Excessive acceleration is one of the stability failure modes involving large roll motion of ships. The overset method is applied to solve the six degrees-of-freedom motion of the ship with moonpool in beam waves. Based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, the improved method of considering the roll damping of square moonpool are proposed. The improved method of considering moonpool damping is used in vulnerability assessment for excessive acceleration. The comparative analysis of the Level 1 and Level 2 vulnerability assessment of the excessive acceleration of a ship with moonpool is completed. The influence of moonpool on the vulnerability assessment of excessive acceleration is studied by comparing with the model test results. The results show that the main factor affecting the estimation accuracy of lateral acceleration of the ship is the accuracy of roll amplitude calculation. The existence of moonpool will reduce the roll damping coefficient of the ship. The improved methods proposed in this paper can effectively improve the estimation of lateral acceleration of ships with moonpool in the Level 1 vulnerability criteria and increase the safety margin in the Level 2 vulnerability assessment. In the direct stability assessment, the CFD method can simulate the large-amplitude roll motion of the ship with moonpool and bilge keels, and can capture the strong nonlinear phenomena


Segment Routing (SR) allows for a flexible definition of end-to-end
paths by encoding paths as sequences of topological sub-paths, called
"segments". Segment routing architecture can be implemented over an
MPLS data plane as well as an IPv6 data plane. This draft describes
the OSPFv3 extensions required to support Segment Routing over an IPv6
data plane (SRv6).


In order to determine the reaction of three Poa species to drought stress, two separate experiment were conducted in both germinator and greenhouse conditions using factorial experiment based of completely randomized design with three replications in 2010 in Tehran, Iran. The drought treatments were four levels of osmotic potential (0, -0.3, -0.6 and -0.9 MPa) in germinator and four levels of osmotic potential (FC, 25% FC, 50% FC and 75% FC) in greenhouse that were made by poly ethylene glycol (PEG 6000) solution and field capacity method, respectively. Data were collected and analyzed for germination percent, root length, shoot length, seedling length, root/shoot length ratio (RSR), seedling weight, seedling dry/fresh weight ratio (DFR) and seed vigor index. In greenhouse, chlorophyll, carbohydrates and proline contents were also measured. The results showed significant differences among species, droughts levels and species by drought interaction effects for the most of traits in both conditions. However, the relationship between germinator and greenhouse, quantified using correlation was high. It was concluded that evaluation under germinator conditions is desirable for selection purposes. In both conditions all of seedling traits except RSR, DFR were increased and proline and carbohydrate content were increased by increasing osmotic potential. The results showed that the P.bulbosa species had higher values for the most of seedling attributes than other species. Results of probit analysis of LD50 and LD90 showed the same trend.


Summary

For years, severe mortality of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in late summer has been reported in the prealpine river systems of Austria. For an initial understanding of the potential reasons for this mortality, brown trout were exposed to water under differing conditions from an affected river system. Blood parameters, histology of various organs, hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, and occurrence of ectoparasites and fish diseases were investigated. In brown trout exposed to water from the affected river, concentrations of peripheral blood lymphocytes, granulocytes, plasma immunoglobulin and plasma lyszoyme activity decreased significantly, indicating a reduction in unspecific, innate and specific, adaptive immune response. Erythropoietic and thrombopoietic functions were also disturbed, with fish mortalities up to 100%. From the results of the present study it seems unlikely that ectoparasites, diseases, or effluent water from sewage plants were causative for the observed phenomenon. However, brown trout maintained in river water and in the dark survived longer than those under natural light conditions, and their immune systems were less drastically affected. As periods of high solar UV-radiation occurred during the experiment and the Traun River water temperature was quite variable, these factors might have had an effect on immune systems. Laboratory studies were therefore conducted to ascertain whether water temperature variations and/or UV could indeed affect the immune system. The tested temperature variations (10°C/d) suppressed the brown trout immune system, whereas UV radiation (0.045 mW/m2 for 6.5 h per day) had no effect. However, UV-radiation did enhance the immune-suppression effect of variable temperatures.


The concept of 'nihilism' is ambiguous and has had and continues to be attached to several different usages. This special Focus primarily looks at the ways in which 'nihilism', in and following the works of Friedrich Nietzsche, has been understood as specifically tied to a crisis of European culture or civilisation, and has come to be politicised in conjunction with the National Socialist and Fascist movements in Germany and Italy during the twentieth century. Specifically, the individual articles deal with the connection between an understanding of nihilism and what it entails for the question concerning political responsibility. This introductory article presents this thematic, introduces the other contributions, and attempts to situate these debates on nihilism in the context of processes of secularisation. The article retrieves three major themes in relation to the critiques surveyed in this special Focus: nihilism as a crisis of beliefs and values, as an appropriation of religious elements into ideological grand narratives, and as the unshackling of an instrumental approach towards reality, and argues that all of them remain relevant to contemporary debates.


In previous time-resolved microarray-based expression profiling, we identified 32 genes encoding putative transcription factors, signaling components, and unknown proteins that are rapidly and robustly induced by phytochrome (phy)-mediated light signals. Postulating that they are the most likely to be direct targets of phy signaling and to function in the primary phy regulatory circuitry, we examined the impact of targeted mutations in these genes on the phy-induced seedling deetiolation process in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using light-imposed concomitant inhibition of hypocotyl and stimulation of cotyledon growth as diagnostic criteria for normal deetiolation, we identified three major mutant response categories. Seven (22%) lines displayed statistically significant, reciprocal, aberrant photoresponsiveness in the two organs, suggesting disruption of normal deetiolation; 13 (41%) lines displayed significant defects either unidirectionally in both organs or in hypocotyls only, suggesting global effects not directly related to photomorphogenic signaling; and 12 (37%) lines displayed no significant difference in photoresponsiveness from the wild type. Potential reasons for the high proportion of rapidly light-responsive genes apparently unnecessary for the deetiolation phenotype are discussed. One of the seven disrupted genes displaying a significant mutant phenotype, the basic helix-loop-helix factor–encoding PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR3-LIKE1 gene, was found to be necessary for rapid light-induced expression of the photomorphogenesis- and circadian-related PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR9 gene, indicating a regulatory function in the early phy-induced transcriptional network.


Because plants are static and live in a competitive and sometimes hostile environment, they have evolved mechanisms that protect them from abiotic and biotic stress. These mechanisms include detoxification and sequestration of xenobiotic compounds and of heavy metals, exploited in any phytoremediation process. However there must be a limit on the amount of pollutants that can be accumulated and detoxified without disrupting the normal plant metabolism and wellness. Enzymes involved in xenobiotics detoxification are often linked to the redox chemistry of the cell. The activities of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, peroxidase and glutathione transferase have implications on the regulation of cellular redox status, closely related to mitochondrial respiration, also involved in maintaining the energy balance. Factors that disturb plant redox or energy status can thus affect both primary and secondary metabolism. For example, overloading a plant with high concentrations of xenobiotics requiring oxidation by P450 may compete with the normal functions of these enzymes. An increase in their activity may impose a major demand on both O2 and NAD(P)H pools. This could have significant effects on the overall redox and energy balance, thus compromising the primary and secondary metabolic processes in the plant and its survival. Molecules involved in conjugation of xenobiotics, like glutathione, also play a major role in normal plant metabolism. The presence of xenobiotic compounds induces the biosynthesis of glutathione transferases and thus an increased use of glutathione. Plant glutathione level and redox status are thus affected under such conditions, with probable implications on sulfur metabolism. A link does also exist between the degree of accumulation and tolerance of metals, the redox status and the antioxidant capacity of a plant. The lecture will highlight some well known or still unknown features, of utmost importance for a successful implementation of phytoremediation.


What is the role of human capital in the regional location of the software industry? Why did policy rate cuts in India not lead to a rapid lowering of the banks' lending rates in the context of the financial crises? How does women's education impact on patrilocal marriage and cultural norms? What is the impact of the quality of teachers on the growth process in a small economy with a universal public education system? This volume engages with various such topical issues through an innovative use of theory and quantitative tools. The essays underline the significance of economic policy having sound theoretical moorings. With an interesting mix of topics that have gained importance in the economics discourse in recent times alongside the more classical issues, the volume is divided into three broad themes: (i) general equilibrium, macroeconomics, and dynamic modelling in economics; (ii) applications of game theory to economics and information economics; and (iii) applications of theory to policymaking. The topics covered in Part I include Markov processes, general equilibrium under uncertainty, wealth effects and macroeconomics, aspects of economic growth, and applications of dynamic modelling to forest management and international trade. Part II analyses efficiency wages, collusion in oligopolies, cartels in international competition, price competition in a mixed duopoly, strategic aspects of liability rules, and liquidity preference. Part III provides a rigorous analysis of some socio-economic problems of India. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/9780198073970/toc.html


Over the past few years, e-government has been rapidly changing the way governmental services are provided to citizens and businesses. These services improve business and government exchange capability, provide a new way to discover and share information, and play a part in the evolution of future technologies. The Handbook of Research on Democratic Strategies and Citizen-Centered E-Government Services seeks to address which services in e-government should be provided to users and how. This premier reference work gives an overview of the latest achievements in the field of e-government services, provides in-depth analysis of and research on the development and deployment of cutting-edge applications, and provides insight into future trends for researchers, teachers, students, government workers, and IT professionals.


Globally, the shark population is under extreme stress, primarily due to the rise of China and a growing middle class with a taste for a cultural dish: shark fin soup. Sharks play an important ecologic role and can be extremely beneficial to the local economy. They can also be an important food source for people if harvested sustainably and not in a manner that challenges the morality of humans' relationship with the ocean; something the current shark finning practices do. Approaches to sustainable shark fishing at the international and domestic level have met some success. Even so, China and Hong Kong have become major markets for shark fins. Because of economic prowess and experience in shark finning regulatory schemes, the U.S. and EU are in a unique position to induce China to draft a similar set of rules and policies through a series of incentives. These rules would look similar to the ones in the U.S. and EU and would ban shark finning, only allowing the landings of fully intact sharks. This strategy could provide much needed relief to global shark populations. While challenges to implement this may arise from Hong Kong, the WTO and Japan, there are still pathways to successful implementation.


This work explores the application of Random Coefficient (RC) Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) AR models for output-only vibration-based health monitoring of structures with time-dependent dynamics and subject to uncertain operational and environmental conditions. A Bayesian framework is then employed for the model identification and damage inference. The proposed methodology is assessed on the SHM of an operating wind turbine at healthy and five different damage scenarios, via Monte Carlo vibration response simulations computed by the FAST simulation package. The obtained results demonstrate the method's effectiveness, which allows for robust SHM and accurate modeling of the non-stationary dynamics of the vibration response. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/101


Contemporary social science research is often concerned to engage with and promote particular forms of postmodern and innovative data production, such as photo-elicitation, autoethnography or free association interviews. This individualisation of techniques has set up rival camps and critiques where the common ground of being embedded in traditional ethnography is often forgotten; and qualitative researchers have been distracted by 'the technique'; a distraction that can blind them to the occupation of ethnography. Concurrently, there have been shifts in the social and economic expectations placed on qualitative inquiry that have acted to close down spaces of ethnographic teaching and practice. In response, this paper focuses on the importance of the 'waiting field'; an opportunity to explore the times where real lives carry on before they make room for the intrusion of the data production of 'the technique' and remind us that much qualitative research is, in fact, an ethnographic undertaking: one that encompasses the researcher within and beyond the field.
The paper is drawn from the doctoral research of the two presenters. In her four-year, Economic and Social Research Council funded study, Dawn Mannay focused on the everyday lives of mothers and daughters residing in a marginalised area in urban south Wales, UK. The research employed visual and narrative techniques of data production (Mannay, 2010) and was interested in the stigma of place, barriers to education, gendered inequalities and the role of social class (Mannay, 2011; 2013). Melanie Morgan worked in similar marginalised Welsh locales and applied psychosocial interviews to explore the subjectivities of working-class mothers in higher education; and the mechanisms and strategies this group of women use in constructing, negotiating and managing identity/subjectivity within university: and the motivation for pursuing academic success despite the emotional and practical conflicts of doing so (Mannay and Morgan, 2013). In this paper we offer reflections from our research diaries that document this waiting time; and the discoveries of others, and of self, doing ethnography in waiting spaces; which we conceptualise as the 'waiting field'.
Keywords - data production, ethnography, fieldwork, mothers, participatory methods, psychosocial, reflexivity, visual methods, higher education, mature students.
References
Mannay, D. 2010. Making the familiar strange: Can visual research methods render the familiar setting more perceptible?. Qualitative Research 10(1):91-111.
Mannay, D. 2011. Taking refuge in the branches of a guava tree: the difficulty of retaining consenting and non-consenting participants' confidentiality as an indigenous researcher. Qualitative Inquiry 17(10):962-964.
Mannay, D. 2013. 'Who put that on there … why why why?' Power games and participatory techniques of visual data production. Visual Studies 28(2):136-146
Mannay, D. and Morgan, M. 2013. Anatomies of inequality: considering the emotional cost of aiming higher for marginalised, mature, mothers re-entering education. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education 19(1):57-75


Introduction: Improvement of students' clinical decision making is one of the main challenges in medical education. There are numerous ways to improve these skills. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of algorithm-based learning on clinical decision making abilities of medical emergency students. Method: in this experimental study, twenty five medical emergency students were randomly assigned to algorithm based learning group (n=13) and control group (n=12). Student in algorithm-based learning group were educated the diagnosis and treatment of selected medical emergency situation with algorithmic approach. Education in the control group was conducted by a routine lecture, along with copies of educational content. Three-hour training period was held for both groups (two separate sessions with an interval day). After intervention, clinical decision making of the students in both group were measured by clinical scenarios and clinical decision making self-efficacy scale. Results: The mean of acquired scores from clinical scenarios among students in algorithm-based learning group was 17.50 (±1.67) and in the control group was 14.50 (±2.63). The differences was statistically significant (t=0.006, P=0.006). The students in algorithm-based learning group had better scores in the clinical decision making in terms of self-efficacy scale and it was 13.30 (1.57) and in the control group this mean was 10.32 (3.05). In this case, the differences was statistically significant (t=3.01, P=0.009). Conclusion: algorithm-based learning is effective in improvement of clinical decision making and applying of this method along with other educational methods could promote students' clinical decision making especially in medical emergency situations.


Abstract. The phase of precipitation when it reaches the ground is a first-order driver of hydrologic processes in a watershed. The presence of snow, rain, or mixed-phase precipitation affects the initial and boundary conditions that drive hydrological models. Despite their foundational importance to terrestrial hydrology, typical phase partitioning methods (PPMs) specify the phase based on near-surface air temperature only. Our review conveys the diversity of tools available for PPMs in hydrological modeling and the advancements needed to improve predictions in complex terrain with large spatiotemporal variations in precipitation phase. Initially, we review the processes and physics that control precipitation phase as relevant to hydrologists, focusing on the importance of processes occurring aloft. There is a wide range of options for field observations of precipitation phase, but there is a lack of a robust observation networks in complex terrain. New remote sensing observations have the potential to increase PPM fidelity, but generally require assumptions typical of other PPMs and field validation before they are operational. We review common PPMs and find that accuracy is generally increased at finer measurement intervals and by including humidity information. One important tool for PPM development is atmospheric modeling, which includes microphysical schemes that have not been effectively linked to hydrological models or validated against near-surface precipitation-phase observations. The review concludes by describing key research gaps and recommendations to improve PPMs, including better incorporation of atmospheric information, improved validation datasets, and regional-scale gridded data products. Two key points emerge from this synthesis for the hydrologic community: (1) current PPMs are too simple to capture important processes and are not well validated for most locations, (2) lack of sophisticated PPMs increases the uncertainty in estimation of hydrological sensitivity to changes in precipitation phase at local to regional scales. The advancement of PPMs is a critical research frontier in hydrology that requires scientific cooperation between hydrological and atmospheric modelers and field scientists.


Setting the standard for more than 30 years, Exercise Physiology has helped more than 350,000 students build a solid foundation in the scientific principles underlying modern exercise physiology. This Eighth Edition is updated with the latest research in the field to give you easy-to-understand, up-to-date coverage of how nutrition, energy transfer, and exercise training affect human performance. Get quick access to the resources available to help you master each section of the text with "Ancillaries at a Glance." Maximize your study time with the book's vibrant, "magazine style" design that makes the content more engaging and accessible and key information easier to find. Reinforce your understanding with Chapter Objectives, Integrative Questions that pose open-ended questions for reflection on complex concepts, and FYI sections that offer "good to know" information. Gain an understanding of how researchers contribute to our knowledge of exercise physiology through engaging section-opening interviews with key figures in the field. Learn how theoretical concepts relate to practical skills through "In a Practical Sense" features. Access the most relevant current information in the field through figures and tables that clarify important concepts and information. Gain an understanding of the past, present, and future of the profession through coverage of important milestones and future directions in the field. Visit the free companion website for anywhere, anytime access to over 30 animations of key exercise physiology concepts, the book's complete list of references, and more.


The thesis is concerned with the nature of human action presupposed by normative theory; it is about recognising and articulating the fragility of the human within the context of human needs and assumptions made by international ethical theory. The primary aim of the thesis is to establish the existence of two basic needs necessary for moral action, to determine a global obligation to enable the meeting of those needs, and to articulate a necessary reconceptualisation of the state system in line with the demands of that obligation. The thesis makes this argument in three parts.
By exploring and revealing the vulnerability and finitude of the individual actor, looking at the notion and language of 'need', and demonstrating what is involved in being held morally responsible, Part One seeks to provide an objective and universalist account of the prerequisites of moral action, establishing two basic needs: autonomy and freedom. The second Part of the thesis is dedicated to showing why there is a corresponding obligation – a 'Global Principle' – to meet these needs, an obligation which is cosmopolitan in scope and source. In its attempt to articulate a rationally-derived core and primary principle of justice, the thesis hopes to contribute to the cosmopolitan discourse of IPT. Part Three shows in what way the international system, with an emphasis on the state, needs to be reconceived; it argues
that the state needs to be reconceptualised as a transparent enactor of the derivative duties of the Global Principle (through political and socio-economic reform) ensuring identification of the individual as the primary actor of responsibility within the international. Overall, the thesis aims to identify and acknowledge the limitations of the human and the necessity of some external provisions in order to enable her to become a normatively accountable actor. It aims to highlight what normative theory both assumes and reinforces about human action, arguing that only once the discourse of IPT has recognised the uniquely needing nature of the individual can she become a meaningful and free actor within the international arena.


Researchers using revealed preference data have mostly relied on the Mixed Logit (ML) framework to model unobserved heterogeneity. In this paper, we suggest an extension of this model where we integrate direct measures of taste and revealed preferences, under a uni…ed econometric setting, to describe heterogeneous preferences for congestion in recreation demand. ML is a random parameter discrete choice model, which decomposes the coe¢ cients of the regression equation into a mean e¤ect shared by all individuals in the sample, and a deviation with respect to this mean, speci…c to each individual. Within this structure, heterogeneity is summarized using a parametric density function for the coe¢ cients of the model. From this distribution one can identify the portion of people who like or dislike an attribute of the good. On the other hand, taste indicators, represented in a like-dislike scale, constitute complementary information about the distribution of tastes in the population. We combine both sources of information to characterize preferences in our model. The traditional ML suggests almost 60% of people in the sample like crowded places while our integrated model implies almost 100% of the people dislike congestion. These results show the bene…ts of using taste indicators to describe heterogeneous preferences for attributes describing alternatives of a choice set. The paper bene…ted from discussions with Kenneth Train, Je¤LaFrance, Ricardo Cavazos, and participants at the ARE summer 2007 workshop, and at the research seminar at the College of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.


We present the Leon verification system for a subset of the Scala programming language. Along with several functional features of Scala, Leon supports imperative constructs such as mutations and loops, using a translation into recursive functional form. Both properties and programs in Leon are expressed in terms of user-defined functions. We discuss several techniques that led to an efficient semi-decision procedure for first-order constraints with recursive functions, which is the core solving engine of Leon. We describe a generational unrolling strategy for recursive templates that yields smaller satisfiable formulas and ensures completeness for counter-examples. We evaluate the benefits of these techniques on a set of examples.


"With a few symbols a dream can define the whole of one's life, and warn us of the future, too" (Schlueter 71).In this extract from an interview by Jonah Raskin in 1969, Doris Lessing explained the importance of dreams in her major work, The Golden Notebook; but it could just as easily be applied to a large part of her extensive novelistic corpus. Throughout her diverse literary output, Lessing uses traditional narrative methods such as tales and fables "as a creative vehicle to examine the states of consciousness of the human soul" (Galin 23). Through use of all these fantastic elements, she endows several of her novels, such as The Fifth Child (1988), with a dreamlike atmosphere in which reality and imagination merge. If dreams can define one's entire life, they will also provide the clues to one's own identity, illuminating areas that we do not have access to in conscious life. Identity is a major issue in the novels of Doris Lessing, especially those dealing with female protagonists trying to define their own selves amongst the different roles they perform in life. The subconscious, through dreams and imagination, plays an important part in this quest, since a person's identity is built up by both conscious factors and subconscious forces.The aim of this paper is to show how Doris Lessing's The Fifth Child can be read as a valid representation of a failure in the construction of identity; the novel dramatises the way in which the dreams and fantasies of the subconscious can destroy or fatally interrupt the identity-building process. The Fifth Child, which is described by Jones in the New York Review of Books as "a horror story of maternity and the nightmare of social collapse" (30-31), combines dreaming, imagination and a sense of female identity which is endangered and comes close to disappearing. A closer look into The Fifth Child and its multi-layered treatment of identity as a form of troubled self-creation will help us to appreciate its integral role in the Lessing canon.


Forest biomass is anticipated to play a significant role in addressing an alternative energy supply. However, the efficiencies of current state-of-the-art recovery systems operating in forest biomass harvests are still relatively unknown. Forest biomass harvest stands typically have higher stand densities and smaller diameter trees than conventional stands which may result in reduced recovery efficiencies. In this study, we explore the spatial and temporal effects on residue distribution as a result of biomass harvest of 14-year- and 24-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations at stand densities of 1500 and 1900 trees per hectare, respectively. Additionally, we explore biomass recovery efficiency by a harvesting system that was specifically designed for southern pine plantation biomass harvests. Pre-harvest aboveground biomass for the younger site was half that of the older site (240 vs. 420 t ha-1) with approximately 79% and 86% being merchantable biomass, respectively. The pre-harvest condition exhibited 100 percent ground cover; whereas, post-harvest conditions had nearly 20 percent of the area designated as bare based on the residue distribution assessments. The assessments found increased incidence of ground cover in the finer biomass classes in comparison to the larger debris and bare classifications. The harvesting operations recovered 85 percent of standing biomass in a 24-year old stand and 90 percent of the standing biomass in a 14-year old stand. In general, harvesting the plantations increased downed woody material on site and these unrecovered residues are expected to satisfy objectives related to maintaining site productivity, minimizing erosion, and preserving ecological values.


This paper provides an overview of how to compute simple binary logistic regressions and linear regressions with the open source programming language R on the basis of data from the INTERSECT corpus of English texts and their French and German translations. First, we show how one of the key statistics of logistic regressions is conceptually similar to the chi-square test of frequency tables. Second, we exemplify different applications of logistic regressions – with a binary predictor, with an interval/ratio-scaled predictor, and with a combination of both. Finally, we briefly exemplify a linear regression. In all cases, we discuss significance tests and provide examples for effective visualizations.


Interventions targeting early childhood development, such as investment in preschools, are often seen as promising mechanisms to increase human capital and to reduce the intergenerational transmission of poverty and inequality. This paper presents results from a randomized evaluation of a large scale preschool construction program in Cambodia, and indicates a cautionary tale. The overall impact of the program on a wide set of children's early childhood outcomes was small and not statistically significant, and for the cohort with highest exposure the program led to a negative impact on early childhood cognition. Moreover, for this group, the intervention increased inequality as the negative impacts are largest for children of poorer and less educated parents. The results can be explained by the frequent occurrence of underage enrollment in primary school in the absence of preschools, stricter enforcement of the minimum age for primary school entry after the intervention, substitution between primary and preschool following intervention, and difference in demand responses of more and less educated parents to the new preschools. These results indicate that the design of ECD interventions needs to start from a good understanding of parental and teacher decisions pre-program. More generally, they show how implementation and demand-side constraints might not only limit positive impacts, but could even lead to perverse effects of early childhood interventions.


Although advances have been made in oil spill remote detection, many electro-optic sensors do not provide real-time images, do not work well under degraded visual environments, nor provide a measure of extreme oil thickness in marine environments. A joint program now exists between BSEE and NVESD that addresses these capability gaps in remote sensing of oil spills. Laboratory experiments, calibration techniques, and field tests were performed at Fort Belvoir, Virginia; Santa Barbara, California; and the Ohmsett Test Facility in Leonardo, New Jersey. Weathered crude oils were studied spectroscopically and characterized with LWIR, and low-light-level visible/NIR, and SWIR cameras. We designed and fabricated an oil emulsion thickness calibration cell for spectroscopic analysis and ground truth, field measurements. Digital night vision cameras provided real-time, wide-dynamic-range imagery, and were able to detect and recognize oil from full sun to partial moon light. The LWIR camera provided quantitative oil analysis (identification) for >1 mm thick crude oils both day and night. Two filtered, co-registered, SWIR cameras were used to determine whether oil thickness could be measured in real time. Spectroscopic results revealed that oil emulsions vary with location and weathered state and some oils (e.g., ANS and Santa Barbara seeps) do not show the spectral rich features from archived Deep Water Horizon hyperspectral data. Multi-sensor imagery collected during the 2015 USCG Airborne Oil Spill Remote Sensing and Reporting Exercise and the design of a compact, multiband imager are discussed.


Abstract Beach meiofauna in brackish waters has received very little attention compared to fauna in fully marine and fresh water habitats. This study explores for the first time the species composition and seasonal dynamics of zoopsammon communities in the Gulf of Finland, the brackish Baltic Sea, and relates the observed patterns to the key environmental variables. The study communities consisted of rotifers, nematodes, ciliates, testaceans, tardigrades, oligochaetes, polychaetes, small crustaceans, gastrotrichs, turbellarians, and insect larvae. Regardless of environmental conditions, ciliates, nematodes, and rotifers were the most abundant taxa in all sampling sites. The total population densities varied largely within site, among sites, and seasons with different sites showing different seasonal patterns. The BRT models reproduced reasonably well the spatial patterns and seasonal dynamics of psammon communities and identified environmental variables that affected the psammon seasonality (temperature, sand organic content, human trampling) and spatial patterns (sediment characteristics, porewater, and pH). Our study also shows that the majority of psammon taxa had species-specific responses to their environment. This provides a strong conceptual argument for enhancing expertise in the taxonomy of psammon, especially when constructing predictive models of psammon in the brackish-water habitats.


We use a game-theoretical framework to analyze the coexistence of spot and contract markets in the cattle industry. A duopsony scenario with two packers and N feeders is used to reflect the reality in the cattle industry. Our main contribution is to incorporate the risk components and the pricing of hedonic attributes of cattle quality. Our preliminary results show that packers have an incentive to transform bidding strategies in spot markets when a series of hedonic characteristics play some significant roles in establishing cattle prices in contract market. That is, we will show that the effectiveness of contract with TOMP clauses on packer competition in a spot market depends on whether there is a correlation between spot price and hedonic characteristics. The results may shed light on understanding potential effects of captive supplies on market power and may aid in the assessment of the policies designed to enhance competition in the cattle industry.


We have theoretically predicted and experimentally demonstrated mode conversion in fiber tapers subject to large adiabatic bending. The far field intensity distribution of the taper mode is imaged in part by cleaving the taper at the position of minimum diameter.


This paper briefly summarizes the orthodox approach to banking, finance, and money, and then points the way toward an alternative based on socioeconomics. It argues that the alternative approach is better fitted to not only the historical record, but also sheds more light on the nature of money in modern economies. In orthodoxy, money is something that reduces transaction costs, simplifying "economic life" by lubricating the market mechanism. Indeed, this is the unifying theme in virtually all orthodox approaches to banking, finance, and money: banks, financial instruments, and even money itself originate to improve market efficiency. However, the orthodox story of money's origins is rejected by most serious scholars outside the field of economics as historically inaccurate. Further, the orthodox sequence of "commodity (gold) money" to credit and fiat money does not square with the historical record. Finally, historians and anthropologists have long disputed the notion that markets originated spontaneously from some primeval propensity, rather emphasizing the important role played by authorities in creating and organizing markets. By contrast, this paper locates the origin of money in credit and debt relations, with the money of account emphasized as the numeraire in which credits and debts are measured. Importantly, the money of account is chosen by the state, and is enforced through denominating tax liabilities in the state's own currency. What is the significance of this? It means that the state can take advantage of its role in the monetary system to mobilize resources in the public interest, without worrying about "availability of finance." The alternative view of money leads to quite different conclusions regarding monetary and fiscal policy, and it rejects even long-run neutrality of money. It also generates interesting insights on exchange rate regimes and international payments systems.


In this IEA classic, first published in 1993, David Sawers examines the arguments for state support of the arts and finds them unconvincing. The development of artistic talent should be left to individuals and the Arts Council should be abolished. Subsidy is undesirable because the people who benefit from it are likely to be richer than those who pay for it, and because it allows governments and government agencies to influence the development of the arts.


Airborne particulate matter (PM) is considered to be a significant health risk for humans. Yet, concentration levels in much of Europe still remain high. One of the major emission sources of primary PM2.5 (airborne particle matter with a diameter < 2.5 m) in Nordic countries is wood burning due to domestic heating. Unfortunately, emission inventories for wood burning are difficult to determine and there is a large uncertainty in the impact of these emissions on air quality. In SRIMPART we have applied independent methods to assess the contribution of wood burning to the total PM2.5 concentrations in three Nordic cities (Oslo, Lycksele and Helsinki). These methods include receptor modelling, based on chemical analysis of filter samples, and inverse modelling using dispersion models. The results show that estimates of emissions based on wood consumption or based on the methods applied in SRIMPART have a similar level of uncertainty and so it is not possible to categorically state which is the most correct. However, both methods do agree within their respective uncertainties and this provides support that the long term average emissions from wood burning are correct to within a factor of two.


Social entrepreneurs are faced with multiple challenges which are further amplified in resource deficit environment of developing economies. However, there has been a limited examination of the barriers and limitations present in social enterprise ecosystem from the developing country context. This research takes the case of India to identify the constraints which influence decision making and impact of the social enterprises, as perceived by various active participants of the social enterprise ecosystem. It reveals three major categories of challenges present in both macro and micro environment of the social enterprise ecosystem of India and further provides potential solutions to the challenges identified.


Current interest in all-optical waveguide devices has created a need for suitable nonlinear materials and fabrication techniques. To meet this need, we have made optical waveguides using ion exchange in two glasses, which were designed both to have large optical nonlinearities and to be compatible with the ion-exchange processing. We find that the choice of alkali metal ion in the glass has a major effect on the exchange process and on the optical quality of the ensuing guides. Guides made in one of these glasses have been used for demonstrations of spatial soliton propagation, which can be used as the basis of an all-optical switch.


Research has emphasized the importance of the network to relationship management. The aim of this paper is to assess the moderating effect of the business network on the relation between relational behavior and the effects of transaction specific investments on joint actions. We take the perspective of the auto-part supplier engaging in joint action with its auto-manufacturer and draw on transaction cost economics, relational exchange and network perspectives to develop the hypotheses. Our results show the importance of relational behavior and the network in coordinating joint actions. There is a significant moderating effect of the network on the relation between relational behavior and joint action. We found a significant effect of joint action and operational performance. The degrees of relational norms and the network have managerial implications for the coordination of a collaborative relationship.


As the uncertainty of projected precipitation and wind changes in regional climate change scenario simulations over Europe for the late 21st century is large, we applied a multi‐model ensemble approach using 16 scenario simulations based upon seven regional models, five global models, and two emission scenarios to gain confidence in projected salinity changes in the Baltic Sea. In the dynamical downscaling approach a regional ocean circulation model and a large‐scale hydrological model for the entire Baltic Sea catchment area were used. Despite the uncertainties, mainly caused by global model biases, salinity changes in all projections are either negative or not statistically significant in terms of natural variability.


Early on the morning of Saturday 14th December 2002 the Tricolor, a cargo vessel the size of two football pitches, sank in dense fog after being rammed from behind by another ship, the Kariba...no one was hurt. The Kariba managed to limp back to port with a smashed hull as the Tricolor lay in the Channel with its submerged cargo of 2,862 luxury cars and 77 machinery parts.

The sinking of the Tricolor was not a disaster but in the representation of this incident in local, national and international news reports two discursive elements collided, that of the technological accident and the commodity. Historically this combination has long held our fascination, demonstrable from the earliest novels to contemporary films.

Missed the boat II uses this and subsequent events as way to re- investigate the symbolic intersection of these two aspects, both of which figure heavily, albeit separately, in our post-industrial age. The original presentation of this accident had a certain currency, not least in terms of its momentous scale, but as the work unravels the accounts surrounding this scenario its significance is brought into question. Indeed the reported events take on a more farcical tone as the work explores the impossibility of representing the accident in its repeated form – the accident in repetition.

This work has been exhibited at Dagmar De Pooter Gallery, Antwerp, Belgium and Linnagalerii, Tallinn, Estonia.


Although severe hypernatremia, defined as a sodium concentration > 180 mEq / L, is associated with a high mortality rate, particularly in adults, little is known about severe hypernatremia in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Hypernatremic myopathy has been reported in patients with severe dehydration, acute kidney injury, and rhabdomyolysis. Dehydration in a diabetic patient with mental retardation may be caused by osmotic diuresis and exacerbated by hypodipsia, which requires the patient to be educated about regular oral hydration. Here, we describe a 17-year-old patient with reversible severe hypernatremia (serum corrected sodium, 180 mEq / L) and primary hypodipsia, but without DKA. The patient visited the emergency room due to agitation and weakness in both lower extremities. Initial laboratory tests showed hyperglycemia, acute kidney injury, acute hepatitis, and myopathy. Following rehydration with one-quarter isotonic saline and intensive insulin therapy, the patient ' s symptoms (including leg weaknesses) and laboratory findings improved. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jmc1136w


This thesis attempted to develop a clearer understanding of the pre-competition
achievement goal perspectives that are held by young performers. The programme of
research moves through three transitional stages incorporating three different
methodologies. Specifically, the first two investigations which comprised Study 1
adopted a quantitative research methodology; Study 2 incorporated qualitative
techniques; and the final investigation addressed the research question on an idiographic basis via a single subject design study. Firstly, an attempt is made to identify the major antecedents or precursors to states of goal involvement prior to a specific competitive situation. The first study examined the antecedents of pre-competition state goals within adolescent swimmers from an interactionist perspective. Results showed how levels of task and ego involvement prior to a specific race were related to both dispositional tendencies and situational factors within the race context. However, task orientation appeared to play a more powerful role than ego orientation in predicting their respective goal states. Furthermore, ego involvement was more strongly predicted by situational factors. The second investigation extended this question by investigating a sample of elite junior tennis players prior to a competitive match at the National Championships. In this way, the nature of the competitive context, with respect to goal or reward structure, changed from being more task-involving (individualistic-focused) to being more ego-involving (competitive-focused). Results showed how the players' goal states were related much more to perceptions of the context than to their reported goal orientation. Furthermore, task orientation did not emerge as a significant predictor
of goal involvement. With these results in mind, the second stage of the thesis involved investigating, to a much greater depth, the motivational criteria which appeared to contribute to the development of goal orientation and the activation of goal
involvement in the context of competition. For this purpose, qualitative interview
techniques and an inductive content analysis were applied to a sample of seventeen elite
junior tennis players. The findings suggested that the development of goal orientation and activation of pre-competition goal involvement rested on a complex interaction of internal and environmental factors. Specific general dimensions of influence included cognitive-developmental skills and experience, the motivational climate conveyed by significant others, the social and structural nature of tennis, and the match context. The information gathered from this study provided the impetus, rationale and theoretical foundation for the final study in this thesis. Employing a single subject multiple baseline across subjects design, the study investigated the effects of a structured environmental and task-based intervention programme which sought to influence precompetition goal involvement and related competitive cognitions within a small sample of adolescent national standard tennis players. Following a three month intervention period, the three targeted players reported pre-competition goal states which showed increased activation of the self-referent conception of achievement. Furthermore, each player fostered an attitude which valued the challenge of winning matches for internal reasons, as opposed to reasons associated with favourable social approval. These
findings reinforced the practicability of educationlaction-based interventions designed to develop more adaptive motivational responses to competitive situations. The programme of research conducted in this thesis, therefore, highlights how precompetition
achievement goal perspectives within young performers may be influenced,
provided that one has a detailed understanding of the antecedents of this process. In so doing, this thesis alerts future research to the importance of working within an interactionist paradigm and with a measurement technology which can accurately assess goal states in a diverse number of sporting situations. In this way, our understanding of goal involvement, as an important achievement-related attentional state, may be greatly facilitated.


Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhoea in the world, and a considerable burden to healthcare services. For colonisation of C. difficile to occur in the gut of an individual, the resident gut flora must first be quantitatively or qualitatively altered, normally through antibiotic treatment for an unrelated infection. At present, broad-spectrum antibiotics such as vancomycin and metronidazole, the frontline choices for the treatment of C. difficile infection; disturb the normal gut flora, suffer from poor recurrence rates, and have received reports of sporadic emergence of resistance. Development of novel narrow-spectrum antimicrobials would circumvent these problems but depend on the identification of novel essential genes. Molecular techniques available to identify and study essential genes in other organisms have not yet been applied to C. difficile. In this study, we identified 208 candidate essential genes via in silico analysis based upon similarity to known Bacillus subtilis essential genes. In order to provide experimental evidence of essentiality, we developed a novel method utilizing partial diploids and functionally characterised three C. difficile genes as essential; CD0274, metK, and trpS. This method not only identified CD0274, a candidate narrow-spectrum drug target and the first essential genes in C. difficile, but also provides a reliable method to identify further essential genes for novel antimicrobial targeting. In addition, we developed a lac repressor system, a rationally designed theophylline-responsive riboswitch, and most importantly, a Tet inducible promoter system able to conditionally control expression of a catP reporter through a wide dynamic range in both C. difficile and C. sporogenes, to maximum induction factors of 192.89 and 1,275.63, respectively. The combinations of these characteristics make this Tet system not only a powerful tool for identifying essential genes, but bestows a great potential for further analysing gene function far beyond the scope of this project.


No one speaks of the Red Clyde, the shop stewards movements, the establishment of the Rent Restrictions Acts, or the anti-war campaigns of 1914 - 1918 without William Gallacher emerging as one of the central figures. This autobiography relates to his early years in the Social Democratic Federation, the struggles to form workers' and soldiers' councils on Clydeside during the First World War and his meeting with Lenin in 1920. Gallacher gives a vivid account of the upheavals in Glasgow immediately following the war, which culminated in the Battle of George Square in 1919 and also describes the formation and turbulent early years of the British Communist Party of which he was a founding member. Revolt on the Clyde is a forceful and inspiring portrait of militant activity in an era whose struggles are still resounding today. First published in 1936, now with an introduction by Michael McGahey, former President of the Scottish Area of the National Union of Mineworkers, Gallacher's book provides us with valuable insights into key years of the formation of Scotland's distinctive political culture.


This small-scale ethnographic study reports on an investigation into the ways in which classroom assistants support the development of children's language and literacy in a limited number of mainstream primary schools. The purpose of the study was to gain an understanding of the ways in which assistants support children, the influence of school policies on their work and how, or if, their own language and literacy practices affected their work. The study was carried out between 1997- 2000, a period, which coincided with the introduction of the National Literacy Strategy. Phase One, a pilot study documented the work of classroom assistants in one urban primary school for 5 - 11 year olds. Phase Two, the distribution of a questionnaire survey to 39 urban primary schools and brief observations and interviews in eight of those schools was based on the information obtained in phase one. The data from phase two was analysed and used to select three schools for phase three, two primary and one infant as 'core data' schools. This report discusses the results from the questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and observations. It indicates some of the ways in which assistants' personal literacy practices were used to support children and the links between these and school policy documents. The findings suggest that the management style and ethos of a school affected the deployment of assistants, their access to training and their status as members of staff. The study concludes that heads and teachers need to be aware of not only of what assistants are asked to do but how they do it in order to monitor and evaluate their work, use the skills they bring to the job and plan tailored training.


In Kuwait and Qatar, we find tensions between a focus on female education that encourages women to participate in the labor market, alongside policies that support women's role as primary caretakers and homemakers. Lavish, non-taxed rentierist welfare has given rise to a globally unparalleled reliance on domestic workers and the development of a two-tier employment structure where most female citizens work in the public sector, while an overwhelmingly large segment of the noncitizen female labor force is employed as domestic workers. While the two states share cultural and socio-economic characteristics, Kuwait and Qatar differ with regards to how women's issues are organized and addressed politically. The historical experiences of political pluralism shed light on variances in social pressures for expanded female citizenship. In Kuwait, there exist autonomous – though variably weak – pressures that have strengthened female citizenship by buttressing civil and economic rights where women have seen their autonomy expanded. In Qatar, female citizens are part of wider state-building strategies primarily initiated and defined by the ruling al-Thani dynasty. While women's legal autonomy in both states is mediated through the principle of male guardianship, orthodox interpretation of shari'a permeate family law and thereby restrain female citizenship to a greater extent in Qatar than Kuwait, where the adjudication of family law tenets is more lenient towards women.


Oral lesions that are associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are often the first clinical signs of an underlying infection. This study aimed to test primary healthcare (PHC) nurses' knowledge and practices before and after an educational intervention on the detection and management of oral diseases, and in particular, those associated with HIV infection. A crosssectional study was conducted among PHC nurses who were employed in a range of clinical settings within the public sector (hospitals, clinics and nurse training colleges) in urban and rural areas in the uMgungundlovu Health District of KwaZulu-Natal. The convenience sample comprised 121 nurses who completed a self-administered questionnaire, undertook pre-education testing, were provided with educational material and underwent post-education testing. The obtained results showed that most nurses (90%) had received little or no undergraduate or postgraduate training in the examination, diagnosis or treatment of oral lesions. Analysis of the pre-education test results that pertained to the identification of a number of oral lesions revealed a mean correct response rate of 38.5%. Post-education results revealed a statistically significant (p-value < .0001) (24%) improvement to 62.4%. The provision of a basic education intervention can have significant effects on knowledge, treatment and referral patterns, and can lead to early diagnosis, treatment and improved quality of life for persons who are infected with HIV.


We present a method to conduct automated surveys over WhatsApp, a globally popular messaging service. WhatsApp surveys offer potential advantages since they incur relatively low costs to respondents and researchers, are easy to use for respondents who are already familiar with WhatsApp chat features, and facilitate continued engagement with mobile populations as users can retain their WhatsApp number even if they change SIM cards and phone numbers. Yet, there is limited knowledge on how well WhatsApp surveys perform empirically. We test the WhatsApp method using two original panel surveys of refugees in Colombia and the U.S. and find satisfactory response rates and retention over a nine-month follow-up period in these mobile populations. We also conduct a mode experiment in Colombia comparing WhatsApp to short message service (SMS) and interactive voice response (IVR) surveys. We find that WhatsApp had a 12 and 27 percentage points higher response rate than IVR and SMS, respectively, resulting from higher initial engagement and lower break-off. We conclude by discussing advantages and limitations of the WhatsApp method and offer documentation and a public code repository to support researchers and practitioners in applying the method in other contexts.


In Thailand, the Alternative Energy Development Plan has set the target to increase the use of bioethanol to 9.00 million liters per day by 2021. To achieve this goal, both freshwater availability for energy crops and best practices in bioethanol production chain management are very important issues. Therefore, this study integrates water footprint technique with the linear programing approach in order to optimize the operations decision, focusing on water footprint of the bioethanol production chains from both tactical and operational levels. A cradle-to-grave approach is adopted to evaluate the water consumption and pollution in bioethanol production from sugarcane and cassava. The results show that the water footprint of bioethanol consumed in Thailand was about 3.23 × 109, 1.72 × 1010, and 2.49 × 1010 m3 per year in 2010, 2016, and 2021, respectively. The share of agriculture water consumption to the total water footprints of bioethanol was 99% and industrial water consumption was 1%. After applying the linear programing, it was found that the water footprint could be reduced by at least 53%, or 1.33 × 1010 m3, annually. The modeling approach and formulation presented could be used as a tool to reduce water consumption and provide the operation plan of bioethanol production chain.


The bottom of the Southern North Sea is partly covered by tidal sand banks and also partly covered with sand waves; these two patterns can also overlap or both be absent. A theoretical morphodynamic approach has provided a model which gives two physical parameters (Stokes number and resistance parameter) discriminating between a flat bed, the growth of tidal sand banks, sand waves, both sand banks and sand waves and parallel ridges. This paper reports whether this bed pattern model is able to make correct predictions in the Southern North Sea. In order to judge the level of agreement both predictions as well as observations have to be treated at an aggregated level, the level of patches of patterns. This leads to the results that the order of magnitude of the predictions is correct, which means that for realistic values of the input parameters all types of observed patterns are indeed predicted in the North Sea. The predictions show patchy behaviour of patterns, like observed. For the major part of the observed patterns it has explicitly been shown that there are input parameters which are able to predict the local correct pattern. The present study shows that the presence of bed patterns can be, in a global way, predicted by the model. Due to the assumptions underlying this model this implies that the bed patterns in the Southern North Sea can be explained as the res ult of long-term bed-tide interactions.


We analysed yearly estimates of population size data during 2001-2012 for five carnivores species of conservation interest ( Ursus arctos, Canis lupus, Lynx lynx, Felis silvestris and Canis aureus ). Population size estimations were done by the game management authorities and integrated by the competent authorities on the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change. Trends in data were detected using non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. This test was chosen considering the short length of data series and its usefulness for non-normal distributed data. The trend was tested at three spatial scales: game management units (n=1565), biogeographical region (n=5) and national. Trends depicted for each game management unit were plotted using ArcGIS, resulting species trend distribution maps. For the studied period increasing population trends were observed for Ursus arctos, Canis lupus, Canis aureus and Lynx lynx , while for Felis silvestris there was no trend recorded. Such an analysis in especially useful for conservation proposes, game management and reporting obligations under article 17 of the EC Habitat Directive, using population trend as a proxy for population dynamics. We conclude that the status of the five carnivore species is favourable during the study period.


We study the role of interaction in the Common Randomness Generation (CRG) and Secret Key Generation (SKG) problems. In the CRG problem, two players, Alice and Bob, respectively get samples $X_1,X_2,\dots$ and $Y_1,Y_2,\dots$ with the pairs $(X_1,Y_1)$, $(X_2, Y_2)$, $\dots$ being drawn independently from some known probability distribution $\mu$. They wish to communicate so as to agree on $L$ bits of randomness. The SKG problem is the restriction of the CRG problem to the case where the key is required to be close to random even to an eavesdropper who can listen to their communication (but does not have access to the inputs of Alice and Bob). In this work, we study the relationship between the amount of communication and the number of rounds of interaction in both the CRG and the SKG problems. Specifically, we construct a family of distributions $\mu = \mu_{r, n,L}$, parametrized by integers $r$, $n$ and $L$, such that for every $r$ there exists a constant $b = b(r)$ for which CRG (respectively SKG) is feasible when $(X_i,Y_i) \sim \mu_{r,n,L}$ with $r+1$ rounds of communication, each consisting of $O(\log n)$ bits, but when restricted to $r/2 - 3$ rounds of interaction, the total communication must exceed $\Omega(n/\log^{b}(n))$ bits. Prior to our work no separations were known for $r \geq 2$.


Trust - our belief in the truth or reliability of someone or something - lies at the very heart of our relationships, our society and our everyday lives. Much of the time we take it for granted. And yet trust, or the lack of it, is becoming an increasingly prominent issue in public life: politicians say they want to rebuild trust in politics; people look for new ways to trust each other in a world where relationships are easier to start and harder than ever to sustain; and we are no longer sure how much we trust experts on issues like the safety of food or medicine. This short but thought-provoking book reveals why scientists, social scientists, and philosophers no longer take trust for granted. Beginning with some fascinating biological puzzles about the origins of trust -- how cooperation can evolve from 'selfish genes', and how language could have evolved when 'words are cheap' and we have such a capacity to deceive each other - Marek Kohn explores many different perspectives from the fields of science, sociology, economics, and politics, to draw out the wider implications for trust in human society today. The book ends on a personal note, concluding that our material prosperity is not matched by the quality of our lives and relationships, but that, if we understand what makes trust possible, and why it matters, then we will live better lives in a fast-moving, fast-changing, globalized society.


BACKGROUND: Villous atrophy, mucin changes ('colonic metaplasia'), and chronic inflammation occur to varying degrees in all patients with ileal pouchanal anastomosis whereas acute inflammation (pouchitis) affects a subgroup of patients with prior ulcerative colitis. AIM: To measure epithelial barrier function looking for possible functional adaptation in ileal 'pouch' mucosa. PATIENTS: Patients with an ileal pouch prior to ileostomy closure (n = 12), functioning pouch (n = 14), pouchitis (n = 8), and ulcerative colitis (n = 12) were assessed. METHODS: 51Cr-EDTA was administered into the 'pouch' or rectum and urinary recovery over 24 hours was taken as an indication of permeability (barrier function). Histological analysis of 'pouch' biopsy specimens was undertaken. RESULTS: Mucosal permeability is decreased from median 9.4% (range 5.4% to 39.1%) to 1.4% (range 0.38% to 2.2%) after ileostomy closure (p < 0.002) with levels being negatively correlated with two histological parameters of colonic metaplasia-mucin changes (p = 0.03) and villous atrophy (p = 0.05). Pouchitis was associated with increased permeability 5.9% (1.9% to 19.5%) compared with healthy 'pouch' 1.4% (0.35 to 2.2%) (p < 0.006). CONCLUSION: Despite the presence of chronic inflammation in the mature 'pouch' functional adaptation with reduced permeability occurs in conjunction with colonic metaplasia.


FROM PORTRAITS TO OPERA WITH TELEVISION By the 1970s, Robert Ashley, nearing 40, had been involved in composing, performing and producing new music in all types of emerging and experimental media contexts. Over the years, Ashley scored films with filmmaker George Manupelli, for events in Milton Cohen's Space Theater, and for his own business (which made training films for companies in Detroit).1 As one of the founders of the ONCE Festivals (Ann Arbor, 1962-68) and a member of the touring group, the Sonic Arts Union, he regularly collaborated with other musicians and artists. When, by 1970, he became the Director of the Center for Contemporary Music at Mills College, he built a new music studio there and began investigating, notably with Paul De Marinis, electronic systems for sound production and performance. Ashley's collaborative efforts during the ONCE years underscored his inclinations to create a form of opera which included theatricalized multi-media musical performance. He also wanted to return to making films. He was well aware of artists working with video, but, as with many artists of the period, video and television were evolving more in relation to visual and performance art than cinema. Like Cage and other composers of the time, Ashley was deeply involved in thinking about and theorizing new music, art, theater, and performance. More directly, some of his work reflexively addresses creativity and the status of a composer in contemporary society. His Manoeuvres for Small Hands (1961) is a piano piece that uses playing cards and draws upon styles and notation techniques of well known composers. Another work, Morton Feldman Says (1965/1970), is a scored transcription of a part of a conversation Ashley had with the composer (actually, it is mostly a monologue by Feldman). Ashley's experiences with the ONCE Group and his life among musicians, composers and artists-in America and overseas-provided him with enduring personal relationships and an ever expanding knowledge of the lives and creative directions of his contemporaries. At Mills, his work centered on teaching, as well as musical, technical and conceptual projects. A series of pieces called Illusion Models explicitly dealt with displacements of sound, motion, visuality and perceptions. Then, in the early 1970s, he recalls, "I sort of instinctively turned toward the two most public forms I could find. I wanted to make these large scale video portraits, which took my interest back to theater and very large scale handling of sound materials."2 Hearkening back to ONCE Group performances, he again became concerned with speech and talking, audiences, and forms of public address, both rhetorically and in practice. He also wanted to resume explorations with theater, multi-media, and using film and video in performance. By video, Ashley actually meant television in a more conventional sense. The medium appealed to him as a logical apparatus for theatricalizing music and for possibly reaching different audiences. Like other composers, he had long since realized that his grand ideas for opera, or any large scale productions, were unlikely to be realized in the existing musical situation in America, with its symphony and opera halls and their institutional agendas. (This was well before acceptance of "cross-over" performance or the emergence of Opera-music-theater'). Using televisions on stage, he thought, could lead to thinking of the mise en scene for music beyond the concert stage model. Essentially, he said, "the theater of the music would be television... It's not so much the television imagery, but what the audience sees is the operation of some sort of recording medium in the presence of the piece. The theater is not just that you see the pictures, it's also that you see the camera persons and all the equipment that goes with the recording."3 At Mills, Ashley had had the idea of simply bringing together a number of his favorite composers and artists "to perform in one place for a long period of time. …


The principle theme of this thesis is the advancement and expansion of ophthalmic research via the collaboration between professional Engineers and professional Optometrists. The aim has been to develop new and novel approaches and solutions to contemporary problems in the field. The work is sub divided into three areas of investigation; 1) High technology systems, 2) Modification of current systems to increase functionality, and 3) Development of smaller more portable and cost effective systems. High Technology Systems: A novel high speed Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) system with integrated simultaneous high speed photography was developed achieving better operational speed than is currently available commercially. The mechanical design of the system featured a novel 8 axis alignment system. A full set of capture, analysis, and post processing software was developed providing custom analysis systems for ophthalmic OCT imaging, expanding the current capabilities of the technology. A large clinical trial was undertaken to test the dynamics of contact lens edge interaction with the cornea in-vivo. The interaction between lens edge design, lens base curvature, post insertion times and edge positions was investigated. A novel method for correction of optical distortion when assessing lens indentation was also demonstrated. Modification of Current Systems: A commercial autorefractor, the WAM-5500, was modified with the addition of extra hardware and a custom software and firmware solution to produce a system that was capable of measuring dynamic accommodative response to various stimuli in real time. A novel software package to control the data capture process was developed allowing real time monitoring of data by the practitioner, adding considerable functionality of the instrument further to the standard system. The device was used to assess the accommodative response differences between subjects who had worn UV blocking contact lens for 5 years, verses a control group that had not worn UV blocking lenses. While the standard static measurement of accommodation showed no differences between the two groups, it was determined that the UV blocking group did show better accommodative rise and fall times (faster), thus demonstrating the benefits of the modification of this commercially available instrumentation. Portable and Cost effective Systems: A new instrument was developed to expand the capability of the now defunct Keeler Tearscope. A device was developed that provided a similar capability in allowing observation of the reflected mires from the tear film surface, but with the added advantage of being able to record the observations. The device was tested comparatively with the tearscope and other tear film break-up techniques, demonstrating its potential. In Conclusion: This work has successfully demonstrated the advantages of interdisciplinary research between engineering and ophthalmic research has provided new and novel instrumented solutions as well as having added to the sum of scientific understanding in the ophthalmic field.


Harmful algae bloom (HAB) is a natural phenomenon that occurs due to increase of algae cell density in water column that subsequently causes deleterious effects to natural environments as well as mankind. HABs in the Qatari waters occurred when a particular group of Phytoplankton cells proliferate in the eutrophied semi-enclosed water body. In this study, HABs composition in the Qatari waters was determined by light and scanning electron microscope (SEM) . Plankton samples were collected by a 20-micron plankton net haul in the Qatari waters during Oct. 2012 and Nov. 2013. The samples collected were divided into two Jars, one for culture, mainly toxicity test, and the other for identification. Samples were undergone fixation, several serial dehydration and observation under SEM. A total of 20 HABs was identified with 15 species known to be associated with HABs events and a total of 15 toxic species was identified with PSP dominancy. The occurrence of fish-killing armored dinoflagellate, Vulcanodinium rugosum, was reported for the first time in the Arabian Gulf and first report of noval pinnatoxin and portimine toxins. The presence of 12 major algal toxins and other potentially HABs in the Qatari Waters should be further investigated by the respective authorities in the future.


Edaphic habitats are botanically interesting because of differences in vegetation with neighboring sites and because they tend to harbor rare species. In the central Mojave Desert, there are granite colluvial substrates where creosote bush, the dominant shrub in the area, is sparser and generally smaller than in the neighboring creosote bush communities. It is on these sites that the Lane Mountain milkvetch, a rare and federally endangered species, is restricted. The milkvetch is a nitrogen-fixer and grows under and within the canopy of host shrubs. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the milkvetch has no preference for species of host shrub, except Larrea tridentata, which appears to be an unsuitable host plant for the milkvetch. In this study, we surveyed three transects within milkvetch habitats and three transects in adjacent creosote bush habitats in the year 2000 and again in 2010, a period coincident with long-term drought conditions in the Mojave Desert. Our results show that adjacent milkvetch and creosote bush shrub communities differ significantly in shrub height, shrub volume, and shrub density in the year 2000: the shrubs in milkvetch communities were more numerous but smaller compared to adjacent creosote bush scrub. Species richness also differed between communities in the year 2000: milkvetch communities contained 19 different shrub species and creosote bush communities had only 9 species. Surveys in 2010 show that the drought had significant negative effects on both shrub communities. Total shrub mortality (166 shrubs) was high compared to shrub recruitment (16 shrubs), and the majority of mortality and recruitment occurred in milkvetch communities (131 deaths and 16 recruits). Shrub densities decreased significantly in milkvetch communities in 2010, but were still considerably higher than in creosote bush communities. These results suggest that the restricted distribution of the Lane Mountain milkvetch may be the result of higher shrub densities in milkvetch shrub communities; increased shrub densities increases the proximity of suitable host shrubs, which in turn increase the probability of successful seed dispersal and establishment. ____________________________________ In Monaco, T.A. et al. comps. 2011. Proceedings – Threats to Shrubland Ecosystem Integrity; 2010 May 18-20; Logan, UT. Natural Resources and Environmental Issues, Volume XVII. S.J. and Jessie E. Quinney Natural Resources Research Library, Logan Utah, USA.


Public Law 115-97, commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, was passed at the end of 2017 and drastically altered the taxation of corporate income with fundamental changes to the treatment of cross-border income flows. We focus on the potential impact of one particular provision, the deduction for Foreign Derived Intangible Income (FDII) which provides a deduction for high return income derived from exports of goods and services. We form a historical panel of corporate tax returns and simulate the deduction for FDII had it been in place from 2000-2015. We find that the deduction would have provided significant benefits, particularly to firms in the manufacturing, information, and professional services sectors. We find these benefits to be highly concentrated. In addition, we find that deemed intangible income (DII) is pro-cyclical in nature - declining significantly as a share of income during recessions. The deduction for FDII exacerbated the pro-cyclical nature of DII during the 2001 recession, whereas during the Great Recession, exports moderated the pro-cyclical nature of FDII.


To evaluate the impact of interprofessional education (IPE) in final-year optometry learners, a questionnaire was given to assess their knowledge, attitude and skill around interprofessional collaboration (IPC) before they completed a placement with an interprofessional health clinic. Results showed that a majority of learners believed there is an increasing need for IPE and IPC in optometry and felt the development of multidisciplinary ideas and the enhancement of patient-centered care are the main benefits. Both the learners and clinic members indicated that they gained a personal satisfaction working together and were interested in future collaborations. Further investigation is required to enhance the understanding of how optometry improves patient care outcomes in an interprofessional setting.


This report aims to investigate solutions for carbon neutrality in mine site village developments by assisting David Goodfield (DG) in undertaking several essential tasks associated with his PhD, using Mount Magnet Gold (MMG) village as a case study.

In order to assess the potential of Renewable Energy (RE) as a carbon offset solution in the current power system, software called REMAX was specially developed. HOMER was used to assess the potential of RE in standalone power systems. A standalone study was undertaken, as major capital cost savings were identified if the transmission line between the mine power system and the village was removed (≈$250,000 per kilometre). The sensitivity of MMG village's power system, being the mine's power system was found to be somewhere between 50 and 100 kW. Due to these sensitivities and the small ratio of the village within the load (2.46%), it was found that the potential of RE in the current power system would be very low. The standalone configuration was found to be more economically viable than the current power system, if the village is located more than 4 kilometres (km) away from the mine power system (assuming cost of the line ≈$250,000 per kilometre). Findings also show that a wind diesel hybrid power system is more economically viable than the diesel, only if the project life is more than 7, 5, 4 and 3 years for a project starting in January 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018 respectively. However, in the situation where the standalone system is powered by only diesel generators, the carbon emission was found to be higher and was not suitable for this project.

Given the high energy usage of mining villages' air conditioning (AC) systems, the potential of using a Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system instead of currently used standard reverse cycle AC systems was also investigated. GSHPs were found to have a high potential as a carbon offset solution in mine site villages, with payback period under six years possible. Nevertheless, the system needs to be sized appropriately and used in high demand locations (≈20 hours a day).

Another task associated with this project was to undertake the village's energy audit and monitoring system commissioning which were successfully undertaken during a site visit in the third week of October 2011. Also, the calculation of the embodied energy of two buildings (donga and kitchen) from the village was undertaken using a life cycle assessment software (eTool), that was previously investigated.


This paper presents a method to unwrap phase pixel by pixel by solely using geometric constraints of the structured light system without requiring additional image acquisition or another camera. Specifically, an artificial absolute phase map, Φmin, at a given virtual depth plane z = zmin, is created from geometric constraints of the calibrated structured light system; the wrapped phase is pixel-by-pixel unwrapped by referring to Φmin. Since Φmin is defined in the projector space, the unwrapped phase obtained from this method is absolute for each pixel. Experimental results demonstrate the success of this proposed novel absolute phase unwrapping method.


Researchers have shown that there is a link between the gut microbiome and development of Parkinsons disease (PD). Less than 10% of PD cases are from hereditary causes and therefore it is believed to be a condition largely controlled other factors such as the environment. Recent data has shown that there is a link between the gut and the brain in conditions such as anxiety and depression and that substances such as hormones and peptides from the gut have effects on the brain. gastrointestinal of hypothesized that the gut microbiome may be playing a role in the motor deficits that accompany PD. The team used a transgenic mouse model of PD where the mice overexpressed α-synuclein. This protein forms insoluble aggregates in the brain which is one of the main features of PD. The data revealed that germ-free mice or antibiotic-treated mice had less α-synuclein and had better motor skills as compared to the mice with a normal microbiome. The transgenic mice with normal microbiome profile had increased brain inflammation and the researchers believe the mechanism behind this lies in short-chain fatty acids produced by the gut microbes. This study shows that the gut microbiome plays an important role in the progression of PD. The next crucial step of this study would be to investigate if there are different types of microbes that promote the development and pathogenesis of PD in humans. Journal Article: Sampson et al., 2016. Gut Microbiota Regulate Motor Deficits and Neuroinflammation in a Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cell


City is a living space. Sustainability of environment can be possible by providing quality of life. This principle overlaps the 10th Development Plan "livable environment" vision. In the aforementioned plan, "free, healthy, safe and the creation of a social environment where they can take a high standard of living" for everyone living in the city has been identified as the main objective. Thus, the city must be planned within the framework of qualifications to render livable in terms of accessibility, lighting and recreational aspects for all people living in the city. In the planning-designimplementation process, gender equality approach should be taken into account in open green areas and public spaces on neighborhood, street and building scale. At this point; the adoption of a sustainable planning -design-managementapproach based on gender equality is very important. Besides, "women-friendly city" building efforts are also quite common in the European countries and under the joint program of the United Nations. In this context, making the city livable for people living in the city was aimed by developing strategies and principles for women-friendly urban planning and design in this statement. For this purpose, answers were searched for these questions: "What is the necessity of making the city livable for women living in the city?", "Why womanfriendly planning and design is important?", "What is the approach to this subject in our country and in the world?" and "What should be the planning and design strategies for a livable city for everyone?". As a result, solution proposals were introduced for creation of sample public spaces that can meet specific needs and expectations of women, facilitate women's life and ensure their effective participation in urban life.


towards engineering education that prepares graduates to work effectively across foreign cultures and customs1-3. The author argues that while this outward focus is important and necessary, there is also a need to focus on preparing graduates for cultural issues that will arise much closer to home. Identifying, and working with subtle cultural differences that can occur in workplaces, organizations and the community, where the population may initially appear monocultural, presents unique challenges. The way in which one assumes cultural uniformity in a given situation can contribute to the oversimplification of a problem, and subsequently the pursuit of ineffective solutions. In a recent project, the author and colleagues sought to develop educational modules that introduced students, and staff, to strategies for identifying complexities arising from these subtle cultural contrasts and conflicts. In the process, a model for knowledge management by Kurtz and Snowden4 has been identified that neatly frames the way we approach learning and decision making in engineering education and practice. The framework distinguishes the ways in which one perceives a problem in terms of its complexity and the strategies employed to solve it. This paper describes the applications of this framework to engineering education that focuses on developing students' intercultural competency. The way this framework has been used to design learning activities as well as its usefulness for staff training and development are outlined. The author proposes potential applications of this framework to other areas of engineering curricula as a way to embrace complexity in learning and teaching and avoid oversimplifying complicated problems.


Since power is not a product suitable for storage, it must be consumed at the moment of generation or go to waste. The goal, therefore, is to minimise the costs of scheduled and unscheduled plant downtimes as well as the financial losses involved. A tool for optimizing maintenance cycles and avoiding the above-mentioned downtimes and expenses is the software program INSTRA. With some preparatory work, INSTRA will optimize maintenance cycles and create a database of the maintenance jobs to be performed. Additionally, INSTRA can be constantly modified to serve as a basis for decision making regarding maintenance optimization as new technologies in the power plant sector (e.g., lignite drying, CCS technologies) are developed. The simultaneous sampling and implementation of new unit-specific data will ensure that the software tool remains as realistic as possible.


Although grade retention may be consequential for a number of important educational and socioeconomic outcomes, we know surprisingly little about the actual rate at which students are made to repeat grades. We build on Hauser, Frederick, and Andrew's 2007 measure of grade retention using data from the 1995 through 2010 Current Population Surveys. We make technical improvements to their measure, provide more recent estimates, and validate the measure against external criteria. Our measure describes large disparities in grade retention rates by sex, race/ethnicity, geographic locale, and students' socioeconomic circumstances. However, both absolute retention rates and disparities in retention rates have declined markedly since 2005. We conclude by describing how our measures might be used to model the impact of economic and policy contexts on grade retention rates.


Micro-scale and nano-scale surfaces are now fabricated to serve in many fields: from optics needed in telescope/microscope imaging to semiconductors integrated in electronic devices such as smart phones and micro sensors. The production of these surfaces is inspiring the development of new metrology instrumentation that can not only ensure the quality but also optimise the manufacturing process. However, the state-of-the-art offline metrology instruments suffer from a main limitation, namely the inability to operate in the manufacture environment. The industry evolution requires in-process and metric metrology instrumentation that can provide rich surface information within harsh manufacture environment. The specification of such instruments has to be non-destructive, fast, and highly accurate; such instruments have to be combined with a production line. Interferometers offer non-destructive and parallel fashion measurement with nanometre accuracy.

A well-established phase-shift interferometer (PSI) is widely used for high measurement accuracy; however, it has two limitations. Firstly, the height difference between two adjacent points on the sample should be smaller than quarter of wavelength (Λ/4), and secondly, a PSI is slow and not suitable for in-process measurements, if a mechanical scanning is used for phase shifting. In order to utilise PSI for in-process measurements, data capturing at single exposure should be used to overcome the environmental disturbances and advanced phase unwrapping methods need to be employed to extend the measurement range beyond (Λ/4).

This research aimed to develop a multi-wavelength polarising phase-shift interferometer (MPI) for surface measurement and to investigate the possibility of its use for in-process metrology applications. The target specifications of the proposed instrument are as follows: a vertical measurement range greater than (Λ/4) (i.e. greater than 1 μm) with the resolution of a single wavelength interferometer (i.e. less than 10 nm). The MPI requires no mechanical scanning to obtain the phase shift with an extended measurement range using a single shot technique. This represents an improvement over the conventional single wavelength interferometer in terms of the measurement range and speed.

The methodology followed to achieve this study's aims included reviewing the literature and implementing proof-of-concept experiments using mechanical and non-mechanical methods to acquire phase-shifted colour interferograms, hence determining algorithms for fringe analysis. Finally a novel MPI setup using polarisation technique and Red-Green-Blue (RGB) illumination source was developed that can be used for in-process measurement with extended range.

An acousto-optics tuneable filter (AOTF) was successfully employed to simultaneously provide RGB wavelengths with approximately 2 nm linewidth. Several fringe analyses and phase unwrapping algorithms, such as fringe order and best-match methods, were explored to retrieve areal surfaces. Colour crosstalk between cameras' pixels was also investigated. It was found that the crosstalk is significant. A mathematical model and AOTF tuning capability were used to achieve minimum crosstalk. A spatial two dimensional image filtration was used to enhance the interferograms, hence signal-to-noise improvement. The proposed MPI has successfully measured samples (from 40 nm to 4 μm) with few nanometres accuracy and with single exposure (less than 0.3 second). This MPI has the potential for use in the measurement of surfaces produced by ultra-fast manufacturing such as roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing process. In the R2R process, structured surfaces are fabricated on large-area substrates (on the scale of several metres squared) at high speed exceeding several meters per minute. As such, MPI can be potentially used to measure moving surfaces within the manufacturing environment at speed limited only to the single exposure of the cameras.


Quality work that fosters job satisfaction and health enjoys top priority in industry all over the world. This was not always so. Until recently analysis of job attitudes focused primarily on human relations problems within organizations. While American industry was trying to solve the unsolvable problem of avoiding interpersonal dissatisfaction, problems with the potential for solution, such as training and quality production, were ignored. When first published, 'The Motivation to Work' challenged the received wisdom by showing that worker fulfillment came from achievement and growth within the job itself. In his new introduction, Herzberg examines thirty years of motivational research in job-related areas. Based on workers' accounts of real events that have made them feel good or bad on the job, the findings of Herzberg and his colleagues have stimulated research and controversy that continue to the present day. The authors surprisingly found that while a poor work environment generated discontent, improved conditions seldom brought about improved attitudes. Instead, satisfaction came most often from factors intrinsic to work: achievements, job recognition, and work that was challenging, interesting, and responsible. The evidence marshaled by this volume called into question many previous assumptions about job satisfaction and worker motivation. Feelings about intrinsic and extrinsic factors could not be validly averaged on a single scale of measurement. Motivation and performance are not merely dependent upon environmental needs and external rewards. Frederick Herzberg and his staff based their motivation-hygiene theory on a variety of human needs and applied it to a strategy of job enrichment that has widely influenced motivation and job design strategies. 'Motivation to Work' is a landmark volume that is of enduring interest to sociologists, psychologists, labor studies specialists, and organization analysts.


The master narrative about social aggression is that it is devastating for girls. Absent from the narrative, however, are girls9 voices and a consideration of the positive benefits that targets might incur. Girls9 stories of social aggression can be hard to communicate, as adolescents experience challenges making sense of emotionally difficult events. Using Burke9s dramaturgical perspective and visual narrative metaphor method , the present study provided girls with a means of purification or a way of identifying both the devastating and redeeming nature of social aggression, including a sequential move from pollution to redemption . Forty-two middle school girls drew and orally described metaphors representing their negative feelings and positive outcomes associated with an experience of social aggression. The analysis revealed four categories of pollution metaphors and four categories of redemption metaphors, as well as five discourse structures that provided insight into how participants constructed their pollution and redemption narratives.


ABSTRACT Papilio alexanor Esper, [1800] is a threatened European butterfly species listed in Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and in Appendix II of the Bern Convention, being considered extremely vulnerable to climate change. According to some projections (e.g., Bambu, a scenario of moderate climate change), it would be expected to lose 63% of its European climatic niche by the year 2050 and 77% by 2080. The few remaining populations are expected to become concentrated in the Maritime Alps. In 2009 and 2010, we studied what is probably the densest P. alexanor population in the Italian part of this area. It occurs in a series of dry, xerothermic grasslands, also partially occupied by an abandoned limestone quarry, where the larval food plant is Ptychotis saxifraga (L.) Loret & Barrandon. Females lay eggs in July, choosing patches where the food plants are higher and more abundant. The habitat preference, conservation status and survival of the early instars larvae of P. alexanor have been investigated in order to draw up conservation strategies for this species in the Italian Maritime Alps.