Photoinduced electron transfer is involved in a number of photochemical and photobiological processes. One example of this is photosynthesis, where the absorption of sunlight leads to the formation of charge-separated states by electron transfer. The redox equivalents built up by successive photoabsorption and electron transfer is further used for the oxidation of water and reduction of carbon dioxide to sugars. The work presented in this thesis is part of an interdisciplinary effort aiming at a functional mimic of photosynthesis. The goal of this project is to utilize sunlight to produce renewable fuels from sun and water. Specifically, this thesis concerns photoinduced electron transfer in donor(D)-photosensitizer(P)-acceptor(A) systems, in mimic of the primary events of photosynthesis. The absorption of a photon typically leads to transfer of a single electron, i.e., charge separation to produce a single electron-hole pair. This fundamental process was studied in several molecular systems. The purpose of these studies was optimization of single electron transfer as to obtain charge separation in high yields, with minimum losses to competing photoreactions such as energy transfer. Also, the lifetime of the charge separated state and the confinement of the electron and hole in three-dimensional space are important in practical applications. This led us to explore molecular motifs for linear arrays based on Ru(II)bis-tridentate and Ru(II)tris-bidentate complexes. The target multi-electron catalytic reactions of water-splitting and fuel production require a build-up of redox equivalents upon successive photoexcitation and electron transfer events. The possibilities and challenges associated with such processes in molecular systems were investigated. One of the studied systems was shown to accumulate two electrons and two holes upon two successive excitations, without sacrificial redox agents and with minimum yield losses. From these studies, we have gained better understanding of the obstacles associated with step-wise photoaccumulation of charge and how to overcome them.


This study tested the degree to which coaches' basic psychological need fulfillment and identity prominence were associated with their positive affect, commitment, and intentions to persist. In total, 413 coaches with an average of 14 years' experience served as participants and completed an online survey that included six sections: Demographics, basic psychological needs, identity prominence, positive affect, commitment, and intentions to persist. The present study findings provide initial support for the links from coaches' basic psychological needs and identity prominence to their positive affect and commitment. In contrast, the findings did not provide support for the relationship between coaches' basic psychological need fulfillment and their intentions to persist or the association between their identity prominence and intentions to persist. The results offer an explanation of the mechanisms that may play a role in facilitating coaches' optimal functioning.


Purpose To investigate whether a spaced-education (SE) game can be an effective means of teaching core content to medical students and a reliable and valid method of assessing their knowledge. Method This nine-month trial (2008–2009) enrolled students from three U.S. medical schools. The SE game consisted of 100 validated multiple-choice questions–explanations in preclinical/clinical domains. Students were e-mailed two questions daily. Adaptive game mechanics re-sent questions in three or six weeks if answered, respectively, incorrectly or correctly. Questions expired if not answered on time (appointment dynamic). Students retired questions by answering each correctly twice consecutively (progression dynamic). Posting of relative performance fostered competition. Main outcome measures were baseline and completion scores. Results Seven-hundred thirty-one students enrolled. Median baseline score was 53% (interquartile range [IQR] 16) and varied significantly by year (P < .001, dmax = 2.08), school (P < .001, dmax = 0.75), and gender (P < .001, d = 0.38). Median completion score was 93% (IQR 12) and varied significantly by year (P = .001, dmax = 1.12), school (P < .001, dmax = 0.34), and age (P = .019, dmax = 0.43). Scores did not differ significantly between years 3 and 4. Seventy percent of enrollees (513/731) requested to participate in future SE games. Conclusions An SE game is an effective and well-accepted means of teaching core content and a reliable and valid method to assess student knowledge. SE games may be valuable tools to identify and remediate students who could benefit from additional educational support.


BACKGROUND
Anemia is common in diabetes. The role of hepcidin in diabetic anemia is unknown.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the relationship between serum hepcidin and anemia in diabetic patients without renal failure.

METHODS
We prospectively studied 86 consecutive type II diabetic patients--39 with anemia (cases) and 47 without anemia (controls). Patients with renal failure, iron and vitamin B12 deficiency and chronic inflammatory diseases were excluded.

RESULTS
Univariate analyses showed that patients with anemia were older and had longer duration of diabetes compared to patients without anemia (P < 0.051). The median hepcidin level was 15 ng/mL (2-140 ng/ml) in patients with anemia compared to 14 ng/mL (2-128 ng/ml) in patients without anemia (P = 0.386]) Serum erythropoietin and creatinine levels were higher in patients with anemia compared to patients without anemia (P < 0.05). Patients with anemia had tower HbA1c levels (P = 0.035), and greater usage of anti-diabetic drugs; metformin 73% versus 46.8% (P = 0.016), and sulfonylurea 47.2% versus 19.1% (P = 0.006). After adjusting for age, the two groups still differed in duration of diabetes (P = 0.043), erythropoietin (P = 0.007) creatinine (P < 0.001), and usage of metformin, sulfonylurea and insulin (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Subjects with diabetic anemia have Longer diabetes duration than subjects with diabetes without anemia. Based on the results of this small study, hepcidin was not associated with diabetic anemia.


We demonstrate broadband supercontinuum generation over two infrared octaves, spanning from 1.3 to 5.3 μm, with an output power of 150 mW in robust step-index tellurite fibers with core diameters between 3.5 and 4.3 μm. As a pump source, we use femtosecond mid-IR pulses from a home-built post-amplified optical parametric oscillator tunable between 1.5 and 4.0 μm at a 43 MHz repetition rate. We study the influence of core size, pump wavelength, and fiber length to optimize the spectral bandwidth. A key requirement for efficient spectral broadening is a low and rather flat average anomalous dispersion over a wide spectral range that can be tailored accordingly by changing the fiber core diameter. Numerical simulations based on the generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation are in good agreement with experimental results.


Abstract. Heat waves and the consequent heat stress of urban populations have a growing relevance in urban risk management and strategies of urban adaptation to climate change. In this context, social science studies on subjective experiencing of heat as stress by urban citizens are a new emerging field. To contribute to the understanding of self-reported subjective heat stress and its major determinants in a daily life perspective, we conducted a questionnaire survey with 323 respondents in Karlsruhe, Germany, after heat waves in July and August 2013. Statistical data analysis showed that subjective heat stress is an issue permeating everyday activities. Subjective heat stress at home was lower than at work and in general. Subjective heat stress in general, at home, and at work was determined by the health impairments experienced during the heat and the feeling of being helplessly exposed to the heat. For subjective heat stress at home, characteristics of the residential building and the built environment additionally played a role. Although the rate of implemented coping measures was rather high, coping measures showed no uniform effect for the subjective heat stress. We conclude that in terms of urban adaptation strategies, further research is needed to understand how various processes of daily social (work) life enable or limit individual coping and that communication strategies are important for building capacities to better cope with future heat waves.


'To slow or not to slow' (Nordhaus, 1991) was the first economic appraisal of greenhouse gas emissions abatement and founded a large literature on a topic of worldwide importance. We offer our assessment of the original article and trace its legacy, in particular Nordhaus's later series of 'DICE' models. From this work, many have drawn the conclusion that an efficient global emissions abatement policy comprises modest and modestly increasing controls. We use DICE itself to provide an initial illustration that, if the analysis is extended to take more strongly into account three essential elements of the climate problem – the endogeneity of growth, the convexity of damage and climate risk – optimal policy comprises strong controls.


Updated and expanded, this second edition of the acclaimed Multiwavelength Optical Networks provides a detailed description of the structure and operation of modern optical networks. It also sets out the analytical tools for network performance evaluation and optimization for current and next generation networks, as well as the latest advances in enabling technologies. Backbone optical networks are evolving to mesh topologies using intelligent network elements; a new optical control plane is taking shape based on GMPLS; and significant advances have occurred in Fiber to the Home/Premises (the "last mile"), metropolitan area networks, protection and restoration, and IP over WDM. New research on all-optical packet switched networks, is also covered in depth. Also included are current trends and new applications on the commercial scene. This book is an invaluable resource for graduate and senior undergraduate students in electrical engineering, computer science, and applied physics, and for practitioners in the telecommunications industry.


The interest in sustainable and energy efficient buildings has been increased over the last years due to global changes with regard to ecological, economic, political and social issues. Nevertheless, awareness regarding the effect of sustainability issues on property value on the German real estate market is still limited. Against this background, the effects of currently emerging long-term developments such as global climate change, ageing society or rising energy prices are not or only insufficiently taken into account in common property valuation methods employed today, even though they can significantly affect the long-term value of a property. However, recent research findings underlined sustainable properties that can handle long-term changes of exogenous framework conditions will be marketable in the future and maintain their value as well. Therefore, the aim of this study is set to identify and operationalize value-related sustainability attributes of a property. On the occasion of different national standards, restrictions, market behaviors and employed methodologies, the object of investigation is narrowed to the valuation of German office buildings with the German income capitalization approach and the discounted cash flow method. In this context, various relevant scenarios are identified and analyzed. Subsequent, the value-related sustainability attributes of a property are derived from qualitative long-term changes in ecological, economic, political and social framework conditions with a clear direction which allow forecasts of the effect on the value of property: It can be assumed that these changes can result in different requirements for properties and, account on this, effect the property value. Furthermore, they will give evidence of the risk of a property depreciating value or the opportunity of gaining value due to these developments. By the means of this study, sustainability issues which are either not or only insufficiently taken into account, can be thus regarded and integrated into the assessment that results in more transparent evaluations.


In present days cloud computing is one of the greatest platform which provides storage of data in very lower cost and available for all time over the internet. But it has more critical issue like security, load management and fault tolerance. In this paper we are discussing Load Balancing approach. Many types of load concern with cloud like memory load, CPU load and network load. Load balancing is the process of distributing load over the different nodes which provides good resource utilization when nodes are overloaded with job. Load balancing has to handle the load when one node is overloaded. When node is overloaded at that time load is distributed over the other ideal nodes. Many algorithms are available for load balancing like Static load balancing and Dynamic load balancing. Load balancing in the cloud computing environment has an important impact on the performance. Good load balancing makes cloud computing more efficient and improves user satisfaction. This article introduces a better load balance model for the public cloud based on the cloud partitioning concept with a switch mechanism to choose different strategies for different situations. The algorithm applies the game theory to the load balancing strategy to improve the efficiency in the public cloud environment.


Although the current treatments for stroke and myocardial infarction contribute to an improvement in mortality rates, the consequences of reperfusion therapy have remained a challenge. Tocotrienols have been shown to exert beneficial effects on the brain and heart. This review aimed to determine the effects of tocotrienols in cerebral and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We retrieved articles from Scopus, MEDLINE and PubMed from inception to June 2021, and included any studies using tocotrienols as a treatment for cerebral or myocardial I/R injury therapy. Observational studies and review articles were excluded, and the risk of bias was conducted using a specific tool for animal study (SYRCLE). The data were analyzed qualitatively. Twelve articles met the eligibility criteria. Tocotrienols significantly improved the structural, functional, and biochemical parameters in both cerebral and myocardial I/R injury models. In contrast, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis were markedly attenuated by tocotrienol treatment. Limitations to the analysis included marked differences in animal models, disease inductions, forms of tocotrienols, and an unclear risk of bias in certain types of bias. However, tocotrienols have the potential to serve as a supplement for reducing the impact of reperfusion injury.


Many in the Christian tradition accept three theological affirmations: (TA1) That bodily resurrection is not a superfluous hope of afterlife; (TA2) There is immediate post-mortem  existence in Paradise; and (TA3) There is numerical identity between pre-mortem and post-resurrection human beings. Many of the same Christians also accept a robust doctrine of The Intermediate State, a paradisiacal disembodied state of existence following the biological death of a human person. I say The Intermediate State makes TAs 1 – 3 an inconsistent set. So, given these TAs, I say that there is no such thing as The Intermediate State and, therefore, it should be jettisoned from Christian theology. Chapter 1 aims to show that, if the TAs are true, Christian theology should jettison The Intermediate State. This is because The Intermediate State specifically undermines TA1. Along with The Intermediate State, Christian theologians should jettison the metaphysics of substance dualism. This is because substance dualism, a metaphysics that The Intermediate State requires, is either false or unmotivated. Substance dualism is false because, minimally, it conflicts with an argument St. Paul lays out in 1 Corinthians 15. And, even if it did not, it lacks motivation for Christian theology because there is no The Intermediate State. In Chapter 1, I advance theological arguments along these lines. If the arguments go through, Christian theology needs a way coherently to speak about afterlife that does not make use of these errant views. If TAs 1 – 3 are true, substance dualism is either false or unmotivated, and The Intermediate State does not obtain, Christian theology requires an amended metaphysics of human persons and an amended metaphysics of time. I attempt to offer such things in Chapters 2 – 5. Chapters 2 and 3 are given over to investigating physicalist and constitution metaphysics of human persons. I find the range of views wanting for a number of philosophical and theological reasons. Chapter 4 is an explication and defense of a hylemorphic metaphysics of human persons and a sustained argument against some leading hylemorphic conceptions that insist the soul of a biologically dead human person can survive the death of the body. Lastly, Chapter 5 offers a theory of time that completes the project's goal: a coherent metaphysics within which a human person's death is immediately followed by her eschatological (future) bodily resurrection so that the three TAs are an affirmed and  consistent set.


ABSTRACT In its capacity as debt issuer, the state has played a growing role in financial life over the last 30 years. To examine this role and connect it to shadow banking, the paper develops the concept of the 'repo trinity', which captures a set of policy objectives that central banks outlined after the 1998 Russian crisis, the first systemic crisis of collateral-based finance. The repo trinity connected financial stability with liquid government bond markets and free repo markets. It further reinforced the dominance of the US government bond market as institutional template for states adjusting to a world of independent central banks, market-based financing and global competition for liquidity. Central banks and the Financial Stability Board recognized the impossible nature of the trinity after 2008, attributing cyclical leverage (financial instability) and elusive liquidity in collateral markets to deregulated repo markets, markets systemic to shadow banking. The new approach triggered radical changes in crisis central banking but has not powered significant regulatory interventions in the absence of an alternative mode of organizing government bond markets.


Jujube is a common fruit in Chinese diet, jujube pit is sharp but has rarely been reported to cause digestive tract perforation. Here we presented a rare case of sigmoid colon perforation by a jujube pit in an 88 year-old toothless woman. The evidence of peritoneal irritation was acquired by physical examination and CT scan. Then perforation peritonitis was diagnosed, and emergency operation was performed accordingly. The patient recovered smoothly and was discharged after 10 days of hospital stay.


Earlier this year, the UK Parliament passed an Act aimed at redesigning the legislative landscape in the field of anti-social behaviour.
It is no secret that, when anti-social behaviour legislation first came into force, a lot of doubts were raised as to the dangerously arbitrary nature of these measures given that, while imposing heavy limitations on freedom of movement and other fundamental rights and freedoms, the conditions for granting them were unclear, as were the requirements to which respondents had to attune to.
In that context, judges played a crucial role in attempting to define the scope of anti- social behaviour measures.
During the Bill's passage, parliamentary debates emphasised the issues of vagueness and broadness but, nevertheless, the enacted legislation still poses serious questions concerning the scope, efficacy, and legitimacy of measures dealing with anti-social behaviour.
This paper proposes to analyse the difficult balance between protecting communities and social groups, on the one hand, and maintaining safeguards for individual rights, on the other, that the measures in question attempt to achieve; and discusses whether the new legislation is capable of doing so without sacrificing one to the other.
To that effect, it analyses a few pivotal judgments where the difficulty of maintaining this balance has become apparent.


With the pipeline deepen and issue width widen, the accuracy of branch predictor becomes more and more important to the performance of a microprocessor. State-of-the-art researches have shown that perceptron branch predictor can obtain a higher accuracy than the existing widely used table based branch predictor. One shortcoming of perceptron branch predictor is the high prediction latency which most comes from the computation needed by the predicting process. In this paper, we propose a Partial-Sum-Global-Update scheme to decrease the number of computation of perceptron predictor with marginal accuracy losing. This scheme is orthogonal to the other schemes such as ahead pipelining. Using O-GEHL predictor as example, the simulation results show that with the storage budget changing from 32kbits to 512Kbits our scheme can save up to 18.2% of computation for a prediction in average as while as only losing up to 1.75% accuracy. Another benefit from the saving computation is the saved power consumption on the predictor which is also an important factor in nowadays microprocessor.


This study examined racial and ethnic differences in healthcare use, delayed care, and management of care of older adults with a self‐reported diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Drawing on the 2009 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS), the sample included 3,003 adults (representative of N = 998,795) aged 60 and older from five racial and ethnic groups: non‐Hispanic white (n = 2,153), African American (n = 213), Hispanic (n = 336), Asian (n = 306), and American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) (n = 59). All self‐reported a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were conducted using weighted data. Results from adjusted logistic regressions indicated significant racial and ethnic differences between non‐Hispanic white elderly and the other groups examined. Specifically, African Americans were significantly less likely than whites to see a doctor and to have a usual source of care, and were more likely to visit the emergency department (ED) for diabetes mellitus and to have their feet examined by a provider. Hispanics were significantly less likely to take medicine to lower cholesterol but were more likely to test their blood glucose regularly (following ADA guidelines). Asians were significantly less likely than whites to test their blood glucose regularly or have a foot examination. AI/ANs were significantly less likely than whites to see a doctor, visit an ED, and take medication to reduce heart attack risk but were more likely to use insulin, oral diabetic medication, or both. The findings suggest the need for racial‐ and ethnic‐specific interventions for managing diabetes mellitus to help reduce existing racial and ethnic disparities among elderly adults.


In this thesis I study the inner-most regions of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) using the reverberation mapping technique, and neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries in quiescence using X-ray observations. Using the 13-year optical monitoring data for the AGN NGC 5548, the luminositydependence of the Hβ emitting radius was modelled using a delay map, finding that the radius scales with luminosity as predicted by recent theoretical models. Time-delays between the continuum at different wavelengths in AGN can be used to probe the accretion disc. Here, continuum time-delays in a sample of 14 AGN were used to measure the radial temperature profile of the accretion discs, determine the nuclear extinction, and measure distances to the objects. However, the distances measured correspond to a value for Hubble's constant that is a factor of ∼2 lower than the accepted value. The implications of this on the thermal disc reprocessing model are discussed. I present two Chandra observations of the neutron star transient in the globular cluster NGC 6440 in quiescence, where the power-law component to the spectrum is seen to be variable between the observations, suggesting that there is ongoing residual accretion. From a Chandra observation of the globular cluster Terzan 1, I have identified the likely quiescent counterpart to a transient previously observed in outburst, and discuss the other sources within the cluster. Using Chandra and XMM-Newton monitoring observations of two neutron star transients (KS 1731−260 and MXB 1659−29) in quiescence I have found that the neutron star crusts in both sources have now returned to thermal equilibrium with the core. These observations also indicate that the crusts in both sources may have a high thermal conductivity and that enhanced neutrino emission may be occurring in the core. Finally, the discovery of an X-ray transient with XMM-Newton is presented, and the other sources in this observation discussed.


The recent boom of new application categories, such as multimedia systems, groupware and the wide-area distribution of information across the Internet, has led to further demands for flexibility in software. This paper presents a framework, called COBS-OM (Configurable OBjectS project-Object Model), for building configurable parallel and distributed programs where type-dependent object functionality is explicitly separated from its characteristics subject to configuration. COBS-OM supports a programming model where dealing with configuration issues is a central part of the design. It provides abstractions for incorporating flexibility into a distributed object-oriented application in a methodical fashion. In addition, performance issues are addressed by considering runtime execution adjustments of the basic mechanisms that influence them. We introduce the basic elements of the model. We also present Data Object, a complex configurable object that provides flexible access to data output from a high-performance parallel and distributed scientific application.


(ABSTRACT) Underwater gliders are highly efficient, winged autonomous underwater vehicles that propel themselves by modifying their buoyancy and their center of mass. The center of mass is controlled by a set of servo-actuators which move one or more internal masses relative to the vehicle's frame. Underwater gliders are so efficient because they spend most of their time in stable, steady motion, expending control energy only when changing their equilibrium state. Motion control thus reduces to varying the parameters (buoyancy and center of mass) that affect the state of steady motion. These parameters are conventionally controlled through feedback, in response to measured errors in the state of motion, but one may also incorporate a feedforward component to speed convergence and improve performance. In this dissertation, first an approximate analytical expression for steady turning motion is derived by applying regular perturbation theory to a realistic vehicle model to develop a better understanding of underwater glider maneuverability, particularly with regard to turning motions. The analytical result, though approximate, is quite valuable because it gives better insight into the effect of parameters on vehicle motion and stability. Using these steady turn solutions, including the special case of wings level glides, one may construct feasible paths for the gliders to follow. Because the turning motion results are only approximate, however, and to compensate for model and environmental uncertainty, one must incorporate feedback to ensure convergent path following. This dissertation describes the development and numerical implementation of a feedforward/feedback motion control system intended to enhance locomotive efficiency by reducing the energy expended for guidance and control. It also presents analysis of the designed control system using slowly varying systems theory. The results provide (conservative) bounds on the rate at which the reference command (the desired state of motion) may be varied while still guaranteeing stability of the closed-loop system. Since the motion control system more effectively achieves and maintains steady motions, it is intrinsically efficient. The proposed control system enables speed, flight path angle, and turn rate, providing a mechanism for path following. The next step is to implement a guidance strategy, together with a path planning strategy, and one which continues to exploit the natural efficiency of this class of vehicle. The structure of the approximate solution for steady turning motion is such that, to first order in the turn rate, the glider's horizontal component of motion matches that of " Dubins' car, " a …


In the ongoing discussions about financial services regulation, one critically important topic has not been recognized, let alone addressed. That topic is what this Article calls the "entity-centrism" of financial services regulation. Laws and rules are entity-centric when they assume that a financial services firm is a stand-alone entity, operating separately from and independently of any other entity. They are entity-centric, therefore, when the specific requirements and obligations they comprise are addressed only to an abstract and solitary "firm," with little or no contemplation of affiliates, parent companies, subsidiaries, or multi-entity enterprises. Regulatory entity-centrism is not an isolated phenomenon, as it permeates the laws and rules governing many facets of a firm's operations. Moreover, it can be discerned in laws and rules covering many types of financial services activities. In other words, entity-centrism in financial services regulation is pervasive. It is also deeply problematic.This Article calls attention to entity-centrism as manifested in financial services regulation, shows why entity-centrism counters regulatory objectives, and assesses possible explanations for the phenomenon. It does so primarily by evaluating two recent regulatory failures that reveal how entity-focused laws and rules privilege entity boundaries over the various ways in which multiple entities (or entities and individuals) work together as a common enterprise. Accordingly, the Article contends that financial services regulation should look past entity boundaries and that lawmakers and regulators should think more broadly, critically, and creatively to address the persistent and significant regulatory difficulties that entity-centrism has spawned.


We present a summary of recent studies of ballistic currents using nonlinear optical techniques. Quantum interference between one- and two-photon absorption pathways is used to inject and control ballistic currents in GaAs samples. With this, a pure charge current, pure spin current, or spin-polarized charge current can be injected by changing the polarization configuration of the two pump pulses. Such currents are temporally and spatially resolved using high-resolution pump–probe techniques, including a derivative-detection scheme, which allows detection of the motion of carriers as small as 0.1 nm. Observation of the intrinsic inverse spin Hall effect in the ballistic regime, a study of time-resolved ballistic spin-polarized charge currents, and a study of the efficiency of spin current injection by quantum interference were all achieved using these techniques. Additionally, we discuss demonstrations of second-order nonlinear optical effects induced by charge and spin currents, which allow for the nondestructive, noninvasive, and real-time imaging of currents.


The value of Winnicott's work has become more and more widely recognized not only among psycho-analysts but also psychologists, educators, social workers, and men and women in every branch of medicine; indeed, all whose work or practice involves the care of children in health or sickness.An important part of the value of these writings lies in the uniquely binocular view with which the author regards the subjects of his investigation. With him, pediatrics informs psycho-analysis; psycho-analysis illuminates pediatrics. This book is not concerned with innovation in basic psychoanalytic concepts or techniques, but with the formulation and testing-out of ideas whose origin was in the challenge of day-to-day clinical work that was the staple of Winnocott's medical experience throughout his professional life.This book is arranged in three sections. The first represents Winnicott's attitudes as a pediatrician prior to training in psycho-analysis, and demonstrates the degree to which a purely formal pediatric approach requires as an effective complement a deeper understanding of the emotional problems of child development. The second section demonstrates the impact of psycho-analytic concepts on pediatrics, while the third section contains his very own individual contribution to psychoanalytic theory and practice.Originally published under the title Collected Papers (1958), this volume presents Dr. Winnicott's distinctive and varied contributions addressed to scientific audiences. It is issued with an extensive introduction by Masud Khan relating these papers to Dr Winnicott's later publications.


Although there is considerable activity in developing assessment protocols for undergraduate learning, there are few established models for assessment of student progress in multidisciplinary doctoral-level graduate education. To resolve this impediment in tracking graduate student development, we created a simple assessment tool based on the concept of T competency that allows graduate students to articulate explicit learning goals in disciplinary and multidisciplinary research. Our instrument allows quantitative measurement of a student's self-perception of his/her knowledge and interest in multidisciplinary inquiry. We use our T assessment tool to measure graduate student progress in an NSF IGERT-funded graduate program in coastal ecosystem management. The T model provides us a nomenclature to articulate learning goals, a quantitative means to evaluate current and future learning targets and progress in reaching those targets, and gives us another measure of assessing overall graduate program effectiveness. Our T tool is an instrument that should have considerable utility in measuring knowledge and interest in multidis- ciplinary research across a range of disciplines and graduate programs.


Abstract. As wind farms become larger, the spacing between turbines becomes a significant design consideration that can impose serious economic constraints. To investigate the turbulent flow structures in a 4 × 3 Cartesian wind turbine array boundary layer (WTABL), a wind tunnel experiment was carried out parameterizing the streamwise and spanwise wind turbine spacing. Four cases are chosen spacing turbines by 6 or 3D in the streamwise direction, and 3 or 1.5D in the spanwise direction, where D = 12 cm is the rotor diameter. Data are obtained experimentally using stereo particle image velocimetry. Mean streamwise velocity showed maximum values upstream of the turbine with the spacing of 6 and 3D in the streamwise and spanwise direction, respectively. Fixing the spanwise turbine spacing to 3D, variations in the streamwise spacing influence the turbulent flow structure and the power available to following wind turbines. Quantitative comparisons are made through spatial averaging, shifting measurement data and interpolating to account for the full range between devices to obtain data independent of array spacing. The largest averaged Reynolds stress is seen in cases with spacing of 3D × 3D. Snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) was employed to identify the flow structures based on the turbulence kinetic energy content. The maximum turbulence kinetic energy content in the first POD mode is seen for turbine spacing of 6D × 1.5D. The flow upstream of each wind turbine converges faster than the flow downstream according to accumulation of turbulence kinetic energy by POD modes, regardless of spacing. The streamwise-averaged profile of the Reynolds stress is reconstructed using a specific number of modes for each case; the case of 6D × 1.5D spacing shows the fastest reconstruction to compare the rate of reconstruction of statistical profiles. Intermediate modes are also used to reconstruct the averaged profile and show that the intermediate scales are responsible for features seen in the original profile. The variation in streamwise and spanwise spacing leads to changes in the background structure of the turbulence, where the color map based on barycentric map and Reynolds stress anisotropy tensor provides an alternate perspective on the nature of the perturbations within the wind turbine array. The impact of the streamwise and spanwise spacings on power produced is quantified, where the maximum production corresponds with the case of greatest turbine spacing.


This paper presents a novel method for classification of multi-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The feature extraction is based on the random projection (RP) concept for dimensionality reduction. Furthermore, the classification is performed by a neuro-fuzzy classifier. Such a model can be easily implemented on portable systems for practical applications in both health monitoring and diagnostic purposes. Moreover, the RP implementation on portable systems is very challenging featuring both energy efficiency and feasibility. The proposed method is tested on a 12-lead ECG database consisting of 20 beats during normal sinus rhythm, 20 beats with myocardial infarction and 20 beats showing cardiomyopathy for 60 different subjects. The experiments give a recognition rate of 100% for a small number of RP coefficients (only 25), i.e. after a considerable dimensionality reduction of the input ECG signal. The results are very promising, not only from the classification performance point of view, but also while targeting a low-complexity feature extraction in terms of computation requirements and memory usage for real-time operation on a wireless wearable sensor platform.


Fishery‐dependent data are integral to sustainable fisheries management. A paucity of fishery data leads to uncertainty about stock status, which may compromise and threaten the economic and food security of the users dependent upon that stock and increase the chances of overfishing. Recent developments in the technology available to collect, manage and analyse fishery‐relevant data provide a suite of possible solutions to update and modernize fisheries data systems and greatly expand data collection and analysis. Yet, despite the proliferation of relevant consumer technology, integration of technologically advanced data systems into fisheries management remains the exception rather than the rule. In this study, we describe the current status, challenges and future directions of high‐tech data systems in fisheries management in order to understand what has limited their adoption. By reviewing the application of fishery‐dependent data technology in multiple fisheries sectors globally, we show that innovation is stagnating as a result of lack of trust and cooperation between fishers and managers. We propose a solution based on a transdisciplinary approach to fishery management that emphasizes the need for collaborative problem‐solving among stakeholders. In our proposed system, data feedbacks are a key component to effective fishery data systems, ensuring that fishers and managers collect, have access to and benefit from fisheries data as they work towards a mutually agreed‐upon goal. A new approach to fisheries data systems will promote innovation to increase data coverage, accuracy and resolution, while reducing costs and allowing adaptive, responsive, near real‐time management decision‐making to improve fisheries outcomes.


Abstract Assam, one of the seven states of the northeastern region of India, has long remained one of the most volatile and sensitive regions in the country because of the problems of insurgency, ethnic conflict, pressure of migration, underdevelopment etc. Bodos, the largest plains tribe of Assam started an armed struggle for a separate state in the mid‐1980s. This armed struggle led to ethnic cleansing of the non‐Bodos along the north bank of the Brahmaputra. The Bodoland Autonomous Council (BAC) Accord was signed in 1993 and the Bodoland movement became more violent during the later part of the 1990s. In February 2003, the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) Accord was signed to end the one‐and‐a‐half decade long Bodo movement. The success of this new Accord will solely depend upon proper implementation of its changes and the cooperation between the Bodo and non‐Bodo communities. The non‐Bodos within the proposed BTC area are opposing the new Accord, as under the modified Sixth Schedule of the Constitution it provides special facilities to 25 per cent of the Bodos at the cost of 75 per cent non‐Bodos within the proposed BTC area. This new Accord under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution may give birth to some new ethnic problems in Assam.


It becomes very difficult for pooling and combining of patients' laboratory test results from different healthcare providers for integrated care when using different set of the codes. LOINCreg (logical observation identifier names and codes) has been developed to facilitate the transmission and storing of clinical laboratory results among different sources of clinical laboratories since 1994. Currently, the LOINC codes are most comprehensive for the identifiers of laboratory tests, and widely adopted internationals. Since National Health Insurance (NHI) codes have been used nationwide in Taiwan, most clinical laboratories and hospitals have a mapping database between their internal codes and the NHI codes. In this paper, we present methods to create a NHI-LOINC mapping database as an intermediate medium, and develop a Web-based NHI-LOINC mapping system to facilitate the mapping from hospital internal codes to the LOINC codes. Our approach can reduce the learning curve and required domain knowledge for the LOINC due to familiarity of NHI codes. Hence, it can facilitate the adoption of LOINC codes in Taiwan.


Many insects carry maternally inherited bacteria which kill male offspring. Such bacteria will spread if male death benefits the female siblings who transmit the bacterium, and they are therefore expected in insects with antagonistic sibling interactions. We report that the butterfly Danaus chrysippus is host to a maternally inherited male-killing bacterium. Using diagnostic PCR and rDNA sequence, the bacterium was identified as a Spiroplasma closely related to 2 ladybird beetle male-killers and the tick symbiont Spiroplasma ixodetis. The male-killer was found to have a geographically restricted distribution, with up to 40% of females being infected in East Africa, but no detectable infection in small samples from other populations. Danaus chrysippus is a surprising host for a male-killer as its eggs are laid singly. This suggests that the ecological conditions permitting male-killers to invade may be more widespread than previously realized.


Aberrant leptin signaling and overexpression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) are both implicated in the pathogenesis of letrozole resistance in breast cancer (BCa), but it remains unknown whether these two pathways are involved in letrozole resistance in a coordinated manner. Here, we demonstrate that expression levels of the pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox transcription factor 3 (PBX3), a pioneer factor that governs divergent biological processes, were significantly upregulated in letrozole-resistant BCa cells and tissues, and this upregulation correlated to a poorer progression-free survival in patients. By leveraging a patient-derived xenograft model with pharmacological approaches, we demonstrated that leptin activated PBX3 expression in a STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3)-dependent manner. Our loss- and gain-of-function study further showed that PBX3 attenuated response to letrozole by potentiating BCa cell survival and anchorage-independent growth in BCa cells. By profiling BCa cells with ectopic PBX3 expression, we revealed that PBX3 conferred letrozole resistance via transactivation of the FGFR1 signaling, and this molecular event must coordinate a synergistic transcription activation programs through interacting with MTA1-HDAC2 (metastasis associated 1-histone deacetylase 2) complex. Overall, the available data reveal a novel role of leptin/PBX3 cascade linking energy homeostasis (i.e. hyperleptinemia) and endocrine therapy failure (i.e. letrozole resistance) in BCa.


Abstract Comparing the Agenda 2030 of the United Nations and the Laudato si' by the Pope, both authored in 2015, one point stands out: the Development enthusiasm of the twentieth century is gone. In its place, we are now dealing with the demise of expansive modernity. The motto of the previous century (playing on words of the Lord's Prayer), 'on Earth as in the West', now seems like a threat. The world is in crisis roundabout: the biosphere is being shattered and, in more ways than one, the gap between the rich and the poor is widening. While both publications agree that the global economic model can now be considered old iron, there are equally significant differences. While the Agenda 2030 seeks to repair the existing global economic model significantly, the encyclical calls for a pushing back of economic hegemony and for more ethical responsibility on all levels. While the Agenda 2030 envisions a green economy with social democratic hues, the encyclical foresees a post capitalist-era, based on a cultural shift towards eco-solidarity.


How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia is Mohsin Hamid's spectacular, thought-provoking novel of modern Asia. In this keenly-awaited follow-up to his bestselling The Reluctant Fundamentalist, Mohsin Hamid confirms his place as a radically inventive story-teller with his finger on the world's pulse. The astonishing and riveting tale of a man's journey from impoverished rural boy to corporate tycoon, it steals its shape from the business self-help books devoured by youths all over 'rising Asia'. It follows its nameless hero to the sprawling metropolis where he begins to amass an empire built on the most fluid and increasingly scarce of goods: water. Yet his heart remains set on something else, on the pretty girl whose star rises alongside his, their paths crossing and re-crossing in a love affair sparked and snuffed out again by the forces that careen their fates along. The hero of the story could be any one of us, hungry for a different life. And ours too could be the fate that awaits him...Fast-paced, vivid and emotionally absorbing, How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia creates two unforgettable characters who find moments of transcendent intimacy in the midst of shattering change. Praise for How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia: "Even more intriguing, compelling and moving than The Reluctant Fundamentalist. A marvellous book". (Philip Pullman). "This brilliantly structured, deeply felt book is written with the confidence and bravura of a man born to write. Hamid is at the peak of his considerable powers here, and delivers a tightly paced, preternaturally wise book about a thoroughly likable, thoroughly troubled striver in the messiest, most chaotic ring of global economy. Completely unforgettable". (Dave Eggers). "Mohsin Hamid is one of the best writers in the world, period. Only a master could have written this propulsive tale of a striver living on the knife's edge, a noir Horatio Alger story for our frenetic, violent times". (Ben Fountain). "Written in the most compelling second person since Jay McInerney's Bright Lights, Big City, with which it also shares a sharp take on our frenetic, urban lives, Hamid's novel proves that the most compelling fiction today is coming from South Asia". (Daily Beast). Mohsin Hamid is the author of The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Moth Smoke. His fiction has been adapted for the cinema, translated into over 30 languages, received numerous awards, and been shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize. He has contributed essays and short stories to publications such as the Guardian, The New York Times, Financial Times, Granta, and the New Yorker. Born and mostly raised in Lahore, he spent part of his childhood in California, studied at Princeton University and Harvard Law School, and has since lived between Lahore, London and New York.


CD95 is a multifunctional receptor that induces cell death or proliferation depending on the signal, cell type, and cellular context. Here, we describe a thus far unknown function of CD95 as a silencer of T cell activation. Naive human T cells triggered by antigen-presenting cells expressing a membrane-bound form of CD95 ligand (CD95L) or stimulated by anti-CD3 and -CD28 antibodies in the presence of recombinant CD95L had reduced activation and proliferation, whereas preactivated, CD95-sensitive T cells underwent apoptosis. Triggering of CD95 during T cell priming interfered with proximal T cell receptor signaling by inhibiting the recruitment of ζ-chain–associated protein of 70 kD, phospholipase-γ, and protein kinase C-θ into lipid rafts, thereby preventing their mutual tyrosine protein phosphorylation. Subsequently, Ca2+ mobilization and nuclear translocation of transcription factors NFAT, AP1, and NF-κB were strongly reduced, leading to impaired cytokine secretion. CD95-mediated inhibition of proliferation in naive T cells could not be reverted by the addition of exogenous interleukin-2 and T cells primed by CD95 co-stimulation remained partially unresponsive upon secondary T cell stimulation. HIV infection induced CD95L expression in primary human antigeen-presenting cells, and thereby suppressed T cell activation, suggesting that CD95/CD95L-mediated silencing of T cell activation represents a novel mechanism of immune evasion.


I want Summer 2009 to be history. I keep checking my calendar to make sure there isn't some cosmic mistake. It's nearly the end of September. Shouldn't pumpkins be ripening on their vines? Aren't home-raised turkeys getting a little suspicious each time they're fed a teensy bit more grain? Hel-lo! Halloween and Thanksgiving are on the horizon. Let's put the tank tops to bed and move on to zip-up sweatshirts. I already have my very own Summer 2009 souvenir. I grew a scaly sunspot on the bridge of my nose. It's not skin cancer, but it's a warning. My doctor scolded me for wearing mere ball caps and visors around the barn instead of a wide-brimmed hat. So I went out and bought a genuine straw cowboy hat. Of course, with my scrawny shoulders and thin neck it looks like an over-sized sombrero on my head, but it seems a small price to pay to avoid a permanent dent in my nose from having a lesion removed. And just so you know, I religiously smear my face with SPF sunscreen no less than twice a day. Quite frankly, I fear that it makes my face appear somewhat iridescent, as if I'm a member of a traveling troupe of Cirque du Soleil performers. Yes indeedy, I'm quite fashionable on the bridle paths. Nonetheless, even with the sombrero and the clown make-up, I ended up with a brownish freckly thing on my nose. Every time I looked in the mirror it stared back at me. I began to wonder, "If I were a solid sorrel, and that were a white spot, would it be large enough to qualify me for Pinto papers?" I'm sure I'm not the only horsewoman who winds up besmirched with sunspots, freckles and nascent skin cancers by the end of summertime. It's kind of an occupational hazard. With an obsessive amount of attention, my personal nose medallion is fading, thankfully. Now if only this summer would fade away as well.


Automotive sector faces new challenges every day, new design trends and technological deployments from research push companies to develop new models and facelifts in short term, requiring new tools or tool reshaping. The Automotive sector is one of the most competitive business areas where time-to-market decrease plays an important role. Additive fabrication is the solution which enables the flexible production of customized products without significant impact on costs and lead time. Automotive companies developing new models and facelifts every day, pushed by new design trends and technological evolution where aesthetics, aerodynamics, safety, and weight reduction of the vehicle are key issues. Therefore, new tools or tool reshaping for new components is required, for body panels or other technical components. Digitalization helps the Automotive sector to turn their ideas into successful vehicle faster and more efficiently. Automobile manufacturers can increase the efficiency of their research and development processes, enabling them to get their products on the market with less time and efficiently.. An important parameter of using metal AM processes in the automotive sector is fabricating complex lightweight structures which at the same time possess good rigidity. The weight of the automotive parts can be reduced significantly by using the ability of AM processes to maximum advantage to produce parts with complex geometries while maintaining relative strengths. This paper provides a review of today and future of additive fabrication in Automotive sector.


This thesis deals with estimation and control of the balling drums used in the iron ore pelletizing process.First a conceptually new control scheme for balling drums is proposed. In this control scheme a cluster of drums is considered rather than considering each drum to be an independent unit, and the output of each drum is assumed to be oscillating during normal operation. Three states are essential in this scheme, and these are the amplitude of the oscillation, frequency of the oscillation, and its phase angle. These three states are estimated by use of an extended Kalman filter (EKF). The new control scheme thus depends heavily on the state estimation. A simulation of this scheme controlling a cluster of three drums is carried out. In this simulation the drums are modelled as van der Pol oscillators with varying amplitude and frequency of the output.Next the problem of automatically tuning and optimizing the extended Kalman filter is addressed. In spite of its importance, there has been published surprisingly few results on this subject, however, two different methods for EKF tuning has been proposed recently in the literature. One of these is tuning by use of a genetic algorithm (GA), which is also applied in this thesis. It is shown that by use of a simple GA, the extended Kalman filter is well tuned in a reasonable amount of time, provided that the tuning criterion is well defined. Furthermore, the same simple GA is applied for optimizing the EKF with respect to its performance in high noise environment.Finally the stability properties of the EKF is analyzed. It is not possible to guarantee that the states in the signal model used for the state estimation in the new control scheme will be bounded from above, as required in the stability results presented so far. By applying a different bound on the Kalman gain matrix, it is shown that this requirement can be relaxed, and thus convergence of the state estimator applied in the new control scheme can be guaranteed under some given conditions.


The magnetic behavior of SmN has been investigated in stoichiometric polycrystalline films. All samples show ferromagnetic order with Curie temperature (T-C) of 27 3 K, evidenced by the occurrence of hysteresis below T-C. The ferromagnetic state is characterized by a very small moment and a large coercive field, exceeding even the maximum applied field of 6 T below about 15 K. The residual magnetization at 2 K, measured after cooling in the maximum field, is 0.035 mu(B) per Sm. Such a remarkably small moment results from a near cancellation of the spin and orbital contributions for Sm+3 in SmN. Coupling to an applied field is therefore weak, explaining the huge coercive field. The susceptibility in the paramagnetic phase shows temperature-independent Van Vleck and Curie-Weiss contributions. The Van Vleck contribution is in quantitative agreement with the field-induced admixture of the J = 7/2 excited state and the 2 ground state. The Curie-Weiss contribution returns a Curie temperature that agrees with the onset of ferromagnetic hysteresis, and a conventional paramagnetic moment with an effective moment of 0.4 mu B per Sm ion, in agreement with expectations for the crystal-field modified effective moment on the Sm+3 ions.


UNLABELLED
Our previous studies demonstrated marked sex differences in the metabolism of acetaminophen in rats both in vivo and in hepatocyte culture. This study examined the sex differences in human acetaminophen metabolism, and the ability to reproduce in vivo metabolism in human hepatocyte cultured on Matrigel vs. type 1 collagen. Human hepatocytes were isolated by collagenase perfusion of 10-15 g biopsies of patients without liver disease undergoing elective abdominal operations (8 females, age 41.3 +/- 19.3 years; 6 males, age 47.7 +/- 21.3 years). Postoperatively, patients were given 1 g of acetaminophen orally and a 24-hr urine collected to determine the metabolic fate. There were no sex differences in acetaminophen conjugation in vivo, nor in the hepatic acetaminophen sulfotransferase activities as observed in the rodents. Hepatocytes were cultured with acetaminophen (0, 150, 250, 500, and 1000 microM) on Matrigel and type I collagen. Acetaminophen glucuronidation predominated over acetaminophen sulfation just as in vivo without sex differences on days 1 and 2 in culture. By days 3 and 4, however, glucuronidation by female hepatocytes became enhanced compared with males. With increasing acetaminophen concentration (dose), there was a linear increase in sulfate and glucuronide conjugation without saturation of either pathway as observed in the rat.

CONCLUSIONS
1) there are no sex differences in acetaminophen metabolism or acetaminophen sulfotransferase activity as observed in the rat; 2) acetaminophen sulfation and glucuronidation by cultured human hepatocytes in vitro replicated in vivo metabolism on matrigel and type 1 collagen for the first 2 days in culture; and 3) glucuronidation became enhanced with time in the culture of female, but not male hepatocytes.


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The Brayton H. Ransom Memorial Trust Fund was established in 1936 to encourage and promote the study and advancement of the Science of Parasitology and related sciences. Income from the Trust currently provides token support of Comparative Parasitology and limited support for publication of meritorious manuscripts by authors lacking in institutional or other backing. Taxdeductible donations or memorial contributions are encouraged and may be directed to the Secretary–Treasurer. Information about the Trust may be found in the following articles: Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington (1936) 3:84–87; (1983) 50:200–204; and Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington (1993) 60:144–150.


Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate antimicrobial activity of the various extracts of Stevia rebaudiana leaves. Method: Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves were extracted in water, methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane and their antimicrobial activities were examined against few selected microorganisms including B. subtilis, S. aureus, M. luteus, S. marcenscens, P. aeruginosa, B. megaterium, E. coli, P. vulgaris, Yeast, A. niger and R. oligoporus using cup plate method. Results: Water extract of Stevia leaf showed activity against B. subtilis and S. aureus only. Methanol extract gave the highest zone of inhibition against P. aeruginosa whereas minimum zone of inhibition was found against S. aureus and yeast. B. megaterium and yeast were found to be highly susceptible towards ethyl acetate and hexane extracts, respectively whereas A. niger and B. subtilis were found to be least susceptible against ethyl acetate and hexane extracts, respectively. Hexane extract showed the highest activity against yeast among the tested microorganisms. Conclusion: The study confirms the possible antimicrobial potentiality of the leaf extract of Stevia rebaudiana.


Qualified immunity shields government officials from damages liability—even if they have violated plaintiffs' constitutional rights—if they have not violated clearly established law. The Court has explained that watershed cases describing legal requirements—like Graham v. Connor and Garner v. Tennessee—are insufficient to clearly establish the law. Instead, the plaintiff must find prior cases applying Graham and Garner to cases with virtually identical facts, explaining that such factually analogous cases are necessary to put officers on notice of the illegality of their conduct. But do officers actually know about the facts and holdings of these cases, and rely on them when taking action? Courts and commentators have been skeptical of this assumption, but it has never been tested.

This Article reports the findings of a study, the first of its kind, examining the role that circuit decisions applying Graham and Garner play in police officers' policies and trainings. Having viewed hundreds of police policies, training outlines, and other educational materials provided to California law enforcement officers, I describe unequivocal proof that officers are not notified of the facts and holdings of cases that clearly establish the law for qualified immunity purposes. Instead, officers are taught the general principles of Graham and Garner and then are told to apply those principles in the widely varying circumstances that come their way.

Moreover, even if law enforcement made more of an effort to educate their officers about court decisions analyzing the constitutional limits of force, the expectations of notice and reliance baked into qualified immunity doctrine would be obviously unrealistic. There could never be sufficient time to train officers about all the court cases that might clearly establish the law. And even if officers were trained about the facts and holdings of some portion of these cases, there is no reason to believe that officers would analogize or distinguish situations rapidly unfolding before them to the court decisions they once studied.

There is a growing consensus among courts, scholars, and advocates across the ideological spectrum that qualified immunity doctrine is legally unsound, unnecessary to shield government officials from the costs and burdens of litigation, and destructive to police accountability efforts. This Article reveals another reason to reconsider the doctrine and, especially, its requirement that plaintiffs find "clearly established law."


Using hexokinase, glucose, and ATP to vary reversibly the concentrations of ADP and ATP in solution and bound to Acanthamoeba actin, I measured the relative critical concentrations and elongation rate constants for ATP-actin and ADP-actin in 50 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EGTA, 0.1 mM nucleotide, 0.1 mM CaCl2, 10 mM imidazole, pH 7. By both steady-state and elongation rate methods, the critical concentrations are 0.1 microM for ATP-actin and 5 microM for ADP-actin. Consequently, a 5 microM solution of actin can be polymerized, depolymerized, and repolymerized by simply cycling from ATP to ADP and back to ATP. The critical concentrations differ, because the association rate constant is 10 times higher and the dissociation rate constant is five times lower for ATP-actin than ADP-actin. These results show that ATP-actin occupies both ends of actin filaments growing in ATP. The bound ATP must be split on internal subunits and the number of terminal subunits with bound ATP probably depends on the rate of growth.


Personality constructs have been demonstrated to be useful for explaining and predicting attitudes, behaviors, performance, and outcomes in organizational settings. Many professionally developed measures of personality constructs display useful levels of criterion-related validity for job performance and its facets. In this response to Morgeson et al. (2007), we comprehensively summarize previously published meta-analyses on (a) the optimal and unit-weighted multiple correlations between the Big Five personality dimensions and behaviors in organizations, including job performance; (b) generalizable bivariate relationships of Conscientiousness and its facets (e.g., achievement orientation, dependability, cautiousness) with job performance constructs; (c) the validity of compound personality measures; and (d) the incremental validity of personality measures over cognitive ability. Hundreds of primary studies and dozens of meta-analyses conducted and published since the mid 1980s indicate strong support for using personality measures in staffing decisions. Moreover, there is little evidence that response distortion among job applicants ruins the psychometric properties, including criterionrelated validity, of personality measures. We also provide a brief evaluation of the merits of alternatives that have been offered in place of traditional self-report personality measures for organizational decision making. Given the cumulative data, writing off the whole domain of individual differences in personality or all self-report measures of personality from personnel selection and organizational decision making is counterproductive for the science and practice of I-O psychology.


Abstract The high Antarctic plateau provides exceptional conditions for infrared observations on account of the cold, dry and stable atmosphere above the ice surface. This paper describes the scientific goals behind the first program to examine the time-varying universe in the infrared from Antarctica — the Kunlun Infrared Sky Survey (KISS). This will employ a 50cm telescope to monitor the southern skies in the 2.4μmK dark window from China's Kunlun station at Dome A, on the summit of the Antarctic plateau, through the uninterrupted 4-month period of winter darkness. An earlier paper discussed optimisation of the K dark filter for sensitivity (Li et al. 2016). This paper examines the scientific program for KISS. We calculate the sensitivity of the camera for the extrema of observing conditions that will be encountered. We present the parameters for sample surveys that could then be carried out for a range of cadences and sensitivities. We then discuss several science programs that could be conducted with these capabilities, involving star formation, brown dwarfs and hot Jupiters, exoplanets around M dwarfs, the terminal phases of stellar evolution, fast transients, embedded supernova searches, reverberation mapping of AGN, gamma ray bursts and the detection of the cosmic infrared background.


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We have established a long-term culture system to study macrophages chronically infected with mycobacteria. Monocytes are infected with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and support exponential intracellular replication without profound perturbation of normal host cell function. We have used this system to investigate lymphokine-activated killer (LAK)-mediated cytolysis. We have found that interleukin 2 stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes generates a cytotoxic activity against human monocytes. A CD56- subpopulation of LAK cells specifically recognizes and lyses BCG-infected cells. Lysis of the host cell has no effect on parasite viability and results in the liberation of bacteria capable of infecting more cells.


Background Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is the gold standard for non-invasive myocardial tissue characterisation. However, accurate segmentation of the left ventricular (LV) myocardium remains a challenge due to limited training data and lack of quality control. This study addresses these issues by leveraging generative adversarial networks (GAN)-generated virtual native enhancement (VNE) images to expand the training set and incorporating an automated quality control-driven (QCD) framework to improve segmentation reliability. Methods A dataset comprising 4,716 LGE images (from 1,363 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and myocardial infarction) was used for development. To generate additional clinically validated data, LGE data were augmented with a GAN-based generator to produce VNE images. LV was contoured on these images manually by clinical observers. To create diverse candidate segmentations, the QCD framework involved multiple U-Nets, which were combined using statistical rank filters. The framework predicted the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) for each candidate segmentation, with the highest predicted DSC indicating the most accurate and reliable result. The performance of the QCD ensemble framework was evaluated on both LGE and VNE test datasets (309 LGE/VNE images from 103 patients), assessing segmentation accuracy (DSC) and quality prediction (mean absolute error (MAE) and binary classification accuracy). Results The QCD framework effectively and rapidly segmented the LV myocardium (<1 s per image) on both LGE and VNE images, demonstrating robust performance on both test datasets with similar mean DSC (LGE: 0.845±0.075; VNE: 0.845±0.071; p=ns). Incorporating GAN-generated VNE data into the training process consistently led to enhanced performance for both individual models and the overall framework. The quality control mechanism yielded a high performance (MAE=0.043, accuracy=0.951) emphasising the accuracy of the quality control-driven strategy in predicting segmentation quality in clinical settings. Overall, no statistical difference (p=ns) was found when comparing the LGE and VNE test sets across all experiments. Conclusions The QCD ensemble framework, leveraging GAN-generated VNE data and an automated quality control mechanism, significantly improved the accuracy and reliability of LGE segmentation, paving the way for enhanced and accountable diagnostic imaging in routine clinical use.


Abstract:The article reassesses the post-communist landscape in Eastern Europe in the aftermath of the revolutions of 1989. A quarter of a century after the upheaval, the old definitions of civic and ethnic belongings have lost their previous meanings. The idea of civil society bequeathed a legacy of non-conformity and refusal of regimentation. Former dissidents have come under attack from the far left and the far right. Because of EU accession, the revolutions of 1989 succeeded in bringing a return to Europe of most of the former socialist bloc. Understanding the diversity of the postcommunist transitions requires the exploration of pre-1989 legacies. Disillusionment with the new order translates into nostalgia for the time of stability. Resurgent nationalism operates as an umbrella, all-encompassing fantasy of salvation, mixed with populism and, sometimes, with self-styled conservatism. The article stresses the importance of dealing with the past of twentieth century Eastern Europe, as it is increasingly clear that a democracy deprived of memory is profoundly vulnerable.


EGPGV is the premier international event focusing on parallel graphics and visualization. The importance of parallel computing is increasing rapidly with the ubiquitous availability of multicore CPUs, GPUs, and cluster systems. Computationally demanding and data-intensive applications in graphics and visualization are strongly affected by this trend and require novel efficient parallel solutions. The symposium has been successful in encouraging an exchange of experiences and knowledge and in exploiting and defining new trends in parallel graphics and visualization.


Although the literature presents many works that analyze the Environmental management system (EMS) at the organization level, very few focus on the quality of integration of this system (all integrated environmental practices), quality analyzed through the factors that influence it and also characterizes the organization's orientation to environmental issues. The main purpose of the doctoral theses it's to elaborate various quantitative and qualitative methodologies, methods and work tools to improve implementation, integration and functioning process that define the Environmental Management System at the organizational level. In order to achieve the intended purpose of the theses, it was conducted a research, based on questionnaire method, with a sample of over 70 organizations mainly industrial organization from N-E area of Romania, at the level of 178 managers. Most important practical and theoretical contributions made, are : (1) clarification and the synthesis of the most important potential factors that have a general character unanimously valid for any organization, factors that may act as "barriers" in the implementing process of an Environmental management system; (2) development and proposal of EMS theoretical model - in accordance with ISO 14001, as a complex process; this scientific approach is unique and original in the specialized literature level consulted; (3) development of a conceptual framework and a coherent research methodologies that allow quantitative and qualitative study of the relationship between the organization orientation in environmental management issues and EMS implementation quality; (4) Development of a systematic model to improve environmental decision making process; (5) development of an investigation methodology of the environmental knowledge system importance due to its influence on the quality of environmental decision and of a simple method to quantify the importance level of this system; (6) development of models showing: (a) architecture of all influences between variables that describe the organization's orientation regarding environmental management and variables that describe EMS implementation and integration quality under certain conditions; (b) estimation of correlations between organization's orientation specific factors regarding environmental management and synthetic variable/ global that defines EMS implementation/ integration quality; (7) pproposal and development of practical solutions to improve the quality of EMS implementation and integration at N-E Romania organizations level; (8) development of a conceptual framework and a coherent research methodology, that allow possibility to evaluate improvement of EMS implementation and operation quality by transforming and adapting its architecture based on fractal philosophy paradigm


Madhuca longifolia (M. longifolia) is also known as Mahua belonging to the family sapoteace family. M. longifolia is used in traditional and folklore system of medicine widely across India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka for its various pharmacological properties as in snake bites and in diabetes. Phytochemicals studies documented the different bioactive constituents, namely, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenes and saponins. The pharmacological studies proved that it possess wide range of biological activities such as antiulcer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The toxicity studies reveal its non-toxic effect even at larger doses. Thus M. longifolia can be considered as a therapeutic agent for specific diseases. Scientific investigation on various isolated bioactive components and its efficacy on diseases proved the future usefulness of different species of Madhuca. This review summarizes the phytochemical, pharmacological, medicinal and non-medicinal uses of M. longifolia. Further exploration on M. longifolia for its therapeutic potential is however required for depth traditional knowledge.


A cryo–electron microscopy structure provides a framework for understanding function and disease mechanisms in a family of calcium channels. Voltage-gated calcium (Cav) channels are activated in response to membrane potential to initiate calcium-mediated signaling pathways and are associated with diseases such as cardiac arrhythmia and epilepsy. Cav1.1 couples changes in membrane potential to cardiac muscle contraction. It comprises a core subunit and three auxiliary subunits. Wu et al. isolated the Cav1.1 complex from rabbit skeletal muscle and determined its structure by single-particle electron cryomicroscopy using direct electron detection and advanced image processing. The detailed architecture of the pseudotetrameric eukaryotic Cav channel in complex with its auxiliary subunits provides an important framework for understanding the function and disease mechanisms of related channels. J. Wu, Z. Yan, Z. Li, C. Yan, S. Lu, M. Dong, N. Yan, Structure of the voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.1 complex. Science 350, aad2395 (2015). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Detecting quality in large unstructured datasets requires capacities far beyond the limits of human perception and communicability and, as a result, there is an emerging trend towards increasingly complex analytic solutions in data science to cope with this problem. This new trend towards analytic complexity represents a severe challenge for the principle of parsimony (Occam's razor) in science. This review article combines insight from various domains such as physics, computational science, data engineering, and cognitive science to review the specific properties of big data. Problems for detecting data quality without losing the principle of parsimony are then highlighted on the basis of specific examples. Computational building block approaches for data clustering can help to deal with large unstructured datasets in minimized computation time, and meaning can be extracted rapidly from large sets of unstructured image or video data parsimoniously through relatively simple unsupervised machine learning algorithms. Why we still massively lack in expertise for exploiting big data wisely to extract relevant information for specific tasks, recognize patterns and generate new information, or simply store and further process large amounts of sensor data is then reviewed, and examples illustrating why we need subjective views and pragmatic methods to analyze big data contents are brought forward. The review concludes on how cultural differences between East and West are likely to affect the course of big data analytics, and the development of increasingly autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) aimed at coping with the big data deluge in the near future.


In December 2014, a massive flood hit northern states of Peninsular Malaysia causing severe damage to thousands of houses and leaving the area in a disastrous condition. Electricity and public piped water supplies were cut-off, as sub-stations and municipal water treatment plants were submerged in flood water. As part of Techkem Water's corporate social responsibility initiatives, mobile ultrafiltration membrane water treatment systems were deployed to provide emergency drinking water supplies to flood victims. Four types of mobile system were evaluated in this case study. The operational parameters of the systems such as feed water turbidity, system capacity, filtrate quality, filtration flux, footprint required and specific energy requirement details are presented. Each system has distinctive features that help to accommodate different site conditions.


High-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) is a promising sputtering-based ionized physical vapor deposition technique and is already making its way to industrial applications. The major difference between HiPIMS and conventional magnetron sputtering processes is the mode of operation. In HiPIMS the power is applied to the magnetron (target) in unipolar pulses at a low duty factor (<10%) and low frequency (<10 kHz) leading to peak target power densities of the order of several kilowatts per square centimeter while keeping the average target power density low enough to avoid magnetron overheating and target melting. These conditions result in the generation of a highly dense plasma discharge, where a large fraction of the sputtered material is ionized and thereby providing new and added means for the synthesis of tailor-made thin films. In this review, the features distinguishing HiPIMS from other deposition methods will be addressed in detail along with how they influence the deposition conditions, such as the plasma parameters and the sputtered material, as well as the resulting thin film properties, such as microstructure, phase formation, and chemical composition. General trends will be established in conjunction to industrially relevant material systems to present this emerging technology to the interested reader.


Introduction It is increasingly considered important that people make an autonomous and informed decision concerning colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. However, the realisation of autonomy within the concept of informed decision-making might be interpreted too narrowly. Additionally, relatively little is known about what the eligible population believes to be a 'good' screening decision. Therefore, we aimed to explore how the concepts of autonomous and informed decision-making relate to how the eligible CRC screening population makes their decision and when they believe to have made a 'good' screening decision. Methods We conducted 27 semi-structured interviews with the eligible CRC screening population (eighteen CRC screening participants and nine non-participants). The general topics discussed concerned how people made their CRC screening decision, how they experienced making this decision and when they considered they had made a 'good' decision. Results Most interviewees viewed a 'good' CRC screening decision as one based on both reasoning and feeling/intuition, and that is made freely. However, many CRC screening non-participants experienced a certain social pressure to participate. All CRC screening non-participants viewed making an informed decision as essential. This appeared to be the case to a lesser extent for CRC screening participants. For most, experiences and values were involved in their decision-making. Conclusion Our sample of the eligible CRC screening population viewed aspects related to the concepts of autonomous and informed decision-making as important for making a 'good' CRC screening decision. However, in particular the existence of a social norm may be affecting a true autonomous decision-making process. Additionally, the present concept of informed decision-making with its strong emphasis on making a fully informed and well-considered decision does not appear to be entirely reflective of the process in practice. More efforts could be made to attune to the diverse values and factors that are involved in deciding about CRC screening participation.


In situ phytoremediation of municipal biosolids is a promising alternative to land spreading and landfilling during decommissioning of end-of-life municipal lagoons. Plant root simulator (PRS) probes can be used to examine nutrient availability during phytoremediation, but their use under wetland conditions is limited. This study examined nutrient availability using PRS probes during phytoremediation of biosolids vegetated with cattail. The probes were buried in the sediment for seven sequential 2-wk burial periods beginning in June 2014. Plants were harvested to determine biomass yield and nutrient content. Nitrogen supply rate did not change significantly with sampling period in June and July (4.5 to 5.9 μg cm–² [2 wk]–¹) but increased thereafter to 11.8 μg cm–² (2 wk)–¹. Phosphate supply rate (20.5 to 24.2 μg cm–² [2 wk]–¹) did not differ significantly among sampling times. Cumulative supply rates of the macronutrients N, P, K, Ca and Mg (r = 0.77–0.92) and the micronutrients B, Fe, and Mn (r = 0.7–0.81) were highly correlated with cattail uptake, while the correlation was weaker for Cu (r = 0.42) and Zn (r = 0.40). Maximum attainable biomass yield (0.87 kg m–²) coincided with the period of maximum nutrient uptake, indicating that harvesting cattail between late August and early September maximizes nutrient removal. In situ burial of PRS probes appears to be an effective method of measuring availability of macronutrients but may have limited effectiveness for Cu and Zn.


Implicit egotism—in particular, positive unconscious associations that individuals have with others who share their names or first initials—is a mainstay of modern psychology textbooks, but the interpretation of prior field studies has recently come under criticism for lack of adequate control, reverse causality, and ethnic heterogeneity. Using unique data from the New Orleans District Attorney's Office on 48,988 defendants that were randomly assigned to judges from 1988-1999, we identify the causal effect of matching first initials. In contrast to positive affect, we find that judges assign 8% longer sentences on average (about two-three months) when they match on first initials. The effect is robust to controls and removal of outliers. No effect is found for second-letter matches, last-letter matches, or randomly reassigned names. The effects are somewhat larger for defendants categorized as Negroes by the New Orleans District Attorney's Office, which could be due to sampling variation or due to behavioral biases playing a stronger role in evaluations when decision makers are nearly indifferent. The effects are also somewhat larger for judges categorized as Whites. The negative effect of sharing first initials explains 0.03% of variation. Finally, we interpret the negative behavioral effect as threatened egotism, in which individuals motivated to manage self-image (implicit egoism) create social distance from negatively- valenced targets perceived to be associated with the self.


The presence and plasticity of dendritic ion channels are well established. However, the literature is divided on what specific roles these dendritic ion channels play in neuronal information processing, and there is no consensus on why neuronal dendrites should express diverse ion channels with different expression profiles. In this review, we present a case for viewing dendritic information processing through the lens of the sensory map literature, where functional gradients within neurons are considered as maps on the neuronal topograph. Under such a framework, drawing analogies from the sensory map literature, we postulate that the formation of intraneuronal functional maps is driven by the twin objectives of efficiently encoding inputs that impinge along different dendritic locations and of retaining homeostasis in the face of changes that are required in the coding process. In arriving at this postulate, we relate intraneuronal map physiology to the vast literature on sensory maps and argue that such a metaphorical association provides a fresh conceptual framework for analyzing and understanding single-neuron information encoding. We also describe instances where the metaphor presents specific directions for research on intraneuronal maps, derived from analogous pursuits in the sensory map literature. We suggest that this perspective offers a thesis for why neurons should express and alter ion channels in their dendrites and provides a framework under which active dendrites could be related to neural coding, learning theory, and homeostasis.


This article has its origin in local, national, regional and international problems surrounding human trafficking. It gives a global overview of some of the problems surrounding the trafficking in women and children in South Africa and its neighbouring states. Source material was obtained through local libraries and resource centres, international and South African internet search agencies and Molo Songololo's (a child rights organisation based in Cape Town) inhouse's collection of materials. Information was also obtained through personal correspondence with researchers attached to academic institutions and private organisations.
The results of the investigation clearly point out that South Africa is a source, transit and destination country for trafficked women and children. Women and children are trafficked from our neighbouring countries into South Africa. The problems surrounding the combating of women and child trafficking are in their nature short term and long term orientated. Aspects such as the paucity of data, absence of a legal framework and legislation, law enforcers' knowledge about legislation, a lack of urgency to finalise legislation on human trafficking and police corruption are problems which could be solved immediately. Poor socio-economic conditions and especially poverty and unemployment remains problematic and will still continue to make women and children at risk for human trafficking. Children's vulnerability to human trafficking is further increased by the HIV / AIDS pandemic.


Combined into one volume for the first time, the updated and clarified Exercises for the Feynman Lectures on Physics provides comprehensive, hands-on practice in all the most important areas of physics--from Newtonian mechanics through the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. A perfect complement to The Feynman Lectures on Physics, these exercises have all been assigned in Caltech's mandatory two-year introductory physics course, either when Richard Feynman was teaching it, or during the nearly two decades that followed when The Feynman Lectures on Physics was used as the textbook. With this modern, easy-to-use volume, students of physics will have a chance to apply what they have learned in the Lectures and to enhance and reinforce the concepts taught by the inimitable Richard Feynman.


More than half a century ago, the ABA recognized that a lawyer's duty to disclose fraud on the court is subordinate to the obligation to preserve a client's confidences. Later, the ABA explained that because the lawyer is an officer of the court, she is required to maintain her client's confidences even in cases of client perjury. Thereafter, relying on tradition as well as substantial policy considerations, the ABA held that for a lawyer to disclose her client's fraud on the court was unthinkable. That tradition appeared to have been reversed in 1983, when the ABA adopted Model Rule 3.3 requiring lawyers to take remedial action in cases of known perjury. In some jurisdictions, this has meant that a lawyer must require her client to testify in narrative and then to omit any reference to the client's false testimony in closing argument. In that way, the lawyer effectively communicates the client's guilt to the jury as well as to the judge. However, that appearance of a major policy change from the traditional view has been rendered practically meaningless by the requirement that a lawyer have actual knowledge before taking any remedial action. The result is that a defense lawyer may refrain from concluding that her client's testimony is perjurious, despite the fact that the client has told the lawyer inconsistent versions of the truth, and despite the fact that the client's testimony is preposterous, unsupported by any other evidence, and contradicted by credible evidence. Nevertheless, there remains a critical policy issue under Model Rule 3.3, because there are still some occasions when lawyers conclude that their clients are lying and then betray their clients' confidences. Unfortunately, those lawyers are virtually always court-appointed attorneys representing criminal defendants who are poor and members of minority groups. This has produced a race- and class-based double standard, resulting in a de facto denial of equal protection of the laws. Moreover, no court has ever considered the point that Model Rule 3.3 violates the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the Constitution. The Supreme Court has held that the Sixth Amendment forbids an agent of the state to pose as a pretended friend of the client, to elicit unwarned admissions from the defendant, and then to reveal those admissions at trial. Nevertheless, that is what happens under Model Rule 3.3. The lawyer is required, on pain of professional discipline by the state, to deliberately elicit incriminating information from the client; at the same time, the lawyer is forbidden by the state to warn the client in advance that, if the client should testify falsely, the lawyer will reveal the client's confidences during the trial. Ironically, therefore, the Sixth Amendment guarantees the defendant the right to rely on counsel to advise him about his Fifth Amendment privilege before he incriminates himself, but there is no one to advise the defendant about his Fifth Amendment privilege before he is trapped by his lawyer into incriminating himself. Linking the Fifth and Sixth Amendments together, Chief Justice Rehnquist noted that they reflect the Framers' intent to establish an accusatory rather than an inquisitorial system of justice. He added that the Sixth Amendment protects the confidentiality of communications between the accused and his attorney, and that anything the accused says to his attorney is beyond the reach of the prosecution. It is particularly ironic, therefore, that Model Rule 3.3 turns the criminal defense lawyer into the functional equivalent of the prosecutor of her own client, charged with disclosing her client's incriminating confidences at trial.


We analyze revealed and stated household preferences for socially responsible investments (SRI). Using a questionnaire specifically designed for this purpose and administered to a Dutch representative household panel, we investigate the actual and latent demand for SRI products. Respondents reported whether they owned SRI products and why or why not, but also answered stated choice questions on traditional investments and hypothetical socially responsible products with an explicit return penalty and/or an in-kind compensation associated with lower return. Our results show that investors attracted by socially responsible financial products are more interested in the social product as such and show little interest in compensation. The magnitude of the penalty for investing in SRI is not diluting their investment intentions.


Title of Dissertation: CONFEDERATE FEDERALISM: A VIEW FROM THE GOVERNORS Michael Albert Powell, Doctor of Philosophy, 2004 Dissertation directed by: Professor Herman J. Belz Department of History Examination of Confederate federalism to date generally has emphasized one of two interpretations: that the Confederacy either "died of state rights" or that the Confederacy, because of the war-time demands, created a government at least as centralized as the Union, if not more so. This dissertation argues that the reality was much more complex. Confederate federalism consisted of three phases. The first, or the cooperative, phase was represented by a high degree of cooperation between the states and central government and lasted from the formation of the Confederacy until the spring of 1862. The governors freely provided troops, arms, and equipment to both the Confederacy and each other with minimal conflict over constitutional lines of authority. The second phase, from the spring of 1862 to the fall of 1864, was marked by conflict between the states and the Davis administration, with the differences resolved through negotiated compromises. While conscription was a war-time necessity, compromises were negotiated between the governors and the Davis administration over exemptions, use of state courts in deciding the constitutionality of conscription, and changes in the law itself. Impressment and the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus were recognized by the governors as legitimate constitutional powers of the central government, but limitations were negotiated with respect to their enforcement. Lastly, fiscal policies were deemed by the governors to fall within the sphere of the Confederacy's constitutional authority and therefore beyond the scope of gubernatorial authority. The final phase of Confederate federalism, from the fall of 1864 until the end of the war in the spring of 1865, witnessed the states struggling for survival and the collapse of the Confederacy. The governors sought to keep troops and supplies for their states and to suppress or control local peace initiatives in an unsuccessful effort to win the war. CONFEDERATE FEDERALISM: A VIEW FROM THE GOVERNORS by Michael Albert Powell Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2004


How do different bankruptcy approaches affect the local economy? Using U.S. Census microdata at the establishment level, we explore the spillover effects of reorganization and liquidation on geographically proximate firms. We exploit the random assignment of bankruptcy judges as a source of exogenous variation in the probability of liquidation. We find that within a five-year period, employment declines substantially in the immediate neighborhood of the liquidated establishments, relative to reorganized establishments. Most of the decline is due to lower growth of existing establishments and, to a lesser extent, reduced entry into the area. The spillover effects are highly localized and concentrate in the non-tradable and service sectors, particularly when the bankrupt firm operates in the same sector. These results suggest that liquidation leads to a reduction in consumer traffic to the local area and to a decline in knowledge spillovers between firms. The evidence is inconsistent with the notion that liquidation leads to creative destruction, as the removal of bankrupt businesses does not lead to increased entry nor the revitalization of the area.