Published in Искусствознание (Art Studies Magazine). Translated by Sophia Krynskaya.

The text deals with the concept of "anti-shows" — experimental non-exhibitions held as part of the APTART ("apartment art") project, a collective project and laboratory of the Moscow conceptualists that existed from 1982 to 1984. The author considers such binaries of 1980s culture as official-unofficial, art-life, public-private, collective- individual, as well as categories of interaction, DIY-practice, institutionalization, the viewer and the market in the context of a closed art community. The text was written as a preface to the book Anti-Shows: APTART 1982–84 (London: Afterall Books in Association with the Center for Curatorial Studies at Bard College, 2017), compiled by Margarita and Victor Tupitsyn and based on archive materials from their collection. This version of the text was published in e-flux journal (No. 81, April 2017) and is reprinted with the kind permission of the author, Margarita and Victor Tupitsyn and e-flux journal .


`Looked after' children have high rates of emotional/behavioural disturbance, but it remains uncertain whether this derives from genetic risk, adverse experiences before reception into care, or from risks associated with substitute care experiences. Methods: The study was a `natural experiment' comparing two different patterns of rearing after breakdown in early parenting, using teacher and parent questionnaires, interviews, systematic observations and standardised cognitive testing. 19 primary school children raised in institutional care from before the age of 1 year were compared with 19 children, matched for age and gender and comparable in biological background, who had experienced uninterrupted family foster care from that age. Both groups were compared with classroom controls. Results: The combined group of `looked after' children differed from their classroom controls in showing a high level of inattention/overactivity'. The teacher questionnaire and observational measures showed, however, that the increased rate was substantially higher in the institutional group than the family foster group. This difference was not explained by cognitive deficits. Also, the heightened level of inattention/overactivity was associated with a marked lack of selectivity in social relationships. This profile was found only in the institutional group, characterising about a third of them, all boys. At school, this elevated level of inattention was a specific response to cognitively demanding tasks, and partially accounted for the lower reading attainment of the institutional group compared with the family foster care group, whereas variation in IQ accounted for the lower reading scores of the family foster care group compared with their matched classroom controls. Out of school, the children in institutional care were rated by carers as having more emotional and unsociable difficulties; help with homework was associated with higher reading attainment in the family foster care group only. Conclusions: Against a background of genetic and early environmental risk, the type of care doesm atter. Institutional rearing was associatedw ith a pattern of inattention/overactivity that for a significant minority included a marked lack of selectivity in social relationships. Further institutional upbringing was related to poorer reading attainment both directly and indirectly through this heightened inattention. Possible reasons, and implications for social policy and future research are discussed.


Endophytic bacteria are organisms that colonize internal plant tissues. These
organisms are believed to be useful for pharmacological screening and agricultural
programs for biological control of plant pests and diseases. This project was designed to
screen endophytic bacteria to be used for pharmaceutical purpose.
Bacterial endophytes were isolated from the twigs of 50 different healthy tropical
rain forest plants collected at Kemensal Hill, Ulu Kelang, Selangor. After preparing the
pure culture of the bacteria, the isolates were subjected to bioassay using disk diffusion
method against Bacillus cereus NRRL 1447 (Gram-positive bacteria), Pseudomonas
aeruginosa ATCC 60690 (Gram-negative bacteria), Bacillus subtilis B₂₈ and B₂₉
[mutant (deficient in DNA repair) and wild type], Candida lipolytica ATCC 2075 (yeast), Sacchromyces /ipolytica ATCC 16617 (yeast) and Aspergillus ochraceous
ATCC 398 (fungi). Out of the 79 bacterial endophytes that were isolated from 50
tropical plants, 12 of them showed antimicrobial activity. One of the isolate (no.32.1)
that possesses the best inhibition activity against target microorganisms was selected for
further study. By employing biochemical tests, miniaturized multi test system (API
20NE kit) and whole cellular fatty acid profiles the isolate was identified as
Pseudomonas aeruginosa UPM strain.
Judicious combinations of chromatographic techniques were adopted in
purifying the active compounds from the fermentation media. As a result, two bioactive
compounds were purified. The structure of these two bioactive compounds were
elucidated by means of spectroscopic techniques including ultraviolet spectroscopy
(UV), infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H and
¹³C-NMR), mass spectroscopy (MS), also by comparison with the literature and they
were identified as pyocyanine and I-phenazinole. Minimum inhibitory concentration of pyocyanine against P. aeruginosa, B.
subtilis (B₂₉) and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus auerus was 4.6875 µg/disk, while
against B. subtilis (B₂₈) and B. cereus was 9.375 µg/disk. I-Phenazinole had the MIC
value of 37.5 µg/disk against P. aeruginosa, C. lipolytica, A. ochraceous. The MIC
value of this compound was 75 and 150 µg/disk against B. cereus, B. subtilis (B₂₈ and
B₂₉), S. lipolytica and MRSA, respectively. Therefore, pyocyanine revealed
antibacterial activity whereas, I-phenazinole was active against all target microbes. The antimicrobial activity of I-phenazinole was less than pyocyanine. The cytotoxicity of the
compounds were tested against the HeLa cells (Human cervical adenocarcinoma), 3T3
(Mouse fibroblast), T-Lymphoblastic Leukemic cells (CEM-SS) and Sf9 insect cells. 1-Phenazinole was found to be more toxic than pyocyanine against the tested cell lines,
except for CEM-SS. Cytotoxic activity of the compounds against 3T3 cell line (noncancerous
mouse fibroblast) was lower than against the tumor cell lines. Thus, the
compounds revealed fairly selective cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines. The
compounds showed cytotoxic effect on Sf9 insect cells and therefore could be used for
biological control


The rights and movement of people crossing international borders remain inadequately governed and incompletely protected by a fragmented patchwork of institutions and norms. In recent years, debates regarding migration law and practice globally have been focused on subcategories of migrants, such as refugees, or on particular migration contexts, such as migration as a result of crisis or climate change. In response, a transnational initiative housed at the Georgetown University Law Center has drafted a soft-law bill of rights — the International Migrants Bill of Rights (IMBR) — that seeks to elaborate the law protecting all migrants, regardless of the cause of their movement across an international border. The bill draws its content from human rights, refugee, and labor law, among other areas, and is drafted to be a comprehensive and declarative tool that articulates a core set of rights to protect migrants and to apply in the migration context. This article articulates how such a tool could be used to promote the recognition and protection of the rights of all migrants, in law and in practice. It argues that a soft-law bill of rights could be leveraged to fill significant gaps and promote an improved normative and institutional infrastructure that better protects all migrants worldwide. Section I provides a brief overview of the gap that a soft-law bill of rights can address. Section II provides a brief overview of the history and content of the bill of rights and IMBR Initiative. Section III describes, specifically, how making use of a soft-law bill of rights stands to improve the recognition and protection of fundamental rights that protect all migrants — and how soft law can help fill specific protection gaps.


The rare gas analysis of the lunar surface has lead to important conclusions concerning the moon. The large amounts of rare gases found in the lunar soil and breccia indicate that the solar atmosphere is trapped in the lunar soil as no other source of such large amounts of gas is known. The cosmogenic products indicate that the exposure ages of the 17 lunar rocks measured vary from 20 to 400 million years with some grouping of the ages. The most striking feature is the old potassium-argon age which for the 14 rocks analyzed varies from 2.5 to 3.8 billion years. It is concluded that Mare Tranquillitatis crystallized about 4 billion years ago from a molten state produced by a large meteorite impact or volcanic flow.


Although smart-textile solutions based on piezoresistive technology have emerged as a tool to assess unobtrusively breathing activity, their signals are affected by the artifacts related to the subjects' movements during common activities (e.g. walking or running). In order to remove such artifacts, we implemented a novel algorithm combining the information recorded by four piezoresistive textile sensors, which allowed to measure rib cage movements due to the breathing activity, with the data synchronously recorded by an inertial measurement unit. Specifically, by using an Independent Component Analysis (ICA), our algorithm allowed to blindly reduce movement artifacts from the signals recorded by the piezo sensors, leading to highlight the breathing activity. We tested our algorithm in a pilot study, in which we enrolled one healthy subject during a free-running task. In order to assess our approach, we compared the signal spectrum obtained applying our algorithm with the one computed after a standard band-pass filter at 0.05-3 Hz. To this aim, we compared the average amplitude of the Power Spectral Densities (PSDs), computed after both approaches, along three frequency ranges: i) [0–1] Hz, related to the breathing activity; ii) [1-2] Hz, related with the torso rotation, during a running a task; iii) [2-3] Hz, related with the pace, during a running a task. Although the study was performed on one single subject, the results obtained seem to be promising. Indeed, within the range [0–1] Hz, the average reduction of the Power Spectral Density (PSD) is only about 4%, while it is considerably higher within frequency range related to the walking/running activity. Specifically, considering the ranges [1-2] Hz and [2-3] Hz such a reduction is around 39% and 36% respectively.


The self-localization capability is a crucial component for Unmanned Ground Vehicles in farming applications. Approaches based solely on visual cues or on a low-cost Global Positioning System (GPS) are easily prone to fail in such scenarios. In this letter, we present a robust and accurate three-dimensional (3-D) global pose estimation framework, designed to take full advantage of heterogeneous sensory data. By modeling the pose estimation problem as a pose graph optimization, our approach simultaneously mitigates the cumulative drift introduced by motion estimation systems (wheel odometry, visual odometry, etc) and the noise introduced by raw GPS readings. Along with a suitable motion model, our system also integrates two additional types of constraints, namely, a Digital Elevation Model and a Markov Random Field assumption. We demonstrate how using these additional cues substantially reduces the error along the altitude axis and, moreover, how this benefit spreads to the other components of the state. We report exhaustive experiments combining several sensor setups, showing accuracy improvements ranging from 37% to 76% with respect to the exclusive use of a GPS sensor. We show that our approach provides accurate results even if the GPS unexpectedly changes positioning mode. The code of our system along with the acquired datasets is released with this letter.


We reviewed the records of 222 patients treated for posterior wall acetabular fractures from 1994 to 2006 at our institution. In 71 of these patients a 3.5 mm one-third tubular, small fragment plate was used instead of a reconstruction plate. The patients were followed up for an average of 17 months clinically and with radiographs. All fractures united. There were only two cases of hardware failure; in one a screw broke with no loss of reduction, and in the other the plate broke in a case with an associated posterior column fracture. The one-third tubular plate is quick and easy to apply to the posterior wall. It can be secured, providing a strong tension buttress that maintains reduction. We recommend this plate as the implant of choice for internal fixation of isolated posterior wall acetabular fractures that do not involve the posterior column. If the posterior column is involved a reconstruction plate must be added.


Electrically conducting films in a time-varying transverse applied magnetic field are considered. Their behavior is strongly influenced by the self-field of the induced currents, making the electrodynamics nonlocal, and consequently difficult to analyze both numerically and analytically. We present a formalism which allows many phenomena related to superconducting and Ohmic films to be modeled and analyzed. The formalism is based on the Maxwell equations and a material current–voltage characteristics, linear for normal metals and nonlinear for superconductors, plus a careful account of the boundary conditions. For Ohmic films, we consider the response to a delta function source-field turned on instantly. As one of few problems in nonlocal electrodynamics, this has an analytical solution, which we obtain in both Fourier and real space. Next, the dynamical behavior of a square superconductor film during ramping up of the field, and subsequently returning to zero, is treated numerically. Then, this remanent state is used as initial condition for triggering thermomagnetic avalanches. The avalanches tend to invade the central part where the density of trapped flux is largest, forming dendritic patterns in excellent agreement with magneto-optical images. Detailed profiles of current and flux density are presented and discussed. Finally, the formalism is extended to multiply connected samples, and numerical results for a patterned superconducting film, a ring with a square lattice of antidots, are presented and discussed.


The mean half life of doxycycline given to seven patients on long-term diphenylhydantoin treatment was 7·2 ± 0·4 hours. In five patients on long-term carbamazepine treatment the half life was 8·4 ± 1·4 hours. In four patients on combined diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine treatment the half life was 7·4 ± 0·7 hours. All these were significantly shorter than a mean half life of 15·1 ± 1·0 hours when doxycycline was given to nine control patients. Therefore doxycycline in normal doses given to patients taking diphenylhydantoin or carbamazepine may fail to maintain the minimum inhibitory concentration necessary for proper bacteriostasis. When doxycycline is given in association with agents known to induce drug metabolism the serum concentration of the antibiotic should be watched to see that bacteriostatic levels are maintained.


In a lifetime of practice, most physicians will never encounter a single case of PKU. Yet every physician in the industrialized world learns about the disease in medical school and, since the early 1960s, the newborn heel stick test for PKU has been mandatory in many countries. Diane B. Paul and Jeffrey P. Brosco's beautifully written book explains this paradox. PKU (phenylketonuria) is a genetic disorder that causes severe cognitive impairment if it is not detected and treated with a strict and difficult diet. Programs to detect PKU and start treatment early are deservedly considered a public health success story. Some have traded on this success to urge expanded newborn screening, defend basic research in genetics, and confront proponents of genetic determinism. In this context, treatment for PKU is typically represented as a simple matter of adhering to a low-phenylalanine diet. In reality, the challenges of living with PKU are daunting. In this first general history of PKU, a historian and a pediatrician explore how a rare genetic disease became the object of an unprecedented system for routine testing. The PKU Paradox is informed by interviews with scientists, clinicians, policymakers, and individuals who live with the disease. The questions it raises touch on ongoing controversies about newborn screening and what happens to blood samples collected at birth.


Abstract We report on exquisitely preserved specimens of freshwater siliceous algae belonging to the classes Synurophyceae (scaled chrysophytes) and Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) from middle Eocene lake sediments in Northern Canada. When considered in the context of closest extant relatives, these microfossils present unequivocal biogeographic and ecological affinities with warm-water ochrophyte assemblages. We have identified scales that are unambiguously assigned to Mallomonas bangladeshica, a chrysophyte now restricted to tropical lake ecosystems. The diatom genus Actinella is also well represented in these sediments, again with the most comparable extant congeners found in tropical to subtropical localities, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere. We surmise that fundamental biogeographic reorganizations among lacustrine algae took place during Eocene hothouse paleoclimates. In this light, future climate warming should be viewed as a potent vector for similar community shifts, with attendant limnological implications.


This paper clarifies why optimal corporate governance generally excludes monetary liability for breach of directors' and managers' fiduciary duty of care. In principle, payments predicated on judicial evaluations of directors' and managers' business decisions could usefully supplement payments predicated on stock prices or accounting figures in the provision of performance incentives. In particular, the optimally adjusted combination of standard performance pay and tailored partial liability could impose less risk on directors and managers, and provide better risk-taking incentives, than standard performance pay alone. This paper shows this in a formal model summarizing well-known results.Consequently, the reason not to use liability incentives is not absolute but a cost-benefit trade-off. Litigation is expensive, while the benefits from refining incentives are limited, at least in public firms. Equity pay already provides fairly good incentives, courts have difficulties evaluating business decisions, and the agency conflict in standard business decisions is limited. The analysis rationalizes many existing exceptions from non-liability but also leads to novel recommendations, particularly for entities other than public corporations.


Abstract. The Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) experiences high loadings of atmospheric aerosols from anthropogenic sources, biomass burning and wind-blown dust. This paper uses a combination of measurements and numerical simulations to identify different plumes affecting the basin and to characterize transformation inside the plumes. The High Spectral Resolution Lidar on board the NASA LaRC B-200 King Air aircraft measured extinction coefficients and extinction to backscatter ratio at 532 nm, and backscatter coefficients and depolarization ratios at 532 and 1064 nm. These can be used to identify aerosol types. The measurement curtains are compared with particle trajectory simulations using WRF-Flexpart for different source groups. The good correspondence between measurements and simulations suggests that the aerosol transport is sufficiently well characterized by the models to estimate aerosol types and ages. Plumes in the basin undergo complex transport, and are frequently mixed together. Urban aerosols are readily identifiable by their low depolarization ratios and high lidar ratios, and dust by the opposite properties. Fresh biomass burning plumes have very low depolarization ratios which increase rapidly with age. This rapid transformation is consistent with the presence of atmospheric tar balls in the fresh plumes.


A growing body of research has been undertaken in a variety of contexts worldwide to explore language preference and use as well as the attitudes and beliefs that may impact the maintenance and revitalization of endangered languages. There has also been considerable examination of the motivations that impact second language learning and the choices speakers make regarding second language learning and use. However this research has rarely extended to exploring the motivations influencing language choices in contexts where one of the languages is an endangered mother‐tongue language. Analyzing a portion of the data gathered from a larger study on language attitudes and practices, this study explores the language choices of members of an indigenous community in Costa Rica and the motivations that appear to influence those choices. An analysis is also made of the relationship between the language choice motivations that are present and current indigenous language revitalization efforts in the community.


One of the major controls on nickel laterite deposit formation is climate. A comparison of climatic data for regions where ultramafic rocks are exposed shows that areas currently conducive to nickel laterite formation receive >1000 mm/yr precipitation, have cold month mean (CMM) temperatures between 15 and 27 °C, and warm month mean (WMM) temperatures between 22 and 31 °C. Using a compilation of paleoclimatic data and the defined climatic window of nickel laterite deposit formation allows an assessment of the timing and duration of paleo–nickel laterite formation in ancient terrains. To illustrate the potential of this technique, we show that the formation of the Caldag nickel laterite deposit of western Turkey most likely initiated when the ultramafic protolith of Cretaceous age was exposed in the Early Eocene, and that the majority of the deposit formed during the Eocene. In contrast, the formation of the Bitincke deposit, south Albania, was mostly complete by the Early Eocene, after which CMM temperatures dropped below the optimum for laterite formation.


As potential solid electrolytes in fuel cells, porous organic polymers show compelling proton conductivities (up to ∼10−2 S cm−1), but even higher performance is required for real applications. In this work, we prepared a biphenyl-based organic polymeric framework of 1E with a larger surface area as an extended version of a phenyl-based polymer. The construction of the framework from C–C covalent bonds allows exceptional stability to be realized under the operating conditions of fuel cells. Successful post-synthetic modification of 1E afforded the sulfonated material 1ES. Notably, the conductivity of 1ES was ∼104 orders of magnitude greater than that of 1E at 30 °C and 90% relative humidity (RH). The conductivity of 1ES reached 1.59 × 10−1 S cm−1 at 80 °C and 90% RH, which is superior to those observed for any porous organic polymer conductors reported so far and even surpasses that of Nafion. This polymer, simply prepared and scalable for mass production, was stable at 80 °C and 90% RH for more than 4 months without conductivity loss.


This quarterly column offers reviews of free and fee-based music resources in a variety of digital media, including CD-ROM products, World Wide Web sites, online subscription services and databases, and music-related software of any kind. Some reviews may cover a number of related sources together. Excluded from this column are reviews of media in purely digital audio format that would normally be reviewed as sound recordings. The dates of access for each review of an online source indicate the dates during which the reviewer was evaluating the resource. All Web sites were last accessed to verify availability on 25 May 2012. Spotify. Spotify Ltd. http://www.spotify.com/ (Accessed March 2012). [Requires Mac OS X running on an Intel processor, version 10.5.0 or later, or a PC running Windows XP or later. A broadband Internet connection is also required. Spotify is currently available in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.] The last fifteen years have been a period of massive change in the music industry. Although individuals had been sharing music for decades, the proliferation of relatively high quality compressed audio formats and mainstream peer-to-peer networking services-beginning with Napster- marked a completely new era and a clear need for new business models. While most individuals were willing to admit that simply giving copies of copyrighted music away presented a problem, by the time Napster had been shut down, the situation had already changed; listeners now believed that the cost of music had become too high given how simple distribution seemed. In response to Napster and its many successors, new business models popped up far and wide. The founding of Pandora Media in 2000, Rhapsody in 2001, Audio - scrobbler and Last.fm in 2002, and Apple's release of the iTunes Music Store in 2003 were among the most important steps toward the realization of a new market system. Though heated discussion continues about whether an ownership model or a licensing model is better for artists, distributors, and consumers, the staggering number of users of the streaming services (Pandora now boasts some 80 million users) indicates that listeners are very supportive of this approach. Founded in 2006 by Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon, Spotify is a music streaming service marketed to individuals. It is billed as a "legal and superior quality alternative to music piracy," with the stated goal "to help people listen to whatever music they want, whenever they want, wherever they want."1 Like its peers in the streaming audio service industry, Spotify offers a free ad-supported version and a premium monthly subscription service. Its name is derived from "spot" and "identify." Although the service has been highly successful in its European hubs, it is relatively new to the United States, having entered the market in July 2011. Spotify is an enormously popular service with many facets, thus rendering the establishment of a scope for this review as especially important. The review will describe the content found in Spotify's database, remark on its subscription options, report on sound quality, and expound its functionality. There will also be a report on the active community of developers creating add-ons and applications (apps) for use with Spotify and the ever-growing mass of helpful user activity, such as playlist blogs. Spotify's possible effects on the market and on library patrons' expectations of service and content will also be considered. I tested Spotify using Mac OS X Lion (10.7) as well as the apps for Android and iOS (using an HTC mobile phone and an Apple iPad, respectively). WHAT IS SPOTIFY? Spotify is an audio player with an experience more like iTunes than its streaming music peers. Just as iTunes is an application that runs on one's computer, Spotify uses a downloadable client application for Windows and Mac, rather than a Web client. …


In the present study, a power supply capable of converting a direct current into an alternating current was built. The frequency of oscillation of the output current could be varied from 174.8 kHz to 726.0 kHz by setting a set of capacitors in resonance. To this power supply is attached a 20-turns copper coil in the shape of a spiral. Because of the high heat generated in the coil, the latter has to be permanently water-cooled. A vacuum pump removes the air between the sample holder and the coil. A fiber optic temperature sensor with an accuracy of 0.001 C was used to measure the temperature of the nanoparticles. Four ferromagnetic nanoparticles (CoFe2O4, NiFe2O4, Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4, Co0.4Ni0.4Zn0.2Fe2O4) with different magnetic properties were subjected to heating. The heating performance is given by the specific power loss (SPL) which was calculated from the initial slope of the heating curve whereby there is minimum heat loss to the surroundings and the highest SPL was obtained when magnetic field and frequency were highest at 2.06 × 10 T and 348.0 kHz, respectively. When the frequency was changed from 174.8 to 348.0 kHz, the SPL value was double indicating a one-to-one relationship between the frequency and the SPL. No such relationships were found when the magnetic field was increased from 1.38 × 10 T to 2.06 × 10 T. There is also a coercivity and remanent magnetization dependence on the SPL and both of them obey an inverse law. We found that the SPL for Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 (GPZ4) was 1.09 ± 0.02 W/g. Moreover, the sample CoFe2O4 (GPZ11) with the highest power loss density (12250 J/m ) measured by the variable sample magnetometer was found to have the lowest SPL (0.135±0.002 W/g) in the lot. The magnetic field inside the coil is only a fraction the VSM, so when the low magnetic field was turned on, the hysteresis loop opened only to the extent of the minor loop.


In the past we have assumed that sweet potato whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), were poor fliers with a limited ability to disperse. This assumption was based on the fact that sweet potato whiteflies are extremely small insects (24 -44 ,ug) and consequently would be subject to desiccation. We also thought small size would limit their capacity to store sufficient energy reserves to sustain flight for long periods of time. Recent experiments have indicated we were wrong on several counts. Data collected in the laboratory using a vertical flight chamber have revealed a number of interesting facts. Of importance is the fact that a portion of the population is capable of sustaining flight for more than 2.5 hours. In a wind -aided situation, this means they can be moved more than 25 miles in a 10 mph wind. Other details of flight behavior are being made clear to us. For example, we found that flight activity is influenced by host plant quality and age of the whitefly. We hope to eventually be able to predict when whiteflies are going to migrate between crops. This will allow growers to make informed decisions concerning planting dates. We are also working in the field to confirm laboratory results.


Neurocysticercosis, caused by infection with larval Taenia solium, is a major cause of epilepsy worldwide. Larval degeneration, which is symptomatic, results in inflammatory cell influx. Astrocytes, the most abundant cell type and major cytokine-producing cell within the CNS, may be important in orchestrating inflammatory responses after larval degeneration. We investigated the effects of direct stimulation and of conditioned medium from T. solium larval Ag (TsAg)-stimulated monocytes (CoMTsAg) on neutrophil and astrocyte chemokine release. CoMTsAg, but not control conditioned medium, stimulated astrocyte CCL2/MCP-1 (161.5 ± 16 ng/ml), CXCL8/IL-8 (416 ± 6.2 ng/ml), and CXCL10/IFN-γ-inducible protein (9.07 ± 0.6 ng/ml) secretion after 24 h, whereas direct astrocyte or neutrophil stimulation with TsAg had no effect. There was rapid accumulation of CCL2 and CXCL8 mRNA within 1 h, with somewhat delayed expression of CXCL10 mRNA initially detected 8 h poststimulation. Neutralizing anti-TNF-α inhibited CoMTsAg-induced CCL2 mRNA accumulation by up to 99%, causing total abolition of CXCL10 and up to 77% reduction in CXCL8 mRNA. CoMTsAg induced maximal nuclear binding of NF-κB p65 and p50 by 1 h, with IκBα and IκBβ decay within 15 min. In addition, CoMTsAg induced transient nuclear binding of AP-1, which peaked 4 h poststimulation. In NF-κB blocking experiments using pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, CoMTsAg-induced CCL2 secretion was reduced by up to 80% (p = 0.0006), whereas CXCL8 was inhibited by up to 75% (p = 0.0003). In summary, the data show that astrocytes are an important source of chemokines following larval Ag stimulation. Such chemokine secretion is NF-κB dependent, likely to involve AP-1, and is regulated in a paracrine loop by monocyte-derived TNF-α.


This thesis describes experiments to investigate high-altitude relight of a lean direct injection (LDI) combustor. The features that make LDI technology less polluting in terms of NOx compared to conventional combustors are expected to impede relight performance. Therefore an improved understanding of ignition behaviour is required to ensure that stringent relight requirements can be satisfied. Realistic operating conditions are simulated in a ground-based test facility. The application of laser diagnostics presents particular difficulties due to the large quantities of liquid fuel that impinge on the combustor walls during relight. Advances are made in the application of planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) to monitor fuel placement in a combustor under these conditions. A novel apparatus is developed to deliver a laser sheet to the combustion chamber while protecting all optical surfaces from contamination. The PLIF images are compared with the cold flow field obtained from CFD modelling. These results indicate that fuel becomes trapped inside the central recirculation zone in high concentrations. High-speed flame imaging performed simultaneously with the PLIF measurements provides important insights into the motion and breakup of flame during relight. An algorithm developed to track the flame activity reveals that the initial spark kernel is convected downstream, before breaking apart and moving upstream towards a recovery origin close to the fuel injector. Analysis of many ignition events has revealed several distinct modes of ignition failure.


A large number of health plans and employers have adopted three-tier prescription drug formularies in an effort to control rising prescription drug costs. We assessed the behavioral response to three-tier adoption by estimating econometric models of the probability of selecting drugs assigned to the third tier with the highest co-payment requirement and changes in expected out-of-pocket (OOP) spending. We concluded that implementation of the three-tier formulary resulted in some shifting of costs from the plan to enrollees and some bargaining power gained for the payer, with plan savings from manufacturer rebates a likely result.


Between the early 1970s and the late 1990s, the number of prisoners in the State of New York soared. The majority of these prisoners were African Americans who used to live in New York City, but served their sentences in upstate rural prisons. This transfer of urban African Americans to rural prisons has had profound political implications. Although state law dictates that these prisoners have no political rights, their numbers have been crucial for the existence of upstate senate districts dominated by conservative legislators who have generally been hostile to African Americans and their interests. If not for the counting of these urban populations as residents of upstate New York, a number of state senate districts would have to be redrawn because of a lack of adequate numbers of residents, meaning that the Republican Party would be unable to dominate the New York state senate, and that downstate New York would be more powerful politically. (2) The counting of disenfranchised African Americans as residents for political apportionment has a long history in the United States and the practice is akin to a condition that I refer to as passive citizenship. Passive citizens are residents of the United States who have no political rights but are counted by the U.S. Census and used for political districting purposes. Depending on the historical period and locality, these groups have included non-citizens, women, minors, Asians, Latinos, Native Americans, and people of African descent. Historically, the counting of disenfranchised populations for political purposes, has provided their oppressors the ability to maintain political power in state and national representative bodies. African Americans constitute the group with the longest and most extreme degree of passive citizenship in the United States. This has been the case with the South, which for more than a century derived immense political power from the numbers of African Americans living in its territory while excluding them from the polls. This has also been the case in the State of New York since the 1970s where upstate rural districts have benefited from the longer sentencing of downstate urban people, since prisons have provided jobs to upstate areas and also political power. This paper examines how African Americans have been marginalized as citizens in the State of New York since the early 1970s. The incarcerations of a large number of African Americans in New York and the long duration of their terms in prison are the byproduct of political decisions that were used to consolidate the power of conservative political entrepreneurs. Though based on statutes that have been in place for centuries, the political disenfranchisement of prisoners in New York is at odds with the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA) and its subsequent amendments. Federal courts have refused to fully address this question, claiming that the U.S. Congress did not specifically include prisoners and parolees in the VRA and that it should be up to the U.S. Supreme Court to invalidate state laws that disenfranchise felons. Moreover, federal and state courts, the New York State Constitution, and New York Election Law have submitted that prisoners cannot become residents of the area where their prison is located and that they retain the residency of the area where they used to reside before their incarceration. However, the courts have refused to directly remedy the situation of counting these same prisoners as residents of the rural districts where their prisons are located, claiming that it is customary for states to use the figures of the U.S. Census to draw districts. In almost every legal challenge regarding the disenfranchisement of African American citizens in New York, the courts have sided with the states' rights doctrine, which has historically functioned as a mechanism that prolongs racial discrimination. (3) AFRICAN AMERICANS AND PASSIVE CITIZENSHIP Efforts to make African Americans passive citizens in the United States can be divided into four historical periods. …


This article reconsiders the way political representation was understood in the early modern Netherlands by focusing on the contemporary contribution of Simon van Slingelandt. His views of the representative nature of the government of the Dutch Republic were deeply polemical when he developed them, but went on to have a profound influence on the later literature and are notably sustained in modern histories of the subject. The best way to nuance the view of political representation our historiography has inherited from Van Slingelandt is by returning to the earlier views he set out to discredit. By examining both views, I thus hope to shed some new light on the representative nature of early modern Dutch government.


Hailed by The New Yorker as vibrant and superb, Third Coast Percussion explores and expands the extraordinary sonic possibilities of the percussion repertoire, delivering exciting performances for audiences of all kinds. Formed in 2005, Third Coast Percussion has developed an international reputation with concerts and recordings of inspiring energy and subtle nuance.

These "hard-grooving" musicians (New York Times) have become known for ground-breaking collaborations across a wide range of disciplines including concerts and residency projects with engineers at the University of Notre Dame, architects at the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture, astronomers at the Adler Planetarium, and more. The ensemble enhances the performances it offers with cutting edge new media, including free iPhone and iPad apps that allow audience members to create their own musical performances and take a deeper look at the music performed by Third Coast Percussion.

Third Coast Percussion is the Ensemble-in-Residence at the University of Notre Dame's DeBartolo Performing Arts Center, a position they assumed in 2013. They have the honor of being the first ensemble at the University of Notre Dame to create a permanent and progressive ensemble residency program at the center. Third Coast Percussion performs multiple recitals annually as part of the DeBartolo Performing Arts Center's Presenting Series, engages with the local community, and leads interdisciplinary projects in collaboration with a wide range of disciplines across campus.

Third Coast's recent and upcoming concerts and residencies include the Metropolitan Museum of Art (NY), Museum of Contemporary Art (Chicago), Town Hall Seattle, Bravo! Vail Valley Music Festival (CO), Eastman Kilbourn Recital Series (NY), St. Paul Chamber Orchestra Liquid Music Series (MN), Atlas Performing Arts Center (DC), Ensemble Music Society of Indianapolis, National Gallery of Art (DC), University of Chicago Presents, the Austin Chamber Music Festival, and more. Third Coast has introduced percussion to chamber music audiences in Texas, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Illinois, securing invitations to return to many of these series.

The members of Third Coast Percussion —Sean Connors, Robert Dillon, Peter Martin, and David Skidmore—hold degrees in music performance from Northwestern University, the Yale School of Music, the Eastman School of Music, the New England Conservatory, and Rutgers University. Third Coast Percussion performs exclusively with Pearl/Adams Musical Instruments, Zildjian Cymbals, Remo Drumheads, and Vic Firth sticks and mallets.


Abstract The tin-bearing muscovite granite from Ervedosa contains unzoned primary muscovite. This Hercynian S-type granite was hydrothermally altered at the stanniferous quartz vein walls and contains three types of muscovite: (1) very small unzoned muscovite replacing albite; (2) small unzoned hydrothermal muscovite replacing K-feldspar and quartz; and (3) zoned subhedral muscovite. In the zoned muscovite, the core has a composition similar to that of magmatic muscovite from the unaltered granite, while the rim has a composition similar to that of hydrothermal muscovite replacing K-feldspar and quartz in the altered granite. The rim corresponds to a late overgrowth richer in the celadonitic component than the core. Infiltrated mineralizing fluids reacted with biotite and K-feldspar of the unaltered granite. We interpret the rim of muscovite to have precipitated from these solutions.


ABSTRACT People with dementia living in residential care often face the dual disadvantage of increasing difficulty with communication and reduced opportunities for conversation. Social interaction is central to wellbeing of residents with dementia, so it is important that care staff have the skills to engage in conversation with them. We studied conversations in 20 care staff–resident dyads, to examine conversation structure and content, patterns of engagement within conversations, including the topics around which engagement occurred, and communication behaviours by care staff that appeared to facilitate (or impede) participation by residents. The transcripts were analysed using Discursis, a computational information visualisation tool that allows interactive visual inspection, in context, of the contributions by each speaker, the turn-taking dynamics, and the content recurring within and between speakers. We present case examples (a) where care staff did most of the talking, initiated topics and were responsible for most recurrence of content; (b) where talk was more evenly shared between partners, with some topics initiated and/or elaborated by participants with dementia; and (c) where participants with dementia talked most, with care staff supporting the conversation. We identified accommodative strategies used by care staff, such as reflecting back the other person's responses to sustain engagement. We also noted care staff behaviours that impeded communication, such as not listening attentively and not allowing sufficient time for responses. The results from this study highlight aspects of social communication within the aged care context and suggest ways in which rewarding interactions between staff and residents with dementia might be encouraged.


Assessments have been made of 153 classrooms in 27 schools in order to identify the impact of the physical classroom features on the academic progress of the 3766 pupils who occupied each of those specific spaces. This study confirms the utility of the naturalness, individuality and stimulation (or more memorably, SIN) conceptual model as a vehicle to organise and study the full range of sensory impacts experienced by an individual occupying a given space. In this particular case the naturalness design principle accounts for around 50% of the impact on learning, with the other two accounting for roughly a quarter each. Within this structure, seven key design parameters have been identified that together explain 16% of the variation in pupils' academic progress achieved. These are Light, Temperature, Air Quality, Ownership, Flexibility, Complexity and Colour. The muted impact of the whole-building level of analysis provides some support for the importance of "inside-out design". The identification of the impact of the built environment factors on learning progress is a major new finding for schools' research, but also suggests that the scale of the impact of building design on human performance and wellbeing in general, can be isolated and that it is non-trivial. It is argued that it makes sense to capitalise on this promising progress and to further develop these concepts and techniques. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).


Martilli's urban parameterization scheme is im- proved and implemented in a mesoscale model in order to take into account the typical effects of a real city on the air temperature near the ground and on the surface exchange fluxes. The mesoscale model is run on a single column using atmospheric data and radiation recorded above roof level as forcing. Here, the authors validate Martilli's urban boundary layer scheme using measurements from two mid-latitude Eu- ropean cities: Basel, Switzerland and Marseilles, France. For Basel, the model performance is evaluated with observations of canyon temperature, surface radiation, and energy balance fluxes obtained during the Basel urban boundary layer ex- periment (BUBBLE). The results show that the urban pa- rameterization scheme represents correctly most of the be- havior of the fluxes typical of the city center of Basel, in- cluding the large heat uptake by the urban fabric and the pos- itive sensible heat flux at night. For Marseilles, the model performance is evaluated with observations of surface tem- perature, canyon temperature, surface radiation, and energy balance fluxes collected during the field experiments to con- strain models of atmospheric pollution and transport of emis- sions (ESCOMPTE) and its urban boundary layer (UBL) campaign. At both urban sites, vegetation cover is less than 20%, therefore, particular attention was directed to the abil- ity of Martilli's urban boundary layer scheme to reproduce the observations for the Marseilles city center, where the ur- ban parameters and the synoptic forcing are totally different from Basel. Evaluation of the model with wall, road, and roof surface temperatures gave good results. The model correctly simulates the net radiation, canyon temperature, and the par- titioning between the turbulent and storage heat fluxes.


My interest in pursuing this study is based on the response to the frequent media reports with regard to antisocial behaviour in schools and a virtual breakdown of the moral fibre in society. There is a growing interest globally in the study of youth, especially because of the rise in anti social behaviour, with particular reference to crime and violence. Crime and violence being a cause for concern is also a subject of entertainment (films, novels), this is a reflection of the strong public interest they provoke. Crime and violence in South Africa understandably gives rise to anxiety and fear. Therefore it is important to gain perspective on the youths own perceptions of violence, crime and safety issues. This study is an attempt to analyse the changing nature of African youth in the township, with particular reference to Umlazi location. This thesis gives the details of youths and communities perception on the awareness of crime, perceptions of the level and degree of crime and violence and how these inform and influence people's feelings of safety. The objectives of this thesis are to answer questions relating to:  Individual and community perceptions of the level of crime in the community  The role of the family in shaping and determining youth values and discipline  The impact of the changing family and youth behaviour  The perceptions of ordinary people, of the level of anti social behaviour


Students' motivation generally declines during the middle school years, a period of time when important foundations for further studies are laid. There is a move in many countries to improve science education, especially science literacy that is inadequate according to international research (Halldórsson, Ólafsson, & Björnsson, 2007, 2013). The subject of this dissertation is the translation and validation of the MUSIC SM Model of Academic Motivation Inventory (MMAMI; Jones, 2012) from English into Icelandic. The purpose for the translation is to provide Icelandic educators with a tool to assess students' motivation in the science classroom. Motivation in the classroom is a complex issue in which both cognitive and contextual factors are involved. The information gained from the inventory responses could be used to guide the development or modification of the classroom strategies employed. The inventory measures students' perceptions of the five components of the MUSIC SM Model of Academic Motivation: eMpowerment, Usefulness, Success, Interest and Caring, components that have been found to be influential to student motivation (Jones, 2009). The model is based on a thorough analysis of motivation theories and research. The inventory was developed for middle school students in science classes, although it can easily be modified to fit any subject. Back-translation followed by expert meetings was used to gain semantic equivalence. Participants were 458 middle school students in science classes in five public schools in Iceland. To obtain translation invariance in the first version of the translation, I used an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) on one data set, using Principal Axis Factoring with Promax Rotation, to examine the translated items. Subsequently, I implemented a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) on a second data set to test for model fit. The results replicated the findings obtained with the original version and confirmed the five-factor structure of the MMAMI. All factor loadings were significant. The reliability analysis, using Cronbach's alpha, also replicated the good and acceptable alpha ratings of the original instrument. These findings provide validity evidence for the scores produced by using the Icelandic version of the MMAMI with middle school Icelandic students in science classes.


Bottlenose dolphins are a behaviorally complex, social species that display a variety of social behaviors. Because of this, it is important for zoological facilities to strive to ensure animals display species-appropriate levels of social behavior. The current study is part of the multi-institutional study entitled "Towards understanding the welfare of cetaceans in zoos and aquariums" commonly referred to as the Cetacean Welfare Study. All participating facilities were accredited by the Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums and/or the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Behavioral data were collected on 47 bottlenose dolphins representing two subspecies, Tursiops truncatus and Tursiops aduncus, at 25 facilities. The social behaviors of group related activity (group active) as well as interacting with conspecifics (interact with conspecific) were examined for their relationships to both animal management factors and habitat characteristics. The behavioral state of group active and the rate of interact with conspecific were both positively related to the frequency of receiving new forms of environmental enrichment. Both were inversely related to the random scheduling of environmental enrichment. Additional results suggested interact with conspecific was inversely related with daytime spatial experience and that males displayed group active more than females. Overall, the results suggested that animal management techniques such as the type and timing of enrichment may be more important to enhance social behavior than habitat characteristics or the size of the habitat. Information gained from this study can help facilities with bottlenose dolphins manage their enrichment programs in relation to social behaviors.


The notion that phonological features are organized into contrastive hierarchies has been entertained at different times in the history of linguistics. My main focus will be on the motivation for such hierarchies: what principles govern the ordering of the features? I will show that they have been motivated by three different principles: a) Activity: to identify the contrastive features that are relevant to the phonological computation, b) Minimality: to minimize redundancy in phonological representations and to maximize the amount of information conveyed by each feature, and c) Universality: to express universal tendencies in the nature of phonological inventories and the order of acquisition of feature contrasts. These principles do not necessarily conflict in every case, but in practice situations arise where they lead in different directions. To some extent Jakobson and Halle (Jakobson & Halle 1956; Halle 1959) and Clements (2001; 2003; 2009) appeal to all these principles, though they do so with differing emphases: Jakobson began by appealing to Activity, Halle came to stress Minimality, and Clements focused on Universality. I will argue on behalf of the centrality of Activity, which I understand to be the original and most compelling motivation for feature hierarchies.


This essay considers the project of reduction in criminal law theory in a narrow, but paradigmatic, doctrinal context - the choice of evils or necessity defense. Many scholars take the view that the only conceivable explanation for the choice of evils defense must be uncorruptedly consequentialist. There can be no other fundamental explanation, it is said, for a defense that at bottom always must issue in a cost/benefit analysis - a weighing or comparison of the illegal evil that must be done against the evil that will thereby be avoided - than a concern for increasing, or maximizing, social welfare. Against these views, this essay argues that some of the doctrines which adorn the choice of evils defense are worthwhile precisely because they instantiate values that are in direct and irreconcilable conflict with consequentialism. It develops this claim by considering one of these adornments - the widely adopted doctrinal rule that an actor who is criminally culpable for causing the conditions leading to a choice of evils should not be permitted to assert the defense. The essay offers a retributivist explanation for the exclusion where the actor was purposely and criminally culpable for creating the necessitous conditions and discusses how this justification is in tension with the consequentialist aims of the defense. It then considers whether, in light of this tension, a "hybrid" theory of justification - modeled on hybrid theories of punishment - might best explain the defense. But in the end it rejects that possibility. Hybrid theories, no less than their pure-bred cousins, are inclined toward precisely the types of totalistic explanations that are seemingly confounded by the culpability-in-causing exclusion. The collision of values highlighted by the problem of the choice of evils intimates a different conclusion, one that echoes the deep pluralism constitutive of criminal law itself.


Problems in hydraulic systems associated with hydraulic fluids are an important area of research. Time has proven that contamination control in hydraulic and lubricating systems are fundamental to reliability and performance.
Contamination control is needed to guarantee the quality of the oil and machine reliability. Among the several condition monitoring techniques, oil and wear analysis are the most effective for contamination control in hydraulic equipment. An emerging maintenance philosophy is oil condition based maintenance, in which the active monitoring of oil parameters determines the machine health and the variable service intervals. This new maintenance
philosophy requires sensor technology able to provide real time indicators of the status of the system.Nowadays, oil condition monitoring sensors are not a mature technology and their performance has not been widely assessed under controlled experimental conditions. This research explains the physical fundamentals of commercially available sensors and it discusses and evaluates their effectiveness under
controlled experimental conditions.Tribology tests were performed for sliding contacts as they are the most
predominant type of contacts within hydraulic systems. Results reveal that several characteristics of the sensors must be improved for a more meaningful output and for an earlier detection of abnormal trends which are typical
indicators of the onset of faults.Finally, of all the future trends of oil condition monitoring sensors, the
novel methodology to calculate the particle size distribution from ferrous debris density measurements is the most useful and important contribution to knowledge of this research. The proposed method when compared to current
technology would bring a new type of particle counter that could break the technological size limitation of particle counters based on magnetometry (the most extended type in industrial and military machinery), leading to earlier
fault detection. Improvements of this methodology would allow further development of low cost particle counters in the micrometer and submicrometer range which can be widely applied in many industrial processes and scientific
disciplines.


textabstractThis thesis addresses the cost-effectiveness of neonatal surgery. Beginning after
the Second World War, neonatal surgery has been making enormous progress.
Mortality rates for the majority of anomalies belonging to the field fell from
almost 100% to less than 10%. Contemporaneously with these medical
advancements came new and pressing dilemmas. First, survival is of course an
important measure of success, but improved survival might come at the price of
poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in later life. Second, the economic
consequences of health care have become larger, in an era where budgetary
restrictions are becoming tighter. As in other branches of medicine, medical
advancements contributed to increasing costs in neonatal surgery as well. It is
against this background of concerns about the HRQoL of the surviving infant and
the increasing costs associated with neonatal surgery that the need for
information about the cost and effects of neonatal surgery was recognized. This
thesis directly emerges from these concerns, as explained in Chapter 1. This
chapter, which introduces and motivates this thesis, also explains why costs
should be considered in health care, and clarifies that we will not be able to offer
certain medical practices that are known to have favorable effects, but whose
effects are too small to justify the cost. It highlights the relevance of costeffectiveness
analyses of health care, which aim at establishing whether the
effects of a given treatment are worth the budget needed, compared to an
alternative treatment. For the case of neonatal surgery, results from costeffectiveness
analyses would make it possible to counteract critiques leveled
against the discipline. Neonatal surgery has been criticized with arguments of
cost-effectiveness: the high costs of an operation have been feared to come with
low HRQoL after survival. Clearly, the current lack of evidence on the costeffectiveness
of neonatal surgery is a main problem worth tackling. It threatens
to give the discipline a weaker position in health care allocation decisions.

This study's main objective is to collect evidence on the cost-effectiveness of
neonatal surgery and to place this evidence in its proper context.


Alfalfa NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT), together with glutamine synthetase, plays a central role in the assimilation of symbiotically fixed nitrogen into amino acids in root nodules. Antibodies previously raised against purified NADH-GOGAT were employed to screen a cDNA library prepared using RNA isolated from nodules of 20-day-old alfalfa plants. A 7.2-kb cDNA clone was obtained that contained the entire protein coding region of NADH-GOGAT. Analysis of this cDNA and determination of the amino-terminal amino acids of the purified protein revealed that NADH-GOGAT is synthesized as a 2194-amino acid protein that includes a 101-amino acid presequence. The deduced amino acid sequence shares significant identity with maize ferredoxin-dependent GOGAT, and with both large and small subunits of Escherichia coli NADPH-GOGAT. DNA gel blot analysis of alfalfa genomic DNA suggests the presence of a single NADH-GOGAT gene or a small gene family. The expression of NADH-GOGAT mRNA, enzyme protein, and enzyme activity was developmentally regulated in root nodules. A dramatic increase in gene expression occurred coincidentally with the onset of nitrogen fixation in the bacteroid, and was absent in both ineffective plants that were nodulated with effective Rhizobium meliloti and effective plants that had been nodulated with ineffective R. meliloti strains. Maximum NADH-GOGAT expression, therefore, appears to require an effective, nitrogen-fixing symbiosis.


The broad aim of the Atmospheric program of the International Arctic Ocean Expedition (IAOE-91) was to test the hypothesis that marine biogenically produced dimethyl sulfide (DMS) gas can exert a significant global climatic control. The hypothesis states that DMS is transferred to the atmosphere and is oxidised to form airborne particles. Some of these grow large enough to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) which help determine cloud droplet concentration. The latter has a strong influence on cloud albedo and hence on the radiation balance of the area affected. In summer, the central Arctic is a specially favourable region for studying the natural sulfur cycle in that the open waters surrounding the pack ice are the only significant sources of DMS and there are almost no anthropogenic particle sources. Concentrations of seawater and atmospheric DMS decreased at about the same rate during the period of measurements, (1 August to 6 October, latitudes 75°N to 90°N) spanning about three orders of magnitude. Methane sulfonate and nonsea salt sulfate in the submicrometer particles, which may be derived from atmospheric DMS, also decreased similarly, suggesting that the first part of the hypothesis under test was true. Influences on cloud droplet concentration and radiation balance could not be measured. Size-resolved aerosol chemistry showed a much lower proportion of methane sulfonate to be associated with supermicrometer particles than has been found elsewhere. Its molar ratio to nonsea salt sulfate suggested that the processes controlling the particulate chemistry do not exhibit a net temperature dependence. Elemental analysis of the aerosol also revealed the interesting possibility that debris from Siberian rivers transported on the moving ice represent a fairly widespread source of supermicrometer crustal material within the pack ice. Highly resolved measurements of aerosol number size distributions were made in the diameter range 3 nm to 500 nm. 3 distinct modal sizes were usually present, the "ultrafine", "Aitken" and "accumulation" modes centred on 14, 45 and 170 nm diameter, respectively. The presence of ultrafine particles, implying recent production, was more frequent than has been found in lower latitude remote marine areas. Evidence suggests that they were mixed to the surface from higher levels. Sudden and often drastic changes in aerosol concentration and size distribution were surprisingly frequent in view of the relatively slowly changing meteorology of the central Arctic during the study period and the absence of strong pollution sources. They were most common in particles likely to have taken part in cloud formation (> 80 nm diameter). 2 factors appear to have been involved in these sudden changes. The 1st was the formation of vertical gradients in aerosol concentration due to interactions between particles and clouds or favoured regions for new particle production during periods of stability. The 2nd was sporadic localised breakdowns of the stability, bringing changed particle concentrations to the measurement level. Probable reasons for these sporadic mixing events were indicated by the structure of the Marine Boundary Layer (MBL) investigated with high resolution rawinsondes. Low level jets were present about 60% of the time, producing conditions conductive to turbulence and shear-induced waves. It is concluded that an even more detailed study of meteorological processes in the MBL in conjunction with more highly time-resolved measurements of gas-aerosol physics and chemistry appears to be essential in any future research aimed at studying the indirect, cloud mediated, effect of aerosol particles. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1996.t01-1-00002.x


Employing a technological solution to monitor the attendance of public-sector health care workers in India resulted in a 15 percent increase in the attendance of the medical staff. Health outcomes improved, with a 16 percent increase in the delivery of infants by a doctor and a 26 percent reduction in the likelihood of infants born under 2500 grams. However, women in treatment areas substituted away from the newly monitored health centers towards delivery in the (unmonitored) larger public hospitals and private hospitals. Several explanations may help explain this shift: better triage by the more present health care staff; increased patients' perception of absenteeism in the treatment health centers; and the ability of staff in treatment areas to gain additional rents by moving women to their private practices and by siphoning off the state-sponsored entitlements that women would normally receive at the health center at the time of delivery. Despite initiating the reform on their own, there was a low demand among all levels of government-state officials, local level bureaucrats, and locally-elected bodies--to use the better quality attendance data to enforce the government's human resource policies due to a fear of generating discord among the staff. These fears were not entirely unfounded: staff at the treatment health centers expressed greater dissatisfaction at their jobs and it was also harder to hire new nurses, lab technicians and pharmacists at the treatment health centers after the intervention. Thus, this illustrates the implicit deal that governments make on non-monetary dimensions--truancy, allowance of private practices--to retain staff at rural outposts in the face of limited budgets and staff shortages.


This document analyzes issues involved in the transition of "unmanaged
networks" from IPv4 to IPv6. Unmanaged networks typically correspond
to home networks or small office networks. A companion paper analyzes
out the requirements for mechanisms needed in various transition
scenarios of these networks to IPv6. Starting from this analysis, we
evaluate the suitability of mechanisms that have already been
specified, proposed, or deployed. This memo provides information for
the Internet community.


Procedures for plate load testing in both shallow pits and at the bottom of a borehole are presented with descriptions of the required apparatus. The procedures were developed for collapsible soils but are expected to be useful for swelling soils as well. A key feature of the new procedures is that the wetted bulb of soil under the plate is controlled and its depth is measured at the end of the test. This makes it possible to limit the range of strains in the wetted zone and to calculate the average strain. Research by the authors presented elsewhere led to the development of influence factors that allow computation of the average stress in the wetted zone. The average stress versus average strain derived from the test for the wetted condition is of the same form as that derived from a laboratory collapse test. The in situ collapse tests presented possess certain advantages over lab tests including (a) lesser disturbance effects, (b) the ability to test difficult-to-sample soils, and (c) a degree of wetting likely to be close to that achieved in the prototype. The required apparatus is simple and can be constructed at low cost by most geotechnical firms.


This article seeks to identify the political and ideological dimensions of the contemporary presence of information technology or infotech. This presence is experienced as the progressive unfolding of technology as the logic of the social itself. Rather than approaching these dimensions through their reduction to a ground, a symbolic totality or a specific interest, and argument is constructed from Laclau and Mouffe's concept of `antagonism' in conjunction with Claude Lefort's notion of `invisible ideology'. This gives the argument the advantage of relating the constitution of ideology to a historically specific political formation, instead of positing a timeless relation to the constitution of an abstract subject as the ground of an explanation. The argument is that insofar as information technology appears as a substance that absorbs the dynamic of community, which I call autotechnopoiesis, then ideology constructs the identity of this space with itself. The political is understood as the failure of this self-presence. In conclusion, these issues are located in terms of the governmentality of the `performative state' which seeks the recruitment of subjects to the `promotion of the social' through an investment in the banality of communication.


How road surfaces reflect light in space is a physical characteristic that plays a key role in the design of road lighting installations: by European Standards the average luminance is the target quantity to assure the required safety conditions of the motorized road traffic. Lighting systems are designed (luminous flux installed per kilometre) to comply with the above requirement, starting from reference values of road surfaces reflection published in an old scientific document. These data are obsolete and not representative of current road surfaces, but they are still used to design current LED lighting systems. European Community funded a SURFACE project to provide to EU standard organization new traceable reference data, representative of current road surfaces used in EU. The paper presents the data collections and the impact on road lighting of using available old reference data versus SURFACE collected data of current road surfaces. Results highlight advantages in using bright pavements as well the need for introducing systems for flux control in road lighting installation to compensate for the discrepancies between current reference data and actual road surface data.


Chinese outbound tourism has become a significant phenomenon in world tourism development. Shopping makes up the highest proportion of the travel expenditure of Chinese outbound tourists. However, despite its importance to many destinations, Chinese outbound tourist shopping (COTS) remains underexplored in the tourism literature. A critical review of the existing published research on COTS reveals that most studies are quantitative and focused on explaining satisfaction, motivation and perception from a consumer behaviour perspective. Also, academic interest in COTS has primarily focused on Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, leaving COTS in Western countries poorly understood. To fill these research gaps, the thesis employed a mixed methods approach to systematically examine COTS in Australia from a sociological perspective.

The overall aim of this thesis was to use social practice theory (SPT) as a theoretical foundation to understand Chinese tourist shopping in Australia. COTS as a social practice is the basic unit of analysis, while Chinese outbound tourists are decentralised as the carriers of this practice. Inspired by a zooming in and out approach, the overall aim was broken down into three research questions:

1. What are the key features of Chinese tourist shopping practices in Australia?

2. How do Chinese tourists carry out shopping practices on site?

3. Why are the shopping practices of Chinese tourists dominant in their travel?

Three studies were conducted to answer these three research questions. The first study used a social practice framework to explore the key features of Chinese tourist shopping practices in Australia. Netnography was employed to collect and analyse shopping-related texts and images in 40 travel blogs from two Chinese online travel communities – Qyer.com and Mafengwo.cn. The findings show that Chinese tourist shopping practices consist of four interconnected elements: materials, competences, meanings and settings. Chinese tourists purchase a variety of utilitarian products in Australia, ranging from clothing, accessories and cosmetics, to healthcare products, food and drinks (materials). They not only shop in tourist attractions for souvenirs, but also expand into pharmacies, supermarkets, department stores and local markets (settings). Although language is an obstacle for many Chinese tourists shopping in Australia (competences), a range of information and communication technologies (ICTs) such as shopping websites and mobile apps are used by Chinese tourists to facilitate their shopping (materials and competences). The significance of their participation in shopping practices is multifaceted, including hunting for mementos, seeking brand value, pursuing product quality and authenticity, and maintaining guanxi (meanings).

The second study drew upon the notion of practice as performance to examine how the shopping practices of Chinese tourists unfold in Australia. The study focused on the embodied actions within Chinese tourist shopping performances. At a major tourist destination in north-eastern Australia, 110 participant observations conducted, then the field notes were analysed in a content analysis software, Leximancer 4.5. Chinese tourist shopping practices were found to be performed on site through a range of intra-personal and interpersonal embodied actions. Also, the shopping performances of Chinese tourists differ across shopping settings and categories of products. For example, the research found that while in markets, Chinese tourists often browse and leave without purchase, a pattern of activities not seen in other settings. When Chinese tourists buy clothing and accessories, they try on the items at the shop, but when selecting healthcare products, they rely very much on the images stored on their smartphones. Smartphones are commonly used by Chinese tourists, especially in supermarkets, to store product images, search information online and communicate with family and friends not present in the shopping setting through social media during product selection and purchase.

The first two studies zoomed in on Chinese tourist shopping practices to obtain detailed insights, while the third and final study zoomed out to uncover how these practices are connected to, and embedded in extensive networks of practices. In this study, 32 semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify the major social and consumption practices that affect Chinese tourist shopping in Australia, and reveal how the identified practices lead to the dominance of Chinese tourists' shopping practices in their travel. It concludes that Chinese tourist shopping practices in Australia result from a combination of Chinese consumerism and guanxi maintenance under the condition of outbound travel. Chinese tourist demand for consumerism, mainly featuring a desire for Western brands and the pursuit of high quality, is not matched by relevant supply in China, but can be met and further stimulated through outbound travel. Chinese tourists shop not only for themselves, but also to maintain guanxi via gift buying and purchasing products requested by others. Although outbound travel means temporary absence from guanxi networks at home, their emphasis on guanxi maintenance continues. Further, the low frequency of outbound travel, especially to long-haul destinations like Australia, means that Chinese tourists shop not just for their current needs but also for future use.

Overall, this thesis provides a comprehensive understanding of Chinese tourist shopping in Australia from a social practice perspective. The application of SPT to COTS research enriches and extends tourist shopping knowledge by offering new insights into what COTS is, how it unfolds and why it is the way it is. More broadly, this thesis also contributes to rectifying the dominance of investigations on motivational and perceptual aspects of tourist shopping, broadening the spectrum of this activity and how to research it. From a practical perspective, the findings of this thesis provide guidelines for retail businesses in the tourism industry to develop policies tailored to the valuable Chinese market.


In this paper we focus on the anomaly detection problem for dynamic data streams through the lens of random cut forests. We investigate a robust random cut data structure that can be used as a sketch or synopsis of the input stream. We provide a plausible definition of non-parametric anomalies based on the influence of an unseen point on the remainder of the data, i.e., the externality imposed by that point. We show how the sketch can be efficiently updated in a dynamic data stream. We demonstrate the viability of the algorithm on publicly available real data.


Ocean acidification (OA) can induce shifts in plankton community composition, with coccolithophores being mostly negatively impacted. This is likely to change particulate inorganic and organic carbon (PIC and POC, respectively) production, with impacts on the biological carbon pump. Hence, assessing and, most importantly, understanding species‐specific sensitivities of coccolithophores is paramount. In a multispecies comparison, spanning more than two orders of magnitude in terms of POC and PIC production rates, among Calcidiscus leptoporus, Coccolithus pelagicus subsp. braarudii, Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, and Scyphosphaera apsteinii, we found that cellular PIC : POC was a good predictor for a species' OA sensitivity. This is likely related to the need for cellular pH homeostasis, which is challenged by the process of calcification producing protons internally, especially when seawater pH decreases in an OA scenario. With higher PIC : POC, species and strains being more sensitive to OA coccolithophores may shift toward less calcified varieties in the future.


OBJECTIVE
To calculate variable-radius measures of hospital market size and create measures of competition for hospitals' markets.

DATA SOURCES
Discharge abstracts from the 1997 State Inpatient Databases of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) linked with the American Hospital Association (AHA) Annual Survey, Area Resource File (ARF), InterStudy Regional Market Analysis database, and Medicare's Prospective Payment System Impact Files.

STUDY DESIGN
Hospital radii capturing 75 and 90 percent of hospital admissions regressed against hospital and health care market characteristics and other local area characteristics, where the specification was designed to maximize predictive ability. The number of competing hospitals and the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) of competition were calculated for each hospital's market.

DATA COLLECTION METHODS
Discharge abstracts were used to create actual radii for hospitals in nine states. These data were linked with other data describing hospital, health care market, and other characteristics.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
We explained 44.7 and 9.6 percent of the variation among urban and rural hospitals, respectively, in radii that capture 90 percent of patients, and slightly less of the variation in radii that capture 75 percent of patients. Population density; number of other hospitals in the local area; and hospital characteristics such as medical school affiliation, percentage of admissions that are Medicaid, case mix, and service offerings are important correlates of a hospital's market size.

CONCLUSIONS
Predicted radii and associated competition measures were created (matched to AHA hospital identifiers) for all nonfederal, short-term, general medical/surgical hospitals in the continental United States for which complete data were available in 1997 (N=4,806) and are available from the authors.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the factors associated with the dental health services utilization among children ages 6 to 12 in León, Nicaragua.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1,400 schoolchildren. Using a questionnaire, we determined information related to utilization and independent variables in the previous year. Oral health needs were established by means of a dental examination. To identify the independent variables associated with dental health services utilization, two types of multivariate regression models were used, according to the measurement scale of the outcome variable: a) frequency of utilization as (0) none, (1) one, and (2) two or more, analyzed with the ordered logistic regression and b) the type of service utilized as (0) none, (1) preventive services, (2) curative services, and (3) both services, analyzed with the multinomial logistic regression.

RESULTS
The proportion of children who received at least one dental service in the 12 months prior to the study was 27.7 percent. The variables associated with utilization in the two models were older age, female sex, more frequent toothbrushing, positive attitude of the mother toward the child's oral health, higher socioeconomic level, and higher oral health needs.

CONCLUSION
Various predisposing, enabling, and oral health needs variables were associated with higher dental health services utilization. As in prior reports elsewhere, these results from Nicaragua confirmed that utilization inequalities exist between socioeconomic groups. The multinomial logistic regression model evidenced the association of different variables depending on the type of service used.


As environmental issues become increasingly important, the buildings have focused on energy efficiency and energy needed for the construction and production of material. This research shows a simplified life cycle analysis study of operational and embodied energy of four new houses located in Temuco - Chile, structured with SIP (Structural insulated panel), in order to quantify the energy at each stage of this construction system. To obtain embodied energy were used two international databases in order to quantify the energy of each material, and the energy contained in the process relating with structure SIP was determined through measures in a company specializing in SIP construction. For the operational energy, computational models were carried out with Design Builder software, and this energy was projected at 50 years lifespan. The analysis of the data obtained show that the energy contained by construction processes represents about 1.7% of embodiedenergy, while the total embodied energy represents 11% of the total life cycle energy of houses, the remaining 89% represents the energy of occupation. On the other hand, we observe that SIP houses generate figures close to 60% savings in energy demand, compared to a masonry houses commonly built in this city. Rev. ing. constr. [online]. 2015, vol.30, n.1, pp. 33-38. ISSN 0718-5073.  http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50732015000100003


We consider several time series and for each of them, we fit an appropriate dynamic parametric model. This produces serially independent error terms for each time series. The dependence between these error terms is then modeled by a regime-switching copula. The EM algorithm is used for estimating the parameters and a sequential goodness-of-fit procedure based on Cramér-von Mises statistics is proposed to select the appropriate number of regimes. Numerical experiments are performed to assess the validity of the proposed methodology. As an example of application, we evaluate a European put-on-max option on the returns of two assets. In order to facilitate the use of our methodology, we have built a R package HMMcopula available on CRAN.


Use of technology has become a common practice in today's world. As the world is moving rapidly towards digital media, the role of IT in education has become increasingly important. Development of digitization can be outstanding if it can be utilized in education, research and extension activities which can be cost effective. The paper attempts to understand whether traditional approach of education can be replaced by digital mode of education or not?. This paper tries to focus upon three things Firstly; it exhibits the transition of education from a traditional educational approach to digitized approach. Secondly, it analyses the associated cost and benefits of digitized education in today's society. Finally, it attempts to propose few mechanism for incorporating digitized education and its impact in higher education scenario towards building India as a Technoscape for future advancement. The work has been analyzed using secondary data, which has further been forecasted to draw comparison between the education without implementing digitization & digitized education & is therefore quantitative research based. Finally, the outcome drawn from the study exhibits that there is a viability of 90.4% percent for education to be digitized that has been forecasted in the study for the year 2014-2015 to 2015-2016. Whereas, at the cost side of digitization it is observed that it would be an effective step in terms of both cost and quality of learning.


The recent trend of undergoing labiaplasty among underage girls is a serious concern on many accounts and doctor's ethical dilemma is one of them. Though, the intentions behind opting for such operations are kept as private, yet it can be surmised that they are not associated with any kind of therapeutic value. Under such circumstance, this paper explores the pros and cons of this issue from an ethical perspective before concluding with the view that such practices are unethical and, doctors should not be influenced to perform labiaplasty on underage girls.


Most foods are considered functional in terms of providing nutrients and energy to sustain daily life, but dietary systems that are capable of preventing or remediating a stressed or diseased state are classified as functional foods. Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) contain high levels of chemically diverse components (phenols, resistance starch, vitamins, fructooligosaccharides) that have shown to protect against such conditions as oxidative stress, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and many types of cancer, thereby positioning this legume as an excellent functional food. Moreover, the United States has a rich dry bean history and is currently a top producer of dry beans in the world with pinto beans accounting for the vast majority. Despite these attributes, dry bean consumption in the US remains relatively low. Therefore, the objective of this manuscript is to review dry beans as an important US agricultural crop and as functional food for the present age with an emphasis on pinto beans.


In this thesis, I examined various signalling both in wired and mobile networks, with more emphasis on SIGTRAN. The SIGTRAN is the protocol suite applicable in the current new generation and next-generation networks, most especially as it enables service provider to be able to interpolate both wireline and wireless services within the same architecture. This concept is an important component in today's Triple-play communication, and hence this thesis has provided a broad view on Signalling and Protocol Gateways in Traditional and Next Generations Networks. Signal flow in a typical new generation network was examined by carrying out discrete event simulation of UMTS network using OPNET modeller 14.5. Through both Packet-Switching (PS) and Circuit-Switching (CS) signalling, I was able to examine the QoS on a UMTS. Precisely, I looked at throughput on UMTS network by implementing WFQ and MDRR scheduling schemes.


The history of Black migration is a story of continuity and change, a paradoxical story of hopes and despairs. Situating migration as a labour process within the general framework of labour–capital relations, this study examines the role of south-to-north migration in Black Americans' upward mobility and human capital accumulation for the period 1910–1970. The conceptual argument advanced is that labour market distortions, based on the historical legacy of colour as a marker of one's ability, affect the way capitalist forces use (underutilise) Black migrants, leading to the underdevelopment of their human capital. An analysis of IPUMS data samples showed: (1) Black migrants were far more likely to experience unemployment in the labour markets of the Midwest than their White counterparts; (2) the unemployment rate of more-educated Black migrants was higher than that for less-educated Black migrants; (3) race was revealed by regression analysis to be an important variable in explaining why Blacks were far more likely to be found in low-wage, least upwardly mobile occupations than their White counterparts, whose proportionate employment share of the high-end occupations was much greater than that of Blacks; and (4) geographically, the early advantage that Black migrants enjoyed from locating in the central city lost much of its value over time. This may reflect how, while Blacks remained trapped in central cities because of residential segregation, jobs – especially those in the private sector – have increasingly moved out of the city, thus creating a mismatch between their residence and the location(s) of jobs. Overall, the data analysis suggests that race still matters, as the colour of labour remains a source of discrimination in terms of both the extent to which Black labour was used (unemployment rate) and how it was used (occupation). The result was that capitalist forces in the American labour market systematically undervalued or suppressed Black migrants' pre-existing human capital, thus denying them an opportunity fully to harness their potential and enhance their human capital accumulation. Copyright© 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Hydrological forecasts with a high temporal and spatial resolution are required to provide the level of information needed by end users. So far high-resolution multimodel seasonal hydrological forecasts have been unavailable due to 1) lack of availability of high-resolution meteorological seasonal forecasts, requiring temporal and spatial downscaling; 2) a mismatch between the provided seasonal forecast information and the user needs; and 3) lack of consistency between the hydrological model outputs to generate multimodel seasonal hydrological forecasts. As part of the End-to-End Demonstrator for Improved Decision Making in the Water Sector in Europe (EDgE) project commissioned by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (ECMWF), this study provides a unique dataset of seasonal hydrological forecasts derived from four general circulation models [CanCM4, GFDL Forecast-Oriented Low Ocean Resolution version of CM2.5 (GFDL-FLOR), ECMWF Season Forecast System 4 (ECMWF-S4), and Météo-France LFPW] in combination with four hydrological models [mesoscale hydrologic model (mHM), Noah-MP, PCRaster Global Water Balance (PCR-GLOBWB), and VIC]. The forecasts are provided at daily resolution, 6-month lead time, and 5-km spatial resolution over the historical period from 1993 to 2012. Consistency in hydrological model parameterization ensures an increased consistency in the hydrological forecasts. Results show that skillful discharge forecasts can be made throughout Europe up to 3 months in advance, with predictability up to 6 months for northern Europe resulting from the improved predictability of the spring snowmelt. The new system provides an unprecedented ensemble of seasonal hydrological forecasts with significant skill over Europe to support water management. This study highlights the potential advantages of multimodel based forecasting system in providing skillful hydrological forecasts.


The Saint-Venant torsion problem for a twisted shaft may be formulated in terms of the Prandtl stress function (PSF) or the conjugate warping function (CWF), each of which may be interpreted as the transverse deflection of a thin membrane via the well-known membrane (soap-film) analogies. The deflection of the PSF membrane is associated with a uniform transverse pressure loading, whereas the CWF membrane is nonpressurized—its deformation is due solely to imposed deflections along its edge. The utility of the PSF analogy stems from the simple relationships that exist between the geometry of the deformed membrane (slope, enclosed volume) and the shaft quantities (shear stress, rigidity). However, despite the fact that the CWF analogy involves a simpler loading than its PSF counterpart, similar relationships relating the deformed CWF membrane to the shaft quantities do not appear in the literature. The purpose of the present note is to complete the CWF analogy by deriving such expressions. The use of the new relationships is illustrated in a purely geometric derivation of the solution for a circular cylindrical shaft. The results may also furnish a new means of visualizing the torsional behavior of shafts of other cross-sectional shapes.


The role of preformed xenoreactive antibodies in xenograft recipients is unknown. Humans and baboons possess red cell agglutinating activity associated with isohemagglutinins and heteroagglutinins (HA). We examined the role of HA in two patients who received ABO-identical baboon livers. Human antibaboon HA were assessed by correlating serial titers with studies for rejection. Serial direct antiglobulin testing (DAT) was used to detect baboon antihuman HA, potentially produced by transplanted passenger lymphocytes. Patient 1 survived 70 days. The human antibaboon HA titers remained essentially unchanged from preoperative values. Although hyperacute rejection did not occur, and there was only mild cellular rejection, liver function was suboptimal. Postreperfusion immunoglobulin and complement deposition and histologic changes suggested complement-mediated injury. DAT testing was negative except for passively acquired anti-A from transfusion. At autopsy there was marked bile stasis, but no rejection. Patient 2 survived 26 days with essentially unchanged HA titers until preterminal. Although there was no hyperacute rejection and only mild humoral rejection (without cellular rejection), suboptimal liver function and bile stasis were again noted. Postreperfusion immunoglobulin and complement deposition again suggested complement-mediated injury. DAT testing was negative. At autopsy there was no rejection. Human antibaboon HA do not appear to be associated with hyperacute or cellular rejection, but their role in the complement-mediated injury, suspected in both cases, cannot be definitively excluded. Baboon antihuman HA were not detected in either patient.


This paper presents the first method to compute dense scene flow in real-time for RGB-D cameras. It is based on a variational formulation where brightness constancy and geometric consistency are imposed. Accounting for the depth data provided by RGB-D cameras, regularization of the flow field is imposed on the 3D surface (or set of surfaces) of the observed scene instead of on the image plane, leading to more geometrically consistent results. The minimization problem is efficiently solved by a primal-dual algorithm which is implemented on a GPU, achieving a previously unseen temporal performance. Several tests have been conducted to compare our approach with a state-of-the-art work (RGB-D flow) where quantitative and qualitative results are evaluated. Moreover, an additional set of experiments have been carried out to show the applicability of our work to estimate motion in real-time. Results demonstrate the accuracy of our approach, which outperforms the RGB-D flow, and which is able to estimate heterogeneous and non-rigid motions at a high frame rate.


The broadband satellite multimedia (BSM) architecture standardised by ETSI defines a satellite independent service access point (SI-SAP) interface layer that separates the satellite independent features of the upper layers from the satellite dependant features of the lower layers, and provides a mechanism to carry IP-based protocols over these satellite dependent lower layers. This enables interoperability at the IP layer between satellite systems of different physical and link layers technologies that fully comply with the SI-SAP concept. This study reviews past and current standardisation activities including the BSM quality of service (QoS) architecture, security architecture, network management that have been carried out by the ETSI Technical Committee-Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (TC-SES)/BSM working group and looking into the future to extend current SI-SAP functions that can enhance existing QoS provision and security management capabilities as well as proposing a mobility management architecture that complies with the IEEE 802.21 media independent handover framework to support BSM mobility and to allow integration of satellite networks with fixed and mobile network infrastructures. A service-based network management architecture is also proposed to allow management flexibility and integration of business and operation support functions, paving the way for satellite integration into the Internet of the future.