The main aim of this research is to explore the importance of tourism within the motivation of volunteers, focusing on a case study of the 2007 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. Volunteers have mostly been ignored as a subject of research in almost all fields and there is a need for a deeper understanding of the diverse nature of sport event volunteer tourism. The study on 225 volunteers at the Championships investigated a range of 50 motivations framed by Pearce's (2005) Travel Career Pattern, as well as Snyder's (1993) Volunteer Function Inventory, Farell et al.'s (1998) volunteer classification and Stebbins' (1992) work on serious and project-based leisure. Overall, the results indicated volunteer-based motivations that are generally more important than the tourism-based considerations. The age and gender of the volunteers had an influence on more of the volunteer-based motives compared with tourism. A considerable proportion of volunteers perceived themselves to be a tourist, and there was a desire to further take part in tourism activities, in addition to their volunteering duties, while at the event. Destination managers and volunteer event co-ordinators should be aware that the link to tourism may strategically help to increase commitment and experience satisfaction levels among the volunteers, who are less obvious and thus a potential tourism market.


Universities are expected to prepare accounting students to conduct themselves with integrity in all environments, including those that utilize information technology (IT). Our study investigates student integrity in an online environment to determine if students are honest about accessing unauthorized Internet solutions. We then evaluate student responsiveness to interventions designed to discourage unauthorized access using techniques suggested by the literature to foster ethical behavior. Our examination of such factors as moral development, moral identity, age, gender, and grade point average finds no significant relationship with student ethical behavior. More problematic, classroom interventions proved ineffective in preventing students from accessing unauthorized online solutions. We conclude with suggestions for developing and encouraging ethical behavior among accounting students in IT learning environments.


Mortgage lending standards have tightened in Sweden in recent years, in particular through mandatory amortization requirements introduced by the Swedish FSA. The stated purpose is to increase the resilience of mortgagors to shocks, but it is shown that the resilience actually falls and that the tightening causes or worsens many distortions. Households without high income or wealth face higher barriers to entry into owner-occupancy. The mobility within the market for owner-occupied housing is reduced. First-time buyers without high income or wealth are excluded from the owner-occupancy market in Stockholm Municipality and many outsiders have to resort to a high-rent secondary-rental market. To prevent such exclusions, housing prices may have to fall by almost 40%. Less-than-high-income outsiders have higher housing user cost than high-income insiders. A less wealthy outsider has a higher user cost than a high-wealth insider with similar income. Mortgagors are forced to oversave and underconsume relative to their disposable income, and their consumption becomes more sensitive to income shocks. They have to save in illiquid housing equity instead of more liquid and diversified assets. They become less resilient to shocks for many years, for a very small gain in resilience later. Secondary-rental outsiders are forced to overpay, undersave, and underconsume, and their consumption becomes more sensitive to income shocks. They face less resilient to shocks, without any gain in resilience later. By design the amortization requirements make the amortization countercyclical, which makes consumption more procyclical and sensitive to income shocks. The tightening of lending standards reduces demand for and lowers the prices of housing. This in turn reduces already too-low housing construction and worsens the structural problem of excess demand for housing. The conclusion is that this example of macroprudential policy is counterproductive and harmful to social welfare and equity. JEL codes: E21, G01, G21, G23, G28, R21


The white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera Horváth (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is an economically significant rice insect pest that harbors a primary fungal yeast-like symbiont (YLS), and some secondary bacterial symbionts like Wolbachia and Cardinium. In the present study, an additional bacterial symbiont in WBPH was characterized. Phylogenetic analysis employing the 16S rRNA gene showed a bacterium closely related to Asaia of Nilaparvata lugens and Nysius expressus, and Asaia krungthepensis. TEM observation of the bacterium showed the typical morphology of Asaia sp. with signature filamentous structures in the nucleoid region. These results indicate that the bacterium belongs to Asaia. The Asaia bacterium was detected in all the tested individual adults and tissues of the laboratory WBPH population but showed varying infection rates (ca 45%) in the field collected WBPH populations. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that Asaia sp. were significantly more abundant in WBPH females than males, and mainly distributed in the guts, fatty bodies, and salivary glands. Asaia-infected WBPH were of shorter nymphal duration and heavier adult weight than Asaia-free WBPH, while Asaia-free WBPH comparatively fed more, indicating that Asaia plays a role in improving WBPH fitness through involvement in host's nutrient supply.


Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of combination of piperacillin-tazobactam and Tanreqing injection in the treatment of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP).
Methods: Sixty-four cases of patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia were randomly divided into control and treatment groups. These groups were treated with piperacillin-tazobactam and piperacillintazobactam+ Tanreqing injection respectively. Clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters of these patients were observed and compared.
Results: The clinical and bacteriological assessment efficacy of the two groups was significantly different. The attenuation of clinical symptoms in treatment groups were was better than that in control group. After treatment, the White Blood Cell (WBC) count and C-reaction protein level in the two groups were significantly different.
Conclusion: Utilizing the combination of piperacillin-tazobactam and Tanreqing injection to cure acute hospital-acquired pneumonia showed a better clinical efficacy.


This thesis provides an empirical analysis of the impact of exchange rate volatility on the exports of five emerging East and South East Asian economies; China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand. The countries under
consideration are the main members of the impending ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA), and the options for a closer monetary integration including proposais for the eventual formation of a currency union within the region are
currently an active area of research and policy debate. Therefore, an understanding of the degree to which exchange rate volatility affects their export activity is important for setting the optimal exchange rate policy in emerging East Asian countries.

Recognizing the specificity of the exports of the sample countries which is different from those of industrialised countries this study employs an augmented generalised gravity model instead of a pure gravity model. A GMM-IV approach is used to overcome the potential econometric problems of endogeneity and heteroskedasticity. In addition, this study is the first to conduct the recently
developed panel unit-root and cointegration tests to verify the existence of a long-run stationary relationship between real exports and exchange-rate volatility. The
benchmark measure of the exchange rate volatility which represents uncertainty is the standard deviation of the first difference of the logarithmic exchange rate. In
order to check the robustness of the results two additional measures of exchange rate volatility - the moving average standard deviation of the logarithmic exchange rate (MASD) and the conditional exchange rate volatility which follows
a Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedascity process (GARCH) are also used to estimate the model.

The results provide a strong evidence that exchange rate volatility has an economically and statistically significant negative impact not only on the overall
exports to the world market but also on the intra-regional exports of emerging East Asian countries. In addition, the results indicate that the adverse effect of exchange rate volatility on exports is not a linear and is conditional on the financial sector development of the exporting country: the more financially developed an economy is, the less its exports are adversely affected by exchange rate volatility. These results are robust across different estimation techniques and do not depend on the variable chosen to proxy exchange rate uncertainty.

In conclusion, the results of the thesis suggest that whilst exchange rate flexibility has desirable properties as a 'shock absorber' to dampen the impact of real shocks, on average it still has an adverse effect on the exports of the emerging East Asian countries, and the impact is more severe on a financially less developed economy.


Performance data allows politicians to exert accountability over public organizations, even as ideological biases can affect how they interpret such data. However, we know little about how motivated decision-makers prioritize goals when facing multiple pieces of contradictory performance data that reflect the competing goals of public services. Such goal conflict is an inherent aspect of public management. To understand its implications for the use of performance data use we develop a theory of goal reprioritization. We start by assuming that elected officials have preferences between specific policy goals, and about governance processes – such as a preference for public or private service provision. When elected officials face contradictory pieces of performance data, governance preferences drive performance evaluations to the point that they are willing to reweight their goal preferences to minimize cognitive dissonance. We offer experimental evidence of this process, showing that elected officials asked to evaluate school performance reprioritize between two distinct policy goals for schools – test scores and student well-being – to fit with their governance preferences. Reprioritization is an attractive strategy since it allows elected officials to claim they are using performance data, even as underlying governance preferences lead them to set aside the evaluative goal-based criteria by which they would otherwise make performance evaluations. In other words, preferences concerning the nature of government can trump goal preferences when decision-makers use performance data.


As the Ebola epidemic becomes more frightening--and hits closer to home--people are looking for answers. How does it spread? Are we at risk? How do we protect ourselves and our families from this deadly disease? In this necessary new book, Dr. Joseph Alton, an MD who is at the forefront of crisis medicine, explains the virus, how it spreads, how to prevent infection, and what the right treatment protocol is if the virus is contracted. He explains in easy-to-understand language the latest research on how Ebola is transmitted and treated, including late-breaking research from the University of Minnesota that shows it may be transmissible by air. As the Ebola crisis unfolds with increasing severity and an exponential mortality rate, it is becoming more obvious that our government does not have the skills and resources to protect us in the event of a fast-moving pandemic. This book should be required reading for anyone who wants to ensure the health and safety of themselves and their loved ones. Some of the topics this handbook covers are: How to determine if your hospital is able to treat Ebola patients successfully How to travel safely How to care for an infected patient Arm yourself and your family with life-saving knowledge against the deadliest outbreak of this virus to date.


The fossil register shows a plentiful presence of the Ursus spelaeus during the Middle Palaeolithic in Europe. However, during the Upper Palaeolithic Period a progressive decline was registered, which inevitably broughtthe Ursus spelaeus to its extinction. In order to explain the reasons for the extinction of the Ursus spelaeus we will provide data concerning the transition between the Middle and Upper Pa/aeolithic based on two archaeological sites, the Arbreda Cave and the Ermitons Cave (Cata/onia), located in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula, one of the southern areas of distribution of this Ursidae


Understanding how wide-ranging animals use landscapes in which human use is highly heterogeneous is important for determining patterns of human–wildlife conflict and designing mitigation strategies. Here, we show how biological sign surveys in forested components of a human-dominated landscape can be combined with human interviews in agricultural portions of a landscape to provide a full picture of seasonal use of different landscape components by wide-ranging animals and resulting human–wildlife conflict. We selected Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Nepal to illustrate this approach. Asian elephants are threatened throughout their geographic range, and there are large gaps in our understanding of their landscape-scale habitat use. We identified all potential elephant habitat in Nepal and divided the potential habitat into sampling units based on a 10 km by 10 km grid. Forested areas within grids were surveyed for signs of elephant use, and local villagers were interviewed regarding elephant use of agricultural areas and instances of conflict. Data were analyzed using single-season and multi-season (dynamic) occupancy models. A single-season occupancy model applied to data from 139 partially or wholly forested grid cells estimated that 0.57 of grid cells were used by elephants. Dynamic occupancy models fit to data from interviews across 158 grid cells estimated that monthly use of non-forested, human-dominated areas over the preceding year varied between 0.43 and 0.82 with a minimum in February and maximum in October. Seasonal patterns of crop raiding by elephants coincided with monthly elephant use of human-dominated areas, and serious instances of human–wildlife conflict were common. Efforts to mitigate human–elephant conflict in Nepal are likely to be most effective if they are concentrated during August through December when elephant use of human-dominated landscapes and human–elephant conflict are most common.


The density of the refugees and migrants wave in South Eastern Europe, along with the socioeconomic situation within and beyond Europe, shape the context and the agenda of the debate regarding the presence of Others  in the European societies. The premises of that debate range from the practical considerations, such as the economic impact of securing the provision of essential necessities to the population in movement, to questions regarding the management of the integration of the current mixed migration flows. The conjuncture in which this debate occurs in the European level, namely the combination of economic crisis along with the emergence of centrifugal and xenophobe tendencies in many countries, render this debate significantly important. In an attempt to overcome the condensation of contradictions of the debate, innovative solutions could focus on researching and analysing the qualitative characteristics of the harmonic symbiosis between culturally diverse social groups at the local level. This article discusses the characteristics of the "embedded diversity" of the Muslim community on Rhodes island and its relations with the dominant Christian population and the new cultural diversity of refugees and immigrants. Based on that, the article analyses the significance of the local social conditions that could facilitate the integration of Others . The article concludes with indicative policy recommendations that base integration attempts on the particularly local social conditions.


In Detail PhpMyAdmin is a well known and popular open-source tool written in PHP intended to handle the administration of MySQL over the Internet. Currently it can create and drop databases, create/drop/alter tables, delete/edit/add fields, execute any SQL statement, and manage keys on fields. While most MySQL developers use routine features of phpMyAdmin every day, few are aware of the power and potential of its advanced features. This book builds a solid understanding of the core capabilities of phpMyAdmin before walking you through every facet of this legendary tool. MySQL is the most popular open-source database, used by millions of developers and supporting numerous large dynamic websites and applications. MySQL acquired this wide popularity by virtue of its open-source nature, performance, reliability, robustness, and support for various platforms. This popularity has also been helped by the existence of phpMyAdmin, the industry-standard administration tool that makes database management easy for both the experienced developer and the novice. The powerful graphical interface that it provides to MySQL has made phpMyAdmin an indispensable tool for MySQL and web developers. Every phpMyAdmin user can benefit from unlocking the full potential of this powerful application. Whether you are an experienced developer, system administrator, web designer, or new to MySQL and phpMyAdmin, this book will show you how to increase your productivity and control when working with your databases. What you will learn from this book? Common reasons for installing PhpMyAdminManaging multiple servers on single copy of PhpMyAdminSecuring your PhpMyAdmin installation Upgrading your PhpMyAdmin installationManaging databases, data table structures, and indexes to create efficient databasesAdministering MySQL users and privilegesGetting server and database statistics Generating better documentation of evolving table structuresAlong the way you will build a more detailed understanding of SQL and how it works in MySQL. Approach This book is a tutorial that systematically explains and demonstrates the potential of this tool. It then goes on to show the less well known and generally under-used features and capabilities of phpMyAdmin in depth. Who this book is written for? Whether you are an experienced developer, system administrator, web designer or new to MySQL, phpMyAdmin is a must-have tool for anyone who needs to manage MySQL databases and tables. This book is a must-read for every serious phpMyAdmin user who would like to use this outstanding application to its full power.


I. INTRODUCTION The use of forum-selection clauses in contracts continues to increase. Emboldened by the Supreme Court's endorsement of forumselection clauses,1 large companies now frequently use these clauses in a variety of contracts. Contracting parties use these clauses in part to ensure that the parties can resolve any dispute in a convenient forum. Often, however, a party inserts a forum-selection clause to limit liability by increasing the barriers to litigation or arbitration.2 Typically, the party inserting the forum-selection clause has superior bargaining power and inserts into the contract a clause designating a forum remote to the other party, where any dispute over the contract will be heard. In this scenario, the other party to the contract, if seeking redress for a breach of the contract, must travel to a distant and unfamiliar jurisdiction to have the claim heard, often before the opposing party's "home court." When the party seeking redress is unsophisticated and has no wealth of resources, the costs associated with bringing a suit can be prohibitive.3 Thus, the party inserting the forum-selection clause is less likely to be sued or held liable for a breach. In recent years, businesses have begun using a special kind of forum-selection clause: an arbitration clause which provides that any dispute will be resolved in binding arbitration.4 Sometimes parties use these clauses to ensure that an expert will decide the dispute or to avoid the cost and inconvenience of litigation. Again, however, parties often use arbitration clauses to force a weaker party to seek redress in a remote, unfamiliar forum. Forum-selection clauses and arbitration clauses are common in franchise contracts.5 In the typical franchise contract, the franchisor is a large, national corporation, represented by sophisticated legal counsel. The franchisee is an individual, often unsophisticated, and almost always unrepresented by legal counsel at the time of contracting. The contract is presented to the franchisee on a take-itor-leave-it basis. If the franchisee objects to the terms the franchisor can usually find another willing franchisee. The contract is several pages long, with the arbitration/forum-selection clause hidden beneath boilerplate legalese.6 These circumstances provide a great incentive for franchisors to use the forum-selection clause as a weapon to limit the franchisee's legal recourse. The franchisees, often unsophisticated and not represented by legal counsel, are likely not to read the clause or to understand fully its implications. Even if the franchisee does recognize the clause's significance, little or no opportunity to change it will exist.7 In response to this type of overreaching by franchisors, several states have adopted laws that require arbitration or litigation over a franchise contract to occur in the franchisee's home state and which void contractual provisions that provide otherwise.8 These laws are often enacted as part of a state's franchise laws, which generally are designed to protect franchisees from unfair contracts and unfair treatment by franchisors who have superior bargaining power.9 The statutes restricting forum-selection clauses are specifically aimed at protecting the franchisee from having to pursue redress of a breach of contract in a remote forum.10 Many states have recently passed these laws (or have promulgated them in state courts), and commentators predict that this trend will continue.ll Arguably, however, these state laws cannot invalidate arbitration agreements because of the preemptive power of the Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA").12 The Supreme Court has interpreted the FAA as establishing a national policy in favor of arbitration.la Any state law which undermines this policy, or which singles out arbitration agreements for suspect treatment, is in danger of FAA preemption. The FAA does not preempt state laws that apply general contract law to invalidate arbitration agreements. …


Novel 1-substituted 3-(p-isopropylphenyl)-5-phenylformazans (3a--g) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, $^{1}$H NMR, and FT-IR techniques and UV-visible spectroscopy. Antiproliferative activities of 3a--g against HeLa and C6 cells were determined using the BrdU cell proliferation ELISA assay. 5-Florouracil was used as the positive control. The effects of substituents (--H, --CH$_{3}$, and --I) and their positions ($ortho$, $meta$, and $para$) on the antiproliferative activities were evaluated. The results of the assay indicate that I substituent exhibited higher activity against the cells at the $meta$ and $para$ positions than --CH$_{3}$ and --H substituents. 3a--g exhibited both high antiproliferative activities against C6 cells and noncytotoxicity. 3a--g may be anticancer drug candidates.


The Chambo (Oreochromis karongae, O. squamipinnis and O. lidole) fisheries are essential to the food security of the majority of Malawians and a lifeline for rural and urban economies. The chambo fisheries, however, have collapsed and urgent restoration is required. Successful restoration of the important chambo fisheries demands a careful analysis of the problem and formulation of a strategic plan to implement relevant activities that will result in effective interventions in the fisheries. These proceedings give information on the process of developing a strategic plan for the restoration of the chambo fisheries. The papers contained in these proceedings cover topics ranging from governance, policy, biology, ecology and socio-economics and, therefore, inform the reader of the scope of knowledge on the chambo, the socio-economic and livelihoods context within which the people exploiting the resource operate, and past constraints to the management of the chambo fisheries. The proceedings also contain recommendations on how to overcome the problems and a strategic plan for the restoration of the fisheries. It is hoped that the proceedings will emphasize to researchers in the natural and social sciences and development practitioners that a multidisciplinary approach is needed that puts the people utilizing the resource at the center of all activities involved if the chambo fisheries are to be successfully restored


At Thinking Machines, my colleagues and I have developed a hybrid system combining a neural network, a statistical module, and a memory-based reasoner, each of which makes its own prediction. A combiner then blends these results to produce the final predictions. This hybrid system improves its ability to determine how amino acid sequences fold into 3D protein structures. It predicts secondary structures with 66.4% accuracy. Both the neural network and the combiner are multilayer perceptrons trained with the standard backpropagation algorithm; this article focuses on the other two components, and on how we trained the hybrid system and used it for prediction. I also discuss how future work in AI and other sciences might meet the challenge of the protein folding problem.<<ETX>>


ABSTRACT Interrelations of two measurement methods (cognitive versus behavioral ratings) for executive function (EF) were examined and related to reading comprehension and math calculations in fourth and fifth grade students (n = 93) in the context of a diverse urban student population. Relations among measures within four EF processes (working memory, planning, inhibition and shifting) were modest; relations to academics were stronger. EF measures contributed to both academic outcomes even in the context of relevant covariates (age, language and educational program). Working memory was particularly important for reading comprehension across measurement type. Cognitive measures from all EF processes, particularly inhibition and planning, and behavioral ratings of working memory were important for math.


High-quality sources of information for dentistry that can be a good starting point for your research. Brought to you by the Central Medical Library #cmbUMCG


We present here a simple two step infiltration and calcination involved technique to obtain high optical quality inverse opal structures of SiO2, SnO2 and SiO2-SnO2 binary oxide inverse opal structures. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction measurements are carried out to investigate the structural features of the opals. High resolution TEM measurements reveal the uniform distribution of SnO2 nanocrystals throughout the inverse opal matrix. Optical properties along with theoretical fitting reveal the interesting photonic band gap features of the opals with high optical quality as well as the high porosity of these structures. The well-known multifunctional properties of SnO2 like photorefractivity, low phonon energy for luminescent materials and gas sensing features show the advantages of these inverse opal structures can be favorable in the development of photonics and sensors.


In this paper, secure transmission of information over fading broadcast channels is studied in the presence of statistical queueing constraints. Effective capacity is employed as a performance metric to identify the secure throughput of the system, i.e., effective secure throughput. It is assumed that perfect channel side information (CSI) is available at both the transmitter and the receivers. Initially, the scenario in which the transmitter sends common messages to two receivers and confidential messages to one receiver is considered. For this case, the effective secure throughput region, which is the region of constant arrival rates of common and confidential messages that can be supported by the buffer-constrained transmitter and fading broadcast channel, is defined. It is proven that this effective throughput region is convex implying that time-sharing between any two viable transmission and power control strategies results in effective throughput values inside the region. Then, the optimal power control policies that achieve the boundary points of the effective secure throughput region are investigated and an algorithm for the numerical computation of the optimal power adaptation schemes is provided. Additionally, the throughput region achieved by time-division multiplexing of common and confidential messages is explored. Subsequently, the special case in which the transmitter sends only confidential messages to one receiver is addressed in more detail. For this case, effective secure throughput is formulated and two different power adaptation policies are studied. These power adaptation policies are compared with the opportunistic ones that are optimal in the absence of quality of service (QoS) constraints. It is shown that opportunistic schemes, in which data transmission with high rates and high power occurs only when the main channel is much better than the eavesdropper channel, are no longer optimal under buffer constraints, and the transmitter should send the data at a certain moderate rate and power even when the main channel strength is comparable to that of the eavesdropper channel to avoid buffer overflows.


Analysis of the nasal region in fossils of three theropod dinosaurs (Nanotyrannus, Ornithomimus, and Dromaeosaurus) and one ornithischian dinosaur (Hypacrosaurus) showed that their metabolic rates were significantly lower than metabolic rates in modern birds and mammals. In extant endotherms and ectotherms, the cross-sectional area of the nasal passage scales approximately with increasing body mass M at M0.72. However, the cross-sectional area of nasal passages in endotherms is approximately four times that of ectotherms. The dinosaurs studied here have narrow nasal passages that are consistent with low lung ventilation rates and the absence of respiratory turbinates.


This thesis examined the effect of single and repeat bouts of prolonged exercise as well as an environmental temperature challenge upon left ventricular (LV) function and cardiac biomarker release. The primary aims were; (1) does repeated exercise bouts mediate a cumulative decrease in LV function and/or increase in cardiac biomarker concentrations; and (2) to examine the impact of prolonged exercise in a hyperthermic environment upon cardiac function and cardiac biomarker levels. Study 1 demonstrated evidence of LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction after exercise that persisted 22 hours into recovery following 10 days of cycling in amateur cyclists. There was however, limited support for a cumulative change in function across days. A highly individual, but not cumulative, pattern of cardiac biomarker appearance was observed with rapid clearance. This data suggests that the cardiovascular system of the amateur cyclists coped well with the accumulated exercise stress imposed by the repeated cycling over 10 days. Study 2 revealed that a single bout of prolonged exercise (37 km), in a hyperthermic environment, resulted in a decrease in LV systolic and diastolic function and an elevation in cardiac biomarkers. There was no evidence of cumulative changes in function or biomarker appearance over a further 5 days of exercise in a hyperthermic environment. Significant individual variation between participant's responses were again noted. Study 3 employed a controlled exercise stimulus in a laboratory setting and revealed both LV systolic and diastolic function were not significantly altered following 60 minutes of running in either a normothermic (13oC) or hyperthermic (30oC) environment. The release of cardiac biomarkers was limited, with a tendency for markers to be higher in the hyperthemic condition. Participants coped well with the exercise stress, however, the "low" exercise dose in this study likely negates any meaningful impact upon cardiac function and biomarker release. The final study manipulated core temperature (Tc), through pre-cooling, prior to exercise in a hyperthermic environment (32.4 ± 0.9oC and 46.8 ± 6.4% RH). Diastolic, but not systolic, function was reduced following 90 minutes of running, with no difference apparent between pre-cooling and control conditions. cTnT was evident in all participants following both trials, with a limited release of NT-proBNP that was not mediated by pre-cooling. Pre-cooling appeared to have no beneficial or adverse effect on the cardiovascular function and biomarkers that again displayed high inter-individual variability. In conclusion, we observed evidence that acute exercise can result in changes in both cardiac function and biomarkers. There was, however; (1) no evidence of an accumulation of cardiac function or biomarker data across multiple bouts of exercise across a number of days, and (2) limited evidence that either a hyperthermic environment or a pre-cooling intervention altered cardiac function and biomarker data after exercise in a controlled laboratory design. Changes in cardiac function and biomarkers were transient in nature, of relatively small magnitude and subject to high individual variability. It would seem that these changes represent an acute physiologic perturbation as opposed to pathology.


Drawings are often used to obtain an idea of children's conceptions. Doing so takes for granted an unambiguous relation between conceptions and their representations in drawings. This study was undertaken to gain knowledge of the relation between children's conceptions and their representation of these conceptions in drawings. A theory of contextualization was the basis for finding out how children related their contextualization of conceptions in conceptual frameworks to their contextualization of drawings in pictorial convention. Eighteen children were interviewed in a semi‐structured method while they were drawing the Earth. Audio‐recorded interviews, drawings, and notes were analysed to find the cognitive and cultural intentions behind the drawings. Also, even children who demonstrated alternative conceptions of the Earth in the interviews still followed cultural conventions in their drawings. Thus, these alternative conceptions could not be deduced from the drawings. The results indicate that children's drawings can be used to grasp children's conceptions only by considering the meaning the children themselves give to their own drawings.


Background: Nearly 500,000 older Americans die a cancer-related death annually. Best practices for seriously ill patients include palliative care that aids in promoting personal dignity. Dignity Therapy is an internationally recognized therapeutic intervention designed to enhance dignity for the seriously ill. Theoretically, Dignity Therapy provides opportunity for patients to make meaning by contextualizing their illness within their larger life story. The extent to which Dignity Therapy actually elicits meaning-making from patients, however, has not been tested. Aim: The current study examines (i) extent of patient meaning-making during Dignity Therapy, and (ii) whether baseline psychospiritual distress relates to subsequent meaning-making during Dignity Therapy. Design: Participants completed baseline self-report measures of psychospiritual distress (i.e., dignity-related distress, spiritual distress, quality of life), before participating in Dignity Therapy. Narrative analysis identified the extent of meaning-making during Dignity Therapy sessions. Participants: Twenty-five outpatients (M age = 63, SD = 5.72) with late-stage cancer and moderate cancer-related symptoms were recruited. Results: Narrative analysis revealed all patients made meaning during Dignity Therapy but there was wide variation (i.e., 1—12 occurrences). Patients who made greater meaning were those who, at baseline, reported significantly higher psychospiritual distress, including greater dignity-related distress (r = .46), greater spiritual distress (r = .44), and lower quality of life (r = -.56). Conclusion: Meaning-making was found to be a central component of Dignity Therapy. Particularly, patients experiencing greater distress in facing their illness use the Dignity Therapy session to express how they have made meaning in their lives.


Impressive results for secondary outcomes or subgroup analyses pose problems for those trying to value the benefits observed in clinical trials. In the prospective randomised amlodipine survival evaluation study, comparing amlodipine with placebo in patients with severe heart failure, a prospectively defined subgroup of patients with non-ischaemic heart failure showed a 46% reduction in the risk of death (95% confidence interval 21% to 63%).1 This was achieved alongside a non-significant reduction in death from any cause or admission to hospital for major cardiovascular events (P=0.31), the prospectively defined primary outcome measure, and no observed benefits in the ischaemic group. The authors of the report commented: "Although this benefit was seen only in a subgroup of patients, it is likely that it reflects a true effect of amlodipine, since the randomisation procedure was stratified according to the cause of heart failure and a significant difference between the ischaemic and non-ischaemic strata was noted for both the primary and secondary end points of the study."1

This article examines the interpretation that may be placed on the results of secondary end points and subgroup analyses in the context of clinical practice and health policy. With regard to health policy, it emphasises the need for discipline in interpreting clinical trials.

#### Summary points

Impressive results in subgroup analyses and secondary outcomes can be hard to interpret

For individual patients, subgroup analyses and secondary end points can provide the best guide for clinical intervention

Health policy decisions such as those taken by NICE aim to guide the treatment of future patients and will be difficult to change

Health policy should be protected from undue inference by considering the results of predetermined primary outcomes

Randomised trials commonly include a range of patients with a particular disorder and estimate the average effect of the intervention being studied. Clinicians …


This project initially examines the state of driver education up to the turn of this new Century. It details the various changes that have been made and discusses the changes' now taking place in the industry. It also demonstrates why driving instructors are reluctant to take additional training or qualifications. New drivers and high-mileage company drivers are much more at risk than other road users. This project establishes and identifies areas of support for various pressures to reduce road traffic accidents and road deaths in these groups. Specifically it promotes a Strategic Approach to CPD in the Driver Training Industry. The training programmes and qualifications presented are already being developed, but not enough students take advantage of them. However reinforcement for these ideas is offered by the Driving Standards Agency, which is keen to encourage driving instructors to improve and extend their excellence in the ways they train and re-train their clients to establish safer driving standards. Using reflective research supplemented by survey methodology, this study explores the views and reactions of various driving instructors to CPD and examines what policies, provisions and practices are needed to make it happen. The study is intended to lay the foundations for further action research which will take up various suggestions such as a research library.
The study will assist policy makers and providers in the driver training industry and will inform driving instructors of opportunities and provisions for CPD.


Parents who have or are thought to have Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) are often involved in the child protection systems, although there is little data to establish actual frequency. First Nations parents are over represented. There is often a presumptive bias that individuals with disabilities, including FASD, are not capable of raising their children. Such a bias is unwarranted. Assessing FASD parents requires a view of functional capacity along with consideration of how the parent could accomplish the role and if needed, with what supports. Both a context and process for Parenting Capacity Assessments (PCAs) in these cases is recommended. There is a need for the assessments to exist within a cultural context, including the use of the Medicine Wheel. The individualistic perspective of most Canadian child welfare systems may not match the collectivistic approach to parenting in an Aboriginal family system although it is from the former position that most PCAs are conducted. Key words: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, Parenting Capacity Assessments, Aboriginal parenting, parenting and child protection, FASD parents.


Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a recessive X-linked form of muscular dystrophy and one of the most prevalent genetic disorders of childhood. DMD is characterized by rapid progression of muscle degeneration, and ultimately death. Currently, glucocorticoids are the only available treatment for DMD, but they have been shown to result in serious side effects. The purpose of this research was to define a core signature of gene expression related to DMD via integrative analysis of mouse and human datasets. This core signature was subsequently used to screen for novel potential compounds that antagonistically affect the expression of signature genes. With this approach we were able to identify compounds that are 1) already used to treat DMD, 2) currently under investigation for treatment, and 3) so far unknown but promising candidates. Our study highlights the potential of meta-analyses through the combination of datasets to unravel previously unrecognized associations and reveal new relationships.


Quantitative resistance against Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica napus is difficult to assess in young plants due to the long period of symptomless growth of the pathogen from the appearance of leaf lesions to the appearance of canker symptoms on the stem. By using doubled haploid (DH) lines A30 (susceptible) and C119 (with quantitative resistance), quantitative resistance against L. maculans was assessed in young plants in controlled environments at two stages: stage 1, growth of the pathogen along leaf veins/petioles towards the stem by leaf lamina inoculation; stage 2, growth in stem tissues to produce stem canker symptoms by leaf petiole inoculation. Two types of inoculum (ascospores; conidia) and three assessment methods (extent of visible necrosis; symptomless pathogen growth visualised using the GFP reporter gene; amount of pathogen DNA quantified by PCR) were used. In stage 1 assessments, significant differences were observed between lines A30 and C119 in area of leaf lesions, distance grown along veins/petioles assessed by visible necrosis or by viewing GFP and amount of L. maculans DNA in leaf petioles. In stage 2 assessments, significant differences were observed between lines A30 and C119 in severity of stem canker and amount of L. maculans DNA in stem tissues. GFP-labelled L. maculans spread more quickly from the stem cortex to the stem pith in A30 than in C119. Stem canker symptoms were produced more rapidly by using ascospore inoculum than by using conidial inoculum. These results suggest that quantitative resistance against L. maculans in B. napus can be assessed in young plants in controlled conditions. Development of methods to phenotype quantitative resistance against plant pathogens in young plants in controlled environments will help identification of stable quantitative resistance for control of crop diseases.


A ground-based full-sky imaging polarimeter based on liquid crystal variable retarders (LCVRs) is proposed in this paper. Our proposed method can be used to realize the rapid detection of the skylight polarization information with hemisphere field-of-view for the visual band. The characteristics of the incidence angle of light on the LCVR are investigated, based on the electrically controlled birefringence. Then, the imaging polarimeter with hemisphere field-of-view is designed. Furthermore, the polarization calibration method with the field-of-view multiplexing and piecewise linear fitting is proposed, based on the rotation symmetry of the polarimeter. The polarization calibration of the polarimeter is implemented with the hemisphere field-of-view. This imaging polarimeter is investigated by the experiment of detecting the skylight image. The consistency between the obtained experimental distribution of polarization angle with that due to Rayleigh scattering model is 90%, which confirms the effectivity of our proposed imaging polarimeter.


We introduce a Bayesian semiparametric methodology for joint quantile regression with linearity and piecewise linearity constraints. We develop a probability model for all quantile curves in a continuum that define a coherent sampling distribution of the response variable. We provide a detailed illustration of model fitting and inference by analyzing wind speed trends of tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic.


Objective: The study examines the relationship of psychological well-being and work motivation in a sample of Pakistani medical professionals. Design: Cross sectional comparative study. Place and duration of the study: The study was conducted in private (Alshifa International Hospital, Islamabad, and Islamabad Private Hospital) and public sector hospitals (Pakistan Institute of medical Sciences and Rawalpindi General Hospital) in the twin-cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan during 2002. Subjects and Methods: A sample of 120 medical professionals belonging to the private and public sector hospitals (n=60 in each) participated in the study. They were selected on the basis of purposive convenient sampling technique. The data was collected with the help of Psychological Well-Being Scale (Wb) and Work Preference Inventory (WPI) and a separately devised demographic sheet containing information about age, experience and private and public sector affiliation. Results: The age range of the sample was between 30-60 years (M=42.97, SD=7.96). The range of experience in service was 1-42 years (M=16.28, SD=8.43). Scores of psychological well being had a significant inverse co-relation with extrinsic motivation (r=-0.26, p < .01). Public and private sector doctors showed a highly significant difference in their motivational orientation (p < .01). The relation of age with scores of well being and motivation showed a significant difference, (t=3.9, p<.001) and (t=2.41, p<0.05) between those aged 53 and above and those 41 years of age or less respectively. Conclusion: Compared to the private sector, the environment of public sector is perceived to be more challenging. Similarly, older medical professionals seem to be having higher psychological well-being and work motivation, compared to the younger medical professionals. However, these findings suggest the need for further exploration of some interrelated variables, which might give us insight for future policy implementation, suggesting ways for further improvement in the psychological facets of the work environment of this dynamic group of professionals.


Mega-events greatly impact up on their host cities. This is particularly so when we look at the socio-economic, trade, tourism and commercial opportunities, and the recognised intense challenges such interventions pose for existing small business communities situated at the heart of regeneration efforts and Games execution. Although studies around 'community impact' feature across the literature, these specific spaces, and the complex effects upon adjoining small business communities, have been somewhat neglected. Arguably, whilst host communities often form hoped-for beneficiaries of project intervention - particularly during bidding and prior to hosting Games discourse and policy rhetoric - as the project draws closer to the Opening Ceremony, large flagship urban projects, like the Olympics, can often lose sight of their initial, virtuous aims. Host communities can be conceived as becoming invisible, somewhat depoliticised, and ignored in the melee of the neoliberal city. How best to re-distribute Games-related benefits, conceptually and practically speaking is thus a critical and strategic position across this thesis.

The thesis presents four core research objectives: 1. an in-depth analysis of how host community small firms were impacted by the London 2012 Games - specifically those directly affected by project delivery across 'Last Mile' spaces. This is complemented by a critical examination of how and why tourism and trade was affected across host communities, and the specific effects this had on local consumption practices during the live Games phases. 2. Critical analysis of how and why host spaces became subject to intense territorialisation, being converted into a major project tool, resource and commodity to the detriment of existing small firms. 3. Potential small business legacies in light of concerns around on-going gentrification and risks of the clone town effect. And finally objective 4. draws on the main findings of the first three objectives to identify key lessons learnt and recommends a series of practical ways project actors, business support organisations and small firms themselves can better re-distribute Games-related benefits.

The thesis presents a case study of the London 2012 Games, specifically focused on bounded spaces of the 'Last Mile' and HEZs', inductive and exploratory in nature. It provides an in-depth, stakeholder informed, empirically driven qualitative analysis of the retrospective experiences of four key stakeholder groups. These include forty-three in-depth interviews conducted between 2013 – 2015 including: i) small firms impacted across the Last Mile of Central Greenwich, ii) official Olympic Borough local authorities and business engagement officers, iii) regional and national business support organisations (e.g. Federation of Small Businesses (FSB), London Chamber of Commerce), to iv) key project actors and governmental bodies at city and national level (e.g. Department for Culture, Media, and Sport (DCMS), House of Lords). Comprehensive analyses of over 30 major policy documents released from 2005 – 2015 and a series of documentary, archival and media reports supplement evidence used across the findings and analysis of this thesis. The research sits within the sociology of radical change, invoking a radical humanist and critical theorist position.

Findings illuminate the systematic negative impacts, major challenges and exclusionary environments small businesses can face throughout all phases of project delivery, specifically immediately before and during Games delivery. Analysis presented across the thesis, including the 'SmallBizImpacts' mapping, illustrates how the Games can disrupt existing host business environments and thus reduce the competitiveness of small firm performance and survival. Although small firms were promised lucrative opportunities to seize Olympic trade, event visitation and tourism, access to these event-related benefits was limited. During what should have been a thriving summer period for the heritage and artisan Last Mile topology of Central Greenwich and beyond, a range of negative tourism impacts emerge amongst some of the many factors contributing to what this thesis terms the 'anti-tourism perfect storm'. This new contributory conceptualisation illuminates the intense accumulation of negative tourism factors that led to the extreme absence of Olympic tourism trade in the visitor economy. Findings reveal a series of major dichotomies between 'rhetoric' and 'reality' and amplifies the plight, disappointment and local narratives of feeling lied to and deceived by the practices of London's grand project. Given these challenges, the research found small firms making deterritorialisation attempts to emancipate themselves in order to negate the established negative challenges. This illuminates, in significant detail, the reasons why and the specific methods with which the community fought back, demanding consideration of a plurality of interests and alternative narratives. It is in light of this, and the learning of this study, that the thesis constructs a 'Manifesto for Resistance and Effective Leverage' to illustrate ways small firms can mobilise, amplify and better access the very benefits initially hoped-for, and projected onto, host communities in order to re-distribute Games-related opportunities more effectively. With respect to local legacies, the findings reveal potential gentrification effects, shifting business demographics away from independent artisan high streets toward corporate chains. This illustrates pervasive concern over the clone town effect and the continued homogenisation and corporatisation of central urban areas, which present a dangerous future for the survival and competitiveness of local traders as we move further into the enigmatic legacy phase.

As an antidote to the 'fast' form of Olympic tourism, the thesis considers how future mega-events can foster a deeper connectivity between event 'visitor' and host 'place'. A major part of achieving this is to consider ways to de-securitise host spaces to allow greater flows of event visitors into host communities, whilst still maintaining a safe, secure event experience. The thesis provides a set of practical recommendations to empower local communities and help re-distribute benefits. A key issue is how small businesses themselves can develop consortiums and forums to help restore power imbalances and collaboratively enhance their political positions and business propositions to access event-opportunities. The thesis also calls for future mega-event policy to be developed with 'social justice' as a core narrative.


Research on teacher knowledge has typically examined teachers outside of the classroom in which they use their knowledge. Recognising that it is difficult to separate a teacher's knowledge from the context in which it is used, there has been a move towards studies being conducted in the classroom. Statistics presents its own challenges for teaching and learning compared with mathematics teaching and learning, especially with the growing recognition of and research around statistical thinking. Consequently there is need for an approach to examining teacher knowledge in relation to the actual work of teaching of statistics. This paper suggests a framework for examining the knowledge of primary (elementary) teachers as they engage in teaching statistics. The framework recognises that teacher knowledge is dynamic and dependent on the context of the classroom and students within it.


Tripartite motif proteins (TRIM) constitute a large family of proteins containing a RING-Bbox-Coiled Coil motif followed by different C-terminal domains. Involved in ubiquitination, TRIM proteins participate in many cellular processes including antiviral immunity. The TRIM family is ancient and has been greatly diversified in vertebrates and especially in fish. We analyzed the complete sets of trim genes of the large zebrafish genome and of the compact pufferfish genome. Both contain three large multigene subsets - adding the hsl5/trim35-like genes (hltr) to the ftr and the btr that we previously described - all containing a B30.2 domain that evolved under positive selection. These subsets are conserved among teleosts. By contrast, most human trim genes of the other classes have only one or two orthologues in fish. Loss or gain of C-terminal exons generated proteins with different domain organizations; either by the deletion of the ancestral domain or, remarkably, by the acquisition of a new C-terminal domain. Our survey of fish trim genes in fish identifies subsets with different evolutionary dynamics. trims encoding RBCC-B30.2 proteins show the same evolutionary trends in fish and tetrapods: they evolve fast, often under positive selection, and they duplicate to create multigenic families. We could identify new combinations of domains, which epitomize how new trim classes appear by domain insertion or exon shuffling. Notably, we found that a cyclophilin-A domain replaces the B30.2 domain of a zebrafish fintrim gene, as reported in the macaque and owl monkey antiretroviral TRIM5α. Finally, trim genes encoding RBCC-B30.2 proteins are preferentially located in the vicinity of MHC or MHC gene paralogues, which suggests that such trim genes may have been part of the ancestral MHC.


Abstract We are performing research and development to increase production quantity and yield for Inertial Fusion Energy targets for laser fusion. A key component of the laser fusion target is an approximately 4 mm diameter foam shell. To facilitate large-scale production, research into optimization of foam shell gelation and hardening times to reduce non-concentricity of the foam shell is underway. Additionally, we are examining methods to modify the current laboratory bench scale process for initial foam shell formation, various fluid exchanges, and sealcoat chemistry into a continuous process in collaboration with Schafer Corporation. The proposed process utilizes porous tubing sections to perform fluid exchanges in a long (200 m-1 km) continuous path of tubing extending from the triple orifice generator currently used to encapsulate and form the foam shell. Real-time process control has been applied to the triple orifice generator to control the diameter of the foam shell. The system makes use of a pair of photodiode sensors in a closed loop feedback control system incorporating a variable speed process pump. Empirical results indicate the process control loop is capable of identifying wet shell diameters to an approximate standard deviation of 80 to 90 μm, on par with characterization results indicating true shell diameter standard deviations of 30-80 μm.


Adaptive leadership in the military: Team leaders' contribution to their soldiers' adaptability Karen van Dam (Open University NL; email@example.com), Ninka Lenssen (Tilburg University) & Walter van Bijlevelt (Royal Netherlands Army) BackgroundWorker adaptability is of utmost importance in work situations that are changing, uncertain, ambiguous and new. Nowadays this is current for many organizations dealing with global competition, rapid technological developments, restructuring and increased diversity in cultural backgrounds. However, this is especially relevant for military teams who go on peacekeeping, humanitarian or other kinds of military operations, and thus work under unpredictable and possibly threatening conditions, often in unfamiliar cultures (Pulakos ea, 2000). The shifts in tactics and approaches to deal with uncertainty and threats make the adaptability of military teams an absolute necessity to successfully complete the mission (Mueller-Hanson ea, 2005). In these complex situations, the ability of the small team leaders to enhance their team's adaptability may affect both tactical and strategic outcomes (Tucker ea, 2009). Study objectives and theoretical frameworkWhile research on workers' adaptability is growing (Jundt ea, 2015), we still know little about the role of leaders for their team members' adaptability (Griffin ea, 2010; Tucker ea, 2009). Therefore, the goal of this study was to establish the relationships of military team leader characteristics with their soldiers' adaptability. Based on the literature and extensive discussions with military experts, three broad collections of leader characteristics were included that were expected to relate to team member adaptability. First, based on Bandura's (1977) Social Learning Theory, a modeling process was expected where team members are more adaptable if their leader is adaptable (Bartone ea, 2009). Second, specific leader behaviors (Tucker ea, 2009) might encourage team members to become adaptive, i.e. explicitly stimulating adaptiveness and creative thinking, error management, and communicating commanders' intent. Third, an inspirational leadership style (Bass ea, 2003) was expected to relate to more leader adaptability and more adaptability encouraging behavior, and in the end to team member' adaptability. Van Dam's (2013) multi-dimensional model for adaptability was chosen as a theoretical framework.MethodData were obtained from 178 soldiers and 33 team leaders (. Combat experience was relatively high; 64% of the soldiers and 97% of the team leaders had served in e.g. Iraq, Afghanistan and/or Bosnia. Validated scales (α = .86-.92) were used for inspirational leadership (Den Hartog ea., 1997), adaptability (Van Dam, 2018), error management (Van Dyck ea, 2005). For stimulating adaptiveness, stimulating creative thinking, and communicating commanders' intent, new scale were developed (α = .80-.93). Structural equation modeling with ML estimation was used to test the research model.ResultsThe findings indicated that leaders and team members agreed very little on the leader characteristics. It seemed that leaders were rather positive of their own quality. Owing to this self-report bias, the leaders' self-ratings of their characteristics had little predictive power for team members' adaptability. Therefore, in the following, only the team member data are used to test the model. The SEM analysis showed sufficient fit (2/df = 2.74, p = .01; TLI = .90; CFI = .93; RMSEA = .08). Leaders with an inspirational leadership style showed more leader adaptability (β = .70, p < 001) and more encouraging behaviors (β = .76, p < 001). Leader adaptability (β = .26, p < 001) and leader behavior (β = .39, p < 001) predicted team member adaptability. DiscussionWhile the literature stresses the importance of leadership for team member adaptability (Griffin ea, 2010; Pulakos ea, 2005; Tucker ea, 2009), research focusing on this topic is still scarce. Our study showed that team members' adaptability could indeed be predicted by leader characteristics, i.e. inspirational leadership, leader adaptability and specific leader behaviors such as that stimulating adaptive and creative behavior. Yet, several study limitations should be taken into account: our specific research setting; cross-sectional data; not using MLA while for nested data. Still, the findings suggest that leader characteristics can be relevant for team adaptability within a very special work context, the military. More studies (and analyses) are needed. ReferencesBandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Oxford, UK: Prentice-Hall. Bartone, P.T., Barry, C.L., & Armstrong, R.E. (2009). To build resilience: Leader influence on mental hardiness. Defense Horizons, 69, 1-8.Bass, B.M., Avolio, B.J., Jung, D.I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting team performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 207-217.Den Hartog, D.N., Van Muijen, J.J., & Koopman, P.L. (1997). Transactional versus transformational leadership: An analysis of the MLQ. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 1934. Griffin, M.A., Parker S.K., & Mason C. (2010). Leader vision and the development of adaptive and proactive performance: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 174–182. Jundt, D.K., Shoss, M.K., & Huang, J.L. (2015). Individual adaptive performance in organizations: A review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36, 53–71. Mueller-Hanson, R.A., White, S.S., Dorsey, D.W., & Pulakos, E.D. (2005). Training adaptable leaders: Lessons from research and practice. Alexandria, VA: US Army Research Institute, Report No. 1844.Pulakos, E.D., Arad, S., Donovan, M.A., & Plamondon, K.E. (2000). Adaptability in the workplace: Development of a taxonomy of adaptive performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 612-624. Pulakos, E.D., Dorsey, D.W., & Mueller-Hanson, R.A. (2005, April). PDRIs Adaptability Research Program.. Paper presented at the 20th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Los Angeles, CA. Tucker, J.S., & Gunther, K.M. (2009). The application of a model of adaptive performance to army leader behaviors. Military Psychology, 21, 315-333. Van Dam, K. (2013). Employee adaptability to change at work: A multidimensional, resource-based framework. In S. Oreg, A. Michel, & R.T. By (Eds.), The psychology of organizational change: Viewing change from the employee's perspective (pp. 123-142). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Van Dam, K. (2018). The adaptability scale: Construction, reliability, and initial validity evidence. Manuscript submitted for publication. Van Dyck, C., Baer, M., Frese, M., & Sonnentag, S. (2005). Organizational error management culture and its impact on performance: a two-study implication. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1228-1240.


When the University of Chicago Press launched the land-mark "History of Cartography" series nearly thirty years ago, founding editors J. B. Harley and David Woodward hoped to create a new basis for map history. They did not, however, anticipate the larger renaissance in map studies that the series would inspire. But as the renown of the series and the comprehensiveness and acuity of the present two-part volume demonstrate, the history of cartography has proven to be unexpectedly fertile ground. "Cartography in the European Renaissance" treats the period from 1450 to 1650, long considered the most important in the history of European mapping. This period witnessed a flowering in the production of maps comparable to that in the fields of literature and fine arts. Scientific advances, appropriations of classical mapping techniques, burgeoning trade routes - all such massive changes drove an explosion in the making and using of maps. While this volume presents detailed histories of mapping in such well-documented regions as Italy and Spain, it also breaks significant new ground by treating Renaissance Europe in its most expansive geographical sense, giving careful attention to often-neglected regions such as Scandinavia, East-Central Europe, and Russia, and by providing innovative interpretive essays on the technological, scientific, cultural, and social aspects of cartography. Lavishly illustrated with more than a thousand maps, many in color, "Cartography in the European Renaissance" will be the unsurpassable standard in its field, both defining it and propelling it forward.


This paper analyzes the degree of climate policy integration (CPI) in Germany's building policy. The basic assumption of CPI is that the cross-sectoral and multi-level challenge of climate change necessitates the integration of climate concerns into non-environmental policy fields (horizontally) and across different levels of governance (vertically). There are at least three dimensions in which CPI can be analyzed, namely a conceptual, a procedural, and an output/outcome dimension. We use this distinction and analyze the current status of CPI in Germany's building policy, an area highly relevant for climate change mitigation. In all three dimensions, CPI appears to be at a fairly low level, leaving much room for improvement in terms of prioritization, coordination, and coherence. It seems as if political commitment to climate change mitigation has a rather low impact on everyday policymaking, i.e. when decisions on trade-offs, resources, and reallocations have to be made. In the absence of a comprehensive strategy, current German building policy does not reflect the need for coherent and long-term climate policymaking. What is the role of federalism in this regard? In section 2, we outline that federalism might impact both positively and negatively on the prospects of CPI, and that there is no uniform relationship between the two. In the specific case of building policy, a number of negative effects of federalism – incoherence, veto players, enforcement deficits – seem to materialize. Even though coordination between federal and Länder level is deemed necessary, reality shows that it happens only to a very limited extent. The Länder partly opposing more ambitious policies, a stronger integration and are varying considerably regarding the implementation of federal policies. On the other hand, potential advantages from federalism for CPI are limited in the field of building policy. Baden-Wuerttemberg's pioneering role in setting standards for renewable heating systems certainly inspired federal legislation, but so far that is mainly restricted to new constructions. The lacking horizontal CPI across departments in particular as well as the lack of coordination across levels of decision making leads to an argument for more and better coordination between all actors involved, be they federal or state actors. Coordination needs to be firmly embedded in the whole policy cycle, starting with joint target-setting, continuing with agreement on adequate policy instruments, and concluding with an evaluation of effects. Strategic capacities, e.g. dedicated institutions or budgets would be needed to maintain the topic on the agenda as an issue of high priority even after changes in governKlaus Jacob & Hannah Kannen ● ffu-report 01-2015 3 ment. The finding however, indicates that the low hanging fruits of energy demand and efficiency have not received similar attention as the supply of (renewable) energy. Klaus Jacob & Hannah Kannen ● ffu-report 01-2015 4


Insanity law in the United States embodies a convoluted collection of often ill-defined standards. The wrongfulness test, which is used in most U.S. jurisdictions, requires a determination of whether the accused knew or had the substantial capacity to appreciate that the acts were wrong at the time the accused committed them. To assist the trier of fact in making that determination, courts and parties commonly invoke the acumen of forensic experts. But, wrongfulness in insanity law is a word with many possible meanings. In this Article, an academic forensic psychiatrist and a legal scholar propose approaches for effectively navigating this legal indeterminacy. The authors parse and clarify key definitions of wrongfulness and provide practical guidance, including an option for a triadic evaluation, for forensic experts called upon to assist the trier of fact in analyzing the complex interface of morality, mental illness, and the law.


In this essay I look at the productive tension between the visual and the acoustic elements in the Iberian sixteenth-century play La farsa del juego de cañas by Diego Sánchez de Badajoz, with special attention to the uses of the female voice in the complex spatial organization of the stage. In the first part of my essay, I argue that through the figure of the Sibila, the playwright experiments with new notions of conceptual dramatic space. I then show how this medieval and Iberian sibila can be read in the context of a long tradition of other subversive female figures, such as the Greco-Roman sibyl or the Homeric muse, who have traditionally been represented as passive vehicles of both poets and gods. In this short play these passive female figures are transformed into an active and powerful force that creates the dramatic space that will make the performance of the play possible. Due to the unusually detailed stage directions that accompany the play, we have a clear view into Sánchez de Badajoz's complex use of theatrical space, which allows contemporary readers and spectators to imagine the intricate relationship between Early Modern textual practices and performances.


The English literature component has been around in the Malaysian Education system since 2000. However, literature as a subject has always been learned more for transactional purposes rather than for its aesthetic value. Basically, a regurgitation of knowledge from years of learning, poured out in one major examination. In this research, the researcher applies a teaching method, called the literature circle in a classroom to study how it could be an effective way to learning literature beyond the classroom and for completing exam papers. Accompanying the literature circle activity is the writing of personal responses to gauge the students' understanding and views on the literature component being studied. This paper discusses the findings of the study that investigates the effect of literature circle in the students' personal responses and also to examine the students' perception towards literature circle. The findings of this study, obtained via qualitative and quantitative instruments, comprising of observations, interviews, personal responses, and questionnaires, provide insights for educators and other researchers into another dimension of the teaching and learning of literature component.


A popular hypothesis for centrosome separation during spindle formation and anaphase is that pushing forces are generated between interacting microtubules (MTs) of opposite polarity, derived from opposing centrosomes. However, this mechanism is not consistent with the observation that centrosomes in vertebrate cells continue to separate during prometaphase when their MT arrays no longer overlap (i.e., during anaphase-like prometaphase). To evaluate whether centrosome separation during prophase/prometaphase, anaphase-like prometaphase and anaphase is mediated by a common mechanism we compared their behavior in vivo at a high spatial and temporal resolution. We found that the two centrosomes possess a considerable degree of independence throughout all stages of separation, i.e., the direction and migration rate of one centrosome does not impart a predictable behavior to the other, and both exhibit frequent and rapid (4-6 microns/min) displacements toward random points within the cell including the other centrosome. The kinetic behavior of individual centrosomes as they separate to form the spindle is the same whether or not their MT arrays overlap. The characteristics examined include, e.g., total displacement per minute, the vectorial rate of motion toward and away from the other centrosome, the frequency of toward and away motion as well as motion not contributing to separation, and the rate contributed by each centrosome to the separation process. By contrast, when compared with prometaphase, anaphase centrosomes separated at significantly faster rates even though the average vectorial rate of motion away from the other centrosome was the same as in prophase/prometaphase. The difference in separation rates arises because anaphase centrosomes spend less time moving toward one another than in prophase/prometaphase, and at a significantly slower rate. From our data we conclude that the force for centrosome separation during vertebrate spindle formation is not produced by MT-MT interactions between opposing asters, i.e., that the mechanism is intrinsic to each aster. Our results also strongly support the contention that forces generated independently by each aster also contribute substantially to centrosome separation during anaphase, but that the process is modified by interactions between opposing astral MTs in the interzone.


Studies of carbonate, bulk organic, and compound-specific stable isotopes of carbon have shown that the Triassic-Jurassic boundary interval (including the end-Triassic mass extinction) displays major, global perturbations to the carbon cycle. These records are instrumental not only in reconstructing environmental change, as they are thought to reflect ecosystem instability and changing atmospheric gas inventories, but, due to their global nature, can be useful tools for stratigraphic correlation. The Algarve Basin, a deformed, extensional basin in the south of Portugal, has potential for yielding insight into the dramatic paleoenvironmental and faunal changes that occurred during the latest Triassic through earliest Jurassic. During this time interval, the basin records an evolution from continental to marginal marine sediments that are interbedded with radioisotopically dated Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) basalts, thought to be a major causative agent in the end-Triassic mass extinction. Recent field excavations in the Algarve Basin have documented terrestrial vertebrate remains at multiple horizons, including a rich bone bed densely packed with well-preserved remains of large stereospondyl temnospondyls (skull length up to ~1 meter) positioned close to the TriassicJurassic boundary. These stereospondyls may represent some of the latest surviving members of their groups in Europe, and occur in a time interval in which stereospondyl material is scarce and represented primarily by isolated and fragmentary material. Unfortunately, the paleoenvironmental and chronologic framework of the Algarve Basin is not well constrained, despite its importance as a critical record of this time in Earth history. We present a preliminary bulk organic carbon isotope record of early Mesozoic rift-basin sediments from the Algarve Basin. This record exhibits significant variability, but appears to record a trend towards more negative values at the top of the section, though this needs better constraint with further sampling. Although the potential for changes in the source of organic material can be expected to have an effect on the overall signal, the presence of depleted δ13C values in proximity to CAMP basalts relative to stratigraphically lower sections points to the potential for identifying key negative excursions associated with Triassic-Jurassic boundary events in the Algarve Basin. 15-12-2010 NASA ADS: New Paleoenvironmental a...


Nano-sphere lithography technique was used to fabricate nano-patterned Si substrates with various depths by controlling the etching time. The depth-dependent broadband anti-reflection was observed and the reflectivity could be reduced to 5%. By depositing Si quantum dots/SiO2 multilayer on nano-patterned substrate, the reflection was further suppressed and luminescence intensity was significantly enhanced. The luminescence enhancement is dependent of the etching depth and the luminescence can be one order of magnitude stronger than that on flat substrate due to both the improved absorption of excitation light and the increase of light extraction ratio by nano-patterned structures.


I want to begin by thanking a great University for its contribution to my love of music. When I was a fifteen-year-old kid and a student at Regis High School, the Jesuits did not think that the school day ended at 3:00 PM. Instead, they insisted that we drink from the astonishing cultural fountain that was and is New York City. It was at Fordham that I saw my first Shakespearean play and my first opera, presented by two companies that were amateur in name only. It makes sense that, fifty years later, I return to Fordham to talk about music. I cannot pretend that what I am about to say is history supported by the traditional footnotes. Let it be, instead, reminiscences of an old man who had the joy of being a New York kid when an old American music form was transformed by the extraordinary efforts of a group of musicians who saw a new creative force that they thought could cause revolutionary social change. Much of it happened right under my nose in Greenwich Village, close to where our Italian-American family made its first home in, what was then, Little Italy. Let me begin with a strange meeting between a desperately ill man, named Woody Guthrie, and a kid from Minnesota, then named Robert Zimmerman. Guthrie was near death from a genetic disease that had enfeebled him, and Zimmerman had come on a sacred pilgrimage to see him in a state hospital in New Jersey. What transpired between them is not really known, but it was such a transformative moment that a book for young children has now been written about it. (1) The world knows that the kid named Robert Zimmerman would change his name to Bob Dylan. With the passage of time, the significance of the life of the other man has faded, but its influence on Dylan, and the rest of the generation that sang "folk music" in the 1960s is incalculable. Indeed, Dylan wrote a song, Song to Woody, that expressed his admiration for Guthrie in hero-worship terms. Guthrie's music, "folk music," finds its roots in the music that emerged from the experience of rural America in its hymns, field hollers, and work songs. It is the antithesis of the slick Tin Pan Alley or Broadway song, with their orchestrations and catch-line choruses with simple rhymes--"If you knew Susie, like I knew Susie." Instead, folk music is either a variation on the sort of hymn one would hear at a church or prayer meeting--captured so perfectly by the music in the film O Brother, Where Art Thou?--or pure narrative. If it was the latter, it was a simple melody based on a few chords in which the singer told a story. Thus, the first big "folk music" hit was Tom Dooley, a story told by a convict named Tom Dullah of why he must hang in the morning. The tradition is, of course, an ancient one stretching all the way back to the French troubadours who sang of courtly love in medieval France. In the American tradition, however, it was not the songs of the court but of the farm, of the small town with a small church where most folks earned a meager living from an often unforgiving earth. The singer of the song is the wandering minstrel who moves from town to town like the wind, never staying anywhere long enough to be rooted in that soil. In Dylan's tribute to Guthrie, Dylan starts by saying that he is a thousand miles from his home, and ends by announcing that he is leaving tomorrow. To be faithful to the tradition, the singer can never stay; he has to move on down the line to remain faithful to his calling. Guthrie is the archetype: he was incapable of remaining in one place and his life was pure wanderlust. He drank too much, was rarely faithful, and often failed to support his family. Indeed, he had contempt for making money; he did not bother to copyright a single one of his hundreds of songs, although those royalties could have helped his family. Yet, while his life was perhaps not admirable, his music captured the narrative tradition of the wandering American minstrel. …


This paper introduces Strict Partial Order Networks (SPON), a novel neural network architecture designed to enforce asymmetry and transitive properties as soft constraints. We apply it to induce hypernymy relations by training with is-a pairs. We also present an augmented variant of SPON that can generalize type information learned for in-vocabulary terms to previously unseen ones. An extensive evaluation over eleven benchmarks across different tasks shows that SPON consistently either outperforms or attains the state of the art on all but one of these benchmarks.


1. How Does an Idea's Time Come? 2. Participants on the Inside of Government 3. Outside of Government, But Not Just Looking In 4. Processes: Origins, Rationality, Incrementalism, and Garbage Cans 5. Problems 6. The Policy Primeval Soup 7. The Political Stream 8. The Policy Window, and Joining the Streams 9. Wrapping Things Up 10. Some Further Reflections: New Case Studies Thoughts About the Modeling Appendix on Methods: The Interviews Coding Case Studies Noninterview Measures of Agenda Status.


Background: Evidence for an association of alcohol consumption with prognosis after a diagnosis of breast cancer has been inconsistent. We have reviewed and summarized the published evidence and evaluated the association using individual patient data from multiple case cohorts. Methods: A MEDLINE search to identify studies published up to January 2013 was performed. We combined published estimates of survival time for "moderate drinkers" versus nondrinkers. An analysis of individual participant data using Cox regression was carried out using data from 11 case cohorts. Results: We identified 11 published studies suitable for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Moderate postdiagnosis alcohol consumption was not associated with overall survival [HR, 0.95; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.85–1.05], but there was some evidence of better survival associated with prediagnosis consumption (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.73–0.88). Individual data on alcohol consumption for 29,239 cases with 4,839 deaths were available from the 11 case cohorts, all of which had data on estrogen receptor (ER) status. For women with ER-positive disease, there was little evidence that pre- or postdiagnosis alcohol consumption is associated with breast cancer–specific mortality, with some evidence of a negative association with all-cause mortality. On the basis of a single study, moderate postdiagnosis alcohol intake was associated with a small reduction in breast cancer–specific mortality for women with ER-negative disease. There was no association with prediagnosis intake for women with ER-negative disease. Conclusion: There was little evidence that pre- or post-diagnosis alcohol consumption is associated with breast cancer–specific mortality for women with ER-positive disease. There was weak evidence that moderate post-diagnosis alcohol intake is associated with a small reduction in breast cancer–specific mortality in ER-negative disease. Impact: Considering the totality of the evidence, moderate postdiagnosis alcohol consumption is unlikely to have a major adverse effect on the survival of women with breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(6); 934–45. ©2014 AACR.


This study was carried out on the optimization of hot water extraction and enzymatic treatment for producing clarified banana juice. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimum extraction temperature and time to produce banana juice extract. Banana juice was extracted using hot water at different extraction temperatures (35-95oC) and time (30-120 min). The effects of these extraction conditions on juice yield, total soluble solids (oBrix), banana odour and taste were studied by employing a second-order central composite design. The coefficient of determination, R2, for juice yield, total soluble solids (oBrix), banana odour and taste were greater than 0.900. Analysis of the regression coefficients showed that temperature was the most important factor that affected the characteristics of the banana juice extract as it exerted a highly significant influence (p<0.001) on all the dependent variables. An increase in temperature and extraction time of hot water extraction resulted in an increase in juice yield, total soluble solids, banana odour and taste of the banana juice extract. Based on response surface and contour plots, the optimum conditions obtained for hot water extraction of banana juice were 95oC for 120 minutes. This optimum condition gave maximum juice yield (39.55 %), total soluble solids (9.19 °Brix), banana odour (6.91 scores) and taste (5.87 scores).
Optimization of enzymatic treatment of the banana juice extract was then carried out using pectinase (Pectinex Ultra SP-L) at various enzyme concentrations (0.01–0.1%), temperatures (30–50oC) and times (30–120 min). The effect of these enzyme treatments on filterability, clarity, turbidity and viscosity of the juice were studied by employing a second order central composite design. The coefficient of determination, R2 values for filterability, clarity, turbidity and viscosity were greater than 0.900. Statistical analysis showed that filterability, clarity, viscosity and turbidity were significantly (p<0.05) correlated to enzyme concentration, incubation temperature and incubation time. Enzyme concentration was the most important factor affecting the characteristics of the banana juice as it exerted a highly significant influence (p<0.01) on all the dependent variables. An increase in time and/or concentration of enzyme treatment was associated with an increase in filterability and clarity, and decrease in turbidity and viscosity. Based on response surface and contour plots, the optimum conditions for clarifying banana juice obtained were: 0.084% enzyme concentration, incubation temperature of 43.2oC and incubation time of 80 min. The response functions were calculated from the final polynomial, and the response were filterability (0.073 second -1), clarity (0.006 Abs), turbidity (0.92 NTU) and viscosity (1.89 cps). The storage stability of clarified banana juice was evaluated for 24 weeks using bentonite and a combination of gelatin and bentonite as fining agents and stored at 4, 25 and 37oC. The results indicated that fining agents, storage temperature and storage time had a significant (p<0.001) effect on turbidity, clarity, total polyphenol, protein content and browning index, colour (L, a and b values), pH, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS) of clarified banana juice. It was observed that both bentonite and combination of gelatin and bentonite treatments produced juice of better quality than control. These treatments were effective in reducing turbidity, total polyphenol, protein content and browning while improving clarity and lightness of the clarified banana juice. Bentonite treated juice was the least turbid and its organoleptic quality did not change significantly throughout storage. The temperature used for storage of juice had a marked effect on the rate and amount of haze formed during storage. Bentonite treated juice stored at 4oC was found to be the most suitable storage combination with the lowest rate of increase in turbidity and colour change as well as lowest rate of decrease in clarity, total polyphenol and protein content during storage.


One of the challenges in mathematics education research is to provide a comprehensive description of mathematical activity carried out by university students. Taking this challenge as an objective, this paper analyses the answers of 30 prospective teachers of primary education to a typical mathematics problem on fractions using area and tree diagrams. Theoretical and methodological tools from the onto-semiotic approach to mathematical knowledge and instruction support the cognitive analysis; hence, the underlying complexity of applying the area diagram to express a multiplicative reasoning should be highlighted. However, the structure of the system of practices that have to be carried out to solve the problem in the tree diagram are better aligned with this kind of reasoning. Furthermore, the use of the natural language in order to communicate the answer has been observed as a necessary register. This result lead to a deeper comprehension of the role played by these two types of diagrams and of the mathematical objects that emerge from such representations. As a conclusion, the type of analysis presented here is revealed as a strategic tool for instructors of primary education students to emphasize the importance of meanings negotiation.


Described as "the Greatest Batsman in the Country" by sports writers of his era, Dennis "Big Dan" Brouthers compiled a .342 batting average, tying with Babe Ruth for ninth place all-time, and slugged 205 triples, eighth all time, in 16 major league seasons. He won five batting and on-base percentage titles, and seven slugging titles, and was the first player to win batting and slugging crowns in successive years. Although he ranked fourth among nineteenth-century home run hitters, many fair balls he hit into the stands or over the fence were counted only as doubles or triples due to local ground rules. Brouthers was extremely difficult to strike out--in 1889, for example, he did so just six times in 565 plate appearances. He was the first player to be walked intentionally on a regular basis. This comprehensive biography of Dan Brouthers examines his life and career from his youth as an apprentice in a print and dye factory to his final years as an attendant at the Polo Grounds. It corrects numerous errors that have crept into earlier accounts of his life, and clarifies his position as one of the greatest hitters ever to play the game.


The effect of copper-added content and sintering temperature on the mechanical properties and functionalperformances such as anti-bacteria and resist-corrosion for the stainless steel by metal injection molding wasinvestigated. The specimens were prepared by injection molding the mixed powders of water-atomized SUS304Land Cu with poly-acetyl binder. The green compacts were prepared at five steps of copper-added content fromOmass%Cu to s mass%Cu and they were sintered at the six steps of temperature from 1050 to 1350°C for 7.2ks in Argas after the debinding process at 600°C for 7.2 ks in NZ gas. The relative density and tensile strength of sinteredcompacts showed the minimum values by addition of 5mass%Cu and 8mass%Cu, respectively. They were modifiedup to original value by addition of IOmass%Cu and sintering at 1100°C. The anti-bacterial test based on film contactto bacilli and the quantitative analysis of copper ion dissolved to water showed high effective as increasing thecopper-added content. It was also confirmed from the measurement of pitting potential that copper addition modifiesthe resist-corrosion performance.


Background. Little has been published on autism in Africa, and it is not known whether South African children present with the same characteristics and challenges as described internationally. Objectives. To describe the demographics, history, clinical features, co-morbidity and yield of aetiological investigations in children diagnosed with a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Methods. This was a retrospective review of medical records of children fulfilling Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 4th edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria for a PDD who attended a tertiary developmental clinic at Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape, South Africa, over a 2-year period (2008 - 2010). Results. Fifty-eight children were included. The median age at diagnosis was 42 months (range 15 - 106 months), and 45 (77.6%) were boys. Forty per cent had complex autism (dysmorphism with or without microcephaly), and 12.1% were macrocephalic. Most children (72.4%) were non-verbal (using fewer than 10 non-echoed words), and 89.0% had behavioural problems as reported by caregivers. The diagnostic yield of investigations was low. Conclusion. The profile of children with PDD attending a tertiary hospital developmental clinic in the Western Cape revealed that a high proportion had severe language impairment, behavioural problems and complex autism.


Most coral reefs differ from those visited by explorers in the 15th century and described by ecologists in the 1950s, and reports of degraded reefs and hypotheses regarding the implications of the changes abound. Tests of these hypotheses require decadal-scale ecological analyses, yet data to support these efforts remain rare. In this study, 25 yr of time-series analyses from 3 habitats in St. John, US Virgin Islands, revealed changes in coral community structure that are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, only loosely coupled with local disturbances, and equivocal in terms of the coral community structure that can be projected from the recent past. In a near-shore habitat at 7 to 9 m depth, coral cover remained ~4% between 1992 and 2011, and variation in benthic community structure was driven mostly by Agaricia. In an Orbicella annularis (formerly Montastraea annularis)-dominated habitat at 9 m depth, coral cover declined from 45% in 1987 to 7% in 2011, and varied among decades. In a second O. annularis-dominated habitat at 14 m depth, coral cover increased from 32% in 1987 to 49% in 2002, but then declined to 29% in 2011. The density of small corals also changed between 1994 and 2011, beginning with a density (colonies per 0.25 m2) of 3.5 in 1992, rising to 4.9 in 2005, but declining to 3.0 in 2011. Each genus of small corals responded in dissimilar ways over time, with genera waxing and waning in abundance on multiple occasions and in asynchronous patterns. The reefs of St. John have changed markedly since 1987, but the present results show how adjacent habitats and sympatric coral taxa translate similar environmental signals into discordant community trajectories that suggest that these coral communities will not disappear in the short term.


The reconfiguration of the social spaces in which the theatrical exhibition of feature films takes place, from dedicated single-screen large capacity cinema halls to multiplex venues, has progressively transformed cinema exhibition across the world since the 1980s. The rise of the multiplex in India since 1997 has been an integral, and highly visible, component of the general spread of mall culture; with multiplex venues often being housed within shopping mall developments and other new forms of privatized 'public' leisure. As such, the multiplex has powerfully altered the nature of cinema as public space and thus, crucially, what it means to be in the cinema hall. While the reconstitution of the cinema crowd within the multiplex might be seen as constitutive of the 'globalizing' trends now at work in Indian cities, this article seeks to demonstrate that the particular dynamics of the Indian multiplex at the present time must also be understood within the historical trajectory of the Indian cinema hall and the political struggles that have been played out within its confines.