Perianesthesia Nursing Care: A Bedside Guide to Safe Recovery is a key reference for clinicians practicing in preoperative areas, phase I and phase II PACU nursing areas, and nurses working in critical care, OB, and other specialty recovery units. Ideal for perianesthesia nursing orientation and perioperative cross-training programs, this text is beneficial for all those caring for pre- and postanesthesia patients. Additionally, it is a valuable tool for nursing students specializing in critical care and perianesthesia nurses preparing to sit for the Certified Post Anesthesia Nursing (CPAN) and Certified Ambulatory Perianesthesia Nurse (CAPA) certification examinations. Divided into three sections that cover the lifespan, Perianesthesia Nursing Care: A Bedside Guide to Safe Recovery is specifically designed to be functional for the clinician and grounding for the student nurse. The first section focuses on core concepts applicable to all perianesthesia patients and families, while the second is population specific, and the third concentrates on particular surgeries and procedures that follow body systems.


Double--diffusive processes occur when two fluids withdifferent diffusivities are combined.The condition for saltfingers is that warm and saline water lies over cold and less saline water.Saltfingers are filaments of saline water. They have a width ranging from a few mm to a few cm. The filaments evolve through layers along the background gradients of temperature and salinity.The formation of saltfingers is nonlinear and depends on manyparameters such as initial stability and the ratio of diffusivities(also known as Lewis and Prandtl Number).Double diffusive processes, such as saltfingering, are thought to havean impact on large scale processes by modifying transport and mixing processes.However, the details of large scale effects as a result of small scalemixing by saltfingering are still unclear.In particular, saltfingers are interesting for\begin{itemize}\item the evolution of staircases (ranges from$1 -100 \ \unit{m}$ e.g. in Caribbean and Mediterranean Sea) andlamination \item the exchange ofmaterial through interfaces and mixing betweenlayers to understand the structure of the resulting turbulent fluxesof temperature and salinity.\end{itemize}We address the latter point of interest with direct numericalsimulations of saltfingers. In order to determine vertical effectivediffusivities we estimated the effective fluxes of temperature and salinity from these simulations. The fingerwidth, which is near the Kolmogorov dissipation scale, isresolved by the grid resolution on a $\unit{\mu m}$--scale.Our simulations illustrate the origin and decay of the turbulentstructure of saltfingers in a small domain.After turbulent fluxes of temperature and salinity weaken, saltfingers become stationary. Furthermore we find an exponential diffusive decayof the finger structure.Our simulations provide a useful measure for existingparameterizations and they close gaps in the parameter range.


Because men of higher genetic quality tend to be poorer partners and parents than men of lower genetic quality, women may profit from securing a stable investment from the latter, while obtaining good genes via extrapair mating with the former. Only if conception occurs, however, do the evolutionary benefits of such a strategy overcome its costs. Accordingly, we predicted that (a) partnered women should prefer attached men, because such men are more likely than single men to have pair-bonding qualities, and hence to be good replacement partners, and (b) this inclination should reverse when fertility rises, because attached men are less available for impromptu sex than single men. In this study, 208 women rated the attractiveness of men described as single or attached. As predicted, partnered women favored attached men at the low-fertility phases of the menstrual cycle, but preferred single men (if masculine, i.e., advertising good genetic quality) when conception risk was high.


Forming communities of practice is an important approach for knowledge sharing and well-designed communities of practice may provide mechanisms for innovation in Open, Distance and eLearning environments. However, the specific guidance to establish communities of practice in higher educational institutions does not always exist. The question further remains how willing are the students to share knowledge within communities of practice at institutions of higher education in order to empower learning and knowledge sharing within those institutions. The aim of this article is to explore the attitudes of 502 students at an open distance e-learning higher education institution or university towards communities of practice. The study applied a quantitative approach using a questionnaire and descriptive and inferential statistics to analyse the responses. The students were invited to engage in learning activities within communities of practice. They were free to decline to participate in this research study, and could withdraw their participation from the study at any time. Returning the completed questionnaire to the researchers indicated their willingness to participate. They preferred online forms of communications. The findings can be used to analyse relationships among communities of practice knowledge-sharing enablers and students' willingness to engage in communities of practice processes. This study described several


Background: Stevia is natural nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) that is considered to be metabolic inert in contrast with artificial NNS, especially sucralose, which cause glucose intolerant in obese patients. However, acute effect of stevia ingestion on glycemic and insulin responses in obese patients are not clearly established. Objectives:To assess acute effect of stevia on glycemic and insulin responses in obese patients. Material and Methods: Obese patients underwent a 75 gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) preceded by consuming pills containing either 200 mg stevia or placebo for 60 minutes before test on two separate occasions, 1 week apart, in a randomized crossover design. Blood samples were obtained for glucose and insulin at 0,30,60,90 and 120 minutes. Area under the curve (AUC) of glucose and insulin responses were calculated. Indices for insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) and Insulin secretion (Insulinogenic index) were calculated using minimal models of glucose and insulin kinetics. Results: Twenty obese patients (BMI 28.75±3.68 kg/m 2 ) were recruited to the study. There were no significant differences in AUC of glucose and insulin between stevia and placebo (glucose, 15,285±4,531 vs. 15,101 ±3,955, p=0.89 and insulin 8,507 ±5,858 vs. 7,652 ± 5,020,p=0.62) Insulin sensitivity derived from OGTT using Matsuda index was not significant difference between stevia and placebo (4.74±1.86 vs. 5.84±2.96,p=0.09). Insulin secretion using Insulinogenic index was not significant difference between stevia and placebo (p=0.155). Conclusions: Stevia does not affect in acute glycemic and insulin responses to OGTT in obese patients. This findings need to be determined in longer duration of ingestion study. Disclosure P. Samakkarnthai: None. M. Payanundana: None. N. Sathavarodom: None. C. Siriwan: None. A. Boonyavarakul: None.


Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is often promoted by governments, NGOs and donors as a means of reducing poverty in rural communities, particularly through income-generation from various natural resource-based activities. CBNRM is increasingly being adopted as a means of poverty reduction in the national development strategies of most southern African countries. But can these high expectations be met? Evidence shows CBNRM is able to contribute to combating poverty in terms of empowering local communities, helping to buffer them against shocks, and building natural capital, rather than putting large amounts of money into their pockets. But CBNRM approaches do not reach their full potential because of policy weaknesses and gaps in implementation. That said, the lack of clear criteria and indicators means that the contribution of CBNRM is not measured, and has probably been underestimated. CBNRM cannot combat poverty on its own – its impact is partially determined by larger political and economic conditions, and it does not address all the causes of poverty. CBNRM should therefore be a part of a broader, multi-faceted national strategy to deal with poverty, and it should be strengthened through further policy reform and improved implementation.


In current era, information and communication technologies (ICT) have become cheaper and affordable for almost every organization. In the meantime, the huge involvement of technologies in the educational environment also creating complex issues for the teachers and administrative supervisors. Making all information and communication resources useable and available need a comprehensive training for the teachers and supervisors as well. As those professionals are the main supporter and guider for upcoming growing generation. From the training and communication perspective in this paper proposed a convenient way of communication by building an Electronic Supervision System Architecture (ESSA). The main purpose behind ESSA is to build an educational collaborative environment between supervisors and teachers which include several kinds of tasks to perform such as; skill development, experience sharing, group meeting & tasks, and discussing about teaching and administrative strategies. On the other side, it will provide the complete and open access to the supervisors to look after the working of their teachers/employees by using ESSA interface. It will also make less effort to communicate with each other which ultimately reduce the workload and will offer the assistance in their tasks by discussing in more efficient manner. Key words: E-Supervision, Education System, E-Supervision Architecture


Using actual purchase data of food products with different labels, we examine Dutch consumers' purchases of organic, fair-trade, and health labels. Empirically, consumers' purchase behavior of labeled products can be categorized into two dimensions: a health-related and a sustainable dimension comprising the purchase of organic and fair-trade products. Using latent class analysis, we find four segments that differ in their purchase behavior of the studied labels. While one segment comprising the majority of consumers mainly purchases conventional products, a somewhat smaller segment purchases products with health labels. A third segment containing approximately 10% of consumers purchases products with both health and sustainable labels; these consumers tend to consider the future consequences of their behavior and have higher biospheric values. The fourth segment is also small, purchases sustainable labels, has strong biospheric values, and largely considers the future consequences of current behavior; it is also less price conscious.


Naomi Klein's 'No Logo' told us what was wrong. Now, George Monbiot shows us how to put it right. Provocative, brave and beautifully argued, 'The Age of Consent' is nothing less than a manifesto for a new world order. 'Our task is not to overthrow globalisation, but to capture it, and to use it as a vehicle for humanity's first global democratic revolution.' All over our planet, the rich get richer while the poor are overtaken by debt and disaster. The world is run not by its people but by a handful of unelected or underelected executives who make the decisions on which everyone else depends: concerning war, peace, debt, development and the balance of trade. Without democracy at the global level, the rest of us are left with no means of influencing these men but to shout abuse and hurl ourselves at the lines of police defending their gatherings and decisions. Does it have to be this way? George Monbiot knows not only that things ought to change, but also that they can change. Drawing on decades of thinking about how the world is organized and administered politically, fiscally and commercially, Monbiot has developed an interlocking set of proposals all his own, which attempts nothing less than a revolution in the way the world is run. If these proposals become popular, never again will people be able to ask of the critics of the existing world order, 'we know what they don't want, but what do they want?' Fiercely controversial and yet utterly persuasive, the ingenious solutions Monbiot suggests for some of the planet's most pressing problems mark him as perhaps the most realistic utopian of our time and a man whose passion is infectious and whose ideas, many will surely come to agree, are becoming irresistible.


This paper replicates the gender-effect on object of loyalty found by Melnyk et al. (2009), suggesting that females are more loyal towards individuals and males are more loyal to groups and organizations. Results from Benin (West Africa) support this but find that the results mostly pertain to informal sectors of the economy. Survey results from male respondents also confirm earlier theory, but results show that females are equally loyal to organizations and individuals, suggesting that Beninese women don't distinguish between an organization and its employees.


Acute aortic dissection can present with a variety of complaints. We present a case involving a man who complained of sudden upper abdominal pain and vomiting 12 hours ago. He was initially diagnosed as acute pancreatitis based on his history and blood work but on computed tomographic scan, also was found to have a Stanford type A aortic dissection. His dissection and pancreatitis was managed medically including tight blood pressure control and protease inhibitor administration. But the patient died of a cardiac arrest 14 hours later. Key words: acute pancreatitis; acute type A aortic dissection.


OBJECTIVE
To analyze the existence of a relationship between burnout and depressive symptoms among intensive care unit nursing staff.

METHOD
A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study with 91 intensive care nurses. Data collection used a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey, and the Beck Depression Inventory - I. The Pearson test verified the correlation between the burnout dimension score and the total score from the Beck Depression Inventory. Fisher's exact test was used to analyze whether there is an association between the diseases.

RESULTS
Burnout was presented by 14.29% of the nurses and 10.98% had symptoms of depression. The higher the level of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and the lower professional accomplishment, the greater the depressive symptoms. The association was significant between burnout and depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSION
Nurses with burnout have a greater possibility of triggering depressive symptoms.


Department of Information and Service Economy 21.11.2012 Master's thesis Anni Tupamäki OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The purpose of this thesis is to examine the use of external resources in order to expand the boundaries of professional competencies. This means external resources can be used for example in strategy making decisions or for performance analysis purposes. This topic is examined with the help of an IT-based analysis tool in the context of football. ACADEMIC BACKGROUNG AND METHODOLOGY The literature part is mainly based on Resource-Based View (RBV), as it provides interesting insights on how a firm's resource base should be managed so that the resources can generate a competitive advantage to the firm. Still, neither RBV nor other strategic management theories are able to provide unambiguous solutions, how the use of external resources, such as analysts or fans of an organization, should be organized. This thesis is set to fill that research gap. However, the more there are external resources used for analysis purposes, the more there are heterogeneity and uncertainty. Thus, there is a positive relationship between heterogeneity and uncertainty. Heterogeneity means the broad scale of analyses by external resources and uncertainty stems from the difficulty to draw conclusions from a vast set of analyses. In this thesis I examine, does the use of an IT-based analysis tool lower the uncertainty but maintain the heterogeneity, because the IT-based analysis tool codes, structures and shares the information to external resources. In addition, I examine that by controlling the form of cooperation and level of experience of external resources, can the uncertainty be further lowered without lowering the original level of heterogeneity. In the context of the experiments the ITbased tool is represented by a video analysis tool. I examine these issues by executing two, exploratory experiments and conduct interviews with key persons. Thus, the methodology of this thesis is based on case-methodology. FINDINGS The findings of this study suggest that the use of video analysis improves the quality of the evaluations by external resources. It is recommended to use experienced external resources, who have a proven track record and are professionals within the field, for analysis purposes. Also those persons, who know the methods of the organization, are able to provide useful and innovative analyses when they accomplish the analysis in co-operation. The study suggests that the use of those resources, who do not know the organization or are not professionals, is not recommended.


This essay takes Mamoru Oshii's Avalon (2001) as a starting point for consideration of the impact of simulational interactive media on contemporary technoculture. The connections made in the film between virtual reality games and military research and development, and its quasi-simulational modelling of various historical 'Polands' in re-sequencing a dystopian end of history are the most valuable resources it brings to this study of how simulation's predominant development represents a major challenge to the forms of critical cultural reflection associated with narrative-based forms of recording and interrogating experience. Analysis of the methods and rhetorics of simulation design in the military-industrial (and now military-entertainment) complex will elaborate the nature and stakes of this challenge for today's globalising technoculture of 'militainment'.


Abductor paralysis, caused by foreign body (W. Bruggisser) bilateral (J. B. Ball) . . . . bilateral, in tabes dorsalis (Sir F. Semon) double: administration of an anaesthetic in case of (0. F. F. Griinbaum) . . . . . . ABERCEOMBIB (Dr.), case of meatal polypus with intact membrana tympani ABERCKOMBIE (P. H.), case of pharyngeal growth. Shown for Dr. Orwin . a case of laryngeal paehydermia . . . . case of black tongue . . . . . Abscess of maxillary antrum associated with facial paralysis (M. Collier) . cerebral (F. Gardener) . . . . . — — and meningitis of otitic origin (Bougie) (extra-dural), causing thrombophlebitis of cavernous sinus (Politzer) following acute suppurative tympano-mastoiditis (J. F. McCaw) — rnastoid (acute), cured by Stacke-like operation — of brain arising from middle-ear suppuration; opening and draining (abstract of discussion) . . . . . — fatal case of extradural and cerebellar abscess (C. H. Fagge) fatal otitic abscess in left temporal lobe of brain causing word-blindness (H. Knapp) following purulent inflammation of middle ear ; operation; evacuation of abscess; death (C. H. May) operative treatment of (Charles A. Ballance) — of cerebellum arising from middle-ear suppuration ; opening and draining (abstract of discussion) . . . . multiple cerebellar abscesses and sigmoid sinus thrombosis (J. E. Sheppard) operation; recovery (W. G. Richards) . rupture into fourth ventricle (G. P. Bigge) with lateral sinus pyaemia; recovery (H. F. Waterhouse) — of orbit in case of frontal and ethmoidal disease (T. R. Pooley) — (perisinusal) following acute purulent otitis (Taptas) — post-pharyngeal, accompanying septic thrombosis of lateral sinus (S. Walker) . . . . . . — (temporo-sphenoidal) following chronic suppurative inflammation of middle ear (J. Dundas Grant) . . . . . following middle-ear suppuration (P. Jakins) tonsillar and peritonsillar (E. J. Moure) Accidents attending adenoid operations (C. R. Holmes and H. S. Garlich). Adenoid : cheesy mass found in adenoid growth after removal (R. McKenzie Johnston) . . . . . . . face (de Champeaux) . . . . . vegetation (F. Danziger) . . . . . (J. P. Morton) . . . . . myxcedema and (Thomas) . . . . Adenoids: diagnosis and treatment of adenoids by the general practitioner (F. Huber) . . . . . . . 256 146 412


Anthropologists have long sought to establish a relationship to the discipline of history. In the United States, this effort may be traced at least as far back as the work of A. L. Kroeber (1966). However, with the explosion of interest in colonialism that gripped the U.S. academy in the 1980s and 1990s, it received especially influential articulations in the work of Bernard Cohn (1990) and John and Jean Comaroff (1992).1 For both Cohn and the Comaroffs (very explicitly for the latter), the need for anthropology to establish a relationship to history was part of the effort to rehabilitate anthropology after the anti-colonial critiques the discipline sustained in the 1970s and 1980s. Following these critiques, anthropologists were told to shed their colonial baggage as scholars interested in "others" rendered distinguishable from "ourselves" principally by their absence of history and by their immobilization in "cultures" understood as ahistorical frameworks. At the same time, anthropologists were exhorted to shed their naive epistemological assumption that a meaningful account of their subjects could be based upon nothing more than "presence" in the midst of their subjects. The proffered solution was a trip to the archives. But if a trip to the archives was to save anthropology, what was to prevent anthropologists from becoming nothing more than historians? It is here that anthropologists from Kroeber to Cohn to the Comaroffs revealed not altogether without truth and often humorously-their pitying disdain for historians. In their renderings, there were many differences between historians and anthropologists, most of them redounding to the advantage of the latter. Thus, historians were supposedly naively interested in events rather than practices; they were either theoretically unsophisticated or wedded to empiricist bourgeois categories such as the individual, biography, causality, and so on, and they often wrote in a distinctly nonspecialist, indeed bellelettrist, idiom. But the foundational difference between historians and anthropologists, we were told, inhered in the ways the two disciplines constructed a relationship to their sources. Thus, Cohn stated: In loose terms, research in history is based on finding data; research in anthropology is based on creating data. Obviously the historian has to find the sources on which to base his research. If he cannot find them, then no matter how good his ideas are or how well thought through the problem is on which he wants to work, he cannot do the research. My suspicion is that most historical research is done because there is a known body of source material available. The anthropologist, on the other hand, often is interested in a problem, descriptive or theoretical, and the question is then one of deciding what types of materials he will need for pursuing the problem. (1990:6) This is a marvelous rendering of why-in the eyes of at least one influential practitioner of historical anthropology-historians and anthropologists are different. But in what sense is it meaningful to say that historians find data/are motivated by existing data, whereas anthropologists create data/are motivated by intellectual problems? I submit that Cohn's account of the difference between historians and anthropologists might be productively grasped if one sees disciplinary practices and styles in history and anthropology as emanating from different disciplinary fantasies about the finitude/infinitude of sources. I believe that these different disciplinary fantasies are widely subscribed to by historians and anthropologists (although historians will, of course, balk at the negative spin that anthropologists have put on their disciplinary style and practice). The historians' fantasy is that the sources are finite. They believe as a result that it is at least theoretically possible to go through them all. In my view, this is true even for historians who work in areas-for example, twentieth-century U. …


Injection of poly(methyl methacrylate) cements, one standard Treatment for osteoporotic vertebral body fractures, may lead to critical loads and subsequent fractures in adjacent vertebral bodies. Biodegradable calcium phosphate cements (CPC) with bioinductive growth factors may be an alternative, since they have a Young's modulus comparable to that of cancellous bone.
Non-destructive tests with μCT and quantitative Image evaluation are used to assess new bone growth and material resorption following intravertebral injection of CPC. Immediate deep-freezing of excised bone prevents shrinkage or tissue disintegration and the samples have to be kept frozen for all following steps, including transport, μCT measurements, and subsequent biomechanical tests. Here we will report on a set-up to preserve the frozen state of the material and allow stable long-term serial μCT measurements. In addition, the image processing technique for the evaluation of bone growth and selected results on subsequently carried out compressive strength tests will be presented.


This document defines new options to discover the Broadcast and
Multicast Service (BCMCS) controller in an IP network. BCMCS is being
developed for Third generation (3G) cellular telephone networks. Users
of the service interact with a controller in the network via the
Mobile Node (MN) to derive information required to receive Broadcast
and Multicast Service. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol can be used
to configure the MN to access a particular controller. This document
defines the related options and option codes. [STANDARDS-TRACK]


OBJECTIVE
Transorbital approaches for neurosurgery have recently attracted attention and several anatomical studies have aimed to improve these techniques, but significant deficiencies in clinical practice remain, especially for aneurysm surgery. The authors present an alternative microsurgical route and the results of an analysis of patients with intracranial aneurysms who underwent a lateral transorbital approach (LTOA) using lateral orbito-zygoma-sphenotomy (LOZYGS).

METHODS
The clinical and surgical results of a series of 54 consecutive patients with 1 or more aneurysms who underwent surgery via LTOA are reported. A lateral orbitotomy was performed after making a 3-cm skin incision parallel to the lateral orbital rim. A second bone flap, which included the zygoma and sphenoid bones that form the lateral orbital wall, was removed. The lesser sphenoid wing, including the anterior clinoid process, was fully drilled, except in cases of middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms. Cisternal dissection was performed using the classic microsurgical technique starting from the proximal Sylvian fissure and carotid cistern. After the aneurysm was clipped following microsurgical principles, the dura mater was closed in a watertight fashion and 2-piece bone reconstruction was achieved.

RESULTS
Sixty aneurysms in 54 patients were clipped using the LOZYGS route. Twenty-one aneurysms were located on the MCA, 30 on the anterior communicating artery, 8 on the internal carotid artery, and 1 at the apex of the basilar artery. The unruptured-to-ruptured aneurysm ratio was 17:43. The operative field was moved to the orbit using the LTOA to avoid interference by bone and muscle tissues. Early proximal control was achieved using a short working distance and direct exposure of the base of the cerebrum, without any requirement for retraction. Because different view angles and surgical corridors were used, no segment of the aneurysm or the parent artery remained unexposed. Therefore, the introduction of additional tools was not required.

CONCLUSIONS
The LTOA allowed enhanced broad-perspective exposure of the operative field, early proximal control, and satisfactory surgical freedom. This alternative surgical approach safely exposed the target area and the operative field. The LOZYGS route is safe and effective for the LTOA and microsurgical clipping of anterior circulation aneurysms. According to the authors' surgical experience and clinical experience, the LTOA can be considered an alternative surgical route to supratentorial aneurysm surgery.


This paper discusses the indicators of development possibilities for sea ports of national importance which are opened for public traffic: Rijeka, Ploce, Zadar, Split and Dubrovnik, as well as for inland water ports: Vukovar, Osijek, Slavonski Brod and Sisak. Development of traffic and logistic integration processes have been proposed for Croatian sea and river ports, based upon development factors analyses. Croatian sea ports Rijeka, Ploce and inland water cargo ports Osijek, Vukovar, Slavonski Brod and Sisak have been analysed as delivery/forwarding points (nodes), taking into account the directions of goods flows, the participation in the traffic of goods, and all other relevant indicators. The integrated and coordinated approach to the ports and other subjects in the logistic chain redirects the traffic from roads to railways and inland waterways as energy efficient and environmentally – friendly forms of transportation, increases business rationality and optimal organisation users and transportation entities.


Agricultural land is a major source of diffuse nutrient and sediment pollution in UK rivers (Davies et al., 2009, Poole et al., 2013). The management of the agri-environment is a complex process supported by UK and EU legislation. The EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) provides funding streams to enable national environmental stewardships (ES) programmes, or 'agri-environment schemes' that provide financial incentives to farmers and land managers to farm in a way that supports biodiversity and improves the quality of soils and water. Currently 70% of farmland in England is covered by environmental stewardship schemes, the current incarnation of which is 'Countryside Stewardship' (Defra, 2015). Water quality is an important part of such schemes, indeed they provide funding for a range of management options to reduce diffuse water pollution, principally related to the application of nutrients, soil tilling and the establishment of buffers and fencing around waterbodies. In England, these measures are further supported by the Catchment Sensitive Farming project (CSF) which provides free training and advice to farmers to improve the environmental performance of the farms and reduce diffuse water pollution in priority catchments (Natural England, 2014). The 'catchment based approach' has emerged in recent years as catchment scale collaborations between stakeholders to deliver improvements to the water environment beyond those of ES schemes.
Though the measures provided by ES schemes are essentially best practice measures, it is still necessary, in view of the financial investment, to determine their efficacy. However, across the EU, studies that test the success of ES schemes are uncommon, and are usually inadequate to assess reliably the efficiency of the scheme (confounding factors include biased site selection, inadequate controls, weak before/after information, lack of replication and no baseline data, confounding effects of multiple measures) (Kleijn & Sutherland, 2003). To fill this gap in knowledge, demonstration test catchments (DTC's) were set up in England as research platforms where the implementation of multiple on-farm measures for diffuse water pollution can be tested against an ecological baseline. Cost effectiveness of measures is an important aspect of DTC research, and the time-scale over which effects of measures may be detected is an important aspect. The response time of ecological elements to measure implementation is not well understood yet they represent an important endpoint for compliance with the WFD. To be able to demonstrate improvements in ecological quality, it is important to know how much monitoring is required pre and post change. However, available resources rarely allow for sites to be monitored intensively for long periods. Thus short term monitoring may prove informative if delivered within a framework that provides a strong power to detect change.
This study examines change driven by agri-environment schemes over a short time scale, in line with the resources that were available. A before-after-control-impact (BACI) survey design was used and multiple ecological endpoints were monitored to increase our power of detection. We aimed to demonstrate whether ecological change on a short time scale could be unequivocally linked to mitigation measures despite natural seasonal and inter-annual variability.


How did eighteenth-century British authors encounter, and respond to, this question: are we able to feel the emotions of other people? How did the dominance of empirical epistemology shape their responses? During this period, the ideas of the aesthetic, and then realism, were developed on the explicit model of scientific or experimental knowledge by Dryden, Addison, Fielding, and Johnson. The key to this analogy was the notion that both kinds of knowledge are virtual products of mental operations that abstract from the actual sense impressions that are, for empiricism, the foundation of all knowledge. The major difference between the scientific understanding and the aesthetic and realist imagination lies in the degree of distance each takes from the senses. The distance taken by the imagination is comparatively moderate, as can be seen in the fact that the virtual images that are its product still reflect the appearance of the actual nature from which they are abstracted. The distance taken by scientific understanding is far greater, producing not recognisableed. The distance taken by scientific understanding is far greater, producing not recognisable images of nature but fully abstracted concepts or numbers. Our knowledge of what other people feel comes not from any sensible connection we have to them, but from our imagination of what we might feel were we in the same circumstances as they are. This is especially evident in the response we have to artistic representations of others. But our imaginations mediate between us and others in all knowledge we have of the mental states of others; and although concepts are not produced by this knowledge, it is nonetheless a cognitive operation. Summary 1 Scientific Method. – 2 Dramatic Method: The Two Unities. – 3 Dramatic Method: The Aesthetic. – 4.1 Narrative Method: The Claim to Historicity. – 4.2 Narrative Method: Realism. – 5 Coda.


The introduction of new sedative agents as well as a desire for improved patient satisfaction and greater efficiency has changed the practice of endoscopic sedation. The frequency of sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy varies, but has increased and is now given in the majority of cases, particularly in the private practice setting. Although sedation improves tolerance of the endoscopic procedures, it may be responsible for about 50% of the complications related to the examination.


In this remarkable visual survey, internationally acclaimed photographer Sebastiao Salgado documents traditional methods of sustainable coffee farming across the globe, revealing rituals deeply steeped in history and pride.The book spans nearly a decade of research into the hidden world of coffee, highlighting relationships characterised by respect, fair exchange and a shared understanding that ever-improving quality has the power to improve lives. Salgado, a native to one of Brazil's premier coffee-growing regions, is the perfect guide for a reader's journey to principal farming locations in China, Colombia, Guatemala, Ethiopia, India, Brazil, Costa Rica and beyond.


Praise for the First Edition: I highly recommend this monograph for physicians, dietitians, and other health practitioners as well as the health-aware public. It captures what you need to know in a succinct but comprehensive fashion. -- American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine Now in a completely updated second edition, An Evidence-based Approach to Dietary Phytochemicals and Other Dietary Factors is a trusted resource for all health professionals who need to interpret the explosion of information on the role of a plant-based diet in health and disease. It consolidates a wealth of scientifically accurate, peer-reviewed data on plant foods, dietary phytochemicals, and dietary supplements, and includes information on essential intake recommendations, dietary sources, nutrient and drug interactions, phytochemicals in disease prevention, possible adverse effects, and much more. Special features: * All chapters revised and updated, with new sections on choline, coenzyme Q10, L-Carnitine, lipoic acid, and other dietary factors * Logically structured for quick access to information: begins with the evidence-based benefits of fruits and vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains, coffee, and tea; and goes on to the scientific and clinical data on individual dietary phytochemicals and classes of phytochemicals, including carotenoids, flavonoids, fiber, and more* Summaries at the end of each chapter for rapid review * Peer-reviewed by experts in the field, ensuring that all material is accurate and up-to-date * The well-constructed appendix includes not only a quick reference to diseases and foods and where to find them in the book, but also useful tables on phytochemical-drug interactions, phytochemical-nutrient interactions, and phytochemical-rich foods; a summary of the glycemic index of dietary carbohydrates; and a comprehensive glossary of terms Concisely synthesizing a huge amount of epidemiological and clinical research, and emphasizing the importance of a phytochemical-rich diet over dietary supplements, this book is ideal for nutritionists, dieticians, nurses, and other health care professionals who need to educate patients about sound food choices. Students in graduate programs in nutrition, food science, pharmacy, and allied health fields will also find the abundance of rigorous, scientifically accurate information essential in their studies.


It is very important to accompany young people who start their engineering practice in a company. The presence of an experienced and appreciative mentor, who gives a good orientation to the young persons, facilitates the development, not only of their lives as employees, but, potentially, their entire life as professionals and human beings. Valuable mentoring leads to the creation of spaces of trust that open the mind of the young engineer towards learning and acceptance of experiences and criteria. In this way, the mentor can transmit wisdom, motivation, visions and values, while, at the same time, managing doubts, concerns and expanding perspectives. The author has a long experience in these mentoring processes and presents here several concepts related to it. The human potential is the basis of the process, described, fundamentally, in terms of communications. Criteria of success are proponed and considerations on the environment that facilitates and stimulates achievements. The difficulties and the way of overcoming them are examined, with emphasis on focusing the process with a long-term vision and with values, adequately defining the work areas to be developed in the accompaniment process. The concept of personal talent mining and of mentoring as an art is presented, as a basis for the methodology to carry on a good mentoring process.


As software systems evolve, new interface features such as keyboard shortcuts and toolbars are introduced. While it is common to regression test the new features for functional correctness, there has been less focus on systematic regression testing for usability, due to the effort and time involved in human studies. Cognitive modeling tools such as CogTool provide some help by computing predictions of user performance, but they still require manual effort to describe the user interface and tasks, limiting regression testing efforts. In recent work, we developed CogTool-Helper to reduce the effort required to generate human performance models of existing systems. We build on this work by providing task specific test case generation and present our vision for human performance regression testing (HPRT) that generates large numbers of test cases and evaluates a range of human performance predictions for the same task. We examine the feasibility of HPRT on four tasks in LibreOffice, find several regressions, and then discuss how a project team could use this information. We also illustrate that we can increase efficiency with sampling by leveraging an inference algorithm. Samples that take approximately 50% of the runtime lose at most 10% of the performance predictions.


Global environmental concern and action have increased markedly over the past few decades. Rather than resulting in uniform environmental values across the globe, we argue that distinct environmentalisms are socially constructed in different places through the complex interactions between the global environmental values and locally unique historical, political, and environmental factors. We analyze forest-related mental and cultural models-including both beliefs and values-using text analysis of transcripts and field notes from 67 qualitative interviews in five villages adjacent to La Amistad International Park in Costa Rica. We find that global environmental discourse has played a key role in framing the way rural people think and talk about forests. Consewation-oriented discourse has largely replaced earlier frontier views of forests as resources to be exploited and converted to agricultural lands. We find that the new forest beliefs and values are genuine, but also that they are sometimes superficial and lack motivating force. Local people are exposed to influential environmental discourses that see forests as something to be protected for heritage values and as a source of national development through ecotourism and bioprospecting, which often place forest conservation in opposition to their livelihood needs. This conflict has produced mediating discourses that acknowledge forest conservation as good while creating a legitimate place for rural landowners and their livelihood needs in the forested landscape. The result is unique local forest beliefs and values that are different from both earlier local beliefs and global and national environmental discourses.


Vocal fold vibration results from an alternating balance between subglottal air pressure that drives the vocal folds apart and muscular, elastic, and restoring forces that draw them together. The aim of the present thesis is to present quantitative data of normal vocal function using a noninvasive method. Measurements are made on the inverse filtered airflow waveform, of estimated average trans glottal pressure and glottal airflow, and of sound pressure for productions of syllable sequences. Statistical results are used to infer mechanisms that underlie differences across ( 1 ) normal, loud, and soft voice, (2) normal, high, and low pitch, and (3) between female and male voices. Interspeaker variation in group data and intra speaker variation across repeated recordings is also investigated. The results showed no significant female-male differences in pressure, suggesting that differences in other measures were not primarily due to differences in the respiratory systems . Most glottal waveforms showed a DC flow offset, suggesting an air leakage through a posterior glottal opening. Results suggested (indirectly) that the males in comparison with the females had significantly higher vocal fold closing velocities (maximum flow declination rate), larger vocal fold oscillations (AC flow), and relatively longer closed portions of the cycle (open quotient) in normal and loud voice. In soft voice, female and male waveforms were more alike. In comparison with normal voice, both females and males produced loud voice with significantly higher values of pressure, vocal fold closing velocity, and AC flow. Soft voice was produced with significantly lower values of these measures and increased DC flow. Correlation analyses indicated that several of the airflow measures were more directly related to vocal intensity than to pitch. Interspeaker variation was large, emphasizing the importance of large subject groups to capture normal variation. Intraspeaker variation across recording sessions was less than 2 standard deviations of the group means. The results should contribute to the understanding of normal voice function, and should be useful as norms in studies of voices disorders as well.


Climate change is expected to result in substantial ecological impacts across the globe. These impacts are uncertain but there is strong consensus that they will almost certainly affect fire regimes and vegetation. In this study, we evaluated how climate change may influence fire frequency, fire severity, and broad classes of vegetation in mountainous ecoregions of the contiguous western US for early, middle, and late 21st century (2025, 2055, and 2085, respectively). To do so, we employed the concept of a climate analog, whereby specific locations with the best climatic match between one time period and a different time period are identified. For each location (i.e. 1-km2 pixel), we evaluated potential changes by comparing the reference period fire regime and vegetation to that of the fire regime and vegetation of the nearest pixels representative of its future climate. For the mountainous regions we investigated, we found no universal increase or decrease in fire frequency or severity. Instead, potential changes depend on the bioclimatic domain. Specifically, wet and cold regions (i.e. mesic and cold forest) generally exhibited increased fire frequency but decreased fire severity, whereas drier, moisture-limited regions (i.e. shrubland/grassland) displayed the opposite trend. Results also indicate the potential for substantial changes in the amount and distribution of some vegetation types, highlighting important interactions and feedbacks among climate, fire, and vegetation. Our findings also shed light on a potential threshold or tipping point at intermediate moisture conditions that suggest shifts in vegetation from forest to shrubland/grassland are possible as the climate becomes warmer and drier. However, our study assumes that fire and vegetation are in a state of equilibrium with climate, and, consequently, natural and human-induced disequilibrium dynamics should be considered when interpreting our findings.

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It was not until the 1850s that the average life expectancy in women began to rise noticeably in Germany and Europe. Up to the 1980s it increased in waves. Since then the gender gap has gradually decreased and settled. For decades demographers, historians, medical researchers and health scientists have provided partial explanations for this phenomenon. This volume now presents a comparison of seven Central, Western and Northern European countries spanning one and a half centuries: some of the selected countries took part in both World Wars, others remained neutral; in some countries the rate of smoking varies, others have widely differing female occupation rates. As a result of this comparison, the varying effects of biological and socio-cultural influences on the gender gap and the reversal of this secular trend can be placed with much greater scientific precision than before. The volume also contributes to objectify the public debate on the gender gap and its implications for health policy.


1 Changing temperature regimes and precipitation patterns in the Subarctic will impact on vegetation composition and diversity including those of bryophyte and lichen communities, which are major drivers of high‐latitude carbon and nutrient cycling and hydrology. 2 We investigated the relative importance of such impacts at different temporal, spatial and plant functional scales in subarctic Sphagnum fuscum‐dominated peatlands, comprising both an in situ warming experiment and natural climatic and topographic gradients in northern Sweden and Norway. We applied multivariate analyses to investigate the relationships among cryptogam and vascular plant species composition and abiotic (temperature, moisture) and biotic (Sphagnum growth) regimes at various scales. 3 At the short‐term temporal scale (4‐year warming experiment), increased temperature yielded no clear effect on cryptogam or vascular plant species composition. Spatially, direct effects of temperature were decisive for overall species composition across regions (macro‐scale) rather than within one region (meso‐scale). Moisture and Sphagnum growth were drivers of species composition at all spatial scales, and Sphagnum growth itself depended on its position on the microtopographic gradient and on temperature. 4 Grouping of bryophytes and lichens at increasing scales of functional aggregation from species, growth form to the major higher taxon level (Sphagnum, other mosses, liverworts, lichens) revealed mostly increasing correlation with climate regimes and Sphagnum growth. Excluding liverworts from the analysis tended to reduce the correlation. 5 Abundances of lichens, liverworts, non‐Sphagnum mosses and (to a lesser degree) vascular plants were negatively related to Sphagnum abundance. Few cryptogam and vascular plant species showed a positive relationship with Sphagnum abundance. Correspondingly, cryptogam species richness and Shannon Index on peatlands strongly declined as Sphagnum abundance increased, while indices for vascular plants showed no significant relationship. 6 Synthesis. Scale, be it spatial or functional, strongly determined which environmental drivers showed the clearest relationships with vegetation composition and diversity. Our findings will help to optimize predictions about long‐term effects of climate on peatland vegetation composition, and subsequently its feedbacks to carbon and water cycles, at the regional scale.


The sustainable building movement is suffering a crisis of overhype and from focusing too often on new buildings. The refurbishment of existing buildings is a crucial yet often being neglected. Many old buildings waste large amounts of energy and provide poor internal conditions for occupants through poor lighting, poor ventilation, solar penetration and glare, and poor control of heating and cooling. Making existing buildings more sustainable will be the next big focus for the design industry. The aim of this research is to study the green concept applying to existing buildings; to establish the most critical of these aspects; and to identify methods to improve the existing buildings. The methodology for conducting the study involved literature review, data collection and analysis of results using the Average Index Method. The process of data collection involved obtaining primary data from the respondents by conducting questionnaires surveys and interview with building professional. The primary barriers and benefits towards green initiatives in existing building have been identified.


This study sought to establish rate of decline of adaptive skills in a population of individuals with intellectual disability (ID) and dementia compared to similar persons without dementia, as well as examining the variability of positive and negative social behaviors across diagnostic classes. Among the general population, differential rates of functional decline have been established for normal aging and dementia. This knowledge assists in making differential diagnoses of dementia, establishing prognosis, and longterm planning. For this study, participants in each group were individually matched for age, gender, Down's syndrome status, and level of ID. Participants in the matched control group were screened for the presence of dementia with the Early Signs of Dementia Checklist (Visser & Kuilman, 1990). A 2 (groups) X 3 (measures) X 4 (repeated measures) Mixed Multivariate Analysis of Variance was completed to assess rate of decline within groups with the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Sparrow, Balla, & Cicchetti, 1984) and corresponding changes in positive and negative behaviors as measured by the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills for the Severely Retarded (Matson, 1995). Hypothesis 1 established that prior to a diagnosis of dementia groups were equivalent (F (1, 40) = 1.086, p = .304). Hypothesis 2 found no significant differences for adaptive behaviors, therefore rate of decline was not established. However, visual analysis of plotted means supports predicted decline in skills for both groups. Furthermore there were significant differences across time for positive social skills as measured with the MESSIER (F (3, 96) = 3.887, p = .011, β = .811). Hypothesis 3


Increasing the expressiveness of qualitative spatial calculi is an essential step towards meeting the requirements of applications. This can be achieved by combining existing calculi in a way that we can express spatial information using relations from multiple calculi. The great challenge is to develop reasoning algorithms that are correct and complete when reasoning over the combined information. Previous work has mainly studied cases where the interaction between the combined calculi was small, or where one of the two calculi was very simple. In this paper we tackle the important combination of topological and directional information for extended spatial objects. We combine some of the best known calculi in qualitative spatial reasoning, the RCC8 algebra for representing topological information, and the Rectangle Algebra (RA) and the Cardinal Direction Calculus (CDC) for directional information. We consider two different interpretations of the RCC8 algebra, one uses a weak connectedness relation, the other uses a strong connectedness relation. In both interpretations, we show that reasoning with topological and directional information is decidable and remains in NP. Our computational complexity results unveil the significant differences between RA and CDC, and that between weak and strong RCC8 models. Take the combination of basic RCC8 and basic CDC constraints as an example: we show that the consistency problem is in P only when we use the strong RCC8 algebra and explicitly know the corresponding basic RA constraints.


ABSTRACT This article examines patterns of within-building vertical segregation in Bucharest, Romania under late socialism using micro-data (individual/household level information) from the 1992 Romanian national census. The data allows examination of separation of households according to the floor on which a household is located and according to the residential sector/district of Bucharest. Findings suggest that common social and demographic factors are related to the location of households in both horizontal and vertical dimensions of urban space. We also find that a freely functioning real estate market is not necessary to produce vertical segregation. Consequently, since vertical segregation existed in early and modern capitalist cities – and bearing in mind that the phenomenon existed under socialism too – we conclude that, like horizontal socio-spatial separation, vertical segregation is an intrinsic characteristic of modern cities and a feature of urban space that did not diminish when pre-industrial cities disappeared.


Many observers believe that there is something seriously wrong with the current state of the judicial confirmation process, particularly that it features too much conflict and obstruction. This Article does not take sides on whether reform is necessary or desirable but instead examines the relatively neglected issue of the vehicle through which reform might take place - that is, the method of implementing whatever reform (if any) is thought appropriate. In particular, this Article will take up the question whether the confirmation process could be reformed not through the vehicles that are usually proposed - a constitutional amendment, a change to internal Senate rules, an informal deal or norm - but instead through the mechanism of a statute that would govern the Senate's procedures. The statute might, for example, purport to bar filibusters of judicial nominations. While employing a statute might at first seem peculiar, there is in fact a significant, growing, and interesting body of statutory law that governs internal rules of debate. Is a statute a permissible method of reform in this context? This Article canvasses various potential impediments to employing a statute and concludes that the Constitution would not permit a statute to override the Senate's ordinary power to control its rules of debate. The reason that such a statute could not formally bind is that it would violate a structural principle of cameral procedural autonomy that is critical to the constitutional design. The Article nonetheless suggests that a confirmations statute might still have practical political effect even if it cannot be legally binding.


BACKGROUND
Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are commonly observed following injury, few studies have focused on the effect of psychiatric symptoms on return to work (RTW) following occupational injury.

AIMS
To determine the impact of psychiatric symptoms on RTW after occupational injury.

METHODS
PubMed (1980-2014), MEDLINE (1980-2014) and PsycINFO (1980-2014) databases were examined with linked fields of research in February 2015. Reference lists of eligible articles were also searched. Cohort, case-control, cross-sectional studies and intervention studies were selected according to predefined criteria. Evidence was synthesized qualitatively according to the Downs and Black and Crombie checklist. The standard checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of each study by two reviewers.

RESULTS
Five of the 56 records met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After occupational injury, the rates of RTW after the injuries varied widely, ranging from 31 to 63%. PTSD symptoms and depressive symptoms appeared to be negatively associated with RTW.

CONCLUSIONS
Currently, the evidence is insufficient to draw conclusions about the effects of psychiatric symptoms on RTW after occupational injury and more studies are needed. Future studies with large sample sizes are warranted to determine the prevalence of RTW and to detect the psychiatric factors.


This abstract introduces a new automated method of measuring reading patterns by analyzing eye properties via an eye tracking platform and context analysis. The method utilizes eye tracking data and stimulus text properties in a way that makes it possible to identify reading fixations and reading patterns with a high accuracy compared to looking at fixations only. This helps doing a fast initial analysis on how the text is cognitively perceived and thereby provides easier access to valuable high level information on how the text is comprehended.


Contraction hierarchies are graph-based data structure developed to speed up shortest path search in road networks. Built during an offline pre-processing step, contraction hierarchies are always paired with an online query algorithm which is a variation on bi-directional Dijkstra search. Though effective and highly popular this combination can sometimes be difficult to extend, for example in order to leverage goal-directed heuristics or other forward-driven pruning techniques. In this paper we deconstruct the bi-directional query algorithm of contraction hierarchies and derive a new algorithmic schema which is compatible with standard uni-directional or bi-directional search. We then develop a variety of new uni-directional query algorithms to find optimal paths in contraction hierarchies. These are based on the combination of A* search and Geometric Containers, a well known and successful edge-pruning technique. Empirical results show that our approach can improve search times by an order of magnitude vs bi-directional Dijkstra, albeit at the cost of additional memory and pre-processing time.


The effect of corticosterone on protein turnover in skeletal muscle was investigated in growing rats. Protein synthesis was measured in vivo by the constant infusion of [(14)C]tyrosine. The extent to which any effect of corticosterone is modulated by the hyperinsulinaemia induced by steroid treatment was examined by giving the hormone not only to adrenalectomized rats but also to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats maintained throughout the treatment period on two dosages of insulin by an implanted osmotic minipump. Approximate rates of protein degradation were also estimated in some cases as the difference between synthesis and net change in muscle protein mass. Measurements were also made of free 3-methylhistidine concentration in muscle and plasma. At 10mg of corticosterone/100g body wt. per day, growth stopped and muscle wasting occurred, whereas at 5 mg of corticosterone/100g body wt. per day no net loss of protein occurred. However, this low dose did induce muscle wasting when insulin concentration was regulated by a dose of 1.2 units/day. Protein synthesis was markedly depressed in all treated groups, the depression in the insulin-maintained rats being marginally more than in the hyperinsulinaemic adrenalectomized rats. The oxidative soleus muscle appeared to be less susceptible to the effect of the corticosterone than was the more glycolytic plantaris or gastrocnemius muscle. Any effect of the corticosterone on protein degradation was much less than its effects on protein synthesis. Where increases in the degradation rates appeared to occur in the rats treated with 10mg of corticosterone/100g body wt. per day, the increases were less than 20%. The free intracellular 3-methylhistidine concentrations were doubled in all groups treated with 5 mg of corticosterone/100g body wt. per day and increased 5-fold in the adrenalectomized rats treated with 10mg of corticosterone/100g body wt. per day, with no change in plasma concentration in any of the groups. It is therefore concluded that: (a) the suppression of protein synthesis is the main effect of glucocorticoids in muscle; (b) marked increases in insulin afford only minor protection against this effect; (c) stimulation of protein degradation may occur, but to a much lesser extent.


In 2009 the University of Girona (Spain) created four interest groups on teaching innovation. The objective of the project is that lecturers with an interest in teaching innovation can exchange their points of view and learn from one another, so University teaching is improved as a result. There are four such groups: "Problem based learning (ABP)", "Cooperative learning", "Evaluation", and "Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and Teaching". The coordinators of the groups or networks, as they are also called, are chosen on a free basis by its members. This paper presents their point of view as regards the current activity of encouragement of interest in higher education and they elaborate on the main difficulties involved. The implications of the interdisciplinary work are explored, as well as the challenges of an initiative of this kind. The evolution of the ongoing work is reviewed, taking into account the context of a changing University, the lack of previous experience regarding projects of this kind, the asynchronous communication among the participants, and the necessity of a flexible approach in organizational matters


We provide new conditions for identification of accelerated failure time competing risks models. These include Roy models and some auction models. In our setup, unknown regression functions and the joint survivor function of latent disturbance terms are all nonparametric. We show that this model is identified given covariates that are independent of latent errors, provided that a certain rank condition is satisfied. We present a simple example in which our rank condition for identification is verified. Our identification strategy does not depend on identification at infinity or near zero, and it does not require exclusion assumptions. Given our identification, we show estimation can be accomplished using sieves.


Differentiable renderers have been used successfully for unsupervised 3D structure learning from 2D images because they can bridge the gap between 3D and 2D. To optimize 3D shape parameters, current renderers rely on pixel-wise losses between rendered images of 3D reconstructions and ground truth images from corresponding viewpoints. Hence they require interpolation of the recovered 3D structure at each pixel, visibility handling, and optionally evaluating a shading model. In contrast, here we propose a Differentiable Renderer Without Rendering (DRWR) that omits these steps. DRWR only relies on a simple but effective loss that evaluates how well the projections of reconstructed 3D point clouds cover the ground truth object silhouette. Specifically, DRWR employs a smooth silhouette loss to pull the projection of each individual 3D point inside the object silhouette, and a structure-aware repulsion loss to push each pair of projections that fall inside the silhouette far away from each other. Although we omit surface interpolation, visibility handling, and shading, our results demonstrate that DRWR achieves state-of-the-art accuracies under widely used benchmarks, outperforming previous methods both qualitatively and quantitatively. In addition, our training times are significantly lower due to the simplicity of DRWR.


This essay refutes the long-standing idea that Benjy Compson in Faulkner's The
Sound and the Fury is merely an idiot. Instead of focusing on the issue of his language or
his concept of time, an analysis of his surveillance techniques reveals Benjy's various
strategies as he exercises his power. The application of Michel Foucault's theories
concerning the powers of the disciplinarian gaze forces a change in the terminology with
which criticism has labeled Benjy. By the end of the essay, a re-conceptualization of
Benjy's character occurs through a simple change of words: passive to active. This
change opens up new doors of understanding and suggests that Benjy is a highly
manipulative agent of surveillance, instead of the traditional view that he is a simple,
bellowing man-child.


The Java Modeling Language (JML) is a formal specification language for Java that allows to express intended behavior through assertions. Currently, users must embed these assertions in Java comments, which complicates parsing and hinders tool support, leading to poor usability. This paper describes a set of proposed Java 5 annotations which reflect current JML assertions and provides for better tool support. We consider three alternative designs for such annotations and explain why the chosen design is preferred. This syntax is designed to support both a design-by-contract subset of JML, and to be extensible to the full language. We demonstrate that by building two tools: Modern Jass, which provides almost-native support for design by contract, and a prototype that works with a much larger set of JML.


What began as an intrepid U.S. Government initiative in the early 1970's has turned into a global way of life. Indeed, with more than 500 million current users (and counting), the Internet has revolutionized the way societies function the world over. From dating and shopping online, to conducting informational research, to communicating via email, today seemingly everyone uses the Internet for one purpose or another. How, then, can something so vast and powerful be defiled by something as trivial as spam? It's true. The fact remains that despite the leading-edge technological sophistication fueling the Net, there are still many related annoyances that complicate and tarnish the Internet experience. And it doesn't matter if you're a homemaker in search of a fresh chicken recipe, or a civil engineer researching plans for a new skyscraper, the problems are the same. Internet Annoyances understands the universal nature of the Internet and strives to make its use as stress-free as possible. This insightful guide shows you how to overcome the most annoying Internet-related quirks, bugs, and hassles. You'll learn how to make a seamless connection, thwart would-be hackers, ensure greater security while surfing, eliminate pop-up ads, maximize online services, conduct more effective Google searches, better utilize digital media (music and video), and much more. In addition, Internet Annoyances discusses how to design and host a personal web site something once thought of as only possible for the technically gifted. Topics like blogs, domain names, setup, HTML, fonts, and graphics and are all dissected and analyzed for easy consumption. Unlike other books on the subject, Internet Annoyances assumes readers already possess a working knowledge of the Internet. By fully recognizing the experience level of today's Internet culture, author Preston Galla is able to cut immediately to the chase and not waste time on the more obvious points. Internet Annoyances, therefore, is a quick read that presents succinct solutions for the many glitches that still populate the Internet experience.


Rationale Health status is impaired in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD). There is a paucity of tools that assess health status in ILD. The objective of this study was to develop and validate the King's Brief Interstitial Lung Disease questionnaire (K-BILD), a new health status measure for patients with ILD. Methods Patients with ILD were recruited from outpatient clinics. The development of the questionnaire consisted of three phases: item generation; item reduction, allocation to domains by factor analysis, Rasch analysis to create unidimensional scales and validation; and repeatability testing. Results 173 patients with ILD (49 with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) completed a preliminary 71-item questionnaire. 56 items were removed due to redundancy, low factor loadings or poor fit to the Rasch model. The final version of the K-BILD questionnaire consisted of 15 items and three domains (breathlessness and activities, chest symptoms and psychological). Internal consistency assessed with Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.94 for the K-BILD total score. Concurrent validity of the K-BILD questionnaire was high compared with St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (r=0.90) and moderate with lung function (vital capacity, r=0.50). The K-BILD questionnaire was repeatable over 2 weeks (n=44), with intraclass correlation coefficients for domains and total score 0.86–0.94. The K-BILD construct validity for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis was similar to that of other ILDs. Conclusion The K-BILD questionnaire is a brief, valid, self-completed health status measure for ILD. It could be used in the clinic to assess ILD from the patients' perspective.


In this paper we present a modelling methodology for distillation columns, which allows modelling the ideal column for a well-known mixture. The methodology combines three steps; a first step where are calculated all necessary data to build the model. A second step, where four types of sub-models and the control strategy are properly connected using Dymola or Simulink. And the third step where the controllers are tuned using simulation data. The methodology has provided good results with different mixtures (for example: water and acetic acid, water and acetone, water and methanol) in several operation conditions. Besides it has been useful to get a good benchmark of distillation columns models. These models are being used for multivariable control evaluations and will be integrated into a virtual laboratory for training students about the distillation process and its control.


Prevotella bryantii B14 has a transport system for glucose and mannose, but β-glucanase expression is only catabolite-repressed by glucose. P. bryantii B14 cell extracts had ATP-dependent gluco- and mannokinase activities, and significant phosphoenolpyruvate- or GTP-dependent hexose phosphorylation was not observed. Mannose inhibited glucose phosphorylation (and vice versa), and activity gels indicated that a single protein was responsible for both activities. Glucose was phosphorylated at a faster rate than was mannose [V
max 280 nmol hexose (mg protein)−1 min−1 versus 60 nmol hexose (mg protein)−1 min−1, respectively] and glucose was a better substrate for the kinase (K
m 0·12 mM versus 1·2 mM, respectively). The purified glucomannokinase (1250-fold) had a molecular mass of 68 kDa, but SDS-PAGE gels indicated that it was a dimer (monomer 34·5 kDa). The N-terminus (25 residues) had an 8 amino acid segment that was homologous to other bacterial glucokinases. The glucomannokinase was competitively inhibited by the nonmetabolizable glucose analogue 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), and cells grown with glucose and 2DG had lower rates of glucose consumption than did cells given only glucose. When the ratio of 2DG to glucose was increased, the glucose consumption rate decreased and the β-glucanase activity increased. The glucose consumption rate and the glucomannokinase activity of cells treated with 2DG were highly correlated (r
2=0·98). This result suggested that glucomannokinase activity was either directly or indirectly regulating β-glucanase expression.


An introduction to the world of bioinformatics
Massive increases in computing power and the ability to routinely sequence whole genomes of living organisms have begun to fundamentally alter our understanding of biology, medicine, and agriculture. At the intersection of the growing information and genomics revolutions sits bioinformatics, which uses modern computational power to reveal patterns in biological data sets, especially DNA, RNA, and protein sequences.
Computational Biology: A Hypertextbook, by Scott Kelley and Dennis Didulo, provides a wonderful introduction for anyone who wants to learn the basics of bioinformatics. This book is more than a textbook because of the wealth of online ancillary materials and how the print and electronic components are integrated to form a complete educational resource. Aspects that make Computational Biology: A Hypertextbook a unique and valuable tool for teaching and learning bioinformatics include
Clear explanations of the basic biology of DNA, RNA, and proteins and how the related bioinformatics algorithms work Extensive exercises that enable students to practice with the same bioinformatics applications that are used by scientists worldwide Tutorials, sample data sets, and interactive learning tools developed with teachers in mind and field-tested by hundreds of students Online tutorials and curated web links that are accurate (instead of frustrating!) and won't lead to dead ends Online resources that work on multiple platforms and electronic devices
Computational Biology: A Hypertextbook is written in an accessible voice, punctuated with humor, and designed to significantly increase computational competencies. Biology and computer science undergraduate and graduate students will thoroughly enjoy learning from this unique hypertextbook, as will anyone with an interest in exploring this burgeoning topic.
Paperback, 210 pages, full-color illustrations, index.
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In Niterói, state of Rio de Janeiro, dengue virus type 4 (DENV-4) was isolated for the first time in March 2011. We analysed the laboratory findings of the first cases and evaluated the use of molecular techniques for the detection of DENV-4 in Aedes aegypti that were field-caught. Conventional reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Simplexa™ Dengue real-time RT-PCR confirmed DENV-4 infection in all cases. Additionally, DENV-4 was confirmed in a female Ae. aegypti with 1.08 x 10(3) copies/mL of virus, as determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. This is the first time the Simplexa™ Dengue real-time assay has been used for the classification of cases of infection and for entomological investigations. The use of these molecular techniques was shown to be important for the surveillance of dengue in humans and vectors.


Drawing on extensive fieldwork conducted in the 1980s and 1990s in southern Sichuan, this pathbreaking study examines the nature of ethnic consciousness and ethnic relations among local communities, focusing on the Nuosu (classified as Yi by the Chinese government), Prmi, Naze, and Han. It argues that even within the same regional social system, ethnic identity is formulated, perceived, and promoted differently by different communities at different times. Ways of Being Ethnic in Southwest China exemplifies a model in which ethnic consciousness and ethnic relations consist of drawing boundaries between one's own group and others, crossing those boundaries, and promoting internal unity within a group. Leaders and members of ethnic groups use commonalties and differences in history, culture, and kinship to promote internal unity and to strengthen or cross external boundaries. Superimposed on the structure of competing and cooperating local groups is a state system of ethnic classification and administration; members and leaders of local groups incorporate this system into their own ethnic consciousness, co-opting or resisting it situationally. The heart of the book consists of detailed case studies of three Nuosu village communities, along with studies of Prmi and Naze communities, smaller groups such as the Yala and Nasu, and Han Chinese who live in minority areas. These are followed by a synthesis that compares different configurations of ethnic identity in different communities and discusses the implications of these examples for our understanding of ethnicity and for the near future of China. This lively description and analysis of the region's complex ethnic identities and relationships constitutes an original and important contribution to the study of ethnic identity. Ways of Being Ethnic in Southwest China will be of interest to social scientists concerned with issues of ethnicity and state-building.


Background: Human reproduction is the most intricate event as ~ 20% of human pregnancies end in miscarriages for which chromosomal anomalies are a common factor. The chromosomal variations associated with reproductive failures include translocations, inversions, supernumerary marker chromosomes, heterochromatic polymorphisms, etc., Till date, the significance of heteromorphic variants in reproductive failures is unclear. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the role of chromosomal anomalies and polymorphic variations in reproductive failure. Materials and Methods: Chromosomal analysis using GTG banding was performed on 638 couples (1276 individuals). Results: In the present study, 138 of 1276 individuals showed chromosomal variations with respect to heterochromatic variants and Robertsonian translocations. The most common variants observed across the population studied were the pericentric inversion of the chromosome 9 [inv(9)(p11q13), 3.68%] followed by pstk + on the short arm of chromosome 15 (15pstk+, 1.95%) and Robertsonian translocation of chromosomes 13 and 14 [rob(13;14)(q10;q10), 1.25%]. The maximum percentage of heterochromatic variation was observed in females with recurrent pregnancy loss (Groups A, 4.78%) and males with wives having recurrent miscarriages (Group B, 3.68%) and the minimum was recorded in patients with in vitro fertilization (IVF) failures (Group C, 0.23%) and couples having a history of the malformed child (Group F, 0.23%). Conclusions: High level of chromosomal polymorphic variations in patients with reproductive failures warrants their in-depth analysis to nail down the causative factors. Hence, cytogenetic analysis coupled with genetic counseling becomes indispensable for patients suffering from infertility, reproductive failures and pregnancy losses before IVF treatment to rule out the carrier status.


The purpose of this study is to investigate and increase the understanding of how the two commercial companies IKEA and SAS and the two aid organizations/nonprofit organizations UNICEF and Save the Children use perceptions of Christmas to produce messages in their Christmas advertising/commercial film. The study also discusses if there may be communicative and pictorial similarities and differences in how these brands constructs messages in commercials, and why it may be that the brands choose to use these messages in commercials based on the recipient possible interpretations. The theories used in this study are promotional culture, framing theory, preferred meaning, semiotics (denotation and connotation), myth and rhetoric (ethos, pathos and logos). The method used to answer the purpose and issues are the qualitative method that uses the theories semiotic and rhetoric to analyze the material. The study's results derived from the qualitative content analyzes of the material (the brands IKEA, SAS, UNICEF and Save the Children Christmas advertising films) show that IKEA message might want to show that they want to help the customer and that they pay attention to the customer needs. And that IKEA also in that message says that the solution and the products for your Christmas preparations are available at IKEA. SAS uses the Christmas tradition and myth of Santa to describe and make sense of a service, and showing that they care about the customer comes in time, even at Christmas when something is important. UNICEF can therefore be interpreted use Christmas as a persuasion method. UNICEF commercials can be seen to be designed to make the receiver more generous and get the feeling that it wants to contribute. Save the Children's message is focused on you should buy "nothing" for Christmas, and why it should be seen as an alternative to other Christmas gifts on the market.Based on this final discussion research shows that it could be possible that the commercial companies (IKEA and SAS) want to appear less "selling" when they are trying to sell their products or services through messages constructed by notions of Christmas, and that they instead try to ensure the customer needs. The study further shows that the help organizations seem more " selling" when trying to sell their products and get people to contribute to their aid activities. As a result of the need to be more commercial. Why the brands have chosen these messages and strategies can finally, as evidenced by the final discussion, come from the fact that the brands want to create the best competitive opportunities in the market, and that the strategies may have been selected by the brands though they might be considered as the most effective.


This paper introduces a computational framework to support the process of design abstraction. A domain-independent graph-based representation is presented to support decomposition of a design problem while modeling coupling between subproblems, multiple representations of a design at varying levels of abstraction, and analysis of a design. The representation separates knowledge into knowledge about the design instance, the domain of design, and the various levels of abstraction. The use of the representation is illustrated with two examples: the design of a two-tiered column for buckling and the design of a metal rolling operation for a continuous casting manufacturing process.


After rapid progress in the past few years, emerging solar cells based on metal halide perovskites have become a potential candidate to rival and even outperform crystalline silicon photovoltaics (PV) in the marketplace. With high material utilization, easy manufacturing processes, and high power conversion efficiencies >20%, many experts anticipate that perovskite solar cells (PSCs) will be one of the cheapest PV technologies in the future. Here we evaluate the economic potential of PSCs by developing a bottom-up cost model for perovskite PV modules fabricated using feasible low-cost materials and processes. We calculate the direct manufacturing cost ($31.7 per m2) and the minimum sustainable price (MSP, $0.41 per Wp) for a standard perovskite module manufactured in the United States. Such modules, operating at 16% photoconversion efficiency in a 30-year, unsubsidized, utility-level power plant, would produce electricity at levelized cost of energy (LCOE) values ranging from 4.93 to 7.90 ¢ per kW per h. We discuss limitations in comparing calculated MSPs to actual market prices, determine the effect of module lifetime, examine the effects of alternative materials and constructions, and indicate avenues to further reduce the MSP and LCOE values. The analysis shows that PSCs can emerge as a cost leader in PV power generation if critical remaining issues can be resolved.


Based on the use of a standard five-mask process, this work presents a new integrated hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin-film transistor (a-Si:H TFT) gate driver circuit for large size TFT-LCD applications, composed of a pull-up circuit with three TFTs, a pull-down circuit with ten TFTs, and two capacitors. The pull-up circuit, which separates the row line from the carry signal, prevents distortion of the output pulse. Moreover, the pull-down circuit with the AC-driving method can reduce the threshold voltage shift ( shift) to stabilize the output voltage and suppress the fluctuation of the row line, subsequently increasing the operating lifetime. According to accelerated lifetime test results, this gate driver circuit operates stably over 240 hours at 100°C. Additionally, the scan direction of the proposed circuit can be modified using two control signals and applied to the reversal display of an image.


A wireless measurement system for structural health monitoring of FiberReinforced- Polymers (FRP) using Piezo-Wafer-Active-Sensors (PWAS) combined with inductive Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is reported. This system allows a reduction of total system weight as well as a better integration to the structure compared to traditional Lamb-wave based systems. Wireless Power Transmission is achieved by means of inductive coils at low frequencies (LF), while data transfer is done using high frequency (HF). A quasi-isotropic Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer (CFRP) plate with sensor and actuator nodes was made to measure the quality of transmission and the necessary energy to stimulate the actuator-sensor system. In order to produce baselines, measurements were prepared from a heathy plate under specific temperature and humidity specifications. The signals were evaluated to verify the functionality in presence of defects in the CFRP. For instance progress has been achieved detecting the presence of failure in the form of drill holes introduced to the structure. This work shows a complete set of experimental results of different sensor/- actuator nodes. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/134


Tango de Soledad is a looping (5min) life sized stereoscopic installation. The dance is based around Cowie's Tango No 3 for Cello and Piano (played by himself and Wei-Tsen Lin) and his poem Tango de Soledad which is recited in Spanish by Clara Garcia Fraile. The piece is performed against specially constructed drawings (by Silke Mansholt) and uses similar techniques to In the Flesh to give the viewer the impression that they are sharing the space with a real, life-sized solid dancer.


ABSTRACT This article advances a more-than-human perspective on geographies of death and dying, engaging with extinctionscapes as spaces where the memorialization of nonhuman life generates affective and commodifiable experiences with species loss in conservation landscapes. Bringing geographical concepts, such as absence-presence, into conversation with recent literature on lively commodities, we describe how animals at the threshold of life and death are made to work for conservation as well as how their afterlives are subjected to ongoing forms of commodification through acts of memorialization in landscape. Specifically, our analysis focuses on the stories of three rhinos at a conservancy in Kenya to consider the themes of death and dying, value, and commodification in relation to endangered species conservation. By situating the lives and afterlives of these rhinos in the history of settler colonialism and capitalism in Kenya, we examine how commodification, as a social and cultural process, becomes entangled with the corporeal and discorporate lives of animals and contributes to the reproduction of historic injustices through extinctionscapes. Ultimately, we argue for ongoing critical engagement with the amorphous borderland of life and death in geographies of conservation, which represents an important space of biopolitics and commodification.


Controlling the power consumption of many Demand Side Resources, DSRs, will be required in the future power system where a big share of the electric energy will be produced using stochastic renewable sources and the conventional power plants might not have the flexibility of providing all the regulating power. Indirect control of demand side resources is supposed to shift the electric power consumption of each single unit through broadcasting of a control signal; the flexibility in the aggregated power consumption can be used for supplying balancing power to the electric power system. Indirect control approach is convenient from communication point of view since the real-time data flow is only in one direction because the decision is computed locally according to user preferences. On the other hand, this approach results in an open loop control scheme, since it is assumed that no real-time power readings from the units can be performed. The aim of the paper is to discuss the performance of an emulated closed loop control using an estimator for predicting the aggregate power response and a regulator. By using these components it is possible to produce a control signal to broadcast to distributed demand side resources. A population of DSRs, buildings with electric space heating, is indeed simulated in a software simulation platform using an hardware in the loop approach, that allows to feedback the real heat dynamics of SYSLAB FlexHouse into the simulations for pretending more realistic result.


The degradation of starch during extrusion and the role of specific mechanical energy (SME) in this process have been widely studied for single pass extrusion, Multiple extrusion histories are not uncommon in the plastics industry, but little if any has been reported on their effects on starch. Native waxy maize starch (app. 98% amylopectin) was initially converted to a thermoplastic by twin screw extrusion. This extrudate was equilibrated to either 18% or 23% moisture content, and subsequently re-extruded in a single screw extruder (3:1 compression screw) at 110{degrees}C or 130{degrees}C. Melt viscosity data were calculated using the output-pressure data from the second pass. The melts exhibited shear thinning behavior; the power law index increased with temperature, and slightly with moisture content. Molecular weights of selected second-pass extrudates, as well as the native starch and the first-pass extrudate, were measured by light scattering in dimethyl sulfoxide/water. The initial extrusion pass reduced the molecular weight from 300 million to 50 million. Molecular weight reductions in the second pass increased with increasing SME. A first order expression was shown to fit the MW-SME data with a correlation coefficient of 0.91. Implications of the degradation on extrusion processing of starch and the use ofmore » single screw extruders for rheological characterization will be discussed.« less


Where rain comes before humanitarian aid. In Somaliland, Puntland and South Central Somalia, the International Community is mixing its political interests with its humanitarian agenda. Insecurity severely hampers access in many parts, making it difficult to implement and monitor humanitarian responses. International humanitarian actors need to revisit their strategies and invest more in working with local agencies to deliver aid. Local humanitarian actors need to take courageous humanitarian leadership with full accountability and transparency. Many international donors often appear to give priority to broader security agendas and the need for transparency over humanitarian action to save lives. This report assesses the capacity of local humanitarian actors to deliver humanitarian aid in response to the repeated crises that the country faces. It is the starting point of an Oxfam project to build the strength of local humanitarian actors to deliver effective humanitarian responses.


This book is a compilation of all the formulae that a mariner is commonly called upon to use but the exact workings of which he has perhaps forgotten. For each subject category, the author states the basic parameters in narrative form, often including a figure, graph, chart, diagram, or table, and then provides accompanying equations and their amplifications. Although some formulae that are simpler in format are propounded in other texts, many of those formulae lead to confusion in that aspecial rulesa must be applied to them in order to obtain a correct answer. However, the rules applied to the formulae in this book work for all problems. In a great circle sailing situation, for example, the fact of whether the vertex is ahead of you or behind you does not matterif you apply the rule(s) given in this book, you will get the correct answer. Another important feature of the book is its devotion of over ten pages of material to the international system of units (S.I.)


Nobel Laureate Charles Richet demonstrated over a hundred years ago that injecting a protein into animals or humans causes immune system sensitization to that protein. Subsequent exposure to the protein can result in allergic reactions or anaphylaxis. This fact has since been demonstrated over and over again in humans and animal models. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) confirmed that food proteins in vaccines cause food allergy, in its 2011 report on vaccine adverse events. The IOM's confirmation is the latest and most authoritative since Dr. Richet's discovery. Many vaccines and injections contain food proteins. Many studies since 1940 have demonstrated that food proteins in vaccines cause sensitization in humans. Allergens in vaccines are not fully disclosed. No safe dosage level for injected allergens has been established. As a result, allergen quantities in vaccines and injections are not regulated. Allergen quantities in vaccine excipients are also not regulated. It has been demonstrated that a smaller quantity of allergen is needed to cause sensitization than elicitation. It is well recognized that many currently approved vaccines have enough allergen to cause anaphylaxis. Therefore, they contain more than enough allergen to cause sensitization. Children today have fewer childhood infectious diseases. They have less exposure to helminths. C-section birth rates have increased in the last few decades by 50%. C-section births are known to result in sub-optimal gut micro biome in the newborn. All the above result in an immune imbalance biased towards atopy. Vaccine schedules today include 30-40 shots. Up to five shots may be simultaneously administered in one sitting. Vaccines contain adjuvants such as pertussis toxins and aluminum compounds that also bias towards allergy. Adjuvants also increase the immunogenicity of injected food proteins. This combination of atopic children and food protein injection along with adjuvants, contributes to millions developing lifethreatening food allergies. Given the scale and severity of the food allergy epidemic, urgent action is needed to change vaccine policy concerning vaccine specifications, manufacture, vaccine package insert documentation requirements, the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) and the National Vaccine Injury compensation program. Many researchers have called for the removal of food proteins from vaccines and re-evaluation of adjuvants such as aluminum compounds. In the interim, food allergy warnings can be included in vaccine package inserts. Simultaneous administration of multiple vaccines can be stopped to avoid the combined negative effects of multiple food proteins and adjuvants.


Background: This article is part of a doctoral research study that, amongst others, assessed e-records readiness and examined the current records management practices in labour organisations in Botswana. Objective: The main objective of the study was to examine records management practices in labour organisations in Botswana. Methods: A quantitative paradigm largely guided this study. The researchers used a survey research strategy. Methodological triangulation of both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods complemented the strategy. The researchers surveyed all of the 50 registered labour organisations in Botswana. Of these, 45 responded. This is a response rate of 90%. The researchers obtained their data through structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, document reviews and observations. Results: The study showed that labour organisations in Botswana had some form of records management function. However, the management of both paper-based and electronic records was not satisfactory and fell short of the best-recognised records management standards and practices. Conclusion: Although the researchers limited the study to labour organisations, it sheds light on the challenges of managing records that most organisations in Botswana face. Its results provide useful strategic recommendations to promote effective records management in labour organisations in Botswana and elsewhere in Africa.


An experimental technique, called mitochondrial DNA replacement therapy, that manipulates a woman9s DNA could spare her from passing on a potentially deadly disease to her children. But the technique breaks new and ethically fraught ground: It would create a child that has DNA from "three parents"—the mother, the father, and an egg donor. Now, regulators on both sides of the Atlantic are grappling with whether to allow the first human trials of the technique to go forward.