Accessibility—the process of designing for people with disabilities (PWD)—is an important but under-explored challenge in the visualization research community. Without careful attention, and if PWD are not included as equal participants throughout the process, there is a danger of perpetuating a vision-first approach to accessible design that marginalizes the lived experience of disability (e.g., by creating overly simplistic "sensory translations" that map visual to non-visual modalities in a one-to-one fashion). In this paper, we present a set of sociotechnical considerations for research in accessible visualization design, drawing on literature in disability studies, tactile information systems, and participatory methods. We identify that using state-of-the-art technologies may introduce more barriers to access than they remove, and that expectations of research novelty may not produce outcomes well-aligned with the needs of disability communities. Instead, to promote a more inclusive design process, we emphasize the importance of clearly communicating goals, following existing accessibility guidelines, and treating PWD as equal participants who are compensated for their specialized skills. To illustrate how these considerations can be applied in practice, we discuss a case study of an inclusive design workshop held in collaboration with the Perkins School for the Blind.


Gerald Raunig has written an alternative art history of the "long twentieth century," from the Paris Commune of 1871 to the turbulent counter-globalization protests in Genoa in 2001. Meticulously moving from the Situationists and Sergei Eisenstein to Viennese Actionism and the PublixTheatreCaravan, Art and Revolution takes on the history of revolutionary transgressions and optimistically charts an emergence from its tales of tragic failure and unequivocal disaster. By eloquently applying Deleuze and Guattari's idea of the "machine," Raunig extends the poststructuralist theory of revolution through to the explosive nexus of art and activism. As hopeful as it is incisive, Art and Revolution encourages a new generation of artists and thinkers to refuse to participate in the tired prescriptions of marketplace and authority and instead create radical new methods of engagement. Raunig develops an indispensable, contemporary conception of political change--a conception that transcends the outmoded formulations of insurrection and resistance. Too much blood and ink has been shed for the art machines and the revolutionary machines to remain separate. Gerald Raunig is a philosopher and art theorist who lives in Vienna, Austria.


Background Primary gallbladder sarcoma (PGBS) is rare, with only 39 documented cases, with the predominant type being leiomyosarcoma. Design Cases recorded as "gallbladder sarcoma" were retrieved from our files; the clinicopathologic features were reviewed and recorded. Only primary gallbladder wall mesenchymal tumors were included. Epithelial tumors, mixed tumors (carcinosarcoma or sarcomatoid carcinoma), tumors extending into the gallbladder from the abdomen, or sarcoma with other known primaries were excluded. Result PGBS occurred in 4 males and 11 females with the adult median age of 68.5 (range: 24 to 88 y, n=12) and 3 children ages 1.5 to 3 years, the latter all with botryoid embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Patients presented with acute and/or chronic cholecystitis, abdominal pain, weight loss, pruritis, elevated alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin, and leukocytosis. The median tumor size was 4.5 cm, mean tumor size 5.7 cm, and range 2.0 to 14.0 cm. Most PGBS involved the entire wall and ulcerated the mucosa. PGBSs were diagnosed as 7 myxofibrosarcomas [malignant fibrous histiocytoma, storiform pleomorphic to myxoid, 2 with an unusual fibromyxoid sarcoma-like (Evans-like), and pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor-like mixture], 2 leiomyosarcomas, 1 gastrointestinal stromal tumor-like (GIST-like), 3 botryoid embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS), and 2 epithelioid angiosarcomas. Diagnosis was based on morphology and immunohistochemistry. A diagnosis of LMS required myoid-intersecting fascicles and diffuse, strong immunoreactivity for smooth muscle actin +/− desmin. RMS revealed myxoid grape-like hypocellular tumor with stellate cells, mild atypia, mitoses and desmin, and myoregulatory protein (MyoD1) and skeletal muscle-specific myogenin (Myf4) reactivity. The GIST-like sarcoma was palisaded and myoid-like but failed to stain for CD34 or CD117. Angiosarcomas demonstrated an extravascular proliferation of atypical epithelioid endothelial cells, and mitotic activity. All cases were negative for S100 protein, HMB45, keratins, and CK18. All patients received cholecystectomy and 6 known adjuvant therapy. Follow-up of 12 revealed that 7 patients died of disease within 3 weeks to 1 year and 4 months after diagnosis, 3 died of unknown causes, and 2, both adjuvant therapy treated botryoid RMS in young children, were alive without disease 11 and 27 years later. Conclusions PGBSs are rare. Carcinosarcoma, spindle cell carcinoma (by use of keratins and CK18), and melanoma must first be excluded. A variety of sarcoma types are found, yet malignant fibrous histiocytoma is the predominant variant, more common than LMS. GIST is a controversial sarcoma in gallbladder; angiosarcoma can rarely occur in this location. PGBS mainly occur in older female adults and have overall poor prognosis. A subgroup of adjuvant therapy-treated botryoid embryonal RMS in the gallbladder of young children, although rare, can have excellent prognosis.


Average sound levels and percentage of daily dose of noise exposure were measured in the practice rooms of a university school of music, with the primary objective of determining whether sound levels in student practice rooms were high enough to warrant concern for hearing conservation. A secondary objective was to determine whether any instrument group was at higher risk for music-induced hearing loss due to exposure levels. Students representing 4 instrument groups were tested: brass, wind, string and voice. Measurements were taken using a dosimeter or DoseBadge clipped to the shoulder during 40 students' individual practice sessions. These readings provided average exposure levels as well as the percentage of total allowed exposure (dose) obtained during the practice session. The mean measurement time for this study was 47 minutes (SD = 22). Mean sound levels measured averaged 87-95 dB(A) (SD = 3.5-5.9). Mean average levels for the brass players were significantly higher than other instrument groups. Using the mean duration of daily practice reported by the participants to estimate dose, 48% would exceed the allowable sound exposure. Implications for professional musicians are discussed, including the need for 12-hour breaks and the use of musicians' earplugs. The implementation of a Hearing Protection Policy in the School of Music will also be discussed.


This study adopted the investigation of the effect of a material that can be used as an alternative to steel reinforcement of shear in reinforced concrete beams, as the most susceptible to corrosion to which reduces the time service of the concrete structures and increase the maintenance costs is the steel reinforcement of shear for the closeness of surface of concrete. Therefor non-corroding material is needful for concrete structures and PVC fiber reinforcement is chosen. Experimentally nine reinforced concrete beams have been tested to determine the effect of PVC fiber reinforcement on the concrete beam resistance load, the load of cracks, deflection achieved and distribution with dimension of cracks. Three volume fraction ratios were taken for PVC fiber reinforcement (0, 0.25 and 0.5), which were identical to the shear reinforcement used in this research (0,0.29 and 0.54). All the concrete beams were tested with in on one program by applied a center load from the top in the middle to the failure load and the results were impressive. The specimens containing the PVC fiber reinforcement percentages achieved a remarkable increase in the crack and ultimate load of the concrete beams before and after cracks with direct effect in changing the failure type. While the deflection achieved due to the increase in PVC fiber percentage is more than the allowable deflection in the ACI Code equations of the reinforced concrete beams and more of these if the use of PVC fiber and steel reinforcement of shear together. A smaller measurement of the maximum cracks width was achieved by using advanced percentages of PVC fiber and shear reinforcement (0.5 and 0.54) respectively.


The biological presence and regulatory function of the plant alkaloid morphine in relatively simple and complex integrated animal systems has previously been shown. The pivotal role of dopamine as a chemical intermediate in the morphine biosynthetic pathway in plants establishes a functional basis for its expansion into an essential role as the progenitor catecholamine signaling molecule. In invertebrate neural systems, dopamine serves as the preeminent catecholamine signaling molecule, with the emergence and limited utilization of norepinephrine and its biosynthetic enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase in newly defined adaptational chemical circuits required by a rapidly expanding set of physiological demands. In vertebrates, epinephrine emerges as the major end of the catecholamine synthetic pathway consistent with a newly incorporated regulatory modification, i.e. N-methylation of norepinephrine. Given the striking similarities between the enzymatic steps in the morphine biosynthetic pathway and those driving the evolutionary adaptation of catecholamine chemical species to accommodate an expansion of interactive but distinct signaling systems, we surmise that the evolutionary emergence of catecholamine systems required conservation and selective 'retrofit' of specific enzyme activities, i.e. catechol O-methyl transferase and phenylethanol-amine N-methyl transferase, drawn from cellular morphine expression. This hypothesis is further supported by the critical recruitment of enzymatically synthesized tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) both as an essential cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase-mediated dopamine production and as a secondary electron donor for nitric oxide synthase-mediated nitric oxide (NO) production. The establishment of a reciprocal regulatory linkage between NO and catecholaminergic processes, as mediated by BH4, subserves a pivotal capacity to promote autocrine and paracrine regulation of signaling molecules. In summary, ongoing development and adaptation of catecholamine signaling pathways in animals appear to be related to their mobile lifestyle associated with complex feeding, sexual and protective processes, which also generate free radicals, thus requiring morphinergic signaling coupling to NO release.


Cape foxes (Vulpes chama) and bat-eared foxes (Otocyon megalotis) are sympatric with black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) over much of southern Africa, although competition with and/or predation by jackals may suppress local populations of both fox species. From 2005 to 2008, we captured, radio-collared, and monitored 11 cape foxes, 22 bat-eared foxes, and 15 black-backed jackals on a game ranch in South Africa to investigate their spatial, habitat, temporal, and dietary resource overlap. Mean annual home-range sizes were 27.7 km2 for cape foxes, 5.0 km2 for bat-eared foxes, and 17.8 km2 for jackal family groups. Home ranges overlapped completely between species, although core areas overlapped less (<45%), with cape foxes and jackals overlapping the least (12%). When active, cape foxes, but not bat-eared foxes, used core areas of jackal groups less than expected. Additionally, both fox species used jackal core areas less than expected for their den sites, suggesting areas outside jackal core areas were used as refuges by foxes. Strong levels of habitat partitioning were not apparent at the study site or home-range levels, although habitat selection for den sites differed between jackals and cape foxes. Jackals were the most diurnal across seasons, whereas cape foxes were the most nocturnal. Diets overlapped little (R0 = 0.20–0.34) among the canid species, with bat-eared foxes overlapping the least with the others. Jackals killed at least 5 collared bat-eared foxes and 1 collared cape fox, indicating potential interference competition, probably for exclusive use of territorial space rather than over shared resources. We conclude that bat-eared foxes coexisted with jackals primarily by their dietary specialization and group living. Cape foxes coexisted with jackals by exhibiting high levels of spatial, habitat, temporal, and dietary partitioning. Surprisingly, the fox species exhibited positive associations with each other. Our results show the mechanisms that may allow jackals to suppress fox populations, yet also show how foxes, in turn, use different mechanisms to coexist with a dominant canid. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.


The UK construction industry has been branded as an inefficient, fragmented and non-value delivering industry by prominent critics such as Michael Latham and Sir. John Egan; both have insisted on the need to change the way the industry delivers and manages assets through integrated project processes. Sir. John Egan specifically highlighted the need for significant reduction in project time and cost. As a result, for the last few years the main emphasis within the construction industry is on integrating various project processes by using the integrated approach and enabling technologies that bring all the stakeholders in a close relationship for achieving greater success. One of the most critical project processes is the cost management that involves cost estimating, control of expenditure and cost advice on cash flow and payments. Furthermore, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has emerged as a very powerful approach and set of information technologies that allows the project stakeholders to work collaboratively on highly technical and comprehensive models using parametric design components and visualize design in 3D. The UK government has made the delivery of public procured projects through BIM mandatory from 2016. Thus, it has become critical to investigate the prospects of cost management practice in this context and determination of how BIM can help in its improvement.
The aim of this paper is to examine the importance of BIM in the UK construction sector with a specific focus on cost management through a state-of-the-art review of literature in order to highlight the significance of BIM for potential improvements in area of cost management.


The shifting of the transactional marketing paradigm into relational marketing has been paid more attention, particularly concerning the need to trace what the relational dimensions are that can bring superior financial performance. The research on relational marketing that focuses on relation quality is one area of research that is being developed from the relational marketing perspective.Nevertheless, there are still few research projects that give a complete explanation of the impact of the relational quality (satisfaction, trust, commitment) on the company's financial performance. Therefore, we need to explore and scrutinize the financial impact with respect to the relational quality of the company-customer relationship. The relational quality of the company-customer relationship is influenced by various customer-attracting tactics, which eventually have the potential to create a behaviour (the length of the relationship, cross purchase, up-grade, customer asset management (CUSAM)), as well as influencing a customer's attitude (positive word of mouth (WOM), price insensitivity, a tendency to not move away to another company).This conceptual p33 aper is intended to retrace the financial impact (return on investment (ROI)) and the stakeholder's value (Tobin's Q) from the relationship bonding tactics with respect to the relationship quality and CUSAM through the development of a conceptual framework that is able to explain the phenomenon.


Since Facebook became available to the public, social media (SM) has become the most popular online activity. Currently, 91% of adults are active SM users. Of this 91% of adults on SM, more than 20% of their time online is spent on networking sites like Facebook and Twitter (Weiguo and Gordon, 2014). These powerful tools connect people around the world and show no signs of slowing down. SM has not only become a popular online activity for individuals, but also one for businesses. SM is seen as a tool to aid businesses in spreading their own message, at little to no cost, to a more captive audience. It is not only a helpful marketing tool for businesses but is also a tool to give consumers a voice. Consumers can share their opinions openly or in response to public messages from a business. They can also show support of a company by following their page or acting on the business' post through "likes", "favorites", "re-tweets", and more depending on the SM platform. These actions of liking, re-tweeting, etc. are valuable data for businesses when compiled from their SM platforms. This data, or SM analytics, can assist a business in numerous ways. SM analytics can tell a business if they are properly reaching consumers on SM, how they can improve their SM content strategy, can tell a business how people feel about the company, and can even help tell a business how SM drives revenue and effects the bottom line. According to AdWeek, only 41% of marketers are capitalizing on their SM data. That is because it is a challenge for marketers to not only collect all of this data, but also to interpret and utilize it. With the growth of SM as a marketing tool, it is more and more vital for a business to have a successful online presence. To help understand how to properly utilize analytics, this paper examines this through the lens of the sports industry. In a competitive environment that generated $498.5 billion in 2015, the U.S. sports and recreation industry always strives for ways to gain a competitive edge and open new avenues to generate revenue (Plunkett Research, Ltd, 2016). One of these growing opportunities is through SM, where sporting goods companies, professional sports leagues, and professional sports teams have been leaders. This paper will not only show how these groups operate their SM and its analytics, but will also draw differences in best practice among the groups. This information will valuable for not only minor and independent league sports and teams, but also for small businesses, to help them learn how to effectively tie SM to business objectives.


'The growing good of the world is partly dependent on unhistoric acts.' The greatest 'state of the nation' novel in English, Middlemarch addresses ordinary life at a moment of great social change, in the years leading to the Reform Act of 1832. Through her portrait of a Midlands town, George Eliot addresses gender relations and class, self-knowledge and self-delusion, community and individualism. Eliot follows the fortunes of the town's central characters as they find, lose, and rediscover ideals and vocations in the world. Through its psychologically rich portraits, the novel contains some of the great characters of literature, including the idealistic but naïve Dorothea Brooke, beautiful and egotistical Rosamund Vincy, the dry scholar Edward Casaubon, the wise and grounded Mary Garth, and the brilliant but proud Dr Lydgate. In its whole view of a society, the novel offers enduring insight into the pains and pleasures of life with others, and explores nearly every subject of concern to modern life:. art, religion, science, politics, self, society, and, above all, human relationships. This edition uses the definitive Clarendon text.


In future smart cities, smart grid technologies which are usually enabled by Powerline Communication (PLC) techniques are required. However, data transmission over powerline channel traverses a non-Gaussian media due to the presence of Impulsive Noise (IN) operating at the frequencies of PLC system which can be deployed using the IEEE 1901, that uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). These OFDM signals have asymmetric amplitude distribution, which makes it difficult to identify and mitigate the IN presence. Converting the amplitude distribution to a uniform distribution can enhance the ability to mitigate IN when nonlinear IN mitigation techniques such as blanking is applied. In this study, we apply Iterative Clipping and Filtering (ICF) and companding schemes which are Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) reduction techniques to enable symmetric amplitude distribution of the OFDM signals. With an optimization search for the optimal blanking amplitude for the two PAPR reduction schemes. Results show that companding scheme achieves 4dB gain in terms of received signal-to-noise ratio better than ICF after the blanking was used to remove the IN.


This is Part II of a two part article that reviews methodological and statistical challenges involved in the quantification of humanity's technological capacity to communicate, store and compute information. In this Part II we focus on the adequate unit of measurement for quantifying information. Naturally we do this from the perspective of the results of our recent inventory of 60 technological categories between 1986 and 2007, in which we propose an information theoretic measure that approximates the entropy of the source (which we call "optimally compressed bits"). We explain the interpretation, creation, usage, benefits, and limitations of this unit of measurement. A more coherent understanding of information volumes magnitudes starts with a thorough understanding of the methodological choices involved in related inventories. In this sense, the methodological challenges outlined in this article represent an open research agenda. We also discuss statistical lessons learnt in our exercise (which is informed by more than 1,100 sources) in the roughly 300 page long supporting online Appendix that accompanies this article.


We in this paper propose a realizable framework TECU, which embeds task-specific strategies into update schemes of coordinate descent, for optimizing multivariate non-convex problems with coupled objective functions. On one hand, TECU is capable of improving algorithm efficiencies through embedding productive numerical algorithms, for optimizing univariate sub-problems with nice properties. From the other side, it also augments probabilities to receive desired results, by embedding advanced techniques in optimizations of realistic tasks. Integrating both numerical algorithms and advanced techniques together, TECU is proposed in a unified framework for solving a class of non-convex problems. Although the task embedded strategies bring inaccuracies in sub-problem optimizations, we provide a realizable criterion to control the errors, meanwhile, to ensure robust performances with rigid theoretical analyses. By respectively embedding ADMM and a residual-type CNN in our algorithm framework, the experimental results verify both efficiency and effectiveness of embedding task-oriented strategies in coordinate descent for solving practical problems.


About thirty complete articulated skeletons of iguanodons have been excavated from Bernissart. This unique collection is conserved at the RBINS. The bones excavated were the object of diverse physical and chemical treatments to protect them from their degradation. These bones were not the object of detailed mineralogical analyses allowing to understand either diagenetic mechanisms involved or to understand the specific mechanisms of their change. This work thus aims at filling this lack. It integrates petrographic (POM, SEM), mineralogical (DRX, Raman Spectroscopy) and chemical (EDS, X-ray fluorescence, microprobe) techniques. By these methods, 30 different minerals were identified. The diagenesis of Iguanodon bones is the result of cumulative physical, chemical and biological processes that will modify the original chemical and/or structural properties of this organic object. Bone diagenesis is a complex process that includes the degradation of organic matter, the dissolution and recrystallization of bone apatite, the enrichment in trace elements, the precipitation of new minerals in the bone cavities (permineralisation), the fracturation process. A plan is proposed positioning in a relative timescale minerals formed during 3 diagenetic stages and the degradation processes engaged following the bones exhumation. During burial variable recrystallisation took place: the slightly crystallized carbonated hydroxylapatite (the mineral phase of fresh bone tissue) was replaced by well crystallized carbonated fluorapatite currently present in the Iguanodon bones. Whereas some minerals infiltrated in the bone during cavity filling by the sediment ("mainly" quartz, "argillaceous" phyllosilicates), others are authigenic and precipitated in the cavities during burial (pyrite, barite, sphalerite, celestine, iron oxihydroxides, authigenic apatite, calcium sulfate and to a lesser extent vivianite). Pyrite is the most abundant authigenic mineral in the Iguanodon fossil bones. It occurs in different morphologies (crystals, framboids, sticks, fibroradial structure, thin coating...). Four kind of pyrite were determined according to the diagenesis phase during which they were formed and the source of iron and sulfur. Besides pyrite barite is the second most abundant phase. When both minerals are present pyrite has been formed first. The distribution of these minerals within bones is more controlled by microenvironments than by particular structure of the bone. Since their discovery the Iguanodon fossil bones were treated for conservation in several ways. This however did not prevent the alteration of pyrite into an assemblage of 16 different secondary minerals. The ferrous sulfates (szomolnokite and rozenite) are the most abundant of these minerals and can be found in nearly all samples sulfatized. Other sulfates were formed as the result of alteration of the wealdian shale by acid produced by pyrite oxidation: e.g. tschermigite, natrojarosite and halotrichite. Gypsum, anhydrite, iron phosphate and diadochite are the result of dissolution of bone apatite. The variations of relative humidity in collections and in showrooms are responsible for the pursuit of the bones degradation (sulfatation of the residual sulfides ; fracturing by dilation / contraction). The relative humidity, conjugated to the temperature variations are the parameters to be controlled for a better preservation of these invaluable fossils. Techniques implementing some chemicals products proposed in the literature are applicable only to certain objects of limited size.


Background Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) often suffer from toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs such as Methotrexate (MTX). Previously, we reported that 20% of patients receiving high-dose MTX developed oral mucositis. MTX inhibits folate metabolism, which is essential for DNA methylation. We hypothesize that MTX inhibits DNA methylation, which results into adverse effects. We studied DNA methylation markers during high-dose methotrexate treatment in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in relation to developing oral mucositis. Materials & methods S-Adenosyl-Methionine (SAM) and S-Adenosyl-Homocysteine (SAH) levels and LINE1 DNA methylation were measured prospectively before and after high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX 4 x 5g/m2) therapy in 82 children with ALL. Methotrexate-induced oral mucositis was registered prospectively. Oral mucositis (grade ≥ 3 National Cancer Institute Criteria) was used as clinical endpoint. Results SAM levels decreased significantly during methotrexate therapy (-16.1 nmol/L (-144.0 –+46.0), p<0.001), while SAH levels and the SAM:SAH ratio did not change significantly. LINE1 DNA methylation (+1.4% (-1.1 –+6.5), p<0.001) increased during therapy. SAM and SAH levels were not correlated to LINE1 DNA methylation status. No association was found between DNA methylation markers and developing oral mucositis. Conclusions This was the first study that assessed DNA methylation in relation to MTX-induced oral mucositis in children with ALL. Although global methylation markers did change during methotrexate therapy, methylation status was not associated with developing oral mucositis.


The technical feasibility of performing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in domestic pigeons was investigated. Imaging was performed with a 1.5 Tesla magnet using a human knee surface coil. The head and coelomic cavity of isoflurane-anesthetized birds were imaged in the dorsal, sagittal, and transverse planes to produce T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. The birds were then euthanatized, formalin perfused, frozen, and sectioned in the corresponding anatomic planes. The anatomy defined by MRI was correlated with gross anatomic sections made from the same birds. The following CNS structures were identified: cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, optic chiasm, optic lobes, brain stem, and cranial spinal cord. The cornea, lens, and vitreous were also well differentiated in dorsal section MRI's. The abdominal organs identified included proventriculus, ventriculus, intestines, cloaca, liver, kidneys, spleen, testes, and ovary. The hepatic and renal vasculature were well defined.


Title of dissertation: COMPLEX DYNAMICS OF A MICROWAVE TIME-DELAYED FEEDBACK LOOP Hien Thi Le Dao, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Dissertation directed by: Professor Thomas E. Murphy Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering The subject of this thesis is deterministic behaviors generated from a microwave time-delayed feedback loop. Time-delayed feedback systems are especially interesting because of the rich variety of dynamical behaviors that they can support. While ordinary differential equations must be of at least third-order to produce chaos, even a simple first-order nonlinear delay differential equation can produce higher-dimensional chaotic dynamics. The system reported in the thesis is governed by a very simple nonlinear delay differential equation. The experimental implementation uses both microwave and digital components to achieve the nonlinearity and time-delayed feedback, respectively. When a sinusoidal nonlinearity is incorporated, the dynamical behaviors range from fixed-point to periodic to chaotic depending on the feedback strength. The microwave frequency modulated chaotic signal generated by this system offers advantages in range and velocity sensing applications. When the sinusoidal nonlinearity is replaced by a binary nonlinearity, the system exhibits a complex periodic attractor with no fixed-point solution. Although there are many classic electronic circuits that produce chaotic behavior, microwave sources of chaos are especially relevant in communication and sensing applications where the signal must be transmitted between locations. The system also can exhibit random walk behavior when being operated in a higher feedback strength regime. Depending on the feedback strength values, the random behaviors can have properties of a regular or fractional Brownian motion. By unidirectional coupling two systems in the baseband, envelope synchronization between two deterministic Brownian motions can be achieved. COMPLEX DYNAMICS OF A MICROWAVE TIME-DELAYED FEEDBACK LOOP


In the papers that have been presented special emphasis has been laid on planning and housing in European areas and in the native urban areas. No particular mention has, however, been made of the position in the rural native areas. Delegates may not be aware of the fact that in the rural native areas, which are almost 18,000,000 morgen in extent, some three to four million natives at present have their homes. A large proportion of these natives make a living from the land. Others, however, make use of the native reserves to accommodate their families, but the major portion of their income comes from employment in European areas from which they return to the native reserves as often as circumstances permit.


The effects of environmental factors on bioactivity, persistence and mobility of picloram were studied in the
laboratory and greenhouse using long beans (Vigna sinensis Endl. ex Hassk), as a bioassay species. Two soils
were used, namely Selangor series (silty clay loam soil) and Serdang series (silty clay soil). The bioactivity of
picloram (Tordon®) was inversely correlated with the organic matter content of the soil and increased with
increasing herbicide concentrations. The half-life ofpicloram decreased from 33.1 to 24.1 days as soil temperature
increased from 25°C to 35°C in the Selangor series, and from 28.1 to 17.7 days in the Serdang series soil. The
degradation rate of picloram also increased with increasing moisture level in both soil series. However, picloram
persisted longa in Selangor series soil than in Serdang series. Downward mobility through the soil profile was
inversely related to the organic maller content of the soil. The quantity and frequency of simulated rain directly
influenced the extent of leaching of the herbicide. Downward movement of picloram was greater in Serdang series
which contains less organic matter but high sand than Selangor series longest available vessel.


The Eastern European color revolutions, and the recent post-election unrest in Iran pose a pressing question: how can local organization networks facilitate large-scale collective action? The final result of a collective action is contingent upon two factors, the relational structure of the network of the individuals involved, and their mutual learning, imitation, and belief-updating dictated by the network structure. I propose a formalization of the Granovetter threshold model for participation in collective action in networks, which takes both the network structure and belief updating into account. In order to make verifiable predictions, I outline a graph theoretical model for threshold updating using the DeGroot learning model. I demonstrate that full connectivity in a social network sometimes can hinder collective action. Later I will show that with some assumptions on the structure of the social network, repeated threshold updating takes the network to an equilibrium on the network graph; hence, the updating procedure acts as an equilibrium selection mechanism based on network parameters and initial participation thresholds. When these assumptions do not hold, cycles of participation and disengagement can occur. Furthermore, using this model one could find the network structure that brings about a particular asymptotic action equilibrium. Unlike the Granovetter/Kuran model, this model predicts non-monotone participation levels and heterogeneous outcomes at the final equilibrium, where some individuals act and some do not. Hence, it provides a more realistic model of mobilization dynamics, which can explain the ebb and flow in large-scale political demonstrations.


Abstract. Accurate calibration of satellite imagers is a prerequisite for using their measurements in climate applications. Here we present a method for the inter-calibration of geostationary and polar-orbiting imager solar channels based on regressions of collocated near-nadir reflectances. Specific attention is paid to correcting for differences in spectral response between instruments. The method is used to calibrate the solar channels of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on the geostationary Meteosat satellite with corresponding channels of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the polar-orbiting Aqua satellite. The SEVIRI operational calibration is found to be stable during the years 2004 to 2009, but offset by −8, −6, and +3.5 % for channels 1 (0.6 μm), 2 (0.8 μm), and 3 (1.6 μm), respectively. These results are robust for a range of choices that can be made regarding data collocation and selection, as long as the viewing and illumination geometries of the two instruments are matched. Uncertainties in the inter-calibration method are estimated to be 1 % for channel 1 and 1.5 % for channels 2 and 3. A specific application of our method is the inter-calibration of polar imagers using SEVIRI as a transfer instrument. This offers an alternative to direct inter-calibration, which in general has to rely on high-latitude collocations. Using this method we have tied MODIS-Terra and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instruments on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites 17 and 18 to MODIS-Aqua for the years 2007 to 2009. While reflectances of the two MODIS instruments differ less than 2 % for all channels considered, deviations of an existing AVHRR calibration from MODIS-Aqua reach −3.5 and +2.5 % for the 0.8 and 1.6 μm channels, respectively.


"These guidelines will raise the standard of living for thousands of Londoners, ensuring brighter and more spacious living conditions, particularly for the growing number of larger families." (Boris Johnson, Mayor of London)

Following the launch of The Draft London Housing Design Guide in July 2009 at the London Housing Strategy Conference, a revised Interim Edition was published in August 2010. mae was commissioned by the London Development Agency (LDA) to work with them to develop the Guide, which simplifies the range of other housing design guidance, such as Lifetime Homes and Housing Quality Indicators. It will apply to all LDA land and HCA London-funded schemes from April 2011.
mae reviewed over 300 existing housing design requirements. The resulting Guide has distilled the plethora of existing guidance into a more manageable set of key requirements.
The guide is structured around 6 themes, taking in issues of delivering housing at appropriate densities, providing family housing, the importance of well proportioned streets, access to local transport, services and amenities; plus flexibility of space, daylighting and private open space. It sets minimum standards in a number of key areas including: internal space standards, balcony sizes, aspect, floor to ceiling heights, quantity of storage space, and the number of units sharing access.
Closely aligned design standards are also being taken forward by the Mayor of London in the draft replacement London Plan and draft housing SPG. At time of writing the Guide has been included in the Scheme Development Standards for most London Social Housing Providers.

Related publicity
Live web discussion about the London Housing Design Guide
BD Online, 27 August 2010

Design sidelined
 FT Weekend, House and Home supplement, 19 September 2009

New homes: size really does matter
Evening Standard, Homes and Property, 1 September 2009

Setting Standards
Michael Howe writing in the Architects' Journal on the research behind the London Housing Design Guide, 30 July 2009

No room to cook dinner or seat guests? Welcome to 'rabbit hutch Britain'
Robert Booth, The Guardian, 11 August 2009

Boris Johnson calls for London homes to be 10% larger
Architects' Journal, 16 July 2009

Mayor sets minimum housing space limits
Building Design, 9 July 2009
London mayor pledges end to "hobbit homes"
Building magazine, 8 July 2009

Does London really need more housing restrictions?
Rowan Moore, Evening Standard, 8 July 2009


ABSTRACT We utilized immunostaining assay with Avidin Biotin Peroxidase (ABP) technique and primary rat monoclonal antibody NLDC-145 specific for mouse dendritic cell, characterized Langerhans cells (LC) in epidermis sheet of 1 mm2 of skin of the footpads of inbred females BALB/c mice, intradermally (id) injected with 1.103 cultured promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis. The result showed that the injection of the parasites in the skin of the animals produced a progressive increment of epidermal LC in the site of the previous injection, and statistically significant (P<0.05) in each study period. The density of epidermal LC was going up by parasite insult in early time, after the 15 minutes (m) post-infection (pi) with 162± 31.2 LC/mm2, reaching a maximal value of 4503± 713 LC/mm2 to 2 week (w) pi until 898± 481 LC/mm2 to 6 w pi. The number of LC was always higher in epidermis sheet of mice infected with L. braziliensis, than in the epidermis of the control healthy mice, these skin samples showed 120± 28.9 LC/mm2. Morphological changes of the promastigotes injected could to be detected in skin Giemsa-stained imprints, the parasite showed form ovoid and a short flagel, between 15 m and 2 hour (hr) pi. No parasites were even seen in the imprint samples than of any other time of infection. These samples also showed many inflammatory cells, such as: activated macrophages (33%) to 15 m pi, neutrophils (46.33%) to 4 hr pi, eosinophils (2.33%) to 4 hr pi, lymphocytes (15.67%) to 6 hr pi, degraded lymphocytes (8.33%) to 1 w pi, monocytes (4.33%) to 5 day (d) pi and activated monocytes (19.33%) to 1 d pi. The stained sections of skin inoculated, revealed amastigotes into macrophages dermal near of the perivascular area and inflammatory process in the dermis consisted of lymphocytes, monocytes, plasma cell and polymorphonuclear cells between 1 w and 6 w pi. No parasites were detected in the epidermis. The results showed that the promastigotes in the skin survived the first 2 hr out of the macrophages, and on the other hand, stimuled various cell types in site of injection of the parasites, and the proliferation of antigen presentation by epidermal Langerhans cells, necessary for the initiation of the specific T cell immune response.


England witnessed an overall rising standard of living in the seventeenth century. Still very much an agrarian society, approximately 80% of the population lived in rural settlements, and even citydwellers were in walking distance of farmland. However, as the the century came to an end a growing proportion of the population was living in urban areas. London in particular grew from some 200,000 people in 1600 to 575,000 by 1700 and went from being the 3rd largest city in Europe to the largest. Homes were larger than previously and the wealth of a family could be determined by how many fireplaces were in the home. Clothing was another important facet of Stuart culture and not only protected the wearer against the elements but was a statement of their position in society. Clothing and homes weren't the only marker of social status, even sports and games were often divided along class lines - many in the lower classes played football while the upper-classes were consumed with billiards. Forgeng brings life in Stuart England alive for students and general readers alike. Chapters devoted to the course of life and cycles of time; the living environment; clothing and accoutrements; food and drink; and entertainments detail the day-to-day lives of those living in Stuart England; while the role of women; religion; science and technology; the military; and trade and economy are also explored. Greenwood's Daily Life through History series looks at the everyday lives of common people. This book will illuminate the lives of those living in Stuart England and provide a basis for further research. Black and white photographs, maps and charts are interspersed throughout the text to assist readers. Reference features include a timeline of historic events, sources for further reading, glossary of terms, bibliography and index.


GaAs-Schottky-diodes are a key-element of
millimetre-, submillimetre-wave and THz-frequency mixer
and multiplier systems. This paper presents the evaluation
of sub-micrometer-size Pt/n-GaAs anode fabrication
technology based on electrochemical metal deposition for
planar Schottky-diodes. The technological approach for
low-noise Pt/n-GaAs Schottky diode fabrication has been
first optimised for whisker-contacted diodes and then
successfully transferred to the fabrication of planar
structures using a "dummy anodes" structural approach.
The IF-noise temperature of planar diodes is significantly
lower than that of whisker-contacted diodes. Excess noise
of whisker-contacted anodes is attributed to temperature
effects which are reduced in the planar quasi-vertical
design. The effect of thermal annealing on IF noise
temperature of planar structures is investigated using a
"single step" method. In contrast to non-annealed samples,
no evident threshold of the noise temperature is observed
up to 3mA of bias current for thermally annealed samples.
This strongly suggests that RIE-induced defects in the
GaAs surface may generate trap noise at a few GHz.
However this can be effectively reduced by thermal
annealing. The optimisation of the fabrication technology
results in very good DC-characteristics and excellent noise
temperature of planar Schottky diodes for THz mixer
applications.


Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the forensic role behaviour and expectations of the nurses working in the emergency departments. Design: An exploratory descriptive survey was used, using the quantative approach. The respondents comprised of registered and enrolled nurses who were registered with South African Nursing Council (SANC) and had the minimum of 6 months experience in the emergency department (ED). The emergency departments of two provincial and two private hospitals as well as two comprehensive care clinics were used. Instrument: A survey was conducted using a questionnaire consisting of forty items. The questionnaire was designed to describe the forensic role behaviour and expectations of nurses working in the ED. Data analysis: The quantative data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program version 11.5 Findings: The findings revealed that the emergency department (ED) nurses were not certain about their role regarding forensic nursing. Most of the tasks to be performed by the ED nurses were rated as never done or seldom done. The reason was due to lack of training and knowledge in the field of forensic nursing. The ED nurses strongly felt that forensic nursing was very important to their daily activities especially in the emergency departments where they handle the trauma victims and suspects. Recommendations were suggested for the nursing practice, nurse educators and for future research in an attempt to expose the emergency nurses to forensic practice.


This report is divided into two parts. The first gives a brief history of the flag
protection issue, from the enactment of the Flag Protection Act in 1968 through
current consideration of a constitutional amendment. The second part briefly
summarizes the two decisions of the United States Supreme Court, Texas v. Johnson and United States v. Eichman, that struck down the state and federal flag protection statutes as applied in the context punishing expressive conduct.


Informatics in radiation therapy is less understood. Decision support for, or knowledge‐guided, radiation therapy, is a major component of informatics, where the data is mined, modeled and turned into computable knowledge. It is critically important for radiation therapy as it employs highly complex procedures, such as IMRT and IGRT, where radiation related normal tissue/organ damages and clinical outcomes require delicate balance. Decision support can be provided in passive, active, and cooperative modes. The passive mode focuses on improved presentation of available data and knowledge to minimize cognitive burden in decision making. The active mode applies machine learning algorithms, such as support vector machines, to generate decision suggestions based on existing knowledge. The cooperative mode allows users to interact with the decision support system to iteratively reach an optimal decision. Decision support for the execution of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) is another important area in which significant improvement can be achieved by helping physicians following best clinical practices specified in the guidelines. In radiation therapy, significant data, algorithms, knowledge, and guidelines have been developed in the past two decades. Various modes of decision support systems have been proposed in recent years that incorporate different data, optimization algorithms, knowledge representations, and machine learning algorithms. In this session, we will first review concepts and systems of clinical decision support in general; followed by specific applications of decision support in radiation therapy. The basic principles of making decisions when the outcomes of any available actions are uncertain are discussed. Methods for applying these principles in medical environments are described. We will conclude our discussion with a number of state‐of‐the‐art techniques for decision support in radiation treatment planning and quality assurance. Learning Objectives: 1. To discuss the need for decision support in health care and specifically in radiation therapy 2. To review major concepts and approaches in clinical decision support systems 3. To describe example systems for decision support in radiation therapy 4. To present a number of new techniques for decision support in intensity modulated radiation treatment planning


A lot of research has been conducted for studying cooperation in distributed systems. The abstract problem of performing a set of tasks by a set of distributed fault-prone processors is generally known as DO-ALL. In partitionable networks DO-ALL is known as OMNI-DO. Despite the active research on this subject, a lot of it remains theoretical and there are not any empirical studies on proposed solutions and their behaviour in realistic environments. We investigate recent research on this subject and implement an algorithm proposed for solving the OMNI-DO problem. The algorithm uses a group communication service to handle processor coordination when regroupings occur due to dynamic changes in the underlying network structure. In this thesis Ensemble GCS is studied and used in the implementation. A coordinator based approach is used for dissemination of knowledge, regarding completed tasks, within a group. A naturally random load balancing rule is used for inter-group task scheduling. Finally, we empirically evaluate the algorithm with respect to work, message and execution time metrics. The algorithm performs well and our results fall within the results of the theoretical analysis. An additional overhead during regroupings is identified (caused by the way new groups are formed by the group communication service) and an implementation solution is proposed.


The Globalization of Health Care: Legal and Ethical Issues (I. Glenn Cohen, ed. Oxford University Press 2013) is the first book to offer a comprehensive legal and ethical analysis of the most interesting and broadest reaching development in health care of the last twenty years: its globalization. It ties together the manifestation of this globalization in four related subject areas - medical tourism, medical migration (the physician "brain drain"), telemedicine, and pharmaceutical research and development, and integrates them in a philosophical discussion of issues of justice and equity relating to the globalization of health care.The time for such an examination is right. Medical tourism and telemedicine are growing multi-billion-dollar industries affecting large numbers of patients. The U.S. heavily depends on foreign-trained doctors to staff its health care system, and nearly forty percent of clinical trials are now run in the developing world, with indications of as much of a 10-fold increase in the past 20 years. NGOs across the world are agitating for increased access to necessary pharmaceuticals in the developing world, claiming that better access to medicine would save millions from early death at a relatively low cost. Coming on the heels of the most expansive reform to U.S. health care in fifty years, this book plots the ways in which this globalization will develop as the reform is implemented.This document contains the front matter and introduction to the book. The complete book can be ordered online at Amazon and OUP.


Contents: Part I Importance of Corporate Reputation: Corporate reputations: development, maintenance, change and repair, Ronald J. Burke The meaning and measurement of corporate reputation, Gary Davies Measuring the impact of corporate reputation on stakeholder behavior, Manfred Schwaiger, Sascha Raithel, Richard Rinkenburger and Matthias Schloderer. Part II Developing a Corporate Reputation: Reputation and corporate social responsibility: a global view, Philip H. Mirvis Organizational identity, corporate social performance and corporate reputation: their roles in creating organizational attractiveness, Kristin B. Backhaus. Part III Managing a Corporate Reputation: Employer branding, the psychological contract and the delicate art of expectation management and keeping promises, Kerry Grigg Managing corporate reputations, strategic human resource management and negative capabilities, Graeme Martin, Paul Gollan and Kerry Grigg From applause to notoriety: organizational reputation and corporate governance, Charles McMillan The role of the CEO and leadership branding a " credibility not celebrity, Julie Hodges The role of the news media in corporate reputation management, Craig E. Carroll The impact of Web 2.0 and Enterprise 2.0 on corporate reputation: benefits problems and prospects, Martin Reddington and Helen Francis Re-creating reputation through authentic interaction: using social media to connect with individual stakeholders, Celia V. Harquail. Part IV Reputation Recovery: Corporate governance and corporate reputation: a disaster story, Thomas Clarke Corporate rebranding, Dale Miller and Bill Merrilees Repairing damages to reputations: a relational and behavioral perspective, Moonweon Rhee and Robin J. Hadwick Index.


Acute and chronic vascular occlusion underlies much of the morbidity and mortality in sickle disease. Abnormal polymerization of deoxygenated hemoglobin S (HbS) resulting in stiff, non-deformable erythrocytes is central to sickle cell pathogenesis. However, a complex interplay of many factors determines the balance between adequate blood flow and vessel obstruction. Serum markers of inflammation have provided evidence for a state of chronic inflammation in sickle cell disease (SCD). Inflammation promotes endothelial adherence to sickle erythrocytes. Studies demonstrating a beneficial effect of steroid therapy for painful episodes and acute chest syndrome provide indirect evidence for the role of inflammation in this disease. Leukocytosis, in the absence of infection, is common in SCD patients and predicts for stroke, acute chest syndrome, and overall mortality. Neutrophils and monocytes have been shown to be activated in these patients. Activated leukocytes further promote vascular inflammation and vessel damage. A reduction in leukocytes, and thus inflammation, may partially explain the beneficial effects of hydroxyurea in this disease. These data provide a strong rationale for clinical studies of therapy directed at inflammation and/or leukocytes in sickle cell disease.


ABSTRACT Microbial iron oxidation is an integral part of the iron redox cycle in wetlands. Nonetheless, relatively little is known about the composition and ecology of iron-oxidizing communities in the soils and sediments of wetlands. In this study, sediment cores were collected across a freshwater tidal marsh in order to characterize the iron-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) and to link their distributions to the geochemical properties of the sediments. We applied recently designed 16S rRNA primers targeting Gallionella-related FeOB by using a nested PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) approach combined with a novel quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. Gallionella-related FeOB were detected in most of the samples. The diversity and abundance of the putative FeOB were generally higher in the upper 5 to 12 cm of sediment than in deeper sediment and higher in samples collected in April than in those collected in July and October. Oxygen supply by macrofauna appears to be a major force in controlling the spatial and temporal variations in FeOB communities. The higher abundance of Gallionella-related FeOB in April coincided with elevated concentrations of extractable Fe(III) in the sediments. Despite this coincidence, the distributions of FeOB did not exhibit a simple relationship to the redox zonation inferred from the geochemical depth profiles.


Empirical evidence suggests that reactive routing systems improve resilience to Internet path failures. They detect and route around faulty paths based on measurements of path performance. This paper seeks to understand why and under what circumstances these techniques are effective.To do so, this paper correlates end-to-end active probing experiments, loss-triggered traceroutes of Internet paths, and BGP routing messages. These correlations shed light on three questions about Internet path failures: (1) Where do failures appear? (2) How long do they last? (3) How do they correlate with BGP routing instability?Data collected over 13 months from an Internet testbed of 31 topologically diverse hosts suggests that most path failures last less than fifteen minutes. Failures that appear in the network core correlate better with BGP instability than failures that appear close to end hosts. On average, most failures precede BGP messages by about four minutes, but there is often increased BGP traffic both before and after failures. Our findings suggest that reactive routing is most effective between hosts that have multiple connections to the Internet. The data set also suggests that passive observations of BGP routing messages could be used to predict about 20% of impending failures, allowing re-routing systems to react more quickly to failures.


The tax expenditure budget recently has come under renewed attack. Some argue that its conceptual and implementational flaws justify discontinuing its publication. This paper points out the generality of these supposedly "fatal" flaws: all the sources of information we have about government spending suffer from problems similar if not identical to those identified in the tax expenditure budget. Take, for example, the absence of an agreed-upon baseline of a "normal" tax system against which to measure "tax expenditures." A central theme of the paper is that the same baseline problem exists for several clear substitutes for tax expenditures, regulation and the non-enforcement of across-the-board rules. Even the seemingly obvious baseline of zero expenditures for determining the amount of cash subsidies can be challenged as incompletely theorized and misleading. The breadth and depth of the baseline and other problems identified in the tax expenditure budget throw into question the wisdom of excoriating it in particular. If improving the utility of information distributed about the direction and function of government is the desired end, the paper contends, one must focus on the interaction between the various information sources rather than the merits or demerits of any particular source of information. And once we do that, the argument continues, it becomes clear that the better path involves the publication of more, rather than less, information. In particular, the paper contends that it would be helpful to publish an admittedly flawed regulatory budget to serve as a companion to the tax expenditure budget.


In this paper we present a search and matching model in which firms invest in sunk capital equipment. By comparing two wage setting scenarios, we show that a two-tier bargaining scheme, where a fraction of the salary is negotiated at firm level, raises the amount of investment per worker in the economy compared to a one-tier bargaining scheme, in which earnings are entirely negotiated at sectoral level. The model's main result is consistent with the positive correlation between investment per worker and the presence of a two-tier bargaining agreement that we find in a representative sample of Italian firms.


For most American Society of Nephrology (ASN) Kidney Week attendees, case-based clinical nephrology talks are one of the most exciting venues. The Nephrology Quiz and Questionnaire (NQQ) is the essence of clinical nephrology and represents what drew all of us into the field of nephrology. This year


After a long period of decline and persecution, there is a revival and rapid development of the cannabis industry around the world: the use of this unique crop is expanding rapidly, and finally, it was transferred from a narcotic to an agricultural one (except for Ukraine). Nowadays, the Ukrainian hemp industry has practically gone unnoticed by the state, scientists, practitioners and society. At the same time, it has development prospects and can play a significant role for rural areas and the national economy. The paperis aimed at exploring the possibilities of growing hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and justifying the need for strategic management of the development of the cannabis industry in Ukraine. Based on the analysis of hemp production, it is established that during the years of Ukraine's independence, the area of hemp crops has decreased almost 8 times; the number of producers is limited; hemp processing plants do not function; the yield of technical hemp seeds has a slight tendency to increase andapproximates 6-7 kg/ha. The prospects for cannabis cultivation require building strategic management of the cannabis industry to address key issues and mitigate threats. The key elements of the production development strategy are identified as improving institutional and financial support at the state level. The main guidelines of strategic management of hemp cultivation are: simplification of regulation for producers; intensification of agribusiness entities; increasing production volumes; and improving the competitive environment in the hemp market. It is proved that the strategic development of the hemp industry requires developing hemp processing enterprises; disseminating knowledge among the population about the usefulness and benefits of this multi-purpose culture. To substantiate the effectiveness of strategic decisions, the algorithm was proposed for assessing the effectiveness of growing different types of hemp products by different technologies, which is carried out using economic and mathematical modeling.


The use of stable-isotopic ratios of a number of elements (e.g., H, Li, B, C, N, O, and S) is well established in the study of a broad spectrum of geological and environmental problems such as alteration of the oceanic crust, magmatic-crustal interactions, global chemical fluxes, the nature of the Precambrian crust and identifying the source and fate of pollutants (e.g., Taylor 1968; Muelenbachs and Clayton 1976; Muelenbachs 1980; Gregroy and Taylor 1981; Poreda et al. 1986; Spivack and Edmond 1986; Tanaka and Rye 1991; Mojzsis et al. 2001; Wilde et al. 2001; Numata et al. 2002). The fractionation of these light stable isotopes is a function of the relative mass differences between isotopes (e.g., Richet et al. 1977; Schauble, et al. 2003; Schauble 2004). The two stable isotopes of chlorine are 35Cl and 37Cl with a natural relative abundances of approximately 76% and 24%, respectively, and a relative mass difference of 5.7%, similar in magnitude to the relative mass differences between the isotopes of C and N. Hence, by analogy with these elements it is expected that stable isotopes of chlorine significantly fractionate and can be similarly exploited to understand and solve geological and environmental problems.

Early attempts at reproducibly determining 37Cl/35Cl ratios in natural samples were largely unsuccessful (e.g., Curie 1921; Owen and Schaeffer 1955; Hoering and Parker 1961), primarily, because of the limited effectiveness of the extraction and sample preparation techniques, the relatively poor precision of mass spectrometers at the time, and possibly the 37Cl/35Cl of the samples selected for analyses were inappropriate for the precision possible (e.g., Eggenkamp and Schuiling 1995). Taylor and Grimsrud (1969) developed a method for precisely measuring chlorine isotope ratios by mass spectrometry of methyl …


This paper is concerned with the pre-breakdown phenomena and the breakdown voltage characteristics, in the presence of a free moving conducting spherical particle, of saturated normal liquid helium (He I) and saturated superfluid liquid helium (He II) under uniform dc field. Experiments show that the particle lifts off around the theoretical value of the lift-off electric field, and the particle oscillates between the electrodes at higher applied voltages. In that case, the microdischarge appears just before the charged particle collides with the oppositely charged electrode, and the bubble is generated at the moment of every collision of the particle with the electrode. It is confirmed theoretically as well as experimentally that the maximum bubble radius in He II is nearly proportional to the E/sub in//sup 1/3/, which is the released energy from the particle for the bubble generation. The insulation environment before the electrical breakdown suddenly changes at the /spl lambda/-point since the bubble behavior in He I and He II greatly differs. In the characteristics of the breakdown voltage vs. liquid pressure, a clear discontinuity appears at the /spl lambda/-point. Furthermore, the breakdown voltage in the parallel plane gap contaminated by a particle is lower than that in the rod-plane gap without a particle. It is found that the breakdown voltage characteristics are closely related to the trigger effect of the microdischarge and the bubble generation.


Malaysian paediatric wards were assessed on their quality status and design trends towards the creation of the healing environment. The objective was to promote best practices in design. Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) studies were conducted upon paediatric wards in eight hospitals in the Klang Valley. The methodology adopted was the use of UK's NHS AEDET and ASPECT Evaluation toolkits, which evaluated the physical qualities and staffs & patients satisfaction levels respectively upon 215 nurses and 217 patients. Results seemed to show the disparity between the positivity of the physical design in relation to users' satisfaction. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Keywords: Healing Environment, Paediatric Wards, Methodology, Evaluation toolkits
© 2017. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.


AIM
We propose that the conceptual orientation of professional identity is a logical consequence of self-concept development by focusing on career and its meaning and presents a measurable set of concepts that can be manipulated to improve retention of student and registered nurses within health service.

BACKGROUND
Although professional identity is a term that is commonly written of in nursing literature, its theoretical origins remain unclear, and available empirical evidence of its presence or ability to change is omitted from nursing research. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE: We present a professional identity pathway and explore the factors that influence professional identity throughout a career in nursing.

DISCUSSION
Nurses' professional identities develop throughout their lifetimes, from before entering nursing education, throughout their years of study and clinical experience, and continue to evolve during their careers. Education is, however, a key period as it is during this time students gain the knowledge and skills that separate nurses as professional healthcare workers from lay people.

CONCLUSION
Finally, a call for longitudinal studies of students to graduates, using conceptually derived and psychometrically proven instruments capable of detecting the subtle changes in the construct over time, is recommended. Further empirical research into the theoretical concepts that underline professional identity, and the factors that influence changes in this important construct in nursing, is required. Ultimately, the practical relevance of such research will lie in the potential it provides for enhanced nursing career support and improved workforce policies.


This study aims to determine the effect of a wrist tourniquet on Biers Block quality for short hand procedures. 40 patients were randomized into 2 groups. One had the intravenous lignocaine injected with a wrist rubber tourniquet in situ, While the control group had none during injection. The onset of block, sensation, motor activity, need for additional analgesia and duration of surgeries were recorded for each group and analysed statistically. 27 males and 13 females were recruited. Mean onset for the tourniquet group was 4.3minutes and 9.0 minutes for the control (p< ˂0.0000005), Visual analog Pain Scores were 0.2 for Tourniquet and 1.8 for control (p< 0.0003) at 15 minutes. Sensory and motor block scores were significantly higher at 15 minutes following anaesthetic agent administration in the tourniquet group compared to the control(p<0.05). At 30 minutes there was no statistically significant difference in the scores. There was also no difference in the need for additional analgesia in either group. It appears that the use of a wrist tourniquet shortens the onset of Biers block for hand surgeries. However, it does not improve overall block quality after 30 minutes of administration but allowed a smaller dosage to be used with fewer side effects.


BACKGROUND
Primary care physicians hold a strategic position in delivering preventive services. However discrepancies exist between evidence based guidelines and practice.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of interventions to improve the delivery of preventive services in primary care.

SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group specialised register (November 1995; August 1999), MEDLINE (1980 to 1995) and hand searched relevant journals.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised trials, controlled before and after studies, and interrupted time series analyses of interventions to improve preventive services by primary care professionals responsible for patient care.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two researchers independently extracted data and assessed study quality.

MAIN RESULTS
Fifty-five studies were included, involving more than 2000 health professionals and 99,000 people, with 83 comparisons between intervention and control groups. Post intervention differences between intervention and control groups varied widely within and across categories of interventions. Most interventions were found to be effective in some studies, but not in others. Five comparisons of group education versus no intervention showed absolute change of preventive services varying between -4% and +31%. Nine comparisons of physician reminders versus no intervention showed absolute change of preventive services varying between 5% and 24%. Fourteen comparisons of multifaceted interventions versus no intervention showed absolute change of preventive services varying between -3% and +64%. Six comparisons of multifaceted interventions versus group education reported absolute changes varying between -31% and +28%. All these comparisons used randomised groups. Ten comparisons of multifaceted interventions versus no intervention used non-randomised groups and showed absolute change of preventive services varying between -5% and +21%. The remaining planned comparisons within categories of interventions contained less than five comparisons.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is currently no solid basis for assuming that a particular intervention or package of interventions will work. Effective interventions to increase preventive activities in primary care exist, but there is considerable variation in the level of change achieved, with effect sizes usually small or moderate. Tailoring interventions to address specific barriers to change in a particular setting is probably important. Multifaceted interventions may be more effective than single interventions, because more barriers to change can be addressed. Future research should analyse barriers to change and interventions to implement preventive services in more detail, to clarify how interventions relate to specific barriers. Since more complex interventions are likely to be more effective but also more costly, economic evaluations should also be included.


Two new species of genus Leporinus from the Araguaia-Tocantins system, Amazon, Brazil, are described. Leporinus unitaeniatus n. sp. is distinguished from the remaining species of this genus by the presence of a conspicuous longitudinal dark brown bar along the lateral line on the flanks, and Leporinus geminis n. sp. is distinguished by an inconspicuous dark bar combined with three large and vertically elongated brown blotches on the trunk; the first on the dorsal fin region, the second anterior to the adipose fin and the third on the caudal peduncle. Both are medium-sized species of the genus (up to 150 mm SL) and share the following combination of meristic characters: 4 teeth on each premaxillary and dentary; 40-43 scales in the lateral line, 6/I/5 scales on the transversal line, and 16 series of scales around the caudal peduncle. L. unitaeniatus n. sp. has a sub-terminal mouth and tooth series formed by incisive-like elongated teeth frontally turned and with only a straight cutting edge decreasing in size like the steps of stairs from the teeth pair of symphysis. Leporinus geminis n. sp. has a sub-inferior mouth and the tooth series shaped by large incisive-like teeth forming an arched cutting edge, decreasing in size from the symphysal pair of teeth.


Efforts to solve the epidemiologic puzzle of AIDS in Africa are complicated by the presence of multiple human retroviruses. Simple serologic tests that unambiguously distinguish among infections by these retroviruses are essential. To that end, a partially conserved immunoreactive epitope was identified in the transmembrane glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) types 1 and 2. Synthetic peptides derived from these conserved domains were used in sensitive and specific immunoassays that detect antibodies in sera from patients infected with HIV-1 or HIV-2. By making single amino acid substitutions in the HIV-1 peptide, it was possible to demonstrate HIV-1 strain-specific antibody responses to this epitope. Such custom-designed peptides synthesized from this domain are likely to detect newly discovered HIV types, define infection with specific HIV strains, and allow detection of group-common antibodies.


Maritime security in the South China Sea faces a number of challenges, ranging from lower-level nontraditional threats to traditional politicostrategic considerations, including the potential for conflict between regional states over territory or marine resources and the possibility of conflict between major powers. This article focuses on the major South China Sea sea lines of communication, regional naval developments, and a case study of Chinese opposition to military operations in its South China Sea exclusive economic zone. It argues that Beijing is again exhibiting a more assertive posture to bolster its strategic position in the South China Sea while the other South China Sea states are also asserting their claims and developing naval capacity.


One morning in 1630, Henry Sherfield, barrister and recorder of the city of Salisbury, entered St. Edmund's Church and, with a pike-staff, smashed a painted window depicting God creating the universe. 1 For a man like Sherfield there was no discord of conscience with public duty, nor ultimately between conscience and the law. To him, his conscience and public life were interwoven without conflict between genuine moral convictions and external authority. Indeed, a year earlier, when speaking to a sessions jury, he had declared: "For no man can have true peace with God unless he shall profess to fear God and to make a good conscience the rule of his actions..." (Slack 1993:151). In his defence of the crime, Sherfield argued that the 'idol' had troubled him for over twenty years -- his being unable to enter the church without seeing it -- and that his display of private conscience in the public domain had been entirely appropriate (Cobbett 1809: 524). Yet lacking episcopal sanction or the support of secular law, his act of vandalism brought his downfall. Sherfield was prosecuted in the Star Chamber in 1633 and, with twenty-two privy councillors in attendance, stripped of his office, heavily fined and professionally destroyed; the trial bringing disgrace to the city and ruin to himself. He died, a debtor, the following year.


A new edition of a book, written in a humorous question-and-answer style, that shows how to implement and use an elegant little programming language for logic programming. The goal of this book is to show the beauty and elegance of relational programming, which captures the essence of logic programming. The book shows how to implement a relational programming language in Scheme, or in any other functional language, and demonstrates the remarkable flexibility of the resulting relational programs. As in the first edition, the pedagogical method is a series of questions and answers, which proceed with the characteristic humor that marked The Little Schemer and The Seasoned Schemer. Familiarity with a functional language or with the first five chapters of The Little Schemer is assumed. For this second edition, the authors have greatly simplified the programming language used in the book, as well as the implementation of the language. In addition to revising the text extensively, and simplifying and revising the "Laws" and "Commandments," they have added explicit "Translation" rules to ease translation of Scheme functions into relations.


We study indirect reciprocity and strategic reputation building in an experimental helping game. At any time only half of the subjects can build a reputation. This allows us to study both pure indirect reciprocity that is not contaminated by strategic reputation building and the impact of incentives for strategic reputation building on the helping rate. We find that while pure indirect reciprocity appears to be important, the helping choice seems to be influenced at least as much by strategic considerations. Strategic do better than non-strategic players and non-reciprocal do better than reciprocal players, casting doubt on previously proposed evolutionary explanations for indirect reciprocity.


Peter Bauer (Lord Bauer) was an economist of considerable influence, particularly on the prevailing wisdom about the value of foreign aid ('government-to-government transfers', as he preferred to call it). Shortly before his death in May 2002, he received the first award of the prestigious Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty from the Cato Institute in Washington DC. The volume begins with a transcript of a conversation with Lord Bauer in which he speaks about his career, his interactions with other economists and his contributions to economic analysis. Following that, there is a speech given by John Blundell at the Friedman Prize award ceremony that came just after Lord Bauer's death. The final sections contain ten tributes to Lord Bauer, written by distinguished economists who knew him well, who appreciated his influence and who saw his work from different perspectives. They provide an appraisal of the life and work of a great economist who fundamentally affected the analysis of economic development.


[1] The best-studied dike intrusion events on a divergent plate boundary occurred along the Krafla segment of the northern rift zone in Iceland from 1975–1984. Seismic and geodetic measurements there showed that a central magma chamber fed dikes that propagated laterally many times the thickness of the lithosphere. The patterns of dike length, dike width, caldera subsidence, and lava extrusion strongly suggest that dike propagation is affected by tectonic stresses that change with each dike intrusion event and that magma pressures are linked to the dike opening. These observations have inspired us to develop a quantitative model for the lateral propagation of basaltic dikes away from a magma chamber. We assume dikes propagate as long as there is sufficient driving pressure, defined as the difference between magma pressure and tectonic stress at the dike tip. The opening dike and the magma chamber are treated as a closed system for a given dike intrusion event. During an event, magma pressure is reduced linearly with the magma volume withdrawn from the chamber. Relative tectonic tension in the lithosphere is reduced linearly as the dike width increases. A dike begins propagation when the driving pressure equals the "breakout" pressure needed to force the magma out of the chamber. It stops when the driving pressure reaches a minimum value. Generally, the dike width is proportional to this "stopping" pressure, and a reasonable value gives a width of 1 m. Besides the breakout and stopping pressures, the propagation distance depends on the initial distribution of tectonic stress and the thickness of the lithosphere cut by a dike. The intrusion of a dike changes the tectonic stress distribution so that subsequent dikes may propagate different distances and directions than the first dike. After a period of magma chamber refilling, a new dike can initiate if the breakout pressure is reached. For an idealized spreading segment the tectonic stress field evolves to produce a sequence of dikes propagating in one direction followed by a sequence of dikes propagating in the opposite direction. The first dike in each sequence should be the longest followed by successively shorter dikes. When tectonic stresses close to a magma chamber have been largely relieved, then extrusion of magma may start. The model pattern of dike propagation and extrusion is consistent with data from the Krafla episode. Magma chamber size should have a major effect on magmatic systems in other tectonic settings with larger magma chambers producing longer characteristic dikes.


Higher education, especially in business, could potentially benefit from implementing Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP) in the classroom. However, implementing ERP systems in teaching has turned out to be a challenge to some universities. The research question is: Which major Critical Success Factors (CSF) for implementing ERP in business match major success factors stemming from a case study about implementing ERP in the curriculum of university courses? Ten top CSFs from the business context are selected as the major part of the theoretical framework (Finney and Corbett, 2007). A case study method regarding a major vendor of ERP and its university network is applied with some elements of action research. The researcher has been given the opportunity to access online information as well as participate in meetings, online and face to face, and conferences since 2007. Multiple sources of evidence are used, including observations, meeting notes and downloaded documents from public as well as partner websites. The sample is based on the opportunity to get access to the software corporation, innovative professors and business partners, primarily in Western Europe and the USA. Data has been coded and analysed in the software NVivo. The study identifies the following major Critical Success Factors for implementing ERP in a university education context, in order of coding density: (I) champions, (II) networking (like user groups, seminars and conferences) (III) curriculum development as well as (IV) learn and innovate. Champions in the university context (I) can be related to the business CSF (10) project champion. Networking (II) in the university context can be related to (5) project team: the best and brightest as well (4) training and job redesign. Curriculum development (III) could be related to (4) training and job redesign. Learn and innovate (IV) in universities can be related to the business CSFs (2) change management and (3) Business Process Re-engineering (BPR). Five out of ten business CSFs can be clearly related to the case study regarding successful implementation in university curricula. The missing business CSFs in the case study are (1) top management commitment and support, (6) implementation strategy and timeframe, (7) consultant selection and relationship, (8) visioning and planning as well as (9) balanced team. Findings cannot be generalised statistically. However the findings/themes can be generalised thematically. The main contribution of the research concerns a matching between CSFs in business and CSFs for implementing ERP in university business curricula.


Objectives: To determine individual differences in the impact of illness on the change in performance of swimmers in international competitions. Methods: Subjects were members of the Australian swimming team (33 male and 39 female, aged 15–27 years). Swimmers provided a weekly seven day recall of symptoms of illness during final six weeks of preparations for international competition over a three year period. Swimmers were categorised as either ill (one or more episodes of illness) or healthy. The measure of performances was the international point score. Mean changes in points score were calculated for healthy and ill swimmers between a national championship and an international competition (∼16 weeks later). Likelihoods of substantial effects of illness on an individual's true change in performance (beneficial/trivial/harmful) were estimated from means and standard deviations, assuming a smallest substantial change of 6 points. Results: Illness was reported before international performances by 38% of female and 35% of male swimmers. For female swimmers the change in performance was −3.7 (21.5) points (mean (SD)) with illness and −2.6 (19.0) points when healthy; for male swimmers the changes were −1.4 (17.5) points with illness and 5.6 (13.2) points when healthy. The likelihoods that illness had a substantial beneficial/trivial/harmful effect on performance of an individual swimmer were 32%/31%/37% for female and 17%/31%/52% for male participants (90% confidence limits ∼±10% to 20%). Conclusions: Although mild illness had only a trivial mean effect on female swimmers and a small harmful mean effect on male swimmers, there were substantial chances of benefit and harm for individuals.


Mark Twain has been called the American Cervantes, our Homer, our Tolstoy, our Shakespeare. Ernest Hemingway maintained that 'all modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn'. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt took the phrase 'New Deal' from A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. Twain's Gilded Age gave an entire era its name. Twain is everywhere - in ads for Bass Ale, in episodes of 'Star Trek,' as a greeter in Nevada's Silver Legacy casino. Clearly, the reports of his death have been greatly exaggerated. In Lighting Out for the Territory, Twain scholar Shelley Fisher Fishkin blends personal narrative with reflections on history, literature, and popular culture to provide a lively and provocative look at who Mark Twain really was, how he got to be that way, and what we do with his legacy today. Fishkin illuminates the many ways that America has embraced Mark Twain - from the scenes and plots of his novels, to his famous quips, to his bushy-haired, white-suited persona. She reveals that we have constructed a Twain often far removed from the actual writer. For instance, we travel to Hannibal, Missouri, Mark Twain's home town, a locale that in his work is both the embodiment of the innocence of childhood and also an emblem of hypocrisy, barbarity, and moral rot. The author spotlights the fact that Hannibal today attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists and takes in millions yearly, by focusing on Tom Sawyer's boyhood exploits - marble-shoots and white-washed fences - and ignoring Twain's portraits of the darker side of the slave South. The narrative moves back and forth from modern Hannibal to antebellum Hannibal and to Mark Twain's childhood experiences with brutality and slavery. Her exploration of those subjects in his work shows that Tom Sawyer's fence isn't the only thing being white-washed in Hannibal. Fishkin's research yields fresh insights into the remarkable story of how this child of slaveholders became the author of the most powerful anti-racist novel by an American. Whether lending his name to a pizza parlor in Louisiana, a diner in Jackson Heights, New York, or an asteroid in outer space, whether making cameo appearances on 'Cheers' and 'Bonanza', or turning up in novels as a detective or a love interest, Mark Twain's presence in contemporary culture is pervasive and intriguing. Fishkin's wide-ranging examination of that presence demonstrates how Twain and his work echo, ripple, and reverberate throughout our society. We learn that Walt Disney was a great fan of Twain's fiction (in fact, 'Tom Sawyer's Island' in Disneyland is the only part of the park that Disney himself designed) as is Chuck Jones, who credits the genesis of cartoon character Wile E. Coyote to the comic description of a coyote in Roughing It. We learn of Mark Twain impersonators (Hal Holbrook, for instance, has played Twain in some 1,500 performances) and recent movie versions of Twain books, such as A Million to Juan. And we discover how Twain's image can be seen in claymation, in animatronics and robotics, in virtual reality, and on any number of home-pages on the Internet. Lighting Out for the Territory offers an engrossing look at how Mark Twain's life and work have been cherished, memorialized, exploited, and misunderstood. It offers a wealth of insight into Twain, into his work, and into our nation, both past and present.


When it comes to court packing, questions of "should" and "can" are inextricably intertwined. The conventional wisdom has long been that federal court packing is something the President and Congress simply cannot do. Even though the Constitution's text does not directly prohibit expanding or contracting the size of courts for political gain, many have argued that there is a longstanding norm against doing so, stemming from a commitment to judicial independence and separation of powers. And so (the argument goes), even though the political branches might otherwise be tempted to add or subtract seats to change the Court's ideological makeup, for reasons related to the Constitution and history they should not, meaning for reasons related to politics they cannot.

But even the strongest norms are susceptible to pressure, and recent moves by scholars and politicians are calling the conventional wisdom about court packing into question. Based largely on the claim that the majority Republican Senate "unpacked" the Supreme Court by refusing to hold hearings upon the nomination of Judge Merrick Garland in 2016, some have begun to argue that court packing can be done because it recently has been done (by the political right), and now should be done (by the political left).

Missing in the debate over the positive question — whether court packing has recently occurred — is that it has unquestionably happened in the past several years in state courts across the country. Specifically, in the last decade, there have been legislative attempts in at least ten states to alter the size of their courts of last resort, with two being "successful." Moreover, these figures represent an increase from the number of attempts in decades past.

This symposium Article makes a gentle intervention in the larger debate about court packing and the consideration of courts more generally in these politically charged times. Specifically, it provides a descriptive account of recent incidents of court packing and unpacking in state supreme courts. It then examines potential commonalities among the states in which such measures have been attempted and then those in which they succeeded. The Article finally considers whether there are lessons to be drawn for those interested in shifting — or keeping static — the size of the U.S. Supreme Court, including members of the Court itself.


This article examines U.S. opposition to the International Criminal Court (ICC) as a case study in how domestic and international politics shape discourse against new treaty-based legal obligations. When it comes to the ICC, official U.S. government discourse repeatedly alleges process-oriented shortcomings, particularly procedural due process problems and risks of prosecutorial abuse. This tendency to emphasize process-oriented arguments is borne out in a sample of public documents with dates between February 2001 and February 2003, where U.S. government officials made statements opposing U.S. participation in the ICC. Procedural due process and prosecutorial abuse claims account for about 80% of the lead arguments (that is, arguments developed in the most detail), and about 62% of the total arguments in the sample.Just as process arguments about domestic criminal law sometimes masquerade for positions about substantive law, the process arguments against the ICC appear to under-explain the vehemence of U.S. rejection of the court. The ICC's procedural protections for defendants tend to be comparable to those in the U.S., and it is not obvious that the court's prosecutor will be free from at least some legal, political, and economic forces that also impact U.S. prosecutors. Conversely, even if the court copiously observed procedural safeguards and the prosecutor only proceeded with the utmost fidelity to the substantive law, the underlying international law the court would enforce would still interfere with unfettered military discretion likely to be valued by a number of U.S. domestic constituencies.Despite their legalistic pedigree, the process-focused arguments and the underlying rejection of the court by the U.S. government appear to reflect the impact of international and domestic politics. A focus on procedure sounds marginally more principled to international audiences than a brute realist assertion that American interests are best served by keeping unfettered control of military decisions. The process arguments and rejection of the ICC exemplify the sort of discourse that can appeal to members of the public forming opinions about foreign policy that in turn shape more general evaluations of the government. Yet this comes with costs: It elides debate over the value of the brute realist position that American military power should be subject to few meaningful constraints, and instead makes it look like the most important question is about the procedural shortcomings of a court that is precisely meant to address the arbitrariness in international criminal justice that critics use to assail it.


As we approach the 21st century, we also approach the third decade of the AIDS epidemic. Mental health care providers must face the crucial fact that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the condition it causes, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the leading cause of death among Americans aged 25-44 years. HIV Mental Health for the 21st Century provides a roadmap for mental health professionals who seek to develop new strategies aimed at increasing the longevity and quality of life for people living with HIV/AIDS, as well as at controlling the future spread of the disease. Divided into five sections, this volume covers basic concepts in HIV/AIDS mental health; specialized aspects of HIV/AIDS clinical care; models of clinical care; program evaluation; and HIV mental health policy and programs. Chapters treat issues such as feelings of caregivers, the role of spirituality in mental health care, rural practice, mental health home care, and working with children.