Estimation of a vector from quantized linear measurements is a common problem for which simple linear techniques are suboptimal-sometimes greatly so. This paper develops message-passing de-quantization (MPDQ) algorithms for minimum mean-squared error estimation of a random vector from quantized linear measurements, notably allowing the linear expansion to be overcomplete or undercomplete and the scalar quantization to be regular or non-regular. The algorithm is based on generalized approximate message passing (GAMP), a recently-developed Gaussian approximation of loopy belief propagation for estimation with linear transforms and nonlinear componentwise-separable output channels. For MPDQ, scalar quantization of measurements is incorporated into the output channel formalism, leading to the first tractable and effective method for high-dimensional estimation problems involving non-regular scalar quantization. The algorithm is computationally simple and can incorporate arbitrary separable priors on the input vector including sparsity-inducing priors that arise in the context of compressed sensing. Moreover, under the assumption of a Gaussian measurement matrix with i.i.d. entries, the asymptotic error performance of MPDQ can be accurately predicted and tracked through a simple set of scalar state evolution equations. We additionally use state evolution to design MSE-optimal scalar quantizers for MPDQ signal reconstruction and empirically demonstrate the superior error performance of the resulting quantizers. In particular, our results show that non-regular quantization can greatly improve rate-distortion performance in some problems with oversampling or with undersampling combined with a sparsity-inducing prior.


This paper describes main modern tendencies of the design and development of intelligent information technologies, implementing process of generating recommendations in tourism recommender systems. The basic trends of the e-tourism information technology tools are analyzed to show importance of creation for multitask, multykontent mobile e-tourism recommender systems with decision support functions in terms of the tourism group, which is regarded as a single collective user.


This paper estimates a common component in many price series that has an equiproportional effect on all prices. Changes in this component can be interpreted as changes in the value of the numeraire since, by definition, they leave all relative prices unchanged. The first aim of the paper is to measure these changes. The paper provides a framework for identifying this component, suggests an estimator for the component based on a dynamic factor model, and assesses its performance relative to alternative estimators. Using 187 U.S. time-series on prices, we estimate changes in the value of the numeraire from 1960 to 2006, and further decompose these changes into a part that is related to relative price movements and a residual 'exogenous' part. The second aim of the paper is to use these estimates to investigate two economic questions. First, we show that the size of exogenous changes in the value of the numeraire helps distinguish between different theories of pricing, and that the U.S. evidence argues against several strict theories of nominal rigidities. Second, we find that changes in the value of the numeraire are significantly related to changes in real quantities, and discuss interpretations of this apparent non-neutrality.


Urdu is a classic example of digraphia, a linguistic situation in which different scripts are used to write the same language (Ahmad, 2011). The analysis of orthographic practices of reading and writing Urdu in Arabic script versus in Urdu script reveals that Muslims learning to read the Quran in Western countries are not explicitly aware of the features specific to Urdu script. The present study examined awareness of script similarity; suggesting that bilinguals who read both scripts, Urdu and Arabic would have an advantage in acquiring L1 through the same scripts. Fifty Canadian bilingual children (6-10 years) were tested for language ability, cognitive and phonological processing skills in two languages: Urdu their L1 and English their L2. In contrast to English, Urdu was written in an adapted version of Arabic script. Groups were created based on whether they were above or below the standardized mean on the Urdu and/or Arabic measures. A binary logistic regression showed that there was a significant difference between readers who are good and/or poor at one or both languages, in terms of L2 decoding. The correlations between L1 and L2 phonological awareness showed that phonological awareness is not a language specific mechanism (Comeau et al., 1999). These skills predict word recognition cross-linguistically as a result of the linguistic interdependence between L1 and L2. Recent research on L2 literacy development suggests the need to examine transfer of literacy skills on a case-by-case basis for each language, based on similarities and differences between L1 and L2 scripts, particularly if the readers show low levels of literacy in one script, in this case their L1 (Genesse et al., 2006).


Abstract We study bubble break-up in homogeneous and isotropic turbulence by direct numerical simulations of the two-phase incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. We create the turbulence by forcing in physical space and introduce the bubble once a statistically stationary state is reached. We perform a large ensemble of simulations to investigate the effect of the Weber number (the ratio of turbulent and surface tension forces) on bubble break-up dynamics and statistics, including the child bubble size distribution, and discuss the numerical requirements to obtain results independent of grid size. We characterize the critical Weber number below which no break-up occurs and the associated Hinze scale $d_h$. At Weber number close to stable conditions (initial bubble sizes $d_0\approx d_h$), we observe binary and tertiary break-ups, leading to bubbles mostly between $0.5d_h$ and $d_h$, a signature of a production process local in scale. For large Weber numbers ($d_0> 3d_h$), we observe the creation of a wide range of bubble radii, with numerous child bubbles between $0.1d_h$ and $0.3d_h$, an order of magnitude smaller than the parent bubble. The separation of scales between the parent and child bubble is a signature of a production process non-local in scale. The formation mechanism of these sub-Hinze scale bubbles relates to rapid large deformation and successive break-ups: the first break-up in a sequence leaves highly deformed bubbles which will break again, without recovering a spherical shape and creating an array of much smaller bubbles. We discuss the application of this scenario to the production of sub-Hinze bubbles under breaking waves.


eral large well-known corporations, most notably Enron Corporation and WorldCom, have had to be massively restated. Is this indicative of inadequate accounting and auditing rules or evidence of corporate misgovernance and auditor incompetence? Why did these problems occur, and are they widespread? Answers to those and other questions are provided in this paper, which examines historical and current evidence of problems with corporate financial statements auditing before Enron. To provide a better perspective, I discuss in detail the traditional historical cost model of accounting and the Financial Accounting Standards Board's move away from that model and toward a system of fair value accounting. A better understanding of accounting principles will help explain what Enron did wrong and the type and extent of recent misstatements by other corporations. In case after case, it appears that fair value accounting that is not based on reliable market prices was abused by managers to create misleading financial reports. Given the influence of the Enron scandal in shaping public policy and public opinion about financial reporting, this paper analyzes all the links in the audit chain that failed to perform their duties, from the members of the board of directors to the independent auditors to the regulators at the state and federal levels. Finally, three changes to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)—allowing restatements of assets and liabilities only to the extent that those are based on trustworthy numbers, replacing the U.S. rules-based with a principles-based traditional "matching concept" system, and allowing publicly traded corporations to use international accounting standards as an alternative to U.S. GAAP—are proposed to restore value to corporate accounting reports. The Quality of Corporate Financial Statements and Their Auditors before and after Enron


Only when the power goes off and food spoils do we truly appreciate how much we rely on refrigerators and freezers. In Refrigeration Nation, Jonathan Rees explores the innovative methods and gadgets that Americans have invented to keep perishable food cold-from cutting river and lake ice and shipping it to consumers for use in their iceboxes to the development of electrically powered equipment that ushered in a new age of convenience and health. As much a history of successful business practices as a history of technology, this book illustrates how refrigeration has changed the everyday lives of Americans and why it remains so important today. Beginning with the natural ice industry in 1806, Rees considers a variety of factors that drove the industry, including the point and product of consumption, issues of transportation, and technological advances. Rees also shows that how we obtain and preserve perishable food is related to our changing relationship with the natural world.


We study a novel class of motion planning problems, inspired by emerging low-energy robotic vehicles, such as insect-size flyers, chip-size satellites, and high-endurance autonomous blimps, for which the energy consumed by computing hardware during planning a path can be as large as the energy consumed by actuation hardware during the execution of the same path. We propose a new algorithm, called Compute Energy Included Motion Planning (CEIMP). CEIMP operates similarly to any other anytime planning algorithm, except it stops when it estimates further computing will require more computing energy than potential savings in actuation energy. We show that CEIMP has the same asymptotic computational complexity as existing sampling-based motion planning algorithms, such as PRM*. We also show that CEIMP outperforms the average baseline of using maximum computing resources in realistic computational experiments involving 10 floor plans from MIT buildings. In one representative experiment, CEIMP outperforms the average baseline 90.6% of the time when energy to compute one more second is equal to the energy to move one more meter, and 99.7% of the time when energy to compute one more second is equal to or greater than the energy to move 3 more meters.


Embodied carbon constitutes a significant portion of a building's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and is a key challenge for the construction and real estate sectors. Embodied carbon includes construction product manufacturing, building construction, material replacement and end of life. During the specification and procurement stage, designers and contractors have the opportunity to prioritize products with lower carbon footprints. Environmental product declarations (EPDs) are a growing source of environmental data in the construction products market, and are increasingly being used for (1) environmental performance assessment of buildings and (2) product comparison for procurement decisions during the later stages of building design. An obstacle to identifying and purchasing lower embodied carbon products is a lack of data quality and the transparency of EPDs. However, EPDs vary widely in their data quality and specificity, which can lead to inaccurate and misleading comparisons. A new method is presented to account quantitatively for estimates of variation in underlying data specificity in EPDs to enable fairer comparisons between EPDs and to motivate the reporting of actual variability and uncertainty in EPDs. The application of this approach can help purchasers to assess EPDs quantitatively. Practice relevance Life-cycle assessments (LCAs) and LCA data can be used within the construction sector to evaluate buildings and to assist in design, specification and procurement decision-making. A new method is presented to support the assessment of comparability of functionally equivalent materials and products during the specification and procurement stage. Given the known variation and lack of precision within EPDs, this method provides quantitative metrics that correlate to a qualitative interpretation of EPD precision. This method can be used by anyone who is using EPD data to make product comparisons at the specification and procurement stage: It provides more confidence in choosing low-carbon material or product options when comparing between functionally equivalent options. It can incentivize product manufacturers and LCA practitioners to improve data quality and transparently report known variation in their EPDs. It may also motivate manufacturers to reduce GHGs from their products and processes.


Democratic Decentralization and Participatory Governance are the key issues dominating the development discourse in recent times. With the introduction of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India, initiatives have been taken effectively to extend democratic rule to the local/village level. These strengthened elected local councils often co-exist and interact with a range of apparently-'traditional', potentiallyoverlapping customary local governance institutions (Customary Panchayats). Research on these issues in Karnataka suggests that it cannot be assumed that there is a unilinear process of displacement of customary institutions by the formal governance structures such as Grama Panchayats. There is some evidence to suggest that Customary Panchayats themselves both influence and adapt to the existence of Grama Panchayats. A deeper understanding of the facts and dynamics of this interaction would greatly increase the capacity of government agencies and social movements to intervene effectively to help promote the interests of the poor and disadvantaged.


Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent form of primary liver tumor. HCC is characterized by its occurrence in a context of chronic liver disease. The burden of HCC is expected to increase in the coming decade, principally because of its rising incidence. Although radical treatments are available when a unique tumor of small size is found, HCC is more often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Classical schemes for the treatment of advanced HCC have been recently challenged with the introduction of sorafenib (Nexavar ® ), a new reference treatment for advanced HCC. The report of the SHARP clinical trial, showing for the first time the efficacy of sorafenib in advanced HCC, became one of the most cited reports in the cancer literature (Highly cited cancer papers, 2008-2010, Nature Medicine 2011: 17: 280). Sorafenib is an inhibitor of oncogenic kinases that has recently been approved as the reference treatment for advanced HCC. Sorafenib affords a modest gain in survival by delaying the progression of HCC. In the absence of validated biomarkers that would predict its efficacy, several questions pertaining to its indications and the follow-up of this treatment remain unanswered. Here, we review the essential facts about sorafenib and its use in HCC. We also put emphasis on the actual research perspectives that could improve HCC treatment based on sorafenib.


Abstract.
 Plant-insect interactions are vital for structuring terrestrial ecosystems. It is still unclear how climate change in geological time might have shaped plant-insect interactions leading to modern ecosystems. We investigated the effect of Quaternary climate change on plant-insect interactions by observing insect herbivory on leaves of an evergreen sclerophyllous oak lineage (Quercus section Heterobalanus, HET) from a late Pliocene flora and eight living forests in southwestern China. Among the modern HET populations investigated, the damage diversity tends to be higher in warmer and wetter climates. Even though the climate of the fossil flora was warmer and wetter than modern sample sites, the damage diversity is lower in the fossil flora than in modern HET populations. Eleven out of 18 damage types in modern HET populations are observed in the fossil flora. All damage types in the fossil flora, except for one distinctive gall type, are found in modern HET populations. These results indicate that Quaternary climate change did not cause extensive extinction of insect herbivores in HET forests. The accumulation of a more diverse herbivore fauna over time supports the view of plant species as evolutionary "islands" for colonization and turnover of insect species.


With rapid developments in wearable device technology, a vast amount of spatiotemporal data, such as people's movement and physical activities, are generated. Information derived from the data reveals important knowledge that can contribute a long-term care and psychological assessment of the elders' living condition especially in long-term care institutions. This study aims to develop a method to investigate the spatial-temporal movement patterns of the elders with their outdoor trajectory information. To achieve the goal, GPS based location data of the elderly subjects from long-term care institutions are collected and analysed with geographic information system (GIS). A GIS statistical model is developed to mine the elderly subjects' spatiotemporal patterns with the location data and represent their daily movement pattern at particular time. The proposed method first finds the meaningful trajectory and extracts the frequent patterns from the time-stamp location data. Then, a density-based clustering method is used to identify the major moving range and the gather/stay hotspot in both spatial and temporal dimensions. The preliminary results indicate that the major moving area of the elderly people encompasses their dorm and has a short moving distance who often stay in the same site. Subjects' outdoor appearance are corresponded to their life routine. The results can be useful for understanding elders' social network construction, risky area identification and medical care monitoring.


Dyads and triads of college students brainstormed via computer based text chat rather than face-toface. In one condition, participants were represented as 3D avatars in a virtual space. In another, no avatars were visible. It was hypothesized that triads would outperform dyads due to facilitation from a third perspective, and that having avatars visible would increase participants' sense of presence and task involvement, resulting in better performance. Participants were given standard brainstorming instructions that emphasized withholding criticism, generating unusual ideas, generating as many ideas as possible, and piggybacking on others' ideas. The task was to generate ideas as for how to improve the university. Participants were surveyed after the problem solving task regarding their sense of presence and task involvement. Triads outperformed dyads but there was no facilitation of presence or idea generation from having visible avatar representations. Implications for the believability of virtual environments are discussed.


Soil salinization has been causing crop yields reduction worldwide, which is a great threat to global agriculture. The study of salt tolerance-related genes is the basis of using biological techniques to improve crop plants' salt tolerance. We extract the total RNA from young roots of shanlan rice, and then amplify HKT2 gene segment through PCR, to obtain a sequence of 1593bp. Then by building HKT2 gene overexpression vector, make HKT2 excessively express in Rhine Chlamydomonas CC124. Determine the salt tolerant ability of wild type Rhine Chlamydomonas and transgenic Rhine Chlamydomonas. The experimental results show that shanlan rice HKT2 expression products reduce the salt tolerance of Rhine Chlamydomonas.


On May 19, 2014, the Delavan-Darien School Board of Wisconsin voted 5-2 in favor of installing a Dual Language Immersion Program. This victory of the Latino community in a small district was not easy and speaks of a valuable experience in advocacy and mobilization. The district's student outcomes are worrying: the combined results in 2013-2014 of the Wisconsin Knowledge and Concepts Examination and the Wisconsin Alternate Assessment are the poorest in the state. This situation has raised questions about the cultural and linguistic relevance of the education provided in the district. The monolingual model was not recognizing the diversity of the student population, and a large percentage of firstand second-generation immigrant students were failing in the school system. That is why a group of parents initiated a series of actions to establish a dual language education program. The demand for dual language education in Delavan-Darien can be analyzed in three phases: 1. Raising awareness around the exclusion of the Latino community in regards to the available educational options: At this stage, the Latino community leaders got organized to push for dual language education in the context of the school district's 2011 strategic plan. 2. The political-administrative transition of the district and re-launching of the campaign: The change of leadership in the district and school board elections in 2012 meant that Latino leaders had to reinforce and build upon their progress made the previous year, and defend the priority to open spaces for the Latino community in the school system. 3. Opening and consolidation of an institutional setting for the Latino community: The Latino community's advocacy and lobbying was able to make progress towards their goals. This included the Board's approval to develop a dual language education program, the creation of the Director of Language Acquisition and Community Education (of Latino origin) position, and parent invitations to participate in interviews for the director and new teacher hires. The installation of the program was in progress during the 2014-2015 school year, when there were 160 students participating in the first generation of the Dual Language Educational Program of the Delavan-Darien School District.


This article addresses the question of why fields of study differ in early labour market returns. It is argued that the higher the potential training costs of a field of study the more problematic the labour market integration of graduates. This is due to the fact that employers use the occupational specificity and selectivity of a study programme as a signal for the expected training costs. In addition, the article suggests that structural relations between fields and occupations act as mediators for the effect of field of study on non-pecuniary returns. Using the German HIS Graduate Panel 1997, the results indicate that a lack of occupational specificity is partly responsible for differences between fields of study. Selectivity measures do not contribute to an explanation. As expected, working in the public sector and the required expertise for a job strongly mediate field of study differences.


Since 2006, more than 80 multilateral horizontal wells have been drilled in Panzhuang block, Southern Qinshui Basin. In this paper, 6 typical wells in a region are selected as an example. The thickness of coal, gas content, reservoir pressure, permeability, burial depth, and reservoir pressure conditions are analyzed. The practice shows that production by multilateral horizontal well declines from 43,111 m 3 /day per well in the 2nd year to 25,126 m 3 /day per well in the 4th year. The numerical simulation result shows that the lateral interference forms in Well QNP05 after two years of gas production, and the gas content is reduced to less than 8 m 3 /t within the controlled region after six years. The area of gas content was less than 8 m 3 /t after eight years of gas production is about 3.2 km 2 , which is about 76% of the controlled area of the six multilateral horizontal wells. The results indicate that multilateral horizontal wells contribute to high production rates at potentially profitable levels and can also serve as an effective tool for a high-rank CBM field drainage. Cited as :  Liu, S., Tang, S., Yin, S. Coalbed methane recovery from multilateral horizontal wells in Southern Qinshui Basin. Advances in Geo-Energy Research, 2018, 2(1): 34-42, doi: 10.26804/ager.2018.01.03.


In 2007, the Columbia University Middle East Research Center (CUMERC), with the support and patronage of Her Majesty Queen Rania Al Abdullah, facilitated the founding of the Queen Rania Teacher Academy (QRTA) to help advance education in Jordan and throughout the Middle East. Through CUMERC, QRTA and Teachers College, Columbia University (TC) formed a new partnership whose goal was to use high quality in-service training to improve the quality of the public schools in Jordan. The Consortium for Policy in Education at TC (CPRE) took on this work and began collaborating with QRTA to engage current educators in the adoption and use of evidence-based instructional practices in Jordan's elementary and secondary schools. This initiative became known as the School Networks Learning Project and supported networks of schools in different regions of the country as vehicles for providing professional development of teachers in English, mathematics, and science as well as leadership training for principals and education supervisors to support the desired changes in classroom practice. Five core practices were emphasized during the professional development with the goal being that teachers would focus on these practices and take them back to their classrooms. Schools and teachers made a 2 to 3 year commitment to the project. At the time of the writing of this report, three cohorts have completed the Project and two additional cohorts have begun the Project. Across the three completed cohorts, 2,158 teachers, 894 school leaders, and 104 other educators participated in the School Network Project, totaling 3,130 participants over the almost six years of the Project's implementation. Disciplines Educational Administration and Supervision | Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Comments View on the CPRE website. This report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cpre_researchreports/83 CHANGING CLASSROOM PRACTICE: The Evaluation of the School Network Learning Project in Jordan Presented by Jaunelle Pratt-Williams Senior Research Assistant Thomas Corcoran Director CHANGING CLASSROOM PRACTICE: The Evaluation of the School Network Project in Jordan Opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the Queen Rania Teacher Academy, Jordanian Ministry of Education, Jordanian Ministry of Planning, Columbia University Middle East Research Center, the Columbia Global Centers, CPRE Teachers College, or the participating schools. TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 OVERVIEW OF SCHOOL NETWORK LEARNING PROJECT 6 Goals of the School Network Learning 7 EVALUATING THE PROJECT 9 Data Sources and Methods 10 THE SCHOOL NETWORK FRAMEWORK 11 Participation and Attrition 13 Modifications and Adaptations to Professional Development 16 FINDINGS FROM CPRE'S THREE FOCUS AREAS 18 Change: The Reflective Classroom Initiative 18 Self-reported Changes and Challenges from Surveys 22 Similar Findings from Cohort 1 and Cohort 2 27 Building Capacity within QRTA 27


The proportions of underweight, wasted, and stunted children, as well as the infant and under-5 mortality rates, have all exhibited downward trends in the Region over the past 2 decades. This is in part attributable to maternal and child nutrition intervention programmes, especially those in which women were actively involved. Programmes which support and promote breastfeeding, such as the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative, have also contributed to this trend, although the number of baby friendly hospitals varies considerably between countries. Available information also shows that anemia is quite common among women, many of whom also have a low weight and stature and seem to suffer from osteoporosis. In several countries of the Region a number of micronutrient deficiency control programmes are in progress, such as iron supplementation for pregnant women, fortification of flour and iodization of salt. Iodine deficiency disorders are under control in 2 countries of the Region and legislation for salt iodization is in place in 17 countries. Prevalence of severe malnutrition in children is much lower than that of milder levels, thus, promotion of the nutrition status of mildly to moderately malnourished children could lead to a sizeable reduction in child mortality.


The potential use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAS) has come to the attention of the construction industry. However, its use still demands investigations for a better understanding of how this technology can be fitted to construction management tasks. This paper aims to evaluate the application of UAS for safety inspection on site, focus on its utility, equipment performance and risks associated with the use of that technology. For this, two case studies were performed in Brazil. Data was collected from flight tests on site for visual assets gathering and regular meetings with project personnel for feedback were held. The safety inspection analysis was based on the visualization of the safety requirements in the visual assets collected. Document analysis and interviews with project personnel and workers were performed for supporting the performance evaluation. As a result, the application of UAV could provide the visualization of 87.2% (Project A) and 58% (Project B) of the safety inspections items selected, providing detailed information for safety monitoring on jobsites. Barriers such as meteorological factors and pilot training influence the technology use for safety inspection. Further studies are under development in order to evaluate the impact of the safety inspection with the support of UAV in a systematic way.


14 March 1973 Ordinary General Meeting held at the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, arranged by Dr D. A. Bassett. Welsh Geological Studies Morning Session with short talks and exhibits. The Silurian Correlation Chart: Toward a supplement. C. H. Holland. The Hirnantia fauna. A. D. Wright. Ordovician fossils from boreholes in England. A. W. A. Rushton. The work of the Institute of Geological Sciences North Wales. M. F. Howells. The Cambro-Ordovician boundary: a suggested compromise based on the sequence in the type district. P. Whitworth. The Harlech Dome borehole. P. M. Allen. Trinucleid morphology and relationships. C. Hughes & J. K. Ingham.A new 1 :25,000 geological map of the Leint- wardine-Ludlow area. C. H. Holland, J. Lawson, V. G. Walmsley, J. H. McD. Whitaker & B. J. Williams. Basement control of Malvernoid and related structures within the Phanerozoic of S.E. Wales and the lower Severn area. J. W. Baker & R. A. Gayer. Other exhibits included: Ordovician faunas from Czechoslovakia (M. G. Bassett); Ordovician faunas from Anglesey (D. E. B. Bates); The new 6-inch geological maps of the Newtown area (R. Cave); New fossil finds from the Cambrian of N.W. Scotland (J. W. Cowie); Silurian plants from Wales (Dianne Edwards and M. G. Bassett) ; The work of the I.G.S. in Snowdonia (M. F. HoweUs); Ordovician fossils from boreholes in England (A. W. A. Rushton); Silurian Beyrichiacean Ostracodes from Britain (David Siveter); Calymenid trilobites from Britain and Scandinavia (Derek Siveter) ; Further isolated graptolites fromthe Ordovician of Girvan


Managed languages such as Java, JavaScript or Python account for a large portion of workloads, both in cloud data centers and on mobile devices. It is therefore unsurprising that there is an interest in hardware-software co-design for these languages. However, existing research infrastructure is often unsuitable for this kind of research: managed languages are sensitive to fine-grained interactions that are not captured by high-level architectural models, yet are also too long-running and irregular to be simulated using cycle-accurate software simulators. Open-source hardware based on the RISC-V ISA provides an opportunity to solve this problem, by running managed workloads on RISC-V systems in FPGA-based full-system simulation. This approach achieves both the accuracy and simulation speeds required for managed workloads, while enabling modification and design-space exploration for the underlying hardware. A crucial requirement for this hardware-software research is a managed runtime that can be easily modified. The Jikes Research Virtual Machine (JikesRVM) is a Java Virtual Machine that was developed specifically for this purpose, and has become the gold standard in managed-language research. In this paper, we describe our experience of porting JikesRVM to the RISC-V infrastructure. We discuss why this combined setup is necessary, and how it enables hardware-software research for managed languages that was infeasible with previous infrastructure.


Although companies increasingly focus on the social dimension in corporate sustainability, there seems to be a lack of understanding how and to what extent disability & accessibility (D&A) frameworks and activities are integrated in corporate sustainability reports. In this article, we aim to close this gap by a) analyzing the disability & accessibility activities from the largest 50 companies in Europe based on their corporate sustainability reports, and b) advancing a simplified conceptual framework for D&A that can be used in corporate reporting. In particular, we provide an overview about corporate D&A reporting and associated activities according to three identified areas: a) workforce, b) workplace, and c) products and services. Our findings are twofold: First, the majority of the companies address disability & accessibility in their corporate sustainability reports mainly under the diversity umbrella, but lack a detailed debate about the three identified areas. Second, we found that existing frameworks for D&A are hardly used because either they are not focused on corporate reporting or seem too difficult or complicated to complete. Thus, our framework not only represents a first opportunity to foster the implementation of a D&A framework within the social dimension of corporate sustainability reports, but also presents a holistic yet flexible management tool that takes into account the most critical elements while shaping implementation, directing evaluation and encouraging future planning of D&A initiatives. As such, this study contributes to and extends the limited amount of research of D&A activities in the social dimension in corporate sustainability reporting.


ABSTRACT Into Jeffrey Tulis's argument that "the rhetorical presidency signals and constitutes a fundamental transformation of American politics" he inserts parenthetically the question, "Has the rhetorical presidency now given birth to the rhetorical judiciary?" Whether the rhetorical presidency birthed or simply predated the rhetorical judiciary is open to question. The existence of the rhetorical judiciary is not. Since the publication of The Rhetorical Presidency, judges and their interlocutors have ratified one of the insights that grounded Tulis's question, while challenging another. They have borne out his fear that judges would increasingly respond to attack; his worry about the vacuity of confirmation hearings for those nominated to the Supreme Court, however, has not been similarly confirmed.


INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD 2012: A MODERN PERSPECTIVE addresses advances in technology and introduces students to 2- dimensional drawing skills and commands using the current release of AutoCAD. It continuously builds on concepts covered in previous chapters, contains exercises combined with in-text notes, and offers examples that provide the how and why of AutoCAD fundamentals. Projects are included at the end of each chapter and provide hands-on experience creating various types of mechanical, architectural, civil and electrical drawings.


Many Journal readers will be familiar with obsidian in the context of evidence for prehistoric seafaring in the Mediterranean, but perhaps less aware of the scale and pace of obsidian research elsewhere in the world, and of the remarkable results that the combination of computer technology and instrumental chemistry have achieved in the past 20 years. Obsidian is a volcanic glass ranging in colour from black to a translucent pale grey. Usually of rhyolite composition and, like flint, characterized by conchoidal fracture, it is formed when a molten lava-flow is subject to such rapid cooling that it does not crystallize. Photographs of obsidian tools and microscopic sections illustrated in ch. 5 show the wide variation that can be found in its visible appearance. So far so good, but better is the extraordinary fact that nearly all individual lava-flows have a unique chemical composition, or 'signature'. This is an important book on many levels. The editing is impeccable, the result of five years' work in bridging linguistic and stylistic gaps to unify the contributions of 26 scholars across Northeast Asia. The bibliographies resolve the difficulties encountered in western libraries of tracking down literature written in non-Romance and non-Germanic languages, by providing in Roman letters the spelling of the original title in addition to a translation of it. Together with the numerous authors, the extensive bibliographies for each of the 13 chapters reveal the scale of obsidian research being undertaken today in Russia, Korea, Japan, China and North and Meso-America. There is no index, but the layout and introductory matter simplify searches. As the editors note, 'the proof by scientific methods of extreme long-distance movement of obsidian in the prehistory of Northeast Asia and the Americas is not exactly new but it is explicitly stated in this volume'. Essential for determination of the extent and complexity of obsidian transport and exchange has been international collaboration and the accumulation of large sets of data based on standardized methods of research and analysis. Precise identification of the source of archaeological obsidian depends on the collection of samples from volcanic deposits wherever they occur—hence the need for collaboration on an intercontinental scale. The sources fringe the north Pacific, the so-called Rim of Fire, and include areas difficult of access such as the vast terrain of the Kamchatka Peninsula where the collection of reference samples from all its major outcrops has yet to be achieved. This region lies on the presumed path of the colonization of North America, and as the authors of ch. 6 note, 'the identification of long-distance trade and/or exchange in Northeastern Siberia and adjacent Northwestern North America can provide unequivocal data about the direction and time of prehistoric human contacts and migrations between Asian and American continents'. For prehistorians volcanic glass is the most precisely-identifiable source-indicator, and fortunately it was desired as a tool as early as 35,000 years ago. The book presents the application of archaeometry to unlock its unrivalled potential to provide secure evidence for mobility and social networking by land, lake, and sea, and over mountains. Japanese research summarised in ch. 3 presents evidence for the transport of large amounts of obsidian across the strait between Honshu and Kozu-shima since c.30,000 BP. The island has been the focus of obsidian provenancing and can be shown to have participated in complex, multisource long-distance obsidian exchange networks. Longer-distance transport to remoter Japanese islands in the Late Neolithic is described in the following chapter and is evidence of extensive seafaring by this period. Chapter 7 is a progress report outlining the on-going work establishing contact by sea in the Russian Far East over distances from 150 to 1400 km with obsidian from the Kamchatka Peninsula and Hokkaido found in the Kurile Islands of the Russian Far East. Analysis of the samples is not merely based on microscopic differences, but on the results of applying a variety of analytical procedures, such as X-ray fluorescence, shortand long-term irradiation, and Laser Ablation Inductively-Coupled-Plasma Mass Spectrometry (fortunately LA-ICP-MS for short!). A sufficient idea of the science involved is provided for the non-specialist without recourse to the tables of data. Elsewhere, as in ch. 6, the complex geochemistry of volcanic glasses and the techniques used to measure and plot their shortto long-lived trace elements bs_bs_banner


As for any academic discipline, the future of Translation Studies depends on new generations of researchers. But new researchers need to have knowledge in their discipline and also competence in research skills. This paper addresses the issue of skills training for doctoral students, mainly from the perspective of the United Kingdom. UK Research Councils expect doctoral students to be able to demonstrate research skills and techniques specific to their topic, but they also expect them to understand research funding procedures and to manage their career progression. The paper explores the extent to which such a complex set of skills can be achieved effectively in a doctoral training programme.


Abstract. Polar CAMMICE MICS proton pitch angle distributions with energies of 31-80 keV were analyzed to determine the locations where anisotropic pitch angle distributions (perpendicular flux dominating) change to isotropic distributions. We compared the positions of these mid-altitude isotropic distribution boundaries (IDB) for different activity conditions with low-altitude isotropic boundaries (IB) observed by NOAA 12. Although the obtained statistical properties of IDBs were quite similar to those of IBs, a small difference in latitudes, most pronounced on the nightside and dayside, was found. We selected several events during which simultaneous observations in the same local time sector were available from Polar at mid-altitudes, and NOAA or DMSP at low-altitudes. Magnetic field mapping using the Tsyganenko T01 model with the observed solar wind input parameters showed that the low- and mid-altitude isotropization boundaries were closely located, which leads us to suggest that the Polar IDB and low-altitude IBs are related. Furthermore, we introduced a procedure to control the difference between the observed and model magnetic field to reduce the large scatter in the mapping. We showed that the isotropic distribution boundary (IDB) lies in the region where R c /ρ~6, that is at the boundary of the region where the non-adiabatic pitch angle scattering is strong enough. We therefore conclude that the scattering in the large field line curvature regions in the nightside current sheet is the main mechanism producing isotropization for the main portion of proton population in the tail current sheet. This mechanism controls the observed positions of both IB and IDB boundaries. Thus, this tail region can be probed, in its turn, with observations of these isotropy boundaries. Keywords. Magnetospheric physics (Energetic particles, Precipitating; Magnetospheric configuration and dynamics; Magnetotail)


One of the important factors determining the lifetime of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is membrane degradation and failure. The lack of effective mitigation methods is largely due to the currently very limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms for mechanical and chemical degradations of fuel cell membranes. In order to understand degradation of membranes in fuel cells, two different experimental approaches were developed; one is fuel cell testing under open circuit voltage (OCV) with bi-layer configuration of the membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) and the other is a modified gas phase Fenton's test. Accelerated degradation tests for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are frequently conducted under open circuit voltage (OCV) conditions at low relative humidity (RH) and high temperature. With the bi-layer MEA technique, it was found that membrane degradation is highly localized across thickness direction of the membrane and qualitatively correlated with location of platinum (Pt) band through mechanical testing, Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, fluoride emission, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) measurement. One of the critical experimental observations is that mechanical behavior of membranes subjected to degradation via Fenton's reaction exhibit completely different behavior with that of membranes from the OCV testing. This result led us to believe that other critical factors such as mechanical stress may affect on membrane degradation and therefore, a modified gas phase Fenton's test setup was developed to test the hypothesis. Interestingly, the results showed that mechanical stress directly accelerates the degradation rate of ionomer membranes, implying that the rate constant for the degradation reaction is a function of mechanical stress in addition to commonly known factors such as temperature and humidity. Membrane degradation induced by mechanical stress necessitates the prediction of the stress distribution in the membrane under various conditions. One of research focuses was on the developing micromechanism-inspired continuum model for ionomer membranes. The model is the basis for stress analysis, and is based on a hyperelastic model with reptation-inspired viscous flow rule and multiplicative decomposition of viscoelastic and plastic deformation gradient. Finally, evaluation of the membrane degradation requires a fuel cell model since the degradation occurs under fuel cell operating conditions. The fuel cell model included structural mechanics models and multiphysics models which represents other phenomena such as gas and water transport, charge conservation, electrochemical reactions, and energy conservation. The combined model was developed to investigate the compression effect on fuel cell performance and membrane stress distribution.


Herein, a general strategy is developed to synthesize atomic metal catalysts using sustainable and earth-abundant sodium alginate (Na-Alg), a common seaweed extract, as a precursor. The "egg-box" structure in Na-Alg after ion-exchange with metal cations (Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, etc.) is the key to achieve a scalable and controllable synthesis of highly dispersed atomic metals. For instance, atomic Co, Ni and Cu have been successfully synthesized using this method. As a representative, the as-synthesized atomically dispersed Co on reduced graphene oxide (A-Co/r-GO) can reach a maximum metal loading of 3.6 wt%, showing outstanding catalytic activity and stability for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with a half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.842 V vs. RHE that is more positive than that of 20 wt% Pt/C (0.827 V vs. RHE) in alkaline solutions. The A-Co/r-GO catalyzed zinc-air batteries (ZABs) outperform Pt/C-based ZABs in the aspects of discharge voltage and specific zinc capacity, and can work robustly for more than 250 h with negligible voltage loss with refueling the Zn anode and KOH electrolyte periodically. This work opens up a new strategy for a general, practical and scalable synthesis of atomic metal catalysts at very low cost.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: 11-31% of radical prostatectomies (RP) are associated with positive surgical margins (PSM) depending on approach and pre-operative risk. [1] Differentiating residual normal tissue from persistent or recurrent cancer in the setting of biochemical recurrence can be challenging. Modern MRI studies have reported 94% sensitivity and 100% specificity for detecting local recurrence in lesions 7.6mm or greater in length. [2] If the tissue in question is detected on MRI, MRI/ultrasound fusion biopsy (fusion biopsy) of these lesions have demonstrated per patient cancer detection rates of 80%. [3] PSMA based F:18 PET CT has shown promise at detecting recurrence, with optimal cut-off PSA value to predict a positive 18F-DCFBC scan reported to be as low as 0.78 ng/mg. [4] The combination of these modalities can be used to more accurately differentiate benign tissue from residual or recurrent disease. METHODS: We present a case of a patient enrolled on National Institutes of Health (NIH) protocol 2017-C-0109, (18)F-DCFPyL PET/CT (DCFPyL) in High Risk and Recurrent Prostate Cancer. This 73M underwent RP with PSM with invasive carcinoma at margins. Post-operative PSA was detectable. He was initially treated with salvage radiation and later referred to the NIH for continued PSA rise. Metastatic workup with conventional imaging was negative. Between July-September 2018, he underwent MRI prostate, DCFPyL, and fusion biopsy. RESULTS: MRI: 2.6 cm lesion at inferior-mid portion of the prostatectomy bed. Score: Likely residual normal prostate tissue. 0.8 cm tissue lesion at 2 o'clock direction at mid-prostatectomy bed. Score: Low-moderate.1.6 cm lesion right superior portion of the prostatectomy bed. Score: Moderate. Seminal vesicles (SV) present bilaterally with a subtle focus at DCE MRI in the right seminal vesicles. No bony or nodal disease. DCFPyL: Avid focus at the right superior aspect of the prostatectomy bed suggesting disease recurrence. Fusion biopsy pathology: Differentiated adenocarcinoma with treatment effect at the right superior portion of the prostatectomy bed that corresponded with the DCFPyL. Differentiated adenocarcinoma in remnant right SV. Remaining lesions: benign prostate tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Combining DCFPyL and fusion biopsy can more accurately differentiate remnant benign prostate tissue from residual or recurrent local disease and help guide management. Source of Funding: none


The effects of
dietary garlic (Allium sativum)
powder as a feed additive on hematological and biochemical health
characteristics of European Sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax juveniles were
studied. Experimental fish were fed diets supplemented with garlic powder at 0
(control), 2%, 4%, or 6% levels for a period of 60 days. Results showed that
the red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, hematocrit (%),
and mean corpuscular Hb in fish fed garlic powder diets at dietary inclusion
levels of 4% and 6%, were significantly lower than the control values. Serum
glucose was significantly lower in Sea bass that were fed garlic powder diets
(4% and 6%) compared to the control group. Serum triglyceride and globulin
levels in fish fed a 4% garlic powder diet were significantly higher than the
control values, whereas these two variables in the 2% and 6% garlic treatments
were similar to the control values. The cholesterol levels in the 2% and 6%
treatment groups were lower than the value recorded for the control group. As a
result, it is suggested that garlic powder supplementation in diets for Sea
bass juveniles should not exceed 2%. The present study is the first attempt to
examine the effects of dietary garlic powder on the hematological and
biochemical status in Sea bass juveniles.


Social, economic and environmental phenomena as well as the presence of groups of stakeholders with diverging and contradictory interests highlight the complexity of urban projects. Traditional instruments of urban management are seldom adapted to these challenges, as they are often founded on sector- and expert-based approaches. Furthermore geographical information is paradoxically often available in a very large quantity, but not sufficiently relevant and synthetic for an understanding of urban complexity. In this context the goal of this thesis is to develop a method for the elaboration of relevant indicators systems from different stakeholders' cognitive representations of urban complexity; and thus to reinforce territorial diagnosis in the context of participative decision-making processes. However these differences of representations are often sources for conflicts. Each stakeholder uses his own representation in order to defend his point of view in a debate. The notice of these differences, from the "problem setting" phase of the decision-making process should contribute to a better structured debate and to a better management of the conflicts around a territorial project. This goal can be reached through consideration of all opinions and through an establishment of a discussion-space between different groups of representations. This allows the development of a coherent diagnosis framework which includes different stakeholders' cognition and perception of the territorial context. Our reflection is concretized by the developing of a prototype of interface that help a stakeholder to construct his own representation or urban phenomena, by organizing them in a dialectic (discussions) and didactic (complexity-training) manner. The phenomena-systems created are in the form of a causal model. The interpretation of this model permits to highlight critical phenomena through considering the preferred causal axes in order to output the stakeholder's goals. On this basis the stakeholder can debate and discuss with other stakeholders who also have constructed their own representations. From these individual representations, the question is how these representations can be integrated to form a collective representation of the territory. This process can be made in a deliberative manner. Before that, it is proposed to structure the debate by regrouping individuals models using analytical tools (classification, aggregation). Converging (collective reasons) and diverging elements of the urban complexity understanding are emphasized in the groups of models. The idea is thus to create a discussion-space for debates in order to find solutions. On the basis of different representation-groups, indicators-systems can be proposed. Indicators are selected in order to translate on one hand common representation of the main phenomena identified, on the other hand of causal relationships that result in strong differences. These indicators can contribute to a partial solution of conflicts by adding another, more objective point of view in the territorial context. Indicators are developed using spatio-thematical operators of geographical information systems. A concept of interface is proposed so as to facilitate the communication of systems of geographical indicators. In order to emphasis our approach, we have illustrated and applied the methodology of systemic urban-phenomena-modeling. We have conducted individual interviews with stakeholders who have participated in a diagnosis process in a neighborhood of Geneva and with stakeholders who are implied in suburban problematic in Quebec. These discussions have shown the interest in our approach to help these stakeholders to formalize their representation of urban dynamics. In the same way, regrouping methods have proved their capability to reveal differentiated models of representation between groups of stakeholders. The method described presents an interest in participative decision-making and creates an advantageous framework for the interaction between these stakeholders around the representation of urban reality. The indicators-system contributes to this process and connects the representation of the territory and different stakeholders' cognitive representations according to a dynamic learning process. From this more solid and objectified basis the development of a diagnosis can succeed and the decision-making process can continue towards more operational phases.


Since 1988, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has been testing the use of weather information technologies in support of snow and ice control operations. In 1989, WSDOT contracted with a private meteorological service, had road thermography conducted on state roads in Area 5 of District 1, and installed sensor systems in four Area 5 locations. The thermography was also used as a basis for obtaining forecast temperature profiles for the State roads on which the thermographic analysis had been conducted. The pavement temperature forecasts, meteorological forecasts, and sensor data were all to be integrated into the snow and ice control decision process. The WSDOT contracted with The Matrix Management Group to evaluate the maintenance response to the new information, actual or potential cost savings with the information, and possible or real improvements in safety and service to the traveling public, and to suggest additional locations within the Sate which could benefit from improved weather information and/or operational changes in snow and ice control procedures which might result from the new information. This report presents a review of weather information system elements, provides an overview of the technologies in use by WSDOT, describes uses of weather information by managers, and notes some problems. A detailed benefit-cost analysis was not conducted; a parallel effort was done for a nation-wide project, and complete structured cost data were not generated by the WSDOT for this analysis. However, national results are discussed in terms of the scale of WSDOT operations. The participation and results associated with the pilot program were found to be mixed. A need for training of managers and operational decision makers in the full concept and expectations of a road weather information system, and in the particular technologies described herein, is perhaps the central focus of this report. Although the evaluation noted limited success, national and international studies point to a greater potential for reducing costs and improving service for snow and ice control. Because of that potential, additional locations for installing sensors are suggested.


Although a rich and extensive body of theoretical research on new economic geography has emerged, empirical research remains comparatively less well developed. This paper reviews the existing empirical literature on the predictions of new economic geography models for the distribution of income and production across space. The discussion highlights connections with other research in regional and urban economics, identification issues, potential alternative explanations and possible areas for further research.


After Eric Posner and Jack Goldsmith published their controversial book, The Limits of International Law, a number of critical reviews were written, even by rational choice theory law scholars, contradicting what they saw as 'simplistic' and 'inconsistent' assumptions about the role of international law. However, neither Posner nor Goldsmith seem to be affected by the critique and have continued to explain the book's main thesis in new publications. For instance, the co-author Posner and Alan Sykes have recently published a book entitled, Economic Foundations of International Law, which apply the rational choice theory to explain the state cooperative behaviour at the International level. They did that by claiming that international law must be self-enforcing by the application of private contract theory of efficient breach. This article will evaluate Posner, Sykes and others claim of the need for efficient breach in the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO) law. The authors have mainly relied on the WTO acquis to introduce their theory to other subfields of public international law, such as, international human right law. Sometimes they justify their argument based on 'the absence of welfarist justification of international law' and most of the time on the weakness of the public international law enforcement mechanism, citing the WTO dispute settlement system as an example. This article will try to answer this question: does the lack of 'welfarist grounds' justify an efficient breach of existing WTO rules to serve the states self-interest objectives?


The bat-eared fox is an insectivorous, nocturnal predator that uses its characteristic large ears to detect sounds made by invertebrate prey. Behavioural observations of the bat-eared fox emphasize the significant role hearing plays in insect prey detection and localization. In turn, katydids are nocturnal insects that risk attracting predators by producing conspicuous signals for mate attraction and pair formation. To determine the interaction and potential level of predation between this listening, insectivorous predator with acoustically active katydids, behavioural observations and scat collection from bat-eared fox individuals were conducted in the Western Cape, South Africa. Acoustic surveys were also conducted to identify acoustic species within foraging areas of bat-eared foxes and assist with identifying their remains in scat. Results indicated that bat-eared foxes have a broad, opportunistic diet. Despite the fox's hearing ability, and its use of sound to detect insect prey, acoustically active species were not consumed as part of the bat-eared fox diet. Instead, acoustically mute invertebrates such as most beetles and cockroaches were the dominant prey, followed by fruit and vertebrate prey, such as lizards, small mammals and nestlings. Although there was a diverse acoustic assemblage of katydids across the landscape, their absence within the bat-eared fox diet may either reflect a preference for other prey, or suggests highly developed anti-predator behaviour found within this insect group in which predation pressure has been a major evolutionary driver. It is likely that both apply, and currently bat-eared foxes find foraging on other prey more optimal.


Throughout history there has been a consistent fear of bank runs, particularly regarding large institutions during times of crisis. The financial crisis of 2007-09 was no exception. The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, which was created after the crisis to investigate its causes and triggering events, highlighted no less than 10 cases of runs at individual institutions. Those runs were a major consideration in the shifting policy responses that authorities employed during the crisis.In the early stages of the crisis, troubled institutions facing runs were dealt with through a scattered blend of voluntary mergers, outright closures, and bailouts. By late September 2008 and thereafter, panic had descended on the Treasury and the major financial agencies. That resulted in the decision to backstop the full range of large institutions, as government officials feared a collapse of the entire financial system. However, serious analysis of the risks facing the financial sector was sorely lacking and outright misstatement of the facts was evident.It did not have to be that way. Simple rules elaborated by Walter Bagehot and Anna J. Schwartz involving a systemic review of the condition of the financial system, prompt intervention, and consideration of the condition of individual institutions could have prevented the numerous ill-advised bailouts. Additionally, evidence that the runs were not indicative of a pending collapse of the system, but were rather a simple matter of migration of deposits from weaker institutions to stronger institutions, were apparently not considered or ignored. Application of these considerations could have avoided the panic by the authorities and the strategy of bailouts for the megabanks.


Knowledge Discovery (KD) is a long-tradition field aiming at developing methodologies to detect hidden patterns and regularities in large datasets, using techniques from a wide range of domains, such as statistics, machine learning, pattern recognition or data visualisation. In most real world contexts, the interpretation and explanation of the discovered patterns is left to human experts, whose work is to use their background knowledge to analyse, refine and make the patterns understandable for the intended purpose. Explaining patterns is therefore an intensive and time-consuming process, where parts of the knowledge can remain unrevealed, especially when the experts lack some of the required background knowledge.

In this thesis, we investigate the hypothesis that such interpretation process can be facilitated by introducing background knowledge from the Web of (Linked) Data. In the last decade, many areas started publishing and sharing their domain-specific knowledge in the form of structured data, with the objective of encouraging information sharing, reuse and discovery. With a constantly increasing amount of shared and connected knowledge, we thus assume that the process of explaining patterns can become easier, faster, and more automated.

To demonstrate this, we developed Dedalo, a framework that automatically provides explanations to patterns of data using the background knowledge extracted from the Web of Data. We studied the elements required for a piece of information to be considered an explanation, identified the best strategies to automatically find the right piece of information in the Web of Data, and designed a process able to produce explanations to a given pattern using the background knowledge autonomously collected from the Web of Data.

The final evaluation of Dedalo involved users within an empirical study based on a real-world scenario. We demonstrated that the explanation process is complex when not being familiar with the domain of usage, but also that this can be considerably simplified when using the Web of Data as a source of background knowledge.


Absorption and endogenous excretion of P by male broiler chicks (14-29 d old) were quantitatively evaluated at different Ca : P ratios (1,l: 1 ; 2, 1.5 : 1 ; 3,2 : 1 ; 4,25 : 1) in four groups given experimental diets ad lib. The P content was the same in all diets. An isotope-dilution technique was used to determine endogenous faecal and renal excretion. Ca and P retentions in the whole body were estimated according to the comparative slaughter technique. P absorption was calculated from retention and endogenous excretion. Absorption and endogenous excretion of P amounted to (mg P/d per chick): 304,270,160 and 158; and 135,109,31 and 30 in groups 1,2,3 and 4 respectively. Widening of the Ca:P ratio in the feed limited the P absorption. Availability of feed P amounted to (%): (1) 66, (2) 57, (3) 32 and (4) 30, and the amounts of absorbed P retained were (%): (1) 56, (2) 60, (3 and 4) 81. The increasing Ca concentration in the feed showed a greater effect on P absorption than on P retention. The ratios of relative retention to relative endogenous excretion of absorbed P were: (1) 1.27, (2) 150, (3 and 4) 4.26.


In the September 2016 issue of this journal we published "Faculty Voter Registration in Economics, History, Journalism, Law, and Psychology," which focuses on the ratio of registered Democrats to registered Republicans among faculty at 40 top universities. We subsequently realized, thanks to Sean T. Stevens, that we had mistakenly left out two Florida universities, University of Miami and University of Florida. In the present correction we now cover the two Florida universities and redo some of the overall results. The two Florida universities are very much like the average of the 40 universities we had reported on, so the overall results remain basically the same. In fact, to the first decimal point the overall ratio of registered Democrats to registered Republicans remains what it had been, 11.5:1.


Uptake uptick Has global warming slowed the uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the Southern Ocean? Landschützer et al. say no (see the Perspective by Fletcher). Previous work suggested that the strength of the Southern Ocean carbon sink fell during the 1990s. This raised concerns that such a decline would exacerbate the rise of atmospheric CO2 and thereby increase global surface air temperatures and ocean acidity. The newer data show that the Southern Ocean carbon sink strengthened again over the past decade, which illustrates the dynamic nature of the process and alleviates some of the anxiety about its earlier weakening trend. Science, this issue p. 1221; see also p. 1165 Carbon uptake by the Southern Ocean has increased again after its slowdown in the 1990s. [Also see Perspective by Fletcher] Several studies have suggested that the carbon sink in the Southern Ocean—the ocean's strongest region for the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 —has weakened in recent decades. We demonstrated, on the basis of multidecadal analyses of surface ocean CO2 observations, that this weakening trend stopped around 2002, and by 2012, the Southern Ocean had regained its expected strength based on the growth of atmospheric CO2. All three Southern Ocean sectors have contributed to this reinvigoration of the carbon sink, yet differences in the processes between sectors exist, related to a tendency toward a zonally more asymmetric atmospheric circulation. The large decadal variations in the Southern Ocean carbon sink suggest a rather dynamic ocean carbon cycle that varies more in time than previously recognized.


The artwork A Dream Came Through started as an idea in 2006 and was developed in 2008 before the current capitalistic crisis and temporary rebirth of a social conscience in the Western World. 2006 was a time when a critique of the capitalist models of production of riches and their lack of distribution was neither fashionable nor intellectually sensible.

The focus of the artwork is on the interpretations and re-interpretations of the roles of the migrant and the politics of labor. The performative element of the project also challenges and questions the structural frameworks of labor by highlighting a condition of commodification and exploitation that is globally enforced.

A Dream Came Through exploits the idea of being paid to do 'nothing' by asking a group of local workers to be paid to fan themselves for the duration of a working day – eight hours. The clash between the oneiric representation of a life-long ideal 'being paid to do nothing' and the reality of exploitative labor frameworks reveals the impossibility of any labor to be other than an institutional process of enslavement.

The artwork questions the representations of 'dream societies' that, having promised economic liberation, deliver no more than an experience of commodification and enslavement within the hierarchical realities of economic exploitation.

The art world, in this context, with its systems of art production does not escape these phenomena of commodification but rather, by presenting itself as a form of liberation and empowerment, reproduces the very hierarchies that declares to be fighting.


This Essay discusses how universities could play a productive role in helping potential future U.S. citizens feel a sense of belonging to the United States. This discussion is prompted by, and is offered as a reaction to, Chapter Four of Professor Ming Hsu Chen's forthcoming book, Constructing Citizenship for Noncitizens. In that chapter, Professor Chen focuses on the "blocked pathways to citizenship" experienced by international students, temporary workers, and DACA recipients in the United States. Professor Chen notes that these three groups of noncitizens share a common thread of status insecurity, and she explores how this challenges their integration into the United States. She concludes that the legal, social, economic, and political connections of these migrants can be strengthened if the federal government improves legal pathways to citizenship and focuses on immigrant integration.

This Essay begins with a summary of Professor Chen's argument. This Essay then suggests that, for the international-student segment of noncitizens Professor Chen discusses, American universities have the potential to serve as a "force multiplier" for the goals of immigrant integration that she identifies. In other words, U.S. universities can lay a foundation for integration that will abet Professor Chen's proposed policy realignments in helping migrants see themselves as future U.S. citizens.


Ferritins are multimers comprised of 4 α-helical bundle monomers that co-assemble to form protein shells surrounding an approximately spherical internal cavity. The assembled multimers acquire Fe2+ from their surroundings by utilising channels that penetrate the protein for the transportation of iron to diiron catalytic centres buried within the monomeric units. Here oxidation of the substrate to Fe3+ is coupled to the reduction of O2 and/or peroxide to yield the precursor to a ferric oxy hydroxide mineral that is stored within the internal cavity. The rhombic dodecahedral quaternary structure results in channels of 4-fold and 3-fold symmetry, located at the vertices, which are common to all 24mer-ferritins. Ferritins isolated from higher eukaryotes have been demonstrated to take up Fe2+via the 3-fold channels. One of the defining features of ferritins isolated from prokaryotes is the presence of a further 24 channels, the B-channels, and these are thought to play an important role in Fe2+ uptake in this sub-family. SynFtn is an unusual ferritin isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus CC9311. The reported structure of SynFtn derived from Fe2+ soaked crystals revealed the presence of a fully hydrated Fe2+ associated with three aspartate residues (Asp137 from each of the three symmetry related subunits) within each three-fold channel, suggesting that it might be the route for Fe2+ entry. Here, we present structural and spectro-kinetic data on two variants of SynFtn, D137A and E62A, designed to assess this possibility. Glu62 is equivalent to residues demonstrated to be important in the transfer of iron from the inner exit of the 3-fold channel to the catalytic centre in animal ferritins. As expected replacing Asp137 with a non-coordinating residue eliminated rapid iron oxidation by SynFtn. In contrast the rate of mineral core formation was severely impaired whilst the rate of iron transit into the catalytic centre was largely unaffected upon introducing a non-coordinating residue in place of Glu62 suggesting a role for this residue in release of the oxidised product. The identification of these two residues in SynFtn maps out major routes for Fe2+ entry to, and exit from, the catalytic ferroxidase centres.


This paper presents the framework of economic policy formulation in Senegal from 1960 to 2012 with special emphasis on the years from 2000. It identifies the political, social and economic objectives of these policies. Subsequently, the role of the stakeholders such as the government, the international financial and technical partners, the civil society and the local administrations in Macroeconomic formation in Senegal were analysed. The paper presents various propositions on how macroeconomic policies can effectively impact growth and development in the future. The findings suggest that macroeconomic policies recently undertaken by the government, private sector and institutional partners supported by international institutions such as IMF and the World Bank have greatly shaped the growth path of the economy.


Children who need conscious sedation usually receive treatment from a certified pediatric specialist because most general dentists may not be prepared to treat children ages two through six who have rampant decay or developmental disabilities. It is very important for a dentist to recognize early on that his or her patient may require more management skills than he or she is equipped to offer. Kids First A spin-off of our children's access to care campaign, this column now focuses on specialized care and education for young patients.


The effect of the evaporation step on the occurrence of particles in poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVAL) membranes cast from DMSO solutions via the dry/wet process were studied. The structure of the EVAL membranes can be changed from an asymmetrical structure consisting of a dense skin layer and finger-like macrovoids in the sublayer to a skinless and symmetric structure by constituent particles bonded to each other. From the analysis of the membrane formation mechanism, the competition of different phase separation process during membrane formation is most important. The onset of the phase separation may be either liquid–liquid demixing or solid–liquid demixing, which determines the resulting membrane properties. Directly immersing the casting solution into a water bath, liquid–liquid demixing is of considerable importance during the phase separation of the solutions. As a result of the lower activation energy for nucleation, liquid–liquid demixing can precede solid–liquid demixing even in cases where solid–liquid demixing is favored thermodynamically. By using the evaporation process, the phase separation proceeds slowly via solid–liquid demixing and thus leads to a particulate morphology in the membrane. This suggests that the evaporation step cause crystallization of EVAL molecules from the casting solution to inhibit the macrovoid formation. In addition, the duration of the evaporation step is shown to have a strong influence on the disappearance of particles. The results presented here offer a qualitative basis for the development of membranes with a particulate morphology. q 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


SUMMARY: This paper comprises the decapod crustacean material collected during the "Victor Hensen" campaign 1994 and during the last phase of "Polarstern" cruise ANT XIII/4 in 1996. Sampling covered waters of medium and greater depth in the Straits of Magellan, the channels towards the south, and the area south of the Beagle Channel including the northern slope of the Drake Passage. 30 species of decapods were found, which is considered a good result taking into account that the species restricted to the intertidal and the upper subtidal, which were not subject of this study, are missing. Anomurans were the dominant group, followed by brachyurans and caridean shrimps. Additionally one palinuran (Stereomastis suhmi; n=8) and a single specimen of the astacuran Thymops birsteini were found. Dominance patterns changed considerably from the Straits of Magellan to the channel system south of the Strait, and again to the area south of the Beagle and the northern slope of the Drake Passage. Among the top dominants were the galatheid Munida spp., which in the southernmost area numerically contributes >90% to the catches, the brachyuran crabs Peltarion spinosulum and Eurypodius latreillii, the hermit crab Pagurus comptus, and the caridean shrimps Austropandalus grayi and Pasiphaea acutifrons. Munida spp. and P. spinosulum also revealed the highest frequency of occurrence at 49% and 45% of the stations, respectively, followed by E. latreillii, P. comptus, and A. grayi. Regional and bathymetric distribution of the principal species are given. The depth range of some species was found to be very wide (Campylonotus semistriatus, Munida spp., E. latreillii, P. spinosulum) whereas others were restricted to relatively shallow waters (Pagurus gaudichaudii, Lithodes santolla, Campylonotus vagans, A. grayi) or great depth (Nematocarcinus lanceopes, Stereomastis suhmi). It should be mentioned, however, that sampling depths differed greatly in the areas of study. Contrary to the Antarctic, the Magellan region reveals a strong dominance of reptant decapods whereas caridean shrimps play a minor role in that region. This dominance pattern is valid even for the southernmost areas of the region. The northern slope of the Drake Passage is characterized by a mixture of cold-temperate and Antarctic elements which make it a transitional area between the two continents.


Geologists have been collecting, for decades, information from historical and paleoearthquakes that could contribute to the formulation of a "big picture" of the earthquake engine. Observations of large earthquake ruptures, unfortunately, are always going to be spotty in space and time, so the extent to which geological information succeeds in contributing to a grander view of earthquakes is going to be borne not only by the quantity and quality of data collected but also by the means by which it is interpreted. This article tries to understand geological data more fully through carefully tailored computer simulations of fault ruptures. Dogtails and rainbows are two types of fault rupture terminations that can be recognized in the field and can be interpreted through these models. Rainbows are concave down ruptures that indicate complete stress drop and characteristic slip. Rainbow terminations usually coincide with fault ends or strong segment boundaries. Dogtails are concave up ruptures that indicate incomplete stress drop and noncharacteristic slip. Dogtail terminations can happen anywhere along a fault or fault segment. The surface slip pattern of the magnitude 6.6, 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake shows both dogtail and rainbow terminations. The rainbow confirms the presence of a strong fault segment boundary 6 km north of the international border that had been suggested by Sieh (1996). The dogtail implies that the displacement observed in 1979 is not characteristic. By combining paleoseismic information with the surface slip patterns from this event and the magnitude 7.1, 1940 Imperial Valley earthquake, I develop a quantitative Imperial fault model with northern, central, and southern segments possessing 50, 110, and 50 bar strength, respectively. Both the 1940 and 1979 events caused 1-m amplitude dogtailed ruptures of the northern segment; however, characteristic slip of the segment is more likely to be about 3 m. To illustrate the full spectrum of potential rupture modes, models were run forward in time to generate a 2000 year rupture "encyclopedia." Even with well-constrained segmentation and strengths, modest changes in two friction law parameters produce several plausible histories. Further discrimination awaits analysis of the extensive paleoseismic record that geologists believe exists in the shore deposits of the intermittent lakes of the Salton Trough.


Thymus lymphocytes of normal adult rats were autosensitized in vitro against soluble antigens extracted from the brains of syngeneic rats. Injection of the autosensitized lymphocytes into syngeneic rats led to the development of brain lesions suggestive of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Injection of control lymphocytes or the antigen extract alone did not cause lesions. Since sensitization in vitro requires the presence of lymphocytes programmed with specific receptors, the results indicate that normal rats have lymphocytes capable of recognizing central nervous system self-antigens. Hence, regulatory mechanisms, inoperative in vitro, probably function in vivo to prevent immune activation of self-recognizing lymphocytes and autoimmunity. This concept suggests a new approach to exploring the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.


A new chapter was opened in the history of the Portuguese overseas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with the publication of Professor Boxer's Mary and Misogyny(1981). It dealt with the relations between the Portuguese men, freshly arrived from their homeland and the local women, their relationships, adventures and the formation of Mestizo communities. As Dr Geneviève Bouchon in her review article of the book says, it 'served as a source of inspiration and of indispensable sources':


Rising temperatures and sea levels, acidification, and deoxygenation are carbon dioxide (CO2)-driven stressors that are already affecting the ocean, as well as the life it supports and the benefits it provides. These effects are in addition to pollution, over-fishing and lost habitats and their combination is likely to be worse than the sum of the parts: threatening ecosystems, human well being and the ability of the ocean to absorb CO2. Whilst damage is inevitable, actions can be taken to reduce its severity


Many of our most common and difficult ethical dilemmas involve balancing honesty and benevolence. For example, when we deliver unpleasant news, such as negative feedback or terminal prognoses, we face an implicit tradeoff between being completely honest and being completely kind. Using a variety of research methods, in both the laboratory and the field, I study how individuals navigate this tension. Each chapter in this dissertation addresses the tension between honesty and benevolence at a different level. In Chapters One and Two, I examine how honesty and benevolence influence moral judgment. In Chapter Three, I explore how honesty and benevolence influence interpersonal trust. In Chapter Four, I explore how honesty and benevolence influence psychological well-being. Finally, in Chapter Five, I examine how different stakeholders view tradeoffs between honesty and benevolence in an important domain: healthcare. Across these chapters, I identify three key themes. First, for moral judgment and interpersonal trust, benevolence is often more important than honesty. As a result, those who prioritize benevolence over honesty by telling prosocial lies, lies that are intended to help others, are deemed to be moral and trustworthy. Second, despite philosophers' assumption that individuals would rarely consent to deception, I demonstrate that individuals frequently want to be deceived. Individuals want others to deceive them when it protects them from harm. This desire manifests itself in systematic circumstances and during individuals' most fragile moments. Third, honesty and benevolence are associated with interpersonal and intrapersonal tradeoffs. Although benevolence seems to be more central for interpersonal judgments and relationships, honesty seems to be more central for creating personal meaning. Throughout these chapters, I discuss the implications of these findings for the study of ethics, organizational behavior, and interpersonal communication. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Operations & Information Management First Advisor Maurice E. Schweitzer


Upper Triassic sandstones in diverse locations in eastern California, southern Arizona, and on the Colorado Plateau (USA) yield detrital zircons that are remarkably similar in age and geochemistry, leading to the hypothesis that they are temporally related and were derived from similar sources. Volcaniclastic sandstone from the lowest Vampire Formation in eastern California, the Sonsela Member of the Chinle Formation at Petrified Forest National Park, northeastern Arizona, and the herein-named Waterman formation in southern Arizona yield zircons that range in age from ca. 205 to ca. 235 Ma. Together with the similar range of ages, these zircons uniformly have Th/U ratios between ∼0.2 and 2. In addition, the Waterman formation contains zircon grains with an age range from ca. 225 to 250 Ma, but with markedly lower Th/U ratios of 0.1–0.2, and a distinctively older group with ages to ca. 280 Ma. In a general sense, variations in Hf concentrations and Yb/Gd ratios support the discrimination of grains based on age and Th/U. We use age and geochemical data from the zircons to infer that these units capture a slice of time during development of the early Mesozoic Cordilleran magmatic arc along western North America. Plutonic rocks that record magmatism in the arc are Permian–Triassic in age, and match zircon ages in the detrital grains, thus providing a view of which parts of the arc were actively eroding into the stream systems that deposited the three units. Streams diverged from a common source that maintained a relatively uniform magma composition over time, as indicated by a narrow range of Th/U values, as well as tapping a somewhat different source evidenced by a grouping in which Th/U ratios are lower. Once the streams left the highlands of the arc and the depocenter of the lowest Vampire Formation, they diverged, such that one flowed to the area of the Colorado Plateau while the second flowed toward southern Arizona. At the same time, a stream system originating in the older, Sonoran part of the arc flowed from the south into southern Arizona.


This volume is divided into three sections: (1) Ecological, Biological, and Physical Science; (2) Social and Cultural; and (3) Economics and Utilization. Effective ecological restoration requires a combination of science and management. The authors of the first section exemplified this integration in the course of addressing a broad range of topics, from detailed microsite and small-scale changes in fungal, plant, and animal communities, up through landscape, regional, and subcontinental scales. Although the themes were diverse, papers were linked by underscoring the relationship between restorative management actions and ecological effects. Social sciences play a key role in ecosystem restoration because collaboration, development of common goals, and political and economic feasibility are essential for success. The authors of the second section focused on public attitudes, partnerships, and the relationship between social and ecological factors. In the third section, the economics and utilization of products from forest restoration were compared in several Western locations. Both the markets for these products and the range of utilization opportunitiesfrom small-diameter logs to energy creationwill surely evolve rapidly as society moves to address the fire hazards and other problems caused by stressed and weakened ecosystems. The turn of the century is an appropriate point to capture dramatic changes in perspective: consider how attitudes toward Western forests have evolved between 1900 and 2000. The papers in this volume chronicle adaptive research that continues to deepen our understanding of restoration in ecosystems and social systems.


The world has reached a stage where even a rapid stabilisation and significant reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions could no longer prevent significant climate change. While all countries will experience impacts, the developing world is most vulnerable.
Significant financial assistance for adaptation is needed (and would be cost-effective), but current proposals are inadequate. At the same time, aviation emissions are increasing rapidly and are likely to continue to do so in the absence of major policy changes. Solutions to the challenges of adaptation finance and aviation emissions are both urgently required. This paper highlights political advantages and moral reasons to link the problems together (and absence of reasons in economic theory not to). Solving both problems by an International Air Travel Adaptation Levy (IATAL) – or an emissions trading scheme with auction revenues hypothecated for adaptation – is ethically, economically and politically attractive.


Conventional wisdom tells us that, after the United States was founded, we replaced our system of common law crimes with criminal statutes and that this shift from common law to codification vindicated important rule-of-law values. But this origin story is false on both counts. The common law continues to play an important role in modern American criminal law, and to the extent that it has been displaced by statutes, our justice system has not improved. Criminal statutes regularly delegate to prosecutors questions about the scope of criminal law, and judges have failed to serve as a check on that power. As a consequence, the current system provides less notice, less accountability, less separation of powers, and more potential for abuse than the common law system. Thus, to the extent the statute has displaced common law, the shift is not a story of the triumph of the rule of law; it is instead a story of legislative excess, prosecutorial supremacy, and judicial abdication. The conventional wisdom of criminal common law is not only false, but it also conceals the failings of our current criminal justice system.


Our goal is a teachable reasoning system for question-answering (QA), where a user can interact with faithful answer explanations, and correct its errors so that the system improves over time. Our approach is to augment a QA model with a dynamic memory of user feedback, containing user-supplied corrections toerroneous model beliefs that users identify during interaction. Retrievals from memory are used as additional context for QA, to help avoid previous mistakes in similar new situations - a novel application of memory-based continuous learning. With simulated feedback, we find that our system (called TeachMe) continually improves with time, and without model retraining, requiring feedback on only 25% of training examples to reach within 1% of the upper-bound (feedback on all examples). Similarly, in experiments with real users, we observe a similar trend, with performance improving by over 15% on a hidden test set after teaching. This suggests new opportunities for using frozen language models in an interactive setting where users can inspect, debug, and correct the model's beliefs, leading to improved system's performance over time.


Saxitoxin (STX) is the most toxic non-protein substance known. STX-producing cyanobacteria have been identified in most continents and are being detected more widely because of global warming, threatening human drinking water supplies worldwide. Removal of these components can be accomplished by adsorption on granular-activated carbon (GAC) but little is yet known about the kinetics of the process. This research investigated adsorption kinetics and diffusion behaviour of a decarbomoyl saxitoxin (dc-STX) and a carbamate toxin (STX) on four coconut shell-based GAC samples with different pore size distribution. It was observed that equilibrium concentration was reached within 24 h and that a pseudo-second-order model best represented experimental data. Of the four GAC samples tested, the example with the largest volume of mesopores adsorbed more STX and with a faster upload rate, while dc-STX was adsorbed equally in all four GAC samples.


MUSICAL THEATER The Oxford Handbook of the American Musical. Edited by Raymond Knapp, Mitchell Morris, and Stacy Wolf. (Oxford Handbooks.) New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. [x, 480 p. ISBN 9780195385946. $150.] Illustrations, bibliography, index, companion Web site.The Oxford Handbook of the American Musical (OHAM) is an answer to David Savran's call for multifaceted approaches to scholarly considerations of the American musical. Almost a decade ago, Savran declared: "No form of Western theatre (with the possible exception of opera) uses as many different media to produce a totality that is always far more than the sum of its parts [than the American musical]. As a result, analysis requires an implicit or explicit theorization of multiple (and often conflicting) systems of significance" (David Savran, "Towards a Historiography of the Popular," Theatre Survey 45, no. 2 [Novem - ber 2004]: 215-16; cited in OHAM, p. 21). OHAM comprises twenty-nine chapters (plus a scant introduction) by twenty-seven "leading experts" (dust jacket); the conspicuous absence of a substantial list of these authorities in the field seems both curious and unfortunate: Stephen Banfield, Tim Carter, William A. Everett, Kim H. Kowalke, bruce d. mcclung, Larry Stempel, and Elizabeth A. Wells, to name only a few. Musicologists comprise approximately onehalf of the book's contributors, and theatre, film, or media studies specialists, dance historians, choreographers, and critics make up the other half. Such a diverse creative collective brings within a single book "multiple . . . systems of significance," as Savran recommended, to the topic of American musicals. That the essays may be of uneven standard seems unavoidable given the wide range of disciplines, degree of familiarity with repertoire, and scholarly expertise.In her introduction to OHAM, Wolf explains the origins of the book: "Even as [musical theater] scholarship has grown in diverse and wide-ranging ways, the teaching of musicals continues to be extremely challenging. This book grew out of our mutual passion for teaching musicals and our mutual frustration with available pedagogically oriented materials" (p. 4). Good resources for university courses on musical theater are, indeed, still scarce. Published in 2010, Larry Stempel's magnificent 800-page tome, Showtime: A History of the American Musical Theatre (New York: W. W. Norton), is a welcome exception, along with its price ($39.95), roughly one quarter of OHAM's. As an alternative to Showtime and other sources, which generally construct a chronological narrative of the origins, ancestry, and generic evolution of musicals, OHAM takes the format of a "keywords book" in which each chapter, allegedly with "jargon-free language" (dust jacket), defines, historicizes, and analyzes terms or concepts that pertain to musicals. Such keywords as "Class and Culture," "Gender and Sexuality," "Orchestration and Arrange - ment," and "Box Office" provide titles for chapters, which are then grouped under six headings: "Historiography," "Trans - forma tions," "Media," "Identities," "Perfor - mance," and "Audiences." These broad conceptual divisions reflect the breadth, direction, and tone of American musical theater studies, and yet also point to obstacles facing scholars today.I know of no other book on American musicals that offers such an array of approaches and perspectives as OHAM. Nor am I familiar with a source that delves into such an assortment of topics with so little generic, historical, or critical scaffolding. With few exceptions, most essays focus on keywords that apply to virtually any context within the history of musicals. "Acting" and "Dance and Choreography," for instance, invite their authors to explore multiple decades and figures, but prevent them from presenting anything approaching a thorough account of the topic. In "Acting," John M. Clum addresses an arbitrary selection of roles in shows from Show Boat to Spring Awakening, including those played by Gertrude Lawrence (who, as Liza Elliott, performed in Lady in the Dark, a musical play with three dream sequences, not three acts [p. …