Few doubt the seriousness of the recent crisis afflicting the financial systems of the United States and the world. Few claim that nothing needs to be fixed. And few have missed the major debates about what types of solutions are best - often conducted at high volume, intensity, and frequency. So rather than try to add to one side or the other of the well-rehearsed arguments about each type of proposed reform, we try to refocus the analysis on some core incentives: when the basic rules of the game are changing, property rights and the rule of law are too ill-defined, creating exactly the wrong incentives for investment and economic growth. The wrong incentives created by repeated surges of bold government action pose risks that have direct, short-term impacts, which we fear have been seriously underexplored during both the end of the Bush administration and the beginning of the Obama administration. We hope that, by pointing out these risks, they can be significantly mitigated at relatively low cost.We begin by recommending a change to the general approach: halt soon the introduction of new, bold programs. We are not saying that nothing should be done; we are saying that it is important in times like these for government to reach closure on its decisions so that it can pick one set of rules of the game and then stick to them. We then focus more narrowly on the process of structuring workouts from bad deals and recommend avoiding approaches that undermine bankruptcy. Bankruptcy allows the large group of private professionals who are experts at restructuring or winding up bad deals - consultants, financiers, lawyers, managers, and so on - to get involved. Given the magnitude of the problem of toxic assets, any solution to the current crisis will almost certainly need to involve these private actors. We then explore how particular reform proposals can be implemented without running afoul of the cautions that are the focus of our effort. In the final analysis, we applaud the Herculean efforts by so many serious thinkers in the Bush and Obama administrations and outside government who have thrown themselves into this important work in good faith and with great sacrifice. All we can hope to add to the conversation are these relatively easy-to-deploy (and important to deploy quickly) tools for mitigating some vital but underappreciated risks with proposed financial system fixes.


Micro metal injection molding is drawing attention recently as one the most cost effective processes in powder metallurgy to produce small-scale intricate part and competitive cost for mass production of micro components where it is greatly influenced by injection parameter. Thus, this paper investigated the optimization of highest green strength which plays an important characteristic in determining the successful of micro MIM. Stainless steel SS 316L was used with composite binder, which consists of PEG and PMMA while SA works as a surfactant. Feedstock with 61.5% with several injection parameters were optimized which highly significant through screening experiment such as injection pressure(A), injection temperature(B), mold temperature(C), injection time(D) and holding time(E). Besides that, interaction effects between injection pressure, injection temperature and mold temperature were also considered to optimize in the Taguchi's orthogonal array. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (S/N-larger is better) for green strength was also presented in this paper. Result shows that interaction between injection temperature and mold temperature (BxC) give highest significant factor followed by interaction between injection pressure and injection temperature (AxB). Single factor that also contributes to significant optimization are mold temperature(C), injection time (D) and injection pressure (A). Overall, this study shows that Taguchi method would be among the best method to solve the problem with minimum number of trials.


We develop analysis of deviance tools for generalized partial linear models based on local polynomial fitting. Assuming a canonical link, we propose expressions for both local and global analysis of deviance, which admit an additivity property that reduces to ANOVA decompositions in the Gaussian case. Chi-square tests based on integrated likelihood functions are proposed to formally test whether the nonparametric term is significant. Simulation results are shown to illustrate the proposed chi-square tests. The methodology is applied to German Bundesbank Federal Reserve data.


Lonely Planet: The world's leading travel guide publisher Lonely Planet Banff, Jasper & Glacier National Parks is your passport to all the most relevant and up-to-date advice on what to see, what to skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Promenade through Jasper via the Skyline Trail, ride the Lake Louise Gondola to a fantastic view, or drive past cascades and glaciers on Icefields Parkway; all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of Banff, Jasper and Glacier National Parks and begin your journey now! Inside Lonely Planet Banff, Jasper & Glacier National Parks Travel Guide: *Color maps and images throughout *Highlights and itineraries show you the simplest way to tailor your trip to your own personal needs and interests *Insider tips save you time and money and help you get around like a local, avoiding crowds and trouble spots and being safe and responsible *Essential info at your fingertips - including hours of operation, phone numbers, websites, prices, transit tips, emergency information, park seasonality, and hiking trail junctions, viewpoints, landscapes, elevations, distances, difficulty levels, and durations *Honest reviews for all budgets - including eating, sleeping, camping, sight-seeing, going out, shopping, summer and winter activities, and hidden gems that most guidebooks miss *Contextual insights give you a richer and more rewarding travel experience - including history, geology, wildlife, and conservation *Over 45 trail and park maps *Useful features - including Driving Tours, Travel with Children, and Day and Overnight Hikes *Coverage of Banff National Park, Jasper National Park, Glacier National Park, Lake Louise, Banff Town, Canmore, Mt Robson Provincial Park, East Glacier, West Glacier, and more The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet Banff, Jasper & Glacier National Parks, our most comprehensive guide to Banff, Jasper and Glacier National Parks, is perfect for those planning to both explore the top sights and take the road less traveled. * Looking for more extensive coverage? Check out Lonely Planet's Canada guide for a comprehensive look at all the country has to offer, or Lonely Planet's Discover Canada, a photo-rich guide to the country's most popular attractions. * Looking to visit more than one national park in the North America? Check out Lonely Planet's Discover USA's Best National Parks, a photo-rich guide to the country's 27 most popular natural attractions. Authors: Written and researched by Lonely Planet, Oliver Berry, and Brendan Sainsbury. About Lonely Planet: Started in 1973, Lonely Planet has become the world's leading travel guide publisher with guidebooks to every destination on the planet, as well as an award-winning website, a suite of mobile and digital travel products, and a dedicated traveler community. Lonely Planet's mission is to enable curious travelers to experience the world and to truly get to the heart of the places they find themselves in. TripAdvisor Travelers' Choice Awards 2012 and 2013 winner in Favorite Travel Guide category 'Lonely Planet guides are, quite simply, like no other.' - New York Times 'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveller's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' - Fairfax Media (Australia)


Introduction Fresh frozen cadavers are effective training models for airway management. We hypothesised that residual carbon dioxide (CO2) in cadaveric lung would be detectable using standard clinical monitoring systems, facilitating detection of tracheal tube placement and further enhancing the fidelity of clinical simulation using a cadaveric model. Methods The tracheas of two fresh frozen unembalmed cadavers were intubated via direct laryngoscopy. Each tracheal tube was connected to a self-inflating bag and a sidestream CO2 detector. The capnograph display was observed and recorded in high-definition video. The cadavers were hand-ventilated with room air until the capnometer reached zero or the waveform approached baseline. Results A clear capnographic waveform was produced in both cadavers on the first postintubation expiration, simulating the appearances found in the clinical setting. In cadaver one, a consistent capnographic waveform was produced lasting over 100 s. Maximal end-tidal CO2 was 8.5 kPa (65 mm Hg). In cadaver two, a consistent capnographic waveform was produced lasting over 50 s. Maximal end-tidal CO2 was 5.9 kPa (45 mm Hg). Conclusions We believe this to be the first work to describe and quantify detectable end-tidal capnography in human cadavers. We have demonstrated that tracheal intubation of fresh frozen cadavers can be confirmed by life-like waveform capnography. This requires further validation in a larger sample size.


We calculate variations in the thickness of the rigid uppermost layer of the lithosphere of South Africa, including its 2.6 to 3.6 billion-year-old embedded Kaapvaal craton. Results show that this layer, known as the competent lithosphere, beneath the craton attained its present thickness of up to 120km only after 2.0 billion years ago. Prior to that the thickness of the competent lithosphere of the craton may have been up to 60% less because its upper mantle was mechanically decoupled from its upper crust. The observed variance in the depth to the base of the competent lithosphere between the Archean Kaapvaal Craton and the surrounding Mesoproterozoic terrain are interpreted in terms of distinct chemical differences. These findings have implications for understanding the ageing of continents and Archean tectonics.


Hurwitz theory, the study of analytic functions among Riemann surfaces, is a classical field and active research area in algebraic geometry. The subject's interplay between algebra, geometry, topology and analysis is a beautiful example of the interconnectedness of mathematics. This book introduces students to this increasingly important field, covering key topics such as manifolds, monodromy representations and the Hurwitz potential. Designed for undergraduate study, this classroom-tested text includes over 100 exercises to provide motivation for the reader. Also included are short essays by guest writers on how they use Hurwitz theory in their work, which ranges from string theory to non-Archimedean geometry. Whether used in a course or as a self-contained reference for graduate students, this book will provide an exciting glimpse at mathematics beyond the standard university classes.


Background. Collaborative software development has produced a wealth of version control system (VCS) data that can now be analyzed in full. Little is known about the intrinsic structure of the entire corpus of publicly available VCS as an interconnected graph. Understanding its structure is needed to determine the best approach to analyze it in full and to avoid methodological pitfalls when doing so. Objective. We intend to determine the most salient network topology properties of public software development history as captured by VCS. We will explore: degree distributions, determining whether they are scale-free or not; distribution of connect component sizes; distribution of shortest path lengths. Method. We will use Software Heritage-which is the largest corpus of public VCS data-compress it using webgraph compression techniques, and analyze it in-memory using classic graph algorithms. Analyses will be performed both on the full graph and on relevant subgraphs. Limitations. The study is exploratory in nature; as such no hypotheses on the findings is stated at this time. Chosen graph algorithms are expected to scale to the corpus size, but it will need to be confirmed experimentally. External validity will depend on how representative Software Heritage is of the software commons.


Metal-halide perovskites exhibit high efficiencies in photovoltaic applications and low recombination rates, despite the high concentrations of intrinsic defects. We here study the hole trapping at the negative iodine interstitial, which corresponds to the dominating recombination center in CH3NH3PbI3. We calculate the free energy profile for the hole trapping at 300 K using the Blue Moon technique based on hybrid functional molecular dynamics. We find that the hole trapping is energetically unfavorable and requires overcoming an energy barrier. This behavior stems from the position of the vertical (−/0) transition level of the iodine defect and the formation of a polaron. Our simulations show that the polaron does not interact with the iodine interstitial and hops through the lattice on a sub-picosecond scale. Our results highlight a mechanism by which the low mononuclear (trap-assisted) recombination rates in CH3NH3PbI3 can be explained.


A carrier distillation technique is described for the analysis of trace impurities in niobium oxide. The carrier used is a 1: 1 mixture of AgCl and AgF. Separation of the carrier and sample charge along with the use of a boiler cap on the electrode cup greatly reduces the background and yet allows the impurities to be distilled into the arc within 90 sec. Sensitivity and precision data are included for 13 impurity elements.


The localization of mRNAs is used by various types of polarized cells to locally translate specific proteins, which restricts their distribution to a particular sub-region of the cytoplasm. This mechanism of protein sorting is involved in major biological processes such as asymmetric cell division, oogenesis, cellular motility, and synapse formation. With the finding of localized mRNAs in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it is now possible to benefit from the powerful yeast laboratory tools to explore the molecular basis of RNA localization. Because mRNA transport and localization in yeast share many features with RNA localization in higher eukaryotes, including the formation of a large ribonucleoprotein (RNP) localization complex, the requirement of a polarized cytoskeleton and molecular motors, and the role of nuclear RNA-binding proteins in cytoplasmic localization, the yeast can be used as a paradigm for unraveling the molecular aspects of this process. This review summarizes the current knowledge on RNP transport and localization in yeast.


Background: Bronchodilators used to treat Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease have been associated with adverse cardiovascular events. Moreover, the high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in COPD (8-40%) requires an evaluation of treatment differences between comorbid groups in order to understand the appropriateness of drug prescribing. Objective: To determine whether COPD patients with concurrent CVD are less likely to be prescribed bronchodilators compared to those without CVD. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the 2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) to quantify the association between concurrent CVD morbidity and the probability of receiving a bronchodilator prescription. Visits included patients ≥40 years who had COPD diagnosis. Surveyweighted data were analyzed through descriptive analysis, univariate (unadjusted) and multivariate (adjusted) logistic regression models. Demographics, patient, physician and visit characteristics were assessed as covariates in the models. Results: Out of 11,627,061 ambulatory visits recorded by patients ≥40 years with COPD diagnosis, majority was male (57%), non-Hispanic White (80%) and used at least one bronchodilator (55.5%). We found that a significantly lower proportion of the COPD-CVD group (32.3%) was treated with bronchodilators versus 57.6% for the non-comorbid group. The effect of CVD on bronchodilator prescribing was modified by gender, beta-blockers and asthma. CVD patients who were female, not prescribed beta-blockers and not having concomitant asthma were 94% less likely to be prescribed bronchodilators compared the non-CVD females with the same characteristics. On the other hand, males not prescribed beta-blockers and not having concomitant asthma had 68% lower probability when CVD coexisted with COPD. Female CVD patients prescribed beta-blockers and not living with asthma had only a 20% chance of being a bronchodilator user than those without CVD. Cardiovascular disease did not affect the utilization of bronchodilators in males taking beta-blockers who either had or did not have asthma. Conclusion: Concurrent CVD diagnosis is a significant factor for reducing the probability of prescribing bronchodilators for COPD and our findings provide evidence of variations in bronchodilator prescribing for stratified groups of COPDCVD patients. Most patients with COPD and CVD are less likely to be prescribed bronchodilators, with the exception of males who were also prescribed beta-blockers. Thus, this study highlights a specific patient subgroup for whom the guidelines are less likely to be observed.


When petroleum-based vehicle fuels are released to the subsurface environment, only a small number of chemical constituents typically account for a large majority of human health risks associated with potential exposures to affected soil, soil gas or groundwater. In other words, the risk 'footprint' of most fuel constituents is most often contained within the footprint of key risk-driving constituents of potential concern (COPCs). Therefore, assessment and management of an appropriate set of COPCs can support robust management of all potential risks and eliminate unnecessary chemical analyses and evaluation of constituents that rarely (or never) give rise to unacceptable human health risks. This paper presents an approach for identifying COPCs for petroleum fuel releases, based on internationally adopted human health risk assessment practices and available information on fuel composition and chemical toxicity. COPCs are identified as all constituents that could potentially give rise to unacceptable human health risks, based on theoretical upper-bound exposure estimates for exposure pathways. COPC lists are presented to guide the investigation and evaluation of risks at sites where releases of petrol, diesel, and kerosene/jet fuel have occurred. Such lists are generically applicable and may underpin site-specific evaluation of environmental conditions and associated risks. Supplementary materials: Risk equations, input definitions and values, the physical–chemical properties of the fuel components, human health criteria, complete results and rankings of the calculated risk values are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18789.


Background: New, more effective strategies are needed to treat highly aggressive neuroblastoma. Our laboratory has previously shown that full-length Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) and a SPARC peptide corresponding to the follistatin domain of the protein (FS-E) potently block angiogenesis and inhibit the growth of neuroblastoma tumors in preclinical models. Peptide FS-E is structurally complex and difficult to produce, limiting its potential as a therapeutic in the clinic. Results: In this study, we synthesized two smaller and structurally more simple SPARC peptides, FSEN and FSEC, that respectively correspond to the N-and C-terminal loops of peptide FS-E. We show that both peptides FSEN and FSEC have anti-angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo, although FSEC is more potent. Peptide FSEC also significantly inhibited the growth of neuroblastoma xenografts. Histologic examination demonstrated characteristic features of tumor angiogenesis with structurally abnormal, tortuous blood vessels in control neuroblastoma xenografts. In contrast, the blood vessels observed in tumors, treated with SPARC peptides, were thin walled and structurally more normal. Using a novel method to quantitatively assess blood vessel abnormality we demonstrated that both SPARC peptides induced changes in blood vessel architecture that are consistent with blood vessel normalization. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that SPARC peptide FSEC has potent anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic effects in neuroblastoma. Its simple structure and ease of production indicate that it may have clinical utility in the treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma and other types of pediatric and adult cancers, which depend on angiogenesis.


Aquaculture now supplies half of the fish consumed directly by humans. We evaluate whether aquaculture, given current patterns of production and distribution, supports the needs of poor and food-insecure populations throughout the world. We begin by identifying 41 seafood-reliant nutritionally vulnerable nations (NVNs), and ask whether aquaculture meets human nutritional demand directly via domestic production or trade, or indirectly via purchase of nutritionally rich dietary substitutes. We find that a limited number of NVNs have domestically farmed seafood, and of those, only specific aquaculture approaches (e.g. freshwater) in some locations have the potential to benefit nutritionally vulnerable populations. While assessment of aquaculture's direct contribution via trade is constrained by data limitations, we find that it is unlikely to contribute substantially to human nutrition in vulnerable groups, as most exported aquaculture consists of high-value species for international markets. We also determine that subpopulations who benefit from aquaculture profits are likely not the same subpopulations who are nutritionally vulnerable, and more research is needed to understand the impacts of aquaculture income gains. Finally, we discuss the relationship of aquaculture to existing trends in capture fisheries in NVNs, and suggest strategies to create lasting solutions to nutritional security, without exacerbating existing challenges in access to food and land resources.


This retrospective study was intended to report the improved detection rate and also the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis at the Tamale Teaching Hospital of Northern Ghana. Sputum smear microscopy for acid fast bacilli (AFB) results of newly suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (Diagnosed Clinically) was analysed for the study. Patients and their demographic data, comprising age, and sex recorded from January 2004, to December 2012, were retrieved from the chest clinic and laboratory register (TB04) of the bacteriology unit and analysed. Out of a total of 5,720 cases registered 4,762 (83.3%) were new patients with clinically diagnosed PTB. This comprised of 2,766 (58.1%) males and 1,996 (41.9%) females giving a female to male ratio of 1:14. Assessment of recorded data for newly suspected PTB patients rose from 165 (9.9%) in 2004 to 948 (19.9%) in 2009. Out of a total of the 4,762 clinically diagnosed (reported) cases 620 were sputum smear positive, yielding positivity rate on a year to year basis, was 15.7% (2004), 15.8% (2005), 13.4% (2006), 12.7% (2007), 20.6% (2008), 10.0% (2009) and 6.3% (2010). The median age for recorded cases was 42 years. Generally the percentage proportion of confirmed PTB stratified by age showed a steady rise from 0.3% in <5 years age group and peaked at 16.3% in 30 – 35 years age group from 10.0% to 4.8% in 54 – 59 years age group. There has been a remarkable improvement in diagnostic request for suspected TB patients; the decline in positivity rate might have been impacted upon greatly by the national strategy to stop TB which emphasized on active case finding and prompt reporting at the community level, improving diagnostic processes and strengthening the health systems. The rapid urbanization and changes in the social background of the inhabitants of the Tamale Metropolitan Area (TMA) cannot be overemphasized.


Summary Individuals with severe mental illness have increased rates of physical health problems and reduced life expectancy. As a vulnerable population, they have been identified as needing increased physical health monitoring and treatment. The first of two Cochrane reviews considered here assessed the evidence for the benefit of monitoring but found no studies that could be included. The second reviewed the evidence for provision of general physical healthcare advice. Although the results were suggestive of benefit, the evidence, where available, was of poor quality. These reviews highlight an important area for future research to evaluate the relative health and cost benefits of different types of intervention.


The simultaneous growth in longevity and mounting budget deficits in the U.S. have increased interest in raising the age of eligibility for public health and retirement benefits. The consequences of this policy depend on the health of the near elderly, and on the distribution of health by demographic group. We simulate the work capacity and likely disability experience of near elderly individuals (62-64 year-olds) based on the work, disability, and retirement status of slightly younger people. Our estimates, from two distinct data sets, indicate that work capacity is substantial at this age. Because health deteriorates very slowly from ages 60-65, labor force participation could rise by 15-20 percent for all demographic groups, while overall disability rates would change very little. However, less advantaged groups would face challenges in the labor market. The expected earnings of current non-workers without any college education are lower than similar workers, by 15 to 25 percent, indicating the uneven burden of changes in the age of eligibility.


To combine powers from a set of gyrotrons and to switch the combined wave beam between a number of output channels, various kinds of multiplexers can be used. Especially, narrow-band frequency diplexers in connection with small frequency-shift keying of gyrotrons can be used to switch the millimeter-wave power between two output channels. This technique can, for example, be used for fast beam steering for synchronous stabilization of rotating neoclassical tearing modes in tokamaks. Beam steering can be performed by a multistage multiplexer, provided that phase-controlled sources are available. In the paper, various concepts for fast directional switches as well as their integration into transmission lines are discussed. Calculations and low-power measurements of prototypes are presented. A resonant diplexer experiment is at present being prepared to be tested at high power in the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system for Wendelstein 7X (W7-X). Requirements and techniques for frequency control of the gyrotrons are discussed, and the results of preliminary frequency modulation experiments are shown. Finally, future prospects for the application of diplexers in large ECRH systems are discussed.


How often do companies and individuals assert patents outside of litigation? No one knows for sure. The problem is that licensing negotiations and license deals that don't result in litigation are almost invariably kept secret. The result is that patent litigation is like the proverbial tip of the iceberg – the observable piece sticking out of the water, but probably not all or even most of what there is. Various people have speculated that unlitigated (and therefore unobserved) assertions are a majority and probably as much as 90% of all patent enforcement.

We wanted to know how often companies were approached to take patent licenses without a lawsuit being filed. So we asked them. Using a simple survey, we got data from dozens of companies about how often they were sued, how often they were approached to take a license without being sued, and the characteristics of those licensing proposals. The result is the first real look at what goes on beneath the surface of patent enforcement.

We found that while patent litigation does not reflect everything that is going on, there was less unlitigated – and therefore unseen – patent enforcement than some of us had thought. Roughly one-third of all patent licensing efforts among our survey respondents end in litigation, significantly less than the 10% some had predicted. And, for the majority of respondents, about one half of the demands end in litigation. Our results allow us to get a handle on the actual size of the patent enforcement business and to try to estimate the total cost of responding to enforcement efforts. We offer some ballpark estimates of the cost of responding to patent assertions in Part III.

Our survey respondents are a significant segment of the economy, but they are far from all of it. And they differ in certain ways from companies as a whole. We hope to be able to expand the universe of respondents in a later round of surveys. In Part I we explain what we did. In Part II we explain what we found. And in Part III we consider some implications for business and public policy if we extrapolate our limited results to the broader economy. Under plausible assumptions, responding to patent assertions costs defendants between $80 and $100 billion per year.


Mdm4 negatively regulates the p53 tumor suppressor. Mdm4 loss in mice leads to an embryonic lethal phenotype that is p53-dependent. Biochemical studies indicate that Mdm4 also binds p73, a member of the p53 family, with higher affinity than p53. In this study, the significance of the Mdm4 and p73 interaction in vivo during embryogenesis and tumorigenesis was examined. The data revealed that p73 loss did not rescue either the early Mdm4-deficient embryonic lethality or the runted phenotype of Mdm4Δ2/Δ2 p53+/− embryos. Furthermore, studies in the developing central nervous system wherein both genes have prominent roles indicated that loss of p73 also did not rescue the Mdm4-null brain phenotype as did p53 loss. This p53 dependency occurred despite evidence for p73-specific transcriptional activity. In tumor studies, the combination of Mdm4 overexpression and p73 loss did not alter survival of mice or the tumor spectrum as compared with Mdm4 overexpression alone. In summary, these data demonstrate that the Mdm4–p73 axis cannot override the dominant role of p53 in development and tumorigenesis. Implications: Genetic characterization of the Mdm4 and p73 interaction during development and tumorigenesis suggests new insight into the role of p53 family members, which may influence treatment options for patients. Mol Cancer Res; 14(1); 56–65. ©2015 AACR.


The oxidation behaviour of Fe3A1 intermetallic alloys with and without reactive element (RE) and Ti-46.7A1-1.9W-0.5Si alloy over the temperature ranges of 900 to 1100°C and 750 to 950°C respectively were studied for up to 240h. The isothermal and cyclic oxidation behaviour of Fe3A1 intermetallic materials was studied in static air. The Al203 adherence of (Y and/or Hf)-doped Fe3A1 alloys was examined using newly developed — by the researcher — cyclic oxidation rig built in AMRI's laboratory. However the oxidation of Ti-46.7A1-1.9W-0.5Si alloy was studied in air and under Ar-02 atmospheres of three oxygen partial pressures; P02 = (0.05, 0.2 and 0.8) x 105 Pa. Isothermal sulphidation/oxidation work of coated — with specially designed single and multi- layer coatings — and uncoated Ti-46.7A1-1.9W-0.5Si alloy was performed in relatively high partial pressure of sulphur (pS2 = 6.8 x 10-1 Pa) and low partial pressure of oxygen (p02 = 1.2 x 10-15 Pa) at 850° C for up to 240h. Characterisation of the specimens was conducted using SEM, EDX, and XRD techniques. Higher oxidation rates of Ti-46.7A1-1.9W-0.5Si alloy were observed in air than in Ar-20%02 at all temperatures. The scale formed in air consisted of Ti02/Al203/Ti02/TiN/TiAl2/substrate, whilst the scale developed in Ar-20%02 atmosphere was comprised of Ti02/Al203/Ti02/Al203/Ti3A1/substrate. The oxidation rates of Ti-46.7A1-1.9W¬0.5Si alloy increased with decreasing the oxygen partial pressure in Ar-02 atmospheres at the entire range of temperatures. The employment of single A1TiN and CrN single layer coatings improved the sulphidation/oxidation behaviour of Ti-46.7A1-1.9W-0.5Si alloy at 850°C for up to 240h in H2/H20/H2S gas mixture. However, the use of NbN and CrN diffusion barrier coatings significantly enhanced its corrosion resistance. The scale on uncoated Ti-46.7A1-.9W-0.5Si alloy in sulphidising/oxidising atmosphere consisted of Ti02/Al203/TiS+W/TiA13/TiAl2/substrate. The reactive element (RE) — Y and/or Hf — addition especially Y significantly improved the oxide adherence of Fe3A1 over the specified range of temperature and exposure time (or cycles). However, higher oxidation rate of Fe3A1 alloys doped with Y was obtained under both isothermal and cyclic oxidation. Although the scale thickness of Hf-doped alloy was always higher than that of Y-doped alloys, the oxidation rate constant of the later is found in some cases to be less than that of the first by one order of magnitude. However, the scale on the Hf-doped alloy is relatively adherent to the substrate if compared with the scale of undoped Fe3A1 alloy even at the areas where oxide pegs were observed on Fe3A1-Hf alloy. Generally, no conclusion could be taken from the kinetic data of Fe3A1 alloys regarding the reactive element effect (REE) due to the intergranular attack on the Y-containing alloys. Improving the interface properties by RE addition led to a better control of the outward diffusion of aluminium and eliminated the detrimental effect of sulphur (possibly present in the Fe3A1 alloys). However, the presence of the RE in the alloy led to the formation of coherent scales. At 1100°C and after prolonged exposure, the scale of RE- doped alloys was not able to remain in contact with the substrate especially under thermal cycling conditions. The external scale severely cracked especially at places where oxide ridges were formed. The Y-containing Fe3A1 alloys were capable of producing another thin and adherent scale underneath the cracked external scale.


Rapid diagnostic testing for COVID-19 is key to guiding social distancing orders and containing emerging disease clusters by contact tracing and isolation. However, communities throughout the US do not yet have adequate access to tests. Pharmacies are already engaged in testing, but there is capacity to greatly increase coverage. Using a facility location optimization model and willingness-to-travel estimates from US National Household Travel Survey data, we find that if COVID-19 testing became available in all US pharmacies, an estimated 94% of the US population would be willing to travel to obtain a test, if warranted. Whereas the largest chain provides high coverage in densely populated states, like Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and Connecticut, independent pharmacies would be required for sufficient coverage in Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming. If only 1,000 pharmacies in the US are selected to provide testing, judicious selection, using our optimization model, provides estimated access to 29 million more people than selecting pharmacies simply based on population density. COVID-19 testing through pharmacies can improve access across the US. Even if only few pharmacies offer testing, judicious selection of specific sites can simplify logistics and improve access.


With economic activity in emerging markets growing at 40 percent, and with 10 percent and more of the firms in the Global Fortune 500 now headquartered in emerging economies, intense interest lies in the globalization of business activities, including the sales function. This systematic review of the international sales literature in a selection of the most influential journals explains, consolidates, and analyzes current knowledge. This paper also explores the challenges inherent in conducting international sales research, including conceptualization, research management, and data collection issues. Finally, we suggest ways to move forward for researchers in this field, including pertinent topics and how methodological and practical constraints might be addressed.


Background The effects of repetitive throwing on the shoulders of developing athletes are not well understood because of the paucity of data describing the biomechanics of youth pitchers and the plasticity of the developing skeleton. Hypothesis The direction and magnitude of the stresses that exist at the proximal humeral physis during the fastball pitching motion are consistent with the development of proximal humeral epiphysiolysis (Little League shoulder) and/or humeral retrotorsion. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods A total of 14 elite youth baseball pitchers (mean age, 12.1 ± 0.4 years) were filmed from the front and dominant side while throwing fastballs in a simulated game. The net force and torque acting on the humerus throughout the throwing motion were calculated using standard biomechanical techniques. Results The external rotation torque about the long axis of the humerus reached a peak value of 17.7 ± 3.5 N.m (2.7% ± 0.3% body weight × height) just before maximum shoulder external rotation. A shoulder distraction force of 214.7 ± 47.2 N (49.8% ± 8.3% body weight) occurred at, or just after, ball release. Conclusion Shear stress arising from the high torque late in the arm-cocking phase is large enough to lead to deformation of the weak proximal humeral epiphyseal cartilage, causing either humeral retrotorsion or proximal humeral epiphysiolysis over time. The stresses generated by the external rotation torque are much greater than those caused by distraction forces generated during the pitching motion of youth baseball pitchers. Clinical Relevance The motion of throwing fastballs by youth baseball pitchers results in force components consistent with proposed mechanisms for 2 clinical entities.


By studying perturbations about the vacuum, we show that Hoyrava gravity suffers from two different strong coupling problems, extending all the way into the deep infra-red. The first of these is associated with the principle of detailed balance and explains why solutions to General Relativity are typically not recovered in models that preserve this structure. The second of these occurs even without detailed balance and is associated with the breaking of diffeomorphism invariance, required for anisotropic scaling in the UV. Since there is a reduced symmetry group there are additional degrees of freedom, which need not decouple in the infra-red. Indeed, we use the Stuckelberg trick to show that one of these extra modes become strongly coupled as the parameters approach their desired infra-red fixed point. Whilst we can evade the first strong coupling problem by breaking detailed balance, we cannot avoid the second, whatever the form of the potential. Therefore the original Hoyrava model, and its "phenomenologically viable" extensions do not have a perturbative General Relativity limit at any scale. Experiments which confirm the perturbative gravitational wave prediction of General Relativity, such as the cumulative shift of the periastron time of binary pulsars, will presumably rule out the theory.


China's unilateral pledge to cut its carbon intensity by 40-45 percent by 2020 relative to its 2005 levels raises both the stringency issue, and given that China's pledge is in the form of carbon intensity, reliability issues concerning China's statistics on energy and GDP. Moreover, as long as China's commitments differ in form from those of other major greenhouse gas emitters, China is constantly confronted with both criticism on its carbon intensity commitment being less stringent and the threats of trade measures. In response to these concerns and to put China in a positive position, this paper will map out a realistic roadmap for China's specific climate commitments towards 2050, with its main distinguishing features including China taking on absolute emission caps around 2030 and the three transitional periods of increasing climate obligations before that. With current international climate negotiations flawed with a focus on commitments on the targeted date of 2020 that does not accommodate well the world's two largest greenhouse gas emitters, the paper suggests a new direction to break the current impasse in international climate negotiations.


This paper presents the characterization of the optical range of the ALHAMBRA photometric system, a 20 contiguous, equal-width, medium-band CCD system with wavelength coverage from 3500 Å to 9700 Å. The photometric description of the system is done by presenting the full response curve as a product of the filters, CCD, and atmospheric transmission curves, and using some first- and second-order moments of this response function. We also introduce the set of standard stars that defines the system, formed by 31 classic spectrophotometric standard stars which have been used in the calibration of other known photometric systems, and 288 stars, flux calibrated homogeneously, from the Next Generation Spectral Library (NGSL). Based on the NGSL, we determine the transformation equations between Sloan Digital Sky Survey ugriz photometry and the ALHAMBRA photometric system, in order to establish some relations between both systems. Finally, we develop and discuss a strategy to calculate the photometric zero points of the different pointings in the ALHAMBRA project.


STOCHASTIC SPATIO-TEMPORAL UNCERTAINTY IN GIS-BASED WATER QUALITY MODELING OF THE LAND WATER INTERFACE Ahmad M. Salah Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Doctor of Philosophy Integrated water resources management has been used for decades in various formats. The limited resources and the ever growing population keep imposing pressure on decision makers to better-, and reliably, manage the available waters. On the other hand, the continuous development in computing and modeling power has helped modelers and decision makers considerably. To use these models, assumptions have to be made to fill in the gaps of missing data and to approximate the current conditions. The type and amount of information available can also be used to help select the best model from the currently available models. Advances in data collection have not kept up to the pace of advances in model development and the need for more and reliable input parameter values. Hence, uncertainty in model input parameters also needs to be quantified and addressed. This research effort develops a spatially-based modeling framework to model watersheds from both water quantity and quality standpoints. In this research, Gridded Surface Sub-Surface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) and CE-QUAL-W2 models are linked within the Watershed Modeling System (WMS); a GIS interface for hydrologic and hydraulic models, to better handle both models pre and post processing. In addition, stochastic analysis routines are developed and used to examine and address the uncertainty inherent in the modeling process of the interface between land and water in the designated watershed. The linkage routines are developed in WMS using C++. The two models are linked spatially and temporally with the general direction of data flow from GSSHA to CE-QUAL-W2. Pre-processing of the CE-QUAL-W2 model is performed first. Then stochastic parameters and their associated distributions are defined for stochastic analysis in GSSHA before a batch run is performed. GSSHA output is then aggregated by CEQUAL-W2 segments to generate multiple CE-QUAL-W2 runs. WMS then reads the stochastic CE-QUAL-W2 runs upon successful completion for data analysis. Modelers need to generate a WMS Gage for each location where they want to examine the stochastic output. A Gage is defined by a segment and a layer in the CE-QUAl-W2 model. Once defined, modelers are able to view a computed credible interval with lower, upper bounds in addition to the mean time series of a pre-selected constituent. Decision makers can utilize this output to better manage watersheds by understanding and incorporating the spatio-temporal uncertainty for the land-water interface.


There is a need to support physical activity (PA) participation among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) provides a framework for interventions; post-intentional factors which can translate intentions into behaviour are considered. Consistent with HAPA, action planning is one strategy that improves self-efficacy (SE) and hence which may support PA among people with DM. This pilot study evaluates the effects of a brief action planning (BAP) intervention among people with DM diabetes attending a community PA program. Adults with DM (n=22) recruited through a community PA program completed baseline measures of the HAPA constructs and self-reported PA. Participants engaged in supervised PA twice per week for 3 months. They received four weeks of BAP via telephone delivered by a BAP counselor once per week. Questionnaires were re-administered following the BAP. Ten (45.5%) participants completed the BAP calls. Paired t-tests revealed significant improvements in maintenance SE (p=.05) and task SE (p=.04) following BAP; there were trends toward improvements in planning SE (p=.15) and action control (p=.19). Overall PA was maintained post-BAP (p=.92), with a trend towards increases in low-intensity PA (p=.61). Findings from this pilot study suggest that BAP may be useful to improve maintenance SE for PA and maintain PA among people with DM following a community PA program. Further research with a larger sample is warranted to further understand the impact of BAP in supporting PA among people with DM. Acknowledgments: Centre for Collaboration, Motivation and Innovation (CCMI), Tait McKenzie Centre and the Tri-Lab


Introduction: Identifying educational needs is an essential step in planning faculty development programs. It plays an important role in promoting the quality of education. The aim of this study was to determine and prioritize the educational needs of clinical and non clinical faculty members of Faculty of Medicne of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. Methods: A questionnaire was developed for this cross-sectional study using the indices identified by reviewing the literature. The questionnaire was sent to all faculty members of Medical Faculty (n=260). The items were scored from 1 to 20 according to the importance of the educational needs. Data was analyzed by SPSS software. Results: Different areas of educational needs of the clinical faculty members were respectively prioritized as: familiarity with National Medical Universities Ranking Schemeresearch, personal development, administrative and executive activities, education, specialized activities outside the university and health services and health promotion. In the non clinical faculty members: research, familiarity with National Medical Universities Ranking Schemeeducation, personal development, specialized activities outside the university, administrative and executive activities. The first priority of education in the clinical faculty members was design, implementation and analysis of oral exams. In research domain priorities were data analysis skills and the first priority of education in the non clinical faculty members was how to foster critical thinking and reasoning in research and critical appraisal skills. Conclusion: Faculty members need all of the seven studiedmajor areas. It is recommended further research to determine the weight of these seven areas using a standard method.


Finite state automata are Turing machines with fixed finite bounds on resource use. Automata lend themselves well to real-time computations and efficient algorithms. Continuing a tradition of studying computability in mathematics, we examine automatic structures, mathematical objects which can be represented by automata, and apply resulting observations to computer science.
We measure the complexity of automatic structures via well-established concepts from model theory, topology, and set theory. We prove the following results. The ordinal height of any automatic well-founded partial order is bounded by ωω. The ordinal heights of automatic well-founded relations are unbounded below wCK1 , the first uncomputable ordinal. For any computable ordinal α, there is an automatic structure of Scott rank at least α. Moreover, there are automatic structures of Scott rank wCK1,w CK1+1. . For any computable ordinal α, there is an automatic successor tree of Cantor-Bendixson rank α.
Next, we study infinite graphs produced from a natural unfolding operation applied to finite graphs. Graphs produced via such operations have finite degree and can be described by finite automata over a one-letter alphabet. We investigate algorithmic properties of such graphs in terms of their finite presentations. In particular, we ask how hard it is to check whether a given node belongs to an infinite component, whether two given nodes in the graph are reachable from one another, and whether the graph is connected. We give polynomial-time algorithms answering each of these questions. For a fixed input graph, the algorithm for infinite component membership works in constant time and reachability is decided uniformly by a single automaton. Hence, we improve on previous work, in which nonelementary or nonuniform algorithms were found.
We turn our attention to automata techniques for deciding first-order logical theories. These techniques are useful in Integer Linear Programming and Mixed Integer Linear Programming, which in turn have applications in diverse areas of computer science and engineering. We extend known work to address the enumeration problem for linear programming solutions. Then, we apply a similar paradigm to give an automata theoretic decision procedure for the p-adic valued ring under addition and for formal Laurent series over a finite field with valuation and addition.


This research evaluated the impact of supplementing user models with additional data about cognitive features of the student. Supplemental data included individual differences variables such as: developmental stage of the learner (Piagetian), spatial ability, math-facts-retrieval and gender. These differences were applied along with multimedia and customization in two intelligent tutoring systems, one for arithmetic and one for geometry. The research resulted in the general conclusion that enhancing user models with detailed information about cognitive ability led to improved response to instruction. This is especially important to consider for domains for which there are well-established group differences, such as gender differences in mathematics.


Activation of the RIG-I or STING pathways results in a type I interferon response that protects gut integrity after irradiation- or immune-induced tissue injury. A STING in the tail for GVHD RIG-I/MAVS and cGAS/STING are innate recognition pathways that sense specific RNA or DNA patterns and induce IFN-I expression. Fischer et al. now show that endogenous and targeted activation of these pathways reduces intestinal injury after irradiation or chemotherapy and during graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Activation of RIG-I/MAVS and STING results in an IFN-I response that protects intestinal mucosal barrier function in vivo and promotes growth of intestinal organoids in vitro. IFN-I–mediated promotion of gut integrity correlates with attenuated graft-versus-host disease. Targeting these pathways may allow amelioration of intestinal tissue injury and regeneration of the intestinal stem cell niche. The molecular pathways that regulate the tissue repair function of type I interferon (IFN-I) during acute tissue damage are poorly understood. We describe a protective role for IFN-I and the RIG-I/MAVS signaling pathway during acute tissue damage in mice. Mice lacking mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) were more sensitive to total body irradiation– and chemotherapy-induced intestinal barrier damage. These mice developed worse graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a preclinical model of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) than did wild-type mice. This phenotype was not associated with changes in the intestinal microbiota but was associated with reduced gut epithelial integrity. Conversely, targeted activation of the RIG-I pathway during tissue injury promoted gut barrier integrity and reduced GVHD. Recombinant IFN-I or IFN-I expression induced by RIG-I promoted growth of intestinal organoids in vitro and production of the antimicrobial peptide regenerating islet–derived protein 3 γ (RegIIIγ). Our findings were not confined to RIG-I/MAVS signaling because targeted engagement of the STING (stimulator of interferon genes) pathway also protected gut barrier function and reduced GVHD. Consistent with this, STING-deficient mice suffered worse GVHD after allo-HSCT than did wild-type mice. Overall, our data suggest that activation of either RIG-I/MAVS or STING pathways during acute intestinal tissue injury in mice resulted in IFN-I signaling that maintained gut epithelial barrier integrity and reduced GVHD severity. Targeting these pathways may help to prevent acute intestinal injury and GVHD during allogeneic transplantation.


Peter Jennings Way, Willa Cather Memorial Prairie, and the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts have a common denominator: each of these places was named after a person whose work was important to society. But what makes a person worthy of having a street, park, building, stadium, or other memorial named after him or her? This inquiry question is relevant for fifth grade students who are assigned to classroom interdisciplinary teams named "Cortes," "De Soto," and "Vespucci." Traditionally, at the beginning of the school year, the fifth grade teachers in my (A.G.'S) school divide the classes into three teams. Teams names are used on a daily basis during various classroom activities, resulting in students' strong identification with the explorers. The accomplishments of these men are summarized in the chapters of our fifth grade textbook. But were these explorers worthy of having teams named for them? My fifth graders were about to grapple with this question for themselves. Day One: A Current Issue Scrutiny of a modern dilemma can be an excellent entrance to historical inquiry. Recently, Arnold Schwarzenegger, governor of California, and the most famous son of Graz, Austria, was faced with the decision of whether to grant clemency to Stanley "Tookie" Williams, a death row inmate. Williams, a former gang leader in Los Angeles, was convicted of murder in 1981, yet claimed innocence and became a spokesperson against gang culture, even writing a children's book that gleaned him a nomination for the Nobel Prize in literature. (1) Capital punishment is banned in Austria today, and Graz city officials, who held strong opinions against the death penalty, threatened to remove Schwarzenegger's name from the "Arnold Schwarzenegger Stadium" in Graz if he did not commute William's death sentence. The fifth graders considered this dilemma as they began their inquiry into the importance of honoring someone by name. I created a PowerPoint presentation about the Schwarzenegger-Williams controversy to kick off this unit of study on "Whom Do We Memorialize?" My students were familiar with Arnold Schwarzenegger because of his film career and were immediately interested in the specifics of this current issue. The controversy itself was not difficult to understand, and it was a new and intriguing problem for them to explore. Students were eager to share their viewpoints about the controversy. One student pointed out that Schwarzenegger had never been in Williams' situation, growing up on the roughest streets of Los Angeles, so the governor wouldn't understand Williams' actions, why he became a criminal, or whether his per sonal reform was sincere. (Williams was eventually executed on December 13, 2005, and Schwarzenegger's name was indeed removed from the title of the stadium.) This discussion was instrumental in developing critical thinking skills that would be needed as our inquiry progressed. Students held opinions both for and against dropping Arnold's name, but their reaction to the pressure applied by the Graz City Council was particularly interesting. Many students considered this to be a separate issue--it seemed wrong for the legislators in Graz to try to manipulate Governor Schwarzenegger in this way. One student exclaimed, "It's California ruled by Austria!" We discussed the fact that naming (or removing the name from) something to memorializing a person could have all sorts of interesting implications for individuals, groups, communities, and nations. As students left the room at the end of the period, I gave each of them an "exit slip" with tomorrow's key question written on it. "What qualities or achievements should a person have in order for a public place, (street, park, etc.), structure (building, bridge, etc.), or team (sports team or classroom group) to be named after him or her?" Day 2: Who Is Worthy? On the second day, students gathered into their three groups (of three students each) to begin working on an answer to the key question. …


This article reviews the normal and pathological healing processes that take place after tooth extraction in orthodontic cases, and their associated complications within the mucosa or alveolar socket, such as gingival clefts or bone defects. The general and local factors that are involved in such deficient healing cases are detailed, in parallel to surgical procedure to enhance ridge preservation or to 'regenerate' tissues. The relationships between the orthodontist and periodontist are underlined, because both praticioners assess patient's risk factors and follow him during this treatment stage.


Abstract Deep-sea submersible observations made in the Bahamas revealed interactions between the stalked crinoid Endoxocrinus parrae and the cidaroid sea urchin Calocidaris micans. The in situ observations include occurrence of cidaroids within "meadows" of sea lilies, close proximity of cidaroids to several upended isocrinids, a cidaroid perched over the distal end of the stalk of an upended isocrinid, and disarticulated crinoid cirri and columnals directly underneath a specimen of C. micans. Guts of two C. micans collected from the crinoid meadow contain up to 70% crinoid material. Two of three large museum specimens of another cidaroid species, Histocidaris nuttingi, contain 14–99% crinoid material. A comparison of cidaroid gut contents with local sediment revealed significant differences: sediment-derived material consists of single crinoid ossicles often abraded and lacking soft tissue, whereas crinoid columnals, cirrals, brachials, and pinnulars found in the cidaroids are often articulated, linked by soft tissue, and unabraded. Furthermore, articulated, multi-element fragments often show a mode of fracture characteristic of fresh crinoid material. Taken together, these data suggest that cidaroids prey on live isocrinids. We argue that isocrinid stalk-shedding, whose purpose has remained a puzzle, and the recently documented rapid crawling of isocrinids are used in escaping benthic predators: isocrinids sacrifice and shed the distal stalk portion when attacked by cidaroids and crawl away, reducing the chance of a subsequent encounter. If such predation occurred throughout the Mesozoic and Cenozoic (possibly since the mid-Paleozoic), several evolutionary trends among crinoids might represent strategies to escape predation by slow-moving benthic predators.


Present synthetic method represents the synthesis of 7-hydroxyflavonols in fewer reaction time, with high purity and good yields. By this one-step synthetic technique various 7-hydroxyflavonols derivatives were prepared. This improved method shows a high impact in synthetic methodology with compare to previously reported many step, low yield and longtime reaction methods.


The polska, under lots of different spellings and titles, was the dominant music and dance repertoire in Sweden for nearly 300 years. The main purpose of this thesis has been to clarify some of the principal characteristics in both its dance and music forms. The thesis has both a historical and an ethnomusicological perspective and moves in the intersection between different types of traditional music and music for which the original source or documentation has been preserved. With a starting point in the melodies (polskas) from one of the most well known Swedish collections, Petter Dufvas notebook from 1807, I have tried to present a picture of the geographical and human context surrounding this repertoire. One purpose has been to present a plausible picture of the socio-musical and procedural processes that lie behind the contents of this music collection. To be better placed to discuss different approaches and aural interpretations of the polska, several ways in which to analyse forms and motifs are presented from a selection of folk music collectors and researchers. Based in part upon this, I have developed my own method of analysis that has then been applied to every melody in the collection. Despite obvious problems with demarcation, I have chosen to write about both the polska and fiddlers' notebooks. The ambition has been to follow the melodies (polskas) both forwards and backwards in time. An important goal has therefore been to investigate the background to some of the polskas that were transcribed during the early 1900s. According to my calculations, there are at least 800 handwritten notebooks preserved in Sweden. During my work for this thesis, I have examined the contents of these notebooks, a little over 90,000 melodies, spanning a period from circa 1640 to circa 1880. The melodies have been divided by the frequency of different types of dance during three historical periods: 1640–1730, 1730–1810 and 1810–1880, as well as the total presence of the dance types, and to what extent they appear in Svenska latar. The oldest polska melodies in the Swedish fiddlers' notebooks have strong connections to the couple-dance forms of the Renaissance – influences and impulses which reach Sweden and the Nordic countries in the 1500s, and which gradually manifest in the polonaise, polska, pols and springlek. The early impulses came, by all accounts, from both Poland and German-speaking areas. A great number of the oldest polska melodies we have in this country – nurtured with national romantic overtones as national treasures over a few hundred years – are in actual fact a part of something bigger: the great northern-European flow of melodies which partly go hand in hand with what is sometimes described as the figured couple dance. (Less)


One highly undesirable characteristic of mature assets that inhibits oil recovery is high water production. Polymer gel treatment is a popular conformance improvement technique applied in this regard due to its cost effectiveness and proved efficiency. Despite this popularity, optimum performance of polymer hydrogels in water shut off is inhibited by excessive aggregation, difficulty in controlling gelation, and their instability at high temperature and high salinity reservoir conditions. To address these shortcomings, research on the application of nanoparticles (NPs) in polymer hydrogels to manage thermal stability and salinity sensitivity has significantly increased in the recent past. By incorporating metal-based NPs, silica or graphene at nanoscale; the gel strength, storage modulus, salinity tolerance and thermal stability of commonly used polymers have been greatly enhanced. In this paper, the advances in experimental studies on polymer-based nanocomposites are discussed and field experiences from adoption of polymer composites reviewed.


This essay examines the nature of competition law objectives by visiting some of the theoretical and philosophical foundations underlying competition law. The key objectives of competition law are welfare, efficiency, and free and fair competition. There are distributive dimensions in competition law that are related to different notions of welfare (consumer surplus and producer surplus). The different types of efficiencies are subject to trade-offs – within a given time (allocative versus productive) and inter-temporally (static versus dynamic). Theoretical, conceptual, and philosophical frameworks also influence competition law objectives.


The series MISCELLANEA MEDIAEVALIA was founded by Paul Wilpert in 1962 and since then has presented research from the Thomas Institute of the University of Cologne. The cornerstone of the series is provided by the proceedings of the biennial Cologne Medieval Studies Conferences, which were established over 50 years ago by Josef Koch, the founding director of the Institute. The interdisciplinary nature of these conferences is reflected in the proceedings. The MISCELLANEA MEDIAEVALIA gather together papers from all disciplines represented in Medieval Studies - medieval history, philosophy, theology, together with art and literature, all contribute to an overall perspective of the Middle Ages.


We study long-wave evolution and runup on piecewise linear one- and two-dimensional bathymetries analytically and experimentally with the objective of understanding certain coastal effects of tidal waves. We develop a general solution method for determining the amplification factor of different ocean topographies consisting of linearly varying and constant-depth segments to study how spectral distributions evolve over bathymetry, and apply our results to study the evolution of solitary waves. We find asymptotic results which suggest that solitary waves often interact with piecewise linear topographies in a counter-intuitive manner. We compare our analytical predictions with numerical results, with results from a new set of laboratory experiments from a physical model of Revere Beach, and also with the data on wave runup around an idealized conical island. We find good agreement between our theory and the laboratory results for the time histories of free-surface elevations and for the maximum runup heights. Our results suggest that, at least for simple piecewise linear topographies, analytical methods can be used to calculate effectively some important physical parameters in long-wave runup. Also, by underscoring the effects of the topographic slope at the shoreline, this analysis qualitatively suggests why sometimes predictions of field-applicable numerical models differ substantially from observations of tsunami runup.


Bank design has become an important method of promoting the overall image of banks and has played a significant role in the improvement of banks' professional skills and economic efficiency. Taking examples of typical bank architecture and interior design cases, this book inspires the readers with bank architectural forms and interior space creations. This book is divided into three parts: Building shape, Public space, and VIP space. Architecture projects have magnificent presentations in form shaping, facade management, and detailing, etc. Interior projects get rid of obsolete design, and replace it fresh modern styles. Various design elements are flexibly unified, highlighting individualities of modern banks.


Introducing the global mind-set changing the way we do business. In this fascinating book, global entrepreneurship expert Daniel Isenberg presents a completely novel way to approach business building--with the insights and lessons learned from a worldwide cast of entrepreneurial characters. Not bound by a western, Silicon Valley stereotype, this group of courageous and energetic doers has created a global and diverse mix of companies destined to become tomorrow's leading organizations. Worthless, Impossible, and Stupid is about how enterprising individuals from around the world see hidden value in situations where others do not, use that perception to develop products and services that people initially don't think they want, and ultimately go on to realize extraordinary value for themselves, their customers, and society as a whole. What these business builders have in common is a contrarian mind-set that allows them to create opportunities and succeed where others see nothing. Amazingly, this process repeats itself in one form or another countless times a day all over the world. From Albuquerque to Islamabad, you will travel with Isenberg to discover unusual yet practical insights that you can use in your own business. Meet the founders of Grameenphone in Bangladesh, PACIV in Puerto Rico, Sea to Table in New York, Actavis in Iceland, Studio Moderna in Slovenia, Hartwell Metals in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia, Given Imaging in Israel, WildChina in China, and many others. You'll be moved by the stories of these plucky start-ups--many of them fueled by adversity and, more often than not, by necessity. Great stories, stunning successes, crushing failures--they're all here. What can we, in the East and West, learn from them? What can you learn--and what will these entrepreneurial stories, so compellingly told, inspire you to do? Let this book open doors for you where you once saw only walls. If you've ever felt the urge to turn a glimmer of an idea into something extraordinary, these stories are for you.


The use of diesel engine turbochargers is increasing today, as it represents an option that
o ers high e ciency and low fuel consumption. To design the control system in order to
reduce the level of exhaust emissions there is a need for information about all states that
are not measurable. To this end, observers or virtual sensors are more frequently applied,
achieving estimates of the system states from inputs and measured output.
To propose an observer, the precise mathematical model of the air path diesel engine
system is used. This is a nonlinear model of a third order which is analyzed in terms
of observability. From the point of view of systems theory, certain conditions and the
existence of a transformation of the system state, called di eomorphism, need to be
evaluated.
Observers have been designed based on di erent approaches: Extended Luenberger
Observers, High Gain Observers, Sliding Modes Observers and Extended Kalman-Bucy
Filters. They have been validated by simulation for the system under consideration in
this work.


For the first time in many years, Langston Hughes's published collections of stories are now available in a single book. Included in this volume are: "Ways of White Folks, " originally published in 1934; "Laughing to Keep from Crying, " originally published in 1952; and additional stories from "Something in Common and Other Stories, " originally published in 1963; as well as previously uncollected stories. These fictions, carefully crafted in the language Hughes loved, manifest the many themes for which he is best known. We meet and come to know many characters--black and white, young and old, men and women all as believable as our own families, friends, and acquaintances. Hughes's stories portray people as they actually are: a mixture of good, bad, and much in-between. In these short stories, as in the Simple stories, the reader enjoys Hughes's humor and irony. The stories show us his inclination to mock himself and his beloved people, as much as he ridicules the flaws of those who belittle his race. His genuine characters interact and realistically bring to life this era of America's past. By maintaining the form and format of the original story collections, this volume presents Hughes's stories as he wanted them to be read. This volume will be an invaluable addition to the library of anyone interested in African American literature generally and the fiction of Langston Hughes specifically."


Several game-theoretical lab experiments helped establish the belief that economists are more selfish than non-economists. Since differences in behaviour between experiment participants who are students of economics and those who are not may be observed among junior students as well, it is nowadays widely believed that the origin of the greater selfishness is not the training they undergo, but self-selection. In other words, selfish people voluntarily enrol in economics. Yet, I argue that such explanation is unsatisfactory for several reasons. I also suggest alternative explanations for the observed differences, which have been so far unduly disregarded.


Developing more inclusive and sustainable agricultural value chains at scale is a development priority. The 'Cassava: Adding Value for Africa' project has supported the development of value chains for high quality cassava flour (HQCF) in Ghana, Tanzania, Uganda, Nigeria, and Malawi to improve the incomes and livelihoods of smallholder households, including women. The project focused on three key interventions: 1) ensuring a consistent supply of raw materials; 2) developing viable intermediaries as secondary processors or bulking agents; and 3) driving market demand. Scaling-up experiences are presented, guided by an analysis of drivers (ideas/models, vision and leadership, incentives and accountability), the enabling context (institutions, infrastructure, technology, financial, policy and regulations, partnerships and leverage, social context, environment), and the monitoring, evaluation, and learning process. Lessons for scaling up of similar value chain interventions are presented. These highlight the tension between rapid development of value chains and achieving equity and sustainability goals; the need for holistic approaches to capacity strengthening of diverse value chain actors; the role of strengthening equitable business relationships and networks as a vital element of scaling processes; and how informed engagement with government policy and regulatory issues is key, but often challenging given conflicting pressures on policymakers. The scaling process should be market-led, but the level and type of public sector and civil society investment needs careful consideration by donors, governments, and others, in particular less visible investments in fostering relationships and trust. Addressing uncertainties around smallholder-inclusive value chain development requires adaptive management and facilitation of the scaling process.


The technologization of news acts refers to the applications of technologies in journalism and the functional and infrastructural roles technological actors, such as Web designers and coders, may play in these applications. This conceptual article explores how technology facilitates news acts as forms of civic participation, particularly through citizen-oriented journalistic practices. Recognizing emerging scholarship examining news participation, this article argues for situating journalism within the networked news ecology. Drawing on an example—self-media production by LGBT communities in Mainland China—we explore a framework (1) conceptualizing peripheral actors' roles in journalism, (2) theorizing power dynamics driving the broader news ecology, and (3) accounting for political-economic and sociocultural contexts specific to localities. This article argues that the technologization of news acts presents a networked power structure within which peripheral actors are situated and of which they negotiate. Technological infrastructures are thus a pivot to connect contextual factors with networked news participation and reveal the dialectical power relations warranting an information elite in the news ecology.


Using cross-sectional time-series data for U.S. counties from 1977 to 1992, we find that allowing citizens to carry concealed weapons deters violent crimes and it appears to produce no increase in accidental deaths. If those states which did not have right-to-carry concealed gun provisions had adopted them in 1992, approximately 1,570 murders; 4,177 rapes; and over 60,000 aggravate assaults would have been avoided yearly. On the other hand, consistent with the notion of criminals responding to incentives, we find criminals substituting into property crimes involving stealth and where the probabilities of contact between the criminal and the victim are minimal. The largest population counties where the deterrence effect on violent crimes is greatest are where the substitution effect into property crimes is highest. Concealed handguns also have their greatest deterrent effect in the highest crime counties. Higher arrest and conviction rates consistently and dramatically reduce the crime rate. Consistent with other recent work (Lott, 1992b), the results imply that increasing the arrest rate, independent of the probability of eventual conviction, imposes a significant penalty on criminals. The estimated annual gain from allowing concealed handguns is at least $6.214 billion.


Although biological and pharmacological effects of dietary natural products have been intensively studied, there has been no bibliometric analysis performed on this research field up to now. The current study has aimed to identify and analyze the manuscripts on dietary natural products and their potential to influence health and disease including studies using animal models. Data, including words from titles and abstracts, publication and citation data, have been extracted from Web of Science database and analyzed by the VOSviewer software. Our search has yielded 1,014 manuscripts. The ratio of original articles to reviews was identified to be 1.5:1. Over half of the manuscripts have been published since 2010. The manuscripts have been contributed by 4,301 authors from 1,445 organizations in 76 countries/territories and published in 499 journals. The results from the current study point out that scientific research focusing on the potential of dietary natural products to affect health and disease status (including animal model studies) is expanding, and suggests an increasing significance of this scientific area. With the progressive development and improvement of animal studies, it should be expected that animal models of different human diseases (especially civilization ones) would be an integral part of the research for the evaluation of pharmaceuticals originated from dietary natural products like plants or plant materials. Moreover, natural products can also be fed to animals to improve the quality of animal products, with numerous resulting functional effects.


Biomarkers and other ancient preserved molecules are rapidly being discovered and used to study the evolution of life on Earth. We report the existence of echinoderm-specific organic molecules from different lower Mississippian (340 Ma) crinoid species that occur in the same sedimentary bed. These are the oldest examples of biomarker molecules extracted directly from fossilized remains. These biomarker molecules appear to resemble aromatic or polyaromatic quinones, based upon ultraviolet and visible light spectroscopy, fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Results suggest that the preservation of diagnostic organic molecules is much more common that previously realized, and that preserved organic molecules may provide an independent method to unravel phylogenetic relationships among echinoderms and, perhaps, other fossilized organisms.


In order to better understand the transition from vegetative growth to flowering, Samach et al. investigated genes directly regulated by the gene CONSTANS (CO), itself known to promote flowering of Arabidopsis in response to longer days. With the use of a conditional overexpression system, four genes were identified that are directly regulated by CO. Of these four genes, FT and SOC1 are regulated by a balance of CO and FLC activity. The other two genes affect patterns of development in the stem and the flower. Thus, a network of regulatory pathways is revealed that not only promotes development of floral structures but that also integrates day length, response to chilling, and age of the plant into the ultimate developmental decision of when to begin flowering. Devlin and Kay provide a perspective on the research. Samach, A., Onouchi, H., Gold, S.E., Ditta, G.S., Schwarz-Sommer, Z., Yanofsky, M.F., and Coupland, G. (2000) Distinct roles of CONSTANS target genes in reproductive development of Arabidopsis. Science 288: 1613-1616. [Abstract] [Full Text] Devlin, P.F., and Kay, S.A. (2000) Plant biology: Flower arranging in Arabidopsis. Science 288: 1600-1602. Yes [Full Text]


Abstract. The need to solve large saddle point systems within computational Earth sciences is ubiquitous.
Physical processes giving rise to these systems include porous flow (the Darcy equations), poroelasticity, elastostatics, and highly viscous flows (the Stokes equations).
The numerical solution of saddle point systems is non-trivial since the operators are indefinite. Primary tools to solve such systems are direct solution methods (exact triangular factorization) or approximate block factorization (ABF) preconditioners.
While ABF solvers have emerged as the state-of-the-art scalable option, they are invasive solvers requiring splitting of pressure and velocity degrees of freedom, a multigrid hierarchy with tuned transfer operators and smoothers, machinery to construct complex Schur complement preconditioners, and the expertise to select appropriate parameters for a given coefficient regime – they are far from being "black box" solvers. Modern direct solvers, which robustly produce solutions to almost any system, do so at the cost of rapidly growing time and memory requirements for large problems, especially in 3D.
Incomplete LDLT (ILDL) factorizations, with symmetric maximum weighted-matching preprocessing, used as preconditioners for Krylov (iterative) methods,
have emerged as an efficient means to solve indefinite systems.
These methods have been developed within the numerical linear algebra community but have yet to become widely used in applications, despite their practical potential;
they can be used whenever a direct solver can, only requiring an assembled operator, yet can offer comparable or superior performance,
with the added benefit of having a much lower memory footprint.
In comparison to ABF solvers, they only require the specification of a drop tolerance and thus provide an easy-to-use addition to the solver toolkit for practitioners. Here, we present solver experiments employing incomplete LDLT factorization with symmetric maximum weighted-matching preprocessing to precondition operators
and compare these to direct solvers and ABF-preconditioned iterative solves.
To ensure the comparison study is meaningful for Earth scientists,
we utilize matrices arising from two prototypical problems, namely Stokes flow and quasi-static (linear) elasticity,
discretized using standard mixed finite-element spaces.
Our test suite targets problems with large coefficient discontinuities across non-grid-aligned interfaces,
which represent a common challenging-for-solvers scenario in Earth science applications.
Our results show that
(i) as the coefficient structure is made increasingly challenging, by introducing high contrast and complex topology with a multiple-inclusion benchmark, the ABF solver can break down, becoming less efficient than the ILDL solver before breaking down entirely;
(ii) ILDL is robust, with a time to solution that is largely independent of the coefficient topology and mildly dependent on the coefficient contrast;
(iii) the time to solution obtained using ILDL is typically faster than that obtained from a direct solve, beyond 105 unknowns; and
(iv) ILDL always uses less memory than a direct solve.


In this large‐scale contribution, we deal with the relationship between properties of cited references of Web of Science articles and the field normalized citation rate of these articles. Using nearly 1 million articles, and three classification systems with different levels of granularity, we study the effects of number of cited references, share of references covered by Web of Science, mean age of references and mean citation rate of references on field normalized citation rate. To expose the relationship between the predictor variables and the response variable, we use quantile regression. We found that a higher number of references, a higher share of references to publications within Web of Science and references to more recent publications correlate with citation impact. A correlation was observed even when normalization was done with a finely grained classification system. The predictor variables affected citation impact to a larger extent at higher quantile levels. Regarding the relative importance of the predictor variables, citation impact of the cited references was in general the least important variable. Number of cited references carried most of the importance for both low and medium quantile levels, but this importance was lessened at the highest considered level.


The Arctic regions are facing changes in climate; warmer weather and more intense precipitations are thought to be the consequences. Longyearbyen in Svalbard is one of those places where warmer weather has been influencing the daily life of inhabitants. Changes in permafrost affects many building structures as the active layer and the temperature in the permafrost increases, so that the foundations lose their bearing capacity. It is unclear if climate change was the primary contributor to the dry snow avalanche in December 2015 which caused two fatalities, and in February 2017 with no fatalities in Longyearbyen. Structural damages were significant. The avalanche in 2015 was released from a small mountain side with about 80 m vertical drop, and damaged or destroyed 11 buildings. The avalanche in February 2017 came from Sukkertoppen mountain and hit and destroyed two buildings. After the two incidents with 14 months between them, the local and national authorities in Norway introduced a plan for mitigating measures during the spring of 2017, and shortly after a tender for the design of measures. The initial plan for mitigation measures was protection of the remaining buildings below Lia, as well as for the reclaim of the "lost" area. A snow drift fence was planned above the Lia and supporting structures in the starting zone. Permafrost and active layer have been a challenge for the design and construction of the mitigation measures. Frost heave, creeping of the active layer and bad rock quality has resulted in quite robust subsurface structures.


This article aims to make a contribution to comparative sport research and details a method for comparing nations' elite sport systems less descriptively by measuring and comparing determinants of national competitiveness quantitatively. A mixed methods exploratory sequential design is used, consisting of two distinct phases. After qualitative exploration, a conceptual model was developed, revealing that there are nine sport policy dimensions or 'pillars' that are important for international sporting success. This article focuses on a second quantitative phase, where the model was tested in a pilot study with six sample nations to develop a scoring system. Data from each nation were collected through an overall sport policy questionnaire completed in each country, and through a survey with the main stakeholders in elite sport, namely athletes (n = 1090), coaches (n = 253), and performance directors (n= 71). Reflecting recognized principles of economic competitiveness measurement, this article demonstrates how 103 critical success factors containing quantitative and qualitative data can be aggregated into a final percentage score for the sample nations on each pillar. The findings suggest that the method is a useful way for objective comparison of nations, but it should not be isolated from qualitative descriptions and from a broader understanding of elite sport systems.


Abstract Piper is one of the largest genera of flowering plants. The uniformity of its small flowers and the vast number of species in the genus has hindered the development of a stable infrageneric classification. We sampled 575 accessions corresponding to 332 species of Piper for the ITS region and 181 accessions for the psbJ–petA chloroplast intron to further test previous hypotheses about the major clades within Piper. Phylogenetic analyses were performed for each marker separately and in combination. The ITS region alone resolves eleven major clades within Piper, whereas the psbJ–petA intron fails to recover four of these major groupings and provides no resolution at the base of the phylogeny. The combined analysis provides support for ten monophyletic groups and offers the best hypothesis for relationships in Piper. Our massive ITS dataset allows us to assign confidently a large number of species in this "giant" genus to a major clade. Piper is here divided into ten major clades for which we provide a morphological description. Various clades and subclades are newly identified here: Peltobryon, Schilleria, Isophyllon, P. cinereum/P. sanctum. The clades described here provide a solid framework for future, and more focused, evolutionary studies. New names and combinations proposed herein include Piper bullulatum, P. hooglandii, and P. melchior.


Time series models are used in hydrology for the generation of river flow data. The development of such a model, namely deseasonalized Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA), for the generation of 10-day flows of the Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh is described. The model was fitted following systematic stages of identification, estimation and diagnostic checking of model building. A negative power transformation for the Brahmaputra flow was found to be necessary for model construction. The seasonality of the flow was removed by Fourier analysis using five harmonics for 10-day means and 13 harmonics for standard deviations. The fitted model was ARMA (1, 3) having one autoregressive parameter and three moving average parameters. The validation forecasts made with the model indicated that the deseasonalized ARMA model could capture the 10-day variability of the Brahmaputra flow reasonably well. To further validate and verify the model 200 synthetic flow sequences, each with a length of 50 years, were generated. The fitted ARMA model was found to be capable of preserving both short-term statistics (variance and autocorrelation) and long-term statistics (Hurst coefficient and rescaled adjusted range) of the historic Brahmaputra flow.


Ab initio embedded-cluster calculations have been performed for the CeO2(110) surface using temperature induced structures from molecular dynamics (MD) snapshots. As a first step towards understanding how temperature induced distortions of the surface structure influence the surface oxygen reactivity, the energy cost of removing an O atom from the surface was calculated for 41 snapshots from the MD simulation at 300 K. The quantum mechanical embedded-cluster calculations show that already at 300 K the dynamics causes significant fluctuations (root mean square of 0.37 eV) in the O vacancy formation energy (Evac) while the distribution of the two excess electrons associated with the vacancy is virtually unaffected by the surface dynamics and remains localized on the two Ce ions close to the vacancy. It is also found that the quantum mechanical Evac fluctuations can be reproduced by oxygen vacancy calculations using only the relaxed shell-model force field (FF) itself and the MD geometries. Using the FF as the interaction model, the effect of raising the temperature to 750 K and the effect of doping with Ca were investigated for the oxygen vacancy formation.


Targeted evaluations have found that machine translation systems often output incorrect gender in translations, even when the gender is clear from context. Furthermore, these incorrectly gendered translations have the potential to reflect or amplify social biases. We propose gender-filtered self-training (GFST) to improve gender translation accuracy on unambiguously gendered inputs. Our GFST approach uses a source monolingual corpus and an initial model to generate gender-specific pseudo-parallel corpora which are then filtered and added to the training data. We evaluate GFST on translation from English into five languages, finding that it improves gender accuracy without damaging generic quality. We also show the viability of GFST on several experimental settings, including re-training from scratch, fine-tuning, controlling the gender balance of the data, forward translation, and back-translation.


Bioinformatics is a new and interesting field of research, and genuine discoveries are being made all the time. This project aims to investigate the application of a mathematical tool, called a Rauzy graph, to the problem of classifying DNA sequences. This project aims to learn more about the properties of DNA, and the nature of the graphs themselves.

The work for the project involves developing an algorithm for the computer to generate Rauzy graphs. Different sets of DNA sequences are used to build graphs from, and their properties analysed to investigate their behaviour in the biology domain.

The results of the work show that differences in DNA sequences do affect the structure of their Rauzy graphs and that, through this, the properties of the Rauzy graphs of DNA sequences could be used to classify those sequences.


We present a model of the early chemical composition and elemental abundances of planetary atmospheres based on the cumulative gaseous chemical species that are accreted onto planets forming by core accretion from evolving protoplanetary disks. The astrochemistry of the host disk is computed using an ionization driven, non-equilibrium chemistry network within viscously evolving disk models. We accrete gas giant planets whose orbital evolution is controlled by planet traps using the standard core accretion model and track the chemical composition of the material that is accreted onto the protoplanet. We choose a fiducial disk model and evolve planets in 3 traps - water ice line, dead zone and heat transition. For a disk with a lifetime of 4.1 Myr we produce two Hot Jupiters (M = 1.43, 2.67 M$_{\rm Jupiter}$, r = 0.15, 0.11 AU) in the heat transition and ice line trap and one failed core (M = 0.003 M$_{\rm Jupiter}$, r =3.7 AU) in the dead zone. These planets are found with mixing ratios for CO and H$_2$O of $1.99\times 10^{-4}$, $5.0\times 10^{-4}$ respectively for both Hot Jupiters. Additionally for these planets we find CO$_2$ and CH$_4$, with mixing ratios of $1.8\times 10^{-6}\rightarrow 9.8\times 10^{-10}$ and $1.1\times 10^{-8}\rightarrow 2.3\times 10^{-10}$ respectively. These ranges correspond well with the mixing ratio ranges that have been inferred through the detection of emission spectra from Hot Jupiters by multiple authors. We compute a carbon-to-oxygen ratio of 0.227 for the ice line planet and 0.279 for the heat transition planet. These planets accreted their gas inside the ice line, hence the sub-solar C/O.


The paper explores how linguistic indices related to lexical networks and psycholinguistic models of lexical knowledge can be used to predict produced and not produced words in second language (L2) speakers. Two hypotheses are tested in this study. The first addresses how lexical properties thought to be important in word knowledge interrelate with word production. The second addresses which lexical properties are most predictive of word production. To test these hypotheses, a set of 45 frequent nouns and verbs produced by L2 learners were collected. A comparison word list of 45 frequent nouns and verbs produced by native speakers, but not found in the L2 data set were also collected. Polysemy and hypernymy values from the WordNet database along with word meaningfulness, concreteness, familiarity, and imagability values from the MRC Psycholinguistic Database and frequency values from SUBTLEXus were collected for each word. ANOVA analyses of variance and discriminant function analyses were conducted for each data set to examine which lexical indices discriminated between produced and not produced words and how these indices interrelated. The results of the noun analysis indicate that produced nouns are more frequent, more meaningful, and more familiar than not produced nouns. Results from the verb analysis show that produced verbs are more frequent, more meaningful, less specific, and more familiar than not produced verbs. These findings provide evidence for the importance of word properties in lexical production.