The present article aims to discuss how the so-called health regions have been organized in Brazil since the respective governing ruling was issued (NOAS - SUS 01/2001). In order to clarify this new context, the author emphasises such concepts as region and geographic scale. The regional division under this ruling is based on the regional planning concept underlying the country's territorial policies since the founding of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). However, the apportionment in health regions has been both a requirement for improving the Unified National Health System (SUS) and a qualitative change in the national health policy. It is necessary to move forward by relating the regional division to the issue of scale. What is at stake is whether the regionalization of health in Brazil represents an improvement in the mediations between the various scales in the SUS.


Research findings in the literature show that teachers' concern about change process is
extremely personal and it influences the implementation of innovation. This study aimed at
assessing information and communication technology teachers' stages of concern regarding
the implementation of information and communication technology (ICT) curriculum in basic
schools. It also examined the effects of teachers' personal factors or variablessuch as gender
and teaching experience on their stages of concern towards the implementation of ICT
curriculum. Modified Stages of Concerns Questionnaires (SoCQ) (Hall, George & Rutherford
1979) based on Concern Based Adoption Model (CBAM) were used to collect data from 346
respondents. Data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics.
The result of the study showed that teachers generally had their first and second high
concerns at informational and consequence stages respectively and with low concern at
awareness stage. Furthermore, statistically significant difference was found between gender
and informational, management, consequence, collaboration and refocusing concerns.
However, according to the results, teachers' stages of concerns were not related to their
teaching experience.


Background & Objectives : Chemicals are serious harmful agents in the workplace, especially chemistry labs. This material may cause poisoning and different diseases. Laboratory hoods as first safety device protect laboratory workers against hazardous chemicals. This research conducted on chemistry labs in a petrochemical company for awareness of the hoods performance and proposed the needed reforms . Methods: In this study, in the studied laboratories, in order to evaluate performance of lab hoods, a capture velocity for 22 chemical hoods was conducted. Information concerning the structural characteristics of the baffle position, airfoil and opening area of hoods and situational characteristics their position relative to the air stream sources include general ventilation system vents, doors and windows of the laboratory were gathered. Results: The mean velocity of hoods compared to the minimum acceptable value of 80 fpm showed that the only 9.09 % of their hoods can provide an acceptable velocity. There was a significant relationship between the numerical value of the velocity and position features hoods structure (Pvalue<0/05). Conclusion: The results should that the structure of hoods and their locations in the studied laboratory concening air flow sources must be corrected so that the velocity of caperture and performance of hoods being must provided and maintained.


This report considers and prioritizes potential technical costreduction pathways for axialflow turbines designed for tidal, river, and ocean current resources. This report focuses on technical research and development costreduction pathways related to the device technology rather than environmental monitoring or permitting opportunities. Three sources of information were utilized to understand current cost drivers and develop a list of potential costreduction pathways: a literature review of technical work related to axialflow turbines, the U.S. Department of Energy Reference Model effort, and informal webinars and other targeted interactions with industry developers. Data from these various information sources were aggregated and prioritized with respect to potential impact on the lifetime levelized cost of energy. The four most promising costreduction pathways include structural design optimization; improved deployment, maintenance, and recovery; system simplicity and reliability; and array optimization.


Sonneratia caseolaris is a display tree for fireflies in Kuala Selangor. Fireflies has
become a tourist attraction to this area and contribute to the economy of the people
related to the industry. S. caseolaris trees are found in abundance in certain sections
along the Selangor river which are influenced by both freshwater from the
upperstream and seawater during high tide.
Analysis of the important elements in the plants showed that the nitrogen content in
the sediment, branches and leaves were 1.50 + 0.05 mglg, 5.62 + 0.14 mglg and
22.79 k 1.08 mglg, respectively. The soil nitrogen content was decreasing from the
upper stream to the seaward sites. The nitrogen content of the leaves of S. caseolaris
grown in the upper stream was higher than those of trees grown in the seaward sites.
The phosphorus content in the sediment, branches and leaves were 1.02 + 0.03 mglg,
0.258 r 0.01 mglg and 0.58 r 0.03 mglg, respectively. The phosphorus content in
the leaves of trees at the upper stream was higher than those of the seaward sites.
The potassium content in sediment, branches and leaves were 9.27 * 0.31 mglg,
14.69 r 0.58 mglg and 31.85 + 1.10 mglg, respectively. The distribution of potassium was more at the seaward sites and to a lesser extent at the upper stream.
However, the potassium concentration in leaves grown at the upper stream was
higher than the seaward sites. These results suggest the influence of water movement
in distributing nutrients to the S. caseolaris habitat along the Selangor river system.
S. caseolaris produced large numbers of fruits that may contain over a thousand
seeds per fruit of which around 90% are viable. Seed germination seems to be the
only way of propagation of this plant. Laboratory studies showed that high salinity
inhibited the germination seeds of S. caseolaris. The inhibition was proportional
with the salinity. Only about 2% of the seeds germinated in seawater. The present
study also showed that salinity affected the stem height of the seedlings. The stem
height was reduced at 13.0 and 26.0%0 salinity. The xylem, pith cells, parenchyma
cells of the cortex and air spaces of the stem seedlings were also smaller than the
stem of the seedlings treated at lower salinity (0 - 6.5%0). The shape of leaves grown
under high salinity (13.0 and 26.0%0) were more rounded and the leaves of the
seedlings grown under low salinity (0, 3.3 and 6.5%0) were longer. The leaf
mesophyll and the parenchyma cells of the seedlings exposed to high salinity (13.0
and 26.0%0) were also smaller than the seedlings exposed to low salinity (0 - 6.5%0).
The increase of salinity had resulted in the increase of the vapor pressure deficit,
which on the other hand, reduced transpiration and stomata conductance.
This study also showed that suspended solids and inundation levels may influence
the growth of the seedlings. The stem height, total and average leaf area, length and width of the leaf and root fresh weight and internal structure of the seedlings were
varied with the levels of suspended solids and the inundation level.


We address the problem of synthesizing a generalized Gaussian noise with exponent 1/2 by means of a nonlinear memoryless transformation applied to a uniform noise. We show that this transformation is expressable in terms of a special function known under the name of the Lambert W function. We review the main methods for numerical evaluation of the relevant branch of the (multivalued) Lambert W function with controlled accuracy and complement them with an original rational function approximation. Based on these methods, synthesis of the generalized Gaussian noise can be performed with arbitrary accuracy. We construct a simple and fast evaluation algorithm with prescribed accuracy, which is especially suited for Monte Carlo simulation requiring large numbers of realizations of the generalized Gaussian noise.


In this passionate and controversial work, director and critic Rustom Bharucha presents the first major critique of intercultural theatre from a 'Third World' perspective. Bharucha questions the assumptions underlying the theatrical visions of some of the twentieth century's most prominent theatre practitioners and theorists, including Antonin Artaud, Jerzsy Grotowski, and Peter Brook. He contends that Indian theatre has been grossly mythologised and taken out of context by Western directors and critics. And he presents a detailed dramaturgical analysis of what he describes as an intracultural theatre project, providing an alternative vision of the possibilities of true cultural pluralism. Theatre and the World bravely challenges much of today's 'multicultural' theatre movement. It will be vital reading for anyone interested in the creation or discussion of a truly non-Eurocentric world theatre.


With the rise of neo-liberalism has come the assumption that the individual is the locus of action. Paradoxically, our heightened focus on the (generic) individual has led to universalized notions of individuality, sifting out of view the particular dimensions of experience that differentiate us from one another, rendering each (unique) individual invisible. In this article, the dynamics through which social processes are being increasingly individualized are called into question, and alternative constructions are offered. When subjectivity and ethics are reconceptualized, new paths for ethical engagement as non-unitary subjects begin to emerge. These are taken up in relation to human service practices, and some collectively-oriented approaches to practice are presented.


Experiments on searching the space flows of luminiferous medium through Sagnac interferometer have been conducted. To do this, in one of the interferometer arms the inhomogeneity has been introduced in the form of a transparent tube with distilled water. The difference in speeds of the interferometer was registered in relation to the medium when changing the tube orientation from S-N to W-E: By shifting the interference fringe on the screen. Measurements were carried out in two places: 30.2 East longitude/60.5 North latitude at a height of 165 m above sea level; 41.3 East longitude/43.6 North latitude at height 2850 m. Flows with speeds > 45 m/s were not observed. The result is explained by entrainment of the medium due to gravitational attraction to the Earth, the Sun and Center of the Milky Way: Similar to how it happens to other physical medium.


Native Americans have been structurally excluded from the discipline of political science in the continental United States, as has Native epistemology and political issues. I analyze the reasons for these erasures and elisions, noting the combined effects of rejecting Native scholars, political issues, analysis, and texts. I describe how these arise from presumptions inherent to the disciplinary practices of U.S. political science, and suggest a set of alternative formulations that could expand our understanding of politics, including attention to other forms of law, constitutions, relationships to the environment, sovereignty, collective decision-making, U.S. history, and majoritarianism.


Design of waste recycling systems for spacecraft requires a knowledge of fluid behavior in microgravity. As gravity is reduced, phenomena usually ignored in the One-G environment of earth can dominate physical or biological processes. This paper provides an explanation of Zero-G, microgravity terminology, and microgravity fluid behavior. Its purpose is to educate civil engineers and waste management professionals on Zero-G basics.


We consider the estimation of the arrival rate and the service time moments of a M/G/1 queue with probing, i.e., with special customers (probes) entering the system. The probe inter-arrival times are i.i.d. and probe service times follow a general positive distribution. The only observations used are the arrival times, service times and departure times of probes. We derive the main equations from which the quantities of interest can be estimated. Two particular probe arrivals, deterministic and Poisson, are investigated.


Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully discovered novel loci associated with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk. However, a portion of genetic variation contributing to RCC susceptibility remains uncovered by traditional individual SNP analysis in GWAS. Several pathway-based analytical tools have been developed to complement individual SNP analysis. In this study, we performed gene set enrichment analysis using our RCC GWAS dataset comprised of 894 cases and 1,516 controls with three different tools: GenGen, SNP ratio test, and ALIGATOR. Seven pathways defined by KEGG, GO, and REACTOME were significantly associated with RCC susceptibility in all the three algorithms, with JAK-STAT-signaling (155 genes, PGenGen=0.033, PSNP ratio=0.002, and PALIGATOR=0.002) and Glycine-Serine-Threonine-metabolism (31 genes, PGenGen=0.04, PSNP ratio=0.043, and PALIGATOR<0.001) being the most significant. Gene-based analysis identified 13 genes in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway as being significantly associated with RCC risk, with OSM (oncostatin M) reaching the highest significance (p=0.003). Similar analysis in the Glycine -Serine-Threonine-metabolism pathway identified GLYCTK (glycerate kinase) as the most significant (p=0.003) among seven significant genes identified. We further validated the top significant variants from these two pathways in a replication GWAS dataset of 1,311 cases and 3,423 controls from NCI. One SNP (rs757903) located in PIK3CG (catalytic subunit of PI3K) in the JAK-STAT-signaling pathway was successfully validated with another three reaching borderline significance. Meta-analyses confirmed that these four SNPs were significantly associated with RCC risk, and increased the risk up to 20%. Individuals who carry three to four risk genotypes were at a 2-fold increase in RCC risk, compared to reference group with at most one risk genotype (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.38–2.16, p= 1.47×10−6). Our results suggest that JAK-STAT-signaling may play an important role in RCC tumorigenesis and identify several new avenues for future investigation into the genetic factors mediating susceptibility to RCC. Citation Format: Xiang Shu, Meng Chen, Yuanqing Ye, Maosheng Huang, Jian Gu, Christopher G. Wood, Xifeng Wu. Gene set enrichment analysis of renal cell carcinoma genome-wide association data identifies the JAK-STAT pathway mediating susceptibility. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A23.


The charity Oxfam has called for immediate action to stop doctors conducting unnecessary hysterectomies in Indian private healthcare facilities.

The private sector provides 80% of outpatient care and 40% of inpatient care in India, it said.1 However, evidence from recent scientific studies and surveys indicated that gynaecologists in private hospitals and clinics have been recommending and performing hysterectomies on women when the operations were not clinically indicated.

Araddhya Mehtta, global health spokesperson for Oxfam, said, "The trend is seen all over India but is particularly disturbing in Rajasthan, Bihar, and Chhattisgarh, where doctors simply abuse their power of being a doctor. When women come with abdomen pain, doctors prescribe hysterectomy to women from poor economic backgrounds, telling them that it might be a cancer or a hole or a stone in …


Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) from canine trachealis were characterized with respect to their kinetic properties, sensitivity to selective inhibitors, and subcellular distribution. Extracts from whole tissue homogenates were applied to DEAE-Sepharose anion exchange columns and eluted with a linear sodium acetate gradient. Three major peaks of PDE activity were resolved. The first (PDE I), which eluted at 0.2 M sodium acetate, was applied to a calmodulin (CaM)-Sepharose affinity column and resolved into CaM-insensitive and CaM-sensitive PDEs. The CaM-insensitive isozyme (PDE Ia) had apparent Km values of 135 microM (cAMP) and 4 microM (cGMP) and was potently inhibited by zaprinast (Ki = 0.1 microM). The CaM-sensitive isozyme (PDE Ic) had apparent Km values of 1 microM (cAMP) and 2 microM (cGMP) and was inhibited by zaprinast with an apparent Ki of 35 microM. The second peak of activity (PDE II) from the anion exchange column eluted at 0.3 M sodium acetate and had apparent Km values of 93 microM (cAMP) and 60 microM (cGMP). The enzyme displayed positive cooperativity with respect to the hydrolysis of cAMP (nH = 1.7). Low concentrations of cGMP (0.1-1 microM) reduced cooperativity (nH = 1.1) and increased the hydrolysis of 1 microM cAMP. The third peak of activity from the anion exchange column eluted at 0.6 M sodium acetate and displayed anomalous kinetics that suggested the presence of two isozymes. This was supported by the observation that enzyme activity was only partially inhibited by SK&F 94120 or Ro 20-1724 but was abolished by the combination of the two PDE inhibitors. Subsequent studies confirmed the existence of two isozymes. The first, PDE III, had apparent Km values of 0.3 microM (cAMP) and 8 microM (cGMP) and was inhibited by cGMP (IC50 = 0.1 microM), SK&F 94120 (Ki = 7.8 microM), and SK&F 94836 (Ki = 0.4 microM). The second, PDE IV, had apparent Km values of 4 microM (cAMP) and 40 microM (cGMP) and was inhibited by Ro 20-1724 (Ki = 5.2 microM) and rolipram (Ki = 0.5 microM) but not by cGMP. Assessment of the 100,000 x g soluble and particulate PDE activity revealed that all five isozymes were present in the soluble fraction, but only four isozymes (PDEs Ia, Ic, III, and IV) were present in the particulate fraction. These results indicate that five distinct PDE isozyme exist in canine trachealis and that these isozymes differ in their kinetic characteristics, sensitivity to activators and inhibitors, and subcellular distribution.


The principal objectives and scope of the current study are to examine how eco-infrastructure can be sustained within a multiuse area of a municipality in a transition economy in a way that protects habitat, ensures public access, and is adequately funded and managed. The case of Ulcinj, Montenegro, is presented for this purpose. The methodology employed reviews the available literature and best practices to identify possible models, and then considers them in the context of Ulcinj for their relevance and feasibility. The comparative analysis identifies six examples of nature preserves that successfully protect habitat, ensure public access, and operate sustainably with adequate funding and management. The examples are taken from California, Croatia, Chile, Bolivia, Costa Rica, and Guatemala. The principal conclusions from the study are that, even though there are formidable challenges to resolve, models do exist which can be adapted and applied in Ulcinj, Montenegro. One approach that is particularly promising is the use of conservation easements that ensure the preservation of habitat and public access through payments to land owners derived from various sources.


In this paper, an analytical case study has been done on the fault location technique used in Chandrapur – Padghe transmission line. The Chandrapur – Padghe ±500KV 1500MW Bipolar HVDC transmission line is 752KM long link. It inter connects the Eastern and the Western part of Maharashtra State and evacuates the power from Eastern part to the Western part of the State. It is in operation since November 1999 till the date, successfully fulfilling the power demand of the State. There are times when fault occurs on the transmission line and thus creating obstacles in the power transmission. It is very necessary to clear the line fault as soon as possible in order to keep the performance going of the power plant and the Eastern part of the State. For clearing the fault within less possible time, the power engineer must find out the location of the fault. But when the length of the transmission line is taken into account, it is very hard to trace the exact location of the fault. Technology used for fault location in HVDC Chandrapur – Padghe transmission line is travelling wave transducer i.e. TWT. The paper considers, the working of travelling wave transducer, its limitations and suggestions for better fault locating method has been presented. It is based on continuous wavelet transform.


PeerWise is a free-to-use online collaborative tool where students create and share multiple choice questions relevant to their course of study. Students may answer, rate and comment on questions set by peers and follow authors who make high quality contributions. As students interact with PeerWise they build up a reputation score and earn badges thus providing an incentive for engagement in the activity. PeerWise was used for the first time at Ulster University in 2013/14 in a year one Biochemistry module with 195 students enrolled. By the end of the teaching period 2,411 questions had been created by 194 out of the 195 students on the module; 28,239 answers had been provided and 9,275 comments posted evidencing a high level of engagement. Module feedback indicated that students appreciated PeerWise as a revision tool and some requested its use be extended to other modules of study.(Note that this abstract is provided only for information here, it was not included in the final published article).


H.264/MPEG-4 part 10 or Advanced Video Coding (AVC) is a standard for video compression. MPEG-4 is currently one of the most widely used formats for recording, compression and distribution of high definition video. One feature of the AVC codec is the inclusion of an in-loop deblocking filter. The goal of the deblocking filter is to remove blocking artifacts that exist at macroblock boundaries. However, due to the complexity of the deblocking algorithm, the filter can easily account for one-third of the computational complexity of a decoder. In this thesis, a modification to the deblocking algorithm given in the AVC standard is presented. This modification allows the algorithm to finish the filtering of a macroblock to finish twenty clock cycles faster than previous single filter designs. This thesis also presents a hardware architecture of the H.264 deblocking filter to be used in the H.264 decoder. The developed architecture allows the filtering of videos streams using 4:2:2 chroma subsampling and 10-bit pixel precision in real-time. The filter was described in VHDL and synthesized for a Spartan-6 FPGA device. Timing analysis showed that is was capable of filtering a macroblock using 4:2:0 chroma subsampling in 124 clock cycles and 4:2:2 chroma subsampling streams in 162 clock cycles. The filter can also provide real-time deblocking of HDTV video (1920×1080) of up to 988 frames per second.


This study was conducted in Gedarif state, Sudan during the season 2009-2010.The aim of the study was to determine correlation between the eggs laid by the female of E. bauhiniae and the weight, length and girth of the cocoons (pupae) that the insect emerged from them. Laboratory study was done using a cage specially constructed for the study with four rooms to allow insect to emerge and deposit her eggs separately. i.e. four replicates were used. Statistic analysis was used for data to determine the significant difference. The result showed that the numbers of eggs laid by the insect are significantly associated with weight, Length and girth of the female cocoons. The high values of the measurements (weight, length and girth) were achieved which showed greatest potential of female in term of egg Laid. This result reflects the positive correlation between the measurements of cocoons and fecundity of the emerged insect. The findings will pave the way for more investigation on egg production of this wild silk moth, as this study reported to be the first study, concerning with eggs of E. bauhiniae in Sudan as undomesticated insect which underlining length, weight and girth of cocoons to be good indictor to estimate female's fecundity. The study concluded that, these factors should be looking after as important factors for any investment regarding egg production of E. bauhiniae, because this will be an augmentative for large scale investment of silk production in Sudan.


The development of children's strengths is essential for their success at school. Processes that assist children to recognise and act on their strengths, collectively referred to as "strengths-based approaches" in this study, are one aspect in the relatively new field of positive education that have been adopted enthusiastically by teachers for their reported constructive purpose and focus on improving student achievement and wellbeing outcomes. In recent years, however, the use of strengths-based approaches in New Zealand schools has moved beyond that warranted by the limited research base. In this study, qualitative data were collected to report on the perceptions and practices of common strengths-based teaching and learning approaches, as described by children, parents and teachers in a New Zealand primary school. Three separate sets of data were collected using a case study approach. The first data set involved 16 ten-year-old children; the second data set involved 15 parents of the child participants; and finally, five teachers of the children involved in the research were participants in the third data set. In light of the paucity of New Zealand studies in strengths-based teaching and learning approaches for children, this study aims to contribute to the knowledge in these areas and identify topics that warrant further investigation.


In this paper, we present a methodology for estimating the protection levels of critical equipment against IEMI. We apply the method to a wireless communication infrastructure, but it can be applied to any critical infrastructure. The required protection levels that need to be implemented are determined by analyzing the susceptibility of the victim, and the threat level associated with a specific IEMI scenario. Based on the required protection levels, possible protection strategies are identified and the associated costs are evaluated. The total cost includes the monetary cost and the costs related to loss of performance. The method we present can be used for a quantitative comparison between different protection techniques in terms of monetary cost. The method is applied to develop a strategy for protecting a wireless receiver from damage due to in-band interference using an RF limiter. We also analyze the loss in performance due to the installation of a limiter. It is shown that the noise figure degradation is linearly dependent on the insertion loss of the limiter.


Platinum based catalysts are well known as the most active ones among noble metals for oxidation of hydrocarbons as well as hydrogen. Microcombustion experiments using bare Pt foil catalyst have shown that hydrocarbon fuels (e.g. propane) can be oxidized at low-temperature (< 60 °C) and ignited (< 90 °C) by treating the catalyst surface by burning propane-air mixtures with ∼ 5% of the propane replaced by ammonia for half an hour. This NH3 pre-treatment etches the catalyst surface and creates surface structures on the scale of few μms, completely unlike those without NH3 treatment. This change in structure with NH3 treatment is noteworthy in that it increases the performance of the catalyst by a factor of 3, but only for low Re, corresponding to conditions with low maximum reaction temperatures characteristic of microcombustors. However, no similar such low-temperatures were found without NH3 pre-treatment, even for catalytic reactions. This is not merely a surface area effect, since increasing bulk catalyst area had almost no effect on combustion performance. Nevertheless, it may be possible to further extend reaction and ignition to even lower temperatures by examining alternative hydrocarbon fuels and catalysts. Self-starting fuels and catalysts are highly desirable, especially for the micro-combustors used for MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems) power generators, because it would eliminate the need for glow plugs, supplemental battery, electronics, etc. associated with active ignition systems.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


What are human rights? According to one longstanding account, the Naturalistic Conception of human rights, human rights are those that we have simply in virtue of being human. In recent years, however, a new and purportedly alternative conception of human rights has become increasingly popular. This is the so-called Political Conception of human rights, the proponents of which include John Rawls, Charles Beitz, and Joseph Raz. In this paper we argue for three claims. First, we demonstrate that Naturalistic Conceptions of human rights can accommodate two of the most salient concerns that proponents of the Political Conception have raised about them. Second, we argue that the theoretical distance between Naturalistic and Political Conceptions is not as great as it has been made out to be. Finally, we argue that a Political Conception of human rights, on its own, lacks the resources necessary to determine the substantive content of human rights. If we are right, not only should the Naturalistic Conception not be rejected, the Political Conception is in fact incomplete without the theoretical resources that a Naturalistic Conception characteristically provides. These three claims, in tandem, provide a fresh and largely conciliatory perspective on the ongoing debate between proponents of Political and Naturalistic Conceptions of human rights.


Increasingly the literature concerning change to schooling systems tends to use language more readily associated with that of business. Several researchers (Vinson, 2001; Hargreaves & Fullan, 1998; Fullan, 1999) warn of the shift from earlier views of education, towards a more recent perception that appears to consider education as a type of marketable commodity. Increasingly we are moving into a climate where schools are compared to business organizations, where the language of business and terms like 'knowledge economy' (DEST, 2003:1) and 'middle managers' (Fullan, 1999:16) are becoming more commonplace to describe the role of the modern school in society. This paper presents a literature review that briefly explores aspects of the field of organisational learning. Broadly speaking, this is a field concerned with the study of organizations and, within this setting, the role played by culture and change as they impact upon both individual and group dynamics. In more depth, this paper discusses how the literature that has grown up concerning 'sensemaking' (Weick, 1995, 2001, 2005; Mills, 2003; Vaughan, 1996) may be used to identify the connections between policy and practice in this type of organisational environment. The exploration of these types of connections forms part of the purview of the ARC Discovery Project: The Literacy Nexus (Harris, Derewianka, Chen, Fitzsimmons, Kervin, Turbill, Cruickshank, McKenzie & Konza, 2006) that is the subject of this symposium. Search Terms: Sensemaking, organisational learning, teacher change, school change, school culture,


The Web is rapidly moving towards a platform for mass collaboration in content production and consumption from three screens: computers, mobile phones, and TVs. While there has been a surge of interests in making Web content accessible from mobile devices, there is a significant lack of progress when it comes to making the web experience suitable for viewing on a television. Towards this end, we describe a novel concept, namely GeoTV, where we explore a framework by which web content can be presented or pushed in a meaningful manner to create an entertainment experience for the TV audience. Fresh content on a variety of topics, people, and places is being created and made available on the Web at breathtaking speed. Navigating fresh content effectively on TV demands a new browsing paradigm that requires fewer mouse clicks or user interactions from the remote control. Novel geospatial and temporal browsing techniques are provided in GeoTV that allow users the capability of aggregating and navigating RSS-enabled content in a timely, personalized and automatic manner for viewing in an IPTV environment. This poster is an extension of our previous work on GeoTracker that utilizes both a geospatial representation and a temporal (chronological) presentation to help users spot the most relevant updates quickly within the context of a Web-enabled environment. We demonstrate 1) the usability of such a tool that greatly enhances a user.s ability in locating and browsing videos based on his or her geographical interests and 2) various innovative interface designs for showing RSS-enabled information in an IPTV environment.


Hedge funds, with almost $1 trillion under management before leverage, have become a dominant force in market trading. As they grow larger, they will eventually erode the market opportunities and mispricings they have relied on to create their superior returns. Opportunities seem to disappear fastest where hedge funds are very active and remain ample where there are fewer hedge funds. This article discusses whether and how hedge funds erode opportunities in interest–rate, credit, equity, and currency markets. The authors believe that this erosion will prove temporary, with new active trading opportunities emerging in the near future.


Randall Collins' The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change (1998) examines and compares communities of intellectuals linked as networks in ancient and medieval China and India, medieval and modern Japan, ancient Greece, medieval Islam and Judaism, medieval Christendom and modern Europe. The book has been the subject of many interesting and often positive reflections (for example, European Journal of Social Theory 3 (I), 2000; Review Symposium or reviews in Sociological Theory 19 (I), March 2001). However, it has also attracted a number of critical reviews (for example, reviews in Philosophy of the Social Sciences 30 (2), June 2000). Since not many books achieve such notoriety, it is worthwhile to rethink Collins' controversial approach. The aim of this paper is to encourage further debates of notions and issues presented in Collins' book. We would like, by joining two voices—sociologist and philosopher—to reopen discussion of Collins' attempt to discover a universality of patterns of intellectual change, as we think that more interpretative rather than explanatory versions of our respective disciplines can enrich our understanding of blueprints of intellectual creativity.


Administrative law needs to adapt to adaptive management. Adaptive management is a structured decision-making method the core of which is a multi-step iterative process for adjusting management measures to changing circumstances or new information about the effectiveness of prior measures or the system being managed. It has been identified as a necessary or best practices component of regulation in a broad range of fields, including drug and medical device warnings, financial system regulation, social welfare programs, and natural resources management. Nevertheless, many of the agency decisions advancing these policies remain subject to the requirements of either the federal Administrative Procedure Act or the states' parallel statutes. Adaptive management theorists have identified several features of such administrative law requirements — especially public participation, judicial review, and finality — as posing barriers to true adaptive management, but they have put forward no reform proposals. This Article represents the first effort in adaptive management theory to go beyond complaining about the handcuffs administrative law puts on adaptive management and to suggest a solution. The Article begins by explaining the theory and limits of adaptive management to emphasize that it is not appropriate for all or even most agency decision making. For its appropriate applications, however, we argue that conventional administrative law has unnecessarily shackled effective use of adaptive management. We show that the core values of administrative law can be implemented in ways that much better allow for adaptive management through a specialized "adaptive management track" of administrative procedures. Going further, we propose and explain draft model legislation that would create such a track for the specific types of agency decision making that could benefit from adaptive management.


ABSTRACT Homelessness among older people in Canada is both a growing concern, and an emerging field of study. This article reports thematic results of qualitative interviews with 40 people aged 46 to 75, carried out as part of a mixed-methods study of older people who are homeless in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Our participants included people with histories of homelessness (n = 14) and persons new to homelessness in later life (n = 26). Interviews focused on experiences at the intersections of aging and homelessness including social relationships, the challenges of living on the streets and in shelters in later life, and the future. This article outlines the 5 main themes that capture the experience of homelessness for our participants: age exacerbates worries; exclusion and isolation; managing significant challenges; shifting needs and realities; and resilience, strength, and hope. Together, these findings underscore the need for specific programs geared to the unique needs of older people who are homeless.


The Australian Football League (AFL) has operated a twin labour market control system of salary cap and draft since the mid-1980s. While the AFL can point to facts such as an increase in the number of clubs winning premierships since this time to justify their use, the players were still restricted in regard to playing for the club of their choice. This therefore led to a push from the players for free agency, which was introduced at the end of the 2012 season. Its main features are a two tiered system of restricted and unrestricted free agents, an eight year qualification period and compensation in the form of draft selections being granted by the AFL rather than coming from the club receiving the services of the free agent. It is suggested that the AFL had no choice but to introduce some form of free agency, though only time will tell whether the model adopted represents a balanced policy that serves the League, clubs and players fairly.


Abstract The article provides a conceptual framework for understanding the return of third country nationals from Greece and the European Union, as well as their readmission by Turkey, a critical issue of migration policy at the European external borders. Return and readmission could be conceptualized as integral to the EU conditionality, a key tool at the disposal of the European Union to encourage and ensure compliance with its norms. In this respect, incentives are offered to countries of origin or transit as reward for the enforcement of expulsion decisions and the regulation of migration issues. Return and readmission could also be understood in respect to cooperation between two sovereign states, wherein expected costs and benefits are constantly (re)evaluated on the basis of their recurrent bilateral interactions. Thus, migration issues between Greece and Turkey should be grasped as indivisible to relations between a member state and a prospective one; in this sense, they could be interpreted in relation to Turkey's progress towards the adoption of the acquis communautaire, in the light however of the politically volatile border between the two countries.


Abstract Studies of German philhellenism have often focused upon the idealization of Greece by German intellectuals, rather than considering the very real, at times reciprocal, at times ambivalent or even brutal, relationship which existed between contemporary Germans and the Greek state from the Greek War of Independence onwards. This review essay surveys historiographical developments in the literature on German philhellenism which have emerged in the past dozen years (2004–16), drawing on research in German studies, classical philology and reception studies, Modern Greek studies, intellectual history, philosophy, art history, and archaeology. The essay explores the extent to which recent research affirms or rebuts that notion of German cultural exceptionalism which posits a Hellenophile Sonderweg – culminating in the tyranny of Germany over Greece imposed by force of arms under the Third Reich – when interpreting the vicissitudes of the Graeco–German relationship. The discussion of new literature touches upon various themes, including Winckelmann reception at the fin-de-siècle and the anti-positivist aspects of twentieth-century philhellenism, the idealization of 'Platonic' homoeroticism in the Stefan George-Kreis, the reciprocal relationship between German idealist philhellenism and historicism, and the ways in which German perceptions of modern Greece's materiality have constantly been mediated through idealized visions of Greek antiquity.


hCG exists in two analogous structures, as typified by the hormone hCG which binds an LH/hCG hormone receptor and the TGFs receptor binding autocrine hyperglycosylated hCG. Both share a common α-subunit and s-subunit amino acid sequence. From the common hormone hCG and autocrine hyperglycosylated hCG structures there are seven common hCG variants with wildly varying hormone hCG or autocrine hyperglycosylated hCG functions. There is placental hormone hCG and placental autocrine hyperglycosylated hCG which together control pregnancy and start hemochorial placentation during pregnancy. There is pituitary sulfated hCG, part of the hormone hCG library which works with LH in driving ovarian steroidogenesis, ovulation and luteogenesis. Fetal hCG a fetal hormone that promotes fetal organ growth during pregnancy, and ovarian hyperglycosylated hCG which drive the final proteolytic enzyme step of ovulation. Cancer hyperglycosylated hCG and cancer hyperglycosylated hCG free s-subunit drive malignancy in most cancers. The seven variants of hCG drive critical functions during pregnancy, cancer and other bodily functions.


This paper analyzes the implications of an ethnically divided Federation of Iraq. Regional implications, problems within "Kurdistan," minority concerns and the revival of Islamism will be taken into consideration in analyzing security issues that arise vis-à-vis the creation of such an entity. Taken together, the study demonstrates that given U.S. and neighboring countries' interests, a future Federation of Iraq based on ethnic lines would be ominous to the future of the Middle East. More specifically, the analysis argues that under the given circumstances a federation would likely lead to a war between Turkey and Iraqi Kurds, convergence of Iranian-Turkish security interests, a power vacuum susceptible to conflict, and the revival of Islamism.


Gems and Jewelry industry is one of the growing industries in Thailand. Not less than 17.7% of the exporting value from this industry is from diamond. Approximately 70% of total exporting diamonds are polished diamond. With the reputation of "Bangkok Cut", the exporting rate seems to grow rapidly. However while we enjoy the export growth of these gems, the value add to diamond jewelry is still low. An attempt is made in this study to investigate the whole supply chain from rough cut diamond to polished diamond and to diamond jewelry. The diamond supply chain is modeled by SCOR model. Problems in the chain are reflected. It is found that Thailand has a potential to become the diamond exchange centre of the region. Surprisingly, the idea of value chain for gems to jewelry cannot be achieved. Instead, we test the solution of Virtual supply chain via E-marketplace. The architecture of this virtual exchange network is proposed. The strategy enforcing this network is then positioned.


This paper presents two-stream processing of audio to index the audio content for Spoken Web search. The first stream indexes the meta-data associated with a particular audio document. The meta-data is usually very sparse, but accurate. This therefore results in a high-precision, low-recall index. The second stream uses a novel language-independent speech recognition to generate text to be indexed. Owing to the multiple languages and the noise in user generated content on the Spoken Web, the speech recognition accuracy of such systems is not high, thus they result in a low-precision, high-recall index. The paper attempts to use these two complementary streams to generate a combined index to increase the precision-recall performance in audio content search. The problem of audio content search is motivated by the real world implication of the Web in developing regions, where due to literacy and affordability issues, people use Spoken Web which consists of interconnected VoiceSites, which have content in audio. The experiments are based on more than 20,000 audio documents spanning over seven live VoiceSites and four different languages. The results suggest significant improvement over a meta-data-only or a speech-recognitiononly system, thus justifying the two-stream processing approach. Audio content search is a growing problem area and this paper wishes to be a first step to solving this at a large scale, across languages, in a Web context.


The experience of dance, of bodies moving in space, might reasonably be considered as ineffable – as located in our tacit or embodied knowledge but beyond the scope of articulation in language. Responding to this perception, this paper explores the process and findings of a project that used visual arts workshops to uncover audience experiences of a dance performance. The paper engages with questions of epistemology and research methodologies, considering the transformative impact of the research process on the articulation of experience. In particular it discusses how the production of creative art works allowed for a kind of communication different from language, exploring the impact of drawing on participants' representations of their experience of dance through factors such as process and time, materiality and medium, choices in representation, and chance and instinct. By reading from the art works to the participants' own interpretations of their art works and back again, the paper suggests that the act of visual expression both transformed and made present audience experiences in a manner that reveals a new visual or presentational knowledge of dance.


This paper examines the extent to which innovative Spanish firms pursue improvements in energy efficiency (EE) within their innovation objectives. The increase in energy consumption and its impact on greenhouse gas emissions justifies the greater attention being paid to energy efficiency and especially to industrial EE. The ability of manufacturing companies to innovate and improve their EE has a substantial influence on reaching the objectives regarding climate change mitigation. Despite the effort to design more efficient energy policies, the EE determinants in manufacturing firms have been little studied in the empirical literature. From an exhaustive sample of Spanish manufacturing firms and using a probit model, we examine the energy efficiency determinants to those firms that have innovated. To carry out the econometric analysis, we use a panel data coming from CIS (Community Innovation Survey) for the period 2008-2011 that includes 4,458 manufacturing firms. Among firm characteristics, the empirical results underline the importance of size in facilitating the adoption of technology that improves energy efficiency; while among the factors related to companies' behavior, the favorable influence of organizational innovations and innovations related with the reduction of environmental impacts stand out as the main factors in carrying out innovations with the objective of increasing energy efficiency.


We investigate the dynamics of global entanglement, the Meyer-Wallach measure, under decoherence, analytically. We study two important class of multi-partite entangled states, the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger and the W state. We obtain exact results for various models of system-environment interactions (decoherence). Our results shows distinctly different scaling behavior for these initially entangled states indicating a relative robustness of the W state, consistent with previous studies.


Introduction: Before entering college many students are warned about the "Freshman 15" or the notion that students gain 15 lbs of body weight during their first year of college. Previous studies have shown that though students do gain weight during their first year in college, the gain is less than the fabled 15 lbs. However, less is known about first year weight gain in college athletes. Purpose: This study was done to determine whether male and female student athletes at a small private university gained weight during their first year of college and how much body weight changed during that time. Methods: Weight of male (n = 132) and female (n = 73) athletes competing in various intercollegiate sports were measured by the University Athletic Training Staff as first year students in 2013 and as second year students in 2014. A mixed model repeated measures ANOVA was conducted on the paired weight data for male and female athletes. An independent t test was also used to compare percent change in weight for men and women. Results: The change in the average (sd) weight of men and women was 6.0 lbs (8.74) and 4.0 lbs (8.08), respectively. The mixed model repeated measures ANOVA indicated that there were significant effects of time (F = 65.331; p < 0.001) and sex (F = 78.213; p < 0.001) on weight, but no interaction was shown to occur between time and sex (F = 2.623; p = 0.107). Time (year) accounted for about 24.3% of the difference in weight between 2013 and 2014 ( = 0.243), while sex accounted for about 27.8% of the difference in weight between men and women ( = 0.278). The mean (sd) percent changes in weight of men and women were 3.52% (4.79) and 2.97% (5.70), respectively. The results of the independent t test indicated that there was no significant difference (t(203) = 0.743; p = 0.458) in the percent changes in weight. Conclusion: Both men and women gained weight during their first year as college student athletes, but neither gained the mythical 15 lbs. The amount of weight gain found in student athletes was consistent with weight gain reported in previous studies for non-athletic populations. In addition, weight gain relative to initial body weight was not different between male and female athletes. These results do not indicate whether weight gained was healthy or unhealthy, but do indicate that college athletes experience increases in weight during their first year.


Pewter is a versatile alloy which has been used to make a wide variety of domestic objects since antiquity. Malleable and lustrous, it was commonly used for making tableware until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when porcelain and glass became more popular. An inexpensive alternative to silver, it re-emerged as a popular material in the twentieth century, allowing for a new-found flexibility, and encouraging designers to experiment with form. From architectural finesse to the smallest everyday object, pewter was used globally, and was favoured as an inlay for decorative panels, furniture, vases and bowls. This volume outlines the devlopment of pewter design from the Art Nouveau movement up to the Modernist period. The first book to examine the artists and manufacturers working in this versatile material, it highlights the important factories and workshops of Germany, Britain, France, the Netherlands, Austria, Scandanavia, Japan, and America. Histories of Wurttembergische Metallwaren Fabrik (WMF) and Liberty & Co. are included, as well as details of marks and monograms. With invalauble information on resoration, care, reproductions and fakes, the volume includes over 350 original photographs of outstanding examples of 20th century pewter design.


Inverse problems are of utmost importance in many fields of science and engineering. In the variational approach inverse problems are formulated as PDE-constrained optimization problems, where the optimal estimate of the uncertain parameters is the minimizer of a certain cost functional subject to the constraints posed by the model equations. The numerical solution of such optimization problems requires the computation of derivatives of the model output with respect to model parameters. The first order derivatives of a cost functional (defined on the model output) with respect to a large number of model parameters can be calculated efficiently through first order adjoint sensitivity analysis. Second order adjoint models give second derivative information in the form of matrix-vector products between the Hessian of the cost functional and user defined vectors. Traditionally, the construction of second order derivatives for large scale models has been considered too costly. Consequently, data assimilation applications employ optimization algorithms that use only first order derivative information, like nonlinear conjugate gradients and quasi-Newton methods. In this paper we discuss the mathematical foundations of second order adjoint sensitivity analysis and show that it provides an efficient approach to obtain Hessian-vector products. We study the benefits of using of second order information in the numerical optimization process for data assimilation applications. The numerical studies are performed in a twin experiment setting with a two-dimensional shallow water model. Different scenarios are considered with different discretization approaches, observation sets, and noise levels. Optimization algorithms that employ second order derivatives are tested against widely used methods that require only first order derivatives. Conclusions are drawn regarding the potential benefits and the limitations of using high-order information in large scale data assimilation problems.


This paper examines reading as done by programmers engaged in software development. Reading is an activity we feel should be of fundamental interest to studies of programming, but the practical achievement of which has not been closely examined. We give examples of programmers reading in pairs, and reading alone, and show reading in both cases to be explainable in terms of shared social practices. These practices are not determined by the code but nor are they purely socially constructed; rather they lie in the linkage be- tween the code and programmers' ways of reading the code. We discuss (1) how features of day-to-day coding work create pertinent occasions for reading a certain piece of code, (2) how programmers order and expect there to be an or- der to code, and (3) how programmers have ways of analysing code in order to make sense of it. This is an ethnomethodological study that draws from ethno- graphic fieldwork at a professional software development company.


In this investigation we have developed a core-in-cup system to provide pulsatile delivery. The system consisted of a core three layer tablet, containing the drug and an impermeable coating outer shell containing Dextran. All formulations displayed a lag time of 120- 240 mins. Depending on the structure of the system and its constituents. Drug release varied depending on the structure and its ingredients.


© Cambridge University Press 2011. Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability throughout the world. About one in three symptomatic strokes are due to disease of small perforating arteries; however, most effective interventions are targeted at disease of large arteries. The underlying mechanisms and treatment of small vessel disease remain poorly understood. Microbleeds have emerged as a critical imaging marker of small vessel disease, being found in all types of stroke. With increasing evidence that microbleeds are caused by hypertensive arteriopathy and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, they are likely to play a strong future role in increasing our understanding of the causes of small vessel disease and the potential link between cerebrovascular disease and neurodegeneration. Cerebral Microbleeds summarizes our current knowledge, bringing together expert research from global authorities in the field. This authoritative and systematic text will be of interest to all clinical researchers and physicians in the fields of stroke and cognitive impairment.


This study aimed at examining the administrative task performance of heads of senior high schools (SHS) in Ghana from the organising perspective. The study hypothesized that there is no statistically significant difference in the compliance level of organising as an administrative task performance by heads in the rural and urban senior high schools in Ghana. Using a descriptive survey design, questionnaire was given to 1.085 (88.8% return rate) respondents who consisted of all assistant heads, heads of departments and teachers from 155 selected public SHS in Ghana. The study revealed that, despite the numerous challenges they face, heads of SHS in Ghana perform the organising function as illustrated by the opinions of most respondents. An independent t-test analysis revealed that there is a statistically significant difference (p=.000) in the compliance level of organising by heads in the rural and urban senior high schools in Ghana. It was recommended that Ghana Education Service should do well to provide senior high schools with the needed funds and learning materials, especially those in the rural areas.


Up to 12.7 million tonnes of plastic is estimated to be polluting oceans. Ranking as the fifth-highest plastic using country, Japan has an exceptionally high usage of single wrapped items. Additionally, as an island-nation, fish is vital to everyday life, making up approximately 40% of protein in Japanese diets. Based on these observations, I wondered how the overuse of plastic in Japan poses an ecological risk to marine species and their consumers local to Kanagawa Prefecture. To answer this question, I completed a plastic audit at a convenience store, took qualitative observations of plastic waste at three waterways, and dissected locally sourced fish to characterize ingested plastic. I found 83.4% of the convenience store's items within the recorded sections had plastic wrapping or pieces. Additionally, each waterway observed had both plastic and marine species present. Using visual and chemical dissection, all fish had microplastics present in their gastrointestinal tract, including two species that are typically eaten whole in Japan. Out of the fourteen microplastics found through the chemical digestion method, six were classified as plastic microfibers, four were likely thread plastic, three were see-through pieces of plastic film, and one was a foam pellet. Overall, these results are concerning as previous studies have found that microplastics can carry persistent organic pollutants. Both bioaccumulation and biomagnification result in large levels of contaminants building up at the top of the food chain. It is presumed that the increasing consumption of microplastics will have negative implications on organ systems such as the liver, gut, and hormones.


Serum from patients with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia often contains antibodies which react with all red cell samples and interfere with compatibility testing. We describe a modification of the triple absorption procedure to absorb this "non specific" antibody reactivity from the patient's serum without decreasing the reactivity of clinically significant alloantibodies. The alloantibodies can thus be identified and compatibility testing can be performed. Red cells from selected outdated donor bloods were treated with ficin and fixed with glutaraldehyde. Samples from 79 patients whose red cells had a positive direct antiglobulin test and whose serum contained warm autoantibodies were absorbed with these cells. The results were in agreement with those obtained by warm autoabsorption or the triple absorption procedures which were used routinely in our laboratory. It was concluded that glutaraldehyde treatment of red cells does not decrease the sensitivity of the triple absorption procedure and in addition the method is practical, economical, and simple to use for personnel trained in blood bank techniques. It takes less time than standard procedures because the red cells can be prepared and stored until needed. It is particularly useful for testing sera from patients who have a low hematocrit or who have received blood transfusions in the past three months, situations in which the warm autoabsorption method may not be effective.


BACKGROUND
Pediatric osteoarticular infections are relatively rare but important diseases to identify early and treat appropriately in order to avoid associated acute complications or long-term morbidity.

OBJECTIVE
To review the current epidemiology and etiology of pediatric osteoarticular infections as well as recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of these infections.

METHODS
We searched PubMed (MEDLINE) and Scopus databases for potentially relevant publications in the past 5 years.

RESULTS
Bacterial epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profiles vary greatly worldwide, although Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci and Kingella kingae are the predominant pathogens. There is emerging evidence supporting the role of PCR assays for pathogen detection.

CONCLUSION
Current data suggest that most children with osteoarticular infections can be successfully transitioned to oral antibiotics after having received at least several days of intravenous therapy, undergone removal of significant infectious foci and having demonstrated clinical improvement with down trending inflammatory markers. The optimal length and route of antimicrobial therapy have not been fully elucidated and should depend on individual patient factors, the virulence of the pathogen and the monitored clinical and laboratory response to therapy.


ABSTRACT:Economic policymakers sometimes perceive a sovereign default as a jump into the unkown. The main piece of information missing is what the costs of the default are going to be. Assessing these costs correctly is crucial for evaluating how far a country should go to avoid a default. This paper analyzes the main sources of the costs of default discussed in the theoretical literature and evaluates the empirical evidence on the matter. I classify these potential sources in three groups: (1) sanctions imposed as penalties by creditors; (2) costs related to the information content of default; and (3) costs related to domestic agents' sovereign bond holdings. I then present a simple model that captures the main intuition behind each of them. A review of the empirical evidence suggests that while the costs generated in the aftermath of defaults by traditional mechanisms, such as trade sanctions or exclusion from credit markets, have not been significant in recent decades, costs deriving from information revelation and the impact on domestic bondholders, particularly the banking system, have become major consequences of sovereign defaults.


During the Arab Spring, Moroccan men and women first took to the streets on February 20, 2011 to demand governmental reforms. Their movement became known as the Mouvement du 20-Fevrier. In a series of protests, Moroccans called for democratic change, lower food prices, freedom for Islamist prisoners, and rights for the Berber people. Initially, King Mohammad VI attempted to suppress the movement. When this approach did not succeed, in a televised speech, the King agreed to reform the government. In June 2011, the constitutional committee proposed changes that would reduce the King's absolute powers, implement democratic reforms, and create a system in which the Prime Minister would be the majority party leader in Parliament. On July 1, 2011, the new constitution was passed by popular vote. In November 2011, Morocco experienced its first elections under the new constitution. Until now, Arab Spring publications have focused on the revolutions without taking into account the feminist perspective. In this Article, the author examines how the feminist perspective impacted the Arab Spring in Morocco based on her interviews with women who participated in the Mouvement du 20-Fevrier. Further, this Article analyzes the feminist perspective's impact on how women conceptualize their status within the Mouvement du 20-Fevrier and the future democratic society. Part II provides a background on the Mouvement du 20-Fevrier and the demands for constitutional reforms. To understand the Feminist Spring Movement, Part III examines the gap between de jure and de facto women's rights in Morocco. Part IV examines the applicability of democratic and feminist theory to how Moroccan women view democracy as a mechanism for change in their individual lives and as a collective society. This Article posits that many Mouvement du 20-Fevrier activists fear that changes in Morocco will be slow, merely perfunctory, and will not lead to fundamental transformation for the most vulnerable members of Moroccan society.


Fluorescence spectroscopy has been extensively employed to characterize the source, age, and reactivity of aquatic dissolved organic matter (DOM). However, there is no consensus on the protocols for collecting and correcting DOM fluorescence spectra for the instrument‐specific response associated with each component on a fluorometer involved in the excitation of DOM and the resulting detection of DOM emission. The central objective of this study was to evaluate the removal of instrument‐specific response from DOM fluorescence spectra collected on three different fluorometers using manufacturer‐provided emission and excitation correction files. We evaluated criteria and protocols for comparison of removal of instrument response, using quinine sulfate, a well‐characterized fluorophore, as well as the International Humic Substance Society's microbially and terrestrially derived reference end‐member fulvic acids: Pony Lake and Suwannee River fulvic acids, respectively. Our results demonstrate that sample spectra collected on different fluorometers differed significantly before correction. Although the effectiveness of manufacturer‐provided correction factors in removal of instrument response from sample spectra varied by instrument, spectral overlap of the same sample on multiple instruments improved after correction. Our results suggest that conclusions based on analysis of trends within a dataset of DOM fluorescence spectra should be expected to be independent of the fluorometer employed.


New software-enabled technologies are changing the social and material production of everyday landscapes, and re-figuring the embodied relationships between people and the environment through touch. Touching with hands is integral to so much technologic activity and control - the pressing of buttons, pulling of handles, flicking switches, twisting selector dials, and so on. And yet touch is an overlooked spatial sense and practice in human geography (although see Hetherington 2003, Paterson 2007, Dixon and Straughan 2010). It perhaps then somewhat ironic that in this paper we are concerned with the reverse situation, as we interrogate the nature of mundane technologies that are designed to work without direct human touch. As such, we consider how tools and appliances are being designed and engineered to interact and respond appropriately to people by remotely sensing the presence of human bodies, and offering modes of control that are proximate rather than using physical touch. We focus on electronic/digital technologies, being applied in everyday contexts, that use sensors and software to automatically produce spaces that can react to people (or at a minimum bodily shaped objects) in meaningful ways without direct contact. To begin to explain the nature of this automatic production of touch-free spatiality we concentrate our analysis on shared public toilets, vital but somewhat disregarded spaces of modern life.


In spite of a recent emphasis on the developmental nature of sexuality, the counseling profession does not promote a consistent definition of sexuality or guidelines for conducting sexuality counseling. Using a qualitative approach, this study was conducted to examine the construct "sexuality" and "sexuality counseling" from counselors' perspectives. One synchronous online focus group and two online individual interviews were conducted with counselors predominantly in the Southeastern United States. Themes from the data include:  sexuality is multi-dimensional; sexuality is developmental; sexuality counseling is dialectical; and sexuality training in counseling is insufficient. Implications of these findings for counselors, counselor education, training, and supervision are discussed.


Some cancer patients often present with radiation burns, or large exudating, odourous wounds. At this stage of this debilitating disease, palliative relief to the patient from both pain and odour is paramount.
The challenge posed to the Private Nursing Practitioner is to try to achieve the balance in both instances, and by the same token to encourage the patient to lead as normal a life as is possible in the circumstances they find themselves in.


This brief summarizes findings from IRS Form 990 data and survey data collected by the Urban Institute and Indiana University's Center on Philanthropy. Analysis found that a surprisingly high percentage of nonprofit organizations (37%) with private contributions of $50,000 or higher reported no fundraising costs. The brief also discusses the staffing patterns of nonprofit organizations' fundraising efforts and the fundraising tactics that they employ.


Immune evasion is defined as a strategy employed by pathogenic microorganisms to evade or antagonize a host's immune response, thereby maximizing survival and transmission to a new host. To fully understand immune evasion, both the pathogen and the host, and especially the interaction between the two, must be examined. Staphylococcus aureus is a successful bacterial pathogen and a known manipulator of host immune responses, of which its immune modulating properties have been widely explored. Research towards these immune evasion molecules is of high importance as their secretion is closely related to bacterial virulence and pathogenesis. S. aureus is becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics, first with the appearance of hospital-associated (HA)-MRSA strains, but now also with the rise of highly virulent and rapidly spreading antibiotic resistance strains in the community, the so called community-acquired (CA)-MRSA strains. With S. aureus becoming more difficult to treat with antibiotics, along with the lack of a functional vaccine, and combined with its ability to inhibit the host immune system, S. aureus has become a growing health risk of global importance. Understanding the host-pathogen interaction and the role of immune evasion proteins therein can define new targets for the possible treatment of disease. Research on these evasion proteins is multi-factorial and can focus on the identification of novel immune evasion factors, unraveling their mechanism of action, revealing the molecular basis for the interaction, examining their role in pathogenesis in in vivo models, and finally exploring possible therapeutic applications. In this thesis we have examined these different aspects by investigating a family of 14 small secreted proteins, the staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins, also called the SSLs. This family is highly structurally related however has very diverse functions in immune evasion. We have identified the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as novel host targets for SSL1 and SSL5. Consequently, we show that SSL1 and SSL5 limit neutrophil migration and chemotaxis. Furthermore, we have unraveled the molecular mechanism behind the inhibition of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) by SSL3, which revealed the amino acids involved in the protein-protein interaction and showed that SSL3 inhibits TLR2 in a dual mechanism; SSL3 interferes with both ligand binding to and subsequent TLR2 dimerization with TLR1 or TLR6. We continued research into the molecular basis of the SSL3-TLR2 interaction, with a focus on the TLR2 side, which uncovered the species specificity of SSL3 and revealed that SSL3 does not inhibit bovine TLR2. Additionally, we have taken initial steps to investigate the importance of SSL3 in vivo in a mouse model, which confirmed its potential as a virulence factor. Finally, we have constructed SSL3-based bicyclic peptides and characterized these for their ability to mimic the SSL3 interaction with TLR2. SSL3-based derivatives could have therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammatory disorders in which there is aberrant TLR2 activation. The SSLs are promising candidates for anti-staphylococcal approaches and understanding their exact roles and function can aid in the development of therapeutics. New intervention strategies for bacterial diseases will be of great value in this era of rising antibiotic resistance.


I develop a model in which sovereign debtors repay debt in order to maintain a reputation for repayment. Repayment gives creditors reason to think that the debtor will suffer adverse consequences if it defaults, so they continue to lend. I compare a situation in which competitive lenders earn a zero profit on each loan with one in which they can make long-term commitments to individual borrowers, so that the zero-profit condition applies only in the long run. In many circumstances a borrower benefits, ex ante, if lenders commit to denying credit to a borrower in default even if at that point a subsequent loan is profitable. Furthermore, a "debt overhang," while possibly altering credit terms, does not cause profitable investment opportunities to go unexploited.


EFSA was requested by the European Commission to review and comment on the JECFA proposal to update its guideline on the evaluation of enzyme preparations used in the manufacture of foods. A comparison was made between the JECFA proposal and relevant EFSA guidance documents. Similarities were found in the approaches taken by JECFA and EFSA to the safety evaluation of food enzymes. However, the proposal for changes made by JECFA will result in significant differences. These differences are addressed in the technical report. In the view of EFSA, the proposals made by JECFA for changes to their guideline are likely to exacerbate the differences in approach taken by EFSA and JECFA. © European Food Safety Authority, 2020


MWO 4 (M = Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ ) nanocrystalinee synthesised by a salt aqueous solution reaction show similar nanoparticle size, good ultraviolet-visible light absorption and narrow bandgap energy. The oxidation-reduction potential of methyl orange aqueous solution with initial pH = 5−7 is positively varied as presence of the nanoparticles in ultraviolet-visible light irradiation, which indicates an oxidative photocatalysis behaviour of the nanoparticles surfaces. The photodegradation rate of the methyl orange aqueous solution on the nanoparticles increases with increase in the light absorption and the oxidation-reduction potential. The ORP clearly also is a necessary and useful parameter in researches and applications of photocatalysis.


A conversational system needs to know how to switch between topics to continue the conversation for a more extended period. For this topic detection from dialogue corpus has become an important task for a conversation and accurate prediction of conversation topics is important for creating coherent and engaging dialogue systems. In this paper, we proposed a topic detection approach with Parallel Latent Dirichlet Allocation (PLDA) Model by clustering a vocabulary of known similar words based on TF-IDF scores and Bag of Words (BOW) technique. In the experiment, we use K-mean clustering with Elbow Method for interpretation and validation of consistency within-cluster analysis to select the optimal number of clusters. We evaluate our approach by comparing it with traditional LDA and clustering technique. The experimental results show that combining PLDA with Elbow method selects the optimal number of clusters and refine the topics for the conversation.


The knowledge and understanding of the genetic structure of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces is important for the implementation of measures addressed to their management and conservation. The purpose of this paper was to study the pattern of genetic variation in nine red-seeded landraces currently grown by farmers with molecular and phenotypic markers. Twelve individuals per landrace were genotyped with seven bean microsatellite markers. Fourteen phenotypic traits were additionally measured in a field study in two localities. An important finding of this study was the complementary information obtained with both kinds of markers. Most of the variation at the molecular level was explained by differences within or among landraces but not among agroecological zones, while at the phenotypic level most of the variation was attributed to differences among agroecological zones. This suggests that molecular differentiation of landraces [coancestry coefficient (F ST ) = 0.34] was due to founder effect while phenotypic differentiation was due to the effect of adaptation. Within landraces, an average of 5.7 alleles per locus was identified, with a range from 2 to 13 alleles depending on the individual microsatellite. The average gene diversity within landraces and total gene diversity was 0.35 and 0.51, respectively. Implications of the findings in planning future collections of genetic resources of common bean as well as the effect of sites on uncovering adaptive traits are also discussed.


Karl-Birger Blomdahl (1916-1968) and Ingvar Lidholm (1921- ) were two leading figures in modern Swedish music. While studying in Stockholm they created a study circle known as the Monday Group. Regarded as anti-romanticists, Blomdahl and Lidholm revitalized musical creation by prioritizing compositional technique (as in hantverk, i.e. craft), melodic line and Gestalt concepts such as organicism.Following a study of this shared historical, aesthetic and theoretical framework, this thesis proposes a detailed analysis of thirty works by Blomdahl and Lidholm, dating from the 1940s. Based on the initial aesthetic and theoretical context and also on the theories of Schenker and Meyer, the analytical method used enables a graphical and textual representation of the compositional coherence and dynamic of the respective works.This thesis establishes the essential melodic, tonal and organic divergences in the musical languages of Blomdahl and Lidholm. Additionally, this thesis shows that the notions of linearity, dissonance and counterpoint have a deeper significance in Blomdahl's and Lidholm's respective musical languages than is to be found in many texts dating from this period. Finally, this thesis highlights aesthetic and compositional components that significantly invigorate modern music in Sweden.


Abstract
 Although much attention has been given to statistical genetic methods for the initial localization and fine mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs), little methodological work has been done to date on the problem of statistically identifying the most likely functional polymorphisms using sequence data. In this paper we provide a general statistical genetic framework, called Bayesian quantitative trait nucleotide (BQTN) analysis, for assessing the likely functional status of genetic variants. The approach requires the initial enumeration of all genetic variants in a set of resequenced individuals. These polymorphisms are then typed in a large number of individuals (potentially in families), and marker variation is related to quantitative phenotypic variation using Bayesian model selection and averaging. For each sequence variant a posterior probability of effect is obtained and can be used to prioritize additional molecular functional experiments. An example of this quantitative nucleotide analysis is provided using the GAW12 simulated data. The results show that the BQTN method may be useful for choosing the most likely functional variants within a gene (or set of genes). We also include instructions on how to use our computer program, SOLAR, for association analysis and BQTN analysis.


On 7 December 2012 Ghanaians came out en masse to elect a new president and members of Parliament, representing the country's 275 electoral constituencies. Of the 23 registered political parties only seven fielded presidential candidates. The candidates were Nana Dankwa Akufo-Addo, of the main opposition party, the New Patriotic Party (NPP); John Dramani Mahama of the National Democratic Congress (NDC); Michael Abu Sakara Foster of the Convention People's Party (CPP); Hassan Azariga of the People's National Convention (PNC); Papa Kwesi Nduom of the Progressive People's Party (PPP); Akwasi Addai Odike of the United Front Party (UFP) and Henry Herbert Lartey of the Great Consolidated Popular Party (GCPP). Jacob Osei Yeboah ran as an independent candidate, making a total of eight presidential candidates.
Mahama, the incumbent, was declared the winner, with 5 574 761 (50.7%) against Akufo-Addo's 5 248 898 (47.74%).


Reverberation chambers (RCs) are important measurement facilities, and thus it is often required to simulate their behaviour numerically. However, due to their special characteristics, especially for high Q factors, they are often considered too challenging for application of standard numerical software. In particular, a recent publication [1] listed the perceived stateof-the-art in integral equation modelling of RCs, and identified numerous open problems. The present paper illustrates that computational analysis of large RCs can be performed with limited computer resources. This can be achieved by using Higher-Order (HO) basis functions in the integral equation discretization and, if necessary, further applying the Multi-Level Fast Multipole Method. After a discussion and brief review of existing methods for RC modelling, we will turn to a description of the key features of HO basis functions and their related MLFMM implementation, focusing on how they allow surpassing some of the challenges faced by lower-order discretizations. Then, several RC test cases are analyzed, drawing comparisons to other results from the relevant literature. The conclusion is that, using HO basis functions and a thorough MLFMM implementation, some of the challenges identified in [1] can be overcome.


Out on Assignment illuminates the lives and writings of a lost world of women who wrote for major metropolitan newspapers at the start of the twentieth century. Using extraordinary archival research, Alice Fahs unearths a richly networked community of female journalists drawn by the hundreds to major cities--especially New York--from all parts of the United States. Newspaper women were part of a wave of women seeking new, independent, urban lives, but they struggled to obtain the newspaper work of their dreams. Although some female journalists embraced more adventurous reporting, including stunt work and undercover assignments, many were relegated to the women's page. However, these intrepid female journalists made the women's page their own. Fahs reveals how their writings--including celebrity interviews, witty sketches of urban life, celebrations of being "bachelor girls," advice columns, and a campaign in support of suffrage--had far-reaching implications for the creation of new, modern public spaces for American women at the turn of the century. As observers and actors in a new drama of independent urban life, newspaper women used the simultaneously liberating and exploitative nature of their work, Fahs argues, to demonstrate the power of a public voice, both individually and collectively. | Out on Assignment illuminates the lives and writings of a lost world of women who wrote for major metropolitan newspapers at the start of the twentieth century. Fahs argues that, as observers and actors in a new drama of independent urban life, newspaper women used the simultaneously liberating and exploitative nature of their work to demonstrate the power of a public voice, both individually and collectively.


Glass windows have undergone an energy saving evolution over the past three, four decades, from single panes till today's ultralow-emission windows. While the earliest energy saving windows were constructed as a sandwich of clear glass panes using the vacuum-flask principle, modern low-emission windows includes panes with coatings of metal and/or metal oxides. This coating has caused radio propagation problems for communication systems; something that may be utilized to protect a building from intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) attacks and to help protecting against information leakage. In this paper measurements of the shielding performance of different generations of windows and qualities of window panes are presented. The intention is to include the results in a guide-line for IEMI protection of critical infrastructures. Measurements are made using two complementary methods; in a nested reverberation chamber and in a semi-anechoic chamber, both over the range 1 - 18 GHz. The results show a clear generation dependency where the energy saving windows largely do not attenuate RF signals at all and low-emission windows offer shielding effectiveness values between 10 and 45 dB with potentially as much as around 60 dB in the upper half of the spectrum.


The essays in this collection examine Ireland at war and peace from the Revival period to the present day, examining key aspects of Irish literature and history—culturally rich but politically turbulent—from the late nineteenth century to the early twenty-first century. Ireland at War and Peace examines important social, political and aesthetic contexts which have shaped modern Irish society and culture, from the First World War and the Easter Rising of 1916 through to the Troubles and beyond. A key focus is on the ideological and artistic significance of Irish culture in a wide sense; the volume includes essays on the cultural significance of commodity culture and advertising in Ireland, images of the child in Irish culture, the importance of the horse in the Irish imagination, and the manner in which narratives of eighteenth and nineteenth-century Irish uprising, execution and imprisonment informed Irish theatre both before and after the 1916 Uprising.

The book's dual focus is exemplified in its opening essays on Padraig Pearse as both rebel-rousing separatist polemicist and Volunteer leader, and on his related careers as dramatist, story writer and educationalist. Subsequent essays deal with Yeats and the Easter Rising, consumer culture in James Joyce's Ulysses, the riotous reception afforded J. M. Synge's Playboy of the Western World and Sean O'Casey's The Plough and the Stars, and Samuel Beckett's vexed relationship with his homeland. There are also important essays here on the contemporary Irish writers Seamus Heaney and Deirdre Madden. The focus of the collection is wide, ranging from canonical literary figures such as Joyce, Beckett, and Yeats, modern-day authors such as Heaney, Paul Muldoon and Nuala Ni Dhomhnaill, through to popular-cultural phenomena from Dion Boucicault's nineteenth-century melodrama Robert Emmet, to Alan Parker's movie of Roddy Doyle's The Commitments and that great Irish sitcom Father Ted.


Introduction Endothelial outgrowth cells (EOC) isolated from the circulation can be expanded in culture and have major potential as a therapy for vascular regeneration, but investigation of their role in vascular repair has been limited by the lack of a safe model of arterial injury in man. We developed a GMP-compliant culture process for EOC production and characterised the functional response to vascular injury in patients undergoing transradial cardiac catheterization. Methods Patients with stable angina (n = 50, 63.8 ± 10.8 years) undergoing transradial cardiac catheterization had an assessment of flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in both radial arteries prior to catheterisation and at 24 h, 1, 4 and 12 weeks. Peripheral blood was obtained for the isolation and quantification of EOC, and for the development of a GMP-complaint protocol. Results FMD was attenuated in the catheterised artery compared to the non-catheterised artery at 24 h (4.3 ± 3.4 vs. 10.7 ± 5.6, P < 0.05) and at one week (3.1 ± 4.1 vs. 7.7 ± 5.6, P < 0.05), but had recovered by 12 weeks. EOCs were obtained in 66.67% of patients (14/21) and using a GMP-compliant protocol we were able to produce 32.1 ± 11.2 × 106 cells over four weeks. Conclusions Transradial catheterization is associated with endothelial denudation and radial artery vasomotor dysfunction, and represents an accessible and reproducible model of vascular injury in man. The development of an efficient GMP-compliant culture protocol for the manufacture of EOC will permit first-in-man clinical trials to assess whether EOCs are able to home to and incorporate at sites of vascular injury in man.


The vegetation of semi‐arid and arid landscapes is often comprised of mixtures of herbaceous and woody vegetation. Since the early 1900s, shifts from herbaceous to woody plant dominance, termed woody plant encroachment and widely regarded as a state change, have occurred world‐wide. This shift presents challenges to the conservation of grassland and savanna ecosystems and to animal production in commercial ranching systems and pastoral societies. Dryland management focused on cattle and sheep grazing has historically attempted to reduce the abundance of encroaching woody vegetation (hereafter, 'brush management') with the intent of reversing declines in forage production, stream flow or groundwater recharge. Here, we assess the known and potential consequences of brush management actions, both positive and negative, on a broader suite of ecosystem services, the scientific challenges to quantifying these services and the trade‐offs among them. Our synthesis suggests that despite considerable investments accompanying the application of brush management practices, the recovery of key ecosystem services may be short‐lived or absent. However, in the absence of such interventions, those and other ecosystem services may be compromised, and the persistence of grassland and savanna ecosystem types and their endemic plants and animals threatened. Addressing the challenges posed by woody plant encroachment will require integrated management systems using diverse theoretical principles to design the type, timing and spatial arrangement of initial management actions and follow‐up treatments. These management activities will need to balance cultural traditions and preferences, socio‐economic constraints and potentially competing land‐use objectives. Synthesis. Our ability to predict ecosystem responses to management aimed at recovering ecosystem services where grasslands and savannas have been invaded by native or exotic woody plants is limited for many attributes (e.g. primary production, land surface–atmosphere interactions, biodiversity conservation) and inconsistent for others (e.g. forage production, herbaceous diversity, water quality/quantity, soil erosion, carbon sequestration). The ecological community is challenged with generating robust information about the response of ecosystem services and their interactions if we are to position land managers and policymakers to make objective, science‐based decisions regarding the many trade‐offs and competing objectives for the conservation and dynamic management of grasslands and savannas.


This paper takes a knowledge-based view on operations strategy and investigate how local best practices (LBPs) are used as contributors for identification and evaluation of a manufacturing global best practice (GBP). Semi-structured interviews with 14 respondents at seven multinational companies concluded that LBPs and GBPs are transferred by different mechanisms. LBPs are rarely used as contributors to GBPs but rather stay internal among local sites. GBPs more often concern development of systems and frameworks and are thereby less concerned with context. The importance of including local knowledge and practices and use existing internal resources to reach competitive advantages are emphasised.


In this paper a connection between intentionality, intensionality, language and emotion will be drawn up through a demonstration of an intimate relationship between the intentionality of emotion and intensionality in language. What will be shown is that the intentionality of emotion can ultimately be traced to the intensionality of emotional contexts. For this purpose, emotive predicates will be categorized in terms of their intensional behavior and regularities. They will then be brought forward for an explication of why and how far the intentionality of emotion is unique. The insights derived from the relevant analyses will then be employed for the implications and ramifications that might be thrown upon the fabric of emotion and language within the space of cognition.


Over a considerable period of time, China has formulated a series of press freedom principles and guidelines for practice. These have their own distinctive features. China has also established its own legal system to regulate press freedom. By using the methods of literature analysis, text analysis, historical analysis and induction methods, this paper studies the origin, spiritual essence and core content of China's press freedom. In addition, the current general framework and functions of China's press laws, as well as the significance of press legislation, are discussed. The study finds that although China has established a relatively complete legal framework to govern the press, but with the rapid development of China's social economy, the problems facing news dissemination will be more and more, the promulgation of specialized laws remains necessary and inevitable in the realization of the supervision of the press control. China needs to establish a perfect news law as soon as possible.


Dr. A. J. Barber remarked on the similarity between the Lewisianoid rocks described in the paper and Lewisian rocks of eastern Glenelg and north-east of Loch Duich. Eclogite, common in these areas, appeared to be absent from the Lewisianoid masses. A careful search of hornblendic rocks might show that some of them contained relic eclogitic minerals and textures. Dr. Barber went on to ask if any rocks corresponding to the Lewisian of western Glenelg could be recognised in the Lewisianoid masses. Finally, had Dr. Simony found any structural evidence of downward closure of isoclinal folds cored by Lewisianoid rocks as illustrated in his cross section? Mr. G. S. Johnstone stated that the Highland Unit of I.G.S. had re-examined part of Dr. Simony's area as part of the progressive mapping programme on the Cluanie sheet. They had the advantage of a certain amount of previous work by the late C. T. Clough and also knowledge of the general content of Dr. Simony's thesis. In addition work was being carried out in the Coire nan Gall area to the north in ground which has considerable affinities with that of Dr. Simony. While in general agreement with his maps and structural sequence, the I.G.S. position differs significantly from that of the author on two points. Dr. Simony suggests that in the Bealach a' Chasain-Saddle area the Lewisianoid rocks occupy the cores of downward facing folds rooting to the north-west. Dr. Berridge of I.G.S. considers that the main Lewisianoid strip is less continuous than


The tragedies of 9/11, Katrina and Rita raised major problems with emergency responses, which did not proceed according to plan. Emergency action plans (EAP's) are a relatively new phenomenon, but the legal principles governing them are based in long-established rules of negligence. Statutes, regulations, and professional standards often require the preparation of emergency action plans (EAP's) to facilitate the response, recovery, and rebuilding efforts when a disaster occurs. The tragic events of 9/11 prompted an article, published by the University of Pittsburg Law Review (63 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 791) three years ago. It laid out the legal issues invoved with emergency planning. The article discussed the three separate problems with EAP's: 1) Failure to prepare an EAP in the first instance; 2) Failure to follow the EAP; and 3) ineffectiveness of the EAP. The article has been substantially expanded since the initial publication in recognition of the reality that we are still on a steep learning curve with emergency planning. The article was the third in a series dealing with the issues of disasters. The first, Act of God? or Act of Man? A Reapprisal of the Act of God Defense in Tort Law was published at 15 The Review of Litigation 1 (1996) and is available on SSRN. The second is The Duty to Disclose Geologic Hazards in Real Estate Transactions, 1 Chapman Law Rev.13 (1998). The thesis of the three articles is that natural disasters are generally foreseeable today, and even if they cannot be prevented, the effects may be ameliorated through the exercise of reasonable care in the planning and response efforts.