Ever since the Enlightenment, race theory and its inevitable partner, racism, have followed a crooked road, constructed by dominant peoples to justify their domination of others. Filling a huge gap in historical literature that long focused on the non-white, eminent historian Nell Irvin Painter guides us through more than two thousand years of Western civilization, tracing not only the invention of the idea of race but also the frequent worship of "whiteness" for economic, social, scientific, and political ends. Our story begins in Greek and Roman antiquity, where the concept of race did not exist, only geography and the opportunity to conquer and enslave others. Not until the eighteenth century did an obsession with whiteness flourish, with the German invention of the notion of Caucasian beauty. This theory made northern Europeans into "Saxons," "Anglo-Saxons," and "Teutons," envisioned as uniquely handsome natural rulers. Here was a worldview congenial to northern Europeans bent on empire. There followed an explosion of theories of race, now focusing on racial temperament as well as skin color. Spread by such intellectuals as Madame de Stael and Thomas Carlyle, white race theory soon reached North America with a vengeance. Its chief spokesman, Ralph Waldo Emerson, did the most to label Anglo-Saxons-icons of beauty and virtue-as the only true Americans. It was an ideal that excluded not only blacks but also all ethnic groups not of Protestant, northern European background. The Irish and Native Americans were out and, later, so were the Chinese, Jews, Italians, Slavs, and Greeks-all deemed racially alien. Did immigrations threaten the very existence of America? Americans were assumed to be white, but who among poor immigrants could become truly American? A tortured and convoluted series of scientific explorations developed-theories intended to keep Anglo-Saxons at the top: the ever-popular measurement of skulls, the powerful eugenics movement, and highly biased intelligence tests-all designed to keep working people out and down. As Painter reveals, power-supported by economics, science, and politics-continued to drive exclusionary notions of whiteness until, deep into the twentieth century, political realities enlarged the category of truly American. A story filled with towering historical figures, The History of White People forcefully reminds us that the concept of one white race is a recent invention. The meaning, importance, and realty of this all-too-human thesis of race have buckled under the weight of a long and rich unfolding of events.


Sports impact on society and how sports activities can contribute to the well-being of individuals have been studied before. Football is a sport which has been studied a lot regarding the football clubs' impact on the society. These studies have mainly been done on larger and professional football clubs in Europe. However, at the moment there is no study on smaller clubs in lower divisions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze how, larger and smaller, Swedish football clubs work to contribute to social sustainability through their work with their youths. This was done by interviewing key personnel in a number of selected Swedish football clubs. The result was analyzed by using our modified stakeholder model based on the Salience model described by Mitchell et al. (1997). This model describes different stakeholder groups that could be salient to a firm, which we apply on football clubs. In our findings we discovered that youths were one of the most important stakeholders to a football club. They were strengthened by the local authorities and their parents. Furthermore, in our conclusion we found that there are important stakeholders who affect the ability of the football clubs' ambition to take social responsibility.


In 2004, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) unveiled the Producer Price Index (PPI) nonresidential building construction initiative with the publication of an index for new warehouse building construction. PPI has since added nonresidential building construction indexes for schools, offices, industrial buildings, and health care buildings. This construction sector initiative is noteworthy as it expanded coverage into an important sector of the U.S. economy not previously measured by the PPI, and allowed the examination of different drivers of building construction inflation. According to Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) data, in the first quarter of 2005, the value of private fixed investment in structures totaled $1.137 trillion, representing about 8.9 percent of total gross domestic product (GDP). Of private fixed investment in structures, nonresidential structures alone represented $330.8 billion, or about 2.6 percent of total GDP. By the fourth quarter of 2013, nonresidential structures investments grew to $473.4 billion, or 2.8 percent of total GDP.1


Document Type Seminar Paper Date of Original Version 2011 Abstract Human capital has been identified as a key stimulus of economic development. This paper evaluates the efficacy of human capital development (HCD) practices in the developing world. Drawing predominantly from classical human capital theory, I developed a tentative framework to evaluate national skills development efforts. It determines the efficacy of HCD practices, by matching workforce skills to the level of technological development and national training objectives. A look at national training policies in Singapore, South Africa and India, suggests that developing countries need to adopt a nuanced approach to HCD to be competitive in the global market. This study questions the long term viability of current practices in some developing countries, and draws attention to the need to modify current HCD practice. Emphasizing the strategic role, basic education, collaboration, coordination and targeting, play in the emergence of country-specific HCD practices, which develops workforce from lower skills to higher skills equilibrium (HSE). The paper shows that when these strategic approaches are adopted in developing countries, they can efficiently harness human capital to create competitive advantages and surplus value, which could be used to upgrade technology and diversify economic activity, facilitating economic growth.  Download


ABSTRACT Societies involved in intractable conflicts develop cultures of conflict because of experiences that have lasting effects on every aspect of collective life. One product of these cultures is conflict-supporting narratives that provide illumination, justification, and explanation of the conflict reality. These narratives are selective, biased, and distortive, but play an important role in satisfying the basic sociopsychological needs of the society members involved. In these societies, journalists often serve as agents in the formulation and dissemination of these conflict-supporting narratives. The present study analyzes the presentations of narratives of the culture of conflict among Jewish Israeli journalists during Israeli wars in Lebanon. It elucidates the dominant themes of the narratives by content analysis of the news published in newspapers and broadcast on television. In addition, in order to reveal the practices used by journalists in obtaining, selecting, and publishing the news, in-depth interviews with journalists and politicians have been conducted.


The extreme heat from wildfire alters soil properties and incinerates vegetation, leading to changes in infiltration capacity, ground cover, soil erodibility, and rainfall interception. These changes promote increases in runoff and sediment transport that increase the likelihood of runoff-generated debris flows. Over a period of several years, referred to as the window of disturbance, the landscape recovers and wildfire-induced changes become less accentuated. Debris flows are most common in the year immediately following wildfire, but changes in the likelihood and magnitude of debris flows throughout the window of disturbance are not well constrained. Assessing debris-flow hazards throughout the post-wildfire recovery period is complicated, in part, by the myriad of wildfire-induced changes and their nonlinear relationships with sediment transport and runoff generation processes. In this study, we combine measurements of soil hydraulic properties with vegetation survey data and numerical modeling to understand how debris-flow threats are likely to change in steep, burned basins during the first two years of recovery. We focus on documenting recovery following the 2016 Fish Fire in the San Gabriel Mountains, CA, USA and demonstrate how a numerical model can be used to predict temporal changes in debris-flow properties and initiation thresholds within that region. Substantial increases in sorptivity, which represents the capillarity contribution to infiltration, and reductions in the percentage of bare soil occurred during the first 18 months following the Fish Fire. Numerical modeling suggests that these changes lead to a roughly 40% increase in the 15-minute rainfall intensity-duration threshold associated with debris-flow initiation as well as more than a three-fold decrease in debris-flow volume from post-fire year 1 to post-fire year 2. These results provide valuable constraints on changes in debris-flow thresholds within the San Gabriel Mountains as well as a general framework for exploring the impact of changing vegetation and soil hydraulic properties on debris flow magnitude and susceptibility.


Abstract Academic and policy interest in civil society participation in the European Union's trade policy has been growing since the late 1990s. We analyse civil society's engagement with the Domestic Advisory Groups (DAGs)—consultation mechanisms established by the European Commission at the implementation stage of its free trade agreements. While the Commission's formal rationale for the DAGs is partnership with civil society, in fact this relationship involves a marked power and resistance dynamic. We focus on civil society's agency and resistance, develop a conceptual framework laying out different possible types of resistance, and empirically demonstrate the wealth of both overt and subtle resistance practices employed by DAG members. Most of this resistance is (moderately) comprehensive and directed against the DAGs' rationalities and technologies. While showing that DAGs are deeply contested, our study also provides a nuanced analysis of resistance with particular attention for divisions between business and non-business members.


During the 1st millennium AD ship‐construction changed. Previously, ships were built 'shell‐first'—strakes were installed before frames, giving the hull its shape and integrity. About the mid‐1st millennium AD the concept and construction of hulls changed to being shaped by transverse frames fixed to the keel, reinforced by longitudinal members. During the transition varying combinations of the two technologies were used. It has been widely accepted that the transition was completed by the beginning of the 2nd millennium. Recent discoveries, mainly in Dor/Tantura lagoon and lately in Yenikapı, analyses of other hulls, and reassessment of evidence, indicate an earlier completion of the transition. Since this process was the result of many factors, including economic and social, and occurred in different areas of the Mediterranean at different times, no simple linear development is suggested, but a more complex process, which raises questions for future research. © 2012 The Authors


We have tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide may be responsible for the immunosuppression reported during malaria infections. We first showed that reactive nitrogen intermediates, which indicate nitric oxide generation, were increased in the plasma of Plasmodium vinckei‐infected mice. We next found that Concanavalin A‐induced proliferation of spleen cells from these mice was reduced compared with that observed in uninfected animals. The addition of NG‐methyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA) for the duration of the cultures restored the malarial proliferative response to normal. We then tested the effect of oral L‐NMMA on the proliferative response of P. chabaudi‐infected mice to a human red blood cell lysate. The secondary response to this antigen, measured as spleen cell proliferation in vitro ten days after immunization and when there was no discernible parasitaemia, remained normal in L‐NMMA‐ treated P. chabaudi mice, but was decreased in the untreated infected mice. These results suggest a role for nitric oxide in malarial immunosuppression.


Our research has shown that the autocorrelation peaks of a binary joint transform correlator are affected by input scenes' backgrounds. An adaptive method is proposed to overcome this problem. The image of interest is first extracted from the background based on the position of the highest correlation peak of the input and reference images. The extracted image is then correlated with the reference to obtain the final correlation peak. Numerical simulations showed that the final autocorrelation peak is the maximum constant for a specified reference image.


The holotype of cf. Halticosaurus orbitoangulatus Huene, 1932, comprises an incomplete and macerated but associated skull of an archosaurian reptile from the middle (second) Stubensandstein (middle Lowenstein Formation; Upper Triassic: Norian) of Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. It was originally interpreted as a theropod dinosaur but more recently it has been suggested that this taxon has crocodylomorph affinities. Detailed preparation of the holotype of cf. H. orbitoangulatus has revealed much new anatomical information and permitted reassessment of its affinities. The maxilla lacks both a distinct antorbital fossa and a medial bony lamina bordering the antorbital fenestra. The lateral surface of the dentary bears a pronounced horizontal ridge. The squamosal differs from that of basal crocodylomorphs in being L-shaped rather than arcuate in dorsal view, lacking a dorsolateral overhang, and lacking an interlocking contact with the paroccipital process as, for example, in the basal crocodylomorph Saltoposuchus connectens from the same horizon and locality. Phylogenetic analysis placed cf. H. orbitoangulatus amongst loricatan pseudosuchians (but not amongst Crocodylomorpha) rather than amongst theropod dinosaurs. The holotype of cf. H. orbitoangulatus represents a previously unrecognized taxon of loricatan pseudosuchian, which is here named Apatosuchus orbitoangulatus and set apart from other known Norian-age non-crocodylomorph loricatans by its apparently much smaller size. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London


Written with a fast-paced but friendly and engaging approach, this Packt Beginner's Guide is designed to be placed alongside the computer as your guide and mentor. Step-by-step tutorials are bolstered by explanations of the reasoning behind what you are doing. You will quickly pick up the necessary skills, tips, and tricks for creating successful 3D graphics with practical examples that help you to learn by experiment and play. This book is intended for software developers who are new to OpenSceneGraph and considering using it in their applications. It is assumed that you have basic knowledge of C++ before using this book, especially the standard template library (STL) constructs, of which OSG makes extensive use. Some familiarity with design patterns as implemented in C++ is also useful, but is not required. You need to be familiar with OpenGL, the standard cross-platform low-level 3D graphics API. We'll meet some maths in the bookgeometry and linear algebraand familiarity with these topics will be great, but you don't need to be a maths whiz to use this book.


A new solution for the implementation of a HEMT negative current source is presented. The topology can be also profitably employed as a current mirror and as an active load in high-gain MMICs voltage amplifiers. A small-signal model of the proposed circuit is developed which allows to find accurate expressions for the required transfer functions (i.e., the output impedance of the current source, and the current gain of the circuit when operated as a current mirror). Design examples using Philips PML ED02AH GaAs PHEMT process are provided. Spice simulations show that a 10- kW output impedance for the current source and a 35dB voltage gain for a differential pair loaded with the proposed current mirror are easily achieved.


Understanding the processes that develop and maintain diversity in coastal communi- ties is an important challenge, particularly given the conservation and management needs of these ecosystems. Such diversity patterns include not only species distributions and interactions, but also variation in genetic diversity. Alongshore variations in allele frequency along coastal oceans are con- trolled by interactions between physical and biological forces. Here we model these interactions in terms of Lagrangian descriptors of nearshore physical oceanography, the life history dynamics of an individual species and habitat quality. This model allows us to define population boundaries within the species range as a function of ocean circulation, spatial habitat variability and larval characteris- tics. From this, we can find quantitative criteria for the persistence of regions of alongshore genetic variation. Our results show quantitatively that the existence of phylogeographic patterns in species with high dispersal capacity along uniform coasts with typical mean currents is surprising, and requires either strong selection gradients, alongshore variation in ocean currents and/or habitat quality, or a mixture of both. Our model suggests that marine reserves and the harvesting of marine recources can dramatically modify spatial gradients in genetic diversity.


Luke P. Cikuth was born in Yugoslavia in 1873 and came to the United States in 1890. After spending several years at various odd jobs, he started an apple packing and shipping business which soon became one of Watsonville's largest packing companies. Cikuth describes his business operations and the apple industry as a whole, covering not only the packing and shipping of apples, but also the problems and techniques involved in growing apples, and the role of the various auxiliary apple industries such as the cider works, vinegar works, apple dryers, and cold storage facilities. He also discusses other agricultural crops that are, or have been, important in the Pajaro Valley and the ethnic groups that have been associated with some of these crops. In the concluding chapter of the manuscript Mr. Cikuth describes the town of Watsonville as it appeared to him in the 1890s.


Non-therapeutic infant male circumcision is a permanent surgical alteration to the penis that may cause significant physical, sexual and psychological harm. Physical harms include unintended adverse effects of the surgery itself (e.g., complications such as bleeding, infection, excessive removal of foreskin leaving insufficient shaft skin to accommodate erections, etc.), as well as the inherent loss of healthy, functional tissue. Sexual harms that necessarily follow from circumcision include the loss of all sensation in the foreskin itself, and the loss of all sexual functions that involve the physical manipulation of the foreskin. Additional sexual harms that may follow circumcision include reduced sexual sensation in the remaining penile structures, difficulty with masturbation, increased chafing in both the circumcised man and his sexual partner, as well as reduced overall psychosexual/psychological tension relief and subjective satisfaction. Psychological harms include short-term trauma as well as the potential for long-term emotional disturbances, including sadness, frustration, distress, and anger—akin to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this paper, the extent and severity of these various harms are considered and it is argued that they are more serious and more widespread than is commonly believed.


Multipole expansions of the magnetic field of a spatially restricted system of stationary currents and those for the potential function of such currents in an external magnetic field are studied using angular momentum algebraic techniques. It is found that the expansion for the magnetic induction vector is made identical to that for the electric field strength of a neutral system of charges by substituting electric for magnetic multipole moments. The toroidal part of the multipole expansion for the magnetic field vector potential can, due to its potential nature, be omitted in the static case. Also, the potential function of a system of currents in an external magnetic field and the potential energy of a neutral system of charges in an external electric field have identical multipole expansions. For axisymmetric systems, the expressions for the field and those for the potential energy of electric and magnetic multipoles are reduced to simple forms, with symmetry axis orientation dependence separated out.


Cellular automata have been used as a simulation technique in the study of an impressively wide range of urban phenomena, including regional growth, urban sprawl, gentrification, residential growth, population dynamics, economic activity and employment, historical urbanization, land use evolution, and polycentricity to name but a few. A spatial model consists of a collection of processes performed on spatial data that will produce information, usually in the form of a map. These models can often be represented as process flow diagrams, like showing how the output from one process can be the input to a subsequent process. C A are ideal for simulating static entities in spatial models and processes that operate by diffusion. They are ideal for encoding spatial structures into simulation models. The application of CA in land use/land cover/ urban modeling can give insights into a wide variety of urban phenomena. Urban CA models have better performance in simulating urban growth than conventional urban models because they are much simpler than complex mathematical equations, but produce results that are more meaningful and useful. Temporal and spatial complexities of urban systems can be well modeled by properly defining transition rules in CA models. CA simulation provides important information for understanding urban theories, such as the evolution of forms and structures. GIS is a technology that is used to view and analyze data from a geographic perspective. The spatial representation of an object and its related non-spatial attribute are merged into a unified data file. In practice the area under study is covered by a fine mesh or matrix of grid cells and particular ground surface attribute value of interest occurring at the center of each cell point is recorded as the value for that cell. It should be noted that while some raster models support the assignment of values to multiple attribute per discrete cell, others strictly to a single attribute per cell structure


At the American Bar Association 2000 annual meeting, delegates voted to reinforce Model Rule 5.4, prohibiting fee sharing and partnership between lawyers and non-lawyers in arrangements known as multidisciplinary practices. Nevertheless, the topic continues to be controversial, primarily because the Big Five accounting firms are hiring an increasing number of lawyers and expanding into services that many argue constitute the practice of law. This Note asserts that applying Rule 5.4 uniformly to law firms of all sizes is not in the best interest of the small firms and solo practitioners that comprise the majority of the legal profession; such firms and their clients would benefit if small firms were allowed to participate in MDPs. The author suggests, however, that such firms not be permitted to partner with public auditing firms, whose duty to disclose client activity to the public conflicts with the lawyer's duty to protect client confidences.


Europe and the United States have recently launched large neuroscience research initiatives aimed at untangling the complex workings of the human brain. Meeting this aim will require new tools that can map the brain9s structure from the level of individual synapses to entire neural circuits and measure the activity of many neurons at once. At the Society for Neuroscience meeting in San Diego last week, researchers presented new technologies that could help achieve those goals and discussed approaches for dealing with the tidal wave of data that such tools are already producing. Highlights from the meeting include advances in automated, high-throughput electron microscopy of brain tissue and a new imaging technique that can track the activity of up to 1000 neurons in real time as animals learn.


Abstract The detection and identification of species of fungi in the environment using molecular methods heavily depends on reliable reference sequence databases. However, these databases are largely incomplete in terms of taxon coverage, and a significant effort is required from herbaria and living fungal collections for the mass-barcoding of well-identified and well-curated fungal specimens or strains. Here, a PacBio amplicon sequencing approach is applied to recent lichen herbarium specimens for the sequencing of the fungal ITS barcode, allowing a higher throughput sample processing than Sanger sequencing, which often required the use of cloning. Out of 96 multiplexed samples, a full-length ITS sequence of the target lichenised fungal species was recovered for 85 specimens. In addition, sequences obtained for co-amplified fungi gave an interesting insight into the diversity of endolichenic fungi. Challenges encountered at both the laboratory and bioinformatic stages are discussed, and cost and quality are compared with Sanger sequencing. With increasing data output and reducing sequencing cost, PacBio amplicon sequencing is seen as a promising approach for the generation of reference sequences for lichenised fungi as well as the characterisation of lichen-associated fungal communities.


Research provides increasing evidence that women and men differ in their decisions to trust. However, information systems research does not satisfactorily explain why these gender differences exist. One possible reason is that, surprisingly, theoretical concepts often do not address the most obvious factor that influences human behavior: biology. Given the essential role of biological factors-and specifically those of the brain-in decisions to trust, the biological influences should naturally include those related to gender. As trust considerations in economic decision making have become increasingly complex with the expansion of Internet use, understanding the related biological/brain functions and the involvement of gender provides a range of valuable insights.

To show empirically that online trust is associated with activity changes in certain brain areas, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In a laboratory experiment, we captured the brain activity of 10 female and 10 male participants simultaneous to decisions on trustworthiness of eBay offers. We found that most of the brain areas that encode trustworthiness differ between women and men. Moreover, we found that women activated more brain areas than did men. These results confirm the empathizing- systemizing theory, which predicts gender differences in neural information processing modes.

In demonstrating that perceived trustworthiness of Internet offers is affected by neurobiology, our study has major implications for both IS research and management. We confirm the value of a category of research heretofore neglected in IS research and practice, and argue that future IS research investigating human behavior should consider the role of biological factors. In practice, biological factors are a significant consideration for management, marketing, and engineering attempts to influence behavior.


Efficient numerical finite-element analysis of creeping concrete structures requires the use of Kelvin or Maxwell chain models, which are most conveniently identified from a continuous retardation or relaxation spectrum, the spectrum in turn being determined from the given compliance or relaxation function. The method of doing that within the context of solidification theory for creep with aging was previously worked out by Bazant and Xi in 1995 but only for the case of a continuous retardation spectrum based on the Kelvin chain. The present paper is motivated by the need to incorporate concrete creep into the recently published Microplane Model M4 for nonlinear triaxial behavior of concrete, including tensile fracturing and behavior under compression. In that context, the Maxwell chain is more effective than the Kelvin chain, because of the kinematic constraint of the microplanes used in M4. The paper shows how to determine the continuous relaxation spectrum for the Maxwell chain, based on the solidification theory for aging creep of concrete. An extension to the more recent microprestress-solidification theory is also outlined and numerical examples are presented.


In this paper, we estimate the influence of social relationships on educational attainment and social outcomes of students in school. More specifically, we investigate how losing different types of social relationships during the transition from elementary to middle school affect students' academic progress and general well-being. We use social relationships identified by the students themselves in elementary school, as part of a unique aspect of the Tel Aviv school application process which allows sixth-grade students to designate their middle schools of choice and to list up to eight friends with whom they wish to attend that school. The lists create natural "friendship hierarchies" that we exploit in our analysis. We designate the three categories of requited and unrequited friendships that stem from these lists as follows: (1) reciprocal friends (students who list one another); and for those whose friendship requests did not match: (2) followers (those who listed fellow students as friends but were not listed as friends by these same fellow students) and (3) non-reciprocal friends (parallel to followers). Following students from elementary to middle school enables us to overcome potential selection bias by using pupil fixed-effect methodology. Our results suggest that the presence of reciprocal friends and followers in class has a positive and significant effect on test scores in English, math, and Hebrew. However, the number of friends in the social network beyond the first circle of reciprocal friends has no effect at all on students. In addition, the presence of non-reciprocal friends in class has a negative effect on a student's learning outcomes. We find that these effects have interesting patterns of heterogeneity by gender, ability, and age of students. In addition, we find that these various types of friendships have positive effects on other measures of well-being, including social and overall happiness in school, time allocated for homework, and whether one exhibits violent behavior.


Background A core outcome set (COS) is a standardised set of outcomes which should be measured and reported, as a minimum, in all effectiveness trials for a specific health area. This will allow results of studies to be compared, contrasted and combined as appropriate, as well as ensuring that all trials contribute usable information. The COMET (Core Outcome Measures for Effectiveness Trials) Initiative aims to support the development, reporting and adoption of COS. Central to this is a publically accessible online resource, populated with all available COS. The aim of the review we report here was to identify studies that sought to determine which outcomes or domains to measure in all clinical trials in a specific condition and to describe the methodological techniques used in these studies. Methods We developed a multi-faceted search strategy for electronic databases (MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Methodology Register). We included studies that sought to determine which outcomes/domains to measure in all clinical trials in a specific condition. Results A total of 250 reports relating to 198 studies were judged eligible for inclusion in the review. Studies covered various areas of health, most commonly cancer, rheumatology, neurology, heart and circulation, and dentistry and oral health. A variety of methods have been used to develop COS, including semi-structured discussion, unstructured group discussion, the Delphi Technique, Consensus Development Conference, surveys and Nominal Group Technique. The most common groups involved were clinical experts and non-clinical research experts. Thirty-one (16%) studies reported that the public had been involved in the process. The geographic locations of participants were predominantly North America (n = 164; 83%) and Europe (n = 150; 76%). Conclusions This systematic review identified many health areas where a COS has been developed, but also highlights important gaps. It is a further step towards a comprehensive, up-to-date database of COS. In addition, it shows the need for methodological guidance, including how to engage key stakeholder groups, particularly members of the public.


Using the effective field theory (EFT) and mean field theory (MFT), we investigate the magnetic properties of the nanojunction system...Co][Co_(1-c)Gd_c]_l ][Co]_l [Co_(1-c)Gd_c ]_l [Co... between Co leads. The amorphous ][Co_(1-c)Gd_c]_l ] composite nanomaterial is modeled as a homogeneous random alloy of concentrations qcq on an hcp crystal lattice, and qlq is the number of its corresponding hcp (0001) atomic planes. In particular, EFT determines the appropriate exchange constants for Co and Gd by computing their single-atom spin correlations and magnetizations, in good agreement with experimental data in the ordered phase. The EFT results for the Co magnetization in the leads serve to seed the MFT calculations for the nanojunction from the interfaces inward. This combined analysis yields the sublattice magnetizations for Co and Gd sites, and compensation effects, on the individual nanojunction atomic planes, as a function of the alloy concentration, temperature and nanojunction thicknesses. We observe that the magnetic variables are different for the first few atomic planes near the nanojunction interfaces, but tend to limiting solutions in the core planes. The EFT and MFT calculated exchange constants and sublattice magnetizations are necessary elements for the computation of the spin dynamics for this nanojunction system, using a quasi-classical treatment over the spin precession amplitudes at temperatures distant from the critical temperatures of $Co_{1-c}Gd_c$ alloy. The full analysis in the virtual crystal approximation (VCA) over the magnetic ground state of the system yields both the spin waves (SWs) localized on the nanojunction, and also the ballistic scattering and transport across the nanojunction for SWs incident from the leads by applying the phase field matching theory (PFMT). The model results demonstrate the possibility of resonance assisted maxima for the SW transmission spectra owing to interactions between the incident SWs and the localized spin resonances on the nanojunction. The spectral transmission results for low frequency spin waves are of specific interest for experimentalist, because these lower frequency SWs correspond to submicroscopic wavelengths which are of present interest in experimental magnonics research and the VCA is increasingly valid as a model approximation for such frequencies. Fig.1: Calculated spin variables sigma_Co and sigma_Gd, in the first layer of [Co_(1-c}Gd_(c)]_2[Co]_2[Co_(1-c}Gd_(c)]_2 layer nanojunction as a function of kT in meV. Fig.2: The total reflection R and transmission T cross sections associated with the scattering at the nanojunction for the cobalt leads SW modes 1, 2, with the selected choices of incident angle (phi_z, phi_y). Acknowledgements: The authors acknowledge QNRF financial support for the NPRP 4-184-1-035 project.


For centuries, economic relations in southern Africa were profoundly shaped by interventions that sought to attract and coerce workers to participate in colonial and apartheid economies. These interventions included efforts to change the meaning of labour. Colonial powers sought to instil in colonial subjects a belief that work has worth beyond its productive value, and that work itself is virtuous. In recent decades, the classic labour question of how to create workers has been upended: public discourse emphasises the need to create jobs. This job-creation agenda is not limited to southern Africa; this is evident in the inclusion of decent work as one of the new Sustainable Development Goals of the UN. There has, however, been limited critical inquiry into the contemporary relevance of the modern work ethic in a context of widespread unemployment and limited demand for labour. In this article, we draw on interviews with people in South Africa's waste-management sector to argue that the modern work ethic continues to have influence despite the sector's limited ability to provide adequate financial remuneration for productive labour. Interviewees contrast the positive value of work with negatively connoted state 'handouts', and indicate ambivalence about the substitution of labour with technology. They also emphasise entrepreneurialism, suggesting extensions of the historically understood work ethic: good, respectable, dignified citizens are no longer just those who labour; they now must also work to create a need for their labour. We argue that reflecting upon the disjuncture between an ethic that compels labour and an economic context with limited scope for productive labour usefully contributes towards a project of deconstructing the assumption that jobs ought to be the primary means through which to claim resources, dignity, moral worth and full citizenship.


With the increasing world population and living standards the demand for mineral and energy resources continues to grow. Future exploration will need to target resources at increasing depths and in areas with cover, and will require an improved understanding of mineral and energy systems and advances in exploration methods and approaches. The Economic Geology Research Centre (EGRU) at James Cook University has organized the FUTORES II conference to summarise recent developments in the exploration and understanding of major types of mineral deposits, to examine the key issues and techniques critical to future minerals and energy exploration, and to discuss the way forward. The conference is being held in tropical Townsville, Queensland, Australia, on 4-7 June 2017. It is following on from the inaugural and highly successful FUTORES conference held in Townsville in 2013.FUTORES II will bring together researchers, explorers and government agencies to address issues related to the sustainable supply and utilisation of mineral and energy resources. The conference has three symposia: the David Groves Symposium - New Insights in Mineral Deposit Understanding, the New Technologies and Approaches in Mineral Exploration Symposium, and the Tectonics, Basins and Resources Symposium. The conference is convened by EGRU, an organisation that was established in 1982 to strengthen the links between research and exploration, to promote exploration-oriented research, and to facilitate knowledge transfer. EGRU has a track record of organising successful major conferences to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and ideas and to stimulate new ideas for cutting-edge research and exploration. The Hydrothermal Odyssey conference in 2001, and the STOMP (Structure, Tectonics and Ore Mineralization Processes) conference in 2005, both attracted over 200 participants. In 2009 EGRU collaborated with the SGA to host the tenth biennial SGA conference in Townsville - Smart Science for Exploration and Mining - which attracted over 480 delegates from around the world. In 2013 the first FUTORES conference attracted around 250 participants from 15 countries. FUTORES II is looking to be equally successful and has so far attracted around 265 registrants. This conference abstract volume contains 134 abstracts covering a wide range of topics related to mineral and energy resources, tectonics and metallogenesis. The abstracts have been reviewed and edited by the Editorial Committee and, in this volume, are organised in alphabetical order of the first author. We thank the delegates for their abstracts and the reviewers for ensuring the quality of the abstract volume.


To followers of Islam, the Qur'an is the literal word of God, revealed through Muhammad, the last of the line of prophets, containing all that is necessary to lead a life of righteousness. This new bilingual edition, approved by Al-Azhar University, the chief center of Islamic and Arabic learning in the world, offers a comprehensive and accurate rendering of the Qur'an into modern English. The clear, rigorous translation, one of the only English translations available by a native Arabic speaker, is laid out here in dual column format directly opposing the Arabic text to allow the reader to make careful verse by verse comparisons. approved by Al-Azhar University, Cairo easy-to-read translation into modern English index of surahs (chapters) English and Arabic headers verse numbers within text in English and Arabic explanatory footnotes in English"


Radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) techniques were used to date total organic carbon and plant seeds in the lFs core sequence (36°48′N, 100°08′E) from Qinghai Lake, China. This core was drilled ∼18 m into Qinghai Lake sediments as part of an international cooperative research project, "Scientific Drilling at Qinghai Lake in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau: High-Resolution Paleoenvironmental Records of Eastern Asia Linked to Global Change," which began in 2004. Based on the differences in lithology and total organic content (TOC) in core lFs, the core was divided into 3 sections for age-modeling purposes: the upper ∼499 cm lacustrine silty clay to clay; the middle unit of silty clay with silt layers from 499–901 cm; and the lower 901–1861 cm silty clay, loess-like silt, and fine sand layers. Three different approaches are applied to the reservoir age problem. First, a simple linear regression gives an offset of 1342 yr. If the core is divided into three sections, linear regressions can be applied separately for the three segments, which results in an age estimate for the average hardwater effect of ∼135 yr BP for the surface section up to 499 cm. If extrapolated for deeper sections, these results imply a higher reservoir offset for those two sections, which may be as much as 1143 and 2523 yr, but this assumes that there are no discontinuities in the core. A third approach using a wiggle-matching approach gave an offset of 196 yr. This study concludes that the reservoir age of Qinghai Lake is complex, but these new data add to our understanding of the 14C chronology of Qinghai Lake for the last 32 ka.


Mars Relay operations currently involve several e-mails and phone calls between lander and orbiter teams in order to settle on an agreed time for performing a communication pass between the landed asset (i.e. rover or lander) and orbiter, then back to Earth. This new application aims to reduce this complexity by presenting a visualization of the overpass time ranges and elevation angle, as well as other information. The user is able to select a specific overflight opportunity to receive further information about that particular pass. This software presents a unified view of the potential communication passes available between orbiting and landed assets on Mars. Each asset is presented to the user in a graphical view showing overpass opportunities, elevation angle, requested and acknowledged communication windows, forward and back latencies, warnings, conflicts, relative planetary times, ACE Schedules, and DSN information. This software is unique in that it is the first of its kind to visually display the information regarding communication opportunities between landed and orbiting Mars assets. The software is written using ActionScript/FLEX, a Web language, meaning that this information may be accessed over the Internet from anywhere in the world.


This is a study of the letters of Joan and Maria Thynne, 1575-1611. It achieves in bringing together archival research, close reading and socio-historical context with the methods and concepts from historical pragmatics. This cross-disciplinary and multi-dimensional approach is demonstrated to be a valuable way of providing more nuanced readings of the letters and of extracting their communicative forms and functions. These documents reward close scrutiny, and the findings of this study offer significant and important contributions to the fields of historical linguistics, early modern rhetoric, paleography, women's history and letter-writing, as well as for the Thynne family more specifically.
Following the theoretical introduction and a short biography of the Thynne family, there are five analytical chapters. The first, Chapter 3, asks how the letters' prose was organized into meaningful units of information – describing a variety of pre-standard uses for punctuation as well as the organizational and elocutionary functions of other pragmatic markers. Chapter 4 examines the sociopragmatic significance of performative speech act verbs such as beseech and confess and shows how individual manifestations of these forms actually reflect and reiterate larger aspects of early modern English culture and sociability. Chapter 5 compares Joan's holograph letters and those prepared for her by scribes, exhibiting the social, graphic and linguistic implications of using a scribe. The only direct correspondence from the letters – consisting of two letters sent between Joan and Lucy Audley (Maria's mother) in 1602 – is the topic of Chapter 6, which discusses rhetoric, language and text as ways of negotiating an awkward relationship, concluding that these features must be considered in respect to one another and in relation to the other letter in order to fully describe their significance. Chapter 7 extends a discussion on 'sincerity' begun in Chapter 6 by considering it alongside other 'voices' in Maria's letters – namely sarcasm and seriousness – which are described as interrelated communicative styles dependent upon an anxious awareness of the gap between expression and meaning.
The sum of these analyses not only proves historical pragmatics to be a productive method of investigating and systematically describing meaning in individual letter-collections from early modern England, but also suggests a range of new questions, which are presented in the conclusion. Newly prepared diplomatic transcriptions of all the letters are provided in Appendix 1.


Captive monkeys and apes almost inevitably develop gestures to request food and objects from humans. One possibility is that these gestures are just conditioned responses without any understanding of the socio-cognitive causality underlying their efficacy. A second possibility is that they do involve some understanding of how they are (or fail to be) effective upon the behaviour of others. Observational evidence suggest that most apes and some monkeys coordinate their request gestures with joint attention behaviours — a criterion for early referential communication in human infants. However, experimental evidence about apes and monkeys' understanding of the causal role of joint attention in gestural communication is equivocal, with test pass and failure patterns that can be due to cognitive and/or motivational factors. Current evidence suggests that the gestures of apes and monkeys can neither be dismissed as simple conditioned responses nor be uncritically accepted as fully equivalent to human gestures.


We study the effects of adding noise to the inputs, outputs, weight connections, and weight changes of multilayer feedforward neural networks during backpropagation training. We rigorously derive and analyze the objective functions that are minimized by the noise-affected training processes. We show that input noise and weight noise encourage the neural-network output to be a smooth function of the input or its weights, respectively. In the weak-noise limit, noise added to the output of the neural networks only changes the objective function by a constant. Hence, it cannot improve generalization. Input noise introduces penalty terms in the objective function that are related to, but distinct from, those found in the regularization approaches. Simulations have been performed on a regression and a classification problem to further substantiate our analysis. Input noise is found to be effective in improving the generalization performance for both problems. However, weight noise is found to be effective in improving the generalization performance only for the classification problem. Other forms of noise have practically no effect on generalization.


It is black letter doctrine in copyright law that facts are not copyrightable: facts are discovered, not created - so they will always lack the originality needed for copyright protection. As straightforward as this reasoning seems, it is fundamentally flawed. Using the "social facts" theory of philosopher John Searle, the paper explores a variety of "created facts" cases - designation systems, systematic evaluations, and privately-written laws - in which original expression from private individuals is adopted by social convention and, thus, the expression generates facts in our social reality. In the course of this discussion, the paper places facts in their historical and philosophical context; explores how courts conflate facts with expressions of fact; and explains the difference between social facts created by expression and the "facts" of literature and fiction.Having established that the copyrighted works discussed in these cases produce facts, the question arises whether copyright's merger doctrine eliminates the copyright protection - a result that is both seemingly harsh and seemingly necessary. Inspired by elements of the "essential facilities" doctrine, the paper proposes a recalibration of the merger doctrine to acknowledge that "created facts" are a unique situation in which the incentive of copyright may be needed not just to generate the expression, but also needed to generate the facts.


There is widespread consensus that effective leadership will be required in order to successfully address the climate change challenge. Presently there are a number of self-proclaimed climate change leaders, but leadership is a relationship between leaders and followers. An actor aspiring to be a leader needs to be recognized as such. Despite its fundamental importance for leadership relationships, the demand side of the leadership equation has been comparatively neglected by past research. In this study we are looking for leaders by analyzing the perceptions of climate change leadership among UNFCCC COP-14 participants. Our results show that the climate change leadership mantle will have to be worn by more than one actor. Among the leadership candidates the EU was most widely recognized as a leader, however, only a small minority reported that they saw the EU as the only leader. The data also show that the US and the G77 thus far have failed to impress potential followers and it was China that clearly emerged as the second strongest leadership candidate.


For stroke patients in the ICU, optimal blood pressure management remains an open area of research. Numerous observational studies and clinical trials on both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke have resulted in conflicting evidence for the benefit of lowering blood pressure. A major limitation of these studies is their inability to account for and distinguish the effects of physician-initiated blood pressure treatment versus a patient's spontaneous blood pressure time course. We address this problem with the Acute Intervention Model of Blood Pressure (AIM-BP) framework: an individualized, human interpretable model of blood pressure management in the acute care setting. The framework consists of two components: one, a model of blood pressure homeostasis and the various effects that perturb it; and two, a parameter estimator that can learn clinically important model parameters on a patient by patient basis. By estimating the parameters of the AIM-BP model for a given patient, the effectiveness of antihypertensive medication can be quantified separately from the patient's spontaneous blood pressure trends. We hypothesize that the AIM-BP is a sufficient framework for estimating parameters of a homeostasis perturbation model of a stroke patient's blood pressure time course and the AIM-BP parameter estimator can do so more accurately and consistently than a state-of-the-art maximum likelihood estimation method. The first part of this hypothesis is proved mathematically, while the second is demonstrated using simulated clinical scenarios modeled on stroke patients from two ICU datasets. Finally, the ability of the AIM-BP framework to model real world patients is demonstrated using several examples from a UPMC dataset.


How much do visual aspects influence the perception of users about whether they are conversing with a human being or a machine in a mobile-chat environment? This paper describes a study on the influence of typefaces using a blind Turing test-inspired approach. The study consisted of two user experiments. First, three different typefaces (OCR, Georgia, Helvetica) and three neutral dialogues between a human and a financial adviser were shown to participants. The second experiment applied the same study design but OCR font was substituted by Bradley font. For each of our two independent experiments, participants were shown three dialogue transcriptions and three typefaces counterbalanced. For each dialogue typeface pair, participants had to classify adviser conversations as human or chatbot-like. The results showed that machine-like typefaces biased users towards perceiving the adviser as machines but, unexpectedly, handwritten-like typefaces had not the opposite effect. Those effects were, however, influenced by the familiarity of the user to artificial intelligence and other participants' characteristics.


As a key process that refreshes the interstellar medium (ISM), the dynamics and radiative properties of the supernova remnant (SNR) expansion front not only reflect the physical environment of the old ISM surrounding the supernova, but they also provide information about the refreshed ISM. However the expansion dynamics of SNRs cannot be simply explained by the conventional law of spherical shock wave propagation; on the other hand, the high-energy radiation requires an additional electron acceleration mechanism in the shock front beyond thermal collision. We consider herein the detonation wave description of the SNR expansion, in which magnetic reconnection follows the shock front and transfers the SNR magnetic field energy to both fluid thermal energy and particle kinetic energy. The structure of the magnetic reconnection detonation (MRD) is identified based on the scaling analysis in this paper. By applying the MRD description of the SNR expansion shock to the example of the Crab Nebula, this paper shows that the MRD description can explain both the accelerative expansion of the nebula as well as the origin of the luminous expanding shell.


Schlieren technique reveals refractive index variations in perturbed transparent media by blocking some the light rays at a cutoff plane. In a physical schlieren setup, it is necessary to carry out test experiments to obtain high contrast images. This fine-tuning task can be challenging and time-consuming. Numerical schlieren simulations circumvents this limitation through computational means. This study applies wave propagation-based model for schlieren imaging which allows complete visualization of wave field on any immediate plane along the optic axis. While in the spatial domain, this approach also permits easy implementation of knife edge at the cutoff plane. Commonly-used schlieren cutoffs include straight vertical knife edge, straight horizontal knife edge, and circular aperture. The filters of interest explored in this work were variations of radially symmetric patterns. Results showed that when a circular aperture is used as a knife edge, the opaque region must be as small as possible to avoid blurry schlieren image. Also, blocking the DC term in the cutoff plane leads to dark field image. Knife edge is a crucial part of schlieren optical setup. The findings provide a stepping stone to unravel the effects of other knife edge shapes and hence offers creative ways to enhance schlieren images.


More than one third of the population in Africa is still facing undernourishment and malnutrition. While poor and food-insecure people are most often living in unfavorable agricultural zones, such as semi-arid areas, only few studies have assessed the potential of well adapted dryland cereals to contribute to local food security. Here, we analyze the case of sorghum in Tanzania, and particularly focus on the role of improved sorghum cultivars. Using survey data from smallholder farmers and econometric techniques, we show that sorghum contributes to the food supply of a household. Despite the promise of higher yields and better resistance of improved sorghum cultivars to some biotic and abiotic stresses, adoption rates are, however, still low. Our results indicate that access to information and diversified networks constitute serious adoption constraints. National extension systems are a major bottleneck in overcoming such constraints


The use of precast/prestressed concrete as a structural building system became prominent in the 1950s especially for bridges. The design of the bridge structures was done as simply supported then. In 1969, an analysis and design method for 'continuous for live load' bridges was developed. Extensive research has been conducted since then to study the behavior of 'continuous for live load' precast/prestresed bridges and various modifications have been proposed. The current analysis method fails to predict the behavior of the continuous precast/prestressed bridge accurately because of the complex loads such as creep and shrinkage. The experimental procedure to determine the behavior of structures due to creep and shrinkage needs time and lot of resources. The motivation behind the current research is to provide a concept where finite element method can be employed to study the behavior of such structures. This research focuses on studying the behavior of single-span precast prestressed bridge due to long-term loading such as creep and shrinkage. The general purpose finite element program, ABAQUS 6.11-2 is used for analysis in the current project. The concept developed from the current research can be applied to multi-span bridge continuous structure in the future. The effect of creep and shrinkage on the overall system is studied. The results obtained from the analyses conform to the observed behavior in the field. It can be said that the analyses procedure for 'continuous for live load' bridges needs to account for the cracking of the deck slab to predict an accurate behavior of the structure.


Hybrid testing approaches that involve fuzz testing and symbolic execution have shown promising results in achieving high code coverage, uncovering subtle errors and vulnerabilities in a variety of software applications. In this paper we describe Badger - a new hybrid approach for complexity analysis, with the goal of discovering vulnerabilities which occur when the worst-case time or space complexity of an application is significantly higher than the average case. Badger uses fuzz testing to generate a diverse set of inputs that aim to increase not only coverage but also a resource-related cost associated with each path. Since fuzzing may fail to execute deep program paths due to its limited knowledge about the conditions that influence these paths, we complement the analysis with a symbolic execution, which is also customized to search for paths that increase the resource-related cost. Symbolic execution is particularly good at generating inputs that satisfy various program conditions but by itself suffers from path explosion. Therefore, Badger uses fuzzing and symbolic execution in tandem, to leverage their benefits and overcome their weaknesses. We implemented our approach for the analysis of Java programs, based on Kelinci and Symbolic PathFinder. We evaluated Badger on Java applications, showing that our approach is significantly faster in generating worst-case executions compared to fuzzing or symbolic execution on their own.


SOMMARIO: 1. Premesse - 2. Un possibile modello alternativo di tutela: la forma della tutela - 3. Un possibile modello alternativo di tutela: la sostanza della tutela - 4. Alcuni casi pratici - 4.1. Il leader politico - 4.2. Il leader religioso - 5. Conclusioni.Religious hate speech, freedom of religion and freedom of expression. Reshaping the rights in the multicultural societiesABSTRACT: In the multicultural societies, lawyers are more and more often engaged in identifing useful tools to solve the rising conflicts between fundamental rights. The exercise of freedom of religion and freedom of expression can led into this kind of phenomena that could be taken into consideration by law, like hate speech and religious hate speech. The paper tries to approach two particular form of hate speech, the political and the religious one, to check if some alternative models of protection could be implemented to assure an effective protection of minorities without any sacrifice of individual fundamental rights.


The main principal of the study is to determine the perception of innovation
characteristics and see whether they differ between adopters and non-adopters of
SmartCard. Smar Card was chosen in this study mainly because of its newness and
the importance of such innovation be studied. Due to this, innovativeness was also
chosen to be a part of this study. Innovativeness was measured using the Domain
Specific Innovativeness Scale by Goldsmith and Hofacker (1991) for its sound
psychometric values. Innovation characteristics on the other hand were measured
using II-item measurement proposed by Rogers (1983).
Cronbach's alpha showed a value of 0.7337 with Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of
Sample adequacy revealed a value of 0.725. The result of the study revealed that,
using ANOVA. demographic variables such as race and age have an impact on
innovativeness which give rise to the fact that culture, nationalism and emotions does affect innovativeness than the more tangible values. Difference in innovativeness was
also detected between the adopters and non-adopters with the adopter of SmartCard
being more innovative. Wilk's Lambda showed a value of 0.861. Innovativeness was
also found to be correlated with innovation characteristics, which means that how a
person perceives an innovation depends on how innovative a person is. Lastly using
Discriminant analysis, it was discovered that there are significant differences in the
perception between both adopters and non-adopters with Wilk's Lambda value of
0.773.
Perception was found to be the key in determining whether an innovation will be
successfully diffused or the opposite. The authorities may view SmartCard as
beneficial but the consumers may not The result of this study showed that both
adopters and non-adopter held different views with regard to SmartCard thus;
appropriate promotion strategy is deemed desirable. It is also hoped that the findings
in this study will bridge the gap between theoretical perspective and managerial
perspective ending speculation that any university research offers little practical
values.


The Assert programme (Gardner 2006) is A Semi-Structured Empowering Reflective Therapy for unpaid carers. It is based on Butler's (1963; 1974) life review therapy and incorporates Pennebaker's (1990) narrative writing paradigm. This single-subject study (Sinclair 1962; MacIntyre 1985; Erben 2000) sought to determine whether Assert was safe and effective in an individual setting and whether mirroring (Winnicott 1971) was effective as an educative and therapeutic strategy for a carer on a one-to-one basis. Underpinned by humanistic, person-centred principles (Rogers 1951; 1961), fortnightly life review sessions alternated with opportunities for narrative writing during the sixmonth programme. 'John', the participant, aimed to reduce his stress and 'put the past in the past'. An additional aim of the study was to ascertain whether engaging in the Assert life review process improved John's childhood autobiographical memory recall. Qualitative data analysis employed verstehen hermeneutics (Dilthey 1976) with grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss 1967; Patton 2002) and biographical research methods (Erben 1998). The most noticeable outcome was a positive shift in John's biographical reflective focus indicating increased psychological congruence together with some startling improvements in his sense of selfhood. Conversation analysis (Sacks, et al. 1974) also revealed a change in John's interaction style. John achieved his personal aims but retrieved no 'new' memories; however his narrative assumed greater coherence. It was concluded that the Assert programme was safe and effective and that mirroring was effective as an educative and therapeutic strategy on a one-to-one basis with a carer. To compare the programme's long-term effectiveness with other conventional therapies a randomised control trial is recommended with pre- and post-programme brainscanning of participants to detect any change in neural activity. Potential applications for the Assert programme are more wide-ranging than originally envisaged, including the amelioration of burnout in what is termed in this study as the 'unpaid carer's syndrome'.


Aim of this paper is to recognize the content & history of vertical urban design as a new theory of urban design that was result of the lack of appropriate construction areas and the related urban problems. Because of this aim, investigation of Tehran conditions as a case of implementation with this approach is the other result of this article. The comparative content analysis of publications & analytical approach with the base of grounded theory is method of this research. In this regard, some related terms such as vertical landscape, sustainable skyscrapers, ecologic urbanism and ecologic design came up with attitude of vertical urban design. The research findings show that the terms of ecologic sustainability as well as vertical development for maximum use of sky space are considered as the main subject of the mentioned attitude. In the next step, conditions and realities of Tehran as an Asian metropolitan comparing with vertical urban design features investigated and results obtained. Finally the proposed pattern for consideration of this approach in Tehran presented. In this model, the six macro zones of proposed Tehran master plan selected and presented as a mathematical function.


Sustainable consumption is hampered by a discrepancy between consumers' attitudes and their actual behaviour in the market place. Psychological construal level theory provides an explanation for the attitude to behaviour gap as a motivational conflict between high and low level of mental construal. Based on self-determination theory it is argued that this motivational conflict presupposes extrinsic motivation for sustainable behaviour. Based on self-regulatory styles, the present paper identifies and illustrates four types of intervention strategies that can cater for extrinsic motivation for sustainable development among light users. The underlying mechanisms of these interventions suggest that the transition from external to internal regulation is catalysed by social feedback.


This article examines the implications of the social acceleration of time for the capacity of activist-scholars to engage in collective action. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature on time and temporality, the article argues that the neoliberal university is driven by the same speed imperative that underpins the capitalist mode of production, and that the resulting and growing time pressures inhibit academics' (and others') involvement in social movements in profound and deleterious ways. To explore this argument empirically, I draw on insights gleaned from semi-structured interviews with Canadian activist-scholars. Despite the manifest diversity of temporal experiences and challenges faced by scholar-activists in contemporary high-speed society, it is clear that academics today face severe  time pressures that apply across individual differences and across disciplines. These pressures, which can only be properly explicated with reference to the ruling political-economic paradigm, militate against the capacity to engage in reflexive thought (for both scholarly and activist purposes) and also against a higher level of involvement of 'public intellectuals' in social movements. The article's conclusion offers a few tentative thoughts about tempering the speed imperative for the purpose of self-care and by extension, for the common good in the long run.


For nearly three centuries following the enactment of the world's first modern copyright statute, neither copyright law nor copyright holders interfered with individuals' intellectual privacy — individuals' freedom to access and enjoy creative works anonymously or in private. Neither Rights of Man, nor The Clockmaker were delivered to readers on condition that they provide detailed personal information to the author, publisher or bookseller; nor were readers monitored in their enjoyment of the works.Contrasted against this historical backdrop, late in the twentieth century and continuing into the twenty-first century — concurrent with the rise and spread of digital networks and the increasing digitization of copyright works — the centuries-old relationship between copyright holders and individuals became strained. In particular, the relationship between copyright law, copyright holders and individuals' intellectual privacy came into tension. This dissertation proffers a description of intellectual privacy and, without making empirical claims, asks whether diminishing it in the name of copyright holders' interests will lead to the impoverishment of the very copyright kingdoms that we purport to be protecting in so doing. In response to this question, this dissertation tests the hypothesis that individuals' intellectual privacy is an essential component of copyright as a consistent and unified whole (even if it may mean that some individual copyright holders are not improved) and that copyright law can and should explicitly internalize protection of intellectual privacy. Ultimately, this dissertation formulates principles and five basic recommendations for rules to account for intellectual privacy within the legal concept of copyright. This dissertation concludes with a look ahead to further work to be done in the area.


Mutation analysis is a well known yet unfortunately costly method for measuring test suite quality. Researchers have proposed numerous mutation reduction strategies in order to reduce the high cost of mutation analysis, while preserving the representativeness of the original set of mutants. As mutation reduction is an area of active research, it is important to understand the limits of possible improvements. We theoretically and empirically investigate the limits of improvement in effectiveness from using mutation reduction strategies compared to random sampling. Using real-world open source programs as subjects, we find an absolute limit in improvement of effectiveness over random sampling—<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$13.078\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Given our findings with respect to absolute limits, one may ask: How effective are the extant mutation reduction strategies? We evaluate the effectiveness of multiple mutation reduction strategies in comparison to random sampling. We find that none of the mutation reduction strategies evaluated—many forms of operator selection, and stratified sampling (on operators or program elements)—produced an effectiveness advantage larger than <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX"> $5\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> in comparison with random sampling. Given the poor performance of mutation selection strategies—they may have a negligible advantage at best, and often perform worse than random sampling—we caution practicing testers against applying mutation reduction strategies without adequate justification.


Summary: The application of business intelligence methods is usually oriented on a specific type of business. This article is focused on the business intelligence data analysis of a sample loan dataset. There are a lot of well-known methods for analysing loan datasets. The research aim is to find some dependencies in a sample loan dataset which are not visible using techniques like sorting, filtering and pivoting. The following software products are used: Alyuda Neurointelligence and MS Power BI. As a result of the analysis it is proved that the amount of a loan depends mainly on the "born in the region" and "gender" factors. The analysis of the loan dataset in Alyuda Neurointelligence (using Input Importance) shows that the factor "born in the region" is the most important one affecting the amount of a loan. But the input importance shows only the possible strength of the influence of various factors on the amount of the loan and not the direction of their influence. The direction of their influence is found by applying the one-way ANOVA method in PSPP. The analysis of the loan dataset in Power BI shows some interesting dependencies. For debtors born outside the region, the difference in total loan amounts rises to over 4.5 times in favour of men. The average loan amount of debtors who were born outside the region is about 2.5 times greater than the average loan amount of debtors born in the region.


The Eastern Strawberry tree, Arbutus andrachne L., is a medicinal evergreen small tree naturally distributed from Eastern Mediterranean to the Northern Black Sea region. In Palestine, the tree is known for its high medicinal value and recently has been included within the endangered species. For conservation and utilization of A. andrachne we investigated the presence of catechin, an antioxidant and active flavonoid in the ethylacetate fraction in leaves of wild plant material and also in the extract of callus and the in vitro grown vegetative tissues. HPLC analysis of catechin revealed 0.063% in callus extract, 2.5% in the in vitro growing tissues and 0.5% in wild growing plants. In vitro propagation and callus culture are promising approaches for the secondary metabolites production in the case of A. andrachne.


Only recently have historians of the crusades begun to seriously investigate the presence of the idea of crusading as an act of vengeance, despite its frequent appearance in crusading sources. Understandably, many historians have primarily concentrated on non-ecclesiastical phenomena such as feuding, purportedly a component of "secular" culture and the interpersonal obligations inherent in medieval society. This has led scholars to several assumptions regarding the nature of medieval vengeance and the role that various cultures of vengeance played in the crusading movement. This monograph revises those assumptions and posits a new understanding of how crusading was conceived as an act of vengeance in the context of the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. Through textual analysis of specific medieval vocabulary it has been possible to clarify the changing course of the concept of vengeance in general as well as the more specific idea of crusading as an act of vengeance. The concept of vengeance was intimately connected with the ideas of justice and punishment. It was perceived as an expression of power, embedded in a series of commonly understood emotional responses, and also as an expression of orthodox Christian values. There was furthermore a strong link between religious zeal, righteous anger, and the vocabulary of vengeance. By looking at these concepts in detail, and in the context of current crusading methodologies, fresh vistas are revealed that allow for a better understanding of the crusading movement and those who "took the cross," with broader implications for the study of crusading ideology and twelfth-century spirituality in general. Contents


A rigorous modal solution approach based on the numerically efficient finite element method (FEM) has been used to design a tapered photonic crystal fiber with a large mode area that could be efficiently coupled to an optical fiber. Here, for the first time, we report that the expanded mode area can be stabilized against possible fabrication tolerances by introducing a secondary surrounding waveguide with larger air holes in the outer ring. A full-vectorial -field approach is employed to obtain mode field areas along the tapered section, and the Least Squares Boundary Residual (LSBR) method is used to obtain the coupling coefficients to a butt-coupled fiber.


An Italian seafood factory, engaged in the preparation of retail fish products, was investigated. The behaviour of the wastewater treatment plant constituted by a low load biological oxidation, with nitrogen denitrification was studied. Operative difficulties connected with the quali-quantitative changes in the industrial production are evidenced. The major points outlined are: start-up at design conditions, four years' management at extended oxidation (SRT = 80 days), discharge lines organization to assure plant efficiency after introducing seafood prefrying production.


From congenital or acquired problems in newborns to cardiovascular abnormalities in older children, this comprehensive text explains how to interpret chest radiographs and how to report that information in day-to-day practice. It steers readers through this often challenging area using numerous practical case examples, more than 400 high-quality radiographs, drawings and specimen photographs, straightforward explanations of findings, and the collective experience of several of the world's foremost experts on cardiac imaging and pediatric cardiology. After an introductory discussion of normal cardiac anatomy and imaging, the authors provide readers with a systematic approach to understanding chest images in children with congenital or acquired heart disease followed by useful bulleted synopses of basic pathologic features, clinical manifestations and radiographic findings. While the trend in recent decades has been toward increasingly sophisticated imaging modalities, this book successfully illustrates that there is still an extraordinary amount of diagnostic and therapeutic information to be found in chest x-rays. Features * Multiple perspectives from imagers, cardiologists, and cardiac surgeons on the pathology of congenital heart disease * High-resolution radiographs, detailed drawings, and specimen photographs vividly elucidate interpretative principles * Summary of pediatric cardiovascular surgical procedures provides context and practical examples of what to expect when viewing post-operative chest radiographs This book will improve the accuracy and confidence of any radiologist, cardiologist, or clinician involved in the interpretation of pediatric chest images and is ideal for residents and fellows in radiology and pediatric cardiology.


This thesis is an examination of the social construction of the social response to a social problem. The social problem is refered to as 'domestic violence' and the social response refers to the police response. The first chapter of the thesis constructs a theoretical approach grounded in the sociology of knowledge. Drawing on some of the classical sociological literature, the ideas of historians and philosophers of science, political philosophy and current social theory the concept of 'linguistic-authority-structure' is synthesized. Subsequent chapters apply the theoretical framework that this concept implies to illuminate the unfolding history of the issue of domestic violence. The versions of the social problem as they were articulated on different institutional sites (including the Women's Refuge Movement, social science, the law, the police and several others relevant) from the late-1960s to the mid-1980s are traced in the second third and forth chapters. The thesis documents the international trade in information about the issue. Of cenral importance is the importation of a deterrence paradigm emergent from an experimental project conducted by police researchers in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The importation of these ideas was partly instrumental in persuading police policy makers in Great Britain to announce policy changes regarding the policing of doemstic violence. This formation of a paradigmatic police response to domestic violence is located at a historically low ebb in the legitimacy of British Policing. The fifth chapter charts the history of post-war British Policing. Drawing on sociological accounts of operational policing, and the relevant criminological literature, this chapter illuminates the emergent political contestability of the police institution. The sixth chapter shows how, in this context, the policy regarding the policing of domestic violence was generated. Two chapters, seven and eight, are concerned with the actual police response to calls for service regarding interpersonal violence and in particular violence between cohabiting partners. These chapters make use of semi-structured interviews with police officers and an analysis of police paperwork procedures to illuminate police practices with regard to these calls for service. The two remaining chapters continue the historical analysis up to the end of the 1980s.


This paper investigates the determinants of innovative activities and the innovation-performance relationship for the firm population in Vietnam in three consecutive stages: decision – investment – outcome. Cragg's two-tiered dynamic type-2 Tobit model and instrumental variable GMM method are applied to control for the selectivity and endogeneity of RD (ii) private innovative firms significantly outperform their peers whereas the combination of young, small, and innovative characteristics in young innovative companies (YICs) does not bring the expected higher entrepreneurial performance as how it works in advanced countries; (iii) highly-leveraged firms, exporting firms, and diversified firms are more likely to be innovative than their counterparts, but the ability to transform innovative efforts into higher profitability and growth can only be witnessed among diversified firms; and (iv) firms being endowed with larger asset pool have more favorable conditions to engage in innovation activities, but do not necessarily produce superior performance relatively to their smaller counterparts. However, firm labor size is positively associated with both R&D intensity and entrepreneurial performance of firms. The dataset of population of existing firms (from 2000 to 2005) extracted from the annual enterprise survey conducted by Vietnam General Statistics Organization (GSO) is used for the empirical analysis.


Pooled faeces collected from a garden bird table were screened for Salmonella species and Escherichia coli O86, two recognised causes of garden bird mortality. Dead birds found at the site were also screened for these organisms, and bird numbers and meteorological data were recorded. In the first year of the study, 48·5 per cent of the samples were positive for Salmonella Typhimurium DT56 (variant), decreasing to 38·9 per cent in the second year and 12·8 per cent in the third year. E coli O86 was not recovered from any of the 288 samples of pooled faeces tested. S Typhimurium DT56 (variant) was recovered from the carcases of eight birds found dead at the site, and E coli O86 was isolated from three carcases. The degree of contamination of the bird table with S Typhimurium DT56 (variant) was positively correlated with the number of house sparrows observed in the garden, but not with the number of blackbirds, chaffinches or greenfinches.


The development of trench-slope basins on subduction wedges is strongly related to subduction processes. Theseconfined basins form on the lower trench slope, and their edges consist of structurally controlled linear bathymetric highs. In this particular setting, sedimentary processes may be controlled both by tectonism and by sea-level changes. Thus, the study of the sedimentary record may permit evaluation of the spatial and temporal contribution of tectonic activity on the development and stratigraphic evolution of trench-slope basins. The recent evolution of the Hikurangi subduction wedge (North Island of New Zealand) is characterized by the uplift and subaerial emergence of the trenchslope break, which has provided good exposure of the Miocene Akitio trench-slope basin. Identification of the main sedimentary discontinuities, reconstruction of the geometry of the sedimentary units, and paleocurrent studies were undertaken in the Akitio basin in order to propose a stratigraphic and structural scheme for the evolution of this emerged trenchslope break. Deep-sea facies associations are representative of three main fine-grained gravity-driven systems that may develop during various stages of development of mature trench-slope basins. These are, from base to top, large submarine slides (olistostrome deposits), fine-grained sand-rich submarine fans, and low-gradient submarine ramps (sheet-like turbidites). This basin-fill megasequence constitutes a lowstand systems tract, which can be subdivided into basin-floor fan, slope fan, and progradingwedge complex. Slope facies associations are common and highlight the important contribution of slope processes to the basin sediment budget. Rapid shifts of facies and important paleoenvironmental changes, reflecting slope creation or modification, characterize five major discontinuities that are related to regional tectonic events (i.e., onset of subduction at 25 Ma, beginning of regional subsidence at 15 Ma) or local tectonic events (i.e., local uplift of structural edges of the Akitio trench-slope basin at 17.5 Ma and 16.5 Ma, acceleration of subsidence at 13.2 Ma). Moreover, we show that the timing of development of some lowstand system tracts (i.e., of slope fans and of prograding-wedge complexes) may also be controlled largely by changes in style and/or amplitude of tectonic activity.


This paper attempts to investigate the features of development and restructuring patterns of production/distribution networks in East Asia, mainly in machinery sectors, using international trade data at the most disaggregated level, to discuss their resilient nature, and to provide policy implications for the regional production networks and the economic development in the region. Although the negative impacts of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in 2008 were initially transmitted through the networks, the production/distribution networks in East Asia rather revealed their resilient nature. Our empirical analysis demonstrates that intra-regional machinery trade has been enhanced and contributed as a source of quick recovery from the GFC, and that the restructuring of regional production/distribution networks has been accelerated with the GFC as a trigger. Our study on trade patterns in terms of extensive margins also demonstrates clearly how the extent and depth of regional production networks have been changing, particularly after the GFC. Based on our empirical investigation, we discuss challenges and policy implication for the further development of the production networks and economic development and integration in the region.


One of the most important works of cultural theory ever written, Walter Benjamin's groundbreaking essay explores how the age of mass media means audiences can listen to or see a work of art repeatedly - and what the troubling social and political implications of this are. Throughout history, some books have changed the world. They have transformed the way we see ourselves - and each other. They have inspired debate, dissent, war and revolution. They have enlightened, outraged, provoked and comforted. They have enriched lives - and destroyed them. Now Penguin brings you the works of the great thinkers, pioneers, radicals and visionaries whose ideas shook civilization and helped make us who we are.


Lithofacies variability, lithofacies relationships, and sedimentary structures indicate that well-exposed Late Pleistocene glaciogenic sequences in south County Down, Northern Ireland formed in subaqueous environments. Regional considerations of ice-flow patterns and isostatic depression indicate that the sediments accumulated in a glaciomarine basin. Four major lithofacies associations are identified. The first consists of muds, diamictic mud, and stratified sand/gravel beds deposited by dispersed and concentrated meltwater sources. The second occurs as a thick apron of massive and stratified diamictons formed by rainout from debris-rich icebergs and resedimentation seaward of tidewater grounding zones. The third association is preserved as fills in large, subaqueous channels eroded into the diamicton apron. These ills are characterized by slumping and debris flow (interbedded sand, gravel, diamicton, and mud) from channel flanks; interactions between underflows and overflows (rhythmically bedded mud) along channel axes, and traction-current activity (prograded sand aprons) at the top of the sequence. The fourth comprises a late-glacial, emergent-beach facies (sand and gravel) that truncates the earlier deposits along the entire exposure. Abrupt variations in dominant clast type, erratics, and matrix carbonate content within the sediment pile reflect indirect glacial input from three distinct geological provenances into the glaciomarine basin. Variability of this type should not be used for stratigraphic correlations in place of direct glacial stratigraphy. This type of situation may be more common than hitherto realized in the late Pleistocene, mid-latitude forelands characterized by complexly interbedded diamicton sequences which formed when isostatic depression exceeded sea-level fall.


A versatile femtosecond ultraviolet (UV) pulse generation, a phase modulation, and a characterization setup for coherent control applications are demonstrated. For high-performance phase control of ultrashort pulses direct in the UV a microelectromechanical-system-based 2D mirror array is applied. Multiple examples for successful phase control of ultrashort UV pulses are given, such as arbitrarily phase tailoring and pulse recompression in open and closed loop schemes. For simple and effective characterization of the generated pulses, a UV autocorrelator based on two-photon absorption in a solar blind photomultiplier is constructed. The effects of space-time coupling on split mirror autocorrelation measurements are addressed and minimized.


This research is very timely given Ireland's recent ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the imminent full commencement of the Assisted Decision Making (Capacity) Act, 2015 together with proposed legislation dealing with Deprivation of Liberty.1 Although the sample in the study is small, it offers valuable insights into the referral of, and pathways into nursing homes for younger people with disabilities.
Whilst law and policy are centred on the enabling of people with disabilities to live the lives of their choosing in the community, the report notes that the supports to enable them to do so 'are underdeveloped, unplanned and often not sufficient to meet their needs'. Instead of taking a human rights based, social model approach, which would look to the person's will and preference, there is an overemphasis on the medical model in the assessment form. There is little focus on a person's abilities, capabilities or on options for care in the community. Indeed a person's preference for care seems to have been poorly recorded or not recorded at all.
The research makes it clear that younger people with disabilities do not often have a meaningful say in decisions that profoundly affect and impact their lives, rather their referral to nursing homes is defined by their level of functioning. The vast majority of these people, who enter nursing homes remain there without assistance to achieve an outcome of living independently and without really being in control of their own lives.
The report concludes with some very good and practical recommendations for both government and practice. These include adopting a personalised approach to the assessment and care of younger people with disabilities, and a commitment to exhaust all possibilities with the person centrally involved, assisted where necessary, before nursing home care is considered. We hope that government and the Department of Health will take the time to review the findings and recommendations of the report, and to take the necessary action to address the inappropriate placement of younger people with disabilities in nursing homes.


ABSTRACT We study the impacts of in utero exposure to Hurricane Catarina of March 2004, the first hurricane to hit Brazil. Catarina was unexpected and is representative of other recent hurricanes in the Americas in terms of wind speed, direct economic costs, and population affected. We use a triple-differences strategy (close vs. far municipality, 2004 vs. 2003, after March vs. before) to highlight the importance of flexibly accounting for season of birth effects. We find that the adverse effects of exposure are concentrated among babies born to mothers 15–24 years old: birth weight decreased by 82 g, the probability of being born with low birth weight increased by 3.4 percentage points, and fetal deaths increased by about 17 per 1,000 live births and fetal deaths. Reductions in employment or healthcare use do not explain these impacts. Maternal stress is a plausible mechanism if younger women are more financially vulnerable to negative shocks, consistent with recent work highlighting the relationship between socioeconomic status, stress, and birth outcomes. Our findings are robust to various checks, including testing for pre-trends in infant health outcomes.


There is something in the human spirit that responds with great passion and outrage when outsiders - however defined - look beyond their own back yards for a useable source of water. Ironically, that same outrage is conspicuously absent when nearby neighbors use water wastefully, as by excessive lawn watering during rainstorms, neglect of leaky faucets, or failure to modernize outdated bathroom fixtures that use large amounts of water simply to transport waste. Curiously, the outsider-neighbor distinction seems to be rooted in artificial human boundaries (such as state lines), rather than in meaningful ecological boundaries (such as watershed limits). In a well publicized Michigan dispute, for example, residents were outraged by a proposal of Nestle Waters (a subsidiary of the Perrier Group of America) to construct groundwater withdrawal and water bottling facilities within the state. In that case, citizens responded with organized protests, blocking truckloads of bottled water by lying in the streets, and carrying banners with slogans, such as our water is not for sale. Presumably, the same response would not be triggered by the consumption of an equal amount of water by Michigan irrigators, or even by the incorporation of similar quantities of water into products sold outside the state as baby food or soft drinks. Whatever its explanation, this protectionist response is powerful and widespread. The underlying energy can be harnessed for good, or allowed to express itself in ultimately unproductive ways. Residents of the Great Lakes basin, for example, have long feared that water users from other states will seek to acquire their lake water, exporting it to arid regions of the country. Basin residents have channeled that emotional energy into the development of the Law of the Lakes - a series of treaties, compacts, agreements, state and federal legislation, and common law designed to regulate and protect Great Lakes resources. To date, those documents have struck a precarious balance between the impulses of protectionism (regulating outsiders) and sustainability (regulating water use by basin residents, as well as by outsiders). Resolving the tension has taken on a new urgency, as the Great Lakes states and provinces recently agreed to develop a new and consistent series of state and provincial water laws. This Article has a practical goal: to convince state lawmakers of the need to regulate in a comprehensive and evenhanded manner, avoiding short-sighted fixes or politically appealing shortcuts. To accomplish that goal, Part I focuses upon another region of the country - the Colorado River basin - where residents have also undertaken the task of managing a water system that includes two nations (the United States and Mexico) and numerous states. Learning from the successes and failures of the resultant Law of the River, this Article derives guiding principles for the emerging Law of the Lakes. Part II makes a crucial distinction between protectionism and true sustainability, examining the existing Lake documents for evidence of each. Part III offers a description of six essential components of any sustainable state water code, and provides references to a menu of draft legislative provisions available for adoption (with or without modification) by the Great Lakes states. This Article concludes with the hope that the Great Lakes states and provinces realize the tremendous opportunity now facing them, and take full advantage by developing a sustainable body of water law.


Danish biochemist Henrik Dam (1895–1976) discovered vitamin K while investigating the cause of why chicks on a fat-free diet exhibited haemorrhages. In 1935, he concluded that the cause was a new fat-soluble vitamin, and during the next years he and others studied the chemistry of the vitamin, its role in the coagulation process and its medical uses. In 1944, Dam received the Nobel Prize in medicine for the year 1943. After having stayed 1940–1946 in the United States, he returned to Denmark to take up a position as professor of biochemistry and nutrition science.

Keywords:

vitamin K;
Henrik Dam;
Nobel Prize;
Edward Doisy;
cholesterol;
blood;
coagulation