MSC spheroids self-organize in a hierarchical manner, resulting in a spatial patterning of the function of individual cells. Organoids that recapitulate the functional hallmarks of anatomic structures comprise cell populations able to self-organize cohesively in 3D. However, the rules underlying organoid formation in vitro remain poorly understood because a correlative analysis of individual cell fate and spatial organization has been challenging. Here, we use a novel microfluidics platform to investigate the mechanisms determining the formation of organoids by human mesenchymal stromal cells that recapitulate the early steps of condensation initiating bone repair in vivo. We find that heterogeneous mesenchymal stromal cells self-organize in 3D in a developmentally hierarchical manner. We demonstrate a link between structural organization and local regulation of specific molecular signaling pathways such as NF-κB and actin polymerization, which modulate osteo-endocrine functions. This study emphasizes the importance of resolving spatial heterogeneities within cellular aggregates to link organization and functional properties, enabling a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling organoid formation, relevant to organogenesis and tissue repair.


Physical conditioning, technical ability, contact, and protective equipment have been identified through research as factors that can potentially contribute to the incidence of injuries in ice hockey players. One safety-related factor often overlooked is the interaction between the skate blade and the ice. Skating is one of the fundamental skills of a successful hockey player, but the effect of skate sharpening on blade characteristics and performance has received limited research attention. The point of contact with the ice is essentially what allows the transition of human motion to skating mechanics, and it may affect both the quality of skating performance and the potential for on-ice injuries. The purpose of this paper is to address the influence of skate blade sharpening characteristics on performance. Experiments performed to examine skate blade sharpening characteristics have identified radius of hollow (ROH), radius of contour (ROC), pitch and levelness of edges as variables that can be manipulated, quantified, and controlled when analyzing blade-ice interaction and the effect of skate sharpening on skating performance. Optimum values for each may produce more effective skating performances. Less than optimum values can result in slower speeds, longer stopping times, instability, body malalignment, greater fatigue, and potentially, greater chance of injury. Being able to define blade characteristics and determine the best combination of ROH, ROC, and pitch for a specific player allows some degree of control in an environment which can often be unpredictable. Furthermore, although there are standards for acceptable ice in professional hockey leagues, very often players must skate on a surface which is not only less than ideal, but which can also change over the course of a game or practice. Careful sharpening to accommodate for less than ideal ice conditions and the unpredictable nature of the play may also help to prevent fatigue, and injuries.


With increasing processing power demands of embedded applications and technology advances, Multiprocessor Systems-on-Chip (MPSoCs) become prevalent in embedded systems. The memory subsystem is a large and critical contributor to both energy and performance of such systems, requiring system designers to perform exploration of low power memory organizations.
In this dissertation we present an automated approach for data memory subsystem customization for streaming applications. Our approach allows modification of the program to use custom scratch pad memory configurations comprising a hierarchical set of buffers for local storage of frequently reused data. Our data reuse analysis technique provides the system designer with a wide range of customized memory hierarchy organizations with different size and energy profiles and enables the system designer to explore feasible memory subsystem solutions that satisfy power and area constraints while still meeting task deadlines, both for uniprocessor and multiprocessor systems.
In modern multiprocessor embedded systems the communication subsystem also plays an important role in determining overall system power consumption and performance. We propose novel approaches that enables energy-aware co-synthesis of both memory and communication architectures for streaming applications targeting hierarchical bus-based and Network-on-Chip communication architectures.
Our techniques achieve significant reduction in memory and communication subsystems energy consumption for data dominant applications, and allow system designers to explore custom scratch pad memory configuration for a range of power and area constraints.


Henry Purcell. King Arthur. DVD. Konzertvereinigung Wiener Staatsopernchor and Concentus Musicus Wien / Nikolaus Harnoncourt. With Barbara Bonney, Michael Schade, Oliver Widmer, Birgit Remmert, Isabel Rey. Stuttgart, Germany: EuroArts Music International, 2005. 2054508. $44.99. George Frideric Handel. Teseo. DVD. Lautten Compagney Berlin / Wolfgang Katschner. With Jacek Laszczkowski, Sharon Rostrof-Zamir, Maria Riccarda Wesseling, Martin Wolfel, Mariam Meyer, Thomas Diestler. Leipzig, Germany: Arthaus Musik, 2004. 100 709. $34.99. I can't help wondering what composers such as Handel and Purcell would make of our recent fascination with the musical theater of the 17th and 18th centuries. Generations came and went without any performances of these works, most of which were intended for performance at a certain time in a specific place with no thought of revival. Should another city or royal court express an interest in a second production, it was not uncommon for the composer to overhaul the piece for a different cast of singers and the tastes of the local populace. In these days, when "authenticity" is the operative word, how does one decide what is "authentic"? We can select a specific musical text from the various editions: the Vienna edition of Gluck's Alceste, for example, instead of his vastly altered version for Paris, but what about the staging? Should we be "musicologically correct" and attempt a recreation of what we think 18th century audiences saw, or should we remove these works from the museum and present them in a way which can speak more readily to a contemporary audience? A good stage director and design team can make either approach work-or not, as the case may be. With the exception of Dido and Aeneas, the theatrical works of Henry Purcell are seldom encountered except as concert works. His so-called "semi-operas" were what we might consider plays with incidental music except that characters from the play are called upon to sing on occasion. The difficulty in finding singing actors who can play Restoration drama and negotiate Purcell's florid vocal lines has relegated these large scale works to the pages of the history books and concert performances of the music only. In 2004, the Salzburg Festival attempted to change this. Employing a German translation based on John Dryden's original text, which was adapted further by stage director Jurgen Flimm and conductor Nikolaus Harnoncourt, the production uses stage actors and singers (often doubling one another in identical costumes) to present this pageant-like work and make it accessible to a modern audience. There is no attempt to recreate a period production; instead we see warring Saxons and Britons from all historical eras plus quite a bit of extravagant silliness which would not be out of place in a British pantomime. Presented in Salzburg's cavernous Felsenreitschule, the production employs 21st century stage and lighting techniques to bring this forgotten work to life, but be forewarned: it is the sort of production which might be dismissed by more conservative viewers as Eurotrash. Musically, the production is in very strong hands. Harnoncourt is one of the gurus of the period instrument movement, and while Purcell's music has never figured largely in his repertoire, he knows what to do with it and elicits first rate performances from his orchestra and soloists, who include Barbara Bonney and Michael Shade, singing in the original English. Of the actors and the spoken dialogue, I suspect that much is lost if one is not fluent in German. …


Abstract. Air pollution is one of the main environmental concerns in urban areas, where anthropogenic emissions strongly affect air quality. This work presents the first spatially resolved detailed characterization of PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic equivalent diameter daero  ≤  2.5 µm) in two major Estonian cities, Tallinn and Tartu. The measurements were performed in March 2014 using a mobile platform. In both cities, the non-refractory (NR)-PM2.5 was characterized by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) using a recently developed lens which increases the transmission of super-micron particles. Equivalent black carbon (eBC) and several trace gases including carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) were also measured. The chemical composition of PM2.5 was found to be very similar in the two cities. Organic aerosol (OA) constituted the largest fraction, explaining on average about 52 to 60 % of the PM2.5 mass. Four sources of OA were identified using positive matrix factorization (PMF): hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA, from traffic emissions), biomass burning OA (BBOA, from biomass combustion), residential influenced OA (RIOA, probably mostly from cooking processes with possible contributions from waste and coal burning), and oxygenated OA (OOA, related to secondary aerosol formation). OOA was the major OA source during nighttime, explaining on average half of the OA mass, while during daytime mobile measurements the OA was affected by point sources and dominated by the primary fraction. A strong increase in the secondary organic and inorganic components was observed during periods with transport of air masses from northern Germany, while the primary local emissions accumulated during periods with temperature inversions. Mobile measurements offered the identification of different source regions within the urban areas and the assessment of the extent to which pollutants concentrations exceeded regional background levels (urban increments). HOA, eBC, CO2, and CO showed stronger enhancements on busy roads during the morning and evening traffic rush hours; BBOA had its maximum enhancement in the residential areas during the evening hours and RIOA was enhanced in both the city center (emissions from restaurants) and in the residential areas (emissions from residential cooking). In contrast, secondary components (OOA, sulfate (SO4), nitrate (NO3), ammonium (NH4), and chloride (Cl)) had very homogeneous distributions in time and space. We were able to determine a total PM2.5 urban increment in Tartu of 6.0 µg m−3 over a regional background concentration of 4.0 µg m−3 (i.e., a factor of 2.5 increase). Traffic exhaust emissions were identified as the most important source of this increase, with eBC and HOA explaining on average 53.3 and 20.5 % of the total increment, respectively.


Brooke Ricker Schreiber, Pennsylvania State University This paper presents a case study of the multilingual writing practices of a Serbian university student on Facebook, examining how he uses multiple varieties of English and Serbian, images, and video to shape his online identity and establish membership in local and global communities. Drawing on data from stimulated-recall interviews, online participant observation, and rhetorical analysis, this study shows how Aleksandar, a hiphop artist, appropriates hip-hop codes and employs the "gate-keeping" function of posting links (Baek, Holton, Harp, & Yaschur, 2011) by embedding links to music videos in his own highly personal code-mixed text in order to establish himself as a distinctly Serbian member of the global hip-hop community. The findings suggest that Aleksandar's language practices and attitudes might be better understood as translingual (Canagarajah, 2011), as the student integrates diverse linguistic and semiotic resources into a unified expression of identity, relying on the multimodal affordances of digital writing to accomplish his communicative goals. However, these sophisticated textual practices go undervalued in his EFL writing courses, where formal, monolingual, non-digital literacy remains primary (Saxena, 2011). These findings suggest a need to re-evaluate what it means to have a second language-mediated identity, and to expand the focus of EFL writing pedagogy.


BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution and association of selected risk factors for diabetes mellitus in a semi-rural Palestinian village.

MATERIAL/METHODS
We performed a cross-sectional, population-based study of 500 adults aged 30 to 65 in a semi-rural Palestinian village. The study included two phases: a household survey and an individual assessment utilizing the oral glucose tolerance test OGTT to determine the diabetes status of the participants, anthropometric measurements for body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR), blood biochemistry measurements for lipids, blood pressure measurement, and a standard questionnaire to assess demographic and other factors.

RESULTS
The association between various risk factors and diabetes status was explored by comparing statistical means and proportions and crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR). A multivariate logistic regression using sex and seven factors initially found to be significantly associated with diabetes identified four factors that remained significantly associated with diabetes after adjustment for age and sex. The four main factors are age (OR = 1.08, 95%CI = 1.05-1.12), positive family history of diabetes (OR = 3.09, 95%CI = 1.53-6.24), triglycerides (OR = 1.006, 95%CI = 1.002-1.009), and WHR (OR = 2.13, 95%CI =1.31-3.45).

CONCLUSIONS
Two factors associated with diabetes are potentially modifiable in this Palestinian population: WHR and triglyceride levels. These should be addressed by preventive health activities, including health promotion. The association between diabetes and age supports the conclusion that the prevalence of diabetes is expected to increase with the aging of the population.


The Feeding Method hypothesis (FMH) proposes that the way parents transfer food to chicks influences whether broodmates compete for it aggressively or non-aggressively. The FMH assumes that aggression is more efficient for securing a large share of food when prey items pass from bill to bill (direct feeds) than when prey is deposited on the nest floor (indirect feeds). In species with a developmental transition from indirect to direct feeding, the hypothesis predicts more aggression during direct than indirect feeds and an increase in rates of aggression as feeding becomes increasingly direct. We quantified development of aggression and feeding in two-chick cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) broods in order to test the FMH's assumption and its two developmental predictions. We also examined whether changes in rates of aggression early in the nestling period are better predicted by the Feeding Method, Food Amount or Early Dominance Establishment hypotheses. Neither the assumption nor either of the predictions of the FMH was supported and, if anything, senior broodmates were more aggressive early in the nestling period when feeding was indirect. These observations cast doubt on the ultimate influence of feeding method on use of aggression and, especially, on the role of direct feeding as a proximate trigger for aggression. Rates of aggression better fitted the temporal patterns predicted by Early Dominance Establishment and Food Amount hypotheses.


Purpose This clinical focus article introduces a summary profile template, called the Early Development of Emotional Competence Profile (EDEC-P). This profile distills information from a longer interview tool that solicits a detailed case history (the EDEC), but in a format that is readily accessible for communication partners of children with complex communication needs, including parents, educators, and other professionals. Method In this clinical focus article, we will (a) introduce the EDEC-P structure, (b) illustrate via case examples the types of information that can be shared, and (c) offer preliminary feedback from parents and other professionals on its usefulness. We will review literature that supports the importance of scaffolding communication about emotions by specialists who work with children with complex communication needs and by parents and other communication partners. Results An EDEC-P was generated for two participants as an illustration of the process. Feedback was solicited from these children's parents and other communication partners. The feedback demonstrated that the EDEC-P was viewed as a positive tool and identified some of the ways that it might be used. Conclusions The EDEC-P may be useful for professionals who are interested in approaching communication about emotions in children with complex communication needs. Guidelines are proposed to present and discuss the results from the interview to support the decision-making process in the clinical practice and next steps in research. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14219777.


Introduction. Part I: Basic Math, Basic Tools. Chapter 1: Math that Works as Hard as You Do. Chapter 2: Discovering Technical Math and the Tools of the Trades. Chapter 3: Zero to One and Beyond. Chapter 4: Easy Come, Easy Go: Addition and Subtraction. Chapter 5: Multiplication and Division: Everybody Needs Them. Chapter 6: Measurement and Conversion. Chapter 7: Slaying the Story Problem Dragon. Part II: Making Non-Basic Math Simple and Easy. Chapter 8: Fun with Fractions. Chapter 9: Decimals: They Have Their Place. Chapter 10: Playing with Percentages. Chapter 11: Tackling Exponents and Square Roots. Part III: Basic Algebra, Geometry, and Trigonometry. Chapter 12: Algebra and the Mystery of X. Chapter 13: Formulas (Secret and Otherwise). Chapter 14: Quick-and-Easy Geometry: The Compressed Version. Chapter 15: Calculating Areas, Perimeters, and Volumes. Chapter 16: Trigonometry, the "Mystery Math". Part IV: Math for the Business of Your Work. Chapter 17: Graphs are Novel and Charts Are Off the Chart. Chapter 18: Hold on a Second: Time Math. Chapter 19: Math for Computer Techs and Users. Part V: The Part of Tens. Chapter 20: Ten Tips for Solving Any Math Problem. Chapter 21: Ten Formulas You'll Use Most Often. Chapter 22: Ten Ways to Avoid Everyday Math Stress. Glossary. Index.


Chiral effective field theory (EFT) predictions are necessarily truncated at some order in the EFT expansion, which induces an error that must be quantified for robust statistical comparisons to experiment. In previous work, a Bayesian model for truncation errors of perturbative expansions was adapted to EFTs. The model yields posterior probability distribution functions (pdfs) for these errors based on expectations of naturalness encoded in Bayesian priors and the observed order-by-order convergence pattern of the EFT. A first application was made to chiral EFT for neutron-proton scattering using the semi-local potentials of Epelbaum, Krebs, and Meisner (EKM). Here we extend this application to consider a larger set of regulator parameters, energies, and observables as a general example of a statistical approach to truncation errors. The Bayesian approach allows for statistical validations of the assumptions and enables the calculation of posterior pdfs for the EFT breakdown scale. The statistical model is validated for EKM potentials whose convergence behavior is not distorted by regulator artifacts. For these cases, the posterior for the breakdown scale is consistent with EKM assumptions.


This thesis consists of three self contained essays in financial economics where agents interact under asymmetric information about some latent economic fundamentals. The chapter on "Asset pricing under noisy rating signals: Does benchmarking on ratings matter.", demonstrates that, in the presence of noise traders who benchmark their supply of a traded asset to public signals (ratings), informed traders are induced to rationally overreact to news about fundamentals, leading to excess asset price volatility. The analysis also shows that if market participants use public ratings solely for price discovery purposes then, under no circumstances ratings could weaken price efficiency, even in the presence of higher order beliefs. The chapter on "Prudential liquidity regulation and the insurance aspect of lender of last resort" considers prudential liquidity regulation as quid pro quo for emergency liquidity assistance by the central bank. In the presence of bank funding constraints, information-induced bank runs and an objective by the central bank to maintain a balanced budget under its lender of last resort (LOLR) facility, it is shown that prudential liquidity regulation is socially desirable if the banking sector is characterised by sufficient funding constraints, high profit opportunities and a relatively volatile deposit base. Otherwise, liquidity regulation is too costly from a welfare perspective, even after taking into account the social value of LOLR insurance. Finally, the chapter titled "Co-ordination failure and the signalling role of banks in debt-exchange offers" studies the out-of-court restructuring of debt when a creditor bank makes concessions conditional on other creditors' actions. In line with empirical evidence, the analysis shows that a bank's conditional commitment to restructure injects a degree of strategic solidity among other creditors, who then accept restructuring more easily. That leads to resolution of financial distress at lower levels of firm's fundamentals, compared to the situation with no bank in the game, that could imply a lower deadweight cost of inefficient liquidation. It is also discussed how conditional restructuring concessions may lead to a combination of herding incentives and co-ordination problems where, depending on the extent of conditionality, one may dominate the other.


We fabricate photonic crystal slab microcavities embedded with GaAs quantum dots by electron beam lithography and droplet epitaxy. The Purcell effect of exciton emission of the quantum dots is confirmed by the micro photoluminescence measurement. The resonance wavelengths, widths, and polarization are consistent with numerical simulation results.


In low income countries the majority of health care is sought in the private sector, often through
drug retailers, but little information is available on retail competition and regulation. This thesis
addresses this gap, in the context of the market for fever and malaria treatment in rural
Tanzania, investigating how market structure, provider conduct, regulation and consumer
demand influence treatment outcomes.
Data were collected in three districts, where the main treatment providers were public and
private health facilities, drug stores and general shops. Following a census of retailers, data on
supply were collected from facilities and shops through in-depth interviews, a structured survey,
and retail audits. Data on demand were collected through a household survey. Analysis focused
on retailers, supplemented by data on facility services and consumer demand, where this was
central to an understanding of retailer behaviour.
Retailers were an important source of fever/malaria treatment, with the majority of retail
antimalarial sales occurring through drug stores. Retail providers increased the accessibility,
range and reliability of drug stocks, but several market failures were evident. Market
concentration was high, price competition was weak, information on treatment quality was poor,
and negative externalities arose from inappropriate drug use. These failures contributed to low
antimalarial coverage, use of ineffective antimalarials, under-dosing, and inequitable access to
quality care. Government failures were also evident, in the form of poor quality public sector
treatment, and inadequately implemented regulation.
To optimise the planned introduction of antimalarial combination therapy, public facility care
must be improved. However, facility-only provision will not improve treatment for the majority
of fever/malaria visits, which are likely to remain to shops. Implications for widening
combination therapy provision to the retail sector are outlined, including the selection of
appropriate retailers, maintenance of affordable prices, effective communication with
consumers and providers, and a constructive role for regulation.


The study examines the residential relocation experiences of a group of homeowners expropriated in 1965 as the result of the realignment of the Welland Canal just outside of Welland, Ontario. It is based on interviews conducted in 1975 with 85 of the approximately 150 affected households. With Brown and Moore's (1970) location decision model providing the conceptual framework, information was gathered on satisfaction with the expropriated home, the relocation decision process, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the households, changes in living habits accompanying the expropriation, and satisfaction with the expropriation, as well as data on the pre-and post-expropriation locations. The information is analyzed with emphasis on the spatial aspects of the relocation, the relocation decision, and the impact of the relocation on the individual households and the urban system as a whole. In those areas about which information was available from the literature, the expropriated households behaved generally as expected.


Background— Surgery for severe mitral regurgitation is indicated if symptoms or left ventricular dilation or dysfunction occur. However, prognosis is already reduced by this stage, and earlier surgery on asymptomatic patients has been advocated if valve repair is likely, but identifying suitable patients for early surgery is difficult. Quantifying the regurgitation may help, but evidence for its link with outcome is limited. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) can accurately quantify mitral regurgitation, and we examined whether this was associated with the future need for surgery. Methods and Results— One hundred nine asymptomatic patients with echocardiographic moderate or severe mitral regurgitation had baseline CMR scans and were followed up for up to 8 years (mean, 2.5±1.9 years). CMR quantification accurately identified patients who progressed to symptoms or other indications for surgery: 91% of subjects with regurgitant volume ⩽55 mL survived to 5 years without surgery compared with only 21% with regurgitant volume >55 mL (P<0.0001). A similar separation was observed for regurgitant fraction ⩽40% and >40%. CMR-derived end-diastolic volume index showed a weaker association with outcome (proportions surviving without surgery at 5 years, 90% for left ventricular end-diastolic volume index <100 mL/m2 versus 48% for ≥100 mL/m2) and added little to the discriminatory power of regurgitant fraction/volume alone. Conclusions— CMR quantification of mitral regurgitation was associated with the development of symptoms or other indications for surgery and showed better discriminatory ability than the reference-standard CMR-derived ventricular volumes. CMR may be able to identify appropriate patients for early surgery, with the potential to change clinical practice, although the clinical benefits of early surgery require confirmation in a clinical trial.


The Neogene of Andujar (Guadalquivir Basin) consists of siliciclastic aud carbonate rocks of Upper Tortonian and Messinian age. They are grouped into a laterally-related facies assemblages that form two megacycles. Ihe lower of these cycles has debris-flow, proximal and distal braided-channels and sandy plain sediments, ali them with subaerial and subaqueous features, plus marine littoral bars aud carbonate shelf deposits. Lateral arrangement of facies allow to interpret these rocks as deposited in delta settings with variable name depending on the criterion used: braided delta (McPherson et al., 1981) orfan delta (Nernec & Steel, 1988). In Postma's (1990) proposal of classifucation the described case-study sedimented in a shallow delta system fed by alluvial systems. It is an intermediate between types A and B, with bed-load dominance at the river-mouth and shoal-water profile, developed over a carbonate shelf. Sea-level fluctuations controlled the evolution of the system as deduced from spatial arrangement of the described rocks. This fluctuation was in tum related to variations of the basin's volume related to synsedimentary movements along the south margin (although this is a passive margin, it locates at the northem edge of a basin with a complex geodynamic behaviour during Cainozoic).


Cell-based therapies have intriguing potential for the treatment of a variety of neurological disorders. One such example is genetically engineered cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that are being investigated in brain tumor clinical trials. The development of methods for CTL delivery is critical to their use in the laboratory and clinical setting. In our study, we determined whether CTLs can migrate through fibrin matrices and if their migration, survival, and function could be modulated by adding chemokines to the matrix. Our results indicated that CTLs can freely migrate through fibrin matrices. As expected, the addition of the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), also known as chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), to the surrounding media increased egress of the CTLs out of the fibrin clot. Interleukin (IL) -2 and/or IL-15 embedded in the matrix enhanced T cell survival and further promoted T cell migration. The interleukin-13 receptor alpha 2 specific (IL-13R alpha2) T cells that traveled out of the fibrin clot retained the capacity to kill U251 glioma cells. In summary, CTLs can survive and migrate robustly in fibrin matrices. These processes can be influenced by modification of matrix constituents. We conclude that fibrin matrices may be suitable T cell carriers and can be used to facilitate understanding of T cell interaction with the surrounding microenvironment.


Single particle analysis of aerosols particles larger than 0.2 μm diameter was performed on 24 samples collected over Surinam tropical rain forest and in the adjacent marine boundary layer (MBL) during the LBA-CLAIRE 98 campaign in March 1998. Elemental composition and morphology of 2308 particles was determined using SEM-EDX. The aerosol particles were divided into seven groups according to their chemical composition: organic particles, mineral dust, aged mineral dust, sea salt, aged sea salt, Ca-rich, and biogenic aerosol. However the organic material in aerosol particles cannot be identified directly by SEM-EDX, we present indirect method of detection of organic material using this technique. Samples were further divided with respect to the distinct atmospheric layers present in the tropical troposphere including MBL, continental mixed layer, cloud convective layer, free troposphere and region of deep convection outflow. The organic and mineral dust particles are two major groups observed over the rainforest. In the MBL also sea salt particles represented a large fraction between 15 and 27%. The organic particles control much of the chemical characteristic of the aerosol in the continental tropical troposphere. Their abundance ranged from less than 20% in the MBL to more than 90% in the free troposphere between 4.5- and 12.6-km altitude. During the transport of the air masses from the MBL over the rain forest, fraction of organic aerosol particles more than doubled, reaching 40–60% in the continental boundary layer. This increase was attributed to direct emissions of biogenic aerosols from the tropical vegetation. The high fraction of the organic accumulation mode particles in the upper tropical troposphere could be a good indicator for the air masses originated over the tropical rain forest.


Under the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" (Article 3.1 of the UNFCCC) non-Annex I parties have so far been exempted from emission limitation or reduction commitments. However, the pressure is mounting on those countries, especially major emitting developing countries, to contribute actively to the mitigation of climate change. Participation by these developing countries in a future international climate regime is often called for, but it is usually unclear how and how much these countries should participate, what kind of support they need and in which sectors. This project aims to provide a more detailed view on six countries to understand how they could best make a contribution to the regime and how they could best be supported in limiting their greenhouse gas emissions.


The United Nations and other aid agencies are calling for aid to be more than doubled so that the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) can be achieved by 2015. Unfortunately, as this paper shows, many important donors currently distribute their aid in ways that are not consistent with the MDGs. It constructs aid concentration curves for four of the quantifiable indicators of the MDGs (monetary poverty, child malnutrition, non-enrolment in primary school, and under-five mortality) for the major bilateral and multilateral donors. A common ranking of donors' aid programmes by these indicators is observed. However, there are major contrasts between the progressivity and regressivity of different donor's aid programmes whatever indicator is used. The UK and World Bank have aid programmes which distribute around twothirds of their concessionary aid to the low income countries. In contrast, the USA and the European Commission spend the majority of their aid budgets in middle income countries. France, Germany, the Netherlands, Japan and the United Nations occupy an intermediate position, distributing between a half and two-thirds of their aid to low income countries but also making substantial disbursements to a few relatively small and well off countries.


The climate is a forced and dissipative nonlinear system featuring nontrivial dynamics on a vast range of spatial and temporal scales. The understanding of the climate's structural and multiscale properties is crucial for the provision of a unifying picture of its dynamics and for the implementation of accurate and efficient numerical models. We present some recent developments at the intersection between climate science, mathematics, and physics, which may prove fruitful in the direction of constructing a more comprehensive account of climate dynamics. We describe the Nambu formulation of fluid dynamics and the potential of such a theory for constructing sophisticated numerical models of geophysical fluids. Then, we focus on the statistical mechanics of quasi‐equilibrium flows in a rotating environment, which seems crucial for constructing a robust theory of geophysical turbulence. We then discuss ideas and methods suited for approaching directly the nonequilibrium nature of the climate system. First, we describe some recent findings on the thermodynamics of climate, characterize its energy and entropy budgets, and discuss related methods for intercomparing climate models and for studying tipping points. These ideas can also create a common ground between geophysics and astrophysics by suggesting general tools for studying exoplanetary atmospheres. We conclude by focusing on nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, which allows for a unified framing of problems as different as the climate response to forcings, the effect of altering the boundary conditions or the coupling between geophysical flows, and the derivation of parametrizations for numerical models.


Finger flow along distinct paths in homogeneous soils and other porous media is well known, but its characterization and quantification with existing approaches is challenging. Neutron radiography produces 2‐d images of water content distributions that allow testing of a water content wave approach to finger flow. Neutron radiographs were taken every 25 s during finger flow in a sand box that was 200 mm wide, 400 mm deep, and 5 mm thick. The sand was sieved to 0.2‐ to 0.5‐mm diameter. The area of finger flow was 30 mm wide. We approached water content variations during infiltration and redistribution in the finger flow area with a water content wave model that assumes gravity as the driving force and viscosity to oppose it. The two model parameters are thickness of the water film F (μm) and its contact length L (m−1) per unit cross‐sectional area A (m2) between the film and the stationary parts of the sand–water–air system. The velocity vW (m s−1) of the wetting front is an exclusive function of F, while mobile water content and volume flux density are functions of L and F We observed constant vW across the entire depth of investigation, which indicates constant F despite the considerable spatial variations in bulk density and porosity. The contact length L expresses the surface area per unit volume of the medium onto which momentum dissipates. The value of L compared well with the estimated surface area per volume of the smallest sand fraction during unhampered flow; however, it increased drastically when flow was influenced by the capillary fringe at the bottom of the sand box.


Paul and power : framing claims. Evidently an important theme in the Pauline letters, discussions of the nature, scope and function of power have given rise to a wide range of explanations and interpretative positions. Engaging the rich diversity regarding the content and nature of power in Paul, this contribution argues that the Roman imperial context is indicative and instrumental for understanding the construction and regulation of power in the Pauline letters. Coming to terms with the significance of imperial ideology in the understanding of power in Paul requires appropriate interpretive strategies such as a postcolonial interpretation.


We offer a new, unified approach to the derivation and interpretation of head-external, head-internal, and heretofore understudied doubly-headed relative clauses in Japanese. Our proposal is motivated by new data on the interpretation of these different forms of relative clauses with quantificational heads, in different contexts. Head-internal and doubly-headed relative clauses are interpreted as definite descriptions with their quantificational head interpreted in their surface, relative-clause-internal positions. We show that the complex patterns of possible interpretations, as well as the shape of observed inter-speaker variation, are derived by interpreting definite descriptions using a maximal informativeness semantics and a simple assumption regarding the role of contextual information, which we call the Salient Sets Restriction . Syntactically, we propose a novel DP head-raising derivation for relative clauses that takes advantage of the Copy Theory of movement and the late-merger of relative clauses. This allows for the unification of head-internal and doubly-headed relativization strategies with the familiar head-external form, which would otherwise not be possible. We believe this approach is suitable for head-raising relative clauses in other languages as well, including English. Our proposal avoids some complications of previous head-raising derivations, instead taking advantage of independently motivated mechanisms of copy-chain resolution at LF. This article is part of the special collection:  Internally-headed Relative Clauses


Coverage of the upcoming Rio+20 Earth Summit has tended either to express exasperation at the futility of a
single conference attempting to address multiple planetary crises or to bemoan the fact that, while laudable, the
little that is being done comes too late. Both views are wrong. There is, in fact, a great deal being done in the
environment's name and much more of it will be pushed between 20–22 June in Brazil. Unfortunately, the central
solution presented by policymakers – The Green Economy – will make matters worse. This concept, a way of
putting a price on the use of natural resources previously considered 'free', is being touted as the only way to
prevent future crises. In this Opinion, we explain how the green economy approach – relying as it does on the kinds
of broken mechanisms that precipitated the current financial crisis – will only further incentivise the exploitation
and destruction of the ecosystems on which we all depend. And while humans are accelerating the rate of species
extinction,1 it is not too late to adopt the kinds of policies that have demonstrated success in combatting the global crises in food, energy and climate change. Policymakers at Rio+20 ought to look away from the greenwash, to the concrete proposals already enacted by social movements around the world. Their environmental solutions have the advantage of enfranchising the poor, transforming social relationships with nature and, most importantly when compared to the Green Economy approach, they actually work.


Navigation services have gained much importance for all kinds of human activities ranging from tourist navigation to support of rescue teams in disaster management. However, despite the considerable amount of route guidance research that has been performed, many issues that are related to navigation for first responders still need to be addressed.

During disasters, emergencies can result in different types of moving obstacles (e.g., fires, plumes, floods), which make some parts of the road network temporarily unavailable. After such incidents occur, responders have to go to different destinations to perform their tasks in the environment affected by the disaster. Therefore they need a path planner that is capable of dealing with such moving obstacles, as well as generating and coordinating their routes quickly and efficiently.

During the past decades, more and more hazard simulations, which can modify the models with incorporation of dynamic data from the field, have been developed. These hazard simulations use methods such as data assimilation, stochastic estimation, and adaptive measurement techniques, and are able to generate more reliable results of hazards. This would allow the hazard simulation models to provide valuable information regarding the state of road networks affected by hazards, which supports path planning for first responders among the moving obstacles.

The objective of this research is to develop an integrated navigation system for first responders in the presence of moving obstacles. Such system should be able to navigate one or more responders to one or multiple destinations avoiding the moving obstacles, using the predicted information of the moving obstacles generated from by hazard simulations. In this dissertation, the objective we have is expressed as the following research question:

How do we safely and efficiently navigate one or more first responders to one or more destinations avoiding moving obstacles?

To address the above research questions, this research has been conducted using the following outline: 1). literature review; 2). conceptual design and analysis; 3). implementation of the prototype; and 4). assessment of the prototype and adaption. We investigated previous research related to navigation in disasters, and designed an integrated navigation system architecture, assisting responders in spatial data storage, processing and analysis.Within this architecture, we employ hazard models to provide the predicted information about the obstacles, and select a geo-database to store the data needed for emergency navigation. Throughout the development of the prototype navigation system, we have proposed:

• a taxonomy of navigation among obstacles, which categorizes navigation cases on basis of type and multiplicity of first responders, destinations, and obstacles;

• a multi-agent system, which supports information collection from hazard simulations, spatio-temporal data processing and analysis, connection with a geo-database, and route generation in dynamic environments affected by disasters;

• data models, which structure the information required for finding paths among moving obstacles, capturing both static information, such as the type of the response team, the topology of the road network, and dynamic information, such as changing availabilities of roads during disasters, the uncertainty of the moving obstacles generated from hazard simulations, and the position of the vehicle;

• path planning algorithms, which generate routes for one or more responders in the presence of moving obstacles. Using the speed of vehicles, departure time, and the predicted information about the state of the road network, etc., three versions (I, II, and III) of Moving Obstacle Avoiding A* (MOAAStar) algorithms are developed: 1). MOAAstar– I/Non-waiting, which supports path planning in the case of forest fires; 2). MOAAstar–II/Waiting, which introduces waiting options to avoid moving obstacles like plumes; 3). MOAAstar–III/Uncertainty, which can handle the uncertainty in predictions of moving obstacles and incorporate the profile of responders into the routing.

We have applied the developed prototype navigation system to different navigation cases with moving obstacles. The main conclusions drawn from our applications are summarized as follows:

• In the proposed taxonomy, we have identified 16 navigation cases that could occur in disaster response and need to be investigated. In addressing these navigation problems, it would be quite useful to employ computer simulations and models, which can make reliable predicted information about responders, the targets, and obstacles, in finding safe routes for the responders.

• The approach we provide is general and not limited to the cases of plumes and fires. In our data model, the data about the movement of hazards is represented as moving polygons. This allows the data model to be easily adjusted to merge and organize information from models of different types of disasters. For example, the areas that are affected by floods can also be represented as moving polygons. To facilitate the route calculation, not only the data of obstacles but also the information about the state of road networks affected by obstacles need to be structured and stored in the database.

• In planning routes for responders, the routing algorithms should incorporate the dynamic data of obstacles to be able to avoid the hazards. Besides, other factors, such as the operation time of tasks, the required arrival time, and departure time, also need to be considered to achieve the objectives in a rescue process, e.g., to minimize the delays caused by the moving obstacles.

• The profile of responders is quite important for generation of feasible routes for a specific disaster situation. The responders may have different protective equipment that allows them to pass through different types of moving obstacles, and thus can have different classification of risk levels to define the state of the road network. By taking into account the profile of the responders, the navigation system can propose customized and safe routes to them, which would facilitate their disaster response processes.

On the basis of our findings, we suggest the following topics for future work:

• As presented Wang and Zlatanova (2013c), there are still a couple of navigation cases that need to be addressed, especially the ones that involve dynamic destinations. More algorithms would be needed to solve these navigation problems. Besides, some extreme cases (e.g., the obstacle covers the target point during the course of an incident) also need to be investigated.

• Using standard Web services, an Android navigation application, which can provide navigation services in the environment affected by hazards, needs to be developed and tested in both the daily practice and real disasters. In this application, a user interface with various styling options should also be designed for different situations, e.g., waiting and moving, day and night, and urgent and non-urgent.

• Because the communication infrastructure may not be available or work properly during a disaster response, a decentralized method is needed to allow different users to negotiate with each other and to make local agreements on the distribution of tasks in case there is no support from the central planning system. Another type of multi-agent system would be needed to handle this situation.

• Introduce variable traveling speed into the re-routing process. The vehicle speed plays an important role in generation of routes avoiding moving obstacle, and can be influenced by many factors, such as the obstacles, the type of vehicles, traffic conditions, and the type of roads. Therefore, it would be needed to investigate how to derive the current and future speed from trajectories of vehicles.

• Apply the system to aid navigation in various types of natural disasters, using different hazard simulation models (e.g., flood model). More types of agents would be needed and integrated into the system to handle heterogeneous data from these models. Extensions of the data model are also required to meet a wider range of informational needs when multiple disasters occur simultaneously.


Introduction: Autologous grafts play an important role in rhinoplasty, they provide support with improved functional and aesthetic results. Fragmented cartilaginous grafts are an alternative that help avoid the perceptible deformities that occur with sculpted grafts. Grafts in the form of unbound strips have also shown good results. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of a new technique, which involves filling of the nasal dorsum using cartilaginous strips bound in the form of a bundle of twigs. Method: A total of 28 open structure rhinoplasties were performed from January to June 2015 at the Plastic Surgery Clinic of the Felício Rocho Hospital. V-shaped infracolumellar incisions were made by dissection of the deep planes. The nasal septum was the main donor area of the cartilage grafts. The grafts were prepared with a #11 scalpel blade into thin strips with an average thickness of 1 mm. Using simple 5-0 catgut wire, the grafts were bound into a self-contained bundle. Results: Thirteen patients were female and 15 male, with a mean age of 34.8 years. The "bundle of twigs" technique displayed good postoperative results, with maintenance of the filling and elevation of the nasal dorsum. Follow-up assessments confirmed the augmentation of the root and dorsum in 100% of the cases, without local complications or need for surgical revision. Conclusion: The bundle of twigs technique was efficient and easily performed. It offers an attractive alternative for treatment of the nasal dorsum and root in aesthetic, functional, and traumatic cases.


Despite significant increases in female labour market participation and educational achievement in the EU in recent decades, women still trail men in terms of employment rates, earnings and occupational attainment. This thesis is about the interplay between the characteristics of individuals associated with productivity, labour market returns to these characteristics, and country-level work/family reconciliation policies in influencing female employment and gender inequalities in the labour market in the enlarged EU. It explores variations in the ways EU member states support individuals in combining work and family life and the extent to which these policies promote gender equality in the labour market in terms of pay and occupational attainment. The approach of the thesis is quantitative and comparative, based on the secondary analysis of micro social datasets and comparable policy indicators, using advanced statistical techniques. It is also multi-disciplinary, drawing on the literature and methods from the fields of labour economics and comparative social policy.

Results from the study suggest that the existing work-family reconciliation policies in the EU have not caught up sufficiently with the dramatic advances in women's labour market position. To various extents, they retain elements of the traditional male breadwinner model. Even in the Nordic countries, which rank highest on most measures of gender equity in work/family reconciliation policies, women tend to earn less than men, on average, and to work in a narrower range of occupations than their male counterparts. At the other extreme, Eastern-European and Mediterranean countries tend to have more traditional gender-role attitudes and a policy environment less compatible with the dual-earner/dual-carer model of the family. However, women who work, particularly those who work full-time, typically enjoy more equality with men in terms of their wages and occupational attainment.


Near-field compensated higher order Ambisonics (HOA) is an approach to the physical synthesis of sound fields. The typical interpretation of the modern HOA approach is that the sound field to be synthesized and the spatio-temporal transfer function of the employed loudspeakers are expanded into series of spherical harmonics in order to determine the loudspeaker driving signals for spherical arrays. Going one level higher in abstraction, HOA can be interpreted as the single-layer potential solution to the problem which is solved via a formulation of the reproduction equation in a spatial frequency domain which is selected according to the geometry of the loudspeaker array. For spherical arrays, this spatial frequency domain is the spherical harmonics domain. The presented paper provides an overview over a recent extension of this approach to the employment of planar and linear loudspeaker arrays. In this latter situation, the solution is obtain via a formulation of the reproduction equation in wavenumber domain.


One of the major problems facing the meat and leather industries is dung cladding on hides. Dung dried onto hides is difficult to remove during the early stages of processing, resulting in the necessity for prolonging the soaking step, with the consequence of risking bacterial damage to the hides.
Microscopic examination of dung on hide reveals that adhesion is between the dung and the hair alone, with no sticking of the dung to the epidermis. This accounts for the difficulty in removing dry dung; the matrix of the hair within the dung creates a strong composite material.
Analysis shows that major components of the composition of dung are lignocellulosic materials (lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose). This project concerns solubilising the dung faster, to reduce soaking time by targeting these components with enzyme technology, using hemicellulases, cellulases, and laccases from commercial products and a range of fungal organisms (Coriolus versicolor and Aspergillus niger).
Removal of dung from hide pieces is affected by the action of cellulase, xylanase and laccase separately over 20-24 hours. Mixture of these enzymes removes dung in 6-8 hours demonstrating that synergistic activity is more effective than separate enzyme treatments.
When commercial enzyme mixture or Coriolus versicolor or Aspergillus niger cultural broths were used to effect dung removal in tannery drums in a larger scale experiment, in some cases the removal of dung was observed within 1 hour by the help of the mechanical action and nonionic surfactant. The enzyme treatment did not affect the components of hide, such as collagen, hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulphate and it was found that enzyme treated leathers and control samples showed no differences in terms of their physical characteristics.
Investigations in the mechanism of dung removal by spectrophotometry, chromatography and chemical techniques show that the enzyme treatments remove the dung from hides without changing the fundamental structure of the substrate. The enzymes probably attack the structural parts in lignocellulose, which are most susceptible to solubilising with enzymes: these attacks make small changes in the carbohydrate and lignin contents, but these changes are powerful enough for effective dung removal


Over the last years Open Access has been ranked very high on science policy agenda's both internationally as well as nationally. This resulted in many national mandates and international guidelines on OA publishing of scientific results. One of the reasons OA has been pushed so strongly by science policy is found in the argument that what is financed publicly, should be publicly available. This argument, also known as the 'tax payers argument' is used to support and legitimize the push for open accessibility, not only of scientific publications, but also of the underlying research data, in order to guarantee the nonacademic sector, with lower degrees of accessibility to otherwise 'behind-the-paywall' information, access to outcomes of scientific research in the public sector. In this study we will focus on the developments in the OA publishing in one particular institutional sector, the private sector. Business enterprises represent the main sector in terms of R&D investments. According to Eurostat, in the year 2016 this sector represented 65% of the total R&D expenditures within the EU28. While objectives and incentives in the private sector might not always been aligned with the disclosure of research results in the open scientific literature, there is no doubt that this is the main actor when it comes to R&D performance. Within the business sector, we will focus our study in the pharmaceutical sector, by selecting a number of large pharmaceutical companies. Pharmaceutical companies represent an interesting case of study, given that is it one of the most R&D intensive industries, while it si also known for its shift in R&D orientation, from an in-house focus in the development of R&D towards a model much more open and collaborative, with more interactions with academic partners and other companies. Despite the importance of industrial R&D, until now it remains relatively understudied how private sector institutions which are active in R&D have embraced the OA movement, hence it remains relatively unknown how the private sector adapts to and can benefit from the new paradigm of open scholarship. Our objective is to shed more light on the extent to which big pharma both has been publishing in OA and also has been benefiting from OA publications to build their own research.


ABSTRACT 'Intra-EU mobility' from new member states provides a governance challenge to European countries like the Netherlands. Freedom of movement within the EU enables mobility but also has important social consequences at the urban level in particular. This article discusses to what extent local, national and European governments have interacted in the governance of 'intra-EU movement' and how this has affected their policies regarding migrants from Central and Eastern Europe in particular. Focusing on the Dutch case, including the cities of The Hague and Rotterdam, this article shows a development from a decoupled relationship, to localist governance and only recently evidence of emerging 'multilevel governance'. Speaking to the broader literature on multilevel governance, this article firstly shows that in spite of its broad theoretical application, multilevel governance should be seen as one of the varied types of governance in a multilevel setting. And secondly, it shows how and why local governments can play a key role in the bottom-up development of governance in a multilevel setting.


Proteins are fundamental biological entities mediating key roles in cellular function and disease. This paper introduces a multi-scale graph construction of a protein -- HoloProt -- connecting surface to structure and sequence. The surface captures coarser details of the protein, while sequence as primary component and structure -- comprising secondary and tertiary components -- capture finer details. Our graph encoder then learns a multi-scale representation by allowing each level to integrate the encoding from level(s) below with the graph at that level. We test the learned representation on different tasks, (i.) ligand binding affinity (regression), and (ii.) protein function prediction (classification). On the regression task, contrary to previous methods, our model performs consistently and reliably across different dataset splits, outperforming all baselines on most splits. On the classification task, it achieves a performance close to the top-performing model while using 10x fewer parameters. To improve the memory efficiency of our construction, we segment the multiplex protein surface manifold into molecular superpixels and substitute the surface with these superpixels at little to no performance loss.


Sciatica is a common back pain caused by irritation of the sciatic nerve. Current pharmacologic therapies have proven inadequate for many patients with sciatic pain. On the other hand, there is a global increasing demand toward the use and administration of natural medicaments for this disorder. Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) is a school of medicine and a medicinal plant based resource for clinical studies put forward by Persian scholars. The aim of the present study is to gather and study the effectiveness of all medicinal plants from five main Persian pharmacopeias. Furthermore, different data bases such as PubMed and Scopus have been checked to derive relevant activities for these plants. In all, 99 medicinal plants related to 42 families have been authenticated. Asteraceae and Apiaceae were the most frequent families and Roots and Seeds were the most reported botanical parts. The employed routs of administration were oral (54%), topical (33%) and rectal (13%). Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity and anti-nociceptive properties of medicines are known as some main mechanisms to manage sciatic pain. These functions are possessed by 30%, 15%, and 15% of the studied plants, respectively. Medicaments that can be introduced as lead agents for further investigation are Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Olea europaea L., Strychnos nux-vomica L and Artemisia vulgaris L which showed all of these properties in previous studies. Hence, conducting adducible clinical trials using these lead agents may lead to novel drugs with lesser undesirable and much more therapeutic effects on controlling sciatic pain.


Abstract
The lining of the esophagus in Schistosoma mansoni is continuous with the tegument. The luminal portion is syncytial and is connected by cytoplasmic channels to numerous nucleated cell bodies, which form the so-called esophageal gland. The esophageal region exhibits the basic tegumental pattern, but numerous modifications are seen. The surface area is greatly amplified by folds extending into the lumen, and the nucleated cell bodies are much more prominent than the surface subtegumental cell bodies. The anteriormost of the folds contain multilaminate granules similar to those seen in the tegument, while the folds in the remainder of the lining contain solid, dense granules. In the posterior region a pocket containing angulated folds but no patent lumen extends from the main portion of the esophagus. Throughout the esophagus the portions of the folds adjacent to the lumen are distended and exhibit several kinds of membrane modifications. Mitochondria are present in these distended portions. The relation of this lining to ingested host material is morphologically suggestive of a gradient of hydrolytic capabilities in the digestive tract of this organism.


Three-dimensional simulations were used to model how a temperature difference between the incoming water and tank water influences the flow pattern and residence time in a detention tank. Buoyant, neutrally buoyant and negatively buoyant incoming jets were simulated. The simulations were compared with measurements for neutrally buoyant jets in a large-scale model of a detention tank (13 × 9×1 m). The results show that a negatively buoyant jet gives slightly less effective volume, defined as the time when 50% of added tracer has passed the outlet divided by the nominal residence time, than a neutrally buoyant jet. The flow pattern for a negatively buoyant jet at low densimetric Froude numbers consists of a current that travels along the bottom towards the outlet and a counter current at the surface towards the inlet, while the neutrally buoyant jet excites a surface jet with two large eddies on each side of the jet. This implies that the short-circuiting will decrease when a negatively buoyant jet at low densimetric Froude number occurs in the tank. The difference between the flow pattern excited by a buoyant jet and a neutrally buoyant jet is small.


Directly patterned mesoporous silicate films are prepared using positive‐ and negative‐tone strategies by performing phase selective silica condensation within lithographically exposed poly(styrene‐b‐tert‐butyl acrylate) (PS‐b‐PtbA) templates containing photoacid generators. The use of supercritical fluid as a process medium enables rapid diffusion of the silicate precursor within the prepatterned block copolymer template film without disrupting its morphology. Template exposure through the mask triggers area selective generation of acid, which in turn both deprotects the poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) block to yield a poly(acrylic acid) block and provides a catalyst for silica precursor condensation yielding pattern formation at the device level. Because the acid generated in the UV exposed field preferentially segregates into hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid) domains of the phase segregated, deprotected block copolymer, precursor condensation is simultaneously controlled at nanoscopic length scales via templating by the underlying block copolymer morphology. The ability of PS‐b‐PtbA to undergo chemical transformation in two stages, deprotection followed by crosslinking, enables precise replications of the photomask in positive and negative tones. Detemplating via calcination yields patterned mesoporous silicate films without etching. Template formulations are optimized using infrared spectroscopic studies and the silicate films are characterized using electron microscopy and scanning force microscopy.


Social networking sites (SNSs) provide a unique social venue to engage the young generation in philanthropy through their networking capabilities. An integrated model that incorporates social capital into the Theory of Reasoned Action is developed to explain volunteer behavior through social networks. As expected, volunteer behavior was predicted by volunteer intention, which was influenced by attitudes and subjective norms. In addition, social capital, an outcome of the extensive use of SNSs, was as an important driver of users' attitude and subjective norms toward volunteering via SNSs.


How do world-class performing individuals, teams, and companies do what they do? Would you like to know how to perform at your best on a regular basis? This book reveals the results of research involving interviews with hundreds of world-class performers in athletics, business, music, medicine and the military. It also includes the lessons learned from global consulting experiences, involving feel, with a wide and diverse group of corporate executives and independent contributors. Learn how to take your performance to the next level and enjoy it more in the process. Beginning with the answer to a simple question, the authors describe the role of FEEL in world-class performance and how you can make it work for you. This book goes well beyond the cliche of "you need to love what you do and have passion for your work." Interviewees represented in the book include the following: Olympic Gold Medalists; World Champion Archer; Best-Selling Mystery Author; National Champion Swimmers; FBI Criminal Profiler; Space Shuttle Astronaut; NBA, MLB, and collegiate Coaches of the Year; Former All-Pro and Hall of Fame football player; Professional Poker Champion; Heart Surgeon; NCAA All Americans and Players of the Year; CEOs of several major corporations in services, biotech, financial services, consumer marketing and other businesses; Grammy Award Winners, and more.


Historical linguists frequently find themselves working with primary texts of uncertain or dubious origin. Sometimes the author of a text is not known at all or the authorship has been contested on the basis of book-historical evidence; but, whatever the reason is, uncertainties about authorship can lead to problems if the linguistic characteristics of the text are ascribed to the supposed or conventionally accepted author. This exploratory paper evaluates the usefulness of a method of authorship attribution that is based on cluster analysis of part-of-speech frequencies. While far from perfect, the method is shown to be a useful addition to the methodological toolkit of the historical corpus linguist by allowing quick diagnostic analysis of similarities between texts.


This paper explores some of Moses Laufer's developments of Freudian ideas on puberty and adolescence. His concepts of developmental breakdown in adolescence and central masturbatory fantasy are discussed with emphasis on their clinical usefulness. The case of a young adult with a postponed adolescent breakdown is presented, in which an obsessive-delusional idea is seem as containing the derivatives of a central masturbatory fantasy.


A study was made of 94 sets of twins born during 1975-8. Nine of these sets had not been diagnosed before labour started. Of the others, 75 were diagnosed as a result of clinical suspicion and 10 were diagnosed unexpectedly during the antenatal period, nine by ultrasonic examination. Thus, while ultrasonic examination has substantially reduced the incidence of undiagnosed twins, a fifth of all patients who had ultrasonography performed in the presence of a twin pregnancy were reported on at least one occasion to have a singleton pregnancy. Ultrasonography must be performed at least twice, therefore, before a multiple pregnancy can be confidently excluded.


Almost all representations considered in computable analysis are partial. We provide arguments in favor of total representations (by elements of the Baire space). Total representations make the well known analogy between numberings and representations closer, unify some terminology, simplify some technical details, suggest interesting open questions and new invariants of topological spaces relevant to computable analysis.


Abstract
 Kali Kolsson, later Rögnvaldr, Earl of Orkney, is a truly international figure who was born in Norway, travelled to England, came to power in Northern Scotland, and then made a memorable journey through Europe and the Mediterranean to the Holy Land. His poetry, composed in all of these places, survives only in Icelandic tradition and Icelandic manuscripts. This paper argues that the career and poetry of Rögnvaldr exemplifies the variation typical within a dispersed but interconnected culture, which might be termed the "Viking diaspora". Rögnvaldr was by training a Norwegian poet, but by practice and influence an Icelandic and Orcadian—indeed a European—poet. Each of these places had its own version of the culture, some of which shared a common derivation from the Scandinavian homeland, but much of which was rather the product of the dispersion from that homeland. By examining his poetry, and his interest in runic writing, it is possible to exemplify the diasporic process in which inherited cultural traditions from the homeland are reinvigorated and even reinvented in the context of multilateral cultural encounters.


FP7 project DTU Orbit (30/12/2018) PROMYS – Programming synthetic networks for bio-based production of value chemicals – FP7 project The global chemical industry is transitioning from petrochemical production processes to bio-based production processes. This transition creates a clear market need for technologies that reduce the development time and cost of cell factories. PROMYS will develop, validate and implement a novel synthetic biology platform technology termed ligand responsive regulation and selection systems. Ligand responsive regulation and selection systems are biological devices that integrate biological sensing modules, within larger regulatory networks to control cellular programs. This technology will drastically accelerate the construction, optimization and performance of cell factories by enabling industrial users to impose nonnatural objectives on the engineered cell factory. PROMYS will address three major challenges in metabolic engineering that limit the development of new cell factories:


Progressive Transmission of an image permits the gradual improvement in the quality. When the size of the image has to be more the progressive transmission helps in restoring the actual quality of the image. This can be used in Medical Image transmission in order to maintain the quality of the image transmission. Also it can be used for picture archiving and communication systems (PACS).It can be used to achieve high effective compression ratio by eliminating the need to transmit the unnecessary portion of the images when the transmission is interrupted. This technique is particularly useful where the bandwidth of the channel is limited and the amount of data is large. In order to send image data progressively, the data should be organized hierarchically in the order of importance, for example from the global characteristics of an image to the local detail. In this paper the various methods used in the progressive transmission of medical images are analyzed and a Haar wavelet –based image transmission scheme which uses the discrete wavelet transform to transform a digital image from spatial domain into frequency domain done. The concurrent computing used here has significantly reduced the computation time overhead as well as the transmission time to a great level.


In recent years the availability of GPS data has seen as a significant improvement in data accuracy, continuity and quality, due to the spread of smartphones and mobile applications for self-localization and navigation. GPS datasets provide analysts with geo-referenced information about users' mobility and habits.
The first part of the thesis consisted of an analysis of the context of bicycle facilities for the city of Bologna, Italy, made through experimental measures of cycleway and road usage rates, and cycling speed.
The following part of the study focused on the use of GPS traces datasets, which allow to record a wide amount of bike trips. The main advances in the last years' relevant literature have been described. Subsequently, two case studies have been analyzed: GPS traces datasets recorded through mobile devices, both for the city of Bologna and for the whole Netherlands.
First, the original dataset of GPS points have been properly filtered in order to exclude instrumental errors. The GPS points have then been matched to a high-detail network database, in order to obtain the actual routes chosen by cyclists. The considered road networks included both attributes of the roadway and attributes of the bicycle facilities, when existing.
The percentage of the trips done on a bicycle facility versus the roadway could thus be compared with the results from the first part of the study, and be used as a measure of the attractiveness and effectiveness of the bicycle facilities available. Furthermore, the chosen routes could be compared with the shortest routes for each origin-destination pair, and route choice models could be calibrated, based on different relevant attributes of the networks, of users, and of trips.


Since September of 2012, we have been conducting Participatory Action Research (PAR) in the center of Bogota with sex workers regarding their right to the public space known as 'La Mariposa' (The Butterfly), an open‐air plaza where they often face discriminatory urban praxis and frequent abuse by police officers. While our PAR team has conducted research in 'The Butterfly' for over five years, the objectives, motivation and design of this PAR project were defined by community‐based peer leaders and driven by their concerns and testimonies about the abuse and discrimination they have experienced from police in the plaza. Sex workers in the plaza have described these experiences in terms of unjustified detention, physical and verbal abuse, discrimination and abuse due to sexual orientation, and urban displacement. In this paper, we will discuss our PAR team's action research agenda and our collective work promoting sex worker's re‐appropriation of their right to public space and the city. We will provide concrete examples of ethical dilemmas we have faced in the field and the corresponding praxis our PAR team developed to negotiate and overcome these dilemmas through our 'PARCES' (Translated Acronym: Peers in Action Reaction Against Social Exclusion) methodology. The principles of 'PARCES' and 'action‐reaction' guide our decision‐making process with research actors throughout the construction of the action research design, implementation and analysis in order to incorporate participatory relations and the consideration of research actors' safety, health, and rights within the ethical framework of the project.


Indie porn represents a currently flourishing sub-genre of pornography, in which well known looks from subcultures such as Gothic or Punk are oftentimes staged as anti-commercial, feminist gestures of self-empowerment. In this regard the conflicts that shaped the debates around pornography's obscenity from the sixites onwards are however avoided in favor of alternative sexual aesthetics -pornography thus loses one of its basic features. But can there ever be pornography beyond the obscene?


Rooted detachment faults and detachments beneath rootless slide blocks exhibit many similar structural characteristics. However, while rooted detachments are thought to penetrate into the midcrust and to accommodate significant crustal extension, rootless detachments break to the surface downdip and are not directly involved in such extension. Distinguishing between these two mechanically different kinds of structure is central to the assessment of extension magnitude. Here we examine deformation along the Mormon Peak detachment, a feature that has been cited as an example of both a rooted and a rootless structure. Located in the Mormon Mountains of southeastern Nevada, this detachment has been interpreted as one of three low‐angle normal faults of regional scale that together are thought to have accommodated more than 50 km of Basin and Range extension. For the most part, however, the Mormon Peak detachment is expressed as a series of isolated exposures where Paleozoic rocks are in brittle fault contact with nonmylonitized underlying rocks. Individual blocks contain high‐angle normal faults that terminate downward at their respective detachment surfaces, yielding a geometry common to both modes of emplacement. In order to test between these competing interpretations, we studied deformational characteristics close to the detachment surface, reasoning that a seismogenic fault ought to differ fundamentally from a surficial slide block, particularly if the slide block was emplaced in a single event rather than by protracted or episodic creep. An examination of the contact mapped as the Mormon Peak detachment reveals that the character of deformation is indistinguishable from that of known gravity‐driven slide blocks and is fundamentally different from that associated with seismically cycled faults. Moreover, the orientation of kinematic indicators observed at detachment surfaces is consistently close to the downdip direction, which in many places diverges strongly from the expected direction of movement in the rooted detachment model. We conclude that outcrops of the inferred upper plate of the Mormon Peak detachment represent an assemblage of individual rootless gravity‐driven slide blocks and not the erosional remnants of a formerly contiguous extensional allochthon. If similar misidentifications have been made elsewhere in the Basin and Range Province, total Cenozoic extension may have been significantly overestimated. Implications for the interpretation of extensional geology in general are far‐reaching.


We propose here some basic approaches to direct processing of the $360^o$-images as we take into consideration the geometry of each one. Obviously, the geometry of each of these images is a consequence of the geometry of the sensor's mirror used. This technical report is organized as follows: In the first section we develop the Laplacian operator on non-Euclidean manifolds. First we start by derivation of Laplacian operator on Riemannian manifolds and than we derive it explicitly for each of the non-Euclidean manifolds of our interest, i.e. hyperboloid, sphere and paraboloid. This allows us to implement the gradient and diffusion flow on hyperbolic and spherical image. For testing this techniques, a synthetic and a real image was used in the case of hyperboloid and sphere respectively. Then we demonstrate the active contour on non-Euclidean images. First it was derived by directly minimizing the energy functional where the specific geometry of the non-Euclidean image was taken into account. Then the same was proofed through Polyakov action. We give some examples in each of the cases and so derive conclusions about the influence of the geometry for each particular case.


The three most important views in contemporary analytic jurisprudence - namely, inclusive legal positivism (Hart, Coleman, Waluchow), exclusive legal positivism (Raz, Shapiro), and non-positivist views arising from Dworkin's work on adjudication - are currently in a complex logical gridlock. I do not just mean by this that the views themselves are inconsistent; that, after all, is to be expected. I mean to draw attention to the further fact that each view is motivated, in part, by insights into important aspects of the law, which, as things presently stand, would appear to defy harmonization with the rest. To wit: (1) the law purports to provide us with a distinctive source of practical guidance, (2) we nevertheless sometimes identify the law's directives by using moral insight, and (3) the law is deeply bound up in conventions, and legal judgments are often true or false by convention. This Article develops a version of inclusive legal positivism that accommodates all of these important features of the law. It begins by canvassing important contributions that the exclusive legal positivists - namely, Joseph Raz and Scott Shapiro - have made to our understanding of the law, and explaining why these contributions would appear to render inclusive legal positivism internally inconsistent. It then argues that these contributions can be absorbed without generating any such inconsistencies if we accept a novel account of legal obligation (and a corresponding account of legal authority) that makes reference to what Stephen Darwall has recently called the "second-person standpoint." There are, moreover, a number of important philosophical reasons to favor this account of obligation over the alternatives in the current literature. This version of inclusive legal positivism can also absorb a number of Dworkin's important insights into the law, which he has taken to warrant a wholesale rejection legal positivism. The Article continues by arguing that, while there were important tensions in Hart's views, Hart himself implicitly understood the importance of reference to something like the second-person standpoint in accounting for obligation throughout his career. Indeed, his texts suggest that he became even clearer by the end. What he lacked - and what we have all lacked until now - was a clear account of what Darwall has recently called the "second-person standpoint" to articulate this view. Hence, the view developed here may not only be an independently viable form of inclusive legal positivism; it may also represent the best available development of Hart's core views and jurisprudential commitments.This paper is based on an earlier idea paper. The ideas have been substantially revised, partly in light of comments from Yale's Center for Law and Philosophy and the Southern California Law and Philosophy Discussion Group.


With the release of Adobe Creative Suite CS5, Dreamweaver solidifies its role as the de facto tool of choice for anyone designing for the Web. Adobe Dreamweaver CS5 for Windows and Macintosh: Visual QuickStart Guide uses a combination of task-based instruction and strong visuals to teach beginning and intermediate users how to create, design, and publish powerful, innovative Web sites with Dreamweaver. Leading technology authors Tom Negrino and Dori Smith take you step-by-step through the new features in Adobe Dreamweaver CS5, with completely revised chapters on critical tools like styling pages with CSS and adding user interactivity with JavaScript dynamic elements. You'll also learn to take advantage of Dreamweaver's new ability to build and modify sites that use popular content management systems, such as WordPress, Joomla!, and Drupal. If you're new to Dreamweaer and web design, you'll learn to create your first Web site, add text, style and lay out page content, manage styles, work with links, incorporate images, media, tables, forms, and frames, design site navigation, and so much more. If you're an experienced user, you'll find this a convenient reference to the new features of Dreamweaver CS5.


Each year the South Carolina Conservation Bank sends a report to the Office of State Budget that includes the agency's mission, goals and objectives to accomplish the mission, and performance measures regarding the goals and objectives.


Numerically simulating granular materials' dynamics during pneumatic conveying is a great challenge for today's researchers. Existing mathematical models of granular flow have limitations that make it difficult to obtain good agreement between simulations and experimental results. In this thesis, a portable sensor, known as an inertial-measurement-unit (IMU), is used as a new tool to study pneumatic conveying particle dynamics at a relatively low conveying velocity (or dense- phase flow) in horizontal gas-solid two-phase pipe flow. In order to get useful information, an IMU-based trajectory reconstruction algorithm has been developed. The algorithm uses the quaternion method to realize coordinate transfer between local and IMU frames, and an extended Kalman filter to filter the Gaussian white noise. The sensor's dynamics information, such as global acceleration, is obtained by analysis of IMU data and is available for future research. The IMU- based trajectory reconstruction algorithm is verified by an experiment that imitates the motion of the IMU inside the pipe during pneumatic conveying. The IMU-based trajectory reconstruction algorithm shows accuracy on trajectory reconstruction results. The techniques that have been developed in this work are shown to provide a new inexpensive and straight-forward method with which to study particle dynamics.


The biological effects of very low doses of ionising radiation are difficult to assess. We previously observed a delay of death by lymphoma in two different mouse strains continuously irradiated ( γ -rays) with a dose rate of 10 cGy year −1 . Cellular mechanisms likely to lead to slowing tumour growth were explored. Human lymphoid and epithelial cell lines (HL60 and MCF7) were irradiated in vitro at very low dose rate of 4 cGy month −1 . Proliferation was not modified in HL60 and MCF7 cells. However, irradiated MCF7 adherent cells showed a lower cell attachment to support partly related to a slight decrease in expression levels of α6 and β4 integrins. We also observed a transient adaptive response during at least two weeks after the beginning of the irradiation in both cell lines. These results demonstrate the ability of tiny amounts of gamma-irradiation to alter cell attachment to support and to induce an adaptive response.


Introduction During brain tumour surgery, vasopressor drugs are commonly administered to increase mean arterial blood pressure with the aim of maintaining sufficient cerebral perfusion pressure. Studies of the commonly used vasopressors show that brain oxygen saturation is reduced after phenylephrine administration, but unaltered by ephedrine administration. These findings may be explained by different effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on the cerebral microcirculation, in particular the capillary transit-time heterogeneity, which determines oxygen extraction efficacy. We hypothesised that phenylephrine is associated with an increase in capillary transit-time heterogeneity and a reduction in cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen compared with ephedrine. Using MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) as measurements in anaesthetised patients with brain tumours, this study will examine whether phenylephrine administration elevates capillary transit-time heterogeneity more than ephedrine, thereby reducing brain oxygenation. Methods and analysis This is a double-blind, randomised clinical trial including 48 patients scheduled for surgical brain tumour removal. Prior to imaging and surgery, anaesthetised patients will be randomised to receive either phenylephrine or ephedrine infusion until mean arterial blood pressure increases to above 60 mm Hg or 20% above baseline. Twenty-four patients were allocated to MRI and another 24 patients to PET examination. MRI measurements include cerebral blood flow, capillary transit-time heterogeneity, cerebral blood volume, blood mean transit time, and calculated oxygen extraction fraction and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen for negligible tissue oxygen extraction. PET measurements include cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen, cerebral blood flow and oxygen extraction fraction. Surgery is initiated after MRI/PET measurements and subdural intracranial pressure is measured. Ethics and dissemination This study was approved by the Central Denmark Region Committee on Health Research Ethics (12 June 2015; 1-10-72-116-15). Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publication and presentation at international conferences. Trial registration number NCT02713087; Pre-results. 2015-001359-60; Pre-results.


This Article contends that some of the case law and social science research that form the basis for the United States Supreme Court's decision in Roper v. Simmons are insufficient and outdated. The Court also relies heavily upon briefs submitted by the respondent and his amici, in lieu of providing more pertinent citations and analysis that could have enhanced and modernized the Court's arguments. The sparse and sometimes archaic sources for Roper potentially limit the opinion's precedential value. For example, the Court cites Erik Erikson's 1968 book, Identity: Youth and Crisis, to support the view that, relative to adults, juveniles have more undeveloped and unstable identities. While Erikson's influence as a psychologist is indisputable, his work reflects an outmoded psychoanalytic perspective. Furthermore, the Court does not specify which of Erikson's highly complex theories are relevant to Roper's conclusions. The shortcomings of Erikson's book and other sources cited in the opinion would be less apparent but for the Court's overall dearth of social science support. This Article concludes that despite Roper's correct result, the Court's application of interdisciplinary studies was, in part, flawed, thereby detracting from the Court's otherwise progressive direction. Ultimately, the opinion's strength derives more from its traditional legal analysis than from its application of relevant social science, an outcome the Court may not have fully intended.


In this note 1 we identify several mistakes appearing in the existing literature on non-stationary parametric bandits. More precisely, we study Generalized Linear Bandits (GLBs) in drifting environments, where the level of non-stationarity is characterized by a general metric known as the variation-budget. Existing methods to solve such problems typically involve forgetting mechanisms, which allow for a fine balance between the learning and tracking requirements of the problem. We uncover two significant mistakes in their theoretical analysis. The first arises when bounding the tracking error suffered by forgetting mechanisms. The second emerges when considering non-linear reward models, which requires extra care to balance the learning and tracking guarantees. We introduce a geometrical assumption on the arm set, sufficient to overcome the aforementioned technical gaps and recover minimax-optimality. We also share preliminary attempts at fixing those gaps under general configurations. Unfortunately, our solution yields degraded rates (w.r.t to the horizon), which raises new open questions regarding the optimality of forgetting mechanisms in non-stationary parametric bandits.


1. If greenhouse gas concentrations were stabilized at their current level, existing concentrations would commit the world to at least an additional 1.1°F (0.6°C) of warming over this century relative to the last few decades (high confidence in continued warming, medium confidence in amount of warming). 2. Over the next two decades, global temperature increase is projected to be between 0.5°F and 1.3°F (0.3°–0.7°C) (medium confidence). This range is primarily due to uncertainties in natural sources of variability that affect short-term trends. In some regions, this means that the trend may not be distinguishable from natural variability (high confidence). 3. Beyond the next few decades, the magnitude of climate change depends primarily on cumulative emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols and the sensitivity of the climate system to those emissions (high confidence). Projected changes range from 4.7°–8.6°F (2.6°–4.8°C) under the higher RCP8.5 scenario to 0.5°–1.3°F (0.3°–1.7°C) under the lower RCP2.6 scenario, for 2081–2100 relative to 1986–2005 (medium confidence). 4. Global mean atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO216 ) concentration has now passed 400 ppm, a level that last occurred about 3 million years ago, when global average temperature and sea level were significantly higher than today (high confidence). Continued growth in CO2 emissions over this century and beyond would lead to an atmospheric concentration not experienced in tens of millions of years (medium confidence). The present-day emissions rate of nearly 10 GtC per year suggests that there is no climate analog for this century any time in at least the last 50 million years (medium confidence). 5. The observed increase in global carbon emissions over the past 15–20 years has been consistent with higher scenarios (very high confidence). In 2014 and 2015, emission growth rates slowed as economic growth has become less carbon-intensive (medium confidence). Even if this trend continues, however, it is not yet at a rate that would meet the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 3.6°F (2°C) above preindustrial levels (high confidence). 6. Combining output from global climate models and dynamical and statistical downscaling models using advanced averaging, weighting, and pattern scaling approaches can result in more relevant and robust future projections. For some regions, sectors, and impacts, these techniques are increasing the ability of the scientific community to provide guidance on the use of climate projections for quantifying regional-scale changes and impacts (medium to high confidence). CSSR 5OD: FINAL CLEARANCE Chapter 4 Subject to Final Copyedit 28 June 2017 186 4. Climate Models, Scenarios, and Projections 1


Since the advent of the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the international community has witnessed significant progress on children's rights in both law and practice. Yet as we reach the 30th anniversary of the CRC, children's rights violations remain widespread. These abuses reinforce the fact that children's rights — and human rights more generally — have yet to be fully embraced in all communities. A precursor to children's rights being fully embraced and respected is to have them widely known and understood. This article asserts that a significant factor in the failure to achieve widespread acceptance of children's rights is the insufficient attention given to implementation of Article 42 of the CRC and its obligation to make children's rights "widely known." Article 42 of the CRC is simultaneously one of the most important and most overlooked provisions of the treaty. Article 42 requires states to ensure that "the principles and provisions of the [CRC] are widely known, by appropriate and active means, to adults and children alike." Despite the threshold nature of Article 42 — without knowledge that they have rights, individuals cannot seek to realize them — there has been surprisingly little meaningful work done to ensure that Article 42 is fully implemented.

This article seeks to invigorate a discourse on Article 42 of the CRC, its meaning, and best practices for securing its full implementation. It includes an analysis of the U.N. Committee on the Rights of the Child's jurisprudence on Article 42. The article also discusses how Article 42's mandate and the human rights education mandate found in CRC Article 29 and other treaties should be understood in relation to each other. Finally, the article maps the relevant stakeholders and their roles in the implementation of Article 42, with a view to building sustained support for law, policies, and programs that advance children's rights and well-being.