In South Africa, there is an ongoing constraint on the electricity supply at the national grid to meet the demand. Eskom is implementing various measures such as the Integrated Demand Management and the promotion and encouragement of the use of energy efficient devices like an Air Source Heat pump (ASHP) water heater to replace the high electrical energy consuming conventional geysers for sanitary hot water production. The ASHP water heater market is fast gaining maturity. A critical mathematical model can lead to performance optimization of the systems that will further result in the conservation of energy and significant reduction in global warming potential. The ASHP water heater comprises of an ASHP unit and a hot water storage tank. In this study, a data acquisition system (DAS) was designed and built which monitored the energy used by the geyser and the whole building, the temperature at the evaporator, condenser, tank outlet hot water, tank inlet cold water, the ambient temperature and relative humidity in the vicinity of the ASHP evaporator. It is also worthy to mention that the DAS also included to a flow meter and two additional temperature sensors that measured the volume of water heated and inlet and outlet water temperature of the ASHP. This work focused on using the mathematical equation for the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of an ideal Carnot's heat pump (CHP) water heater to develop basic computation in M-file of MATLAB software in order to model the system based on two reservoir temperatures: evaporator temperatures (Tevp) of 0°C to 40°C (approximated to ambient temperature, Ta) and condenser temperatures (TCon) set at 50°C, 55°C and 60°C (approximated to the hot water set temperature of 50°C, 55°C and 60°C) respectively. Finally, an analytical comparison of a CHP water heater to the practical ASHP water heater was conducted on a hot water set point temperature of 55°C. From the modelling results, it can be deduced that at 0°C Tevp, the COP was 5.96 and 2.63 for CHP and ASHP water heater respectively, at a hot water set temperature of 55°C. Above 20°C Tevp, the rate of change of COP increased exponentially for the ideal CHP system, but was constant at 0.01/°C for the practically modelled ASHP water heater.


Purpose/Objectives: To explore the differences in the outcome between routine health education and health education delivered through telephone-based surveys on self-care, symptom distress, and quality of life among homecare patients with leukemia after a cycle of hospitalized chemotherapy. Design: A quasi-experimental research design. Setting: A medical teaching center in Taipei, Taiwan. Sample: 70 patients with leukemia. Methods: A nonrandomized trial of a clinical-based intervention. Patients were selected into either an experimental (n = 35) or control (usual care) group (n = 35) according to the timing of their discharge. In addition to routine education before discharge, patients in the experimental group received educational and emotional support through two telephone sessions after discharge. Self-administered questionnaires were completed four weeks after discharge. Main Research Variables: Self-care, symptom distress, and quality of life. Findings: Significantly different scores were found between the two groups in self-care, symptom distress, and quality of life. The experimental group had higher scores in the self-care and quality of life categories, but lower scores for symptom distress. Conclusions: The follow-up telephone calls, placed at the proper time, met patients' specific needs. The experimental group perceived a difference in self-care, symptom distress, and quality of life from the control group. Implications for Nursing: Individualized telephone intervention can deliver continuing care. The use of telephone-based education should be included in nursing students' training.


We developed a new approach to the perturbation theory for the effective Hamiltonian of condensate particles in Fock space. Using this new theory, we can easily analyze the effect of including a somewhat problematic term in the work of Ezawa et al. We thus showed that indeed, the inclusion of this term in the perturbation potential is justified.


A prototype precise augmented reality (PAR) system that uses carrier phase differential GPS (CDGPS) and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to obtain sub-centimeter level accurate positioning and degree level accurate attitude is presented. Several current augmented reality systems and applications are discussed and distinguished from a PAR system. The distinction centers around the PAR system's highly accurate position estimate, which enables tight registration, or alignment of the virtual renderings and the real world. Results from static and dynamic tests of the PAR system are given. These tests demonstrate the positioning and orientation accuracy obtained by the system and how this accuracy translates to remarkably low registration errors, even at short distances from the virtual objects. A list of areas for improvement necessary to create a fully capable PAR system is presented.


The Great Mental Models: General Thinking Concepts Farnam Street 2019-12-16 The old saying goes, ''To the man with a hammer, everything looks like a nail.'' But anyone who has done any kind of project knows a hammer often isn't enough. The more tools you have at your disposal, the more likely you'll use the right tool for the job and get it done right. The same is true when it comes to your thinking. The quality of your outcomes depends on the mental models in your head. And most people are going through life with little more than a hammer. Until now. The Great Mental Models: General Thinking Concepts is the first book in The Great Mental Models series designed to upgrade your thinking with the best, most useful and powerful tools so you always have the right one on hand. This volume details nine of the most versatile, all-purpose mental models you can use right away to improve your decision making, productivity, and how clearly you see the world. You will discover what forces govern the universe and how to focus your efforts so you can harness them to your advantage, rather than fight with them or worse yetignore them. Upgrade your mental toolbox and get the first volume today. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY Farnam Street (FS) is one of the world's fastest growing websites, dedicated to helping our readers master the best of what other people have already figured out. We curate, examine and explore the timeless ideas and mental models that history's brightest minds have used to live lives of purpose. Our readers include students, teachers, CEOs, coaches, athletes, artists, leaders, followers, politicians and more. They're not defined by gender, age, income, or politics but rather by a shared passion for avoiding problems, making better decisions, and lifelong learning. AUTHOR HOME Ottawa, Ontario, Canada


Abstract Several quartzite bodies outcrop along the Ferreira-Ficalho Thrust Fault (South Portugal), a major accident of the Iberian Variscan Orogen. The sediment is a very pure quartz sandstone, with trace amounts of ultraresistant heavy minerals and chromite. Chemical characterization (microprobe analyses and Mössbauer spectroscopy) showed the chromite to be unique: besides being Zn-rich, complexly zoned and a cation deficient spinel, all the iron was found to be fully oxidized to Fe3+. Structure refinement of single-crystal X-ray diffraction intensities unambiguously identifies the mineral as a chromite and the Mössbauer data are consistent with tetrahedrally coordinated Fe3+ in the spinel structure. Current geodynamical models see the Ferreira-Ficalho Thrust Fault as a first-order suture resulting from a complex collision of two distinct continental blocks with partial obduction of the intervening oceanic crust. The chromite grains could be envisaged as remnants of an early erosion of this obducted oceanic crust, but its unique chemical character does not allow any definite conclusion. Yet, the complete quartzite heavy mineral contents and its petrographic features are not consistent with their deposition within a continental collision situation.


Small service enterprises have typically been neglected both by industrial relations researchers and by small firms researchers. Yet there are compelling reasons why relations between employers and employees might differ from those found in large firms or in manufacturing firms. Drawing on face-to-face interview data from 54 small service enterprise owner-managers and 117 of their employees, the study aims to redress this imbalance in research effort. The study focuses on three contrasting sectors in the service industries: computer services; employment and secretarial services; and free houses and restaurants.
Although 'informal' regulation was a feature common to all sectors, there were substantive differences between sectors in processes of labour regulation. Employment relations in each of the three sectors were found to be regulated in different ways reflecting a variety of influences. These include the nature of work roles, workforce characteristics and expectations and the role of the customer in the process of labour regulation. Informal regulation permitted owner-managers considerable flexibility in the recruitment, reward and utilisation of labour.
A different employment culture was found to exist in the three sectors. These cultures - termed the 'work', 'money' and 'sociability' cultures - give meaning to employment and to the relationship between owner-managers and employees. The social processes through which these cultures are constituted are likely to be found in many other small enterprises and it is their wider presence which facilitates generalisation from the present sample to that of the broader small firm population.
The study has implications for the study of contemporary employment relations in the UK. The growing importance of the small service enterprise in the UK economy of the 1990s means that the patterns of employment relations found in such firms are becoming increasingly prevalent. Moreover, many of the employment relations processes typical of the small enterprise are argued to be becoming more common in larger enterprises.


Aims. Over the past few years a major effort has been put into the exploration of potential sites for the deployment of submillimetre astronomical facilities. Amongst the most important sites are Dome C and Dome A on the Antarctic Plateau, and the Chajnantor area in Chile. In this context, we report on measurements of the sky opacity at 200 μm over a period of three years at the French-Italian station, Concordia, at Dome C, Antarctica. We also present some solutions to the challenges of operating in the harsh polar environment. Methods. The 200-μm atmospheric opacity was measured with a tipper. The forward atmospheric model MOLIERE (Microwave Observation LIne Estimation and REtrieval) was used to calculate the atmospheric transmission and to evaluate the precipitable water vapour content (PWV) from the observed sky opacity. These results have been compared with satellite measurements from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on Metop-A, with balloon humidity sondes and with results obtained by a ground-based microwave radiometer (HAMSTRAD). In addition, a series of experiments has been designed to study frost formation on surfaces, and the temporal and spatial evolution of thermal gradients in the low atmosphere. Results. Dome C offers exceptional conditions in terms of absolute atmospheric transmission and stability for submillimetre astronomy. Over the austral winter the PWV exhibits long periods during which it is stable and at a very low level (0.1 to 0.3 mm). Higher values (0.2 to 0.8 mm) of PWV are observed during the short summer period. Based on observations over three years, a transmission of around 50% at 350 μm is achieved for 75% of the time. The 200-μm window opens with a typical transmission of 10% to 15% for 25% of the time. Conclusions. Dome C is one of the best accessible sites on Earth for submillimetre astronomy. Observations at 350 or 450 μm are possible all year round, and the 200-μm window opens long enough and with a sufficient transparency to be useful. Although the polar environment severely constrains hardware design, a permanent observatory with appropriate technical capabilities is feasible. Because of the very good astronomical conditions, high angular resolution and time series (multi-year) observations at Dome C with a medium size single dish telescope would enable unique studies to be conducted, some of which are not otherwise feasible even from space.


Silicon based antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROW's) have been designed in order to obtain a high sensitive optical transducer for sensing applications. The designed sensor has an integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer configuration. The optical waveguides that form its structure have to verify two conditions: monomode behavior and high surface sensitivity. In this paper, we present a theoretical modeling of the propagation characteristics and surface sensitivity of the ARROW structure.


In American sculpture of the 1960s, the form of the cube appears frequently and is often seen as an emblem of the Minimalist movement. For the most part, this commonality can be said to reflect Minimalist artists' collective preference for basic shapes and geometric austerity. Yet, for all the critical attention paid to the Minimalist cube, one possibility has rarely been explored in print: namely, the relationship these cubes might share with the emerging discourse of institutional critique. Although an explicit association of the gallery with the cube would not appear in print until 1976, some artists' made this analogy much earlier, even if this connection was not their stated intention. This thesis explores a new interpretation of the Minimalist cube, focusing on it as an unrecognized participant in the contemporaneous phenomenon of art as institutional critique, in the work of Robert Morris, Eva Hesse, Paul Thek, and Lucas Samaras.


We show that scattering of a surface plasmon by lump-like defects on the walls of a metal/dielectric/metal slot waveguide may be accompanied by 3D nanofocusing of light. Such nanofocusing results in the emergence of "hot spots" of nanometer size with a field intensity several orders higher than in the incident plasmon. This effect takes place only if the lump size is smaller than some critical value. We also demonstrate that a so-called plasmonic "black hole" can concentrate electromagnetic energy as well. We believe that the effect of plasmon nanofocusing may be used for plasmonic nanosensing or subwavelength microscopy.


This paper proposes a novel four-quadrant vector controlled induction motor (IM) adjustable speed drive (ASD) system based on a recently proposed matrix converter topology called quasi-Z-source direct matrix converter (QZSDMC). The QZSDMC is formed by cascading the quasi-Z-source impedance network and the conventional direct matrix converter (DMC). The QZSDMC can provide buck-boost operation with voltage transfer ratio controlled by controlling the shoot-through duty ratio and bidirectional operation capability. The control strategy, which is based on the indirect field oriented control algorithm, is able to control the motor speed from zero to the rated value under full load condition during motoring and regenerating operation modes. The operating principle of the proposed system is presented in detail. The simulation and the real-time implementation results, using dSPACE 1103 ControlDesk, validate the high performance of the proposed four-quadrants IM-ASD based onQZSDMC system. The proposed four-quadrant vector controlled IM-ASD system based on the QZSDMC topology overcomes the voltage gain limitation of the traditional DMC and achieves buck and boost condition in fourquadrant modes with reduced number of switches, therefore achieving low cost, high efficiency, and reliability, compared with back-to-back converter.


OBJECTIVES To compare action tremor (AT) during manual tracking in normal subjects and patients with multiple sclerosis with tremor (MS-tremor group) and without tremor (MS-no tremor group), and to differentiate tremor occurring predominantly around the distal joint from that involving the proximal joints of the arm. METHODS Subjects performed both a visually guided ramp tracking task using wrist flexion/extension and a whole arm circle tracking task using shoulder movement. Action tremor at the wrist or shoulder was computed as the SD of the tracking velocity. The ratio of wrist:arm tremor was then calculated to differentiate distal from proximal tremor in the tested arm. Frequency spectra of the records were also examined. RESULTS During wrist tracking, AT in patients with multiple sclerosis contained a major frequency component at 4–5 Hz; the frequency was slightly lower during whole arm tracking. The ratio of wrist:arm tremor was significantly higher in the MS-tremor group. Of 12 tested arms, eight had tremor significantly weighted towards the distal joint, only one towards the proximal joint, and three had a ratio inside the control range. CONCLUSIONS AT in the arms of patients with multiple sclerosis can be effectively differentiated into proximal or distal using these two different tracking tasks. Despite the variability of the effects of multiple sclerosis, most of the AT was distal rather than proximal in this group of patients. Possibly conduction block along the corticocerebellocortical pathways caused this distal tremor.


William James is celebrated as a founder of American psychology, and his book The Principles of Psychology (1890) is regularly cited as the seminal text in launching experimental psychology in the United States. However, it is a mistake to take this book as James' final statement on psychology. Shortly after its publication, James abandoned its provisional dualism and formulated a psychology that begins inquiry with a field of immediate experience that is neither objective nor subjective. This shift in his thinking results in his philosophy of radical empiricism which takes the immediacy of a knower-known relational field as primary, and embraces the view that knowing is fundamentally a process of direct engagement with the surround. James' radical empiricism remains unfamiliar to most contemporary psychologists because attention to it has been deflected by much of the secondary literature. In the hands of the latter, James is often read from the perspective of the very meta-theory that he rejected, and the field theoretic, radical empiricist framework that shapes his later psychology is missed. Two criticisms of radical empiricism during James' day are examined, James' initial responses to those critics are considered, and those responses are expanded in light of recent contributions in ecological psychology.


Abstract Objectives: To examine the temporal association between blood transfusion and 90-day mortality in patients with bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy. Methods: This represents a retrospective cohort study of patients treated with radical cystectomy within the Premier Hospital network between 2003 and 2015. Patients outcomes were stratified those who received early blood transfusion (day of surgery) vs delayed blood transfusion (postoperative day ≥1) during the index admission. Primary end point was 90-day mortality following surgery. Results: The median age of 12,056 patients identified was 70 years. A total of 7,201 (59.7%) patients received blood transfusion. Within 90 days following surgery, 57 (2.2%), 162 (5.9%) and 123 (6.7%) patients in the early, delayed and both early and delayed transfused patients died respectively. Following multivariate logistic regression to account for patient (age and Charlson Comorbidity Index [CCI]) and hospital (surgeon volume, surgical approach and academic status) factors, delayed blood transfusion was independently associated with 90-day mortality (Odds ratio [OR], 2.64; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.98–3.53; p < 0.001). A sensitivity analysis defining early blood transfusion as <2 days postoperatively, increased 90-day mortality persisted in patients receiving delayed transfusion (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.63-3.00; p < 0.001). Older patients (≥77 years) with the highest CCI (≥2) had a 7% absolute increase in the predicted probability of 90-day mortality if they were transfused late compared to patients transfused early. Conclusion: Patient undergoing cystectomy may benefit from expedited transfusion to prevent subsequent clinical deterioration which may lead to patient mortality. Future work is needed to elucidate the optimal timing of blood transfusion.


Human municipal transportation engineers might learn design strategies from the lowly slime mold. In its vegetative phase, the slime mold Physarum polycephalum "slimes" its way through the world seeking food. As it explores, it links previously found food sources with tubular structures. Tero et al. report that if food sources are deposited on a plate in a pattern corresponding in miniature to the positions of the cities that surround Tokyo, the resulting network of Physarum tubules that develops is rather similar in structure to the railroad network that connects the Japanese cities. A model was produced that describes the adaptive network development displayed by the slime mold. This biologically inspired model might provide insight into how to implement properties like resistance of transport systems to local failures into similar human-designed systems. A. Tero, S. Takagi, T. Saigusa, K. Ito, D. P. Bebber, M. D. Fricker, K. Yumiki, R. Kobayashi, T. Nakagaki, Rules for biologically inspired adaptive network design. Science 327, 439–442 (2010). [Abstract] [Full Text] W. Marwan, Amoeba-inspired network design. Science 327, 419–420 (2010). [Abstract] [Full Text]


We have constructed a series of new code families for the spectral-amplitude-coding optical code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system, and proposed new transmitter and receiver structures based on tunable chirped fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). The proposed system has been analyzed by taking into account the effects of phase-induced intensity noise, shot noise, and thermal noise. We have also compared the performance of this system with that of a former system where a Hadamard code is used. It has been shown that the new code families can suppress the intensity noise effectively and improve the system performance significantly. When the effective power is large (i.e., >-10 dBm), the intensity noise is the main factor that limits the system performance. When the effective power is not sufficiently large, thermal and shot noise sources become the main limiting factors and the effect of thermal noise is much larger than that of shot noise.


This paper describes a device for measuring the radiation intensity of sources of vacuum ultraviolet radiation, consisting of a flow-through ionization chamber that operates in the total-radiation-absorption regime at atmospheric pressure. Examples of the use of this chamber to measure the radiation intensity of sealed photoionization lamps are described. The main advantage of the device is that it does not require periodic calibration or complex metrological assurance.


This article reviews the results of a 12-year longitudinal research program on transformative mediation of employment discrimination complaints at the United States Postal Service. The research employed mixed methods, including quantitative and qualitative survey methods, interviews, and archival data. This article focuses on how that research examined facilitative and transformative mediation styles. The research illustrates that organizational context can shape the effects of a mediator's style. It also indicates that the transformative style – by emphasizing the goals of disputant empowerment as well as recognition and by preventing mediator evaluation – may heighten disputants' perceptions of interpersonal justice (i.e. between the disputants) and reduce the perceptions of structural bias.


In a single second a modern processor can execute billions of instructions. Obtaining a bird's eye view of the behavior of a program at these speeds can be a difficult task when all that is available is cycle by cycle examination. In many programs, behavior is anything but steady state, and understanding the patterns of behavior, at run-time, can unlock a multitude of optimization opportunities.In this paper, we present a unified profiling architecture that can efficiently capture, classify, and predict phase-based program behavior on the largest of time scales. By examining the proportion of instructions that were executed from different sections of code, we can find generic phases that correspond to changes in behavior across many metrics. By classifying phases generically, we avoid the need to identify phases for each optimization, and enable a unified prediction scheme that can forecast future behavior. Our analysis shows that our design can capture phases that account for over 80% of execution using less that 500 bytes of on-chip memory.


The present study was undertaken to evaluate direct and indirect selection criteria for the improvement of grain yield and quality components in Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Correlated response (CR) and relative selection efficiency (RSE) were estimated for grain yield and three quality components, grain protein, grain carotenoid and leaf carotenoid based on different contributing traits. Stem diameter, chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll and leaf carotenoid had high CR and RSE values for grain yield indicating the effectiveness of these traits in increasing grain yield. Grain protein and grain carotenoid exhibited negative CR and RSE values for grain yield indicating that direct selection for grain yield would lead to a slight decrease in these quality characters. Grain size was not of much significance either in increasing grain yield or any of the quality components. Grain yield can also be increased through indirect selection for stem diameter, while leaf pigments are likely to play a major role in enhancement of quality traits like leaf and grain carotenoid.


The current work provides CIOs, software architects, project managers, developers, and cloud strategy initiatives with a set of architectural patterns that offer nuggets of advice on how to achieve common cloud computing-related goals. The cloud computing patterns capture knowledge and experience in an abstract format that is independent of concrete vendor products. Readers are provided with a toolbox to structure cloud computing strategies and design cloud application architectures. By using this book cloud-native applications can be implemented and best suited cloud vendors and tooling for individual usage scenarios can be selected. The cloud computing patterns offer a unique blend of academic knowledge and practical experience due to the mix of authors. Academic knowledge is brought in by Christoph Fehling and Professor Dr. Frank Leymann who work on cloud research at the University of Stuttgart. Practical experience in building cloud applications, selecting cloud vendors, and designing enterprise architecture as a cloud customer is brought in by Dr. Ralph Retter who works as an IT architect at TSystems, Walter Schupeck, who works as a Technology Manager in the field of Enterprise Architecture at Daimler AG,and Peter Arbitter, the former head of T Systems cloud architecture and IT portfolio team and now working for Microsoft.Voices on Cloud Computing PatternsCloud computing is especially beneficial for large companies such as Daimler AG. Prerequisite is a thorough analysis of its impact on the existing applications and the IT architectures. During our collaborative research with the University of Stuttgart, we identified a vendor-neutral and structured approach to describe properties of cloud offerings and requirements on cloud environments. The resulting Cloud Computing Patterns have profoundly impacted our corporate IT strategy regarding the adoption of cloud computing. They help our architects, project managers and developers in the refinement of architectural guidelines and communicate requirements to our integration partners and software suppliers.Dr. Michael Gorriz CIO Daimler AGEver since 2005 T-Systems has provided a flexible and reliable cloud platform with its Dynamic Services. Today these cloud services cover a huge variety of corporate applications, especially enterprise resource planning, business intelligence, video, voice communication, collaboration, messaging and mobility services. The book was written by senior cloud pioneers sharing their technology foresight combining essential information and practical experiences. This valuable compilation helps both practitioners and clients to really understand which new types of services are readily available, how they really work and importantly how to benefit from the cloud. Dr. Marcus Hacke Senior Vice President, T-Systems International GmbHThis book provides a conceptual framework and very timely guidance for people and organizations building applications for the cloud. Patterns are a proven approach to building robust and sustainable applications and systems. The authors adapt and extend it to cloud computing, drawing on their own experience and deep contributions to the field. Each pattern includes an extensive discussion of the state of the art, with implementation considerations and practical examples that the reader can apply to their own projects. By capturing our collective knowledge about building good cloud applications and by providing a format to integrate new insights, this book provides an important tool not just for individual practitioners and teams, but for the cloud computing community at large.Kristof Kloeckner General Manager,Rational Software, IBMSoftware Group


This succinct book explains how you can apply the practices of Lean software development to dramatically increase productivity and quality. Based on techniques that revolutionized Japanese manufacturing, Lean principles are being applied successfully to product design, engineering, the supply chain, and now software development. With The Art of Lean Software Development, you'll learn how to adopt Lean practices one at a time rather than taking on the entire methodology at once. As you master each practice, you'll see significant, measurable results. With this book, you will: Understand Lean's origins from Japanese industries and how it applies to software development Learn the Lean software development principles and the five most important practices in detail Distinguish between the Lean and Agile methodologies and understand their similarities and differences Determine which Lean principles you should adopt first, and how you can gradually incorporate more of the methodology into your process Review hands-on practices, including descriptions, benefits, trade-offs, and roadblocks Learn how to sell these principles to management The Art of Lean Software Development is ideal for busy people who want to improve the development process but can't afford the disruption of a sudden and complete transformation. The Lean approach has been yielding dramatic results for decades, and with this book, you can make incremental changes that will produce immediate benefits. "This book presents Lean practices in a clear and concise manner so readers are motivated to make their software more reliable and less costly to maintain. I recommend it to anyone looking for an easy-to-follow guide to transform how the developer views the process of writing good software." -- Bryan Wells, Boeing Intelligence & Security Sytems Mission System "If you're new to Lean software development and you're not quite sure where to start, this book will help get your development process going in the right direction, one step at a time." -- John McClenning, software development lead, Aclara


The Petroleum Bills of 2012 provide for the creation of a national oil company (NOC) in Uganda. However, it is arguable whether the corporate governance framework will protect the proposed company from the governance challenges that have characterised other state entities. The corporate governance framework provided in the Companies Bill of 2009 is insufficient and does not cater for stakeholders. Unlike private companies, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have various stakeholders, such as employees and the citizens of the country. Norway and Uganda are at different levels of development and have different legal systems. However, Norway's corporate governance framework for SOEs, which is based on the corporate governance guidelines of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, is an example of best practices and can guide the development of a corporate governance framework for SOEs and the proposed NOC in Uganda.


This work introduces probabilistic model checking as a viable tool-assisted approach for systematically quantifying DoS security threats. The proposed analysis is based on a probabilistic attacker model implementing simultaneous N zombie participants, which subvert secure authentication features in communication protocols and electronic commerce systems. DoS threats are expressed as probabilistic reachability properties that are automatically verified through an appropriate Discrete Time Markov Chain representing the protocol participants and attacker models. The overall analysis takes place in a mature probabilistic model checking toolset called PRISM. We believe that the applied quantitative verification approach is a valuable means for comparing protocol implementations with alternative parameter choices, for optimal resistance to the analyzed threats.


The study offers a critical theoretical consideration of underlying
perspectives informing rural health education in an undergraduate nursing,
medical and pharmacy program. A new research approach was developed and
tested for examining the effects of different individuals and groups (from
academics to rural health practitioners to undergraduate nursing, medical and
pharmacy students) using different patterns of language in the socialising process
of rural health education. The thesis describes and demonstrates the use of critical
discourse analysis as a means of facilitating critical awareness and stimulating
research practice focussing on rural health education. Critical discourse analysis
applies to a range of semiotic methods for examining text, such as natural
instances of written and spoken language, with the objective of gaining insights
into the meanings of a text and what it signifies. Emphasis is placed on the way
individuals and groups use language, where texts construct the social world and
influence the way identity is formed.


Deaton (1986) has noted that if income is a first-order autoregressive process in first differences, then a simple version of Friedman's permanent income hypothesis (SPIH) implies that measured U.S. consumption is insufficiently sensitive to innovations in income. This paper argues that this implication of the SPIH is a consequence of the fact that it ignores the role of the substitution effect in the consumption decision. Using a parametric version of the standard model of economic growth, the paper shows that very small movements in interest rates are sufficient to induce an empirically plausible amount of consumption smoothing. Since an overall evaluation of the model's explanation for the observed smoothness of consumption requires examining its implications for other aspects of the data, the paper also explores some of these.


PURPOSE
To investigate hypoxia-guided dose-boosting for increased tumour control and improved normal tissue sparing using FMISO-PET images METHODS: Individual tumor-specific control probability (iTSCP) was calculated using a modified linear-quadratic model with rectal-specific radiosensitivity parameters for three limiting-case assumptions of the hypoxia / FMISO uptake relationship. 18 FMISO-PET images from 2 patients (T3N0M0) from the RHYTHM trial (Investigating Hypoxia in Rectal Tumours NCT02157246) were chosen to delineate a hypoxic region (GTV_MISO defined as tumor-to-muscle ratio > 1.3) within the anatomical GTV. Three VMAT treatment plans were created in Eclipse (Varian): STANDARD (45Gy / 25 fractions to PTV4500); BOOST_GTV (simultaneous integrated boost of 60Gy / 25fr to GTV +0.5cm) and BOOST_MISO (60Gy / 25fr to GTV_MISO+0.5cm). GTV mean dose (in EQD2), iTSCP and normal tissue dose-volume metrics (small bowel, bladder, anus, and femoral heads) were recorded.

RESULTS
Patient A showed small hypoxic volume (15.8% of GTV) and Patient B moderate hypoxic volume (40.2% of GTV). Dose escalation to 60Gy was achievable, and doses to femoral heads and small bowel in BOOST plans were comparable to STANDARD plans. For patient A, a reduced maximum bladder dose was observed in BOOST_MISO compared to BOOST_GTV (D0.1cc 49.2Gy vs 54.0Gy). For patient B, a smaller high dose volume was observed for the anus region in BOOST_MISO compared to BOOST_GTV (V55Gy 19.9% vs 100%), which could potentially reduce symptoms of fecal incontinence. For BOOST_MISO, the largest iTSCPs (A: 95.5% / B: 90.0%) assumed local correlation between FMISO uptake and hypoxia, and approached iTSCP values seen for BOOST_GTV (A: 96.1% / B: 90.5%).

CONCLUSION
Hypoxia-guided dose-boosting is predicted to improve local control in rectal tumors when FMISO is spatially correlated to hypoxia, and to reduce dose to organs-at-risk compared to boosting the whole GTV. This could lead to organ-preserving treatment strategies for locally-advanced rectal cancer, thereby improving quality of life. Oxford Cancer Imaging Centre (OCIC); Cancer Research UK (CRUK); Medical Research Council (MRC).


Most Latin American countries are now attempting the radical reform of their healthcare financing and delivery systems. In many cases, these reforms complement and contribute to broader neo-liberal orthodoxies of economic and social reform. Key strategies include decentralising hospital administration and the promotion of private health insurance. However, experiences across the region are quite diverse, and countries such as Cuba persist with a system of healthcare based on very different principles. This book identifies key problems facing healthcare systems in the region and evaluates the reforms that have been implemented to date. It pays particular attention to problems of implementation and the impact that changes to health policy are having on poor and vulnerable groups.


Big cities specialize in services rather than manufacturing. Big-city establishments in services are larger than the national average while those in manufacturing are smaller. This paper proposes an explanation of these and other facts. The theory is developed in an economic geography model that is an alternative to the standard Dixit-Stiglitz structure. In our tractable structure that has potentially wider application, firms have monopoly power in local markets, but are price takers in export markets.


An experimental analysis for the evaluation of adiabatic and overall effectiveness of an effusion cooling geometry is presented in this paper. Chosen configuration is a flat plate with 98 holes, with a feasible arrangement for a turbine endwall. Fifteen staggered rows with equal spanwise and streamwise pitches (S x / D=S y / D=8.0), a length to diameter ratio of 42.9 and an injection angle of 30 deg are investigated. Measurements have been done on two different test samples made both of plastic material and stainless steel. Adiabatic tests were carried out in order to obtain adiabatic effectiveness bidimensional maps. Even if a very low conductivity material polyvinyl chloride was used, adiabatic tests on a typical effusion geometry suffer, undoubtedly, from conductive phenomena: a full three-dimensional finite element method postprocessing procedure for gathered experimental data was therefore developed for reckoning thermal fluxes across the surface and then correctly obtaining adiabatic effectiveness distributions. The objective of the tests performed on the conductive plate, having the same flow parameters as the adiabatic ones, was the estimation of overall efficiency of the cooled region. Experimental measurements were carried out imposing two different crossflow Mach numbers, 0.15 and 0.40, and varying blowing ratio from 0.5 to 1.7; effectiveness of the cooled surface was evaluated with a steady-state technique, using thermochromic liquid crystal wide band formulation. Results show that the postprocessing procedure correctly succeeded in deducting undesired thermal fluxes across the plate in adiabatic effectiveness evaluation. The increasing blowing ratio effect leads to lower adiabatic effectiveness mean values, while it makes overall effectiveness to grow. Finally, Reynolds-averaged Navier—Stokes steady-state calculations were performed employing an open source computational fluid dynamics code: an adiabatic case has been simulated using both a standard and an anisotropic turbulence model. Numerical achievements have then been compared with experimental measurement.


Skeletal muscle serves as a paradigm for the acquisition of cell fate, yet the relationship between primitive cell populations and emerging myoblasts has remained elusive. We identify a novel population of resident Pax3+/Pax7+, muscle marker-negative cells throughout development. Using mouse mutants that uncouple myogenic progression, we show that these Pax+ cells give rise to muscle progenitors. In the absence of skeletal muscle, they apoptose after down-regulation of Pax7. Furthermore, they mark the emergence of satellite cells during fetal development, and do not require Pax3 function. These findings identify critical cell populations during lineage restriction, and provide a framework for defining myogenic cell states for therapeutic studies.


Heterotopic bone formation in the colon is rare, and its mechanism is still unclear. A 45-year-old man with severe anemia was referred to our hospital and was diagnosed as with cecal cancer on exploratory colonoscopy. On right hemicolectomy with lymphadenectomy, the cut surface of the resected specimen showed a type 2 tumor with a white solid lesion in the cecum. The histopathological study revealed a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with ossification. Herein we report and discuss this rare case. J Med Cases. 2018;9(5):131-134 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3020w


Principal component analysis is a multivariate statistical technique used to observe the variance and to assess the relative influence of various traits for aggregate variability. In this study, ten advance uniform rice lines were grown for two consecutive years and morphometric data on eight yield and yield related attributes were collected. The principle component analysis was performed on the means of two years' agronomic data to identify the patterns of variation and to determine the selection criteria. The first five principle components accounted for 97.9% of total variation, with the first three components explaining the cumulative variability of 82.7%. The individual contribution of PC1, PC2 and PC3 were 46.8, 20.7 and 15.2%, respectively. The PC1 and PC2 projected more towards yield contributing traits such as panicle length, number of grains per panicle and 100 grain weight. Days to 50% flowering and days to maturity were grouped under PC3 which regarded as earliness component, as it had the traits which allowed for developing early and late maturing varieties. Panicle length & 100 grain weight showed negative direction to each other, however, both traits grouped under PC2 and genotype under this component were good for further yield improvement. Thus, the prominent traits grouped together in different principal components were causal to describe the variability and breeding consideration. The results of this study will be greatly helpful for the development of early maturing and higher yielding varieties in future breeding programs.

 Key words: Oryza sativa, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), rotated component matrix, Biplot, Loading plot.


In a series of recent papers, Prof. Olariu and his co-workers have promoted the vision of vehicular clouds (VCs), a nontrivial extension, along several dimensions, of conventional cloud computing. In a VC, underutilized vehicular resources including computing power, storage, and Internet connectivity can be shared between drivers or rented out over the Internet to various customers. Clearly, if the VC concept is to see a wide adoption and to have significant societal impact, security and privacy issues need to be addressed. The main contribution of this work is to identify and analyze a number of security challenges and potential privacy threats in VCs. Although security issues have received attention in cloud computing and vehicular networks, we identify security challenges that are specific to VCs, e.g., challenges of authentication of high-mobility vehicles, scalability and single interface, tangled identities and locations, and the complexity of establishing trust relationships among multiple players caused by intermittent short-range communications. Additionally, we provide a security scheme that addresses several of the challenges discussed.


Many young Australians are struggling with issues of mental health, anxiety about the future, and addictions to drugs. Behind these struggles are often questions of what life is all about. Youth ministry is more important today than at any time in recent history. Yet, many churches are finding it difficult to connect with youth beyond those whose families are involved in the church.
 This book has arisen out of Australian research into youth ministry, from visiting youth groups and talking with youth leaders and the youth themselves. It offers a vision for the development of youth ministry, recognising the diversity of youth and the backgrounds from which they come.
 It explores how to build a youth ministry team and the qualities needed in the team. It discusses issues of training, payment, and support for youth leaders and building bridges with parents, church and school.
 What are the factors which will really make a difference in developing youth ministry? Based on research, our conclusions are:
 •The vision for developing the spirit of young people
 •The commitment of the whole church to youth ministry
 •The youth ministry team with strong relationships with God, each other, the youth, parents, the church and the wider society;
 •A diversity of activities: both age-specific and intergenerational for fun, friends, inquiry and developing the spirit.


Long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampus has been proposed to result from a tonic activation of protein kinase C. This hypothesis predicts that stimulation of the kinase would produce a smaller change in response size on potentiated versus control pathways and, conversely, that inhibition of the kinase would reduce potentiated inputs to a greater degree than control responses. We tested these predictions using phorbol esters to activate and using the antagonist H-7 to inhibit protein kinase C; we found that the actions of these drugs on synaptic transmission were not affected by prior induction of LTP. Both compounds, however, significantly decreased the contribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors to synaptic potentials, a result that accounts for the suppressive effects of these compounds on LTP formation. Thus protein kinase C is probably not involved in the expression of LTP but may play a role in the receptor-mediated events participating in its induction.


This article estimates equations for past year cocaine and marijuana use among adult and juvenile respondents of the 1990--97 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse. Unlike most previous studies, we control for the monetary price of marijuana, probabilities of arrest for marijuana and cocaine possession, and state fixed effects. Results indicate that cocaine prices are inversely related to adult cocaine and marijuana demand but are unrelated to juvenile drug demand, marijuana price effects are always statistically insignificant, estimated price effects are inflated when state effects are omitted, and increases in each arrest probability diminish both types of drug use. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.


As part of the United Nations Development Programs thematic focus on poverty eradication and Poverty Strategy Initiatives, the UNDP, in cooperation with the Armenian Government, the World Bank and the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), organized a workshop on Social Indicators to be held at Yrevan, Armenia on November 13-14, 1997. In accordance with the United Nations Global Conferences and their goals, the workshop pursued as its goal the elaboration of poverty initiatives to alleviate poverty, preserve the human capital and adjust it to new market conditions, which could be attained by providing detailed and targeted information, improving the survey methodologies, determining the choice of main social indicators to be used with the consideration of the national specifics. This publication presents ECLACs conribution to the workshop. Rolando Franco gives an overview of some economic, political and social characteristics, which are at the core of a transition from planned to market economies. He refers to differences and similarities between the change of the economic model observed in Latin America and the model taking shape in transitional economies, giving charactersitic features of the import-substitution model and the post-adjustment model. Afterwards, the author concentrates in presenting two paradigms within the context of the Latin American social policy characteristics, which correspond to the two development models that have been applied in the region, before and after what has been called the crisis of the 1980s". On the other side, Pascual Gerstenfeld marks that indicators should help to identify the main causes and effects of social trends and provide useful information for the design of social policies. Further he analyses a set of indicators based on data from household surveys, which have contributed in a large measure to the Latin American experience in quantitative socioeconomic analysis. Following the above, he presents reflections on social indicators for the analysis of the well-being and equity in societies in transition. Finally, Ernesto Cohen covers the social policy evaluation through assessing social projects, in a way that they allow a resign of and reallocation of resources and provide a strategic avenue for rationalizing the government social expenditure. He goes through the project cycle, the advantages of the cost-impact analysis, and the importance of monitoring efficiency of social programs."


Purpose: To investigate the effect of distal stenotic lesions on flow patterns near a covered endovascular reconstruction of the aortic bifurcation (CERAB) configuration used in the treatment of aortoiliac occlusive disease. Method: Laser particle image velocimetry measurements were performed using in vitro models of the aortic bifurcation with and without a CERAB configuration in place. A hemodynamically nonsignificant stenosis (ΔP: 9 mm Hg), a hemodynamically significant (ΔP: 26 mm Hg) stenosis, and a total occlusion were simulated in the left iliac arteries. Velocity fields and time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) were calculated. Results: Hemodynamically significant distal lesions did not influence the inflow patterns or TAWSS (0.5–0.6 Pa) in either model. However, hemodynamically significant distal stenotic lesions caused a 2-fold decrease in peak outflow velocities (control: 106 vs 56 cm/s, CERAB: 96 vs 54 cm/s) and a 3-fold decrease in TAWSS (control: 1.34 vs 0.44 Pa, CERAB: 0.75 vs 0.21 Pa). There was a 2-fold decrease in wall shear stress in the CERAB outflow compared with the control, independent of lesion severity. Conclusion: In the CERAB technique, adequate distal runoff is identified as an important parameter to ensure patency. This in vitro study showed that distal stenotic lesions influence aortic bifurcation outflow patterns and TAWSS more extensively in the CERAB configuration. Distal stenotic lesions could therefore increase the risk of disease progression and loss of stent patency. In vivo studies are necessary to confirm these observations.


The use of mobile devices to support students' learning experiences is a growing area of interest in higher education (Wankel & Blessinger, 2013). This study adopts an 'umbrella' term of m-learning to consider the use of mobile and wireless technologies to support students in a blended learning environment. Whilst m-learning pedagogy has received considerable attention (e.g. Attewell, 2005, Sharples et. al. 2007, Kukulska-Hulme, 2012), the process of adopting this potentially disruptive innovation within universities has been neglected. This study addresses this gap by attempting to answer the research question:
How do university organizations (business models, modes of operation, people and processes) adapt to a potentially disruptive innovation like m-learning and what factors and working practices support or hinder embedding?
Possible frameworks for studying innovation are reviewed, including Rogers' innovation diffusion framework (Rogers, 1962), Actor-Network Theory (Latour, 2005) , Activity Theory ngestr m 1987), Structuration Theory (Giddens, 1984), theories of disruptive innovation (Christensen, 1997) and the Technology Acceptance Model (Venkatesh and Davis, 2000), Actor-Network Theory (ANT) is chosen as the most promising theoretical lens for an in-depth investigation of m-learning embedding, and a participative fieldwork approach is developed that uses Law and Callon's ANT notion of 'points of passage' between local and global networks (Law and Callon, 1991) to illuminate factors and working practices that affect embedding. A framework based on Law and Callon's work is developed through a year-long study of competing text messaging projects within a university and developed further through a three-year, longitudinal case study involving five universities using smartphone applications to assess students in medical practice situations. Several institutional issues are identified that help or hinder embedding, such as fragmentation of IT strategy and decision-making, and the need to provide students with a compelling offer of multiple institutional services on their mobiles. The role of people and artefacts in forming a link, or 'point of passage' between m-learning projects 'local networks') and institutional IT strategies and services 'global networks') is found to be of central interest for understanding processes of embedding. A clear path to an ANT analysis is demonstrated starting from interview and observation data, using coding techniques borrowed from grounded theory (Schatzman and Strauss, 1973) and finishing with Law and Callon's local-global network model, which is used to compare and contrast embedding trajectories of the case study institutions. Systematic comparison enables a three dimensional model of embedding trajectories to be built, which extends Law and Callon's work and places in sharper focus the importance of establishing a path by which local initiatives can be evaluated strategically and, where appropriate, incorporated in a timely manner into a university's IT strategy.
Grounded in extensive longitudinal research, the study offers a contribution to methodology through its demystification of ANT; a contribution to theory through its three dimensional model for mapping embedding trajectories; and a contribution to practice by highlighting specific issues that affect mobile technology adoption in higher education, such as having a compelling, multi-service offer, appropriate mobile tariffs for undertaking mandatory assessment and guidelines for incorporating knowledge gained from technology experiments into institutional strategies and decision-making. The study concludes by highlighting opportunities for using its model to explore challenges of embedding faced not only by formal projects but by 'maverick' innovators and for potentially disruptive technologies other than m-learning, such as Web 2.0 services.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to map out the voluntary-regulatory dynamics of the discourse of human rights in a business context within the European Union (EU) regulatory environment.

Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines the human rights and corporate social responsibility (CSR) discourses at the EU institutional level, in order to identify the interplay between soft and hard regulatory instruments that may contribute to the "human rights for business" normative landscape.

Findings – A renewed focus at the international level on business and human rights has recently produced a United Nations (UN) framework document mapping corporate and state responsibilities in the area of human rights (the UN SRSG Ruggie Framework). Emphasising voluntariness as main tool, but also recognizing the importance of domestic uses of corporate law, of the investment and trade agreements, as well as of the international development cooperation tools, this framework report is in need of "operationalisation". Starting from the interface between domestic and international developments in CSR and human rights for business, the paper explores the extent to which the European CSR context can offer tools and instruments towards such an operationalisation of the corporate responsibility for human rights and for social values generally. The article charts the dynamic relationship between EU soft regulatory attempts and the community mandatory legislation. Together, these define the EU's policy on CSR and human rights.

Originality/value – The paper reveals an innovative normative mosaic, made up of complex soft and hard regulatory instruments that should enable the EU to integrate economic, trade and human rights policies and, ultimately, to contribute to the new CSR framework proposed at the international level.


An ample repertoire of leadership behaviors available to the manager is expected to guarantee his/her effectiveness transcending situations, but research in the call-center context has identified a specific form of effective supervision: people-oriented leadership. The purpose of this paper is to compare the effectiveness of leader behavioral complexity vis-à-vis people-oriented supervision. 268 employees out of 728 of a Peruvian call center filled in an on-line survey that included, among other questionnaires, the Competing Values Framework Managerial Behavior Instrument in reference to their front-line supervisor. The study analyzed the relationships between supervisory leadership and subordinate turnover intention and absenteeism. Behavioral complexity, like people-oriented leadership, predicted subordinate turnover intention but did not predict subordinate absenteeism, which people-oriented leadership did when other leadership orientations (to change, results, processes) were held constant. Our explanations consider that absenteeism is a concrete behavior and turnover intention an abstract attitude. The findings are consistent with the call-center literature, suggest important boundaries to the concept of manager behavioral complexity, and highlight the need for contingency theories of leadership effectiveness.


Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the catechin with the highest antioxidant activity present in green tea. Nevertheless, due its low bioavailability, it is necessary to develop EGCG formulations capable of improving its stability resulting in increased bioavailability and thus higher biological activity of this catechin (e.g. antioxidant activity). The purpose of this work was the formulation of EGCG using three distinct natural origin carriers, namely OSA-starch, soybean lecithin and β-glucan, by particles from gas saturated solution drying (PGSS-drying). Non-cytotoxic solid formulations of EGCG in the range of micrometers and encapsulation efficiencies up to 80.5% were obtained. An improved antioxidant activity (AA) determined by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method was obtained for all formulations. Furthermore, lecithin:EGCG and β-glucan:EGCG presented higher cellular antioxidant activity (Caco-2 cells) values than free EGCG at the same concentrations tested (around 1.5-fold higher values). Moreover, the solid formulations presented preservation of the AA over 4 months, and an improved storage stability in comparison with non-encapsulated EGCG over 48 h at 328 K in the absence of light (accelerated storage). These results show that PGSS-drying conditions enabled the preservation of the bioactive properties of catechin, allowing the formulation of solid particles with enhanced features.


The benefits of embedding the teaching of writing into the curriculum have been advocated by educators and researchers. However, there is currently little evidence of embedded writing instruction in the UK's higher education context. In this article, we present a case study in which we report the design, implementation and evaluation of an academic writing intervention with first-year undergraduate students in an applied linguistics programme. Our objectives were to try a combination of embedded instructional methods and provide an example that can be followed by lecturers across disciplines and institutions. Through the integration of in-class and online writing tasks and assessment feedback in a first-term module, we supported students' writing development throughout the first term. We evaluated the effects of the intervention through the analysis of notes on classroom interaction, a student questionnaire and interviews, and a text analysis of students' writing and the feedback comments over time. The evaluation findings provide insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach. The embedded writing instruction was perceived as useful by both students and teachers. The assessment feedback, whilst being the most work-intensive method for the teachers, was valued most by the students and led to substantial improvements in the writing of some. These findings suggest that embedded writing instruction could be usefully applied in other higher education contexts.


Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a serious public health problem affecting a large number of children that often lasts into adulthood, and it is characterized by persistence of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. Children with ADHD are managed with appropriate pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention such as educational, psychological, behavioral support and play therapy. Whereas, play therapy is a technique during which the child would be given an opportunity to experience development under the most ideal circumstances. Aim: Evaluate the effect of applying play therapy on children with ADHD. Methods: Study Design: A quasi experimental. Setting: The study was conducted in Badghish care & Rehabilitation center at Jeddah in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Subjects: Purposive sample composed of 40 preschool & school age children with ADHD with their parents and teachers. Study Tools: Data were collected through using a self-administered questionnaire for the parents to assess the socio-demographic characteristics of the studied children and their families, Conner's Abbreviated Parents and Teachers Rating scale, it was used to assess and evaluate the problematic behaviors of children with ADHD for their responses and progress monitoring through play therapy, Children's Symptom Inventory (CSI-4)-Parents and Teachers Form Scale, it was used to assess the children for ADHD symptoms including; inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity through their parents and teachers and Vanderbilt ADHD Parent and Teacher Rating Scale, it was used to assess children's anxiety symptoms through their parents and teachers. Results: The mean age of children was 6.282 ± 1.52 years. Also, 67.5% of children were boys and 32.5% were girls. Meanwhile, there were high statistical significant differences ( p -value at .00) regarding children inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity as reported by their parents and teachers pre and post applying play therapy. Conclusions: The current study concluded that applying play therapy had a positive effect on paying attention, decreasing hyperactivity and controlling impulsive behavior of children with ADHD. Also, there were statistical significant differences in children's emotional and behavioral disturbances pre and post applying play therapy sessions. Recommendations: Encourage parents to cooperate actively when play therapy sessions are held for persistency of treatment effects and further studies should be carried out on the effectiveness of play therapy and use of other different kinds of therapies for children with ADHD are beneficial.