that suggests psychotherapy itself can be more flexibly and effectively applied, according to the needs of individual patients, if it is deconstructed into these basic modules or elements, which are then selected and combined into a personalized therapeutic strategy.5,6 Thus, we may soon see the emergence of a new unit of analysis and intervention for psychotherapy—psychotherapeutic "elements" that are simpler, more basic and generic, perhaps easier to master and measure. This could help clean up the problem we see in this present meta-analysis, where interventions of questionable comparability are pooled.

Implementation poses a more formidable set of issues. It is one thing to "know" that a psychotherapy is effective in primary care, when applied under research conditions, using study resources such as patient enrollment personnel, psychotherapists, and evaluators to assure that resource limitations or workflow barriers can be overcome. It is quite another thing for a primary care practice to implement such an evidence-based intervention using existing practice resources, working within the constraints of existing practice workflows, and pressing against the ubiquitous competing demands in these settings. Even the most powerful, desirable, and effective psychosocial interventions disrupt a practice's operations, and sometimes this disruption takes extraordinary time and resources to overcome. In fact, sometimes this disruption cannot be overcome, and the use of the intervention is impossible in a given setting at a given time. Thus, effective interventions are not useful until we know whether and how they can be implemented in real-world clinical settings. There is an emerging field of implementation science that addresses these issues.7 Successful implementation starts with an effective intervention, which is exactly where these 2 meta-analyses leave off, then takes into consideration factors associated with the patient, clinician, clinical setting, health plans, and regulators. We are becoming familiar with implementation issues in primary care as we attempt to transform our clinics to better manage patients' chronic diseases, to become patient-centered medical homes, to practice team-based care, or to continuously improve the quality of the care we render. We are learning through hard experience that even effective interventions or simple guidelines are not necessarily easy to implement in a busy primary care practice. This is not the place for a detailed description of the requirements of successful implementation, but it is the place to understand that well-done meta-analyses, such as those presented here, can not only summarize and clarify an emerging field, but can also set the stage for the implementation work that must inevitably follow before successful clinical improvement occurs in primary care.


On the Swedish west coast, blooms of green macroalgae have become a common feature over recent decades. Assemblage structure of epibenthic fauna was studied in randomly selected shallow soft substratum bays, with and without macroalgae, using quantitative sampling techniques. The study was performed biannually (June and August) over 4 yr in 4 regions along the coast. Mat-forming macroalgae on average covered 35% of the surface area in vegetated bays, with an overall mean biomass of 100 g DW m–2. The assemblage structure of epibenthic fauna was different in the presence of macroalgae, a pattern which was consistent over years and regions. Within the subset of bays containing vegetation, there were no bay-scale relationships between the biomass of algae and the abundance, biomass or number of species of epibenthic fauna. However, a detailed analysis revealed that the species had different responses to an increase in algal biomass at the scale of individual samples (0.5 m2). The flatfish Pleuronectes platessa occurred predominantly in samples completely free of vegetation. The shrimp Crangon crangon and the gobies Pomatoschistus spp. were found most commonly in the open sand habitat, and rapidly decreased in abundance with increasing biomass of algae. Gobius niger, Mysidacea, Anguilla anguilla, Sygnathus typhle and Palaemon spp. were most prevalent at a low to moderate biomass of algae. Sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius and Gasterosteus aculeatus) increased in abundance with increasing algal biomass, and remained dominant at the highest level of algal biomass recorded. Thus, macroalgal blooms have the potential to change the structure and function of shallow soft substratum habitats, lowering their value as nursery and feeding grounds for commercial fish species.


Malicious attackers often scan nodes in a network in order to identify vulnerabilities that they may exploit as they traverse the network. In this paper, we propose that the system generates a mix of true and false answers in response to scan requests. If the attacker believes that all scan results are true, then he will be on a wrong path. If he believes some scan results are faked, he would have to expend time and effort in order to separate fact from fiction. We propose a probabilistic logic of deception and show that various computations are NP-hard. We model the attacker's state and show the effects of faked scan results. We then show how the defender can generate fake scan results in different states that minimize the damage the attacker can produce. We develop a Naive-PLD algorithm and a Fast-PLD heuristic algorithm for the defender to use and show experimentally that the latter performs well in a fraction of the run time of the former. We ran detailed experiments to assess the performance of these algorithms and further show that by running Fast-PLD off-line and storing the results, we can very efficiently answer run-time scan requests.


This article is concerned with contemporary developments in European culture, with particular respect to new forms of transnational and transcultural mobility and communication. There is a growing sense that Europe has become a space of complexity and diversity—although, of course, the reality is that it was always so. In the context of the new articulations of complexity, however, it becomes crucial to develop more imaginative and resonant forms of understanding and dealing with cultural change. Certain possibilities are put forward—though only as possibilities among many potential others. The article is critical of many attempts to deal with the vital political issues by mainstream social sciences. The key issue, it is argued, concerns how we might elaborate upon actually existing discourses of cosmopolitanism. European cosmopolitan thinking has a long history and provides both intellectual and imaginative resources for the present conjuncture.


While the number of cadaveric organ donors remains relatively stable, the number of patients awaiting transplantation continues to increase, creating a shortage of donor organs. To address this imbalance, there is interest in transplanting organs formerly considered marginal or undesirable. Thus, more organs are currently transplanted from living donors, older donors, hemodynamically unstable donors, non-heart-beating donors and donors with markers of prior hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. A large number (up to 93.8%) of liver transplant seronegative recipients from anti-HBc antibody positive donors have acquired HBsAg after liver transplantation in the absence of immunoprophylaxis. Based on experience in liver transplantation programs, transmission of HBV from donors without HBsAg but with antibody to HBV core antigen (anti-HBc), although conventionally defined as evidence of resolved infection, can have adverse consequences on both graft and recipient. On the contrary, HBV appears to be in-frequently transmitted from HBsAg negative/anti-HBcAb positive kidney donors: the incidence of de novo HBsAg seropositivity after renal transplantation ranges between 0 and 5.2%. A significantly higher incidence of anti-HBc antibody seroconversion (without developing HBsAg) after renal transplantation with anti-HBc antibody positive donors was seen. However, anti-HBc antibody positive renal allografts should be considered, especially for recipients who have been successfully immunized with HBV vaccine. Prospective long-term studies are in progress to assess the risk of de novo HBV infection (HBsAg seroconversion) in renal transplant recipients who have not been successfully immunized with vaccine against HBV.


Central banks are increasingly reaching out to the general public to motivate and explain their monetary policy actions. One major aim of this outreach is to guide inflation expectations; another is to ensure accountability and create trust. This article surveys a rapidly-growing literature on central bank communication with the public. We first discuss why and how such communication is more challenging than communicating with expert audiences. Then we survey the empirical evidence on the extent to which this new outreach does in fact affect inflation expectations and trust. On balance, we see some promise in the potential to inform the public better, but many challenges along the way. ( JEL D12, D84, E52, E58, G53)


Infection and Inflammation have been implicated as predisposing factors for preterm labour and preterm birth.1 This mechanism involves bacterial endotoxin binding to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) present on the surface of host cells triggering activation of a cascade of inflammatory events within the uterus. Critically, in the absence of infection, uterine and fetal inflammation still leads to preterm birth and neonatal injury. Furthermore, endogenous ligands, including high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) also bind to and modulate TLR activity.2 Although originally described as a nuclear DNA-binding protein facilitating transcription, extracellular HMGB1 released passively from damaged cells or actively from immune cells is also associated with modulating inflammatory processes. We hypothesise that HMGB1 may play a part in modulating inflammatory responsiveness and TLR signalling pathways linked with many cases of preterm labour/preterm birth.3We report the variable expression profile and sub-cellular distribution of myometrial HMGB1 in preterm (n=8) and term (not in labour, n=12) tissue samples. Using an in vitro amnion-derived cell culture based assay we show that treatment with recombinant HMGB1 (0.1 g/ml) can affect TLR4 activity as well induce secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). Our findings support the notion that endogenous ligands may do the same as endotoxin in myometrial and amnion cells. Pre-exposure of innate immune cells to HMGB1 can induce an endotoxin-tolerant state by suppressing a subsequent inflammatory response to LPS.4 Whether HMGB1 plays a role in TLR signalling events in the human uterus remains an area for future investigation.


Winter maintenance, particularly snow removal and the stress of snow removal materials on public structures, is an enormous budgetary burden on municipalities and nongovernmental maintenance organizations in cold climates. Lately, geospatial technologies such as remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and decision support tools are providing a valuable tool for planning snow removal operations. A few researchers recently used geospatial technologies to develop winter maintenance tools. However, most of these winter maintenance tools, while having the potential to address some of these information needs, are not typically placed in the hands of planners and other interested stakeholders. Most tools are not constructed with a nontechnical user in mind and lack an easy-to-use, easily understood interface. A major goal of this project was to implement a web-based Winter Maintenance Decision Support System (WMDSS) that enhances the capacity of stakeholders (city/county planners, resource managers, transportation personnel, citizens, and policy makers) to evaluate different procedures for managing snow removal assets optimally. This was accomplished by integrating geospatial analytical techniques (GIS and remote sensing), the existing snow removal asset management system, and web-based spatial decision support systems. The web-based system was implemented using the ESRI ArcIMS ActiveX Connector and related web technologies, such as Active Server Pages, JavaScript, HTML, and XML. The expert knowledge on snow removal procedures is gathered and integrated into the system in the form of encoded business rules using Visual Rule Studio. The system developed not only manages the resources but also provides expert advice to assist complex decision making, such as routing, optimal resource allocation, and monitoring live weather information. This system was developed in collaboration with Black Hawk County, Iowa, the city of Columbia, Missouri, and the Iowa Department of Transportation. This product was also demonstrated for these agencies to improve the usability and applicability of the system.


This paper studies the dynamic effect of networks on location and occupation decisions of immigrants to the United States between 1900 and 1930. We compare the distributions of immigrants both by intended and actual state of residence to counterfactual distributions constructed by allocating the national-level flows according to the distribution of previous immigrants and to measures of demand for occupations at the state level. Our results are consistent with migrants using ethnic networks as a transitory mechanism while they learn about their new labor markets and not with other hypotheses that do not account for the dynamic patterns we document.


Spatial and temporal variation in interactions between algae, limpets (Patella spp.) and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were examined in low-shore habitats south of Livorno, on the west coast of Italy (western Mediterranean), from August 1993 to February 1995. Experiments were set up to: (1) contrast the response of the length of fronds and coverage of the brown alga Cystoseira compressa to the removal of algal turfs and mussels in habitats dominated by these organisms; (2) test whether any effect of mussels on C. compressa was consistent in space (at scales ranging from 1 to 1000 m) and as a function of the presence of limpets; (3) test for the temporal consistency in any effect of limpets on the development of macroalgae in habitat dominated by mussels and (4 ) test for spatlal consistency in the temporal patterns of algal recovery in this hab~tat. Removal of the algal turfs had no effect on the length of fronds of C. compressa; no effect was observed on its coverage but this result was probably confounded by artifacts. In contrast, mussels had both positive and negatlve effects on C. compressa. The mean length of fronds of this alga was significantly reduced by the removal of mussels. this effect being particularly evident after a period of severe storms occurring soon after the initiation of the experiment. A possible mechanism to explain this could involve the stabilisation of the basal fronds of the plants, because mussels were often packed around them. Conversely, the coverage of C. compressa increased significantly after the removal of the mussels, this effect probably resulting from the lnhlbition of recruitment of the alga. The effects of mussels were consistent in space and almost independent of the presence of limpets. In contrast, the herbivores influenced the temporal changes in abundance of the coarsely-branched algae and articulated corallines, but not those of the filamentous and foliose algae or of C. compressa. Finally, no space-time interactions were found in the analyses of variance, indicating that the course of succession was consistent among areas distributed along a stretch of shore about 1.5 km in length. The results of this study suggest that the assemblage of species dominated by mussels on the rocky coasts south of Livorno was not a highly interactive system. Most of the biological processes investigated were consistent in space and/or in time.


This paper accounts for an unusual VSO word order found in Malagasy imperative clauses to the exclusion of indicative clauses. It proposes that, what appears to be a subject in immediately post-verbal position is not a subject at all; rather, it is a vocative. Semantic and morphological characteristics of Malagasy vocatives support this claim. The paper argues against two alternative analyses: a scrambling analysis that derives VSO order from the canonical VOS via rightward scrambling, and a predicate-internal subject analysis that derives the VSO order by leaving the subject in its base position. I show that both alternatives are empirically and conceptually inferior to the vocative account proposed in the present work.


Rehabilitation is a specialty in its own right, with a powerful emphasis on inter-professional working to help patients improve their independence. Due to medical advances people with life limiting illnesses are living longer and even though they will not be cured rehabilitation has a vital role in improving their lives over the time they have ahead. This concept may seem strange in the context of palliative care but the goals of rehabilitation and palliative care are the same in helping a person to become as active and independent as possible. The aim of this service development is to educate Health Care Assistants (HCAs) to promote a physical rehabilitation approach in a 31 bedded in-patient hospice unit that focuses on independence. A series of education and practice interventions were developed. They were implemented through group tutorials, display boards and clinical facilitation, with an evaluation of all of these strategies. It has shown that the HCAs who participated found that their knowledge and confidence around the techniques increased. The impact of this service development however was difficult to measure due to poor uptake and evaluation of the educative strategies employed. This service development has demonstrated that the education of HCAs has the potential to improve the rehabilitation of palliative care patients but that this needs to be delivered in a way that 'fits around' the daily work of HCAs and has to be recognised as an important part in the culture of the hospice. Those who participated in the service development evaluated it positively, feeling that they were in the position to carry out the techniques and practice with the patients. A further outcome of the development is to consider different ways to provide the classroom teaching and clinical facilitation within the organisation to allow greater participation from staff.


The World Wide Web (or Web for short) is the largest client-server computing system commonly available, which is used through its widely accepted universal client (the Web browser) that uses a standard communication protocol known as the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to display information described in the HyperText Markup Language (HTML). The current Web computing model allows the execution of server-side applications such as Servlets and client-side applications such as Applets. However, it offers limited support for another model of network computing where users would be able to use remote, and perhaps more powerful, machines for their computing needs. The client-server model enables anyone with a Web-enabled device ranging from desktop computers to cellular telephones, to retrieve information from the Web. In today's information society, however, users are overwhelmed by the information with which they are confronted on a daily basis. For subscribers of mobile wireless data services, this may present a problem. Wireless handheld devices, such as cellular telephones are connected via wireless networks that suffer from low bandwidth and have a greater tendency for network errors. In addition, wireless connections can be lost or degraded by mobility. Therefore, there a need for entities that act on behalf of users to simplify the tasks of discovering and managing network computing resources. It has been said that software agents are a solution in search of a problem. Mobile agents, however, are inherently distributed in nature, and therefore they represent a natural view of a distributed system. They provide an ideal mechanism for implementing complex systems, and they are well suited for applications that are communicationscentric such as Web-based network computing. Another attractive area of mobile agents is processing data over unreliable networks (such as wireless networks). In such an environment, the low reliability network can be used to transfer agents rather than a chunk. of data. The agent can travel to the nodes of the network, collect or process information without the risk of network disconnection, then return home. The publications of this doctorate by published works report on research undertaken in the area of distributed systems with emphasis on network computing paradigms, Web-based distributed computing, and the applications of mobile agents in Web-based distributed computing and wireless computing. The contributions of this collection of related papers can be summarized in four points. First, I have shown how to extend the Web to include computing resources; to illustrate the feasibility of my approach I have constructed a proof of concept implementation. Second, a mobile agent-based approach to Web-based distributed computing, that harness the power of the Web as a computing resource, has been proposed and a system has been prototyped. This, however, means that users will be able to use remote machines to execute their code, but this introduces a security risk. I need to make sure that malicious users cannot harm the remote system. For this, a security policy design pattern for mobile Java code has been developed. Third, a mediator-based approach to wireless client/server computing has been proposed and guidelines for implementing it have been published. This approach allows access to Internet services and distributed object systems from resource-constraint handheld wireless devices such as cellular telephones. Fourth and finally, a mobile agent-based approach to the Wireless Internet has been designed and implemented. In this approach, remote mobile agents can be accessed and used from wireless handheld devices. Handheld wireless devices will benefit greatly from this approach since it overcomes wireless network limitations such as low bandwidth and disconnection, and enhances the functionality of services by being able to operate without constant user input.


Hybrid systems are a compact and natural mechanism with which to address problems in robotics. This work introduces an approach to learning hybrid systems from demonstrations, with an emphasis on extracting models that are explicitly verifiable and easily interpreted by robot operators. We fit a sequence of controllers using sequential importance sampling under a generative switching proportional controller task model. Here, we parameterise controllers using a proportional gain and a visually verifiable joint angle goal. Inference under this model is challenging, but we address this by introducing an attribution prior extracted from a neural end-to-end visuomotor control model. Given the sequence of controllers comprising a task, we simplify the trace using grammar parsing strategies, taking advantage of the sequence compositionality, before grounding the controllers by training perception networks to predict goals given images. Using this approach, we are successfully able to induce a program for a visuomotor reaching task involving loops and conditionals from a single demonstration and a neural end-to-end model. In addition, we are able to discover the program used for a tower building task. We argue that computer program-like control systems are more interpretable than alternative end-to-end learning approaches, and that hybrid systems inherently allow for better generalisation across task configurations.


Extracted from text ... ESR Review vol 5 no 3 9 Extending access to social assistance to permanent residents Julia Sloth-Nielsen The Khosa/Mahlaule case involved a constitutional challenge to certain provisions of the Social Assistance Act 59 of 1992 and the Welfare Laws Amendment Act 106 of 1997, including provisions of the latter Act that had not yet been brought into force. These provisions restricted access to social assistance to South African citizens only. The practical effect was that permanent residents - aged persons and children who would otherwise have qualified for social assistance but for the requirement of citizenship - were excluded. ..


The evaluation and monitoring of interventions that are designed to alleviate psychosocial stress are largely reliant upon subjective assessments of coping as primary outcome measures. The pros and cons of different response formats used to measure coping variables are unexplored; yet arguably, response format is a very important methodological issue for the clinical application and evaluation of psychosocial interventions. This study compared the levels of functional coping and transactional coping patterns assessed with multi-item 7-point Likert Scales (LS) and 65 mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), within the framework of the Functional Dimensions of Coping (FDC) Scale developed by Ferguson and Cox, 1997. LS yielded significantly higher levels of functional coping for all four subscales, and captured a wider range of transactional coping patterns for the approach, emotion, and avoidance coping functions than VAS. The authors recommend the use of LS for baseline assessments of transactionally defined coping function within the FDC framework.


Skeletal vasculature plays a central role in the maintenance of microenvironments for osteogenesis and haematopoiesis. In addition to supplying oxygen and nutrients, vasculature provides a number of inductive factors termed as angiocrine signals. Blood vessels drive recruitment of osteoblast precursors and bone formation during development. Angiogenesis is indispensable for bone repair and regeneration. Dysregulation of the angiocrine crosstalk is a hallmark of ageing and pathobiological conditions in the skeletal system. The skeletal vascular bed is complex, heterogeneous and characterized by distinct capillary subtypes (type H and type L), which exhibit differential expression of angiocrine factors. Furthermore, distinct blood vessel subtypes with differential angiocrine profiles differentially regulate osteogenesis and haematopoiesis, and drive disease states in the skeletal system. This review provides an overview of the role of angiocrine signals in bone during homeostasis and disease.


We created a visualization tool called Circos to facilitate the identification and analysis of similarities and differences arising from comparisons of genomes. Our tool is effective in displaying variation in genome structure and, generally, any other kind of positional relationships between genomic intervals. Such data are routinely produced by sequence alignments, hybridization arrays, genome mapping, and genotyping studies. Circos uses a circular ideogram layout to facilitate the display of relationships between pairs of positions by the use of ribbons, which encode the position, size, and orientation of related genomic elements. Circos is capable of displaying data as scatter, line, and histogram plots, heat maps, tiles, connectors, and text. Bitmap or vector images can be created from GFF-style data inputs and hierarchical configuration files, which can be easily generated by automated tools, making Circos suitable for rapid deployment in data analysis and reporting pipelines.


Abstract. The purpose of this research is to assess the geochemical mass-balance and weathering intensity of Typic Haplustert and Lithic Ustorthent soils represented by four profiles that developed in a Quaternary-age basaltic toposequence under semi-humid conditions in the central Black Sea region of Turkey. The researchers employed mass-balance analysis with a view to measuring elemental gains and losses along with alterations concerning the soils formed on the basaltic parent material. For this end, geochemical properties, elemental mass-balance changes and certain physicochemical features were identified to benchmark the weathering levels of the profiles. Lithic Ustorthents are distinguished by having a rough texture along with a low organic substance ingredient, whereas Typic Haplusterts have a high clay texture with low bulk density and slickenside features. X-ray diffraction showed that smectites were the prevailing minerals inside the Typic Haplusterts, while a significant amount of kaolinite and illite was observed in the Lithic Ustorthents. Mass-balance computations indicated that massive mineral weathering resulted in substantial Si losses through leaching as well as an exchange of cations, such as Nap, Kp, Ca2p and Mg2p, particularly from the upper horizons. The study also took into account other features such as the pedogenic evolution of soils using weathering indices such as CIA, CIW, bases/R2O3, WIP, P and PIA. According to the results, CIA, CIW, PIA, P, WIP and bases/R2O3 index values of all soils varied between 42.33 to 73.83, 44.46 to 80.43, 37.53 to 65.63, 75.39 to 84.31 and 0.45 to 1.27 respectively, to solum depth. This result indicated that soils classified as Entisol and Vertisol have similar pedochemical properties. In spite of similar weathering rates, the soils were classified under different groups as a result of erosion. This showed that the conditions for soil development in the studied area had a far more impact on weathering and elemental loss than the parent material on the site.


The ultrasonic nebulized spray pyrolysis technique has been applied to synthesize amorphous nanospheres, which are further transformed into nano h-LiMnBO3 with an average crystallite size of ∼14 nm. A composite electrode of nano h-LiMnBO3 with reduced graphite oxide and amorphous carbon delivers a high first discharge capacity of 140 mA h g−1 at C/15 rate within 4.5–2.0 V and retains a discharge capacity of 110 mA h g−1 at the 25th cycle. The dissolution of Mn into the electrolyte and the instability of the highly delithiated phases during cycling are suggested as the reasons, which limit the cycling stability of h-LiMnBO3. An improved cycling stability at higher capacities is expected via the combination of the particle size reduction, conductive network formation and the metal site doping strategies.


Introduction: Anticoagulants are used as preventive agents in deep vein thrombosis to prevent blood clots, venous and arterial thromboembolism, but the current therapy of anticoagulants have several limitations like patient variable response, enhanced chances of bleeding and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Factor VIIa and factor IXa play an important role in coagulation cascade and hence are promising targets for drug development. FIXa has been targeted by various means including oral inhibitors (TTP889), monoclonal antibodies (SB249417) and RNA aptamers which have passed various phases of clinical trials. Objectives: Though advances in development of inhibitors of FVIIa/TF and FIXa have reached various phases of clinical trials none of the clinical trial candidates have reached the market. Methodology: This review summarizes available information on FVIIa/TF and FIXa, their active site, crystallographic structure, available inhibitors, earlyphase clinical trial study and also the recent efforts in the discovery of FVIIa/TF and FIXa inhibitors. Summary: Despite the fact that more complexity is observed in designing of anticoagulant as FVIIa/TF complex and FIXa inhibitors, these will remain an important and validated target for the design and development of anticoagulants.


We present Graph Neural Diffusion (GRAND) that approaches deep learning on graphs as a continuous diffusion process and treats Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) as discretisations of an underlying PDE. In our model, the layer structure and topology correspond to the discretisation choices of temporal and spatial operators. Our approach allows a principled development of a broad new class of GNNs that are able to address the common plights of graph learning models such as depth, oversmoothing, and bottlenecks. Key to the success of our models are stability with respect to perturbations in the data and this is addressed for both implicit and explicit discretisation schemes. We develop linear and nonlinear versions of GRAND, which achieve competitive results on many standard graph benchmarks.


BACKGROUND
Early diagnosis of critical congenital heart defects (CCHD) may be missed both during prenatal echocardiography and the short stay in the neonatal nursery, leading to circulatory collapse or death of the newborn before readmission to hospital.

AIM
To assess the usefulness of pulse oximetry as a screening test in early diagnosis of CCHD in newborns.

METHODS
A prospective screening pulse oximetry test was conducted in 51 neonatal units in the Mazovia province of Poland as part of the POLKARD 2006-2008 programme between 16 January, 2007 and 31 January, 2008. Newborns with no circulatory symptoms or coexisting diseases, and no prenatal diagnosis, were enrolled. The test was performed between the 2(nd) and 24(th) hours of life in stable newborns. A double arterial oxygen saturation (SpO(2)) reading < 95% on a lower extremity led to cardiovascular evaluation and echocardiography.

RESULTS
From a population of 52,993 newborns (14.2% of births in Poland), a group of 51,698 asymptomatic infants was isolated. CCHD was diagnosed solely by pulse oximetry in 15 newborns, which constituted 18.3% of all CCHD; 14 (0.026%) false positives were obtained and there were four false negative results. The sensitivity of the test was 78.9% and specificity 99.9%. The positive predictive value was 51.7% and negative 99.9%.

CONCLUSIONS
Pulse oximetry fulfilling the screening test criteria, performed on a large population of newborns in Poland, proved useful in supporting prenatal diagnostics and postnatal physical examination in the early detection of initially asymptomatic CCHD. Good sensitivity and specificity results of the pulse oximetry test have allowed it to be recommended for use in neonatal units nationwide.


This article investigates the relation between person deixis and time deixis in the French future system during the period between Middle French and Modern French. Focus is made on the alternation between the morphological future ( je chanterai 'I will sing') and the periphrastic future ( je vais chanter 'I will sing'). The major purpose is to show that the morphological future looses domains and the periphrastic future extends its use. The second purpose is to correlate person marking with the evolution of the future system in order to reveal interconnected tendencies of evolution in both domains, and thereby examine if the evolution of the future system can be held responsible for the evolution of person marking and vice versa.


Over the past hundred years, philosophers of music have debated the nature of, and relations that hold between, musical works and their performances. The gradual proliferation of recording and reproduction technologies over the same period further complicated such debates, encouraging some contemporary philosophers to consider similar relations between musical works and their recordings. In recent years, profound changes in the nature of such technologies have resulted in a new phenomenon, in which recordings of the past have been transferred from their original medium into the digital domain. Responding to this phenomenon, this article assesses the relations that hold between musical works, recordings and their digitisations. It starts by surveying existing theories that relate works and performances, paying particular attention to the realist notion of types and tokens. It goes on to consider three possibilities in which this notion might be employed and adapted in order to account for existence of recordings and their digitisations. The final of these three possibilities, which is viewed as the most plausible, does not merely offer a revisionist account of ongoing philosophical debates. Rather, it argues for a radical expansion of our understanding of musical works, and addresses the complex network of relations that they enter into with regard to recordings and digitisations.


This paper proposes a 3rd order single-loop continuous-time incremental sigma-delta analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) for time-multiplexed signals. Incremental sigma-delta modulation is used to address medium to high resolution requirements of multi-channel applications, while a 3rd order continuous-time implementation is investigated as an alternative for low-power solutions. A prototype of the proposed modulator, running at 320 kHz, has been fabricated in a 0.15-μm CMOS technology, while the synchronization circuitry to allow incremental operation was built on-board. Measurement results show that the ADC achieves 65.3 dB peak SNR, 64 dB peak SNDR and 68.2 dB dynamic range over a 2 kHz bandwidth. The modulator's power dissipation is 96 μW from a 1.6 V power supply. This translates into the best figure-of-merit when compared to recently published continuous-time alternatives, while being competitive with respect to state-of-the-art discrete-time counterparts.


More than 25 cm of rainfall from Tropical Storm Lee (TS Lee) over 2 days in September 2011 resulted in catastrophic flooding (U.S. Geological Survey estimated recurrence interval >100 yr) on several Susquehanna River tributaries emanating from the Appalachian Plateau in north-central Pennsylvania (USA). Helicopter photography and field work were used to prepare a detailed geographic information system database of geomorphic response to the flood along ∼250 km of Loyalsock, Muncy, Lycoming, and Fishing Creeks. Unlike the response of many streams to previously described Appalachian floods, fluvial response to the TS Lee flood was extensive in these gravel bed streams, characterized by (1) large-scale avulsions and chute development on the insides of meanders, (2) erosion of gravel from channel margins and transport downstream in large pulses, (3) headwater landslides and alluvial fan activation, (4) major floodplain erosion and deposition, and (5) breaching of anthropogenic berms and reconnection of the main channel to prehistoric floodplain anabranches. Geomorphic work, expressed both as bedload sediment transport and landform change (geomorphic effectiveness) was significant: as much as 55,000 m 3 /km of gravel was transported within a single watershed. Landform changes included erosion of chutes (to 500 m long), gravel bars (point bars and mid-channel bars), channel widening (in places >100%), and reoccupation of former multithread channels previously cut off from the mainstem by historic channel straightening, berming, and dredging. Streams in this region appear to be in a phase of disequilibrium largely in response to major shifts in sediment delivery from their watersheds caused by historic logging and a series of floods ∼100 yr ago. Widespread clearcutting (A.D. 1850–1920) contributed large volumes of sediment to these streams. Dendrogeomorphic data bracket a period of aggradation of these logging legacy sediments between the 1870s and 1930s, creating a significant low terrace inset into Pleistocene outwash and glacial sediments. Recent floods in 1972, 1996, 2004, and especially TS Lee in 2011 initiated an enhanced phase of disequilibrium as a geomorphic threshold was crossed, resulting in widespread erosion of logging legacy sediments deposited nearly 100 yr ago. The change in sediment load (increased coarse bedload) as a result of widespread bed and bank erosion caused a change in channel pattern from single thread to multithread. Pattern change was facilitated by aggradation of gravel bars above floodplain elevations which promoted avulsion and chute formation. Based on preflood and postflood geomorphic mapping, >6,700,000 m 3 of gravel were mobilized during the flood across 4 watersheds. Mobilization of logging legacy sediment is occurring as pulses of gravel move downstream episodically. This paper demonstrates the important influences of drainage basin morphometry (e.g., ruggedness number) and fluvial history (land use and geomorphic) in understanding current channel dynamics and basin response to heavy precipitation and flooding. The findings presented herein have significant implications for watershed management and planning. Streams in this region are likely to remain in a protracted phase of readjustment for many decades as complex response to historical land-use change continues. In this disequilibrium phase most significant rainfall events will likely trigger additional readjustment and channel change.


Abstract. The 3DCLOUD algorithm for generating stochastic three-dimensional (3-D) cloud fields is described in this paper. The generated outputs are 3-D optical depth (τ) for stratocumulus and cumulus fields and 3-D ice water content (IWC) for cirrus clouds. This model is designed to generate cloud fields that share some statistical properties observed in real clouds such as the inhomogeneity parameter ρ (standard deviation normalized by the mean of the studied quantity), the Fourier spectral slope β close to −5/3 between the smallest scale of the simulation to the outer Lout (where the spectrum becomes flat). Firstly, 3DCLOUD assimilates meteorological profiles (humidity, pressure, temperature and wind velocity). The cloud coverage C, defined by the user, can also be assimilated, but only for stratocumulus and cumulus regime. 3DCLOUD solves drastically simplified basic atmospheric equations, in order to simulate 3-D cloud structures of liquid or ice water content. Secondly, the Fourier filtering method is used to constrain the intensity of ρ, β, Lout and the mean of τ or IWC of these 3-D cloud structures. The 3DCLOUD model was developed to run on a personal computer under Matlab environment with the Matlab statistics toolbox. It is used to study 3-D interactions between cloudy atmosphere and radiation.


This paper deals with long-term care (LTC) systems in four developed countries -- Germany, Japan, Sweden, and the U.S.A. -- from an economic point of view. Since these countries have differing traditions in welfare policy, the role of the state in financing and providing LTC services differs considerably. This paper focuses on these differences and their practical consequences. Firstly, a theoretical survey is undertaken to see under what circumstances and to what degree state intervention can be justified in order to increase economic efficiency. Secondly, the LTC systems of the four countries are analyzed qualitatively in the light of economic theory. Thirdly, the systems are compared quantitatively, with the main focus on their distributional impact. Furthermore, the issue of how state intervention alters the potential benefit from buying a private LTC insurance is analyzed, as well as how the internal rate of return from a pay-as-you-go (PAYG) systems changes over time in one of the countries (Sweden). The main conclusions are as follows:

-- The design of LTC systems in the countries studied mainly follows social welfare traditions as developed in other sectors; the only exception being Japan, where a much more extensive role of the state in financing LTC has evolved over the last ten years compared to the rather modest role of the state in the Japanese economy in general.

-- The differences in design of LTC systems have substantial distributional implications. All systems are progressive and favorable to women, but there is a wide range between the countries.

-- In Sweden, the internal rate of return from a PAYG system is constantly decreasing with each cohort, but still positive for all cohorts born before 1990. The steady decline of the returns indicates that it will turn negative for later cohorts.


The patient clinical outcome assessment is a very important factor in order to guarantee the patient safety. It is the assessment of patient outcome in respect of mental status, symptoms, or impact of ill health on how the patient functions. This assessment aims to improve the quality of health care in general by predicting the performance of any therapeutic option in terms of benefits or harms. Due to the importance of this field, an in-depth review of current issues regarding the assessment of patient clinical outcome should be carried out. Accordingly, this paper go over three main points: 1) the challenges involved in the assessment of patient clinical outcome; 2) a number of the existing methods for patient clinical outcome assessment; and 3) a discussion of the general conceptual limitations and difficulties of patient outcome quantitative assessment. This paper will advance the understanding of the assessment of patient clinical outcome field in regards to its challenges, methods and conceptual limitations.


This paper studies the factors that lead automotive manufacturing firms to invest in Ultra Low Emission Vehicles (ULEVs). ULEVs are vehicles that emit extremely low levels of harmful gases compared to other vehicles. In contrast to studies that examine aggregated patterns on the market (such as sales levels, new launches and issued patents), this study 'moves into the mind' of individual car firms following a social-psychological approach to identify the barriers and drivers. As an example of a ULEV, we report on the drivers and barriers for car manufacturers around the development of hydrogen engine technology. The study reveals that different firms deal differently with hydrogen vehicle development. Broadly, three groups of firms were distinguished concerning their willingness to invest in ULEV: uncertain firms, unwilling firms and optimistic firms. It addition, it was found that the level of technological and organisational capabilities is highly correlated to the willingness of firms to engage in hydrogen technology development. Based on an integrated sustainability assessment that takes into account technological opportunities, business perceptions and policy options, we argue that current policy should strongly focus on supporting R&D capability in manufacturing firms.


Karl Popper once criticizes the positivistic paradigm by means of what he calls the theory of falsification. To him, the positivistic paradigm constitutes a failure simply because it cannot distinguish between science and prude science, that is, between empirical method and non-empirical method. In the scientific knowledge, empirical science, mathematics and logic must be differentiated, something that the positivistic paradigm has failed to do. This paradigm furthermore, did not have a clear picture what logic-based science is, empirical knowledge and psychology of knowledge. It also fails to properly understand knowledge that springs from tradition, emotion, authority and so forth. All positivistic paradigms such as that of Karl Max?s Historicism, Freud?s theory of Psycho Analysis, Adler?s theory of Individual Analysis and Newton?s theory of Gravitation fall into this trap of failure.


This paper describes the challenges faced in ICTD by reviewing the lessons learned from a project geared at improving the livelihood of marginal farmers in India through wireless sensor networks. Insufficient user participation, lack of attention to user needs, and a primary focus on technology in the design process led to unconvinced target users who were not interested in the new technology. The authors discuss benefits that ICTD can reap from incorporating human-centered design HCD principles such as holistic user involvement and prototypes to get buy-in from target users and foster support from other stakeholders and NGOs. The study's findings suggest that HCD artifacts can act as boundary objects for the different internal and external actors in development projects.


The evolution of a discipline at the intersection of physics, chemistry, and mathematics. Quantum chemistry-a discipline that is not quite physics, not quite chemistry, and not quite applied mathematics-emerged as a field of study in the 1920s. It was referred to by such terms as mathematical chemistry, subatomic theoretical chemistry, molecular quantum mechanics, and chemical physics until the community agreed on the designation of quantum chemistry. In Neither Physics Nor Chemistry, Kostas Gavroglu and Ana Simoes examine the evolution of quantum chemistry into an autonomous discipline, tracing its development from the publication of early papers in the 1920s to the dramatic changes brought about by the use of computers in the 1970s. The authors focus on the culture that emerged from the creative synthesis of the various traditions of chemistry, physics, and mathematics. They examine the concepts, practices, languages, and institutions of this new culture as well as the people who established it, from such pioneers as Walter Heitler and Fritz London, Linus Pauling, and Robert Sanderson Mulliken, to later figures including Charles Alfred Coulson, Raymond Daudel, and Per-Olov Loewdin. Throughout, the authors emphasize six themes: epistemic aspects and the dilemmas caused by multiple approaches; social issues, including academic politics, the impact of textbooks, and the forging of alliances; the contingencies that arose at every stage of the developments in quantum chemistry; the changes in the field when computers were available to perform the extraordinarily cumbersome calculations required; issues in the philosophy of science; and different styles of reasoning.


With dwindling nonrenewable energy reserves and the adverse effects of climate change, the development of the smart electricity grid is seen as key to solving global energy security issues and to reducing carbon emissions. In this respect, there is a growing need to integrate renewable (or green) energy sources in the grid. However, the intermittency of these energy sources requires that demand must also be made more responsive to changes in supply, and a number of smart grid technologies are being developed, such as high-capacity batteries and smart meters for the home, to enable consumers to be more responsive to conditions on the grid in real time. Traditional solutions based on these technologies, however, tend to ignore the fact that individual consumers will behave in such a way that best satisfies their own preferences to use or store energy (as opposed to that of the supplier or the grid operator). Hence, in practice, it is unclear how these solutions will cope with large numbers of consumers using their devices in this way. Against this background, in this article, we develop novel control mechanisms based on the use of autonomous agents to better incorporate consumer preferences in managing demand. These agents, residing on consumers' smart meters, can both communicate with the grid and optimize their owner's energy consumption to satisfy their preferences. More specifically, we provide a novel control mechanism that models and controls a system comprising of a green energy supplier operating within the grid and a number of individual homes (each possibly owning a storage device). This control mechanism is based on the concept of homeostasis whereby control signals are sent to individual components of a system, based on their continuous feedback, in order to change their state so that the system may reach a stable equilibrium. Thus, we define a new carbon-based pricing mechanism for this green energy supplier that takes advantage of carbon-intensity signals available on the Internet in order to provide real-time pricing. The pricing scheme is designed in such a way that it can be readily implemented using existing communication technologies and is easily understandable by consumers. Building upon this, we develop new control signals that the supplier can use to incentivize agents to shift demand (using their storage device) to times when green energy is available. Moreover, we show how these signals can be adapted according to changes in supply and to various degrees of penetration of storage in the system. We empirically evaluate our system and show that, when all homes are equipped with storage devices, the supplier can significantly reduce its reliance on other carbon-emitting power sources to cater for its own shortfalls. By so doing, the supplier reduces the carbon emission of the system by up to 25% while the consumer reduces its costs by up to 14.5%. Finally, we demonstrate that our homeostatic control mechanism is not sensitive to small prediction errors and the supplier is incentivized to accurately predict its green production to minimize costs.


We introduce the Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP), one of the initial Large Programs conducted with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). The primary goal of DSHARP is to find and characterize substructures in the spatial distributions of solid particles for a sample of 20 nearby protoplanetary disks, using very high resolution (∼0.″035, or 5 au, FWHM) observations of their 240 GHz (1.25 mm) continuum emission. These data provide a first homogeneous look at the small-scale features in disks that are directly relevant to the planet formation process, quantifying their prevalence, morphologies, spatial scales, spacings, symmetry, and amplitudes, for targets with a variety of disk and stellar host properties. We find that these substructures are ubiquitous in this sample of large, bright disks. They are most frequently manifested as concentric, narrow emission rings and depleted gaps, although large-scale spiral patterns and small arc-shaped azimuthal asymmetries are also present in some cases. These substructures are found at a wide range of disk radii (from a few astronomical units to more than 100 au), are usually compact (≲10 au), and show a wide range of amplitudes (brightness contrasts). Here we discuss the motivation for the project, describe the survey design and the sample properties, detail the observations and data calibration, highlight some basic results, and provide a general overview of the key conclusions that are presented in more detail in a series of accompanying articles. The DSHARP data—including visibilities, images, calibration scripts, and more—are released for community use at https://almascience.org/alma-data/lp/DSHARP.


The vociferous psychiatric Service User Movement and critical elements within psychiatry form evidence of conflict within the field of psychosis treatment. Psychiatric treatment of psychosis within the English NHS was investigated to understand the conflict-ridden relationships between psychiatrists and patients. The hope was to form a bridge of understanding and dialogue between mainstream psychiatry, its fringes and the Service User Movement.
People diagnosed with psychosis who subsequently sought support from the Movement and Consultant Psychiatrists working within the NHS were interviewed, focussing upon their experiences of psychosis treatment. The patients were asked about their experiences of and feelings about their NHS treatment and help received from the Movement and, how and if the experiences had affected their self-understanding. The psychiatrists were asked about their motivations for choosing the speciality, experiences of working with those diagnosed with psychosis and their relationships with patients and other psychiatrists. Interviews were analysed using Framework Analysis, a qualitative method designed to probe individual as well as organisational processes and make policy recommendations.
The conflictual dynamic was found to result from a fundamental neglect of existential needs for meaning, hope and relationships in psychiatric training and NHS treatment. The patients felt harmed in treatment because their anxieties about psychic annihilation and need to understand their suffering were ignored. Such harms were found to derive from the lack of focus upon relationships in psychiatric services and training. The psychiatrists suffered low morale and vocational dissatisfaction because their training and work systems left them ill equipped to understand or bear the essential difficulties
of the work. Psychoanalytic and other literature is cited to explore unconscious betrayals of human needs in the design of care systems. Ideas are offered to support all involved in the difficult work with psychosis, based upon interventions in psychiatry and other disciplines.


The role of reinforcing phase contiguity in high volume fraction particulate composites is investigated using model composites of pure aluminium reinforced with α-Al2O3 particles. To produce the composites, alumina particle (5µm) preforms were either loosely packed or, alternatively, packed and CIPed; these were then sintered, varying the sintering time and temperature, and infiltrated with pure liquid aluminium using gas pressure infiltration. The microstructure of the resulting composites was characterized using image analysis in terms of reinforcement phase contiguity (β), defined as the ratio of particle surface that is in contact with other particles to that in contact with the matrix. The influence of this parameter on several characteristics of the composites and the preforms they were made from was then studied, using theoretical models in the literature to isolate the influence of this parameter from that of other variables, such as the volume fraction ceramic. To this end, the thermal conductivity of the sintered preforms, basic composite mechanical properties (hardness, tensile strength, and damage evolution during straining) and the thermal expansion of the composites were characterized and compared with theory; furthermore, quenching and neutron diffraction were used to probe in more depth the thermal expansion behaviour of the composites. The results show that the thermal conductivity of the preform increases, as expected, upon increasing the relative density (volume fraction) and the contiguity of alumina particle after sintering. Comparison of data with theory shows that, while experimental values for the CIPed samples agree with the prediction by Argento and Bouvard for the thermal conductivity of powder preforms as a function of densification, neither this model, nor that of Montes et al. , fits all experimental values. Rather, when pooled the data show that the thermal conductivity of powder preforms, normalized for relative density using the differential effective medium model, obeys relatively well a simple linear relation between contiguity and conductivity. The hardness of the composite increases with increasing relative density and increasing contiguity. Here again, after normalization for the dependence of hardness on ceramic volume fraction using current theory, a nearly linear relation is found between hardness and contiguity. Tensile testing results show that the strength of the composite increases with increasing fraction ceramic and increasing contiguity while the elongation decreases, composites with an interconnected ceramic phase rapidly becoming quite brittle, with elongations falling below half a percent. No clear relationship is found between contiguity and Young's modulus after normalization for the volume fraction ceramic. Measurements of internal damage evolution show that damage increases very rapidly with deformation in the present interconnected composites, in agreement with their brittle character. The thermal expansion results show that the CTE of the present composites often varies with temperature at a rate higher than that predicted to result from physical parameter variations by existing theoretical models. With regard to their thermal expansion, the composites can be separated into three classes that are characterized by the level of contiguity of the low expansion phase: low contiguity (i.e. β ≤ 0.045), medium contiguity (i.e. 0.05 ≤ β < 0.074) and high contiguity (i.e. β ≤ 0.074 ). The CTE values during heating for the low contiguity composites lie between Schapery's upper bound and the rule of mixtures, starting upon heat-up from the Schapery upper bound at low temperature and transiting above roughly 150°C to the rule of mixture prediction; upon cool-down the same behaviour is observed in reverse. The CTEs of the composites with medium contiguity at low temperatures are somewhat below the Schapery upper bound, increasing somewhat faster than predicted for this bound with increasing temperature to reach Shapery's upper bound at around 200°C. For the composites with high contiguity, the CTEs lie between elastic and plastic bounds predicted using the self-consistent model, the latter model being obtained by assigning a zero shear stiffness to the matrix. Physical reasoning and comparison of data with theory indicate that these transitions in expansivity of the composites are mostly a result of matrix yield following fully elastic deformation past a certain thermal excursion, this transition being prevented by increased ceramic phase contiguity. This interpretation is confirmed by neutron diffraction results. Increased reinforcement contiguity in the composites also affects the amplitude of strain hysteresis during thermal cycling, the magnitude of hysteresis decreasing in nearly linear fashion with increasing contiguity, reaching zero near β = 15%. Samples that were quenched into liquid nitrogen after a relaxation heat treatment and reheated to room temperature yielded data globally similar to those of as-processed samples. Nitrogen-quenched samples with higher contiguity (β ≥ 0.05) exhibit furthermore signs of ratcheting upon cycling, which was not observed in the composites with low contiguity.


On a cold and snowy night in 1910, Ursula Todd is born to an English banker and his wife. She dies before she can draw her first breath. On that same cold and snowy night, Ursula Todd is born, lets out a lusty wail, and embarks upon a life that will be, to say the least, unusual. For as she grows, she also dies, repeatedly, in a variety of ways, while the young century marches on towards its second cataclysmic world war.


We work with a newly developed method to empirically assess whether a specified new-Keynesian business cycle monetary model estimated with U.S. quarterly data is consistent with a unique equilibrium or multiple equilibria under rational expectations. We conduct classical tests to verify if the structural model is correctly specified. Conditional on a positive answer, we formally assess if such model is either consistent with a unique equilibrium or with indeterminacy. Importantly, our full-system approach requires neither the use of prior distributions nor that of nonstandard inference. The case of an indeterminate equilibrium in the pre-1984 sample and of a determinate equilibrium in the post-1984 sample is favored by the data. The long-run coefficients on inflation and the output gap in the monetary policy rule are found to be weakly identified. However, our results are further supported by a proposed identification-robust indicator of indeterminacy.


Oneand two-dimensional cellular automata have traditionally modeled systems with an underlying regular lattice well. However, for other systems, such as those with nonlocal phenomena, running cellular automata over different topologies could result in a simpler, more natural model. The creation of so-called "outer median" rules, and the use of modified probabilistic rules, make it possible to run cellular automata over network topologies. In this way, the rules themselves remain simple while more complicated nonlocal information is encoded in the topology. In this manner we can model systems with nonlocal elements, and briefly consider two examples of such systems: country border relationships and forest fire spread.


This research deals with the image, which potential tourists may have about a tourist destination.Using a quantitative approach and a marketing and communication perspective, we tried to investigate how Brazil is seen by potential tourists who happened to be European students studying at the Halmstad University, Sweden. The research highlighted six categories, upon which the tourists' image of Brazil is based, namely hospitality of the population, sexuality, tourism infrastructure, environment, economy, protection and safety. The results show that the image held by the studied target group about Brazil as a tourist destination, is an exotic country with a friendly population with an exuberant nature; the main identity icons are football and carnival events. Entertainment and fun are some other positive attributes mentioned by the respondents. However, violence and fragile security are the main concerns for the respondents.


Thank you very much for downloading great old fashioned american recipes. As you may know, people have look numerous times for their chosen readings like this great old fashioned american recipes, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some infectious bugs inside their desktop computer. great old fashioned american recipes is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our book servers spans in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the great old fashioned american recipes is universally compatible with any devices to read.


In many countries around the world Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are being leveraged to produce efficiency gains and cost reductions in healthcare by making health information more readily available in clinical contexts. This raises issues as to the use of health information in clinical decision making at point of care, as relying on poor quality information in this context can have serious consequences. This thesis investigates quality criteria that are used when assessing health information, with the objective of formalising those criteria for use with a prototype software system. Literature, as well as standards and currently used forms of electronic health records, were reviewed for what they offer for assessment of health information quality. A lack of criteria from these sources necessitated interviewing practicing General Practitioners (GPs) to determine criteria important to them, and how they assessed the information they want to use. Interviews were of a semi-structured type using vignettes, for clinical context. Recruitment used a Snowball methodology. Results were analysed and interpreted using Thematic Analysis and showed the GPs assessed information using criteria based on tacit knowledge, formed from community knowledge and past experience. The Quality Criteria (QC), discovered to be integral to this process, were formalised using the developed Quality Criteria Model (QCM). A prototype system was developed to demonstrate that using a current health information standard, meta-data could be used to detect the presence of QC within health information and capture these via instantiation of the QCM. The results of successful detection of QC are then Health Information Quality Indicators (HIQI). Contributions for this thesis include the following: the set of discovered QC, thematic maps that capture the combination of criteria and the process used when applying them, the formalised model for QC (the QCM), determination that additional meta-data will be required to detect those QC categorised as being subjectively evaluated, and the demonstration that a software system can detect, and capture, QC found in health information. Implications are discussed such as that just having access to information is insufficient, and subjectively evaluated QC are problematic for implementation and use. Finally, conclusions are drawn and future work suggested such as user interface development for HIQI representation, alternative search algorithms for QC detection, and further development of the prototype toward a production system.


Although in general less prevalent than other developing countries at similar stage of development, the problem of child labor in Indonesia is significant. Like in other countries, this study finds that there is a strong link between the child labor phenomenon and poverty. The profile of child labor largely mirrors the profile of poverty. Furthermore, poverty is found as an important determinant of working for children. However, working does not always completely eliminate a childs opportunity to obtain formal education. In fact, children from poor households can still go to school by undertaking part-time work to pay for their education, implying that banning working for these children may force them to drop out of schools instead. Since the phenomenon of child labor is strongly associated with and determined by poverty, the most effective policy for eliminating child labor is through poverty alleviation. Other policies that can foster the rate of reduction in child labor are to make it easier for children from poor families to access education and to increase the opportunity cost of working by improving the quality of education to increase the rate of return to education.


Employing the Pedroni co-integration technique and the GMM estimator, this paper aims at investigating the possible connection between financial development, financial openness and trade openness in twenty-nine Asian developing countries over 1994-2008. Firstly, we find a bidirectional causality between trade openness and financial development/openness. Secondly, the relationship between financial development and financial openness is heterogeneous across different measures. Finally, this paper provides a complementary contribution to earlier studies as asking for the question of whether the inclusion of financial crisis in estimated models can change the nature of the relationship between financial development and both types of openness.


To investigate the spatial relationship between the nucleus and the cortical division site, epidermal cells were selected in which the separation between these two areas is large. Avoiding enzyme treatment and air drying, Datura stramonium cells were labeled with antitubulin antibodies and the three-dimensional aspect of the cytoskeletons was reconstructed using computer-aided optical sectioning. In vacuolated cells preparing for division, the nucleus migrates into the center of the cell, suspended by transvacuolar strands. These strands are now shown to contain continuous bundles of microtubules which bridge the nucleus to the cortex. These nucleus-radiating microtubules adopt different configurations in cells of different shape. In elongated cells with more or less parallel side walls, oblique strands radiating from the nucleus to the long side walls are presumably unstable, for they are progressively realigned into a transverse disc (the phragmosome) as broad, cortical, preprophase bands (PPBs) become tighter. The phragmosome and the PPB are both known predictors of the division plane and our observations indicate that they align simultaneously in elongated epidermal cells. These observations suggest another hypothesis: that the PPB may contain microtubules polymerized from the nuclear surface. In elongated cells, the majority of the radiating microtubules, therefore, come to anchor the nucleus in the transverse plane, consistent with the observed tendency of such cells to divide perpendicular to the long axis. In nonrectangular isodiametric epidermal cells, which approximate regular hexagons in section, the radial microtubular strands emanating from the nucleus tend to remain associated with the middle of each subtending cell wall. The strands are not reorganized into a single dominant transverse bar, but remain as a starlike array until mitosis. PPBs in these cells are not as tight; they may only be a sparse accumulation of microtubules, even forming along non-diametrical radii. This arrangement is consistent with the irregular division patterns observed in epidermal mosaics of isodiametric D. stramonium cells. The various conformations of the radial strands can be modeled by springs held in two-dimensional hexagonal frames, and by soap bubbles in three-dimensional hexagonal frames, suggesting that the division plane may, by analogy, be selected by minimal path criteria. Such behavior offers a cytoplasmic explanation of long-standing empirically derived "rules" which state that the new cell wall tends to meet the maternal wall at right angles. The radial premitotic strands and their analogues avoid taking the longer path to the vertex of an angle where a cross wall is already present between neighboring cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


The research seeks to understand the virus-host plant interactions for cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) caused by two viruses, Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan Cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) of the genus Ipomovirus, family Potyviridae. The diversity of six CBSD isolates from the endemic (Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania) and the recently developed epidemic areas (Uganda) of the disease in eastern Africa was studied. Five cassava varieties differing in virus resistance levels; Albert, Columbian, Ebwanateraka, TMS60444 (all susceptible) and Kiroba (tolerant) were graft-inoculated with the UCBSV and CBSV isolates. Based on a number of parameters, the isolates can be grouped into two main categories; severe and milder forms.

Transmission of viruses using non-vector modes confirmed that CBSV was sap transmissible from cassava to cassava. Graft-inoculation of infected scions onto CBSD-free cassava plants was the most efficient mode of transmission which resulted in 80 and 100% rate for UCBSV and CBSV respectively. The two virus isolates were not transmitted through contaminated tools and hands. The effect of host-tolerance on virus was investigated in a long-term experiment where three cassava varieties Albert, Kiroba and Kaleso (field-resistant to CBSD) were graft-inoculated with UCBSV and CBSV. The three cassava varieties showed differences in virus movement, symptom development, severity and relative virus titres.

The mechanisms of resistance to CBSD were investigated by making cuttings, from various parts of the plants, and a greater number of disease-free plants were generated from cuttings made from Kaleso than Kiroba and Albert. The fecundity of B. tabaci and its ability to transmit the virus were determined and results indicated no significant differences in the ability of the three cassava varieties to support whitefly development.

Finally, thermal and chemical treatments of tissue cultured plants were conducted and the combinations of both treatments produced the greatest number of disease-free plants in all three varieties; Kaleso (50%), Kiroba (44%) and Albert (35%). The information generated in this thesis has greatly improved our understanding of the interactions between the three biotic factors; the host, virus and vector in the CBSD-pathosystem, which would be highly useful in designing effective disease management strategies.


The leak-before-break (LBB) assessment of pressure tubes is intended to demonstrate that in the event of through-wall cracking of the tube, there will be sufficient time followed by the leak detection, for a controlled shutdown of the reactor prior to the rupture of the pressure tube. CSA Standard N285.8 (2005, "Technical Requirements for In-Service Evaluation of Zirconium Alloy Pressure Tubes in CANDU Reactors," Canadian Standards Association) has specified deterministic and probabilistic methods for LBB assessment. Although the deterministic method is simple, the associated degree of conservatism is not quantified and it does not provide a risk-informed basis for the fitness for service assessment. On the other hand, full probabilistic methods based on simulations require excessive amount of information and computation time, making them impractical for routine LBB assessment work. This paper presents an innovative, semiprobabilistic method that bridges the gap between a simple deterministic analysis and complex simulations. In the proposed method, a deterministic criterion of CSA Standard N285.8 is calibrated to specified target probabilities of pressure tube rupture based on the concept of partial factors. This paper also highlights the conservatism associated with the current CSA Standard. The main advantage of the proposed approach is that it retains the simplicity of the deterministic method, yet it provides a practical, risk-informed basis for I LBB assessment.


Wehea forest is a highland of tropical rain forest on East Kutai Regency in East Kalimantan. The community especially Wehea ethnic in Nehas Liah Bing Village is well known for their traditional wisdom in utilizing the forest resources. Wehea Forest Area is a cluster of Maput and Pendreh land systems, and both land systems are irregular hilly regions that have steep to very steep slopes. Because of the uniqueness of biodiversity, landscapes, and traditional wisdom of Wehea ethnic the forest has been declared as forest reserve. This study aimed to assess the natural resources, culture, and participation local community as potential for nature based turism development. The result showed that the Wehea forest has biodiversity of flora dan fauna. Species of flora which are often founded are families of Dipterocarpaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, etc. Fauna potentials are not less important and interesting than flora ones. There are several species which have endangered and protected status. The uniqueness of natural forest landscape really supports to various ecotourism activities. Wehea forest wealth also comes from local community presence. Their awareness is relatively high about Wehea forest existence, especially communities in Nehas Liah Bing. Dayak ethnic of Wehea forest has unique culture to be developed as tourist attraction. Dayak ethnic communities in Miau Baru are Kenyah and then community in Makmur Jaya which was once a transmigration village of Java ethnic. Both communities in the village are familiar about the Wehea forest existence. Culture value diversity, awareness, and participation of local communities become strong capital to develop natural based turism and are expected to contribute to economic diversification region.


Background
Effective training programs for managing people with challenging behaviors should be established in both welfare and education settings, as it is important that the support system for challenging behaviors covers the entire life span. For consistent support, it is necessary to understand the difficulties and needs of support staff in caring for people with challenging behaviors from infancy through adulthood. The purpose of this study was to gather data from welfare facility staff and special school teachers regarding their difficulties and needs for managing challenging behaviors, and to determine the differences between teachers and staff members.

Methods
We investigated Japanese special school teachers (n = 317) and the staff of welfare facilities for intellectual disabilities (n = 202) regarding their difficulties and needs. The questionnaire comprised 23 items related to the needs and difficulties in responding to challenging behaviors.

Results
Three factors were extracted from the analysis of the survey items: "Difficulty in coordination and information sharing with other organizations," "Difficulty in the workplace," and "Difficulty in support and response." The overall trend was that welfare staff have more difficulties and needs than special school teachers.

Conclusion
It is necessary to emphasize not only how to respond to challenging behavior but also the importance of establishing a collaborative system within the workplace and with other organizations for staff training in light of their perceptions of working conditions.


The Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound convened a multidisciplinary panel of experts in the field of vascular ultrasonography (US) to come to a consensus regarding Doppler US for assistance in the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis. The panel's consensus statement is believed to represent a reasonable position on the basis of analysis of available literature and panelists' experience. Key elements of the statement include the following: First, all internal carotid artery (ICA) examinations should be performed with grayscale, color Doppler, and spectral Doppler US. Second, the degree of stenosis determined at grayscale and Doppler US should be stratified into the categories of normal (no stenosis), less than 50% stenosis, 50 to 69% stenosis, ≥70% stenosis to near occlusion, near occlusion, and total occlusion. Third, ICA peak systolic velocity (PSV) and the presence of plaque on grayscale and/or color Doppler images are primarily used in the diagnosis and grading of ICA stenosis. Two additional parameters (the ICA-to-common carotid artery PSV ratio and ICA end diastolic velocity) may also be used when clinical or technical factors raise concern that ICA PSV may not be representative of the extent of disease. Fourth, ICA should be diagnosed as normal when ICA PSV is less than 125 cm/second and no plaque or intimal thickening is visible, less than 50% stenosis when ICA PSV is less than 125 cm/second and plaque or intimal thickening is visible, 50 to 69% stenosis when ICA PSV is 125 to 230 cm/second and plaque is visible, ≥70% stenosis to near occlusion when ICA PSV is more than 230 cm/second and visible plaque and lumen narrowing are seen, near occlusion when there is a markedly narrowed lumen on color Doppler US, and total occlusion when there is no detectable patent lumen on grayscale US and no flow on spectral, power, and color Doppler US. Fifth, the final report should discuss velocity measurements and grayscale and color Doppler findings. Study limitations should be noted when they exist. The conclusion should state an estimated degree of ICA stenosis as reflected in these categories. The panel also considered various technical aspects of carotid US and methods for quality assessment, and identified several important unanswered questions meriting future research.


This article examines the recent debates within the scholarship on narcissism considering whether too high self-esteem is the problem, or whether the grandiose exterior acts as a mask for low self-esteem. It considers the possibility that the difficulty is resolved by the existence of two types of narcissism existing on a continuum: "overt", "grandiose", "oblivious" and "thick-skinned" narcissism on the one hand and "covert", "vulnerable" or "thin-skinned" narcissism on the other. Using recent psychodynamic thinking on narcissism, this article integrates recent attachment scholarship including Allan Schore's seminal idea of attachment as a source of emotional regulation, and Daniel Stern's concept of attunement, arguing that this gives a richer and more plausible explanation of a possible aetiology of the development of both kinds of narcissism. Manne then raises the question: Why is narcissism on the rise? Why is empathy declining? Why are avoidant attachments increasing? Why are parents more likely to behave such that, as John Fiscalini argued, "These children get what they do not need and do not get what they do need"? The article moves beyond the individual to the ways our contemporary economic and cultural context – the harsh and hypercompetitive world of neo liberalism – has profoundly reshaped our attitudes to nurture, care and the self, and made narcissism into a strategy for survival. "This article is a condensed version an argument made in greater depth in Manne's book The life of I: The new culture of narcissism" (2014).


A 53-year old man presented to the ED with complaints of fevers and chills for 5 days. Two days prior, he started having generalized arthralgias and a painfully numb left index finger. Similar symptoms had also begun on his left great toe (See Figures D and E, Color Plates page 19). The patient denied recent trauma, although he was unsure if he had sustained an insect bite on the dorsal aspect of his left hand 8 hours prior to the onset of symptoms. Three sets of blood cultures obtained prior to admission were positive for methacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. The patient was treated with intravenous nafcillin and gentamicin. A transesophageal echocardiography was performed, which showed a friable and perforated left coronary cusp of the aortic valve, resulting in severe aortic insufficiency. The patient was scheduled for emergent aortic valve replacement. It was surmised that the initial site of infection was a badly ulcerated blister located on the patient's right great toe. A Male with Chills and Arthralgias Lo-Ku Chiang MD, PGY-3 Internal Medicine and Ambrish Ojha MD, PGY-5 Infectious Diseases


We develop a unified framework to investigate the performance of future cellular networks with relays and/or co-ordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission. Based on this framework, we study the benefits of CoMP and relaying in a realistic setup. We consider imperfect channel knowledge, different power levels, and simple (thus practically relevant) cooperation schemes with different complexity: non-cooperative reference, decode-and-forward relaying with relay selection, base station cooperation with block zero-forcing (coherent joint transmission), and a combination of relaying and CoMP. Based on computer simulations, we compare the different schemes with respect to performance, robustness, complexity, and required transmit power.


Anton Chekhov's only full-length novel, this "Penguin Classics" edition of "The Shooting Party" is translated and edited by Ronald Wilks, with an introduction by John Sutherland. "The Shooting Party" centres on Olga, the pretty young daughter of a drunken forester on a country estate, and her fateful relationships with the men in her life. Adored by Urbenin, the estate manager, whom she marries to escape the poverty of her home, she is also desired by the dissolute Count Karneyev and by Zinovyev, a magistrate, who knows the secret misery of her marriage. When an attempt is made on Olga's life in the woods, it seems impossible to discover the perpetrator in an impenetrable web of lust, deceit, loathing and double-dealing. One of Chekhov's earliest experiments in fiction combines the classic elements of a gripping mystery with a short story of corruption, concealed love and fatal jealousy. Ronald Wilks' brilliant new translation of this work is the first in over seventy years. It brilliantly captures the immediacy of the dialogue that Chekhov was later to develop into his great dramas. This edition also includes an introduction by John Sutherland, suggestions for further reading and explanatory notes. Anton Chekhov (1860-1904) was born in Taganrog, a port on the sea of Azov. In 1879 he travelled to Moscow, where he entered the medical faculty of the university, graduating in 1884. During his university years, he supported his family by contributing humorous stories and sketches to magazines. He published his first volume of stories, "Motley Tales", in 1886, and a year later his second volume "In the Twilight", for which he received the Pushkin Prize. Today his plays, including "Uncle Vanya", "The Seagull", and "The Cherry Orchard" are recognised as masterpieces the world over. If you enjoyed "The Shooting Party", you might like Chekhov's "Plays", also available in "Penguin Classics".