Abstract : Combining an understanding of thin films and structure/property relationships, photonic nano-structures were developed in order to affect the spectral and directional radiative properties of coherent thermal emission. The targeted emission range was 2-20 micrometer. Structures with appropriate materials in order to achieve thermal stability were designed and tested. Implementing a Finite Difference Time Domain numerical method, four truncated multilayer resonators were designed to selectively emit at certain transmissive wavelength bands of the atmosphere in 2-20 micrometer. Ellipsometric measurements and models were used in order to extract the optical constants of thin layers of materials chosen for the resonator designs. These values showed significant disagreement with bulk values found in literature and were used to make more accurate theoretical predictions. A Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering technique was used to fabricate the four resonators, W-Ge-W, W-HfO2-W, Ta-Ge-Ta, and Ta-HfO2-Ta, with layer thicknesses of 10-760-145 nm, 10-701-145 nm, 9.6-728-169 nm, and 9.6-301-169 nm, respectively. Reflectance measurements were taken at room temperature and various high temperatures to investigate the thermal stability of the spectral reflectance of the structures. From these reflectance measurements, the W-Ge-W and Ta-Ge-Ta designs proved to hold up the best at higher temperatures.


Abstract This article explores the role of the affective in interpreting in intractable conflicts. Drawing on the results of a participatory research project exploring the lived experiences of civilian interpreters and Spanish military personnel who worked in Afghanistan, the article argues that emotions shape the interpreter's behaviour and have an impact on the interpreter's positionality. There are differences, however, between national and local interpreters, which stem from their previous experiences and how these have shaped their understanding of the conflict. This has also led them to develop different attitudes that influence their perception and interpretation of reality. Accepting that emotions do exist and that they influence the interpreter's decisions and behaviour should inform the design of tailored training programmes. The key aspects of a well-informed training programme are therefore not limited to language and culture, professionalism and ethics, and military competencies, but also include awareness about the role of emotions.


Abstract American undergraduates are increasingly engaging in educational study abroad programmes. This article examines and explains the trends in international university education from the perspective of a former faculty member at Northeastern University, a large private university in Boston. The article explains how cultural studies can be invoked as a circuit breaker to challenge the assumptions of privileged Americans who travel to the (global) South. Drawing on his experience in leading undergraduates on summer programmes to Australia, the author explores ways in which the political work of cultural studies can be positioned within the diasporic experience of cultural studies academics, suggesting that the sensibilities of diasporees offer a way of using cultural studies to challenge privileged migration for educational purposes. The article identifies current (US) national and international trends in education, suggesting that cultural studies can identify local culture as the counterpoint to imperial US-global approaches and thus advance the interests of the South.


When addressing an externality such as air pollution, regulators can control policy inputs (e.g., pollution taxes and technology standards) or outputs (e.g., emission caps). Economists are familiar with this debate, known broadly as prices vs. quantities, but analysts of international environmental agreements have rarely focused sustained attention to such questions. Using an inventory of all international air pollution agreements, we document the historical patterns in instrument choice. Those agreements that require little effort beyond the status quo are usually codified in terms of effort, but agreements that require substantial actions by the parties nearly always deploy a cap on emission quantities as the central regulatory instrument. We suggest that this concentration of experience with emission caps and paucity of serious efforts to coordinate policy inputs may explain why the architects of international environmental agreements appear to believe that emission caps work best. We illustrate what's at stake with the example of international efforts to control the emissions that cause global climate change. We also show that the conventional history of the agreement that is most symbolic of the superiority of emission capsthe Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layerhas wrongly overlooked a little-known provision that operates akin to a price instrument.


Often the best performing deep neural models are ensembles of multiple base-level networks. Unfortunately, the space required to store these many networks, and the time required to execute them at test-time, prohibits their use in applications where test sets are large (e.g., ImageNet). In this paper, we present a method for compressing large, complex trained ensembles into a single network, where knowledge from a variety of trained deep neural networks (DNNs) is distilled and transferred to a single DNN. In order to distill diverse knowledge from different trained (teacher) models, we propose to use adversarial-based learning strategy where we define a block-wise training loss to guide and optimize the predefined student network to recover the knowledge in teacher models, and to promote the discriminator network to distinguish teacher vs. student features simultaneously. The proposed ensemble method (MEAL) of transferring distilled knowledge with adversarial learning exhibits three important advantages: (1) the student network that learns the distilled knowledge with discriminators is optimized better than the original model; (2) fast inference is realized by a single forward pass, while the performance is even better than traditional ensembles from multi-original models; (3) the student network can learn the distilled knowledge from a teacher model that has arbitrary structures. Extensive experiments on CIFAR-10/100, SVHN and ImageNet datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our MEAL method. On ImageNet, our ResNet-50 based MEAL achieves top1/5 21.79%/5.99% val error, which outperforms the original model by 2.06%/1.14%. Code and models are available at: https://github.com/AaronHeee/MEAL.


Understanding the provenance of ice-rafted debris (IRD) provides a means to link the behavior of individual ice sheets to proxy records of climate change. Here we present a new approach to determining IRD provenance using U-Pb geochronology of detrital minerals rutile and zircon. We characterize potential source regions from Scotland using detrital rutile from modern fluvial systems, and demonstrate that their unimodal rutile U-Pb ages reflect the timing of the last amphibolite facies metamorphism of the source rocks, imparting a distinctive source signature. Contrasts between these spectra and the bimodal IRD (ca. 470 Ma and ca. 1800–2000 Ma) rutile age signatures rule out Scotland as the sole source and suggest a Laurentian contribution; IRD zircon ages further support this view. U-Pb mineral dating has the potential to provide new insight on IRD provenance, because it allows linkage between IRD and individual source terranes based on their differing magmatic and tectonothermal histories. The occurrence of Laurentian-sourced IRD proximal to Scotland demonstrates widespread and rapid dispersal of debris across the subpolar North Atlantic during the Older Dryas cold oscillation, and implicates the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation as a control. This highlights the sensitivity of some IRD records to rapid climate change during the last deglaciation and supports the interpretation of Heinrich events as time-parallel marker horizons.


Note from the Editors: although the e-Competitions editors are doing their best to build a comprehensive set of the leading EU and national antitrust cases, the completeness of the database cannot be guaranteed. The present foreword seeks to provide readers with a view of the existing trends based primarily on cases reported in e-Competitions. Readers are welcome to bring any other relevant cases to the attention of the editors.


From the early days of science and philosophy, humans have wondered exactly what it is that makes us intelligent beings. Plato felt that a good education should include instruction in music, gymnastics, and dialectic, and pondered and how we learned the things we did. Humans also been interested in building machines that mimic their abilities. The original motivation of building mechanical machines was to free us from mundane tasks and to allow fewer people to do particular difficult jobs. Today we build electronic machines that not only do our chores and to assist us physically, but also to help us intellectually.A side affect of building intelligent, electronic machines is that we come to know how humans work a little bit better, and we also learn to better appreciate our amazing ability to learn. There is a danger that we may take the results of artificial intelligence too seriously, and to extend them in ways that are not appropriate. The issues surrounding the mechanisms of artificial intelligence and machine learning may or may not apply to the way that people learn. They are simply the way that we imagine we may learn, a model that needs to be tested against reality. On the other hand, if it makes a computer appear intelligent then it is sufficient, then it is sufficient for our purposes whether it is the way people do it or not. The difference is in intent: are we attempting to automate some difficult process, or are we trying to determine how the human brain acquires new information?


Historically, the phonological system of Japanese did not allow voiced geminate obstruents, and they can be found only in recent loanwords such as /baggu/ "bag" and /kiddo/ "kid". However, the voicing of geminates in such loanwords is problematic, and seemingly voiceless pronunciations are often to be heard. In a nonsense word study, three speakers read words exemplifying all potential voiced geminate obstruents, together with their voiceless and singleton counterparts, and measures were made of four possible voicing cues. The duration of closure voicing, and to a lesser extent F0 perturbation, suggest unvoicing of the geminates; but F1 transition resembles that for voiced sounds, while preceding vowels are actually longer before geminates than before singletons. Overall, it seems that laryngeal activity in geminates results from a pattern of deliberate control rather than the aerodynamic challenge of maintaining voicing during a long obstruent articulation.


mRNA stability is one among many parameters that can potentially affect the level of recombinant gene expression in bacteria. Blocking of the entire prokaryotic transcription machinery by addition of rifampicin is commonly used in protocols for analysis of mRNA stability. Here we show that such treatment can be effectively replaced by a simple, non-invasive method based on removal of the relevant transcriptional inducers and that the mRNA decay can then be followed by qRT-PCR. To establish the methodology we first used the m-toluate-inducible XylS/Pm expression cassette as a model system and analyzed several examples of DNA modifications causing gene expression stimulation in Escherichia coli. The new method allowed us to clearly discriminate whether an improvement in mRNA stability contributes to observed increases in transcript amounts for each individual case. To support the experimental data a simple mathematical fitting model was developed to calculate relative decay rates. We extended the relevance of the method by demonstrating its application also for an IPTG-inducible expression cassette (LacI/Ptac) and by analyzing features of the bacteriophage T7-based expression system. The results suggest that the methodology is useful in elucidating factors controlling mRNA stability as well as other specific features of inducible expression systems. Moreover, as expression systems based on diffusible inducers are almost universally available, the concept can be most likely used to measure mRNA decay for any gene in any cell type that is heavily used in molecular biology research.


In many areas of research and industrial situations, including many data analytic problems in chemistry, a strong nonlinear relation between different sets of data may exist. While linear models may be a good simple approximation to these problems, when nonlinearity is severe they often perform unacceptably. The nonlinear partial least squares (PLS) method was developed in the area of chemical data analysis. A specific feature of PLS is that relations between sets of observed variables are modeled by means of latent variables usually not directly observed and measured. Since its introduction, two methodologically different concepts of fitting existing nonlinear relationships initiated development of a series of different nonlinear PLS models. General principles of the two concepts and representative models are reviewed in this chapter. The aim of the chapter is two-fold i) to clearly summarize achieved results and thus ii) to motivate development of new computationally efficient nonlinear PLS models with better performance and good interpretability.


Research attention on older men and masculinities has been relatively scant. What has been written on older men has, however, often lacked a feminist and critical perspective. This article outlines some of the previous research and suggests a turn to feminist and queer theory to grasp the complexity of older men-s lives more fully. A crucial issue is how old age both may be a source of power for men and may marginalise men. Drawing on interviews with two men aged 73 and 75, and theoretical insights from gender studies, the article discusses the themes of bodies, sexuality, maturity and older men-s construction of the self as autonomous and individual. Clearly, the lives of older men must be understood intersectionally whereby ability and disability play key roles. In conclusion, the article suggests a turn a way from an assimilationist approach to ageing and older people, and towards seeing the possibilities of norm-breaking by older men.


The rapid growth of social networks has produced an unprecedented amount of user-generated data, which provides an excellent opportunity for text mining. Authorship analysis, an important part of text mining, attempts to learn about the author of the text through subtle variations in the writing styles that occur between gender, age and social groups. Such information has a variety of applications including advertising and law enforcement. One of the most accessible sources of user-generated data is Twitter, which makes the majority of its user data freely available through its data access API. In this study we seek to identify the gender of users on Twitter using Perceptron and Nai ve Bayes with selected 1 through 5-gram features from tweet text. Stream applications of these algorithms were employed for gender prediction to handle the speed and volume of tweet traffic. Because informal text, such as tweets, cannot be easily evaluated using traditional dictionary methods, n-gram features were implemented in this study to represent streaming tweets. The large number of 1 through 5-grams requires that only a subset of them be used in gender classification, for this reason informative n-gram features were chosen using multiple selection algorithms. In the best case the Naive Bayes and Perceptron algorithms produced accuracy, balanced accuracy, and F-measure above 99%.


Abortion is a common medical experience, globally and in South Africa. Worldwide, approximately one in five pregnancies ends in abortion. But many societies understand abortion as a moral transgression, even if its benefits to public health are sanctioned legally. South Africa's abortion culture reveals this paradox: abortion is often publicly condemned – by political authorities, healthcare workers, patients and their families – but privately sanctioned. The apartheid state sought to control the sexual behaviour of its subjects, and passed laws to regulate reproduction. These laws were defied en masse, by patients, doctors and clandestine providers. This article explores the apartheid state's failure to police abortion, arguing that post-apartheid abortion culture has powerful continuities with the past. Abortion was legalised in 1996, during South Africa's transition to democracy. While the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act has reduced mortality and morbidity resulting from unsafe abortion, illegal abortion remains popular. Unsafe abortion is notoriously difficult to quantify. In South Africa, high rates of maternal morbidity and mortality, including from uterine sepsis, point to the persistence of unsafe, illegal abortion. Women continue to terminate unwanted pregnancies as they always have: away from the glare of public censure, in the shadows of the reproductive arena.


OBJECTIVEThe complex decision analysis of unruptured intracranial aneurysms entails weighing the benefits of aneurysm repair against operative risk. The goal of the present analysis was to build and validate a predictive scale that identifies patients with the greatest odds of a postsurgical adverse event.METHODSData on patients who underwent surgical clipping of an unruptured aneurysm were extracted from the prospective National Surgical Quality Improvement Program registry (NSQIP; 2007-2014); NSQIP does not systematically collect data on patients undergoing intracranial endovascular intervention. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated predictors of any 30-day adverse event; variables screened included patient demographics, comorbidities, functional status, preoperative laboratory values, aneurysm location/complexity, and operative time. A predictive scale was constructed based on statistically significant independent predictors, which was validated using both NSQIP (2015-2016) and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS; 2002-2011).RESULTSThe NSQIP unruptured aneurysm scale was proposed: 1 point was assigned for a bleeding disorder; 2 points for age 51-60 years, cardiac disease, diabetes mellitus, morbid obesity, anemia (hematocrit < 36%), operative time 240-330 minutes; 3 points for leukocytosis (white blood cell count > 12,000/μL) and operative time > 330 minutes; and 4 points for age > 60 years. An increased score was predictive of postoperative stroke or coma (NSQIP: p = 0.002, C-statistic = 0.70; NIS: p < 0.001, C-statistic = 0.61), a medical complication (NSQIP: p = 0.01, C-statistic = 0.71; NIS: p < 0.001, C-statistic = 0.64), and a nonroutine discharge (NSQIP: p < 0.001, C-statistic = 0.75; NIS: p < 0.001, C-statistic = 0.66) in both validation populations. Greater score was also predictive of increased odds of any adverse event, a major complication, and an extended hospitalization in both validation populations (p ≤ 0.03).CONCLUSIONSThe NSQIP unruptured aneurysm scale may augment the risk stratification of patients undergoing microsurgical clipping of unruptured cerebral aneurysms.


Democracy seems to be inextricably linked to crisis. This is true since the ancient writings of Plato and Aristotle. More recently, the de- bate over the crisis of democracy goes on under the heading of "postdemoc- racy." This article addresses the question of whether the crisis of democracy is an invention of theoretically complex but empirically ignorant theorists who adhere to an excessively normative ideal of democracy, on three levels: fi rst, on the level of quality of democracy indices developed by experts; sec- ond, on the basis of the survey reports on the opinion of the demos; third, on a deeper analyses of crucial spheres of democracy. The results hint in different directions. According to expert indices and polls, the message is: there is no crisis of democracy. However, the partial analyses on participa- tion, representation, and effective power to govern reveal unresolved dem- ocratic challenges, such as an increasing level of exclusion of the lower third of the demos from participation, an inferior representation of their interests, and a loss of democratic sovereignty in policy making.


Background Community mobilisation interventions for HIV prevention among female sex workers (FSWs) aim to organise FSWs for collective action and challenge the structures of power that underlie HIV risk. Assessing intervention impact is challenging because the importance of direct individual exposure to intervention components may decrease over time as change occurs at social-normative, policy and other structural levels. In this paper, the authors examine changes over time in consistent condom use among FSWs in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, the location of a long-standing community mobilisation intervention.

Methods The authors analyse cross-sectional data collected among FSWs at three time points (n=2276) using respondent-driven sampling. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association of programme exposure with consistent condom use and whether this association varied over time.

Results The proportion of FSWs having no exposure or only receptive exposure to the intervention decreased over time, while active utilisation increased from 19.4% in 2006 to 48.5% in 2009–2010. Consistent condom use with clients also increased from 56.3% in 2006 to 75.3% in 2009–2010. Multivariate analysis showed that age, age at start of sex work, venue, living conditions and programme exposure were significantly associated with condom use. The positive association between programme exposure and consistent condom use did not vary significantly over time.

Conclusions Findings indicate improvements in HIV risk reduction behaviour among FSWs and suggest that the intervention has substantial reach in the FSW population. The intervention's strategies may be contributing to population-level HIV risk reduction among FSWs.


Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured by two online instruments (GC-FID/MS and PTR-MS) at a receptor site on Changdao Island (37.99° N, 120.70° E) in eastern China. Reaction with OH radical dominated chemical losses of most VOC species during the Changdao campaign. A photochemical-age-based parameterization method is used to calculate VOC emission ratios and to quantify the evolution of ambient VOCs. The calculated emission ratios of most hydrocarbons agree well with those obtained from emission inventory data, but determined emission ratios of oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) are significantly higher than those from emission inventory data. The photochemical-age-based parameterization method is also used to investigate primary emissions and secondary formation of organic aerosol. The primary emission ratio of organic aerosol (OA) to CO is determined to be 14.9 μg m−3 ppm−1, and secondary organic aeorosols (SOA) are produced at an enhancement ratio of 18.8 μg m−3 ppm−1 to CO after 50 h of photochemical processing in the atmosphere. SOA formation is significantly higher than the level determined from VOC oxidation under both high-NOx (2.0 μg m−3 ppm−1 CO) and low-NOx conditions (6.5 μg m−3 ppm−1 CO). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and higher alkanes (> C10) account for as high as 17.4% of SOA formation, which suggests semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) may be a large contributor to SOA formation during the Changdao campaign. The SOA formation potential of primary VOC emissions determined from field campaigns in Beijing and Pearl River Delta (PRD) is lower than the measured SOA levels reported in the two regions, indicating SOA formation is also beyond explainable by VOC oxidation in the two city clusters.


Background Despite the significant proportion of young people residing in slum communities, little attention has been paid to the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) challenges they face during their transition to adulthood within this harsh environment. Little is known about the extent to which living in extreme environments, like slums, impact SRH outcomes, especially during this key developmental period. This paper aims to fill this research gap by examining the levels of and factors associated with unintended pregnancies among young women aged 15–22 in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods We use data from two waves of a 3-year prospective survey that collected information from adolescents living in the two slums in 2007–2010. In total, 849 young women aged 15–22 were considered for analysis. We employed Cox and logistic regression models to investigate factors associated with timing of pregnancy experience and unintended pregnancy among adolescents who were sexually active by Wave 1 or Wave 2. Findings About two thirds of sexually experienced young women (69%) have ever been pregnant by Wave 2. For 41% of adolescents, the pregnancies were unintended, with 26% being mistimed and 15% unwanted. Multivariate analysis shows a significant association between a set of factors including age at first sex, schooling status, living arrangements and timing of pregnancy experience. In addition, marital status, schooling status, age at first sex and living arrangements are the only factors that are significantly associated with unintended pregnancy among the young women. Conclusions Overall, this study underscores the importance of looking at reproductive outcomes of early sexual initiation, the serious health risks early fertility entail, especially among out-of school girls, and sexual activity in general among young women living in slum settlements. This provides greater impetus for addressing reproductive behaviors among young women living in resource-poor settings such as slums.


1. The genus Atheroides Haliday Of this genus 3 Western European species are known : A. serrulatus Hal. (syn. festucae Mordv.?), A. hirtellus Hal. (syn. A. junci Laing) and A. brevicornis Laing. a) A. serrulatus Hal. is quite common. It lives on Poa annua often, but prefers species of grass with narrow, folded leaves, such as Festuca ovina, F. rubra, Nardus etc. b) A. hirtellus Hal. is not rare on Aira caespitosa. It seems to live on that plant only. c) A. brevicornis Laing is extremely common along the muddy seashores of the Netherlands. It prefers Festuca thalassica and F. distans, the two typical species of grass growing there 2). The alatae have not yet been described and therefore I add a short description. The apterae have been described excellently by Laing, but I redescribe them for comparison. Atheroides brevicornis Laing Apterous viviparous female. Morphological characters. Body very elongated oval, nearly linear. Tergum strongly sclerotic, usually uniformly dark, very coarsely corrugated, covered with clubshaped or inverse-bottleshaped hairs with blunt, sometimes emarginate apex; the bases of the hairs look like perforations of the dark sclerite. Head fused with prothorax, but suture very distinct; mesothorax, metathorax and first abdominal tergite free; abdominal tergite II— VII fused, second sometimes partly free ; eighth tergite semicircular, free. Head semicircular; front convex, with one, often normal, spiny hair standing over the base of each antenna; a pair of hairs more towards the middle,


Janet Halley proves that third-wave feminism is wrong - wrongly described, that is. Young feminists in the United States tout a "third wave" of feminism that is hip, ironic and playful - the supposed opposite of the dour and strident "second wave" of 1970's feminism. Goodbye frumpy sandals; hello sexy fishnets, according to third-wave feminism. Initially young women themselves (and now writers and scholars) embraced a pervasive wave metaphor to convey the belief that differences within feminism are generational. Youth crashes against (and ultimately overtakes) its elders. But rifts within feminism cannot be so neatly explained. The story is more complicated than third-wave vs. second-wave, young vs. old, fertile vs. menopausal. The wave metaphor obscures a more complicated story of the power of labels. "Feminism" is such mighty label that third-wave feminists want to remake it and Janet Halley wants to take a break from it. In spite of their different vocabulary, though, third-wave feminists and Janet Halley share similar goals and methods. Feminism has no use as a label - a theory, even - unless it yields to the complex realities of human experience. This essay explores the goals that third-wave feminists and Janet Halley share. They have similar purposes and methodologies, but they differ in the vocabularly they use to describe their goals. Third-wave feminists embrace the feminist label when Halley wants to leave it aside, at least temporarily. The core idea of both third-wave feminism and Janet Halley's Split Decisions is a departure from a certain kind of feminism - a feminism does not account in a meaningful way for some women's desires for sex, subordination and (sometimes) sex that is subordinating. Third-wave feminists and Janet Halley and third-wave feminists share an affection for the interstitial, the spaces between theory and experience. That space remains unexplored and messy - with no neat division between waves or breaks to be made.


In translucent (or managed reach) WDM optical networks, regenerators are employed at specific nodes. Some of the connections in such networks are routed transparently, while others have to go through a sequence of 3R regenerators that serve as ?refueling stations? to restore their quality of transmission (QoT). We extend an online multicost algorithm for transparent networks presented in our previous study, to obtain an IA-RWA algorithm that works in translucent networks and makes use, when required, of the regenerators present at certain locations of the network. To characterize a path, the algorithm uses a multicost formulation with several cost parameters, including the set of available wavelengths, the length of the path, the number of regenerators used, and noise variance parameters that account for the physical layer impairments. Given a new connection request and the current utilization state of the network, the algorithm calculates a set of non dominated candidate paths, meaning that any path in this set is not inferior with respect to all cost parameters than any other path. This set consists of all the cost-effective (in terms of the domination relation) and feasible (in terms of QoT) lightpaths for the given source-destination pair, including all the possible combinations for the utilization of available regenerators of the network. An optimization function or policy is then applied to this set in order to select the optimal lightpath. Different optimization policies correspond to different IA-RWA algorithms. We propose and evaluate several optimization policies, such as the most used wavelength, the best quality of transmission, the least regeneration usage, or a combination of these rules. Our results indicate that in a translucent network the employed IA-RWA algorithm has to consider all problem parameters, namely, the QoT of the lightpaths, the utilization of wavelengths and the availability of regenerators, to efficiently serve the online traffic.


Lame and Heun functions arise via separation of the Laplace equation in general Jacobi ellipsoidal or conical coordinates. In contrast to hypergeometric functions that also arise via variable separation in the Laplace equation, Lame and Heun functions have received relatively little attention, since they are rather intractable. Nonetheless functions of Heun type do have remarkable properties, as was pointed out in the classical book "Modern Analysis" by Whittaker and Watson who devoted an entire chapter to the subject. Unfortunately the beautiful identities appearing in this chapter have received little notice, probably because the methods of proof seemed obscure. In this paper we apply the modern operator characterization of variable separation and exploit the conformal symmetry of the Laplace equation to obtain product identities for Heun type functions. We interpret the Niven transform as an intertwining operator under the action of the conformal group. We give simple operator derivations of some of the basic formulas presented by Whittaker and Watson and then show how to generalize their results to more complicated situations and to higher dimensions.


Linguistic corpora are increasingly being used to study many features of language variation. The use of corpora for this purpose raises an important methodological issue: can a single corpus be reliably used as the basis of studies examining many different language phenomena? This article describes a study of variation in the use of pseudotitles based on the various regional components of the International Corpus of English (ICE)—components containing comparable samples of spoken and written English totaling one million words and taken from the many regional varieties of English that have developed worldwide. The study demonstrates that although certain kinds of language variation can be validly studied in a corpus such as ICE, other kinds of variation require different kinds of corpora. The final section describes how to determine whether a given corpus is suitable for a particular linguistic analysis and how future corpora can be designed to best facilitate the study of language variation.


BACKGROUND
Red cell microcytosis is a common abnormality detected in a full blood count, which often prompts clinicians to investigate further for a cause. In the absence of iron deficiency and anaemia of chronic disease, the differential diagnosis includes β-thalassaemia trait and α-thalassaemia trait.

METHODS
We investigated the contribution of α-thalassaemia trait in South African subjects with unexplained microcytosis. Iron studies, haemoglobin subfractionation and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for α-globin gene deletions were performed on 97 controls and 86 patients.

RESULTS
After excluding iron deficiency, anaemia of chronic disease and β-thalassaemia trait, 78.0% of subjects with unexplained microcytosis were confirmed on PCR analysis to have α-thalassaemia trait.

CONCLUSION
Alpha-thalassaemia trait accounts for the majority of unexplained microcytosis.


Barely having had the time to digest the economic and social aftershocks of the Great Recession, European welfare states are confronted with the even more disruptive coronavirus pandemic as probably, threatening the life of the more vulnerable, while incurring job losses for many as the consequence of the temporal "freezing of the economy" by lockdown measures. Before the Covid-19 virus struck, the new face of the digital transformation and the rise of the 'platform' economy already raised existential questions for future welfare provision. The Great Lockdown - if anything - is bound to accelerate these trends. Greater automation will reinforce working from home to reduce Covid-19 virus transmission risks. At the same time, the Great Lockdown will reinforce inequality, as the poor find it more difficult to work from home, while low-paid workers in essential service in health care, supermarket retail, postal services, security and waste disposal, continue to face contagion risks. And although popular conjectures of 'jobless growth' and 'routine-biased' job polarization, driven by digitization and artificial intelligence, may still be overblown, intrusive change in the nature of work and employment relations require fundamental rethinking of extant labour market regulation and social protection. Inspired more by adverse family demography than technological change, social investment reform has been the fil rouge of welfare recalibration since the turn of the century. Is social investment reform still valid in the new era of 'disruptive' technological transformation in aftermath of Coronavirus pandemic that is likely to turn into the worst recession since the second world war? Empirically, this chapter explores how Germany, Italy and the Netherlands, in terms of the strengths and vulnerabilities of their labour market to digitization, together with their respective social investment aptitude, are currently preparing their welfare states for the intensification of technological change in the decade ahead.


Mozambique's liberation struggle was fought mostly on the terrain of the northern provinces of Cabo Delgado, Niassa and Tete. Yet, though the rural landscapes of northern Mozambique are intrinsically tied to the country's national history, the public commemoration of the struggle in the present-day context is a state-led narrative more closely linked to the urban experience of the predominantly male political elite. In this article, I explore how female veterans living in the national capital, Maputo, in southern Mozambique, conceptualise national space and belonging, and construct its gendered meanings. Though significant numbers of girls and women were mobilised by the FRELIMO guerrilla army to fight in the struggle, to date little research exists on women's accounts of their experience. This article is based on life-history interviews conducted in Maputo with female war veterans in 2009 and 2011. On the one hand, I show how the abstract space of the nation is made sense of and personalised through the women's experience of the liberation struggle, and further juxtaposed with their current experience of the cityscape. On the other hand, I discuss how the capital city as the spatio-temporal location of the 'history-telling event' continues to shape the memory of the liberation struggle, contributing to the enactment of a particular gendered spatiality of belonging.


The great strides made over the past decade in the complexity and network functionality of embedded systems have significantly enhanced their attractiveness for use in critical applications such as medical devices and military communications. However, this expansion into critical areas has presented embedded engineers with a serious new problem: their designs are now being targeted by the same malicious attackers whose predations have plagued traditional systems for years. Rising concerns about data security in embedded devices are leading engineers to pay more attention to security assurance in their designs than ever before. This is particularly challenging due to embedded devices' inherent resource constraints such as limited power and memory. Therefore, traditional security solutions must be customized to fit their profile, and entirely new security concepts must be explored. However, there are few resources available to help engineers understand how to implement security measures within the unique embedded context. This new book from embedded security expert Timothy Stapko is the first to provide engineers with a comprehensive guide to this pivotal topic. From a brief review of basic security concepts, through clear explanations of complex issues such as choosing the best cryptographic algorithms for embedded utilization, the reader is provided with all the information needed to successfully produce safe, secure embedded devices. .The ONLY book dedicated to a comprehensive coverage of embedded security! .Covers both hardware- and software-based embedded security solutions for preventing and dealing with attacks. .Application case studies support practical explanations of all key topics, including network protocols, wireless and cellular communications, languages (Java and C/++), compilers, web-based interfaces, cryptography, and an entire section on SSL.


The present work reports results obtained from a series of preliminary experiments aiming at complementing the current knowledge about the wear behaviour of centrifugally-cast FGM Al/SiCp composites, through concurrent corrosion processes. Precursor MMC's were prepared by rheocasting, using 118.8 µm SiC particles and an Al-10Si-2.2 Mg alloy. Those MMC's were then molten and centrifugally cast in order to produce cylindrical FGMMC's. Discs machined from the top surface of each sample were tested against nodular cast iron pins, using an inverted configuration pin-on-disc tribometer. Sliding tests took place at room temperature, over a 50000 m sliding distance, with a sliding speed of 0.3 m s -1 , under a 5 N normal load; both dry-sliding and water-lubricated tests were performed. In order to elucidate the mechanisms involved, the wear coefficients were calculated for each condition, and the samples were subjected to morphological characterization via SEM/EDS. Concurrently, in the case of the water-lubrication tests, the corrosion potential of the tribological pair was monitored. The results obtained show an increase in material loss for the water-lubricated cases, although variations are registered depending on reinforcing particle volume fraction. At the same time, the open circuit potential response of the tribological pair may be correlated with the events of formation/destruction of the tribolayers.


People's travel collections serve as a memory aid to help them write travelogues, novels, or scientific reports when they return home. They may also have merely been a way to document a voyage or journey for future generations. Under the surface of any of these end uses is simply the need to collect, the need to hold on to memory—in the form of material culture, ephemera, photographic documentation or assiduous note taking. Travel archives are the materials (either in manuscript form or printed ephemera) that document the purposeful travel of an individual or group. Like family papers, they may be perceived as having limited value beyond their fellow travelers or family members. Irrespective of the motivation of the traveler, these collections often end up in repositories. How an archivist deals with this material is crucial to its future use.


Abstract Adam Smith raised a series of obstacles to effective large-scale social planning. In this paper, I draw these Smithian obstacles together to construct what I call the "Great Mind Fallacy," or the belief that there exists some person or persons who can overcome the obstacles Smith raises. The putative scope of the Great Mind Fallacy is larger than one might initially suppose, which I demonstrate by reviewing several contemporary thinkers who would seem to commit it. I then address two ways the fallacy might be overcome, finding both wanting. I close the paper by suggesting that Smith's Great Mind Fallacy sheds interesting light on his "impartial spectator" standard of morality, including with respect to the specific issues of property and ownership.


BACKGROUND
International nurse recruitment is an integral part of government health care strategy in many countries. However, the gendered implications of nurse migration have been little explored despite the fact that the nursing workforce is predominantly made up of women.

AIM
Based on the migration of nurses from the English-speaking Caribbean region to the UK, this paper explores the significance of gender at both the macro and micro levels.

METHODS
Four strands of inquiry were explored: nurse migration, impact on development, work experiences and family life. Key terms were used to search the electronic databases SSCI, EBSCO and JSTOR. An interpretative framework based on the feminist theory of intersectionality was used to systematically review the 15 studies that met the inclusion criteria.

FINDINGS
Gender issues are significant across all aspects of the migratory process. Migrant nurses contribute to social progress through remittances and knowledge gained abroad although overall, nurse migration negatively impacts development and there are hidden implications for women. For some Caribbean nurses, migration reflects increased economic freedom; however, for others, gender inequality lies at the centre of the decision to relocate. Gender inequality also permeates the lives of many migrant nurses even in countries where economic and work conditions are improved.

CONCLUSIONS
The ramifications of nurse migration cannot be fully understood without attention to gender inequalities and the specific socio-economic contexts in which they exist. There is need for a gender-centred approach to international nursing recruitment policy that takes account not only of the impact on developing countries, but also of the well-being of migrant nurses themselves.


This communication reports the status of the activity corresponding to the ESTEC contract "RF Breakdown in Multicarrier Systems" (19918/06/NL/GLC/RF). The main objective of this activity is to propose alternatives to the 20-gap-crossing rule for multipactor prediction in multi-carrier systems. Two new analytical prediction models are presented. Numerical and experimental results are presented showing good agreement.


The pump performance and occurrence of cavitation directly depends on different operating conditions. To cover a wide range of operation conditions for detecting cavitation in this work, investigations on the effect of various suction valve openings on cavitation in the pump were carried out. In order to analyse various levels of cavitation in different operation conditions, the effect of the decrease in the inlet suction pressure of the centrifugal pump by controlling the inlet suction valve opening was investigated using this experimental setup. Hence, the acoustic and pressure signals under different inlet valve openings and different flow rates, namely, 103, 200, 302 l/min were collected for this purpose. A detailed analysis of the results obtained from the acoustic signal was carried out to predict cavitation in the pump under different operating conditions. Also, the acoustic signal was investigated in time domain through the use of the same statistical features. The FFT technique was used to analyse the acoustic signal in the frequency domain. In addition, in this work an attempt was made to find a relationship between the cavitation and noise characteristics using the acoustic technique for identifying cavitation within a pump.


Received 24.01.2013 Accepted 20.05.2013 Published 02.09.2013 Many regions of the world face the challenge to ensure high yield with limited water supply. This calls for utilization of available water in an efficient and sustainable manner. Quantitative models can assist in management decision and planning purposes. The FAO's newly developed crop-water model, AquaCrop, which simulates yield in response to water, has been calibrated for winter wheat and subsequently used to simulate yield under different sowing dates, irrigation frequencies, and irrigation sequences using 10 years daily weather data. The simulation results suggest that "2 irrigation frequency" is the most water-efficient schedule for wheat under the prevailing climatic and soil conditions. The results also indicate decreasing yield trend under late sowing. The normal/ recommended sequence of irrigation performed better than the seven-days shifting from the normal. The results will help to formulate irrigation management plan based on the resource availability (water, and land availability from previous crop). Wheat AquaCrop Efficient water use Water productivity Irrigation management Journal of Natural Resources and Development 2013; 03: 106-113 106


This paper examines data on the racial composition and financial and sporting performance of professional English soccer teams between 1974 and 1993. In an earlier paper, Szymanski showed that teams with an above average proportion of black players would tend to perform better on average that would have been expected given the aggregate wage bills of these clubs. Since players are more or less freely traded in soccer this presents strong market-based evidence of discrimination. In the present paper we explore the source of such discrimination. In particular we are concerned to test the hypothesis that discrimination is attributable to the fans rather than the owners. If fans were racially prejudiced then the owners of a team might expect to generate a smaller marginal revenue product from a black player compared to an equally skilled white player. We assess the presence of fan discrimination by examining relationships between attendance, revenues, performance and the proportion of black players in the team. We also incorporate evidence regarding statements of racial prejudice (from the British Social Attitudes Survey) in particular regions. We find little evidence that the discrimination against black players has its source in fan discrimination. Copyright 2000 by Scottish Economic Society.


Infectious diseases have threatened humanity since the beginning of time, causing more death and illness than all wars of mankind combined. This historical review describes some outbreaks and endemic diseases and examines risk factors and individual, organisational and governmental responses. History teaches us that the most effective responses to mitigating biological disaster require coordination at all levels, from the individual to the state. The past also clearly demonstrates that basic factors such as societal and institutional stability, public health and primary care form the most important pillars of defence against infectious disease.


The aftershocks of the 24 August 2014 M w 6.0 South Napa earthquake generated prominent fault‐zone trapped waves (FZTWs) that were recorded on two 1.9‐km‐long seismic arrays deployed across the northern projection (array 1, A1) and the southern part (A2) of the surface rupture of the West Napa fault zone (WNFZ). We also observed FZTWs on an array (A3) deployed across the intersection of the Franklin and Southampton faults, which appear to be the southward continuations of the WNFZ. A1, A2, and A3 consisted of 20, 20, and 10 L28 (4.5 Hz) three‐component seismographs. We analyzed waveforms of FZTWs from 55 aftershocks in both time and frequency to characterize the fault damage zone associated with this M w 6.0 earthquake. Post‐ S coda durations of FZTWs increase with epicentral distances and focal depths from the recording arrays, suggesting a low‐velocity waveguide along the WNFZ to depths in excess of 5–7 km. Locations of the aftershocks showing FZTWs, combined with 3D finite‐difference simulations, suggest the subsurface rupture zone having an S ‐wave speed reduction of ∼40%–50% between A1 and A2, coincident with the ∼14‐km‐long mapped surface rupture zone and at least an ∼500‐m‐wide deformation zone. The low‐velocity waveguide along the WNFZ extends further southward to at least A3, but with a more moderate‐velocity reduction of 30%–35% at ray depth. This last FZTW observation suggests continuity between the WNFZ and Franklin fault. The waveguide effect may have localized and amplified ground shaking along the WNFZ and the faults farther to the south (see a companion paper by Catchings et al. , 2016).


Mille-feuille ("a thousand leaves") paper is the first non-woven, wet-laid filter paper, composed of 100% native cellulose, which is capable of removal of the "worst-case" model virus, the non-enveloped parvoviruses, i.e. minute virus of mice (MVM; 18–20 nm), from water with a log10 reduction value (LRV) >5 (>99.999%). We further illustrate how the flow rate across the mille-feuille paper can be increased exponentially so that flux rates in the order of 350 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 can be potentially achieved.


The EMERALD (Event Monitoring Enabling Responses to Anomalous Live Disturbances) environment is a distributed scalable tool suite for tracking malicious activity through and across large networks. EMERALD introduces a highly distributed, building-block approach to network surveillance, attack isolation, and automated response. It combines models from research in distributed high-volume event-correlation methodologies with over a decade of intrusion detection research and engineering experience. The approach is novel in its use of highly distributed, independently tunable, surveillance and response monitors that are deployable polymorphically at various abstract layers in a large network. These monitors contribute to a streamlined event-analysis system that combines signature analysis with statistical profiling to provide localized real-time protection of the most widely used network services on the Internet. Equally important, EMERALD introduces a recursive framework for coordinating the dissemination of analyses from the distributed monitors to provide a global detection and response capability that can counter attacks occurring across an entire network enterprise. Further, EMERALD introduces a versatile application programmers' interface that enhances its ability to integrate with heterogeneous target hosts and provides a high degree of interoperability with third-party tool suites.


Case-Based Planning (CBP) provides a way of scaling up domain-independent planning to solve large problems in complex domains. It replaces the detailed and lengthy search for a solution with the retrieval and adaptation of previous planning experiences. In general, CBP has been demonstrated to improve performance over generative (from-scratch) planning. However, the performance improvements it provides are dependent on adequate judgements as to problem similarity. In particular, although CBP may substantially reduce planning effort overall, it is subject to a mis-retrieval problem. The success of CBP depends on these retrieval errors being relatively rare. This paper describes the design and implementation of a replay framework for the case-based planner DERSNLP+EBL. DERSNLP+EBL extends current CBP methodology by incorporating explanation-based learning techniques that allow it to explain and learn from the retrieval failures it encounters. These techniques are used to refine judgements about case similarity in response to feedback when a wrong decision has been made. The same failure analysis is used in building the case library, through the addition of repairing cases. Large problems are split and stored as single goal subproblems. Multi-goal problems are stored only when these smaller cases fail to be merged into a full solution. An empirical evaluation of this approach demonstrates the advantage of learning from experienced retrieval failure.


Many islands have high electricity prices due to the reliance on imported diesel. However, hybrid energy systems (HES) which combine renewable generation with backup generators and energy storage are becoming cost competitive. Diesel usually provides about 10% of the demand because most renewables are non-dispatchable and thus the complete decarbonisation requires massively oversized renewable generation and storage. By including renewables with different resource profiles and demand side management (DSM), the diesel consumption could be decreased without increasing storage and renewable generation capacities. Here a framework for the design and optimisation of HES using wind, wave and solar generation and DSM is introduced. For the Mediterranean it is shown that wave energy is not competitive but that DSM reduces the emissions and costs by 21 and 8%. In the North Sea, DSM has lower benefits because waves act as an energy store for the wind. Thus, the combination of wave energy converters (WECs) and wind turbines significantly reduces the need for backup generation and energy storage which leads to large reductions in costs (up to 40%) and emissions (up to 60%). DSM and WECs can both simultaneously reduce the cost and emissions of HES but need to be designed for the particular circumstances.


We report here the discovery of a new end-Cryogenian glacial diamictite and an overlying basal Ediacaran cap carbonate within the Tsagaan Oloom Formation of southwestern Mongolia. The identifi cation of the Cryogenian-Ediacaran boundary, coupled with new δ 13 C chemostratigraphic profi les, facilitates the integration of the Neoproterozoic stratigraphy of Mongolia with records elsewhere. These correlations indicate that a previously unrecognized, ‐16‰ Cryogenian δ 13 C anomaly is present in the newly defi ned Tayshir member (informal) of the Tsagaan Oloom Formation. Furthermore, chemostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic relationships suggest an ~35 m.y. depositional hiatus below the phosphorite-bearing Zunne Arts member (informal) of the upper Tsagaan Oloom Formation and that subsidence renewed in the latest Ediacaran‐Early Cambrian. We propose that the lower ~1500 m of the Tsagaan Oloom Formation was deposited on a thermally subsiding passive margin after Rodiniaage rifting, whereas the Zunne Arts member and the overlying ~1600 m of Early Cambrian strata were deposited in a foredeep basin that formed as the southern margin of the Dzabkhan terrane was subducted beneath the Khantayshir-Dariv arc.


A meta-analytic integration of 57 effect sizes from 13 studies (567 teams, 2,258 participants) was performed to determine if groups that are homogeneous with respect to gender, ability level, and personality achieve higher levels of performance than teams that are heterogeneous on these attributes. Although individual studies often show marked differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous groups, the results of this integration show the combined effect sizes of these studies to be small, though not significant, in favor of heterogeneous groups. It appears that the significant effects found in many of the included studies can be attributed to the type and difficulty of the task used in the investigation. Implications for team construction are discussed.


Anolis equestris Merrem, the Cuban giant anole, was described in 1820. The formal description is based upon an account of the lizard by CUVIER ("le grand Anolis a crete") in 1817. MERREM'S description is very brief but sufficiently detailed to assign the name to the Cuban species rather than to any other Antillean giant anole. The lizard was redescribed by BELL (1827) as Anolius [sic] rhodolaemus, based upon material collected by W. S. MACLEAY. NOBLE & HASSLER (1935) named Anolis luteogularis from a long series from western Cuba. This species was relegated to subspecific status under A. equestris by BARBOUR & SHREVE (1935), who also named A. e. hassleri from the Isla de Pinos (based upon two specimens) and A. e. noblei from eastern Cuba (based upon three specimens). SCHWARTZ (1958) named A. e. thomasi from Camaguey Province and later (1964) reviewed the status of the species in Oriente Province, naming A. e. smallwoodi, A. e. palardis, A. e. baracoae, A. e. galeifer, and A. e. saxuliceps. As presently understood, there are ten subspecies of A. equestris throughout Cuba and the Isla de Pinos. Comments by SCHWARTZ (1964) indicated that there were several Oriente specimens which did not agree with the concepts of the subspecies defined by him and suggested that there was still a great deal to be learned about the distribution and variation in A. equestris at least in Oriente, the physiographically and ecologically most diverse of the Cuban provinces. The junior author became interested in A. equestris when he encountered lizards from various Cuban localities which did not agree in detail with taxa already named. In addition, the discovery of two "subspecies" equestris and luteogularis) occurring syntopically in the same wooded area suggested that perhaps the entire complex needed serious restudy and revision. Accordingly, GARRIDO made extensive collections of A. equestris from much of Cuba and the Isla de Pinos (whence previously only very few specimens have been available) as well as on Cayo Cantiles in the Archipielago de los Canarreos. In addition, GARRIDO succeeded in securing large series of some populations which had previously been known from single individuals or very small samples.


This article examines variation in gender assignment to English loanwords – a phenomenon that has rarely been studied on a large empirical basis to date. We report on a multi-method study of gender assignment to Anglicisms as evidenced by large newspaper corpora and experimental data elicited from German native speakers, allowing empirically well-grounded insights into methodological and sociolinguistic factors that determine gender variation. In contrast to earlier studies which assume variation in gender assignment to be especially prevalent in the early stages of integration, thus claiming that there is comparatively little variation in general, our findings show a substantial amount of variation among the test items. In general, we find that variation is higher in the informant data when compared to the corpus data.


This article analyzes a trend in the prose texts of French writers of Iranian origin, based on close readings of Chahdortt Djavann, Comment peut-on être français? (How Can One Be French? 2006), and Ladane Azernour, Les larmes de l'exil: L'Iran confisqué (The Tears of Exile: Iran Confiscated, 2004). The article argues that new orientalism in France comes from the "natives" only, and can thus be considered as "self-orientalism" according to Edward Saïd's term. It uses the term native to point out the paradox of the new orientalist writers' discourse: they proclaim their Iranian origins and their witnessing of contemporary Iran, while they dissociate themselves from other Iranians. The article shows that new orientalism is tied with an "emulative" type of occidentalism, as opposed to a "revisionist" type. Such an emulative form of occidentalism is very close to an interiorized orientalism, erecting the West as a model and reproducing orientalist stereotypes. French new orientalist narratives are characterized by their simplified version of Islam, their construction of a polarized vision of the world, and the proclamation of their preference for the West. Emphatically othering characters and places, these narratives suggest that understanding between Iranian and French peoples has become impossible after the Islamic revolution. The autobiographical literary form helps to construct such a discourse because it makes it almost impossible to question the lived experiences. One of the purposes of this article is to point out the potential danger in publishing more new orientalist narratives, which for now are scarcely represented in the Franco-Iranian literary panorama.


Due to rapid growth in both population and economic development in China, water demand is increasing dramatically and China is facing more and more severe water scarcity problems. Thus competitions for water (between uses, users and regions) are increasing which make water use efficiency an important issue in China, together with the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water, all of which drive the Chinese government and water planners to find the optimal water resource allocation plan. Optimal water resource allocation plan with consideration of social benefit, economic benefit and environmental benefit can provide valuable information to the decision makers, thus improve the water use efficiency and promote better water resource management. With better understanding of real world problems and improved data availability and reliability, modern WRA models often involve nonlinear optimization with high dimensionality and a large number of constraints, thus they could be very complicated, which make the conventional optimization techniques incredible difficult or unable to find the optimal solutions, so heuristic-based methods were adopted in this paper and three of the most popular one will be adopted to solve three typical WRA problems. The procedures to solve those models using heuristic-based methods were presented and many design issues were discussed, such as the formulation of the fitness functions, constraints handling techniques etc. By solving three typical WRA problems with heuristic-based methods, it concluded that heuristic-based methods can be easily adapted to solve WRA problems and in future with further research they will play a significant role in optimal WRA problems.


Water supplies have been meeting strict experiments all over the world and the tendencies of reducing precipitations and rising temperatures in the arid and semi-arid of the Middle-East region (such as Iran) aggravate this condition during the last few decades. A proper water planning needs productive Integrated Water Resource Management models that can respond these complicated troubles.
The aim of this study was to develop a structure for applicable and efficient risk control of water supplies through drought. This management structure combines hydrological, socio-economic and water organization models. The methodology has three factors: 1) the statistical possessions of drought characterisation and drought trend in terms of space-time were examined and thresholds of drought warning are evaluated to assist as drivers for control programmes. 2) A water-planning model was applied to combine water accessibility and demand and examine the reliability of the water system to deliver the water to demand sites during the normal and drought episodes. 3) The model was used to estimates the future impacts of climate alteration, through driving them with simulations from an ensemble of statically downscaled CMIP5 model for the severest scenario in the 21st century. Moreover, some potential management plans that decrease the future hazard of water shortage were evaluated. The methods were tested in a case study in the Zayandeh Rud River basin in Iran. The results indicated the important roles of both meteorological and anthropogenic elements on occurrence of drought and water shortages for past and future time.


For discrete-time uncertain linear systems with constraints on inputs and states, we develop an approach to determine state feedback controllers based on a min–max control formulation. Robustness is achieved against additive norm-bounded input disturbances and/or polyhedral parametric uncertainties in the state-space matrices. We show that the finite-horizon robust optimal control law is a continuous piecewise affine function of the state vector and can be calculated by solving a sequence of multiparametric linear programs. When the optimal control law is implemented in a receding horizon scheme, only a piecewise affine function needs to be evaluated on line at each time step. The technique computes the robust optimal feedback controller for a rather general class of systems with modest computational effort without needing to resort to gridding of the state–space.


The characterization of Lycopersicon germplasm for internal quality proper- ties is essential to choose suitable donor parents for breeding programs. When donor parents belong to species of subgenus Eulycopersicon, which are phyletically closer to L. esculentum Mill., the recovery of agronomic traits is faster. When using these materials, a careful selection of donor parents which could improve several internal quality properties allows the acceleration of these breeding programs. In this work, we combine general determinations, such as soluble solid content, titratable acidity, pH, total sugars, pectic substances and total protein contents with precise high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), quantitations of individual compounds (vitamin C; citric, malic, fumaric and oxalic acids; glucose, fructose, and sucrose), in order to obtain a more complete charac- terization of flavor intensity and nutritional properties in Lycopersicon germplasm. The multidimensional analysis of all these variables allows classification of several accessions of L. esculentum Mill. and L. pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill., according to their usefulness for internal quality breeding programs of fresh tomato. The classification obtained and the comparison of accessions quality characteristics with selected controls show that five of the L. pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. accessions tested can be of great usefulness for being used in breeding for internal quality characteristics. A flavor intensity ≈625% higher than commercial hybrids was obtained in the best accession tested. Some of these L. pimpinel- lifolium (Jusl.) Mill. accessions showed better flavor intensity properties than a high SSC L. cheesmanii Riley control, traditionally used in internal quality breeding. In addition, three of the L. esculentum Mill. accessions tested with medium-to-high flavor intensity value could be useful in advanced stages of breeding programs.


Recent decades have witnessed an increase in selecting international arbitration as an alternative method of resolving disputes. However, its acceptance and the interpretation of arbitration agreements have been notably influenced by Shari'a, as it is the primary source of law and public policy in many countries in the Islamic world. The growth in business relations between international companies and the Islamic world, mainly in the Middle East, in addition to the expansion of Islamic finance, stress the importance of understanding the Shari'a attitude towards international arbitration. This article seeks to examine the extent to which international arbitration is compatible with arbitration according to Shari'a law. Special attention will be paid to the arbitration regulations in Saudi Arabia as a country largely influenced by Islamic law. The principle argument of this article is that Islam has recognized arbitration as an alternative system for resolving disputes. Although the views of some Islamic jurisprudence schools are inconsistent with the practice of international arbitration, compatible views generally are found within other Islamic jurisprudence schools, and Muslims are permitted to follow it.


OBJECTIVES
There has been limited effort to explore young people's perceptions about mental illness in Uganda. For mental health programs targeting young people to succeed, it is important to incorporate their understanding of mental illness, their perceptions about causes of mental illness and their attitudes about mentally ill people. The objective of this study was to explore the mental health of young people in secondary schools in Northern and Central Uganda.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS
This was a qualitative study where 24 focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with young people in secondary schools. Respondents aged 14-24 years were purposively selected from 4 secondary schools in the two regions. During the FGDs, young people's perceptions and understanding of three areas listed below were explored: meaning of mental health/mental illness; causes of mental illness and attitudes toward mental illness. Data management and analysis was done with the help of Atlas.ti, a-qualitative-analysis software. Thematic analysis approach was employed.

RESULTS
FGD participants used concepts like a sound and normal mind, right thinking, normal behavior and normal thoughts to define mental health. Mental illness on the other hand was defined as loss of sense of reality, malfunctioning of the brain, impaired thinking and bizarre behavior. Young people attributed mental illness to; substance abuse (Marijuana, alcohol), witnessing traumatic events (seeing ones your relatives being killed, or being forced to participate in killing-frequently mentioned by young people in Northern Uganda); witch craft, effect of physical illness e.g. HIV/epilepsy, thinking too much, accidents and genetic explanations. They had mixed opinions about interacting with mentally ill individuals. Unpredictability and dangerousness were known to be a recurrent theme among people with negative views about mentally ill. Nonetheless, some FGD participants believed that the level of interaction with mentally ill persons depended on familiarity with mental illness and the severity of the symptoms. Similarly, there were mixed opinions regarding mental illness and work. Three main clusters of responses emerged. These were: i) "mentally ill people should not work"; ii) "mentally ill people should work but.."; iii) "mentally ill people should work like everyone else".

CONCLUSIONS
Findings point to key gaps in the knowledge and attitudes of young people that need to be targeted by young-people-focused-interventions for mental health. In order for such interventions to succeed, young people must be able to recognize and respond appropriately to signs of distress, reduced functioning, and other early signs of poor mental health.


The rule of law is a fundamental principle and the cornerstone of Western democracies and their public governance. Its underlying value is the idea of constraint of governmental power. The rule of law principle acts as an interpretative concept in most contexts of the exercise of public powers in the EU and its Member States, with the courts exercising supervision over the activities of administrative bodies. However, the teleological argumentation through fundamental principles is not inherent to all Central and Eastern European judicial and administrative bodies, given the long tradition of formalistic approach in most of them. The article analyses whether the approach has changed during the past thirty years and to which level the principle of the rule of law is used for interpretation of administrative law provisions by courts in the Czech Republic. Since the case law of the Czech Constitutional Court and the Czech Supreme Administrative Court is based on the arguments of legality and proportionality as the key elements of the rule of law, their cases were analysed using a comparative method. The article identifies a general tendency in legally difficult cases to move from purely linguistic interpretation to interpretation through values, including the rule of law. Most of the analysed cases reveal that the formalistic interpretation was strongly criticised by both the Constitutional and the Supreme Administrative courts. However, slight differences in their perception of the principles of legality and proportionality were discerned, namely in the debate on the intensity of control exercised by administrative courts over factual and discretionary decisions by administrative authorities. Nevertheless, these differences produce beneficial effects, as both principles continue being developed thanks to the exchange of opinions between the courts. Further research could be conducted for similar countries in the region.


All enterprises seek to maximise the value of the assets and minimize the costs. Thus, they will explore the weighting of each way of financing (own funds or debt) in total financing, i.e. optimize the financial structure of the enterprise and maximising its value. On the other hand, they are trying to determine the weighting of each way of financing, that leads to maximising of the enterprise value and to minimise the cost of capital. So, the paper present the arbitrage used by an investor into an enterprise without debts and into an enterprise indebt, using the model Modigliani and Miller, relating to the financing policy neutrality towards the average cost of capital and the value of the enterprise.


The Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) is that part of a computing machine visible for programming, including its native data types, instructions, registers, memory architecture, exception handling and external interfaces. The ISA also includes the specification of the machine's native language: that is its instructions and their actions. This thesis proposes the use of the Event-B formal notation to construct a sequence of formal specifications applicable to a range of ISAs, by abstractly capturing their shared properties. Initial, very abstract, descriptions are refined by the incremental addition of greater detail, each increment providing a template for development of the next. The use of Event-B allows correctness, i.e. the preservation of the properties of the previous step, to be verified over successive refinements. This is achieved by the creation and proving of logical hypotheses, or proof obligations.

The process enables development of ISAs with predictable behaviour when executing both correct and erroneous programs, by identification of the precise preconditions required for successful execution of instructions, their resulting actions, and all possible error conditions. Application of property proving techniques allows for the formal verification of desirable properties.

A methodology is proposed for the incremental construction of the common elements of an ISA, and its features are discussed. The methodology is initially used to construct a generic description, which is then demonstrated by refinement to two representative ISAs capable of executing compiled C binary executables. The complete refinement process is demonstrated by the creation and testing of Virtual Machines automatically generated via novel translation tools.

Prior art has relied on the provision of single-layered descriptions of specific ISAs to enable formal verification of implementations, placing a burden of correctness on these specifications. This work contributes by the provision of a common context for correct derivation of these previously independant descriptions. The work introduces novel levels of abstraction to allow re-use on any sequential computing machine, provides a framework for the comparison of different ISAs relative to a single datum, and enables analysis of design options during the creation and extension of ISAs. Further contributions are the construction of multiple ISAs from a single abstract description, and the introduction of automatic source-code generation techniques to the Event-B method, which include features to assist in the development and test of useable ISAs.


The structure and surface morphology of diamond films grown on (100) single crystal silicon substrates byHF-CVD technique usingH2:CH4 (100:1 sccm) gas mixture are reported. The diamond films were characterized by scanning electronmicroscopy, x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The influence of substrate pretreatment on the surface morphology and structure of the deposited diamond films have been explored. SEM micrographs of the deposited diamond film without any substrate pretreatment were found to consist of scattered diamond nuclei of about 5 µm or less in diameter having cubo-octahedral shapes which clearly exhibit (100) and (111) planes of diamond latticewhich are not significantly clustered. As the pretreatment time increases to 20 minutes the diamond nuclei grow in number and clustering starts to dominate and the signals of secondary nucleation disappear. After 30 minutes pretreatment of the substrate the micrographs of the deposited films showed that the film was continuous and nicely faceted exhibiting predominant (111) surface morphology. Asuccessful attempt has been made to incorporate boron in easy and simple way in the deposited diamond films. It was found that the presence of boron introduced cauli-flower type features to diamond crystallites on micron scale.


In Russia, trust management (doveritel'noe upravlenie) is a civil-law institution regulated by the 1994 Russian Civil Code (Chap.53). There has been no small amount of criticism by Russian scholars of the trust doctrine. In part, this is a function of the fact that trust management of property in Russia has common-law roots, based on the fundamental principles of trust. Furthermore, trust management differs from the (Soviet) concepts of 'economic ownership' (khoziaistvennoe vedenie) and 'administrative (operative) management' (operativnoe upravlenie), on the one hand, and from the classic common-law form of trust, on the other. The transplant of foreign experience into Russia has had an influence on the restructuring of the Russian economy as a result of the intent of Russian legislators to introduce legal institutions that work in other legal systems embedded in market economies. In political terms, this has led to a legal model of trust management of property in Russian legislation that is a competitive and alternative legal model to the right of economic ownership and operative management. These latter two constructs traditionally enjoyed exclusive and absolute domination in the sphere of managing state property in the administrative-command economic system in the Soviet Union, and still predominate in Russia today.


The Chilean students' rebellion emerged in 2011 within the wave of global protests. Even though it is an organized movement, with roots in a specific historical context, it shares with the global movement the use of new media technologies, the appropriation of public spaces, and the concern for democracy and equality. The movement deploys flexible forms of organization and mobilization such as flash mobs, in the case analyzed in this article, the GenkiDama for Education. The students create a narrative based on the famous Manga series Dragon Ball Z to reframe the conflict between students and government. As Manga fans, they open up participation to other less politically defined identities. The flash mob moment works as a communicative event in which the narrative is put into place and strengthens a sense of community in the streets of Santiago de Chile. To analyze the connections between the fictional narrative of Manga and the use of the public space, we draw on Michel de Certeau's theory on spatial practices and the function of stories and place/space. Spatial practices during the flash mob challenge the social and spatial order in order to represent a symbolic victory of the students over the political system. Key words: Flash mob; spatial practices; narrative; space; place; Manga; students' movement; mobilization


This paper describes the GermEval 2014 Named Entity Recognition (NER) Shared Task workshop at KONVENS. It provides background information on the motivation of this task, the data-set, the evaluation method, and an overview of the participating systems, followed by a discussion of their results. In contrast to previous NER tasks, the GermEval 2014 edition uses an extended tagset to account for derivatives of names and tokens that contain name parts. Further, nested named entities had to be predicted, i.e. names that contain other names. The eleven participating teams employed a wide range of techniques in their systems. The most successful systems used state-of-theart machine learning methods, combined with some knowledge-based features in hybrid systems.


In U.S. M&A transactions, target directors are effectively required to seek and consider a "fairness opinion" and supporting valuations before accepting a takeover offer. Despite their legal status, critics have argued that these valuations are biased, and that even unbiased valuations would not be useful to public companies, which can use their pre-deal stock price as an appraisal of their value. I develop and implement tests for the usefulness and the bias of fairness opinion valuations, and find tight evidence for both. They impound information about fundamental mispricing in targets, and prospective deal synergies, which could make them useful to directors in exercising their duties. They also exhibit predictable bias: providers toggle their discount-rate assumptions ex post to rationalize negotiated deal prices. However, this bias has been constrained by judicial scrutiny in recent years. These findings suggest that third-party appraisal could have a useful role in M&A governance, and suggest avenues for reform.


John F. Kennedy owed his victorious bid for the presidency as well as his success in reversing former president Dwight D. Eisenhower's military and economic policies while in office largely to his ability to exploit fears of an alleged Soviet strategic superiority, famously known as the "missile gap." Capitalizing on American alarms about national security, within months after his inauguration, he won Congressional authorization for two supplemental defense appropriations that collectively increased the defense budget by more than 15 percent. Yet, argues Christopher Preble, the missile gap was a myth. The Kennedy administration perpetuated that myth to justify a massive military buildup that had profound implications for both the domestic economy and for American foreign relations. Eisenhower had warned against excessive military spending, but the missile gap scare shook the confidence of millions of Americans. In the face of presumed Soviet dominance, Eisenhower's New Look programs no longer appeared adequate. By electing Kennedy, U.S. citizens signaled their willingness to bear any burden in exchange for peace of mind. Little did they realize that Kennedy's new military strategy, known as Flexible Response, marked a commitment to a war economy that persisted through the final days of the Cold War. The myth of the missile gap and the policies that followed had a profound impact on U.S. Soviet relations. But by inducing doubts about America's capacity for world leadership, it also weakened the resolve of the nation's allies. On the home front and in the international arena, the missile gap shaped the outcome of the Cold War."


Neurons are endowed with dendrites: tree-like structures that collect and transform inputs. These arborizations are believed to substantially enhance the computational repertoire of neurons. While it has long been known that dendrites are not iso-potential units, only in the last few decades it was shown experimentally that dendritic branches can transform local inputs in a non-linear fashion. This finding led to the subunit hypothesis, which states that within the dendritic tree, inputs arriving in one branch are transformed non-linearly and independently from what happens in other branches. Recent progress in experimental recording techniques shows that this localized dendritic integration contributes to shaping behavior. While it is generally accepted that the dendritic tree induces multiple subunits, many questions remain unanswered. For instance, it is not known how much separation there needs to be between different branches to be able to function as subunits. Consequently, there is no information on how many subunits can coexist along a dendritic arborization. It is also not known what the input-output relation of these subunits would be, or whether these subunits can be modified by input patterns. As a consequence, assessing the effects of dendrites on the workings of networks of neurons remains mere guesswork. During this work, we choose a theory-driven approach to advance our knowledge about dendrites. Theory can help us understand dendrites by deriving accurate, but conceptually simple models of dendrites that still capture their main computational effects. These models can then be analyzed and fully understood, which in turn teaches us how actual dendrites function computationally. Such simple models typically require less computer operations to simulate than highly detailed dendrite models. Hence, they may also increase the speed of network simulations that incorporate dendrites. The Green's function forms the basis for our theory driven approach. We first explored whether it could be used to reduce the cost of simulating dendrite models. One mathematically interesting finding in this regard is that, because this function is defined on a tree graph, the number of equations can be reduced drastically. Nevertheless, we were forced to conclude that reducing dendrites in this way does not yield new information about the subunit hypothesis. We then focused our attention on another way of decomposing the Green's function. We found that the dendrite model obtained in this way reveals much information on the dendritic subunits. In particular, we found that the occurrence of subunits is well predicted by the ratio of input over transfer impedance in dendrites. This allowed us to estimate the number of subunits that can coexist on dendritic trees. We also found that this ratio can be modified by other inputs, in particular shunting conductances, so that the number of subunits on a dendritic tree can be modified dynamically. We finally were able to show that, due to this dynamical increase of the number of subunits, individual branches that would otherwise respond to inputs as a single unit, could become sensitive to different stimulus features. We believe that this model can be implemented in such a way that it simulates dendrites in a highly efficient manner. Thus, after incorporation in standard neural network simulation software, it can substantially improve the accessibility of dendritic network simulations to modelers.


Kinematic wave theory is utilized to investigate diverging overland flow which does not appear to have been previously investigated in watershed hydrology. This paper is the first in a sequel of two. It developes analytical solutions for a diverging geometry for two cases: (1) when infiltration is considered through rainfall-excess, and (2) when infiltration is treated concurrently with runoff; this gives rise to a free boundary problem. Part I1 discusses the application of the proposed model to natural watersheds.


The pressure-narrowing theory of Galatry is applied to the calculations of equivalent widths of lines in the quadrupole rotation–vibration spectrum of molecular hydrogen. The theory leads to agreement with the measurements of Rank and associates. A value for the pressure-broadening coefficient of 0.0015 cm−1/atm at 300 K is obtained for the 1–0 S(1) line. The application of the results to the hydrogen abundance on Jupiter is briefly considered.


Exosomes, (50-150 nm sized vesicles), are secreted by all cells and found in all body fluids investigated. Isolation and characterization of exosomes from cell culture systems and body fluids provide valuable information about the biological system. The level of exosomes in human serum will vary depending on many factors such as age, sex, time of sample collection (circadian rhythm/nutrition status) , and of particular interest during diseased conditions. Such information may possibly be used for early detection of disease, monitoring of disease and/or effect of treatment. The established standard for exosome isolation is differential ultracentrifugation a method which cannot discriminate between exosome subpopulations or other particles with similar size and density. Here we have established a direct method for specific isolation of exosomes from cell culture supernatant suitable for a range of different downstream applications. Magnetic beads targeting human CD9 or CD81, common exosomal markers, were used to first isolate and characterize pre-enriched exosomes addressing critical factors (volume, time and exosome concentrations) to establish optimal and comparable isolation conditions. Finally, exosomes were isolated and characterized directly from cell culture media. In conclusion, the data demonstrates the ability to capture exosomes directly providing the possibility to characterize and compare exosomes from different sources and increasing the compatibility in terms of applications.


The present article examines consumer price development in the three Scandinavian countries, Denmark, Norway and Sweden, 1815-1913. A consumer price index (CPI) is constructed for Norway. It is based on consumer prices for up to nine consumption groups and 47 commodities in 40 Norwegian cities and towns. With only a few exceptions, the price data are culled from the Ingvar Wedervang Archive on prices and Wages kept at the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration in Bergen. The CPI for Norway is compared to corresponding CPIs for Denmark and Sweden. We trace high conformity in price waves between the countries. This can partly be explained by their imports of similar commodities, and partly by their heavy dependence on agriculture, where similar climatic fluctuations gave conformity in price movements for primary products. Finally, the significant correlation of prices gives an indication of surprisingly high integration of the inter-Scandinavian markets.


In this paper using nutrients elasticity tools, consumer behavior of urban and rural area was surveyed in long run and short run during 1981-2005. To calculate nutrients elasticity (as a main purpose of this paper), we use Huang and Lin demand model (2001) and Lan-Caster s consumption technology equation. Finally N=S*D matrix was employed to calculate nutrients elasticity, where N contained nutrients elasticity values (related to income variations), S also indicated the percentage of a specific nutrients in each food and D defined the demand elasticity matrix. According to subgroup of food income elasticity, we suggest to subsidize "bread, grains and their products" and also "milk and its products and egg" to enhance the quality level of consumption pattern of urban and rural areas. Also price elasticity of meat subgroups price is highest in urban societies and according to the lack of consumption effects of it, governmental implementation of supporting programs will be necessary. * Professor of Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran ** Lecturer and Economic Researcher in INTA(Corresponding Author) e-mail:email@example.com هعسوتو يزرواشكداصتقا لاس ه ج مهد هرامش، 70 14 The result of income elasticity of nutrients shows that the more costs taken in each subgroup of foodstuff, the more is consumption of nutrients consumption. JEL Classification: A12,C32,D12


Maternal mortality is a global issue and WHO recommends the use of maternal health services to help improve the health of women and babies during pregnancy and childbirth. Considering global and national interest in improving maternal health and the fact that Ghana is still battling with reducing maternal mortality, understanding the factors affecting the use of maternal services in rural areas is crucial as the women are seen as more vulnerable due to inequity issues. This study sets to examine the factors that influence the utilisation of antenatal and delivery services among rural women in Ghana, focusing on individual and area factors. A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in three rural communities using Akuapim North District of Ghana as a case study.. The study adopted the quantitative approach. Structured interviews were used in data collection with the help of interview schedules. Two hundred and ninety-six (296) respondents were sampled using both probability and non probability techniques. Findings reveal that the use of the MHS is inadequate in relation to the WHO standards. Individual characteristics such as age, marital status and family size and the cost and time taken to a health facility were significantly associated with all the maternal health outcomes. Poor access to vehicles hindered women from delivery in a health institution and getting assistance from trained medical personnels. However, no significant association was established between education of respondents and the maternal health outcomes. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health engages in inter-sectoral collaboration to help ensure health equity.Effective integration of TBAs in providing care is needed to help improve utilisation of maternal services in rural areas


We present the first record of Boeica multinervia (Gesneriaceae) for India, based on specimens from Sagalee, Arunachal Pradesh, India. The species is easily recognized due to its short internodes, stoloniferous habit, and glandular pubescent rosette leaves and inflorescence. Boeica multinervia is so far known only from (Xizang) China. A brief description along with additional notes and photographs are provided.


A core result of the aid allocation literature is that the quality of governance in recipient countries does not affect the amounts of foreign aid received. Donor countries may still give aid to poorly-governed countries because of a dilemma they face: those countries most in need typically also lack proper institutions. This paper argues that donors try to resolve this dilemma by delivering aid through non-state actors. Using aid shares as well as absolute amounts of aid allocated through different channels and considering different dimensions of governance, we provide evidence that bypassing governments via NGOs and multilateral organizations is indeed a response to weak recipient state institutions. The effect is stronger in aid sectors where donors can more easily switch between channels, and weaker for higher levels of economic self-interest among donors.


Over the past twenty years, Mozambique has achieved remarkable progress in promoting macroeconomic growth and stability. Nonetheless, poverty rates remain high and labour market activity is dominated by smallholder farming. We use recent household survey data to dig into these trends and provide an updated analysis of transformation in the labour market. We find that movement of labour out of agriculture has contributed to aggregate growth. But, this trend is slowing and is leading to a saturation of the services sector. Moreover, productivity growth is weakening within more labour-intensive sectors. We conclude by reflecting on policy challenges, including demographic trends.


What is the potential significance of community in a prolonged dieta (10-day restricted diet with regular ritual consumption of ayahuasca and other medicinal plants) in a remote jungle location in the Amazon basin of Peru? Pre-dieta experiences including how participants join the community, cleansing routines prior to departure to Peru, sharing with the shaman one's personal intentions and health history, and prior experience with medicinal and entheogenic plants are introduced. Dieta rituals such as tambo housing, meals, hygiene and maintenance, music, ceremony preparations, ceremonial and everyday dieta etiquette, and post-ceremony ritual and day of rest are considered. Bonding with the local support community and those who harvested and crafted the medicinal plant mixtures are evaluated in the context of both dieta and traditional indigenous goals of creating a spiritual practice community of love and trust that embraces people, plants, and all of earth and beyond.