When the readers look at classified advertisements, they find a text, which is generally not coherent. For that reason, through this thesis the writer tries to find the answer of the following questions: How effective are the factors which are mentioned in the theories Hyme?s Ethnography of Communication, Minsky?s frame, Bartlett?s Schemata, and Brown and Yule? Inference for classified advertisements to be considered as coherence texts? What factors, mentioned in the four theories, are necessary to build up the coherence of classified advertisements? Before the writer continues the research, it is better to know the Hyme?s Ethnography of Communication, Minsky?s frame, Bartlett?s Schemata, and Brown and Yule? Inference? Hyme?s Ethnography of Communication is a type of functional approach to language. Minsky?s Frame is knowledge that is stored in memory in the form of data structure. Bartlett?s Schemata is knowledge of the world or previous experiences. Finally, Brown and Yule?s inference is connections that people make when they attempt to have correct interpretation to classified advertisements. Then, in this analysis, the writer uses the following steps: first, analyzing the classified advertisements with Hyme?s Ethnography of Communication, Minsky?s frame, Bartlett?s schemata (consists of abbreviation and reference schemata), and Brown and Yule?s inference; second, bind all the results in the first step in complete sentences. This step belongs to the part of determining the inferences to be made. Third, noting down all the factors in the fourth theories to ensure the effectiveness of interpreting classified advertisements. The fourth chapter explains how the writer analyzes classified advertisements, which represent all frames. This chapter is organized into four parts: Rumah-Tanah (Properties), Aneka Kebutuhan (General Needs), Lowongan (Vacancies), and Mobil-Motor (Vehicles for sale and rent) After the analysis is done in order to prove how effective the four theories are, the writer finds seven factors: the first of Hyme?s Ethnography of Communication feature is setting, that is when the classified advertisement is published. The second factor is place or the knowledge of the newspaper whereabouts. The third Hyme?s Ethnography of Communication feature is topic. By knowing the topic, it is easier for the readers, who already have the background knowledge of the topic to interpret the advertisements, which are not cohesive. The fourth is Minsky?s frame. Frame here refers to the knowledge of the reader about what is being advertised. The fifth is Bartlett?s abbreviation schemata. In this section, the writer changes each abbreviation into the complete words. The sixth is Bartlett?s reference schemata. In this section, the writer makes the abbreviation stands easier for the readers to connect the phrases or words with their correct reference. Finally, the last factor is Brown and Yule?s inference. Determining the inference is made by relating all meanings in the classified advertisements. Thus, by determining the inference, the overall intended meaning will be provided or in other word, determining the inference is the conclusion of all descriptions, which have been done before from the sixth factors.


The 1783 Treaty of Paris formally ended the American Revolution and established the United States as an independent and sovereign nation. In words reminiscent of those in the resolution presented by Richard Henry Lee to Congress in June 1776, and later included in the Declaration of Independence, Article I of the treaty stated that the king now acknowledged the new nation to be free. Negotiations that led to the treaty began two years earlier, and were filled with behind-the-scenes dealings and suspicions; messages in secret code traveled across the Atlantic between the American peace commissioners and Congress. The U.S. peace commissioners included John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay. Henry Laurens would have been the fourth, but he was caught en route to Paris with instructions and subsequently imprisoned in the Tower of London. The principal British commissioner was Richard Oswald, but a change in the British government in 1783 led to his recall and replacement by David Hartley. Despite the fact that both sides sought peace, the process was slow. In part, this was because Congress felt bound by the 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France, and initially directed the American negotiators to make no agreements without the knowledge of the king of France. Eventually, the ' Americans opened separate negotiations with the British, resulting in significant progress. On November 30, 1782, preliminary articles of peace were signed. These articles, however, would only be effective when a similar treaty was signed between Britain and France. Fortunately, this occurred early in the next year, and on September 3, 1783, in the Hotel de York, now 56 Rue Jacob, the formal Treaty of Paris was signed--at least three copies of it. Two of the signed "original duplicate" copies are today in the holdings of the National Archives. One contains the signatures of Adams, Franklin, Jay, and Hartley horizontally, the other contains vertical signatures, and both are 10 pages long. The National Archives also holds an exchange copy that is 12 pages long and includes a skippet. It was signed by King George III at a later date. The Definitive Treaty of Peace was organized into three sections: a preface, 10 articles, and finally the signatures. The preface stated the treaty's objective: both Great Britain and the United States wished "to forget all past misunderstandings and differences..." Each of the articles sought to resolve a specific issue: Article 1: Recognized the 13 colonies as free and sovereign states; Article 2: Established the boundaries between the United States and British North America; Article 3: Granted fishing rights to United States fishermen in the Grand Banks, off the coast of Newfoundland and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence; Article 4: Recognized the debts to be paid to creditors on either side; Article 5: Stated that the Congress of the Confederation will "earnestly recommend" to state legislatures to recognize the rightful owners of all confiscated lands and provide restitution to British loyalists; Article 6: Stated that the United States would prevent future confiscations of the property of Loyalists; Article 7: Stated that prisoners of war on both sides would be released and all property left by the British army in the United States unmolested (including slaves); Article 8: Granted both Great Britain and the United States perpetual access to the Mississippi River; Article 9: Stated that territories captured by Americans subsequent to the treaty would be returned without compensation; Article 10: Declared that ratification of the treaty was to occur within six months from the signing. [ILLUSTRATIONS OMITTED] This final article proved to be something of a challenge. One week after the signing, Adams, Franklin, and Jay prepared a 16-page letter and sent it with the treaty to Congress. …


Since the archaeal domain of life was first recognized, it has often been assumed that Archaea are ancient, and harbor primitive traits. In fact, the names of the major archaeal lineages reflect our assumptions regarding the antiquity of their traits. Ancestral state reconstruction and relaxed molecular clock analyses using newly articulated oxygen age constraints show that although the archaeal domain itself is old, tracing back to the Archean eon, many clades and traits within the domain are not ancient or primitive. Indeed many clades and traits, particularly in the Euryarchaeota, were inferred to be Neoproterozoic or Phanerozoic in age. Both Eury‐ and Crenarchaeota show increasing metabolic and physiological diversity through time. Early archaeal microbial communities were likely limited to sulfur reduction and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, and were confined to high‐temperature geothermal environments. However, after the appearance of atmospheric oxygen, nodes containing a wide variety of traits (sulfate and thiosulfate reduction, sulfur oxidation, sulfide oxidation, aerobic respiration, nitrate reduction, mesophilic methanogenesis in sedimentary environments) appear, first in environments containing terrestrial Crenarchaeota in the Meso/Neoproterozoic followed by environments containing marine Euryarchaeota in the Neoproterozoic and Phanerozoic. This provides phylogenetic evidence for increasing complexity in the biogeochemical cycling of C, N, and S through geologic time, likely as a consequence of microbial evolution and the gradual oxygenation of various compartments within the biosphere. This work has implications not only for the large‐scale evolution of microbial communities and biogeochemical processes, but also for the interpretation of microbial biosignatures in the ancient rock record.


Urban air pollution has been linked to various human health considerations, including cardiopulmonary diseases. Citizens who suffer from poor air quality often rely on experts to identify pollution sources due to the lack of accessible tools. Taking this into account, we developed Smell Pittsburgh, a system that enables communities to report odors and track where these odors are frequently concentrated. All smell report data are publicly accessible online. These reports are also sent to the local health department and visualized on a map along with air quality data from monitoring stations. This visualization provides a comprehensive overview of the local pollution landscape. Additionally, with these reports and air quality data, we developed a model to predict upcoming smell events and send push notifications to inform communities. Our evaluation of this system demonstrates that engaging residents in documenting their experiences with pollution odors can help identify local air pollution patterns, and can empower communities to advocate for better air quality. ACM Classification


Background: Antibiotic resistance genes can be targeted by antisense agents, which can reduce their expression and thus restore cellular susceptibility to existing antibiotics. Antisense inhibitors can be gene and pathogen specific, or designed to inhibit a group of bacteria having conserved sequences within resistance genes. Here, we aimed to develop antisense peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) that could be used to effectively restore susceptibility to β-lactams in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP). Results: Antisense PNAs specific for conserved regions of the mobilisable gene mecA, and the growth essential gene, ftsZ, were designed. Clinical MRSA and MRSP strains of high oxacillin resistance were treated with PNAs and assayed for reduction in colony forming units on oxacillin plates, reduction in target gene mRNA levels, and cell size. Anti-mecA PNA at 7.5 and 2.5 μM reduced mecA mRNA in MRSA and MRSP (p < 0.05). At these PNA concentrations, 66 % of MRSA and 92 % of MRSP cells were killed by oxacillin (p < 0.01). Anti-ftsZ PNA at 7.5 and 2.5 μM reduced ftsZ mRNA in MRSA and MRSP, respectively (p≤ 0.05). At these PNA concentrations, 86 % of MRSA cells and 95 % of MRSP cells were killed by oxacillin (p < 0.05). Anti-ftsZ PNAs resulted in swelling of bacterial cells. Scrambled PNA controls did not affect MRSA but sensitized MRSP moderately to oxacillin without affecting mRNA levels. Conclusions: The antisense PNAs effects observed provide in vitro proof of concept that this approach can be used to reverse β-lactam resistance in staphylococci. Further studies are warranted as clinical treatment alternatives are needed.


Patient: Female, 48 Final Diagnosis: Spinal schawnnoma Symptoms: Dysuria • leg pain Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Orthopedics and Traumatology Objective: Challenging differential diagnosis Background: Spinal schwannomas are benign tumors arising from Schwann cells. Although they have been well described, tumor movement in the spinal canal is an extremely rare finding, and entirely cystic spinal schwannomas have rarely been reported. This is the first report of a spinal schwannoma that simultaneously exhibited both these unusual features. Case Report: A 48-year-old female presented with dysuria and right leg pain. Initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a well-delineated intradural cystic lesion at the level of L4–S1 vertebrae that was isointense with cerebrospinal fluid on both T1- and T2-weighted images. A follow-up MRI 6 months later showed that the tumor had moved to the level of L2–L4; it also revealed tortuous configuration of nerve roots of the cauda equina. The tumor was resected, and a diagnosis of schwannoma with extensive cystic degeneration was pathologically confirmed. Conclusions: Various possible mechanisms have been suggested for the mobility of extramedullary tumors. In the present case, MRI findings indicated the cause of the tumor movement might be attributed to the laxity of nerve roots. Besides, it is highly atypical for a schwannoma to present an entirely cystic appearance, and the combination of the 2 extraordinary features made preoperative diagnosis difficult. However, 16 out of 22 (73%) of previously reported mobile spinal tumors were schwannomas, so the differential diagnosis for a mobile spinal tumor should include schwannoma, even when the lesion seems entirely cystic on MRI. To minimize the risk of complications and additional surgical dissection, physicians should acknowledge that spinal tumors can migrate.


Outage performance of the M-block fading with additive white Gaussian noise (BF-AWGN) is investigated at low-power regime. We consider delay-constrained constant-rate communications with perfect channel state information (CSI) at both the transmitter and the receiver (CSI-TR), under a short-term power constraint. We show that selection diversity that allocates all the power to the strongest block is asymptotically optimal. Then, we provide a simple characterization of the outage probability in the regime of interest. We quantify the reward due to CSI-TR over the constant-rate constant-power scheme and show that this reward increases with the delay constraint. For instance, for Rayleigh fading, we find that a power gain up to 4.3 dB is achievable.


Vertical drift measurements have been made at Jicamarca for more than half a solar cycle. The data from periods of high and low activity are appreciably different. Daytime drift velocities during sunspot minimum are usually larger than during the maximum, while the opposite is true for nighttime periods. The evening reversal occurs earlier during sunspot minimum than during the maximum, but the morning reversal is not altered. The period of eastward electric field (upward drift) is thus shortest during sunspot minimum and local winter. By integrating the drift velocity data with respect to time, one can obtain a measure of the total potential drop between reversal points (near the terminators). This drop is largest at solar maximum. There is also a pronounced seasonal variation, with a minimum in mid-December during both solar minimum and maximum. The general features of the data cannot be explained solely on the basis of tidal winds driving an E region dynamo; polarization fields related to the F region dynamo are of major importance, particularly in helping to explain the enhancement of the daytime upward drift which often occurs shortly before the drift reverses to downward in the evening. In order to account quantitatively for the observed variations, however, numerical models considerably more sophisticated than those presently available are needed.


The trend toward distributed processing has significantly increased the awareness of data as a key corporate resource and underscored the importance of its management. In spite of this, there is a lack of empirical investigation of issues related to data resource management (DRM) in distributed processing environments. Being perhaps the first empirical attempt, this exploratory study identifies four information systems (IS) variables related to DRM in a distributed environment. It also seeks to examine the notion of gestalt fit to describe the nature of the relationships among these variables. In addition, the study evaluates whether intemally congruent groups outperform their opposites in realizing DRM success. The results of cluster analysis support the view of gestalt fit by identifying five clusters. The results also suggest that organizations represented by a well-blended configuration of high intersite data dependence, high centralization of IS decisions, high concentration IS resources at the central site, and low DRM-related autonomy granted to local sites appear to realize a greater degree of DRM success than the other groups. The implications of the study are discussed, and further research directions are proposed.


Although differences between domestic and international students' sources of academic stress, awareness and use of counseling services have been studied extensively, less attention has been devoted to the impact of unawareness and underutilization of counseling services on international students' academic stress. In addition, little is known about the relation between academic stress and psychological adaptation in international students. Data was collected from 62 international students at a large public university in the Rocky Mountain region. As predicted, results showed a significant difference in academic stress between international students who are aware of counseling services and those who are not aware. In addition, international students who reported higher levels of academic stress also reported poorer psychological adaptation. Implications for counseling international students will be discussed.


Objective Reduced exercise capacity is well documented in end-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD), preceded by changes in cardiac morphology in CKD stage 3. However, it is unknown whether subclinical cardiopulmonary dysfunction occurs in CKD stage 3 independently of heart failure. Methods Prospective observational cross-sectional study of exercise capacity assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing in 993 preoperative patients. Primary outcome was peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). Anaerobic threshold (AT), oxygen pulse and exercise-evoked measures of autonomic function were analysed, controlling for CKD stage 3, age, gender, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Results CKD stage 3 was present in 93/993 (9.97%) patients. Diabetes mellitus (RR 2.49 (95% CI 1.59 to 3.89); p<0.001), and hypertension (RR 3.20 (95% CI 2.04 to 5.03); p<0.001)) were more common in CKD stage 3. Cardiac failure (RR 0.83 (95% CI 0.30 to 2.24); p=0.70) and ischaemic heart disease (RR 1.40 (95% CI 0.97 to 2.02); p=0.09) were not more common in CKD stage 3. Patients with CKD stage 3 had lower predicted VO2peak (mean difference: 6% (95% CI 1% to 11%); p=0.02), lower peak heart rate (mean difference:9 bpm (95% CI 3 to 14); p=0.03)), lower AT (mean difference: 1.1 mL/min/kg (95% CI 0.4 to 1.7); p<0.001) and impaired heart rate recovery (mean difference: 4 bpm (95% CI 1 to 7); p<0.001)). Conclusions Subclinical cardiopulmonary dysfunction in CKD stage 3 is common. This study suggests that maladaptive cardiovascular/autonomic dysfunction may be established in CKD stage 3, preceding pathophysiology reported in end-stage CKD.


(ABSTRACT) Wireless communications technology ranging from satellite communications to sensor networks has benefited from the development of flexible, SDR platforms. SDR is used for military applications in radio devices to reconfigure waveforms, frequency, and modulation schemes in both software and hardware to improve communication performance in harsh environments. In the commercial sector, SDRs are present in cellular infrastructure, where base stations can reconfigure operating parameters to meet specific cellular coverage goals. In response to these enhancements, industry leaders in cellular (such as Lucent, Nortel, and Motorola) have embraced the cost advantages of implementing SDRs in their cellular technology. In the future, there will be a need for more capable SDR platforms on inexpensive hardware that are able to balance work loads between several computational processing elements while minimizing power cost to accomplish multiple goals. This thesis will present the development of a random access MAC protocol for the IRIS platform. An assessment of different SDR hardware and software platforms is conducted. From this assessment, we present several SDR technology requirements for networking research and discuss the impact of these requirements on future SDR platforms. As a consequence of these requirements, we choose the USRP family of SDR hardware and the IRIS software platform to develop our two random access MAC implementations: Aloha with Explicit ACK and Aloha with Implicit ACK. A point-to-point link was tested with our protocol and then this link was extended to a 3-hop (4 nodes) network. To improve our protocols' efficiency, we implemented carrier sensing on the FPGA of the USRP E100, an embedded SDR hardware platform. We also present simulations using OMNeT++ software to accompany our experimental data, and moreover, show how our protocol scales as more nodes are added to the network.


Lactococcus lactis is being developed as a vaccine delivery system as it bears no
threat to animal and human health. It has been used for centuries in the fermentation
of foods and is generally recognised as safe. However, a safety factor pertaining to
the type of selectable marker present on the vector system poses to be of concern.
Chances of the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, usually employed by vectors as
selectable markers, into the natural environment become a possible risk. Therefore,
there is a need for the development of ideal vectors without such selectable markers
(Dertzbaugh, 1998).
The activity of the xylanase gene of Bacillus coagulans ST -6 can be detected on
Remazol Brilliant Blue-Xylan (RBB-Xylan) as a clear halo zone against a dark blue
background. This characteristic allows xylanase to be used as a selectable
chromogenic marker on any vector system. On the other hand, the matrix or
membrane (M) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain AF 2240 can be
useful as an antigen to generate antibody response towards NDV infection in
chickens.Both, the xylanase gene (0.8 kb) of B. coagulans ST-6 and the M gene (1.1 kb) of
NDV strain AF 2240 were cloned in lactococcal expression vector pMG36e and
transformed into Escherichia coli XLI-blue MRF'. The recombinant plasmids,
pMG36e-X and pMG36e-X-M were sub-cloned into L. lactis MG 1363 via
electroporation. The insertion and orientation of the xylanase gene was confmned
using restriction enzyme analysis and PCR amplification. Xylanase activity and
expression on RBB-Xylan agar plates further confmned its presence in the
recombinant plasmid pMG36e-X. In addition, the enzyme activity was also
quantitatively showed using the Somogyi-Nelson assay. The sequence of the M gene
obtained in clone pMG36e-X-M from L. lactis MG 1363 was found to be 99%
homologous to the established sequence (Jemain, 1999). Expression of the fusion M
protein was studied at the transcriptional leve1. RT -PCR was used to detect the
transcription of the gene using RNA of L. lactis MG1363 containing the recombinant
plasmid pMG36e-X-M as template. The size of the RT-PCR product correlated with
the size of the cloned M gene (1.1 kb). In addition, the RT-PCR product was
sequenced to confirm the presence of the M gene.
Based on the results obtained, recombinant plasmids pMG36e-X and pMG36e-X-M
were successfully constructed and introduced into E. coli XLI-blue-MRF' and L.
lactis MG1363. The recombinant DNA pMG36e-X is capable of expressing the
xylanase gene and can be further developed as a chromogenic selection marker for a
new and improved food-grade shuttle vector for E. coli and L. lactis. On the other
hand, expression of the fusion M gene was detected at transcriptional level in
recombinant clone pMG36e-X-M.


Resynthesized (RS) Brassica napus can be used to increase the genetic diversity of this important crop plant and to develop the heterotic gene pool required for successful hybrid breeding programmes. The level of heterosis in F1 hybrids depends on the individual performance of the parents and on the degree of genetic difference between them. However, RS forms obtained from crosses of B. rapa ssp. with B. oleracea ssp. possess many undesirable agronomic traits, such as low quality of seeds, low yield and seed oil content, high erucic acid level in the oil and high glucosinolate content in seed meal. Therefore, RS oilseed rape needs to be improved by crossing with natural double-low oilseed rape, leading to selected double-low quality semi-RS lines that can be used for breeding. In this study, we evaluated the seed yield potential of F1 hybrids derived from crosses between Ogura cytoplasmic male-sterility (CMS) lines and doubled haploid (DH) semi-RS lines with restorer gene in three locations in Poland. The genotype by environment interaction (GE interaction) and general combining ability (GCA) of the restorer and CMS line effects, as well as the effects of heterosis, were also assessed. The results of the study provide the first insights into the use of semi-RS lines as components for the development of new hybrid cultivars. Even the introduction of 50% of the RS oilseed rape genotype to natural restorer lines resulted in a marked heterosis effect, with seed yield ranging from 4.56% to 90.17% more than that of the better parent. The yield of the best hybrid amounted to 108.6% of the seed yield of the open-pollinated cultivar Monolit and 94.4% of that of the hybrid cultivar Arsenal. The best DH semi-RS line S1, which had a significantly positive GCA for seed yield, can be recommended as a possible parent for inclusion in breeding programmes aimed at developing new hybrid cultivars.


In this paper we undertake an event history analysis of fertility in Ghana. We exploit detailed life history calendar data to conduct a more refined analysis of the relationship between personal traits, urban residence and fertility. Although urbanization is associated with lower fertility in developing country settings, most studies have been hampered by lack of information about the timing of residence in relationship to childbearing. The effect of urbanization itself is strong, evident, and complex, even after controlling for the effects of age, cohort and education. Continuously urban residents exhibit fertility rates that are about 15% lower than rural women at every parity. Ruralurban movers, by contrast, exhibit a very parity-specific pattern, with slower progression to second birth. Our results suggest that the urbanization effect on reducing fertility occurs more in later generations than within the rural-urban migrant generation itself. Migration and Fertility in Coastal Ghana 2


Background : Asthma is a leading cause of chronic illness in children, impacting heavily on their daily complications. The purpose of the present study was to relationship bronchodilator response (BDR) with oxygen pulse (OP) and ventilatory threshold (VT) in asthma children with various body compositions during progressive aerobic activities. Material and Methods : 25 obese children (BMI>25 and %fat>30)with asthma(10 subjects), and healthy children (15 subjects) and 25 lean children(BMI<20 and %fat<20) with asthma(13 subjects), and healthy children (7 subjects) performed an exercise protocol in a constant temperature environment 2 ± 22 ° C and humidity (5 ± 35%). During exercise, the steady-state levels of cardio-respiratory parameters were measured using gas analyzer (K4B2). Results : The results showed that after a progressive aerobic activity, values peak oxygen consumption(vo 2peak ) , bronchodilator(BDR), oxygen pulse(OP) and ventilatory threshold(VT) in lean and obese asthmatic children were lower than in healthy lean and obese children. In addition, lean children with asthma had lower VT and higher VO 2peak , OP and BDR values, as compared obese asthmatic children. Between BDR and VT in lean and obese asthmatic children an inverse relationship between BDR and OP and a direct link to asthma in obese children and obese asthmatic children, there was a negative relationship non-significant. Conclusion: Compared with lean children, asthma, obesity as an additional load will affect lung function and increase the pressure on childhood asthma. Therefore, we can accept that obesity may limit performance of exercise in childhood asthma .


We study the fundamental problem of Principal Component Analysis in a statistical distributed setting in which each machine out of $m$ stores a sample of $n$ points sampled i.i.d. from a single unknown distribution. We study algorithms for estimating the leading principal component of the population covariance matrix that are both communication-efficient and achieve estimation error of the order of the centralized ERM solution that uses all $mn$ samples. On the negative side, we show that in contrast to results obtained for distributed estimation under convexity assumptions, for the PCA objective, simply averaging the local ERM solutions cannot guarantee error that is consistent with the centralized ERM. We show that this unfortunate phenomena can be remedied by performing a simple correction step which correlates between the individual solutions, and provides an estimator that is consistent with the centralized ERM for sufficiently-large $n$. We also introduce an iterative distributed algorithm that is applicable in any regime of $n$, which is based on distributed matrix-vector products. The algorithm gives significant acceleration in terms of communication rounds over previous distributed algorithms, in a wide regime of parameters.


The prospect of limited access to natural resources has reignited the debate on environmental sustainability and the search for appropriate policy instruments. Alternative and sustainable models of production and consumption encompass both wholly new solutions as well as modified versions of existing ones. The objective of this paper is to understand to what extent instruments designed at different levels of policy domains can be coordinated as part of an organic process. The empirical setting for our inquiry is the Spanish wind energy sector, a successful trajectory in terms of both energy and specialised technology production. Spain has become the first country in which wind energy was the major source of energy and the second performing European R&D energy projects. This dual acceleration in market deployment and knowledge creation is the result of multiple pathways originated by the interplay of policy instruments of different domains such as energy, industry and innovation interacting at regional, national and European level. The present paper seeks to understand the development of the policy mix underpinning the emergence of the Spanish wind energy sector. Our approach is mostly historical and draws on official data on energy balance, subsidies, research activity and interviews. The analysis presented here confirms that while international commitments act as a guiding force, national and regional governments play a key role in the sector development by providing market signals, financial support and mechanisms to articulate different actors and their capacities. This gives rise to distinctive implementation patterns across regions and pose important coordination challenges. On the whole the present case study provides a novel insight into the interplay between multi-level public intervention and the articulation of systemic dynamics of a new market as well as a critical reflection on the research policy challenges associated to the emergence of new sectors.


Gore spent some months in 1898 studying art under Henry Tonks at the Slade School before a stint abroad, working as a ship's surgeon. He returned to London and the Slade, studying there from 1900-1904 and befriending Sir William Orpen and Augustus John, sharing a studio with the latter. In 1905 he exhibited with the RHA, contributing over a hundred works to their annual shows until 1939. In 1916 he was elected an Associate member of the RHA and in 1918 he was made a full member. His works were mainly interiors and still-lives in oils.


Through the external and internal morphological study of teeth, understanding of distinctive feature of teeth according to race and gender could helpful for dentists to treat damaged teeth. The specimens used were 3 Korean male and 5 Korean female mandibular second molars. Internal and external morphological sizes of tooth were measured using a micro-CT which was accurate and nondestructive. The external and internal sizes of tooth were measured by utilizing the jig and the tooth size measurement datums. The external size of specimen indicated thicker diameter of crown, shorter length of root and greater curvature of cemento-enamel junction on distal compared to that of Caucasian teeth. The external sizes of Korean male and female teeth showed statistically significant differences in 2 point of 8 external tooth size measurement points. The internal sizes of Korean male and female specimen indicated statistically significant differences at 3 points of 65 internal tooth size measurement points. The external sizes of the mandibular second molar were different according to race and gender, ant the internal sizes of Korean mandibular second molar were partially different according to gender.


Abstract: The Northern Arran Granite has a sub-circular form in outcrop with a diameter of about 11 km. We have acquired six gravity profiles across the margin of the granite with an average station spacing of less than 250 m, two of which were extended to give an approximately diametric profile across the whole body. Simple modelling indicates that the granite ranges in thickness between 0.3 km and 1.2 km close to the margin, and that the base of the granite is approximately horizontal. Furthermore, the diametric profile shows no short-wavelength negative anomaly feature that could be associated with any abrupt increase in thickness of the granite. We concluded, therefore, that the granite probably has the form of a laccolith. More importantly, the shallow depth inferred for the base of the granite has a significant implication concerning its ascent mechanism. Intrusion of the granite led to the development of the Catacol synform in the Dalradian metasediments around its northwestern margin, and in 1992, England used structural analysis to demonstrate that the Dalradian rocks presently exposed at the margin were uplifted by 2–3 km during granite emplacement. Because gravity modelling shows that the granite is less than 1 km thick around its northwestern margin, the granite could not have uplifted beds from 2–3 km depth if it had been emplaced laterally following dyke ascent. Diapirism therefore appears to be the only ascent mechanism for the granite that is consistent both with its geometry and with the structures around its margin.


Abstract
Organizational fields are shaped by both the relations that organizations forge and the language they express. The structure and discourse of organizational fields have been studied before, but seldom in combination. We offer a methodological approach that integrates relations and expressions into a comprehensive visualization.

By mapping networks and discourse as co-constitutive, the method illuminates the mechanisms active in organizational fields. We utilize social impact evaluation as an issue field shaped by the presence of an interstitial community, and compare this structure with simulated alternative field configurations.

The simulations reveal that variation in organizations' openness to adopting concepts from adjacent meaning systems alters field configurations: differentiation manifests under conditions of low overall openness, whereas moderate receptivity produces hybridizations of discourses and sometimes the emergence of an interstitial community that bridges domains. If certain organizations are open while others remain focused on their original discourse, then we observe integration in the discursive domain of the invariant organizations.

The observations from the simulations are represented by visualizing organizational fields as topographies of meaning, onto which interorganizational relations are layered. This representation localizes organizations and their interactions in a cultural space while emphasizing how meanings of relationships and organizational expressions vary with different field configurations. By adding meaning to network data, the resulting maps open new perspectives for institutional research on the adaptation, translation, and diffusion of concepts.


The large number of different measures of capital intensity in existence are, in most cases, used in isolation when determining capital intensity. However, since capital intensity is not a one-dimensional phenomenon, this could lead to an inaccurate indication of an enterprise's degree of capital intensity. Furthermore, it has been found that a number of measures which are based on value-added figures are not always suitable to use as indicators of capital intensity.
In this study special emphasis will be placed on determining the suitability of the different measures including value-added figures to be used as indicators of capital intensity. The suitable measures are included in a composite measure of capital intensity based on principal component analysis and biplot methodology, which is used to classify a sample of South African enterprises.
The benefit of the proposed measure in comparison with individual measures is that it focuses on a number of different aspects that can influence an enterprise's degree of capital intensity, therefore reducing the risk of providing an inaccurate classification.


Who uses ARM? Currently ARM CPU is licensed and produced by more than 200 companies and is the dominant CPU chip in both cell phones and tablets. Given its RISC architecture and powerful 32-bit instructions set, it can be used for both 8-bit and 32-bit embedded products. The ARM corp. has already defined the 64-bit instruction extension and for that reason many Laptop and Server manufactures are introducing ARM-based Laptop and Servers. Who will use our textbook? This book is intended for both academic and industry readers. If you are using this book for a university course, the support materials and tutorials can be found on www.MicroDigitalEd.com. This book covers the Assembly language programming of the ARM chip. The ARM Assembly language is standard regardless of who makes the chip. The ARM licensees are free to implement the on-chip peripheral (ADC, Timers, I/O, etc.) as they choose. Since the ARM peripherals are not standard among the various vendors, we have dedicated a separate book to each vendor.


One of the most serious challenges for power industry restructuring is to maintain power system reliability at an acceptable level and to promote the overall economic efficiency of the whole power industry. To this end, transmission investment and expansion is inevitable. In the past decade, much effort has been made to address institutional structures, business models, incentives and regulation to assure appropriate transmission investments be made, and to develop workable assessment and planning methods for the deregulated environment. In this paper, a comprehensive survey is made on the state-of-the-art of several important issues associated with transmission investment and expansion planning in the electricity market environment, including: challenges of transmission investment and planning in the competitive market environment; transmission investment; merchant transmission; transmission rights; business models; transmission regulation; management of transmission investment and expansion; transmission planning methods; international experience.


Several studies have shown that human bodies may preferentially attract attention over other objects (Ro et al., 2007; Downing et al., 2004). We have previously shown that participants took longer to decide that a natural scene contained a target when a distractor human body also appeared with the scene than when the body did not appear. However, this slowing was also demonstrated with other distractor objects (i.e. lamps; Kroll, Dunn, Howard & Baguley, 2013). Here we used an irrelevant singleton paradigm in which we manipulated the presence or absence of different target (grandfather clock or chair) and distractor (bodies: colour full-body/silhouette/colour headless body, lamp: colour/silhouette) combinations independently of one another. The task was to detect a target in either the presence or absence of a task irrelevant distractor. Human body distractors once again slowed search for targets, but only when they were maximally different from the target (i.e. non-analogous), and when contextual detail (i.e. non-silhouette and head present) was available. Non-body distractors also slowed search for the target. However, there was no difference between the distractor bodies and non-bodies in terms of their ability to slow target search. These results, therefore, provide no evidence for human bodies attracting attention over other objects, at least within natural scenes.


The aggregate average unemployment rate in a given country is essentially the result of individual workers' transitions between the three core labor force states, employment, unemployment, and inactivity. The dynamics of these transitions depend both on individual duration in a particular state and the transition probabilities between states. Individual transitions, in turn, depend on personal characteristics, i.e. observable sociodemographic attributes and unobserved factors. Simultaneously, person-specific dynamics may be influenced by swings of the business cycle that differentially affect the likelihood of individual transitions. This paper analyzes these labor force status dynamics for the German labor market using comprehensive data on monthly transitions from the GSOEP, covering the time periods 1983-2003 for West Germany, and 1992-2003 for East Germany. For 18 demographic cells defined by sex, 3 age categories, and 3 education categories, the model uses loading factors to translate unobserved shocks to the labor market into observed cellspecific unemployment rates as well as bilateral transition probabilities between all states. This approach allows us to distinguish individual heterogeneity and cyclical volatility in describing labor force status flows. The results show that the experience of high unemployment rates is more sensitive to cyclical behavior for certain demographic groups, specifically unskilled and young workers. Heterogeneity in unemployment and transition rates differs between East and West Germany, as well as between the sexes. In East Germany, all demographic cells are almost entirely detached from the cycle. The unemployment structure of West German women is rather homogenous across age and education, in contrast to men and East-German women. The decisive component of the heterogeneity in unemployment dynamics is the re-employment rate.


Dimension reduction is the process of embedding high-dimensional data into a lower dimensional space to facilitate its analysis. In the Euclidean setting, one fundamental technique for dimension reduction is to apply a random linear map to the data. This dimension reduction procedure succeeds when it preserves certain geometric features of the set.
The question is how large the embedding dimension must be to ensure that randomized dimension reduction succeeds with high probability.
This paper studies a natural family of randomized dimension reduction maps and a large class of data sets. It proves that there is a phase transition in the success probability of the dimension reduction map as the embedding dimension increases. For a given data set, the location of the phase transition is the same for all maps in this family. Furthermore, each map has the same stability properties, as quantified through the restricted minimum singular value. These results can be viewed as new universality laws in high-dimensional stochastic geometry.
Universality laws for randomized dimension reduction have many applications in applied mathematics, signal processing, and statistics. They yield design principles for numerical linear algebra algorithms, for compressed sensing measurement ensembles, and for random linear codes. Furthermore, these results have implications for the performance of statistical estimation methods under a large class of random experimental designs.


In recent decades European mental health policy has specified the need to move from institutional to residential community based mental health care. This care should be provided by Community Mental Health Teams (CMHTs) that reflect the collaboration and expertise of multidisciplinary highly skilled health professionals, such as clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, nursing staff and allied health professionals.

 In Ireland the implementation of these CMHTs has been very limited with potential negative consequences for the quality of care provided to service users. To date little academic enquiry has been made to address this matter.

The overall aim of the research was to profile CMHTs across the country and to explore the determinants and barriers of their effectiveness. A total of 738 health professionals from 70 CMHTs across the nation were surveyed.

For each CMHT, a questionnaire was administered simultaneously to all team members at their mental health service.

The findings indicated that the number of fully staffed, effective CMHTs was very low across the nation. Furthermore, the distribution of health professional categories across teams was uneven, with a high representation of medical and nursing staff comparing to psychologists and allied health professionals. The results also show that, the involvement of team members in assessing and shaping users' treatment care was also uneven, with psychiatrists being the sole professional category involved in each aspect of the care. In addition, despite the recommendation of the current national policy, many CMHTs were lacking of defined criteria on how to provide integrate treatment care. Moreover participants identified many barriers in providing multidisciplinary care, such as conflicts across professional categories, lack of communication and, at external level, lack of adequate resources. It is hoped that the findings of this study will inform the current national and European mental health policy's debate.


This paper aims at considering novel and practical applications of ALife techniques to design a co-creative social dynamics in an online and virtual space, which is becoming important because of the recent emergence of various types of online communication platforms due to outbreaks of COVID19. Recently, spatial and online communication services, such as SpatialChat, have attracted more attention. Each participant is represented as an avatar or icon in a virtual 2D space. She can move it around in the space and listen to neighbors' voices of which volume become louder as they get closer to her. However, the overall structure of communications tends to be deadlocked, which might make participants lose chances to communicate with many other people. We design and investigate a virtual agent, called "facilitator agent," as a study towards realization of practical agents that facilitate novel and cooperative interactions in a spatial and online communication by giving human participants opportunities to communicate with many others cooperatively. We adopt a Social Particle Swarm (SPS) model to simulate group dynamics in this type of communication service. We assume several behavioral patterns of a facilitator agent with fixed game-theoretical strategies and several movement strategies. We discuss how incorporating a single facilitator agent into the space can increase novel and cooperative interactions in several behavioral settings of the facilitator agent. We also report on a preliminary experiment on designing a facilitator agent using a deep reinforcement learning technique.


Improving the academic performance of at-risk high school students has proven difficult, often calling for an extended day, extended school year, and other expensive measures. Here we report the results of a program for at-risk 9th and 10th graders in Binghamton, New York, called the Regents Academy that takes place during the normal school day and year. The design of the program is informed by the evolutionary dynamics of cooperation and learning, in general and for our species as a unique product of biocultural evolution. Not only did the Regents Academy students outperform their comparison group in a randomized control design, but they performed on a par with the average high school student in Binghamton on state-mandated exams. All students can benefit from the social environment provided for at-risk students at the Regents Academy, which is within the reach of most public school districts.


Purpose: International literature shows that employability skills of accounting graduates are considered as a major issue in the economies of the 21st. The literature on accounting education shows that little research has been conducted on Arab students in the North Africa region. Studies on accounting education research have used different techniques and methods, but Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) has gained very little concern. The present study aims to empirically assess the employability skills of accounting graduates under Accounting International Education Standards (IESs) in Tunisia as a MENA country. Research Methods: In this study, cross-sectional design with a questionnaire survey is adopted to obtain the perception of different respondents. Our study was based on multi-stakeholder analysis and a survey of 419 respondents, including university teachers, professional accountants and recent graduates in Tunisia. PLS-SEM was performed with Lisrel 8.8, using maximum likelihood estimates, to test the hypothesized models. Findings: The findings showed that the accounting education program in Tunisia allowed the development of intellectual, organizational and general skills significantly. However, interpersonal and communication skills were considered as the weak link of the accounting education program in Tunisia with the agreement of all respondents. In addition, divergent views were noted regarding the ability of the Tunisian accounting education program to develop technical and functional skills and personal skills. Implications for Research and Practice: These findings have implications for accounting academics in different universities, different employers and the target government authorities as well as the target IFAC member bodies.


Biological indicators can be used both to estimate ecological condition and to suggest plausible causes of ecosystem degradation across the U.S. Great Lakes coastal region. Here we use data on breeding bird, diatom, fish, invertebrate, and wetland plant communities to develop robust indicators of ecological condition of the U.S. Lake Superior coastal zone. Sites were selected as part of a larger, stratified random design for the entire U.S. Great Lakes coastal region, covering gradients of anthropogenic stress defined by over 200 stressor variables (e.g. agriculture, altered land cover, human populations, and point source pollution). A total of 89 locations in Lake Superior were sampled between 2001 and 2004 including 31 sites for stable isotope analysis of benthic macroinvertebrates, 62 sites for birds, 35 for diatoms, 32 for fish and macroinvertebrates, and 26 for wetland vegetation. A relationship between watershed disturbance metrics and 15N levels in coastal macroinvertebrates confirmed that watershed-based stressor gradients are expressed across Lake Superior's coastal ecosystems, increasing confidence in ascribing causes of biological responses to some landscape activities. Several landscape metrics in particular—agriculture, urbanization, human population density, and road density—strongly influenced the responses of indicator species assemblages. Conditions were generally good in Lake Superior, but in some areas watershed stressors produced degraded conditions that were similar to those in the southern and eastern U.S. Great Lakes. The following indicators were developed based on biotic responses to stress in Lake Superior in the context of all the Great Lakes: (1) an index of ecological condition for breeding bird communities, (2) diatom-based nutrient and solids indicators, (3) fish and macroinvertebrate indicators for coastal wetlands, and (4) a non-metric multidimensional scaling for wetland plants corresponding to a cumulative stress index. These biotic measures serve as useful indicators of the ecological condition of the Lake Superior coast; collectively, they provide a baseline assessment of selected biological conditions for the U.S. Lake Superior coastal region and prescribe a means to detect change over time.


A method is presented for obtaining the specific intensity of linearly polarized optical waves propagated in discrete random media. This method is an extension of our previous analysis of circular polarization, applied to linear polarization. Using a combination of small-angle and diffusion solutions in vector form, solutions for the specific intensity are obtained for large particles over a wide range of optical depths. Linearly polarized waves for normal incidence require an analysis of azimuth-dependent terms, and those components contributing to the major scattering process are retained. Copolarized and cross-polarized incoherent intensities are obtained within the framework of a 4 × 4 matrix. A comparison with numerical solutions obtained by the method of extended spherical harmonics is made to demonstrate the validity of the present theory. The ratio of small-angle scattering intensity to total scattering intensity in the forward direction is also represented as a function of optical depths.


We use software every day to perform all kinds of magical, powerful tasks. It's the force behind stunning CGI graphics, safe online shopping, and speedy Google searches. Software drives the modern world, but its inner workings remain a mystery to many. How Software Works explains how computers perform common-yet-amazing tasks that we take for granted every day. Inside you'll learn: How data is encrypted How passwords are used and protected How computer graphics are created How video is compressed for streaming and storage How data is searched (and found) in huge databases How programs can work together on the same problem without conflict How data travels over the Internet How Software Works breaks down these processes with patient explanations and intuitive diagrams so that anyone can understand-no technical background is required, and you won't be reading through any code. In plain English, you'll examine the intricate logic behind the technologies you constantly use but never understood. If you've ever wondered what really goes on behind your computer screen, How Software Works will give you fascinating look into the software all around you.


The original Planet of the Apes saga is structured as a time loop, the first film's narrative events existing both as the effect and as the cause of its sequels, taking place both before and after these sequels. Its principle utilisation of time travel thus invokes philosophical concepts such as the predestination paradox (sometimes known as the time loop), itself a narratological device functioning to create paradoxes that arise from time travel. In this case, the predestination paradox occurs because if Taylor had never gone forward in time in Planet of the Apes (1968), the apes of this future Earth would not have found his spaceship in Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970), an event that enabled the apes to go back in time in Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971) and, in turn, cause a rebellion in Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972) that gave rise to a nuclear war in Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973), which altogether led to the apes becoming the dominant species on Earth as lived first-hand by Taylor in Planet of the Apes (1968).

However, such complex storytelling transcended the medium of cinema and extended across to a range of other media including television and comic books. The Planet of the Apes was thus a transmedia saga founded upon science fictional conceptions of time travel. Defined more recently by Henry Jenkins, transmedia storytelling is the telling of 'stories that unfold across multiple platforms, with each medium making distinctive contributions to our understanding of the storyworld; a more integrated approach to franchise development' (2006: 334). The principle of transmedia storytelling involves fragmenting segments of a narrative, dispersing interconnected story events across a range of disparate media. With these transmedia texts taking place in-between the story gaps of the others, the role of the audience is thus akin to that of the time-traveler: the audience must jump back and forth from one point in the story to another, perceiving the storyworld non-linearly from cross-media, cross-temporal perspectives.

How, then, does the construction of a transmedia narrative saga function in the context of a story that is actually about time travel? How does a circular, paradox-orientated application of time-travel storytelling – itself serving to obliterate linear understandings of past and future – operate across both multiple films and across multiple media? This chapter will examine how the original Planet of the Apes saga (comprising five films, two television series and a comic book series, all produced between 1968-1977) utilised transmedia storytelling – expanding the events of the storyworld across multiple media with each respective text feeding into the circular story arc – as a narrative strategy for communicating philosophical concepts about time travel. The chapter investigates how such transmedia extensions provided audiences with an enhanced narrative experience that invited the consumption of each text – be it on film, on television, or on paper – in order to complete this circular, trans-temporal timespan of the Planet of the Apes saga; the productions of television and comic books themselves serving as time-travelling vehicles for making sense of story events left untold in the productions of cinema.


The rising tide of obesity and type 2 diabetes has been recognised to have reached epidemic proportions. There is a significant burden of mortality and morbidity associated with the development of these conditions and current estimates suggest that the burden of disease in the next two decades is likely to place considerable strain upon healthcare systems, particularly in the developing world. The development of insulin resistance is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, however the origin of insulin resistance is complex and it is currently unclear precisely how the inter-related components of this metabolic dysfunction are triggered. Obesity is also implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and represents a risk factor which is potentially modifiable by lifestyle interventions such as exercise and weight loss. Observational and prospective studies have also shown the benefits of lifestyle intervention in reducing the incidence of diabetes in those judged to be at greater risk.

People with a parental history of type 2 diabetes have an increased lifetime risk of diabetes and frequently display metabolic abnormalities which, despite persisting normoglycaemia, are evidence of a 'pre-diabetic' state and which may themselves carry increased morbidity and mortality. Observational studies suggest a greater difference in insulin sensitivity between active and sedentary offspring, compared to the difference between active and sedentary individuals with no diabetes family history. This is thought to represent an interaction between positive energy balance, a sedentary lifestyle and a 'thrifty genotype'. These observations suggest that individuals with a parental history of diabetes are more susceptible to the deleterious health effects of a sedentary lifestyle, but that they may be more responsive to an increase in physical activity. Exercise interventions can be expected to have positive effects upon metabolic health and adiposity however, the individual response to exercise is extremely variable. Other factors such as lifestyle alteration have been implicated in the difference between the observed and predicted response to exercise. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to examine the physical, metabolic and lifestyle differences between sedentary pre-menopausal women with a parent with type 2 diabetes and matched control subjects with no family history of the condition. In particular, this thesis aimed to explore the effect of an aerobic exercise intervention on metabolic health and body composition, whether the response to exercise is dependent upon a familial history of diabetes and the processes by which exercise might induce any observed changes.

In order to explore the impact of a sedentary lifestyle on women with, and without a family history of type 2 diabetes, thirty four pre-menopausal, sedentary women with a parental history of diabetes (Offspring) and thirty six matched women without a familial history of diabetes (Controls) were recruited. Assessments of body composition, insulin sensitivity, adipose tissue-derived hormone concentration, substrate utilisation, endothelial function by carotid-radial pulse wave velocity, cardiorespiratory fitness, diet and habitual physical activity were performed. Twenty eight Offspring subjects and thirty four matched Controls participated in a seven-week aerobic exercise intervention, training at 65-80 % of predicted maximal heart rate with incremental increases in training duration on a weekly basis. The previously described assessments were performed before and 15-24 hours after the intervention and in a subgroup of 19 Controls and 17 Offspring subjects, further assessments of insulin sensitivity, adipose tissue-derived hormone concentration, substrate utilisation and endothelial function were performed after a further three day period without exercise. In order to determine potential mediators of exercise-induced fat loss fifty five women participated in measurements of substrate utilisation, body composition, endothelial function, insulin sensitivity, cardiorespiratory fitness, dietary intake and habitual physical activity prior to, and after the seven week exercise intervention.

The findings from these studies confirmed that sedentary women with a family history of type 2 diabetes displayed lower insulin sensitivity than those without a parental history of diabetes. In addition, insulin resistance in this group appears to be related to a greater sensitivity to the influence of adipose tissue, particularly circulating non-esterified fatty acids and adipose tissue-derived inflammatory cytokines. In Offspring alone, baseline insulin sensitivity was associated with plasma adiponectin concentration and negatively associated with circulating non-esterified fatty acid concentration. These associations may represent physiological attempts to compensate for developing insulin resistance. Offspring also displayed an augmented metabolic response to the exercise intervention in comparison to Controls. This study showed a 23% increase in post-intervention insulin sensitivity in Offspring with no significant increase in insulin sensitivity in Controls despite a similar improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness and adherence to the exercise regime. Improved post-intervention insulin sensitivity was accompanied by reduced circulating leptin, increased fat and decreased carbohydrate oxidation in both fasting and post-glucose states. No change in diet was observed but Offspring appeared to increase their level of habitual physical activity. The magnitude of change in insulin sensitivity was associated with a parental history of diabetes, but stronger associations were observed between baseline insulin resistance and an ability to reduce circulating leptin in response to exercise. Wide individual variation in fat mass change was observed in the response to exercise, and as expected the strongest predictor of exercise-mediated fat mass reduction was the net energy cost of the intervention. However, a change in fasting respiratory exchange ratio (RER), suggesting an increase in fat oxidation was also independently associated with reduced fat mass.

The combined findings of this thesis suggest that sedentary pre-menopausal daughters of people with type 2 diabetes are more insulin resistant and that this state is, in part, a consequence of heightened sensitivity to fatty acid and inflammatory cytokine release from adipose tissue. However, it would also appear that they represent a high-risk group who are susceptible to the insulin-sensitising effects of exercise and that this may be mediated by a metabolic pathway which involves reductions in circulating leptin concentrations. Finally, the ability to lose fat mass in response to exercise is related to the energy deficit incurred by the activity but also by an individual's ability to shift fasting substrate utilisation towards fat oxidation. Public health strategies have traditionally focused upon lifestyle interventions which are directed at the population in general. However, awareness of the risks conferred by obesity and familial history of type 2 diabetes and the potential benefits of intervention may suggest that targeting public health resources towards these high-risk groups is a more appropriate and effective strategy.


A. Effect of barbell weight on the structure of the flat bench press. J Strength Cond Res 31(5): 1321–1337, 2017—In this study, we have used the multimodular measuring system SMART. The system consisted of 6 infrared cameras and a wireless module to measure muscle bioelectric activity. In addition, the path of the barbell was measured with a special device called the pantograph. Our study concerns the change in the structure of the flat bench press when the weight of the barbell is increased. The research on the bench press technique included both the causes of the motion: the internal structure of the movement and the external kinematic structure showing the effects of the motion, i.e., all the characteristics of the movement. Twenty healthy, male recreational weight trainers with at least 1 year of lifting experience (the mean 6 SD = 3.3 6 1.6 years) were recruited for this study. The subjects had a mean body mass of 80.2 6 8.6 kg, an average height of 1.77 6 0.08 m, and their average age was 24.7 6 0.9 years. In the measuring session, the participants performed consecutive sets of a single repetition of bench pressing with an increasing load (about 70, 80, 90, and 100% of their 1 repetition maximum [1RM]). The results showed a significant change in the phase structure of the bench press, as the barbell weight was increased. While doing the bench press at a 100% 1RM load, the pectoralis major changes from being the prime mover to being the supportive prime mover. At the same time, the role of the prime mover is taken on by the deltoideus anterior . The triceps brachii , in particular, clearly shows a greater a complex methodology of investigations was used to investigate the movement structure in weightlifting and powerlifting respectively).


This article challenges the dominant assumption of goal rationality behind temporary organizations' design in project-based organizations (PBOs). While extant literature posits that organizations strive to select the most appropriate project arrangements to fit particular task requirements at hand, findings from an in-depth ethnography-inspired case study suggest that projects in PBOs tend to imitate each other's structures, strategies, and practices with little consideration of the potential performance effects. Building upon the new institutionalism, this article conceptualizes the PBO as an organizational field of temporary and permanent organizations embedded in wider organizational and institutional fields and explicates isomorphic processes among temporary organizations in PBOs.


PanagKalangkang is a small fishing community in Sta. Cruz, Marinduque. Viewed as rough ground, life there is an everyday struggle where, from their need to survive, people have to negotiate and adjust. In this paper, the author attempts to draw on the idea of "rough grounds" as locus theologicus and thereby contribute towards a theological methodology sourced from the praxis of the margins, where people find themselves in the midst of friction between the dominant forces of structure/system and the dearth of the ground. To better facilitate the analysis of the frictional dynamics at the ground, this paper makes use of a heuristic device that borrows fundamental ideas from the science of lubricated friction, a branch of engineering science called tribology. It has been discovered that the peculiarity of that  locus has implications for theological methodology. Anecdotal narratives of the author's field research in selected BECs in the Diocese of Boac, Marinduque are integrated to provide concrete "corporeal" structure to an otherwise theoretical abstraction.

Keywords: Basic Ecclesial Communities, Filipino theology, Boac, Marinduque, tribology


The Second Conference on Veterans in Society: Humanizing the Discourse was held at the Hotel Roanoke in Roanoke, VA from April 27-28, 2014


Despite laws protecting employees and the prevalence of Title IX training for administrators, staff, and faculty at many institutions, LGBTQ music teachers may still face difficulties in the workplace based on their identity. This investigation involves two case studies exploring the perceptions of music teachers in the USA regarding the challenges faced in the workplace pertaining to their sexual orientation. This empirical, descriptive study used interview technique, with the report written in a narrative style. Both teachers reported discrimination from administrators in the early stages of their careers. The first was bullied by a student spreading rumors, despite not being open about his status. Being at a Catholic school that used behavioral contracts to justify dismissals, he experienced "fear, loneliness, anger, and frustration." Following this, both participants chose career paths in more liberal parts of the country, minimizing possibilities of discrimination. The one who had hidden his status came "out" and both reported mostly positive experiences over the course of their careers. The second faced vocal protest by a student in the classroom and used the experience to hold discussions in the class about acceptance. Both participants still find a need to guard their conversations in the workplace, based on the professional colleagues with whom they're interacting. By giving voice to LGBTQ music teaches through this study, it is anticipated that greater awareness might lead to increased sensitivity and eradication of practices and attitudes that compromise the experience of music teachers based on their sexual orientation.


CT imaging procedures have been shown to considerably increase the medical radiation dose to patients, giving rise to cancer. As a result, low dose imaging modalities have gained much attention recently. However, this renders traditional CT reconstruction processes no longer sufficient. Iterative reconstruction algorithms using numerical optimization paradigms are better suited, but they suffer from (1) expensive computation, (2) problems with the selection of optimal parameters to simultaneously optimize speed and (3) poor reconstruction quality.
To cope with these problems, we have made several contributions to low-dose CT. First, we have devised a GPU-accelerated ordered subset iterative CT reconstruction algorithm (OS-SIRT) with regularization and effective parameter learning. We generalized two algebraic algorithms (SIRT, SART) to an ordered subset scheme which balanced the speed of computation and the rate of convergence of these algorithms. Second, we mapped the computation to GPUs, achieving remarkable performance gains. Third, for high-quality reconstruction, we introduced four filters for denoising and streak artifact reduction, i.e., bilateral, trilateral, non-local means (NLM) and optimal adaptive NLM, all of which are popular in computer vision. We have used these filters within an interleaved CT reconstruction regularization pipeline and found that they compare favorably with the traditionally used TVM algorithm. Fourth, to overcome the difficulties with optimal parameter tuning within our algorithm and for any parameter-dependent applications, we devised two parameter-learning approaches—exhaustive benchmark testing and multi-objective optimization—and allow user interaction via an interactive parameter space visualization tool. We then generalized our framework to Electron Tomography. Our fifth contribution is a scheme that broadens the low-dose image restoration capability of traditional NLM filtering to also include high-dose reference images. We developed two variants. The first variant uses a prior scan of the same patient when available. The second variant generalizes this concept to a database of images of other patients to learn the reference images. Our experiments show that this scheme has vast potential to restore the quality of low-dose CT imagery.


Over the recent years the interest in the study of social systems by means of techniques drawn from the areas of control theory and machine learning domain has risen significantly. In particular, the analysis of social influence and opinion dynamics is one of the most representative in this field of study. Inspired by an existing and solid research active on the U.S. Congress, this thesis aims to apply these techniques to the voting data of the XVII legislature of the Italian Senate. This has been proven challenging for the higher number of both political members and parties involved in the Italian case. The goal is to derive an index of political influence exerted by the political groups composing the Senate on each individual Senator active during the legislature, which has been defined her Political DNA (Political Data-aNalytic Affinity). This is achieved firstly by acquiring all the relevant data from the public platform Openpolis. A set of learning techniques is then applied on this dataset to extract the most significative information, focusing in particular on the sparsity requirement which allows to also obtain a certain degree of interpretability. A probabilistic framework is then adopted to derive what we have previously defined as the Political DNA of a Senator. Finally, a set of clustering techniques is proposed to obtain a political grouping of the Italian Senators which is compared to the nominal one and the most significative cases of outliers are illustrated.


The present investigation was conducted to find out the exploitation of hybrid vigour for yield and its components in bottle gourd. The yield and yield contributing parameters i.e. days to germination, days to fruit setting, fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), number of branches per plant, vine length (m), number of seeds per fruit, number of fruits per plants, days to maturity, fruit yield per plant were worked out through line x tester analysis involving eight lines viz. C-29, C-37, C-74, C-78, C-4, C-55, C-34, C-26 and three tester viz. Azad Harit, PSPL and KLG. All the hybrids with parents were grown in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replication at Horticulture Research Center of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology Meerut during 2008 and 2009. On the basis of facts, three crosses namely C-4 X PSPL, C-34 X PSPL and C-29 X PSPL, revealed significant desirable heterosis for yield and many other traits, which were showed more than 40% heterosis over better parent.


The "social gradient to health" - whereby people belonging to groups higher up the social ladder had better health outcomes than those belonging to groups further down - is essentially a Western construct; there has been very little investigation into whether, in developing countries also, people's state of health is dependent on their social status. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relative strengths of economic and social status in determining the health status of persons in India. In other words, even after controlling for non-community factors, did the fact that Indians belonged to different social groups, encapsulating different degrees of social status, exercise a significant influence on the state of their health? The existence of a social group effect would suggest that there was a "social gradient" to health outcomes in India. Furthermore, there was the possibility that the "social gradient" existed with respect to some outcomes but not to others. In investigating this, the paper addresses, in the Indian context, an issue which les at the heart of social epidemiology: estimating the relative strengths of individual and social factors in determining health outcomes.


A number of significant challenges face socio-environmental policy makers and decision makers, such as housing availability and affordability, affective place making, sustainable economic development and climate change. In the context of Brexit and a continued focus on economic austerity, policy making continues to take place within complex and uncertain environments. This paper reflects upon this backdrop through the lens of urban planning and by using the ideas of Michael Polanyi into personal knowledge. During their careers, planners accumulate an abundance of expert tacit knowledge in relation to their local domains. This know-how includes public and private contacts, ownership, neighbour problems, infrastructure issues and more generally, an historical perspective of local development. Just by knowing the local community and 'how things work', provides planners with a useful avenue for mediating any conflicts or disruptions to development. The findings in this paper are two-fold. First, the paper details the necessity for urban planners to actively engage in place making by using their most valuable asset, the transference of their own expert tacit knowledge. Second, it presents a disruptive counter narrative based in the reality of professional practice – where many experts are being lost from the planning discipline, or poached from the public sector into commercial practice, where their tacit knowledge is reformulated and used to condition the likelihood of development applications.


—Handovers of objects are critical interactions that frequently arise in physical collaborations. In such interactions, humans naturally monitor the pace and workload of their partners and adapt their handovers accordingly. In this paper, we investigate how robots designed to engage in physical collaborations may achieve similar adaptivity in performing handovers. To that end, we collected and analyzed data from human dyads performing a common household task—unloading a dish rack—where receivers had different levels of task demands. We identified two coordination strategies that enabled givers to adapt to receivers' task demands. We then formulated and implemented these strategies on a robotic manipulator. The implemented autonomous system was evaluated in a human-robot interaction study against two baselines that use "proactive" and "reactive" coordination methods. The results show a tradeoff between team performance and user experience when human receivers had greater task demands. In particular, the proactive method provided the greatest levels of team performance but offered the poorest user experience compared to the reactive and adaptive methods. The reactive method, while improving user experience over the proactive method, resulted in the poorest team performance. Our adaptive method maintained this improved user experience while offering an improved team performance compared to the reactive method. Our findings offer insights into the tradeoffs involved in the use of these methods and inform the future design of handover interactions for robots.


International Journal of Exercise Science 8(4): 372-384, 2015. Treadmill training is a commonly used intervention for improving gait in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, little is known about how treadmill training may also influence balance and other aspects of mobility. The purpose of this case series was to explore the feasibility and possible benefits of multi-directional treadmill training for individuals with PD. Four participants (62.3 ± 6.5 yrs, Hoehn & Yahr 2-4) performed 8 weeks of treadmill training 3 times per week. Weeks 1-4 included forward walking only, while weeks 5-8 included forward and multi-directional walking. Participants were tested every 4 weeks on 4 separate occasions. Outcome measures included the following: gait speed, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), instrumented Timed Up and Go, Four Square Step Test (FSST), Mini Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest), Activities Specific Balance Confidence scale (ABC) and the 39-item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39). Improvements were demonstrated for all gait and balance measures. Improvements exceeded minimal detectable change (MDC) and/or minimal clinically important difference (MCID) values for gait speed (3 participants), 6MWT (all 4 participants), and the Mini-BESTest (2 participants). Participants experienced greater relative improvements for most measures during the multi-directional walking portion of the program. Multi-directional treadmill training was feasible for 4 individuals with moderate to severe Parkinson's disease and may have additional benefits for gait, balance and mobility than forward walking alone. Further research may be warranted for this novel intervention.


The substrate-free form of P450 c a m (CYP101) has been studied by combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations. The central iron(III) aqua porphyrin complex is treated with density functional theory, while the protein/solvent environment is represented by the CHARMM force field. Calculations with different functionals probe the influence of the amount of exact exchange on the relative energies computed for different spin states. B3LYP/CHARMM computations indicate a doublet ground state consistent with experimental results, with small energetic separations to the quartet and sextet. Optimized doublet geometries are in good agreement with experimental data. Comparisons with analogous calculations on the isolated QM system in the gas phase show that the protein/solvent environment reduces the doublet-quartet and doublet-sextet gaps, favors an upright conformation of the axial water ligand by H-bond interactions within the binding pocket, and lengthens the Fe-S bond while shortening the Fe-O bond. Different protein/ solvent conformations (obtained from a total of 12 molecular dynamics snapshots in two protonation states) cause notable, but still relatively minor, fluctuations in the computed energetic and structural properties.


The effects of low-volume foliar application (24, 48, 96 kg ha–1) of phosphite on root and shoot development in Corymbia calophylla Lindley and Banksia brownii ex R.Br. were investigated in a glasshouse study. Shoot growth, root and shoot dry weight and root length were not significantly reduced by phosphite application in C. calophylla 2 weeks and 4 months after phosphite application. Shoot growth, shoot dry weight and root length were not significantly reduced in the non-mycorrhizal B. brownii. However, in plants treated with 24 and 96 kg ha–1, root dry weight was significantly reduced 4 months but not 2 weeks after spray. A discoloration of the root stele was also observed in phosphite-treated plants of this species. At 2 weeks after spray, root concentrations of phosphite in C. calophylla were up to five times higher than shoot concentrations. At 4 months after application, growth abnormalities were observed in B. brownii and these included spindly new shoot growth with rosetted foliage of reduced leaf size. The results of this study, which assessed one mycorrhizal and one non-mycorrhizal native species, suggest that species may vary in their response to phosphite in terms of root development and phosphite applied at rates of 24 kg ha–1 or higher may result in reduced root growth, particularly in non-mycorrhizal species. Further studies on root development in a wider range of species are needed to validate these findings.


Turnagain Arm is the hypertidal (commonly exceeding 9 m)
west-east trending extension of Cook Inlet in south-central Alaska.
The inlet formed from a drowned glacial valley that was
subsequently filled with tidal deposits of silt and fine sand. The
tidal system is semidiurnal with a prominent diurnal inequality.
There are also variations due to spring and neap tides. Turnagain
Arm is home to a tidal bore generated during spring tides that can
reach heights of up to 2 m and travel at speeds of up to 5 m/s.
Current reversals can be dramatic with ebb tidal velocities of 6
m/s changing to flood velocities of 10 m/s over a period of a few
minutes. During the initial flood tide, highly turbid water can
rise as fast as 10 cm/min. This combination of elements results in
a highly dynamic depositional setting. Measurements taken in the
inner estuary during several neap-spring cycles in the summers of
2007-08 documented deposition upon mud bars of as much as 8.9 cm
per tidal event. Conversely, erosion of up to 13.5 cm per tidal
event has been measured. The highest rates of deposition and
erosion occurred during the spring tides while much lower rates
occur during the neap tides. Some portions of the inner estuary are
only submerged during the extreme high tides. The magnitude of the
high tide needed to cover each site increases with increasing
distance into the upper estuary. Even if submerged, deposition does
not always occur. Such a high percentage of non-depositional events
has real implications when interpreting tidal cyclicity of the
rhythmites found at these sites.


This work describes two methods of preparation of hydrous tantalum phosphates and their characterization as ion exchangers. The hydrous metallic phosphate compounds were chemically and physically characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffractometry and surface area measurements. By the first method, tantalum phosphate was prepared by alkaline fusion of Ta2O5 with an excess of K2CO3, followed by lixiviation of the tantalate fusion product with hot water, and precipitation with diluted H3PO4. Preparation II was performed using metallic Ta dissolved in concentrated HF/HNO3 acidic mixture followed by hydrolysis of fluortantalic acid intermediary and precipitation with diluted H3PO4. Both freshly prepared materials (I and II) were exaustively refluxed with concentrated H3PO4, in its boiling point temperature, resulting respectively in Ta2O5. 2.1 H2O, (IR) and Ta2O5. 1.3 H2O, (IIR). Characterization of the prepared products have presented the following values: surface area of 108.27 ± 2.80; 220.14 ± 2.67; 117.07 ± 5.25 and 141.61 ± 0.27 m2.g-1 respectively for I, IR, II and IIR. All these materials were amorphous. The ion exchange behavior for all four hydrous tantalum phosphates was studied using Na+, K+ and Ba+2 as the exchanged species. The values for typical ion exchange capacity were 1.64; 1.23; 1.47 and 1.01 miliequivalent.g-1, respectively for I, IR, II and IIR products.


This research explores the existing harvesting and marketing practices of selected Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) species, and domestication of Non Timber Forest Species (NTFs) in the Makawanpur district of Nepal. Although, multiple comparisons are made but main focus is among the sites. Sub comparisons are made by forest night halters types and proximity from the road head and Area Forest Office (AFO). Furthermore, the research includes assessment of the highly traded species, identification of highly traded areas, issues on existing harvesting practice, formal and informal marketing chain and profit margin, understanding level of collectors, existing practice and future prospects of domestication and recommendations for the promotion of NTFPs.

The analysis is based on data collected from the NTFPs collectors of Handikhola, Manohari, Daman and Gogane Village Development Committees (VDCs), village traders, Makawanpur wholesalers, Indian traders, Indian wholesalers including Regional and District Workshops, and highly placed personnel of Governmental and Non Governmental Organizations (GOs/NGOs). Stratified random sampling with proportional allocation was used as a sampling tool. The research represents the whole district, as the samples taken cover both the high and low altitudinal zones.

Harvesting of Asparagus is found in Royal Chitwan National Park, though it is thoroughly banned by law. Similarly, Lichen in raw form is being exported to India, though the export in crude form is legally prohibited. Indiscriminate collection of both species is found in all sites because of poor monitoring and extension mechanism, and impractical allocation of property rights to the collectors. Profit margin of lower belt collectors is found satisfactory, but due to high transaction cost of illegal export profit margin of Lichen collectors is found very low. Night halters have higher profit margins in comparison to non-halters and the number of former is increasing every year. Informal practices are found from NTFPs collection permit to their delivery to the Indian wholesalers. Average understanding level on regulatory, marketing and technical aspects is found higher in lower belt collectors than upper belt collectors; and forest night non-halters than forest night halters. Domestication of NTFs is poor in all sites because of public land holding and low land holding size, and poor comprehensive programs. Some of the higher belt collectors are reluctant to plant NTFs, because of their well-established business of vegetable farming. However, many collectors, and community people are interested to further cultivation of NTFs on their unproductive lands. The preferred species are Asparagus and Sarpagandha in Low altitude areas and Chiraito and Nigalo in high altitude areas.

For proper harvesting there is need of supply based regulatory system, proper allocation of property right and appropriate season/time and scientific methods of NTFPs collection. Likewise, policy needs attention on empowerment of collectors through formulation of cooperatives, trainings and flow of market information. Policy further needs to emphasize institutional capacity building of forestry staff, in country processing and reviewing royalty rates. The comprehensive program for the domestication and preference of Leasehold Forestry in favor of collectors are of utmost importance. Further more, policy can be improved by organization of continuous and effective dialogue with the representatives of collectors, traders and the Non Governmental Organizations.


Kneen, Maggie.  Christmas in the Mouse House. Somerville, Massachusetts:  Templar Books, 2011. Print. This delightful pop-up and lift-the-flap book will entertain adults and children alike. English children's author and illustrator, Maggie Kneen, who is also an architectural and archaeological illustrator, creates nostalgic images of the perfect family Christmas. The Mouse family lives in what might be a Colonial-era house. Mama Mouse wears long dresses and aprons and Papa Mouse has a knee-length red frock coat and a cravat. Mama Mouse cooks over an open fireplace with a tea kettle hanging on a hook. Upstairs, Nanny, in a pink candy-stripe dress and white servant's cap, puts baby to bed in canopied cradle. It is Christmas Eve and Mama and Papa have hidden all of the Christmas decorations.  Readers help all the little mice find them by lifting the flaps. Christmas decorations are behind the clock, in a pot on the shelf, in cabinets and even outside in a bird's next. During the course of their search, the little mice also collect toys that would make good ornaments and even make some of their own ornaments. Every pair of pages shows a different room in the house, each with several flaps. Every other room scene has a pop-up.  The last pop-up shows the whole Mouse family dancing around the decorated Christmas tree, which everyone agrees is "the most beautiful Christmas tree they've ever seen." The reading level of this book is too high for the age 3-6 target audience.  However, it is the kind of book that adults read to small children. Like all pop-up books this volume will succumb to wear and tear, but will be much loved. Highly recommended. Recommendation:  4 out of 4 stars Reviewer:  Sandy Campbell Sandy is a Health Sciences Librarian at the University of Alberta, who has written hundreds of book reviews across many disciplines.  Sandy thinks that sharing books with children is one of the greatest gifts anyone can give.