We present free space coherent arrays of continuous-wave terahertz (THz) photomixers and compare the results to on-chip arrays. By altering the relative phases of the exciting laser signals, the relative THz phase between the array elements can be tuned, allowing for beam steering. In addition, the constructive interference of the emission of N elements leads to an increase of the focal intensity by a factor of N2 while reducing the beam width by ∼N(-1), below the diffraction limit of a single source. Such array architectures strongly improve the THz power distribution for stand-off spectroscopy and imaging systems while providing a huge bandwidth at the same time. We demonstrate this by beam profiles generated by a 2×2 and a 4×1 array for a transmission distance of 4.2 m. Spectra between 70 GHz and 1.1 THz have been recorded with these arrays.


Taste organs in the frog have a distinctive cell type located exclusively in the basal portion. In the same fashion as type III cells in mammalian taste buds, these basal cells show immunoreactivity for serotonin antibody. Further, these cells are morphologically similar to epidermal Merkel cells. To determine the significance of these serotonergic basal cells, we examined the early development of taste organs during metamorphosis of the frog by focusing on the origin and possible roles of serotonergic basal cells. For convenience of description, five stages of development (metamorphic stage to climax stages A–D) are defined. In the metamorphic stage, a few noninnervated Merkel cells appear at the upper layer of the lingual epithelium. No neuronal elements are seen in the epithelium at this stage. At climax stages A–B, immature fungiform papillae become discernible in the dorsal surface of the tongue, where the Merkel cells are located. Merkel cells then move downward and extend their cytoplasmic processes toward the basal lamina. These cells are identified by their intense immunoreactivity for serotonin. During the later stages, many nerve fibers in the subepithelial connective tissue approach the epithelium containing Merkel cells. At climax stages C–D, Merkel cells extend cytoplasmic processes along the basal lamina toward the center of the newly forming fungiform papillae. The morphology of these Merkel cells exactly coincides with that of serotonergic basal cells in adult taste organs. Profuse exocytotic release of dense‐cored granules of Merkel cells toward the nerve fibers through the basal lamina is frequently seen in these stages. The present study indicates that serotonergic basal cells are derived from intraepithelial Merkel cells, which act as target sites for growing nerves and may be responsible for the initiation of taste organ morphogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 406:129–140, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


We study a linear interaction model with asymmetric information. We first characterize the linear Bayes Nash equilibrium for a class of one dimensional signals. It is then shown that this class of one dimensional signals provide a comprehensive description of the first and second moments of the distribution of outcomes for any Bayes Nash equilibrium and any information structure.
We use our results in a variety of applications: (i) we study the connections between incomplete information and strategic interaction, (ii) we explain to what extent payoff environment and information structure of a economy are distinguishable through the equilibrium outcomes of the economy, and (iii) we analyze how equilibrium outcomes can be decomposed to understand the sources of individual and aggregate volatility.


In general, three approaches towards animal welfare exist: animal bodies, natures and minds. These concepts respectively emphasise physical health, natural behaviour and mental health. Each approach has its own corresponding welfare indicators. Knowledge in the area of especially the more persistent emotional states (mental health) of animals is lagging behind. This has to be improved, since the assessment of the emotional states of animals is a crucial step in improving their welfare.

This study investigated the welfare of gilts before and after a switch in housing conditions (pens with concrete floor and pens with a wood shavings bedding) was made with a specific focus on their mental welfare. The first aim of this thesis was to investigate if the welfare of pigs housed under particular housing conditions (barren or on wood shavings) is influenced by their previous experience of housing conditions. The short and longer term effects of the switch in housing conditions on the pigs' welfare were investigated. This was done by physical, behavioural and mental welfare indicators. The second aim of this thesis was to investigate whether the results of all three welfare indicators (animal body, nature and mind) lead to the same conclusions about animal welfare.

For this purpose, 212 purchased gilts were used. The animals were kept from an age of four weeks (weaning age) until slaughter at ±24-25 weeks at the experimental farm Carus of Wageningen University. The experiment was set up using a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with housing conditions from weaning until 10 weeks of age (barren vs. enriched with wood shavings) and housing conditions after 10 weeks of age (barren vs. enriched with wood shavings) as factors. This resulted in the following groups: pigs housed for the complete experimental period on wood shavings (EE) or in barren pens (BB), pigs switched from barren pens to pens with wood shavings (BE) and pigs which were switched the other way around (EB). The switch in housing conditions was set at 10 weeks of age since the pigs were also used for a study that investigated the prevalence of Osteochondrosis which required this specific timing of the switch. However, for the present study, this timing was also very interesting since for fattening pigs, the switch from nursery to the growing-finishing phase includes a change in environment and normally also takes place at an age of approximately 10 weeks.

With regard to the physical welfare (body approach), ulceration of the pars oesophageal region of the stomach was investigated post mortem, since stress is one of the causes of gastric ulceration. The behaviour of the pigs (nature approach) was investigated by continuous live observations for 4*10 min per pen per week when the animals were eight weeks old (before the switch), 10 weeks old (2-3 days after the switch) and 17 weeks old. The frequency of play (indicative of a more positive emotional state), manipulative and aggressive behaviours (indicative of a more negative emotional state) were scored. A startle response test, a gain of reward and a relative contrast test were used to investigate the emotional states of the animals in a more direct way (mind approach) compared to the nature approach. In the relative contrast test, for four consecutive days, the animals were given twice daily a reward with high incentive value (mix of yoghurt and chocolate raisins) followed by four consecutive days in which a reward with lower incentive value (their normal feed) was provided. Thereafter, for four consecutive days, the reward with high incentive value was again provided. This resulted in a total of 24 trials. A cue indicated that the treats were about to be provided to the pig in each trial. After a 15-sec time-interval in which the anticipatory response was investigated, the food reward was thrown into the pen. This was the start of the test phase, which lasted for 45 seconds, during which the response of the pigs to the reward was investigated. This test was conducted once, after the switch in housing conditions.

With regard to the stomach scores, it was shown that post switch B (i.e. EB and BB) pigs had higher stomach scores, i.e. more stomach wall damage than post switch E (i.e. BE and EE) pigs F(1,28)=5.28, p=0.0292. Also the interaction of pre*post switch housing conditions tended to affect stomach scores F(1,28)=3.25, p=0.0823. Post hoc analysis revealed that EB pigs had a higher score than EE pigs with levels of BB and BE in between. Therefore, from the body approach, actual housing conditions seemed to be most important with enriched housed pigs experiencing a higher physical welfare compared to barren housed pigs. Experience of a different housing condition tended to be important, but only for pigs that were switched from an enriched to a barren environment (negative switch).

The behavioural observations revealed that pigs housed in barren pens showed more negative (manipulative) and less positive (play) behaviour compared to pigs housed on wood shavings (all P<0.05). Also a slight effect of experience was present in some behaviours (pre*post or pre*post*week effects). However, no straightforward results were obtained in this regard, only minor indications of the importance of experience existed with regard to both a positive (steep decline in manipulative behaviour and delay of decrease of play behaviour) and negative (steep decline in play behaviour) switch. By means of behavioural observations, it was shown that from the nature point of view, indications existed that experience of either a barren or enriched housings system is important, but only for the short term. Actual housing seemed to be the most important determinant of the welfare of pigs with pigs housed on wood shavings experiencing a higher welfare compared to pigs housed in barren pens.

With regard to the startle, gain and relative contrast test, it was shown that the relative contrast test gave the best indication of the mental welfare of the pigs. Enriched housed pigs showed more play behaviour in the test compared to barren housed pigs. They also seemed to be better in accepting the loss of reward and seemed to be less reactive and therefore less bored. Barren housed pigs seemed to be more bored, indicated by their high reactivity towards the presence of the observers, indicative of a less positive emotional state. They also seemed less capable of accepting the situation since they kept searching for the reward when their normal pellet feed was provided (all P<0.10). It was also shown that pigs that were switched from enriched to barren housing (i.e. EB pigs) were in a more apathetic state compared to pigs that were always housed barren (i.e. BB pigs). Based on the animal mind approach it could be concluded that actual housing seemed most important with pigs housed on wood shavings experiencing a better mental welfare compared to pigs housed under barren conditions. Also the importance of experience of housing conditions was shown, but only for a negative switch in housing system.

Based on the results, it can be concluded that experience of housing systems does matter for the welfare of pigs. This was indicated by all three welfare indicators. It was shown that the results of the three different welfare indicators lead to the same conclusions. However, with regard to the body (stomachs) and mind (relative contrast test) approach: experience seemed to be mainly important when a negative switch was made, while the nature (behaviour) approach indicated that experience seemed to be important in both a positive and negative switch. Also, the time effect of the experience differed between the welfare indicators. The nature approach indicated that mainly a short term effect was present, while the body and mind approach indicated that also a longer term effect of experience was present. Therefore, it is recommended that all three welfare indicators are used to obtain a complete view of the welfare of an animal.


The article examines student activism in Zimbabwe between 2000 and 2010 to investigate how Zimbabwe's economic meltdown and political challenges influenced the nature and forms of student responses. While conceding that student activism was not as well-coordinated and as unified as it had been in earlier periods of Zimbabwean history, it argues that student activism, nevertheless, continued despite relentless efforts by state agencies to violently stifle student protests and also in spite of the debilitating economic problems confronting the students. It is argued that the lack of unity among students can be explained in part by the lack of consensus among students regarding the challenges facing them and how to resolve them. It can also be seen as a result of the fact that students belonged to different and, sometimes, antagonistic political parties resulting in a fractured student movement that could not speak with one voice. Finally, the article contends that despite facing serious economic hardships, which partly fuelled their discontent, students did not focus only on economic grievances but married these to wider socio-political issues and regarded their struggles as part and parcel of the national fight for good governance and democracy.


This exploratory research study examines the experiences of a purposive sample of leaders of Social Enterprises (SEs) in Scotland to discover how leaders deal with the challenges of running this type of organisation at a period of financial constraint, yet where SE is proposed by politicians as a panacea for dealing with social and community development. The method consists of semi-structured interviews undertaken with a purposive sample of leaders from a range of SEs. Findings suggest that respondents are aware of, and seeking to address, threats to their existence from funding cuts. There are differences regarding approach or emphasis, and the challenge of balancing philanthropy with commercial health seems significantly to impact on the design and purpose of organisations. The best leadership practice combines ideological fervour with commercial acumen. The ability of SEs to survive depends not only on the quality of their outputs, but also on flexibility of structure and culture and stakeholder commitment. Good leaders are aware of these complexities and seek to respond to them. Recommendations are made for development interventions to support SEs as they deal with the challenges described above. If the future of SE in Britain relies on its ability to operate commercially, this study offers original and useful insights into some of the challenges for leaders in achieving their aims, not least that of securing survival. At an early stage of the Conservative administration, and its promotion of the so-called Big Society theme, this study sheds unique light on the perceptions of those who might carry this vision forward, and the challenges they face. Further research with a wider sample is proposed to extend understanding of the issues.


Marketers strive to create cool brands, but the literature does not offer a blueprint for what "brand coolness" means or what features characterize cool brands. This research uses a mixed-methods approach to conceptualize brand coolness and identify a set of characteristics typically associated with cool brands. Focus groups, depth interviews, and an essay study indicate that cool brands are perceived to be extraordinary, aesthetically appealing, energetic, high status, rebellious, original, authentic, subcultural, iconic, and popular. In nine quantitative studies (surveys and experiments), the authors develop scale items to reliably measure the component characteristics of brand coolness; show that brand coolness influences important outcome variables, including consumers' attitudes toward, satisfaction with, intentions to talk about, and willingness to pay for the brand; and demonstrate how cool brands change over time. At first, most brands become cool to a small niche, at which point they are perceived to be more subcultural, rebellious, authentic, and original. Over time, some cool brands become adopted by the masses, at which point they are perceived to be more popular and iconic.


Objective We conducted a review of the history and performance of developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) testing in support of the finalization and implementation of Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) DNT test guideline 426 (TG 426). Information sources and analysis In this review we summarize extensive scientific efforts that form the foundation for this testing paradigm, including basic neurotoxicology research, interlaboratory collaborative studies, expert workshops, and validation studies, and we address the relevance, applicability, and use of the DNT study in risk assessment. Conclusions The OECD DNT guideline represents the best available science for assessing the potential for DNT in human health risk assessment, and data generated with this protocol are relevant and reliable for the assessment of these end points. The test methods used have been subjected to an extensive history of international validation, peer review, and evaluation, which is contained in the public record. The reproducibility, reliability, and sensitivity of these methods have been demonstrated, using a wide variety of test substances, in accordance with OECD guidance on the validation and international acceptance of new or updated test methods for hazard characterization. Multiple independent, expert scientific peer reviews affirm these conclusions.


In contemporary western society, motherhood has acquired a special significance for women: women are expected to find fulfilment and satisfaction in the role of the "ever-bountiful, ever-giving, self-sacrificing mother. Feminists, in attempts to problematise this "myth of motherhood", have emphasised the importance of focusing on the subjectivity of women by advocating that women themselves speak of, and reflect on their experiences of motherhood. In this article the narratives of two middle-class tertiary educated women were analysed to see to what extent the personal stories of individual women can serve to subvert such myths and change social realities. It was found that although both participants clearly articulated a profound ambivalence about their pregnancies and the possibility of becoming a mother, both women ended up addressing their ambivalence by simplifying their stories. Furthermore, in their quest for coherence and order, they reverted to reflecting and, in fact, reproducing dominant motherhood ideologies. It is argued that even the most individual stories are also shaped by political realities and that women will not be able to embrace the ambivalence in their stories in a context where such ambivalence is not yet tolerated within the dominant ideologies.


In this paper, a simple model-based approach is presented for modeling and control of the fluid dispensing. A simple model structure is derived from the pipe flow, which has the capacity to handle both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. When working for unknown dynamics, parameters of the model need to be estimated from the process data. Using a simple and effective approximation method, proper operating conditions for parameter estimation can be figured out. The feasibility of this simplified model is evaluated in comparison with computational fluid dynamics for both known and unknown dynamics. Both simulation and real experiment demonstrate simplicity and effectiveness of the proposed model and its estimation method for both the steady and unsteady fluid dispensing. Based on this simple and effective model, a realistic model-based run-by-run control can be developed effectively to achieve a robust dispensing performance. Both simulation and real experiment have shown that the disturbance from the fluid variation is minimized, and the dispensing consistency is improved greatly.


Because of the convenience of a text-based format 3D content is often published in form of a gzipped file that contains an ASCII description of the scene graph. While compressed image, audio, and video data is kept in seperate binary files, polygonal data is usually included uncompressed into the ASCII description, as there is no widely-accepted standard for compressed polygon meshes.In this paper we show how to incorporate compression of polygonal data into a purely text-based scene graph description. Our scheme codes polygon meshes as ASCII strings that compress well with standard compression schemes such as gzip. The coder is lossless when only the position and texture coordinate {\em indices} are coded. If loss is acceptable, positions and texture coordinates can be quantized and delta coded, which reduces the file size further. The gzipped scene graph description files decrease by a factor of two (six) in size when the polygon meshes they contain are coded with the lossless (lossy) ASCII coder.Furthermore we describe in detail a proof-of-concept implementation that uses the Shout3D~\cite{shout3d} pure java API---a plugin-less Web3D player that downloads all required java classes on demand. Our prototype is an extremely light-weight implementation of the decoder that can be distributed at minimal additional cost. The size of the compiled decoder class is less than 6KB by itself and less than 3KB if included into a compressed archive of java class files. It makes no use of specific features of the Shout3D API. Hence, our method will work for any scene graph API that allows (a) to extend the node set and (b) to store the scene graph as ASCII.


The introduction of cocaine in 1884 as a local anaesthetic agent started an entire new era in medicine. Since then, the use of local anaesthetic agents has increased as an important part of medicine. Local anaesthesia is widely and regularly used by general practitioners and specialists, but a recent survey in a UK hospital showed that among non-anaesthetists there is a poor understanding of local anaesthesia toxicity and treatment. Local anaesthetic agent systemic toxicity occurs in about 1 in every 1 000 peripheral nerve blocks and, although it is an infrequent complication, it is potentially fatal.


The aims of this study are to analyze the value of farmer's willingness to accept, consumer's willingness to pay organic vegetables, as well as to analyze the factors that determine farmer's willingness to accept and consumer's willingness to pay. Based on a list of farmers, it was performed a random sample selection as many as 26 farmers. Total sample of consumers in this study are 46 respondents divided according to their respective districts. Data obtained from the survey results in Tulungrejo, Bumiaji Kota Batu and Malang in East Java. The willingness to accept of the value analysis and value of willingness to pay using analysis tool of contingent valuation method by using the bidding game. Furthermore, multiple linear regression analysis is used to analyze the factors that influence the willingness to accept and willingness to pay. Factors affecting farmers' willingness to accept are the age of farmers, income, land area, the number of family members, and length of service. Whereas, factors affecting consumer's willingness to pay are income, gender consumer, age, the number of family members. Of all the above factors affecting willingness to accept significant are the income of farmers and land area. While the factors which affect the willingness to pay are income and the number of family members.


Component-based software development facilitates the development process of large and complex software systems. By the advent of multiprocessors, the independently developed components can be integrated on a multi-core platform to achieve an efficient use of system hardware and a decrease in system power consumption and costs. In this paper, we consider a virtual multiprocessor platform where each component can be dynamically allocated to any set of processors of the platform with a maximum concurrency level. Global-EDF is used for intra-component scheduling. The existing analysis for such systems have assumed that tasks are independent. In this paper, we enable intra-component resource sharing for this platform. We investigate using a spin-based resource sharing protocol with the accompanying analysis that extends the existing analysis for independent tasks. We briefly illustrate and evaluate our initial results with an example.


The events surrounding Hurricane Katrina and the 9/11 attacks demonstrated that the communications systems used by first responders in the United States are not adequate to meet the challenges of a post-9/11 world. The U.S. system is based on assumptions that local agencies should have maximal flexibility at the expense of standardization and regional coordination, that commercial carriers and municipal systems have little role to play, that public safety should not share spectrum or network infrastructure, and that narrowband voice applications should dominate. Many programs have been proposed to incrementally improve public safety communications systems, but without any fundamental changes to these policies, such incremental changes are likely to have limited impact. However, a tremendous opportunity is coming thanks to the transition to digital television; 24 MHz of spectrum has been identified for reallocation from TV to public safety in 2009, roughly doubling the public safety spectrum below 2 GHz. Unless policymakers act, this new spectrum will be managed under these same old policies. This paper explains why it is time for fundamental reform. Policy reforms should include some combination of: shifting some responsibility and authority for decisions about public safety communications infrastructure from many independent local government agencies to the federal government; further expanding the role of commercial service providers, municipal Wi-Fi networks, and other systems that serve the public; allowing public safety to share spectrum, and possibly multi-purpose network infrastructure as well, with other users; and further expanding capabilities beyond traditional voice communications. Since the TV band spectrum reallocated to public safety has few legacy systems that must be accommodated or moved, it is an excellent place to launch a new policy. See www.newamerica.net/events/2006/from_tv_to_public_safety for full paper, plus audio and video of presentation.


Critical heat flux (CHF) in rod bundles is a parameter of great importance for the thermal-hydraulic design and safety analysis of advanced light water reactors. An experimental investigation has been conducted for the 19-rod hexagonal test bundles with a tightly spaced nonsquare arrangement of heater rods. The parametric effects on the CHF were examined for the heated length, the unheated rod, and the nonuniform axial power shape. As a result, a pertinent CHF correlation has been developed on the basis of the bundle cross-sectional averaged conditions. The available CHF database for rod bundles with square and nonsquare rod pitches was employed for the assessment of representative CHF correlations that were applicable to the round tubes and rod bundles. The database covered a wide range of operating conditions and test bundle geometries that are applicable to advanced light water reactors. The prediction accuracy of the CHF correlations was evaluated on the basis of the local thermal-hydraulic conditions calculated by a subchannel analysis code.


This law provides that termination of pregnancy is permitted with the consent of the woman, in a hospital, and with medical assistance a) during the first twelve weeks of gestation; and b) anytime during the pregnancy 1) if continuation of the pregnancy would involve the risk of the death of the woman or serious and permanent injury to her health both physical and mental; 2) in order to prevent the probable transmission to the fetus of a serious hereditary or contagious illness; or 3) in order to prevent the newly-born suffering from serious physical defects or mental disturbances.


Supreme Court nominees testifying before the Senate Judiciary Committee frequently invoke the so-called "Ginsburg Rule" to justify not answering questions posed to them. According to this "rule," nominees during their testimony must avoid signaling their preferences about previously decided Supreme Court cases or constitutional issues. Using empirical data on every question asked and answered at every hearing from 1939–2017, we explore this "rule," and its attribution to Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. We demonstrate three things. First, the Ginsburg Rule is poorly named, given that the practice of claiming a privilege to not respond to certain types of questions predates the Ginsburg nomination by decades. Second, the Ginsburg Rule really is two rules: one governing when nominees should not provide direct responses to certain types of questions, and a second governing when they should. Third, we show that Neil Gorsuch, despite his insistence to the contrary, did not really follow the example set by Justice Ginsburg. Instead, unlike Justice Ginsburg and most other recent nominees, Gorsuch regularly refused to articulate firm positions on even our most widely accepted constitutional issues and cases. In doing, we argue, Gorsuch's practice risks diminishing one important way in which we as a society use Supreme Court confirmation hearings to debate and endorse constitutional change.


This study was presented at the International Conference on Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera held in Aracruz, Brazil from June 3-8, 2018. Higher-level relationships among major mayfly lineages remains controversial and previous molecular and morphological data do not robustly support the current classification scheme and many of the proposed branching orders (Ogden et al. 2009a). This project represents the largest phylogenetic analysis for mayflies to date. Over 440 targeted genomic protein coding regions (exons) were generated using a novel hybrid enrichment probes set. The dataset, analyzed as amino acids, allowed testing for the monophyly of many of the proposed higher-level groupings. The results from this work were congruent with the lineages Carapacea, Caenoidea, and Ephemerelloidea, but the other higher-level lineages were not supported as monophyletic. This study was an initial evaluation of the anchored hybrid enrichment dataset for uses in deep level mayfly systematics, and a more comprehensive analysis is forthcoming. Still, this study supports the conclusion that more taxa and data, especially phylogenomic data, should result in more robust trees for future studies in mayfly phylogenetics and systematics.


We discuss the results of two XMM-Newton observations of the open cluster NGC 6604 obtained in April and September 2002. We concentrate mainly on the multiple system HD 167971 (O5-8V + O5-8V + (O8I)). The soft part of the EPIC spectrum of this system is thermal with typical temperatures of about 2 × 10 6 to 9 × 10 6 K. The nature (thermal vs. non-thermal) of the hard part of the spectrum is not unambiguously revealed by our data. If the emission is thermal, the high temperature of the plasma (∼2.3 × 10 7 to 4.6 × 10 7 K) would be typical of what should be expected from a wind-wind interaction zone within a long period binary system. This emission could arise from an interaction between the combined winds of the O5-8V + O5-8V close binary system and that of the more distant O8I companion. Assuming instead that the hard part of the spectrum is non-thermal, the photon index would be rather steep (∼3). Moreover, a marginal variability between our two XMM-Newton pointings could be attributed to an eclipse of the O5-8V + O5-8V system. The overall X-ray luminosity points to a significant X-ray luminosity excess of about a factor 4 possibly due to colliding winds. Considering HD 167971 along with several recent X-ray and radio observations, we propose that the simultaneous observation of non-thermal radiation in the X-ray (below 10.0 keV) and radio domains appears rather unlikely. Our investigation of our XMM-Newton data of NGC 6604 reveals a rather sparse distribution of X-ray emitters. Including the two bright non-thermal radio emitters HD 168112 and HD 167971, we present a list of 31 X-ray sources along with the results of the cross-correlation with optical and infrared catalogues. A more complete spectral analysis is presented for the brightest X-ray sources. Some of the members of NGC 6604 present some characteristics suggesting they may be pre-main sequence star candidates.


Considerable research has gone on in recent years into exactly what happens in the language classroom - what and how learners learn, what teachers actually do, and what kind of events take place. Sometimes the findings show that what happens is not what is expected when lessons are being prepared and taught. Allwright and Bailey set out to define the aims, principles, and objectives of classroom research, to describe the findings and relate these to teaching practice. All teachers will find much that they can relate to their classrooms. It contains points to discuss, suggestions for further reading, and mini-projects, all of which can either be carried out by the individual reader or by teachers working in groups.


Previous research has shown that buildings have a significant impact on the environment and small changes in their sustainability can create major improvements to the current environmental impact of the whole society (Eichholtz et al. 2009; Junnila 2004). The technology needed to build environmentally efficient buildings and the knowledge about their benefits is available, however, the ways of marketing these benefits to the public and customers and through this increasing the amount of green buildings, has not been a subject of much research. The aim of this article is to examine the current marketing situation of green buildings from a Finnish real estate developeris perspective and deepen the marketis understanding on this subject. The theoretical part of the paper is conducted through an extensive literature study and for the empirical part; three different building development projects were examined. Great amounts of marketing material provided by the real estate developer were studied and interviews were made with their specialists on the green building field. Results indicate that the environmentally efficient characteristics of the buildings are not considered to be their major selling arguments but simply something that is expected in todayis market and thus the green marketing actions of the real estate development company were quite ineffective and subtle. Based on the results of this study, it seems that at the moment, the marketing of green buildings lacks green ambition and not all are equally convinced about their differentiation potential. If the building market will end up in a situation where having a certification is enough in terms of being environmentally friendly, the development of a more sustainable built environment will fail, as no developer will be motivated to be innovative and more sustainable. However, by increasingly concentrating on the different benefits of green buildings and effectively communicating those to the customers, greenness can be made into a truly competitive marketing argument. The question is about being innovative and finding ways to compete differently than the competitors.


Aim. Biodiversity loss, measured as count of extinction events, is a key component of biodiversity change, and can significantly impact ecosystem services. However, estimation of the loss has focused mostly on per-species extinction rates measured over limited numbers of spatial scales, with no theory linking small-scale extirpations with global extinctions. Here we provide such link by introducing the relationship between area and per-species probability of extinction (PxAR) and between area and count of realized extinction events in that area (NxAR). We show theoretical and empirical forms of these relationships, and we discuss their role in perception and estimation of the current extinction crisis. Location USA, Europe, Czech Republic, Barro Colorado Island Methods We derived the expected forms of PxAR and NxAR from a range of theoretical frameworks based on theory of island biogeography, neutral models, and species-area relationships. We constructed PxAR and NxAR in five empirical datasets on butterflies, plants, trees and birds, collected over range of spatial scales. Results Both the theoretical arguments and empirical data support monotonically decreasing PxAR, i.e. per-species extinction probability decreasing with increasing area; however, we also report a rare theoretical possibility of locally increasing PxAR. In contrast, both theory and data revealed complex NxAR, i.e. counts of extinction events follow variety of relationships with area, including nonlinear unimodal, multimodal and U-shaped relationships, depending on region and taxon. Main conclusions The uncovered wealth of forms of NxAR can explain why biodiversity change (the net outcome of losses and gains) also appears scale-dependent. Furthermore, the complex scale dependence of PxAR and NxAR means that global extinctions indicate little about local extirpations, and vice versa. Hence, effort should be made to understand and report extinction crisis as a scale-dependent problem. In this effort, estimation of scaling relationships such as PxAR and NxAR should be central.


The use of polycarbonates in industry has increased sharply in recent decades. Various methods are used to remove inks from the polycarbonate surface of printed Compact Discs (CDs). Surfactants were used for de-inking as an effective method for polymer recycling. In this study, the effect of using cationic and anionic surfactants with different concentrations at Critical Micelle Concentrations (CMC) was studied for de-inking of compact discs. The cationic surfactant Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) removed significantly more ink from CD surfaces than the anionic surfactant Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the topography of CD surfaces before and after treatment with different surfactants. The de-inking power, which is represented by the area of ink-free pixels in the CD image, was increased with increasing surfactant concentration. The most significant de-inking using CTAB was achieved at 8x CMC, while that for SDS was achieved at 9x CMC.


Background Immunodeficient mice are invaluable tools to analyze the long-term effects of potentially immunogenic molecules in the absence of adaptive immune responses. Nevertheless, there are models and experimental situations that would beneficiate of larger immunodeficient recipients. Rats are ideally suited to perform experiments in which larger size is needed and are still a small animal model suitable for rodent facilities. Additionally, rats reproduce certain human diseases better than mice, such as ankylosing spondylitis and Duchenne disease, and these disease models would greatly benefit from immunodeficient rats to test different immunogenic treatments. Methods We describe the generation of Il2rg-deficient rats and their crossing with previously described Rag1-deficient rats to generate double-mutant RRG animals. Results As compared with Rag1-deficient rats, Il2rg-deficient rats were more immunodeficient because they partially lacked not only T and B cells but also NK cells. RRG animals showed a more profound immunossuppressed phenotype because they displayed undetectable levels of T, B, and NK cells. Similarly, all immunoglobulin isotypes in sera were decreased in Rag1- or Il2rg-deficient rats and undetectable in Rats Rag1 and Il2rg (RRG) animals. Rag1- or Il2rg-deficient rats rejected allogeneic skin transplants and human tumors, whereas animals not only accepted allogeneic rat skin but also xenogeneic human tumors, skin, and hepatocytes. Immune humanization of RRG animals was unsuccessful. Conclusions Thus, immunodeficient RRG animals are useful recipients for long-term studies in which immune responses could be an obstacle, including tissue humanization of different tissues.


BACKGROUND
The burden of cardiovascular disease world-wide is one of great concern to patients and health care agencies alike. Cardiac rehabilitation aims to restore patients with heart disease to health through exercise only based rehabilitation or comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVES
To determine the effectiveness of exercise only or exercise as part of a comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation programme on the mortality, morbidity, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and modifiable cardiac risk factors of patients with coronary heart disease.

SEARCH STRATEGY
Electronic databases were searched for randomised controlled trials, using standardised trial filters, from the earliest date available to December 31st 1998.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Men and women of all ages, in hospital or community settings, who have had myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, or who have angina pectoris or coronary artery disease defined by angiography.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Studies were selected independently by two reviewers, and data extracted independently. Authors were contacted where possible to obtain missing information.

MAIN RESULTS
This systematic review has allowed analysis of an increased number of patients from approximately 4500 in earlier meta-analyses to 8440 (7683 contributing to the total mortality outcome). The pooled effect estimate for total mortality for the exercise only intervention shows a 27% reduction in all cause mortality (random effects model OR 0.73 (0.54, 0.98)). Comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation reduced all cause mortality, but to a lesser degree (OR 0.87 (0.71, 1.05)). Total cardiac mortality was reduced by 31% (random effects model OR 0.69 (0.51, 0.94)) and 26% (random effects model OR 0.74 (0.57, 0.96)) in the exercise only and comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation groups respectively. Neither intervention had any effect on the occurrence of non-fatal myocardial infarction. There was a significant net reduction in total cholesterol (pooled WMD random effects model -0.57 mmol/l (-0.83, -0.31)) and LDL (pooled WMD random effects model -0.51 mmol/l (-0.82, -0.19) in the comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation group.

REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS
Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation is effective in reducing cardiac deaths. It is not clear from this review whether exercise only or a comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation intervention is more beneficial. The population studied in this review is still predominantly male, middle aged and low risk. Identification of the ethnic origin of the participants was seldom reported. It is possible that patients who would have benefited most from the intervention were excluded from the trials on the grounds of age, sex or co-morbidity.


Never translated before, "Thoughts on Death and Immortality" was the first published work of Ludwig Feuerbach (1804-1872). The scandal created by portrayal of Christianity as an egoistic and inhumane religion cost the young Hegelian his job and, to some extent, his career. Joining philosophical argument to epigram, lyric, and satire, the work has three central arguments: first, a straightforward denial of the Christian belief in personal immortality; second, a plea for recognition of the inexhaustible quality of the only life we have; and third, a derisive assault on the posturings and hypocrisies of the professional theologians of nineteenth-century Germany.


Objectives: To determine patient preferences for information and for participation in decision-making, and the determinants of these preferences in patients recently admitted to an acute hospital. Design: Prospective questionnaire-based study. Setting: Medical wards of an acute teaching hospital. Participants: One hundred and fifty-two consecutive acute medical inpatients, median age 74 years. Measurements: Standardised assessment included abbreviated mental test and subjective measure of severity of illness. Patients' desire for information was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale, and their desire for a role in medical decision-making using the Degner Control of Preferences Scale. Results: Of the 152 patients, 93 (61%) favoured a passive approach to decision-making (either "leave all decisions to the doctor" or "doctor makes final decision but seriously considers my opinion." In contrast, 101 (66%) patients sought "very extensive" or "a lot" of information about their condition. No significant effects of age, sex, socio-economic group or severity of acute illness on desire for information or the Degner scale result were found. There was no agreement between patients' preferences on the Degner scale and their doctors' predictions of those preferences. Conclusions: Acute medical inpatients want to receive a lot of information about their illness, but most prefer a relatively passive role in decision-making. The only way to determine individual patient preferences is to ask them; preferences cannot be predicted from clinical or sociodemographic data.


Objective: To report a case of fungal keratitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus (P. lilacinus) associated with a retained intracorneal hair. Methods: A 61-year-old man developed pain, decreased vision, hyperemia, and corneal infiltrates in his right eye without any predisposing factor. An intracorneal hair had migrated superiorly in the corneal stroma, giving rise to 3 separate stromal infiltrates. The patient demonstrated a waxing and waning course over several months despite antimicrobial and steroid therapy. Results: Histopathologic examination of a corneal biopsy specimen disclosed the presence of fungal elements, and intensive antifungal therapy was initiated. Verticillium sp. was initially identified as the causative organism, but after failure to improve on topical natamycin, subsequent investigations demonstrated the pathogen to be P. lilacinus that was resistant to routine antifungal agents. The patient was then initiated on systemic voriconazole and terbinafine. He responded well to treatment and ultimately recovered a best-corrected visual acuity of 6/15 in the affected eye. Conclusion: This is the first case of P. lilacinus keratitis associated with a retained intracorneal hair. Hair in the cornea could be a predisposing factor for this infection. Early corneal biopsy should be considered to properly diagnose and manage atypical keratitis and to prevent further complications.


This study explores the subjective wellbeing of Indigenous Australians. We focus on mean levels of self-reported life satisfaction, inequality in life satisfaction within the Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian populations, and the prevalence and severity of dissatisfaction with one's life. Evidence on differences in the determinants of life satisfaction between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians is provided. Results indicate that Indigenous life satisfaction peaked in 2003 and has since declined. We also find that inequality in life satisfaction is greater for Indigenous than non-Indigenous Australians. Despite a downward trend in the level of dissatisfaction for non-Indigenous Australians, dissatisfaction among Indigenous Australians has remained relatively unchanged.


Introduction: In 1978 a 15 year old male was referred to a periodontal practice complaining of bleeding gums.
Case presentation: There was Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG) (called Vincent's Infection at the time) superimposed upon Altered Passive Eruption (APE; then termed Delayed Passive Eruption). Immediate treatment was a course of Metronidazole followed by scaling and oral hygiene instruction. In 1981 a gingivectomy was carried out around the maxillary incisors and canines. The patient has been seen thereafter at intervals for oral hygiene care, prophylaxis and scaling (SPT; Supportive Periodontal Treatment) most recently in 2014.
Conclusion: The potentially devastating effects of NUG combined with APE were successfully managed and oral health has subsequently been maintained through a programme of regular periodontal care. APE may be a predisposing factor to NUG, an acute necrotic lesion which, provided there are no systemic compromising complications, responds well to anti-microbial therapy combined with professional plaque and calculus removal, improved oral hygiene and meticulous home care.


Diadromy affords fish access to productive ecosystems, increasing growth and ultimately fitness, but it is unclear whether these advantages persist for species migrating within highly altered habitat. Here, we compared the foraging success of wild Delta Smelt—an endangered, zooplanktivorous, annual, semi-anadromous fish that is endemic to the highly altered San Francisco Estuary (SFE)—collected from freshwater (<0.55 psu) and brackish habitat (≥0.55 psu). Stomach fullness, averaged across three generations of wild Delta Smelt sampled from juvenile through adult life stages (n = 1,318), was 1.5-fold higher in brackish than in freshwater habitat. However, salinity and season interacted, with higher fullness (1.7-fold) in freshwater than in brackish habitat in summer, but far higher fullness in brackish than freshwater habitat during fall/winter and winter/spring (1.8 and 2.0-fold, respectively). To examine potential causes of this interaction we compared mesozooplankton abundance, collected concurrently with the Delta Smelt, in freshwater and brackish habitat during summer and fall/winter, and the metabolic rate of sub-adult Delta Smelt acclimated to salinities of 0.4, 2.0, and 12.0 psu in a laboratory experiment. A seasonal peak in mesozooplankton density coincided with the summer peak in Delta Smelt foraging success in freshwater, and a pronounced decline in freshwater mesozooplankton abundance in the fall coincided with declining stomach fullness, which persisted for the remainder of the year (fall, winter and spring). In brackish habitat, greater foraging 'efficiency' (prey items in stomachs/mesozooplankton abundance) led to more prey items per fish and generally higher stomach fullness (i.e., a higher proportion of mesozooplankton detected in concurrent trawls were eaten by fish in brackish habitat). Delta Smelt exhibited no difference in metabolic rate across the three salinities, indicating that metabolic responses to salinity are unlikely to have caused the stomach fullness results. Adult migration and freshwater spawning therefore places young fish in a position to exploit higher densities of prey in freshwater in the late spring/summer, and subsequent movement downstream provides older fish more accessible prey in brackish habitat. Thus, despite endemism to a highly-altered estuary, semi-anadromy provided substantial foraging benefits to Delta Smelt, consistent with other temperate migratory fish.


Abstract Little information has been published on selection of tree roosts by eastern pipistrelles (Perimyotis subflavus) in forested environments, and no radiotelemetry-based studies have been conducted on males in forested settings. Therefore, we used radiotelemetry to characterize summer roost selection by 21 male (33 roosts) and 7 female (14 roosts) eastern pipistrelles during 6 years in a forested region of the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas. All roosts were located in the vegetation of tree canopies; 50% of roosts of females and 91% of roosts of males were in dead leaves of deciduous trees. Three (43%) of 7 maternity colonies were in dead needles of large live pines (Pinus echinata); this is the 1st documented use of pines by this species for roosting. Males selected tree sizes randomly but females selected trees that were larger (P < 0.05) than random. For males, 87% of roosts were in oaks (Quercus), and males roosted at sites with more midstory hardwoods, more large pines in the overstory, less canopy cover, and farther from the nearest trees than random locations. In a landscape offering a diversity of forest habitats, eastern pipistrelles during summer roosted mostly in leaves of oaks in mature (≥50-year-old) forest with a relatively complex structure and a hardwood component.


Comparisons of emerging carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies with equivalent incumbent technologies are necessary to support technology developers and to help policy-makers design appropriate long-term incentives to mitigate climate change through the deployment of CCU. In particular, early-stage CCU technologies must prove their economic viability and environmental reduction potential compared to already-deployed technologies. These comparisons can be misleading, as emerging technologies typically experience a drastic increase in performance and decrease in cost and greenhouse gas emissions as they develop from research to mass-market deployment due to various forms of learning. These changes complicate the interpretation of early techno-economic assessments (TEAs) and life cycle assessments (LCAs) of emerging CCU technologies. The effects of learning over time or cumulative production themselves can be quantitatively described using technology learning curves (TLCs). While learning curve approaches have been developed for various technologies, a harmonized methodology for using TLCs in TEA and LCA for CCU in particular is required. To address this, we describe a methodology that incorporates TLCs into TEA and LCA to forecast the environmental and economic performance of emerging CCU technologies. This methodology is based on both an evaluation of the state of the art of learning curve assessment and a literature review of TLC approaches developed in various manufacturing and energy generation sectors. Additionally, we demonstrate how to implement this methodology using a case study on a CO2 mineralization pathway. Finally, commentary is provided on how researchers, technology developers, and LCA and TEA practitioners can advance the use of TLCs to allow for consistent, high-resolution modeling of technological learning for CCU going forward and enable holistic assessments and fairer comparisons with other climate technologies.


J. Robert Oppenheimer is among the most contentious and important figures of the twentieth century. As head of the Los Alamos Laboratory, he oversaw the successful effort to beat the Nazis to develop the first atomic bomb - a breakthrough which was to have eternal ramifications for mankind, and made Oppenheimer the 'father of the Bomb'. But his was not a simple story of assimilation, scientific success and world fame. A complicated and fragile personality, the implications of the discoveries at Los Alamos were to weigh heavily upon him. Having formed suspicious connections in the 1930s, in the wake of the Allied victory in World War Two, Oppenheimer's attempts to resist the escalation of the Cold War arms race would lead many to question his loyalties - and set him on a collision course with Senator Joseph McCarthy and his witch hunters.


Cyborgs, fembots and posthumans: electronic dance music and the biopolitics of fucking machines In the technophilic West, netizens, infomorphs and the audio digerati triumphantly-if-precociously herald this as the dawn of disembodiment. These reality hackers dream in binary code. They yearn to manufacture human-alien hybrids, ethical androids and genetically programmed clones. They already engineer digital soul divas, aural cyborgs, Nintendo's voluptuously overdrawn robo-bimbos, and the supernaturally and surgically perfect bodies purchased at Lasers R' US. They share the meat-hating philosophies of the cyber-protagonists of Neuromancer, Snow Crash and Software. They willingly computerise their passions via text sex, MUD-based gender masquerades, naughty newsgroups, techno-fetishistic video games, virtual reality-based erotic escapades, and pornosonic digital samples. Nonetheless, it seems that for the rest of us to join these intrepid cybernauts in their Age of immaterial Information, our too-solid bodies must first be anaesthetised with utopian visions and sounds of an incorporeal future. So electronic dance music, popular culture and modern science inject the flesh with fantasies of immortality, limitless pleasures, and unadulterated agency. With their tax-funded market research and their potent techno-imaginings, entertainment systems, netters, digital dance music producers, and radically hopeful scientists prepare human matter to be dematerialised and devoured byte by agonising byte. In other words, they passionately fabricate the human-machine hybrid also known as the cyborg, the fembot and the posthuman. These techno-organic entities traverse the space between desire and dread; their indeterminate forms simultaneously destabilise and reconfigure the dualistic limits of liberal humanist subjectivity. Each incarnation plots the feared consequences and perplexing possibilities of boundary transgressions between the human and the machine quite differently.


The A901/2 system is a rare case of galaxy cluster interaction, in which two galaxy clusters and two smaller groups are seen in route of collision with each other simultaneously. Within each of the four substructures, several galaxies with features indicative of jellyfish morphologies have been observed. In this paper, we propose a hydrodynamic model for the merger as a whole, compatible with its diffuse X-ray emission, and correlate the gas properties in this model with the locations of the jellyfish galaxy candidates in the real system. We find that jellyfish galaxies seem to be preferentially located near a boundary inside each subcluster where diffuse gas moving along with the subcluster and diffuse gas from the remainder of the system meet. The velocity change in those boundaries is such that a factor of up to $\sim$1000 increase in the ram pressure takes place within a few hundred kpc, which could trigger the high rate of gas loss necessary for a jellyfish morphology to emerge. A theoretical treatment of ram pressure stripping in the environment of galaxy cluster mergers has not been presented in the literature so far; we propose that this could be a common scenario for the formation of jellyfish morphologies in such systems.


In this updated landmark book, the authors have gathered the seminal work and most current thinking on adult learning into one volume. Learning in Adulthood addresses a wide range of topics including: Who are adult learners? How do adults learn? Why are adults involved in learning activities? How does the social context shape the learning that adults are engaged in? How does aging affect learning ability?


Professor James Tumwine launched an African medical journal two years ago that is already indexed on Medline

Professor Tumwine, associate professor of paediatrics at Makere University, Kampala, Uganda, was just 14 years old when his eye for a good story first caused a stir.

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James Tumwine is fed up with the "hypocrisy" of journals such as the BMJ and the Lancet

He was editor of his school newsletter, and every day his editorial team would post news stories on the school notice board. One weekend he went to a village dance. "There was a gramophone playing the cha-cha-cha," he recalls, "and two of our teachers were there. It was below their status to go to this type of dance." So he was astonished to see them there.

He posted this "great news" the next Monday. The headmaster called an assembly, condemned James for his outrageous lack of discipline, caned him, and suspended him for a month, including two weeks of hard labour in which he had to hoe a section of dry earth. "It was my first time getting into trouble as an editor."

Professor Tumwine, a specialist in paediatric infectious diseases and formerly Oxfam UK's health adviser for the Africa region, is causing trouble again. Frustrated by the lack of medical journals that will publish the work of African researchers, he ignored …

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AimThe aim of the paper is to discuss how the implementation of a structured risk- and safety interview may be affected by professionals' views on domestic violence and risks for children, risk assessment and children's treatment needs, as well as previous knowledge and experiences of other assessment instruments/models.BackgroundAt present, there is ongoing work at a national level in Sweden to introduce evidence based methods in the field of domestic violence intervention. The paper draws on a recently completed research study in Sweden on the development of assessments of, and support interventions for, children subjected to violence, specifically the part of the project that aimed to implement a routine inquiry about parent reports on intimate partner violence and child abuse, and to try out a structured risk-/safety interview within social services and child and adolescent mental health units.MethodsThe empirical data consists of group interviews with professionals from 18 different units that participated in the project. Out of the 18 units, 17 are run by local governments, two of which are specialized domestic violence units, one a family assessment centre, three women's refuges/safe houses, and 11 ordinary child welfare/social services. One of the units is a non-profit organization providing support for children exposed to domestic violence.FindingsThe professionals' views on risk, risk assessment and children's treatment needs when exposed to domestic violence are shaped by competing discourses on domestic violence, current in the Swedish national debate. There were some key differences in the way professionals working in the context of women's refuges/safe houses and specialized domestic violence units managed to implement especially the structured risk-/safety interview, compared to the ordinary child welfare/social services. The extent to which professionals draw on a gendered discourse on domestic violence may account for some of these differences.ConclusionThe findings illustrate the need for careful consideration of institutional, organisational, and cultural aspects when developing evidence based practice in the field of domestic violence, specifically how methods and models with support in research will fit – or not fit – with established professional traditions.


Abstract. Sea ice thickness is one of the most sensitive variables in the Arctic climate system. In order to quantify changes in sea ice thickness, CryoSat-2 was launched in 2010 carrying a Ku-band radar altimeter (SIRAL) designed to measure sea ice freeboard with a few centimeters accuracy. The instrument uses the synthetic aperture radar technique providing signals with a resolution of about 300 m along track. In this study, airborne Ku-band radar altimeter data over different sea ice types have been analyzed. A set of parameters has been defined to characterize the differences in strength and width of the returned power waveforms. With a Bayesian-based method, it is possible to classify about 80% of the waveforms from three parameters: maximum of the returned power waveform, the trailing edge width and pulse peakiness. Furthermore, the maximum of the power waveform can be used to reduce the number of false detections of leads, compared to the widely used pulse peakiness parameter. For the pulse peakiness the false classification rate is 12.6% while for the power maximum it is reduced to 6.5%. The ability to distinguish between different ice types and leads allows us to improve the freeboard retrieval and the conversion from freeboard into sea ice thickness, where surface type dependent values for the sea ice density and snow load can be used.


We report experiments in which continuous YBa2Cu3O7?delta-Nb junctions with internal sign changes in the Josephson coupling, as well as one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) arrays of YBa2Cu3O7?delta-Nb pi-rings, are cooled through the superconducting transition temperature of the Nb in various magnetic fields. These systems have degenerate ground states with either clockwise or counter-clockwise spontaneous circulating supercurrents. The final flux state of each facet corner in the junctions and each ring in the arrays was determined using scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) microscopy. In the continuous junctions, fabricated with facets alternating between alignment parallel to a [100] axis of the YBCO and rotated 90° to that axis, half-fluxon Josephson vortices order strongly into an arrangement with alternating signs of their magnetic flux. We demonstrate that this ordering is driven by phase coupling and model the cooling process with a numerical solution of the Sine-Gordon equation. The 2D ring arrays couple to each other through the magnetic flux generated by the spontaneous supercurrents. Using pi-rings for the 2D flux coupling experiments eliminates one source of static disorder seen in similar experiments using conventional superconducting rings [Davidovic et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 815 (1996)], since pi-rings have doubly degenerate ground states in the absence of an applied field. Although anti-ferromagnetic ordering occurs, with larger negative bond orders than previously reported for arrays of conventional rings, ordering over more than a few lattice spacings is never observed in the 2D arrays, even in geometries without geometric frustration. Monte Carlo simulations of the 2D array cooling process are presented and compared with the experiment.


Abstract Fast reactor metal fuels containing minor actinides (MAs) Np, Am, and Cm and/or rare earths (REs) have been irradiated in the fast reactor PHÉNIX to examine the effects of adding those elements on metal fuel irradiation behavior. In this experiment, two MA-containing metal fuel pins, in which the test alloys U-19Pu-10Zr-2MA-2RE and U-19Pu-10Zr-5MA/U-19Pu-10Zr-5MA-5RE (wt%) were loaded into part of a standard U-19Pu-10Zr alloy fuel stack, and a reference fuel pin of U-19Pu-10Zr alloy without MAs or REs was set in an irradiation capsule. Two other capsules with this same configuration are also irradiated. Postirradiation examinations are conducted at ~2.5, ~7, and ~11 at.% burnup. For the low-burnup fuel pins, nondestructive tests after irradiation have been performed, and the integrity of the pins was confirmed. The irradiation behavior of MA-containing metal fuels up to 2.5 at.% burnup was analyzed using the ALFUS code. The calculation results, such as the axial swelling distribution of a fuel slug or the extrusion behavior of bond sodium to the gas plenum, are consistent with the measurement data regardless of the addition of MAs and REs to the U-Pu-Zr alloy fuels. This observation result indicates that the macroscopic irradiation behavior of U-Pu-Zr fuels containing MAs and REs of 5 wt% or less is similar to that of U-Pu-Zr fuels up to ~2.5 at.% burnup.


Traditional conceptions of family life in Renaissance Italy have emphasized the importance of male kinship connections and associations. Yet the correspondence found between sisters and brothers in the Spinelli family, a prominent merchant family in sixteenth-centuryFlorence, reveals instead how both women and men viewed family identity as moving beyond lineage considerations. This article examines two case studies of brother-sister interactions in the Spinelli family to suggest how alternative configurations of family life at times worked with and at other times challenged paternal power and patriarchal authority. The article aims to deconstruct notions of patriarchy in order to reveal the multiple constructions and articulations of power in Florentine households and communities in the sixteenth century. The case of the Spinelli suggests that the dominant patriarchal model did not always reflect the functioning of family life, gender relations, social connections, and economic affairs found in early modern Europe.


Against a backdrop of unprecedented levels of urbanization, 21st century cities across the globe share concerns for the challenges they face. This Companion provides a framework for understanding the city as a critical building block for a more sustainable future within broader subnational, national and continental contexts, and ultimately, within a global systems context. It discusses the sustainable strategies being devised, as well as the methods and tools for achieving them. Examples of social, economic, political and environmental sustainable policy strategies are presented and the extent to which they actually increase sustainability is analyzed.


"United Kingdom (UK) demand for carnations by exporting country was estimated using a production version of the Rotterdam model, and model estimates were used to assess the effects of EU preferential trade agreements on import demand. Of particular importance was how these agreements affected Colombian and Kenyan carnation exports to the UK, the second largest market for Colombian carnations and the largest market for Kenyan carnations. Results showed that Colombia benefited from preferential access to the UK more so than Kenya: the benefit to Colombia was due to both trade creation and diversion, whereas the benefit to Kenya was mostly due to trade diversion. Results further showed that the competition between Colombian and Kenyan carnations was insignificant, and there was no evidence that the preferences given to Colombia harmed Kenya or vice versa." from authors' abstract


Welcome to the first volume of Cultural Analysis: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Folklore and Popular Culture. Between and beyond disciplines, Cultural Analysis is global in scope and dialogic in form; it's distributed through the Internet, free of charge, with articles and reviews published on an on-going basis rather than periodically. Cultural Analysis is a forum for the international scholarly community to exchange ideas and develop new lines of thinking about cultural forms, and to work with the ways in which these forms inform our daily lives while serving as resources for individual, group, and institutional expression. Cultural Analysis is dedicated to new ways of discussing, theorizing, and analyzing these cultural forms, their meanings, uses, and their relations to larger social structures. As we see it, the journal is post-disciplinary; challenging hardened boundaries and exploring neglected gaps and interstices between and within disciplines. While Cultural Analysis is distributed on the Internet, the journal adheres to strict standards of scholarship and is fully peer-reviewed. The board of editors is a select international group of scholars representing a wide array of approaches and specializations. Uniting them, however, is a common concern with expressive and everyday culture, and the imperative to engage it analytically, by any means necessary--through theory, fieldwork, and/or text-criticism. We also share the conviction that dialogue across disciplines is essential to our intellectual enterprise. Current conditions of knowledge call for new forms of scholarly communication, and Cultural Analysis is structured to induce discussion and fertilization across the disciplines. In addition to articles and reviews, each article is followed by two responses by scholars from outside the immediate field of the author, who nonetheless cover similar topics in their research. These responses suggest alternative analyses or expand on ideas put forth in the articles. Furthermore, after this inaugural volume, the posting of articles and reviews will be on-going, eliminating the time lag between periodic publications. In other words, one can access the scholarship and the critical response as they appear. However, we will close each volume at year's end so it can be printed and bound as a whole, in fixed-page format allowing for full citation. Thus Cultural Analysis offers the best of both worlds, the new and the conventional. Response to Cultural Analysis has been extensive and enthusiastic, and we would like to thank in particular our colleagues from across the world who have joined our editorial board. Thanks also to the generous support of the Doreen B. Townsend Center for the Humanities and the Graduate Assembly at the University of California at Berkeley, whose contributions to Cultural Analysis have allowed us to bring an idea to material reality. This first volume embodies the intent of the journal's charter. The contributors represent a wide international and disciplinary range, while the individual articles are quite interdisciplinary in content. …


Poiesis is not the lyrical impulse associated with poetry as much as it is the making by which the poet (poietes) produces lively enactments associated with literature as it reflects on the nature of things. Moving beyond Plato's notion of mimesis as a literal or passive copy of what happens to be, Aristotle conceived of poiesis as ranging over what might be in order to create a high-level product of the human intellect for reflection and the development of character. Across the literary tradition, poiesis developed into a full-fledged theory of literary creativity. Operating between a realist pole and an imaginative pole, poiesis countenances both probabilities and improbabilities as it creates its lively enactments according to changing forms and contexts. From Aristotle's poiesis to Fowler's poioumenon to Tolkien's mythopoiesis, the term shifts back and forth between the act of making, the thing made, and the world made. Although any number of determinist accounts have attempted to explain poiesis, poiesis in our time ultimately becomes an indispensable product of human consciousness. Poiesis expands awareness beyond the immediacy of what is apparent in order to understand the nature of things close and remote, real and unreal, in local settings vividly realized through the medium of literary art.


Background: Primary focal dystonia (PFD) is characterised by motor symptoms. Frequent co-occurrence of abnormal mental conditions has been mentioned for decades but is less well defined. In this study, prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders, personality disorders and traits in a large cohort of patients with PFD were evaluated. Methods: Prevalence rates of clinical psychiatric diagnoses in 86 PFD patients were compared with a population based sample (n = 3943) using a multiple regression approach. Furthermore, participants were evaluated for personality traits with the 5 Factor Personality Inventory. Results: Lifetime prevalence for any psychiatric or personality disorder was 70.9%. More specifically, axis I disorders occurred at a 4.5-fold increased chance. Highest odds ratios were found for social phobia (OR 21.6), agoraphobia (OR 16.7) and panic disorder (OR 11.5). Furthermore, an increased prevalence rate of 32.6% for anxious personality disorders comprising obsessive–compulsive (22.1%) and avoidant personality disorders (16.3%) were found. Except for social phobia, psychiatric disorders manifested prior to the occurrence of dystonia symptoms. In the self-rating of personality traits, PFD patients demonstrated pronounced agreeableness, conscientiousness and reduced openness. Conclusions: Patients with PFD show distinct neuropsychiatric and personality profiles of the anxiety spectrum. PFD should therefore be viewed as a neuropsychiatric disorder rather than a pure movement disorder.


Due to the progressive development of military destructive weapons such as conventional weapons, a consequence development of the fortified structures is essential. One of the most important types of the fortified structures is tunnel in rock media. The basic premise of this work is studying the response of tunnels in rock-media exposed to high explosion loads, which help tunnel designers and military engineers in estimating displacements, stresses and over all damage in the tunnels due to wave propagation generated by that explosion loads. In this study, the tunnel steel lining for a vertical sidewall crosssection tunnel is studied for different rock types. 2500 kg TNT was used as an explosive load. This charge was located at 3.25m-bellow ground surface. The distance between charge and tunnel crown was fixed to 10m for all models. With regard to finite element solution, an appropriate mesh is employed to represent the geometry of the problem. The rock and lining are simulated by solid elements (one quarter of the domain) in a three-dimensional finite formulation. Joint to joint are used to simulate rock-lining interaction. The steel lining thickness to arc radius (ts/R) ratio was considered 1/300, 1/150, 1/100, 1/75 and 1/30 for ts1, ts2, ts3, ts4, ts5, and ts6 respectively. Von-Mises material model is used to simulate the behavior of steel lining. Grade 50 of steel is used where yield stress is 360MPa and the strength is 468.4MPa, modulus of elasticity equal to 210000MPa, elongation equal to 12%. The response of displacements and stresses, for all rock types and tunnel spans are determined at different lining points.


Abstract ABSTRACT We investigated the effects of postfire salvage logging on cavity-nesting birds by comparing nest densities and patterns of nest reuse over a three-year period in seven logged and eight unlogged patches of mixed-conifer forest in the Blackfoot-Clearwater Wildlife Management Area, Montana. We found 563 active nests of 18 cavity-nesting birds; all species were found nesting in the uncut burned forest plots, but only eight nested in the salvage-logged plots. All except one species nested at a higher density in the unlogged areas, and half of the species were significantly more abundant in the unlogged plots. Every timber-drilling and timber-gleaning species was less abundant in the salvage-logged plots, including two of the most fire-dependent species in the northern Rocky Mountains—American Three-toed (Picoides dorsalis) and Black-backed (P. arcticus) Woodpeckers. Lower abundances in salvage-logged plots occurred despite the fact that there were still more potential nest snags per hectare than the recommended minimum number needed to support maximum densities of primary cavity-nesters, which suggests that reduced woodpecker densities are more related to a reduction in food (wood-boring beetle larvae) than to nest-site availability. Because cavities were present in only four of 244 randomly selected trees, and because frequency of cavity reuse by secondary cavity-nesters was higher in salvage-logged than in unlogged plots, nest-site limitation may be a more important constraint for secondary cavity-nesters in salvage-logged areas. These results suggest that typical salvage logging operations are incompatible with the maintenance of endemic levels of most cavity-nesting bird populations, especially populations of primary cavity-nesting species.


A murderous mother who kills her own sons, a sensual sorceress who transforms men into beasts, a child-woman billed as "The Happiest Girl in the World," a high-class prostitute "that feed[s] men's lusts and prey[s] on them," and an old maid "faded" into a "lifeless husk": this opening sequence of speakers in Augusta Webster's second volume of dramatic poetry, titled Portraits (1870, with "Faded" added in 1893), might call to mind the sensationalized and hyperbolic rhetoric of nineteenth-century freak exhibitions. (1) Like the Victorian freak show, these first five portraits in Webster's gallery, "Medea in Athens," "Circe," "The Happiest Girl in the World," "A Castaway," and "Faded," all exhibit human oddities--specifically female oddities and, even more specifically, female grotesques. Defined by Mary Russo as women who make a spectacle of themselves by transgressing the social norms of femininity, the female grotesque is characterized by a specifically feminine excess: female bodies that display their sexuality or simply fail to hide it; bodies that bear the mark of their female sex. As Russo writes, "the possessors of large, aging, and dimpled thighs displayed at the public beach, of overly rouged cheeks, of a voice shrill in laughter, or of a sliding bra strap--a loose dingy bra strap, ... too young or too old, too early or too late, ... anyone, any woman, could make a spectacle out of herself if she was not careful." (2) In the same way, Medea, Circe, and Eulalie (the prostitute-speaker of "A Castaway") all clearly embody versions of the female grotesque in their display of sexual desire and their transgression of maternal, marital, and sexual norms. But so too does the speaker of "Faded," whose aging and unmarried body violates the same gender norms. Rather than transgressing these norms through excess, however, she does so through lack: by failing to fulfill "woman's destiny and sole hope," the roles of wife and mother (l. 102). Even the so-called Happiest Girl in the World, who seems the very embodiment of the feminine ideal as a young and beautiful bride-to-be, is no less grotesque. Through the poem's very title, Webster "enfreaks" this speaker, placing her among other human oddities common to the Victorian freak show. Like "The Tallest Man in the World," "The Ugliest Woman in the World," or the largest, skinniest, fattest, hairiest, and so on, "The Happiest Girl in the World" promises to present an extraordinary human exhibit, a superlative specimen, for the audience's view. If, as Robert Bogdan argues, the term "freak" should refer not to "people who have certain physical conditions" but to "a frame of mind, a set of practices, a way of thinking about and presenting people," this essay will examine the different ways that Webster "enfreaks" her female subjects in Portraits, presenting them not only as female grotesques but also as female freaks: subjects set apart as objects on display, to be viewed and examined. (3) The difference between the two, the grotesque and the freak, Russo argues, is precisely in their differing relationships to spectacle, between spectator and performer, audience and spectacle. In contrast to Bakhtinian carnival, where audience and performers were equal participants in the spectacle and the grotesque body "was not distanced or objectified in relation to an audience," the nineteenth-century freak was "doubly marked as object and other within the world of spectacle"; unlike the grotesque body, freaks were, "by definition," beings set apart as "beings to be viewed" (Russo, pp. 78, 80, 79). Thus, while the very title of Portraits frames all its speakers, male and female, as subjects on display, it is significantly only Webster's female speakers that she "enfreaks," marking them doubly as object and other by displaying their bodies, exhibiting their deformities, and foregrounding their specularity. This essay draws on the discourse of contemporary freak studies not only because Webster's strategies remarkably resemble those of Victorian freak exhibitions, as I will show, but also, and as a result, because freak studies provides the only critical language for explaining these representational strategies and the critical lens for seeing them in the first place. …


Fusarium spp. produce fumonisins – mycotoxins that are of importance to maize production in South Africa. Fumonisins have been associated with human oesophageal cancer and cause various diseases in animals that are of concern to the animal feed industry. Maize samples, collected from subsistence farm fields in the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa during the 2006 and 2007 growing seasons, were analysed for Fusarium spp. and contamination with fumonisins. Fusarium verticillioides was the most common Fusarium species in maize followed by F. subglutinans and F. proliferatum . Levels of contamination with fumonisins ranged from 0 μg/g to 21.8 μg/g, depending on the region where samples were collected. Levels of fumonisins were highest in northern KwaZulu-Natal (Zululand) where 52% and 17% of samples collected in 2006 and 2007, respectively, exceeded 2 μg/g. Regression analyses showed a positive correlation between fumonisin-producing Fusarium spp. determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and concentration of fumonisins ( r = 0.93). Many samples from Zululand, and some from Mokopane (Limpopo) and Lusikisiki (Eastern Cape), contained fumonisins at levels well above the maximum levels of 2 μg/g set by the Food and Drug administration (USA) and therefore also the limit of 1 μg/g set by the European Union for food intended for direct human consumption. Regulations governing contamination of grain with fumonisins are not yet implemented in South Africa. The high incidence of fumonisins in subsistence farming systems indicates the need for awareness programmes and further research.


The Gypsies, who call themselves Rom or Romany, are a nomadic culture which originated in India during the Middle Ages. They migrated widely, particularly to Europe, where they worked as farm laborers, metalworkers, scrapdealers, and horsetraders. They also made a living as entertainers, fortune tellers, and grifters. Persecuted by the Nazis, and discriminated against to this day, the Rom have a long tradition of magic and shamanism. As Leland points out, these practices have parallels with those of other traditional pagan cultures around the world.


When a phenomenon is described by a parametric model and multiple datasets are available, a key problem in statistics is to discover which datasets are characterized by the same parameter values. Equivalently, one is interested in partitioning the family of datasets into blocks collecting data that are described by the same parameters. Because of noise, different partitions can be consistent with the data, in the sense that they are accepted by generalized likelihood ratio tests with a given confidence level. Given the fact that testing all possible partitions is a computationally unaffordable task, we propose an algorithm for finding all acceptable partitions while avoiding to test unnecessary ones. The core of our method is an efficient procedure, based on partial order relations on partitions, for computing all partitions that verify an upper bound on a monotone function. The reduction of the computational burden brought about by the algorithm is analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. Applications to the identification of switched systems are also presented.


Background The association between migraine and the incidence of ischemic stroke varies in different subgroups of patients. We aimed to clarify this association using a population-based database. Method A nationwide cohort study was conducted using data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Two cohorts were extracted: a neurologist-diagnosed migraine cohort, and a non-headache, propensity score-matched comparison cohort. All participants were enrolled in this study between 2005 and 2009, and were followed through the end of 2010, death, or the occurrence of ischemic stroke. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with a Cox proportional hazards model to compare the between-group risks. Results Both cohorts (n = 119,017 each) were followed for a mean period of 3.6 ± 1.3 years. A total of 744 migraine patients (429,741 person-years) and 617 matched comparison individuals (436,141 person-years) developed ischemic stroke during the research period. Compared to the comparison cohort, patients with migraine were at an increased risk of ischemic stroke (aHR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.12–1.38, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis by age and sex revealed the highest risk in women aged ≤ 45 years (aHR: 3.44, 95% CI: 2.20–5.39, p < 0.001), especially among those with migraine with aura (aHR: 4.58, 95% CI: 2.45 – 8.56, p < 0.001). A trend for increased stroke risk was observed in men aged ≤ 45 years (aHR: 1.54, 95% CI: 0.96–2.48, p = 0.075). Conclusion Migraine is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke, especially in younger (age ≤ 45 years) women with migraine with aura. The trend toward ischemic stroke in younger men merits further exploration.


Objective: The primary objective of this scoping review was to examine and map the range of neurophysiological impacts of human touch and eye gaze, and consider their potential relevance to the therapeutic relationship and to healing. Introduction: Clinicians, and many patients and their relatives, have no doubt as to the efficacy of a positive therapeutic relationship; however, much evidence is based on self-reporting by the patient or observation by the researcher. There has been little formal exploration into what is happening in the body to elicit efficacious reactions in patients. There is, however, a growing body of work on the neurophysiological impact of human interaction. Physical touch and face-to-face interaction are two central elements of this interaction that produce neurophysiological effects on the body. Inclusion criteria: This scoping review considered studies that included cognitively intact human subjects in any setting. This review investigated the neurophysiology of human interaction including touch and eye gaze. It considered studies that have examined, in a variety of settings, the neurophysiological impacts of touch and eye gaze. Quantitative studies were included as the aim was to examine objective measures of neurophysiological changes as a result of human touch and gaze. Methods: An extensive search of multiple databases was undertaken to identify published research in the English language with no date restriction. Data extraction was undertaken using an extraction tool developed specifically for the scoping review objectives. Results: The results of the review are presented in narrative form supported by tables and concept maps. Sixty-four studies were included and the majority were related to touch with various types of massage predominating. Only seven studies investigated gaze with three of these utilizing both touch and gaze. Interventions were delivered by a variety of providers including nurses, significant others and masseuses. The main neurophysiological measures were cortisol, oxytocin and noradrenaline. Conclusions: The aim of this review was to map the neurophysiological impact of human touch and gaze. Although our interest was in studies that might have implications for the therapeutic relationship, we accepted studies that explored phenomena outside of the context of a nurse-patient relationship. This allowed exploration of the boundary of what might be relevant in any therapeutic relationship. Indeed, only a small number of studies included in the review involved clinicians (all nurses) and patients. There was sufficient consistency in trends evident across many studies in regard to the beneficial impact of touch and eye gaze to warrant further investigation in the clinical setting. There is a balance between tightly controlled studies conducted in an artificial (laboratory) setting and/or using artificial stimuli and those of a more pragmatic nature that are contextually closer to the reality of providing nursing care. The latter should be encouraged.


The formation of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root tissue is characterized by distinct morphological and developmental stages, such as preinfection and adhesion, mantle, and Hartig net formation. The global pattern of gene expression during these stages in the birch (Betula pendula)-Paxillus involutus ECM association was analyzed using cDNA microarrays. In comparison with nonsymbiotic conditions, 251 fungal (from a total of 1,075) and 138 plant (1,074 in total) genes were found to be differentially regulated during the ECM development. For instance, during mantle and Hartig net development, there were several plant genes upregulated that are normally involved in defense responses during pathogenic fungal challenges. These responses were, at later stages of ECM development, found to be repressed. Other birch genes that showed differential regulation involved several homologs that usually are implicated in water permeability (aquaporins) and water stress tolerance (dehydrins). Among fungal genes differentially upregulated during stages of mantle and Hartig net formation were homologs putatively involved in mitochondrial respiration. In fully developed ECM tissue, there was an upregulation of fungal genes related to protein synthesis and the cytoskeleton assembly machinery. This study highlights complex molecular interactions between two symbionts during the development of an ECM association.


Facing competition from Web-based information service development, academic librarians need to find ways to attract more users to the physical library buildings. This study investigated user needs and library management concerns for a 24/7 service through two surveys: 1) User feedback survey at Seton Hall University Library, and 2) Survey of Academic Library Deans and Directors in the USA. Based on these two surveys, the paper not only discussed the current status of libraries open 24/7 in the USA and showed the demographics of users of the 24/7 service at Seton Hall University, it also stated reasons to use the 24/7 service. In addition, the paper revealed library management concerns of the 24/7 service. Three implications, which have been guided by Scott Bennett's theory of learning commons for planning library space, were drawn from the findings in this paper.


Epidemiological studies suggest that smoking during pregnancy and passive exposure of children to cigarette smoke may increase the cancer risk in children and young adults. We have previously shown that the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is an active transplacental carcinogen in Syrian golden hamsters when administered by s.c. injections to pregnant females. The majority of tumors in the offspring developed in the respiratory tract. Since in smoking women the respiratory tract is the portal of entry of tobacco-related carcinogens, including NNK, we have investigated the transplacental effects of NNK given by intratracheal instillation to pregnant hamsters. The modulating effect of ethanol on the transplacental carcinogenicity of NNK in this system was also investigated because smoking and consumption of alcoholic beverages are observed in pregnant women. Our data show that exposure to NNK via the maternal respiratory tract causes a similar tumor incidence in the offspring as the s.c. route of administration. Ethanol greatly enhanced the carcinogenic response to NNK, and up to 60% of the offspring exposed in utero to ethanol and NNK developed tumors of the exocrine pancreas.


Unit commitment scheduling of the utility company relies upon the forecast of the demand, demand pattern, availability and capacity of the generators, minimum/maximum up and down time of the generators, and heat rate. According to the experiences of a local utility company, the difference of the fuel cost can reach million dollars per day with different unit commitment scheduling. Accurate hour-ahead and day-ahead demand forecasting play important roles for proper unit commitment scheduling. This paper describes the procedure to improve the unit commitment scheduling by using the hour-ahead and day-ahead results from the newly developed neural network based short-term load forecasting program in the SCADA/EMS system. Comparison of field records is also provided.


Research laboratories and scientific modeling projects often lack computing power to run complex simulation models solely with in-house computing resources. One form of volunteer computing uses an interface called the BOINC software platform that allows hundreds of thousands of volunteers worldwide to participate in projects such as SETI@home and MalariaControl.net, searching for extraterrestrial intelligence or contributing to research linked to malaria control. These volunteers are effectively acting as cybervolunteers, meaning volunteers who use in part or entirely a computer or the Internet for their volunteer activity.
We conducted a study on the motivations of MalariaControl.net and BOINC cybervolunteers. Are volunteers only donating CPU power or are they making other contributions? Why do they participate in projects such as MalariaControl.net? The aim of this paper is to present results obtained, formulate useful conclusions from them and identify patters in the motivations of volunteers that may be useful to other distributed computing projects, in particular, and the understanding of cybervolunteerism, in general.
Volunteers living in 67 countries participated in our enquiry. We found that a majority of them indicated either solidarity and/or a cause as their main deciding factor for getting involved. This trend was stronger for MalariaControl.net than for general BOINC volunteers. Volunteers remained involved if they felt useful. The study clearly suggests that the recognition of cybervolunteers is important: volunteers invest their time in a project without financial compensation, but not for free. The paper also summarizes technical and communication suggestions made by volunteers with regards to MalariaControl.net and BOINC.


Abstract Human capital theory suggests that job opportunities will create incentives for human capital investment. If job information does not flow freely, or if they prefer not to move, students will make investment decisions based upon local job markets. Communities with a high percentage of low-skill jobs which do not reward high school and higher education do not create incentives for students to finish high school or continue beyond high school. Data from Virginia support this hypothesis. Targeted job creation, and improved labor market information may create incentives for increased human capital investment in many rural communities.


This article presents results of a project which looks into new ways of publishing and sharing community interpreting corpora. Section 2 introduces CoPilot, a pilot database containing material from two corpora of interpreted doctor-patient communications and one corpus of interpreted court proceedings. Section 3 discusses the technical challenges involved in making such corpora from different sources available in a common environment. In Section 4, we sketch some of the properties such an environment should have in order to be usable and useful for the community. Section 5, finally, uses the annotation of the language of an utterance and the annotation of translation status as two examples illustrating the benefits and problems involved in annotating community interpreting corpora across language and corpus boundaries.