Carbon monoxide, produced in the Venus atmosphere by photolysis of CO_2, is removed mainly by reaction with OH. The radical OH is formed in part by photolysis of H_2O_2, in part by reaction of O with HO_2. Photolysis of HCl provides a major source of H radicals near the visible clouds of Venus and plays a major role in the overall photochemistry. The mixing ratio of O_2 is estimated to be approximately 10^(−7), about a factor of 10 less than a recent observational upper limit reported by Traub and Carleton. A detailed model, which accounts for the photochemical stability of Venus CO_2, is presented and discussed.


American constitutional law is at a crossroads. As it is currently interpreted, the Constitution is partial, Sunstein asserts. It is, first of all, biased. Contemporary constitutional law treats the status quo as neutral and just, and any departure as necessarily partisan. But when the status quo is neither neutral nor just, Sunstein argues, reasoning of this sort produces injustice. The Constitution is partial in another sense: its meaning has come to be identified solely with the decisions of the Supreme Court. This was not always the case, as Sunstein demonstrates; nor was it the intention of the country's founders. Instead, the Constitution often served as a catalyst for public deliberation about its general terms and aspirations - and Sunstein makes a strong case for reviving this broader understanding of the Constitution's role. In light of this analysis, Sunstein proposes solutions to some of the most hotly disputed issues of our time, including affirmative action, sex discrimination, pornography, "hate speech", and government funding of religious schools and the arts. In an especially striking argument, he claims that the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment - not the right to privacy - protects a woman's right to choose abortion. Sunstein connects these and other debates to the Constitution's historic commitment to public deliberation among political equals - and in doing so, he reconceives many of our most basic constitutional rights, such as free speech and equality under law. He urges that public deliberation about the meaning of the Constitution in turn be freed from a principle of neutrality based on the status quo. His work points to a historically sound but fundamentally new understanding of the American constitutional process as an exercise in deliberative democracy.


In this article, we examine through quantitative and qualitative analyses Mexican immigrant mothers' conversations about dating and sex with their teenage daughters who were not sexually active at the time of the study. The results of our mixed-methods study indicate that mothers give their daughters consejos (advice) restricting sex initiation embedded within messages that stress the importance of education as a means to achieve self-sufficiency and freedom. These messages of sexual restriction for the purpose of educational achievement and liberation are important for building a bridge of collaboration with teachers and schools to ensure the educational success of Mexican American female students. Our study examines whether the mothers' consejos on sexual delay to achieve educational success results in their daughters' postponement of sexual engagement for another year. We conclude by outlining the implications of our findings for teacher training.


Bulk-like thermionic energy conversion devices have been fabricated from nanostructured nitride metal/semiconductor superlattices using a novel lamination process. 5-μm thick (Hf0.5Zr0.5)N (6-nm)/ScN (6-nm) metal/semiconductor superlattices with a 12 nm period were deposited on 100-silicon substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering followed by a selective tetra methyl ammonium hydroxide substrate etching and a gold-gold lamination process to yield 300 μm × 300 μm × 290 μm microscale thermionic energy conversion elements with 16,640 superlattice periods. The thermionic element had a Seebeck coefficient of -120 μV/K at 800 K, an electrical conductivity of ~2500 Ω-1 m-1 at 800 K, and a thermal conductivity of 2.9 and 4.3 W/m-K at 300 and 625 K, respectively. The temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient from 300 to 800 K suggests a parallel parasitic conduction path that is dominant at low temperature, and the temperature independent electrical conductivity indicates that the (Hf0.5Zr0.5)N/gold interface contact resistivity currently dominates the device. The thermal conductivity of the laminate was significantly lower than the thermal conductivity of the individual metal or semiconductor layers, indicating the beneficial effect of the metal/semiconductor interfaces toward lowering the thermal conductivity. The described lamination process effectively bridges the gap between the nanoscale requirements needed to enhance the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT and the microscale requirements of real-world devices.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To describe coping among patients with laryngeal and oropharyngeal cancer during definitive radiation with or without chemotherapy.

RESEARCH APPROACH
Qualitative content analysis conducted within a larger study.

SETTING
Two radiation oncology outpatient clinics in Baltimore, MD.

PARTICIPANTS
21 patients with oropharyngeal or laryngeal cancer.

METHODOLOGIC APPROACH
Interviews with open-ended questions were conducted during treatment. Questions covered topics such as coping during treatment, treatment-related issues, and resources.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Coping, treatment, and coping resources.

FINDINGS
Patients' self-assessments suggested they were coping or that coping was rough or upsetting. Issues that required coping varied over four time points. Physical side effects were problematic during and one month after treatment completion. Patients used coping to manage the uncertainties of physical and psychological aspects of their experience. Family and friend support was a common coping strategy used by patients, with the intensity of side effects corresponding with the support provided across time points.

CONCLUSIONS
Findings confirm previous research, but also provide new information about ways in which patients with head and neck cancer cope with their illness experience. Emergent themes provide insight into patients' feelings, issues, and assistance received with coping.

INTERPRETATION
Patients with head and neck cancer need education on the amount and severity of side effects and should be appraised of potential difficulties with scheduling, driving, and other logistic issues. Patients also should be informed of helpful types of support and coping strategies. Additional research is needed to expand the findings related to patients' coping with treatment and to explore the experiences of family and friends who provide social support.


Multi-Channel Multi-Interface (MCMI) Wireless Mesh Networks spread the load across orthogonal channels to improve network capacity. However, due to the limited number of available orthogonal channels in the radio spectrum (3 in IEEE 802.11b/g and 12 in IEEE 802.11a), interference and contention are still major factors in such networks. Then, an efficient channel assignment scheme is required to enhance the overall throughput. In this paper, we present three models to evaluate network capacity associated to any channel assignment strategy. These models permit also to extract what we could obtain with an optimal centralized assignment, constituting an upper bound. We present extensive numerical and simulations results, taking into account realistically MAC and routing aspects. In particular, we investigated the impact of the channel assignment strategy onto IEEE 802.11s, and presented modifications that may improve its performance.


ABSTRACT Northern bobwhite quail, Colinus virginianus (L.) (Galliformes: Odontophoridae), population declines are well documented, but pinpointing the reasons for these decreases has proven elusive. Bobwhite population declines are attributed primarily to loss of habitat and land use changes. This, however, does not entirely explain population declines in areas intensively managed for bobwhites. Although previous research demonstrates the negative impact of red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on northern bobwhites, the mechanisms underlying this effect are largely unknown. To meet the protein demands of early growth and development, bobwhite chicks predominantly consume small insects, of which ants are a substantial proportion. Fire ants alter ant community dynamics by often reducing native ant diversity and abundance while concurrently increasing the abundance of individuals. Fire ants have negative effects on chicks, but they are also a large potential protein source, making it difficult to disentangle their net effect on bobwhite chicks. To help investigate these effects, we conducted a laboratory experiment to understand (1) whether or not bobwhites consume fire ants, and (2) how the benefits of this consumption compare to the deleterious impacts of bobwhite chick exposure to fire ants. Sixty bobwhite chicks were separated into two groups of 30; one group was provided with starter feed only and the second group was provided with feed and fire ants. Bobwhite chicks were observed feeding on fire ants. Chicks that fed on fire ants had reduced survival and weight gain. Our results show that, while fire ants increase potential food sources for northern bobwhite, their net effect on bobwhite chicks is deleterious. This information will help inform land managers and commercial bobwhite rearing operations.


Background and Hypothesis: Neonatal surgical procedures frequently occur at bedside in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) rather than in the operating room (OR). The goal of this study was to isolate risk factors for neonatal bowel resections occurring in the NICU, compare outcomes of bowel resections occurring both in the NICU and OR, and evaluate modifiable factors in both locations.
Experimental Design or Project Methods: We reviewed 139 neonatal (<30 days old) patients at Riley Hospital for Children who underwent bowel resection in either the NICU or the OR from 2014-2018. Statistical analysis included bivariate, multivariable, and propensity score matching analyses.
Results: When compared to neonates who had bowel resection in the OR, the NICU group had lower mean gestational age (EGA) at birth (26 vs 34 weeks, p=<0.0001), lower weight at surgery (72.7% NICU patients <1000 grams vs 7.6% OR patients, p=<0.0001), and had the operative diagnosis of spontaneous intestinal perforation (48.8%) or NEC (42.9%) compared to OR patients (18.7%) for both diagnoses (p=<0.0001, p=0.0003). Bivariate analysis revealed that EGA at birth (OR 0.668, p=<0.0001), APGAR 1 minute (OR 0.776, p=0.001), and pre-op respiratory FiO2 percentage (OR 2.514, p=<0.0001) were significant predictors of operation location. Propensity score matching (15 matched pairs) showed survival rates were lower in the NICU group (p=0.0156). Modifiable risk factors, such as the usage of a heating device during surgery (p=<0.0001) and temperature monitoring during surgery (p=<0.0001) were positively correlated with survival, while blood administration in the first 24 hours post-surgery (p=0.001) was correlated with worse survival.
 Conclusions: There are definable characteristics of neonates who have bowel resections in the OR vs NICU, but the primary outcome difference between these groups is survival. We also identified modifiable factors that can be studied to further improve survival of patients with operations in both settings.


Volcanic stratigraphy and a kinematic analysis of NE-trending faults of Allens Ranch 7.5' quadrangle, Utah County, Utah Adam P. McKean Department of Geological Sciences Master of Science The mineral resources of the Tintic Mining District are influenced by three major events in its geologic history; the Mesozoic Sevier Orogeny, Paleogene volcanism and Late Neogene Basin and Range extension. In this paper a detailed analysis of each these geologic events is presented to help us understand the structural host, mineralization and exhumation of the Tintic Mining District ore. A kinematic analysis of the faults was completed to determine the origin of NE-trending faults, Sevier Orogeny or Basin and Range extension, in the northern part of the East Tintic Mountains in Allens Ranch 7.5' quadrangle, near the eastern margin of the Great Basin of central Utah. The structural history of the NE-trending faults found in the quadrangle was reconstructed to determine stress directions and fault kinematics. Maximum paleostress direction for the East Tintic fold and thrust system is between 80o100o with fold axes oriented at ~350o. For example, the Gardison Ridge and Tintic Prince faults are NE-trending right-lateral transverse faults that formed at ~30 o to paleostress directions similar to those of the Sevier Orogeny. The dominant NE-trending faults in the region are likely due to (1) differential shortening during progressive orocline development, (2) the pre-deformational Pennsylvanian-Permian Oquirrh basin geometry, and (3) the influence of the Leamington transverse zones of the Provo salient. Conversely, mixed paleostress directions for the north-trending Tintic Davis Canyon fault show it is a Basin and Range extension-related normal fault that may have originated as a Sevier related fault. Other N-trending faults within the quadrangle are only related to Basin and Range extension. However, large offset, range-bounding faults are buried by valley fill throughout the quadrangle and no young fault scarps are identified cutting Lake Bonneville deposits. An Oligocene to Miocene suite of extrusive volcanic units in the quadrangle correlates well with those of the East Tintic and Soldiers Pass volcanic fields. The Paleogene volcanic section is dominated by a suite of high-K calc-alkaline extrusive rocks (35 to 32 Ma). This intermediate to silicic sequence was followed by eruption of the mildly alkaline Mosida Basalt during the Miocene (19.5 Ma) marking the transition from subduction-related intermediate and silicic volcanism to extension-related mafic volcanism in the eastern Great Basin.


Learning representations for feature interactions to model user behaviors is critical for recommendation system and click-trough rate (CTR) predictions. Recent advances in this area are empowered by deep learning methods which could learn sophisticated feature interactions and achieve the state-of-the-art result in an end-to-end manner. These approaches require large number of training parameters integrated with the low-level representations, and thus are memory and computational inefficient. In this paper, we propose a new model named "LorentzFM" that can learn feature interactions embedded in a hyperbolic space in which the violation of triangle inequality for Lorentz distances is available. To this end, the learned representation is benefited by the peculiar geometric properties of hyperbolic triangles, and result in a significant reduction in the number of parameters (20% to 80%) because all the top deep learning layers are not required. With such a lightweight architecture, LorentzFM achieves comparable and even materially better results than the deep learning methods such as DeepFM, xDeepFM and Deep & Cross in both recommendation and CTR prediction tasks.


This up-to-date quick reference guide helps the reader through the most popular SAP module. It includes material on SAP ERP Financials, SAP FICO, and SAP R/3. Unlike most books that only provide questions and answers for certification or interview preparation, this book covers fifty common business situations related to ERP Financials/FICO and provides practical solutions for them. In addition, the book begins with over 200 FAQs and certification questions for those who need a quick review of the material. A CD-ROM with FICO templates, short cuts, and color figures from the book is included with the text.


Current language models are usually trained using a self-supervised scheme, where the main focus is learning representations at the word or sentence level. However, there has been limited progress in generating useful discourse-level representations. In this work, we propose to use ideas from predictive coding theory to augment BERT-style language models with a mechanism that allows them to learn suitable discourse-level representations. As a result, our proposed approach is able to predict future sentences using explicit top-down connections that operate at the intermediate layers of the network. By experimenting with benchmarks designed to evaluate discourse-related knowledge using pre-trained sentence representations, we demonstrate that our approach improves performance in 6 out of 11 tasks by excelling in discourse relationship detection.


The reduction of noise in images is a crucial issue and an inevitable preprocessing step in image analysis. Many diverse noise sources, which disrupt source images, exist in nature and through manmade devices. Periodic noise is one such disruption that has a periodic pattern in the spatial domain, causing hills in the image spectrum. In practice, quasiperiodic noise is commonly encountered instead of periodic noise. It has a more complex frequency spectrum, such as a star shape, in place of a pure delta shape in the frequency amplitude spectrum. In this study, we consider designing a star shape Gaussian filter that is a more appropriate adaptive filter of (quasi-) periodic noise. We called this filter the adaptive Gaussian star filter (AGSF), regarding the extension of the standard Gaussian filter. The proposed method is fully automatic and consists of three steps. Firstly, the low-frequency region in the image spectrum is detected via region-growing in the frequency domain. Next, the noise coordinates are estimated, and each noise spread area is determined and labeled using region-growing in the spectrum. Finally, AGSF shape and parameters are adjusted adaptively according to estimated noise characteristics. The performance of the method is discussed in the context of different sizes and contrasts for noisy images. The results are compared with previous work in the literature and they show that the developed algorithm is quite robust in reducing both periodic and quasiperiodic noise.


Newts display superior attachment and climbing abilities under wet conditions due to the distinct pattern of micro- and nanoscale structures (i.e., polygonal epidermal cells with raised boundaries, and dense nanopillar arrays) on their foot pad surfaces. Inspired by the surface features of newt foot pads, a microstructured surface consisting of structural elements of round pillars surrounded by a closed hexagonal ridge is produced on the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer, and its wet adhesion properties are studied experimentally. A homebuilt adhesion tester is developed to carry out the pull-off experiments, in which the adhesion force of samples can be measured directly. The PDMS sample is fixed on the substrate, and a flat glass cylinder of 10 mm diameter is adopted as indenter. Different amounts of liquid are added to the area of contact by using a micropipette. Influences of preload, retraction speed, area ratio of round pillars, amount of liquid and approach-retraction cycle on wet adhesion of the patterned surface of PDMS samples are investigated.Results show that the pull-off forces of all samples increase with preload and retraction speed. However, the pull-off forces increase slowly when the preload is over 3 N for both dry and wet conditions. The area ratios of round pillars increase the pull-off forces for the dry condition. When a small amount of liquid (0.1 μl) is added, the effect of the area ratios of round pillars on the pull-off force is not consistent with that of dry condition. Effects of amount of liquid on pull-off force for different area ratios of round pillars are various. For a certain amount of liquid, it is observed that the pull-off forces in general show a relatively high value for the first approach-retraction cycle, then decrease to a lower level starting from the second cycle, and suddenly increase and maintain a relatively constant value after several times of approach-retraction cycles. Our results can give insights into the repeated sliding actions of newt foot pads when climbing in wet environments as well as the possible functions of dense nanopillar arrays on newt footpad surface.Copyright © 2017 by ASME


Many scholars believe that visual mental imagery plays a key role in reasoning. In Space to Reason, Markus Knauff argues against this view, proposing that visual images are not relevant for reasoning and can even impede the process. He also argues against the claim that human thinking is solely based on abstract symbols and is completely embedded in language. Knauff proposes a third way to think about human reasoning that relies on supramodal spatial layout models, which are more abstract than pictorial images and more concrete than linguistic representations. He argues that these spatial layout models are at the heart of human thought, even thought about nonspatial relations in the world. For Knauff the visual images that we so often associate with reasoning are only in the foreground of conscious experience. Behind the images, the actual logical work is carried out by reasoning-specific operations on these spatial layout models. Knauff also offers a solution to the problem of indeterminacy in human reasoning, introducing the notion of a preferred layout model, which is one layout model among others that has the best chance of being mentally constructed and thus guides the further process of thought. Knauff's "space to reason" theory covers the functional, the algorithmic, and the implementational level of analysis and is corroborated by psychological experiments, functional brain imaging, and computational modeling.


Investigations of air pollutants were conducted aboard a research vessel anchoring for several hours at several sites while cruising over Osaka Bay and the surrounding sea area in Japan. The concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) within Osaka Bay sometimes exceeded 60 ppb (parts per billion by volume) and showed a clear diurnal variation pattern with a broad peak in the daytime. A similarity was observed between the variation patterns of NOx concentration and sea traffic on the bay. Outside the bay, NOx concentration was constant at about 13 ppb. Atmospheric monitoring from the rooftop of a skyscraper on the coast often showed high levels of NOx in air masses from Osaka Bay, seemingly affected by ship emissions. On the other hand, low NOx concentrations (< 5 ppb), which never appeared in the air masses from the urban area, were also often observed. The effects of NOx emissions from ships on inland air quality thus seem to vary widely depending on the density of sea traffic on the bay.


Sixteen years after the end of the Revolution, and on the eve of the formation of Adams county, the United States became embroiled in a "quasi-war" with France (1797-1801) which strained the federal treasury. As a result of the diplomatic disagreement, Congress approved several bills to fund America's military build-up. One of these, the U.S. Evaluation Tax of July 9, 1798, was signed into law to raise two million dollars in revenues. The direct or "window tax" was levied based on landholdings, buildings and the number of glass lights, and slaves-in essence, a federal property tax. Although the "window tax" was considered a burden by most contemporaries, it was a blessing for modern cultural scientists. Fulfilling their duty by compiling at least five schedules for each township, the assessors described each major structure on nearly every farmstead and in every village and town in York county, noting building dimensions, number of stories, number of windows and lights, and construction materials. Although some schedules have not survived, the remainder graphically illustrate that most of the dwelling houses in Adams county by the summer of 1798 were made of wood. [excerpt]


Balancing interests to achieve legitimate and effective policies is a primary and pressing challenge in countries' efforts to prepare their national reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) strategies. Using Tanzania as a country case, we investigated the most polarizing policy discourses and assessed the influence of competing discourse coalitions on the drafting of the national REDD+ strategy. We combined discourse and social network analysis to identify discourse coalitions and assess their influence. The findings indicate that the national REDD+ strategy largely reflects the positions of the discourse coalition that is controlled by powerful state actors who support central control of REDD+ financial mechanisms. The competing coalition, led by civil society organizations, has limited influence on the national strategy, despite discursive congruence and concerted political action. The findings further indicate that discursive practices and institutional rules codetermine policy outcomes.


This paper examines the diversity of corporate philanthropic practices and aims to determine whether corporations are strategic in their philanthropic giving. Using an original database including firm-level data on dollar donations for charitable purposes among American Fortune 500 companies, this paper looks at the kind of firms that participate in giving, the kind of giving programs these firms set up, and the structure of the foundation giving these firms chose. The definition and identification of strategic philanthropy is discussed and explored. The main empirical findings of this paper provide evidence that at present time firms continue practicing non-strategic philanthropy.


This thesis is a theory focused critical contextualisation of the novels of Don DeLillo that situates
the author at the forefront of contemporary literatures of resistance. Through a detailed
examination of a number of his works, and a generic discussion of all, it makes the argument that,
by foregrounding a number of radical aesthetic methodologies such as controlled monologism and
what Fredric Jameson terms 'the transcoding of perceptual terminologies' - or the emplacement of
multiple theoretical positions within the totality of the novel - DeLillo attempts to compel his
reader into coming to terms with their linguistically circumscribed personal ontology.
The first, introductory chapter, an analysis of the writer's depictions of the social environment of
contemporary America and his metatheoretical solutions to what cultural commentator Jean
Baudrillard calls 'hyperreality' - the hegemonic prevalence of serial signs and simulations that
self-reproduce and separate humanity from the 'real' world - sets up the proposition that DeLillo's
ambivalent attitude to language, his representations of subjects struggling to find their own voice
and name, is connected to a politically motivated aesthetic that provides the reader with a kind of
'cognitive mapping,' enabling them to contextualise themselves within the confusing spatial and
temporal dimensions of the late-capitalist postmodern world. The propositions introduced in
chapter one are then built upon in three wholly original close-readings of some of DeLillo's best
known works.
Chapter two examines DeLillo's controversial metafictional historiography Libra through the
critical lens of the sublime and Jean-Francois Lyotard's binary of the discursive and figural -
discussing how DeLillo's Oswald is constructed within the text in order to connect with Lyotard's
ideas on postmodern representation. This is followed in chapter three by a Bakhtinian reading of
DeLillo's early work Ratner's Star that clarifies the process of cognitive mapping, and an
ecocritical analysis of Underworld in chapter four that consolidates and expands the drive of the
thesis. The thesis will conclude by offering a final chapter that summarises DeLillo's methodology
and opens the argument out to include parallels between DeLillo's practice and that of comparable
European metatheorists.


The export tax rebate policy in China is under dispute, especially in agricultural sectors, as it is claimed that it works as a subsidy for foreign consumers rather than domestic producers. Surprisingly, little research has investigated the distribution of benefits of this policy. In this paper, we examine this in a partial equilibrium framework. We find that the effects of the export tax rebate on domestic producers depend on the relative magnitude of the export supply and import demand elasticities. The model is then applied to the Chinese fishery sector, a perfect example to illustrate the policy debate. Simulation results indi¬cate that, although the export tax rebate increases Chinese producers' welfare, foreign consumers capture most of its welfare benefits (60%-75%). Furthermore, the results imply that the welfare gain for Chinese producers is overestimated if the vertical linkage between the retail and the farm markets is ignored.


CONTEXT
Evidence-based medical education requires rigorous studies appraising educational efficacy.

OBJECTIVES
To assess trends over time in methods used to evaluate undergraduate medical education interventions and to identify whether participation of medical education departments or centers is associated with more rigorous methods.

DATA SOURCES
The PubMed, Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry, Campbell Collaboration, and ERIC databases (January 1966-March 2007) were searched using terms equivalent to students, medical and education, medical crossed with all relevant study designs.

STUDY SELECTION
We selected publications in all languages from every fifth year, plus the most recent 12 months, that evaluated an educational intervention for undergraduate medical students. Four hundred seventy-two publications met criteria for review.

DATA EXTRACTION
Data were abstracted on number of participants; types of comparison groups; whether outcomes assessed were objective, subjective, and/or validated; timing of outcome assessments; funding; and participation of medical education departments and centers. Ten percent of publications were independently abstracted by 2 authors to assess validity of the data abstraction.

RESULTS
The annual number of publications increased over time from 1 (1969-1970) to 147 (2006-2007). In the most recent year, there was a mean of 145 medical student participants; 9 (6%) recruited participants from multiple institutions; 80 (54%) used comparison groups; 37 (25%) used randomized control groups; 91 (62%) had objective outcomes; 23 (16%) had validated outcomes; 35 (24%) assessed an outcome more than 1 month later; 21 (14%) estimated statistical power; and 66 (45%) reported funding. In 2006-2007, medical education department or center participation, reported in 46 (31%) of the recent publications, was associated only with enrolling more medical student participants (P = .04); for all studies from 1969 to 2007, it was associated only with measuring an objective outcome (P = .048). Between 1969 and 2007, the percentage of publications reporting statistical power and funding increased; percentages did not change for other study features.

CONCLUSIONS
The annual number of published studies of undergraduate medical education interventions demonstrating methodological rigor has been increasing. However, considerable opportunities for improvement remain.


Concepts: Core Readings traces the develoment of one of the most active areas of investigation in cognitive science. This comprehensive volume brings together the essential background readings from philosophy, psychology, and linguistics, while providing a broad sampling of contemporary research. The first part of the book centers around the fall of the Classical Theory of Concepts in the face of attacks by W.V.O. Quine, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Eleanor Rosch, and others, emphasizing the emergence and development of the Prototype Theory and the controversies it spurred. The second part surveys a broad range of contemporary theories -- Neoclassical Theories, the Prototype Theory, the Theory-Theory, and Conceptual Atomism.


Combining technologies to engineer scaffolds that can offer physical and chemical cues to cells is an attractive approach in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this study, we have fabricated polymer-ceramic hybrid scaffolds for bone regeneration by combining rapid prototyping (RP), electrospinning (ESP) and a biomimetic coating method in order to provide mechanical support and a physico-chemical environment mimicking both the organic and inorganic phases of bone extracellular matrix (ECM). Poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)-poly(buthylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT) block copolymer was used to produce three dimensional scaffolds by combining 3D fiber (3DF) deposition, and ESP, and these constructs were then coated with a Ca-P layer in a simulated physiological solution. Scaffold morphology and composition were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX) and Fourier Tranform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Bone marrow derived human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) were cultured on coated and uncoated 3DF and 3DF + ESP scaffolds for up to 21 d in basic and mineralization medium and cell attachment, proliferation, and expression of genes related to osteogenesis were assessed. Cells attached, proliferated and secreted ECM on all the scaffolds. There were no significant differences in metabolic activity among the different groups on days 7 and 21. Coated 3DF scaffolds showed a significantly higher DNA amount in basic medium at 21 d compared with the coated 3DF + ESP scaffolds, whereas in mineralization medium, the presence of coating in 3DF+ESP scaffolds led to a significant decrease in the amount of DNA. An effect of combining different scaffolding technologies and material types on expression of a number of osteogenic markers (cbfa1, BMP-2, OP, OC and ON) was observed, suggesting the potential use of this approach in bone tissue engineering.


The Hungarian notion "gyűloletbeszed" is a literal translation of the applicable terminology (hate speech) originally used in the United States of America. According to Gabor Halmai, "this type of communication includes acts of speech by which the speaker — usually driven by prejudice or even hatred — expresses his or her opinion of various racial, ethnic, religious, or sexual groups in society, or of the member of such groups, which opinion may insult the members of the given group and may incite hatred in society against that group." According to the Recommendation by the Council of Europe, "the term 'hate speech' shall be understood as covering all forms of expression which spread, incite, promote or justify racial hatred, xenophobia, anti-Semitism or other forms of hatred based on intolerance, including intolerance expressed by aggressive nationalism and ethnocentrism, discrimination and hostility against minorities, migrants and people of immigrant origin." The term "hate speech" itself is not used in legislation; for the purposes of written law, this term is covered by the crime of incitement against a community (Article 269 of the Criminal Code), supplemented by the crimes of the use of symbols of despotism (Article 269/B of the Criminal Code), public denial of the sins of the National Socialist (Nazi) and Communist systems (Article 269/C of the Criminal Code), and violation of national symbols [Article 269/A of the Criminal Code]. Of course, these crimes are not specific to the media, meaning that they may be committed by means other than via the media, but they constitute certain limitations to the freedom of the press. Furthermore, the Press Freedom Act lays down various provisions against hateful expressions.


The life of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, lord chancellor of England from 1515 to 1529, has inspired no small number of literary, historical, and dramatic retellings. A comprehensive study of these texts remains to be written, but this article seeks to make a start by examining how Tudor writers portrayed the cardinal's response to his deposition and subsequent disgrace. For some authors, Wolsey's fall only made him more proud, and he began to act erratically and disloyally, confirming the wisdom of the king's decision to relieve him of office. For others, deposition moved Wolsey to become philosophical and penitent, and some such writers depict a cardinal who at the end of his life underwent nothing short of a conversion. This article traces both of these historiographical trajectories from their origins in writings of the late 1540s and 1550s through a range of late Tudor chronicle accounts. Elements of both narratives about the cardinal appear, prominently if not always congruously, in one of the best-known theatrical works about the events of the reign of Henry VIII, the play King Henry VIII ( All Is True ) by William Shakespeare and John Fletcher. Understanding the interrelationships between the Tudor texts presented here is essential to grasping later portrayals of Wolsey and his contemporaries. Keywords: Thomas Wolsey; Henry VIII; English Reformation; conversion; historiography


Prior to 2011, the most efficient estate tax planning for married couples required a minimal level of asset equalization. In order to take maximum advantage of all existing wealth transfer tax exemptions and credits, each spouse needed to own, in an estate tax sense, enough assets to be able to fully utilize the estate tax credit or applicable exemption. This changed with the enactment of estate tax portability in the Economic Growth and Economic Recovery and Relief Act of 2011, which became permanent under the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012. "Portability" refers to the ability of a surviving spouse to make full use of his or her predeceased spouse's unused exemption from estate tax. In an era of portability, if the less-wealthy member of a married couple dies first, he or she no longer "wastes" that exemption. It simply "ports" — or carries over — to the survivor. At first glance, portability appears to implicate theoretical concerns, as it functions as a modern-day coverture that "merges" spouses into one unit. Furthermore, portability discourages some lifetime transfers of property to the less-wealthy spouse, who is more likely to be female. On the other hand, portability simplifies tax planning and benefits both spouses in a marriage. Portability was envisioned as a congressional "kiss" to a loving couple who sees itself as a unit. Yet the tax benefit is available regardless of whether the couple does in fact function as an economic unit, raising tax policy questions about the appropriateness of using the married couple as the primary tax unit. On balance, however, portability is a salutary addition to the law of wealth transfer taxation that minimizes complexity in estate planning and likely reduces the use of certain QTIP trusts, which minimize the autonomy of the surviving spouse, typically the woman, because a QTIP trust allows the marital deduction for one spouse's transfer of the underlying property to a third party and not to the other spouse.


Education is expected to support the development of a more sustainable way of thinking, working, and living. Although there is a broad range of literature on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), the role of principals in the implementation of sustainability and ESD in schools has rarely been taken into consideration. However, based on the results of school effectiveness research, one can assume that school principals exert a significant influence on ESD. Sustainability is a leadership issue. When a school aims at integrating sustainability and ESD, the principal plays a pivotal role. She or he has to support the endeavor wholeheartedly and credibly, organize a participative process of school development, emphasize sustainability and ESD in the daily life of the school, support teaching staff in the application of ESD, and offer students opportunities to launch their own initiatives. This article for the special issue on "Sustainability in leadership and education" is a theoretical concept paper based on a literature review and the authors' conceptual work. It offers a model and seeks to support principals in leading their schools towards sustainability. Therefore, a framework of four stages of the integration of sustainability and ESD in a school is defined. For each of these stages, a number of practical actions and management strategies are suggested and explained in detail.


Entry into mitosis requires the coordinated action of multiple mitotic protein kinases. In this report, we investigate the involvement of protein kinase C in the control of mitosis in human cells. Treatment of synchronized HL60 cells with the highly selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine chloride leads to profound cell cycle arrest in G2 phase. The cellular effects of chelerythrine are not due to either direct or indirect inhibition of the known mitotic regulator p34cdc2/cyclin B kinase. Rather, several lines of evidence demonstrate that chelerythrine-mediated G2 phase arrest results from selective inhibition and degradation of βII protein kinase C. First, chelerythrine causes dose-dependent inhibition of βII PKC in vitro with an IC50 identical to that for G2 phase blockade in whole cells. Second, chelerythrine specifically inhibits βII PKC-mediated lamin B phosphorylation and mitotic nuclear lamina disassembly. Third, chelerythrine leads to selective loss of βII PKC during G2 phase in synchronized cells. Fourth, chelerythrine mediates activation-dependent degradation of PKC, indicating that βII PKC is selectively activated during G2 phase of cell cycle. Taken together, these data demonstrate that βII PKC activation at G2 phase is required for mitotic nuclear lamina disassembly and entry into mitosis and that βII PKC-mediated phosphorylation of nuclear lamin B is important in these events.


The oharaoter of right-wing extremism in the Federal Republic has undergone extensive transformations in the seventies. As electoral support for the extreme Right declined, a whole range of new groupings emerged pursuing a militant extra-parliamentary strategy. Essential charaoteristics are an increasing tendency to use violence and a close ideological affinity to the NSDAP. They attract a growing number of young people. The increasing susceptibility of young people to rightist ideologies coincides with an economic recession of which young people especially are the victims. Widespread ignorance about Nazism and the prevalence of anti-democratic political attitudes constitute important contributary factors and point to a considerable potential for right-extremism in the Federal Republic., This potential can be attributed. to the negative effects of much of the material dealing with the NS past, to serious deficiencies in the area of historical-political education in schools and, above all, to the absence of any :real process of "coming to terms with the past" in the postwar period. Neo-Nazism is not completely isolated from other trends in West German society. Rightist elements within the established party system and broad sections of the population hold similar views and attitudes. This similarity, linked with an over-exaggerated concern with a perceived threat from the extreme Left may explain the absence of any concerted effort to deal with nee-Nazi tendencies. The response of the courts exemplifies a widespread tendency to under-estimate the significance of the extreme Right. Opposition to the Right is restricted primarily to those circles which suffered most under the Nazi regime. The analysis suggests that one must reject the simplistic view that at the present time the Right does not constitute a serious threat to West German democracy. The study evaluates the wide range of views to be found in secondary sources on the subject of neo-Nazism and is :intended, to contribute to the ongoing discussion conceming the potential for right-extremism in West Germany.


We demonstrate the lid-integral silicon cold-plate topology as a way to bring liquid cooling closer to the heat source integrated circuit (IC). It allows us to eliminate one thermal interface material (TIM2), to establish and improve TIM1 during packaging, to use wafer-level processes, and to ease integration in first-level packaging. We describe the integration and analyze the reliability aspects of this package using modeling and test vehicles. To compare the impact of geometry, materials, and mechanical coupling on warpage, strains, and stresses, we simulate finite element models of five different topologies on an organic land-grid array (LGA) carrier. We measure the thermal performance in terms of thermal resistance from cold-plate base to inlet liquid and obtain 15 mm2 K/W at 30 kPa pressure drop across the package. We build two different topologies using silicon cold-plates and injection-molded lids. Gasket-attached cold-plates pass an 800 kPa pressure test, and direct-attached cold-plates fracture in the cold-plate. The results advise to use a compliant layer between cold-plate and manifold lid and promise a uniformly thick TIM1 layer in the Si–Si matched topology. The work shows the feasibility of composite lids with integrated silicon cold-plates in high heat flux applications.


It is widely reported that our nearest living relatives, the great apes, lack a "declarative" mode of communication. There are few reports of any ape, regardless of rearing history, explicitly informing another about a state of the world as an apparent end in itself; see, e.g., Tomasello (2006). Historically, the term "declarative" has been used to classify a particular form of sentence or linguistic communication. However, the use of this concept to describe non-verbal communication stems from the introduction by Bates, Camaioni, and Volterra (1975) of the term "proto-declarative" to describe pointing by human babies with the apparent goal of fostering a state of shared apprehension of distant events or objects with a communicative partner. But a declaration is a linguistic act; it is therefore not immediately clear if the term should be applied to non-verbal communicative behaviour by either nonhuman primates or preverbal humans (Leavens 2004a; Leavens & Hopkins 1998; Racine 2005; Susswein & Racine in press-a). And apes in captivity adopt numerous non-verbal deictic behaviours, including manual pointing. Although observations of manual pointing are limited almost entirely to captive great ape populations, recent studies indicate that other manifestations of non-verbal deixis, such as directed scratching (Pika & Mitani 2006), may be much more common in wild ape populations than heretofore appreciated. Although older children and perhaps some enculturated apes occasionally point to share experience as an end in at itself, here we argue that pointing, and other non-verbal deictic behaviours, serve fundamentally instrumental functions (Racine, Leavens, Susswein & Wereha in press). As a result, we will further argue that the cognitive origins of non-verbal deictic acts are similar, regardless of the ostensible motivation of the signaler. To do so, we review research on deixis in the great apes, discuss the distinction between imperative and declarative communication in greater detail and then consider the meaning of proto-declarative pointing. We conclude that epigenetically heritable caregiving environments of hominins, probably beginning in the Plio-Pleistocene, foster manual pointing in early infancy (Davidson 1997; Leavens, Hopkins & Bard 2005a) and implicate an interaction of hominoid cognitive capacities with hominin-unique features of early infancy. Hominins were, thus, pre-adapted for one aspect of the faculty of language in the broad sense: joint attention (Hauser, Chomsky, & Fitch 2002).


Abstract. Four simulations with the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model have been evaluated with the Earth System Model Validation Tool (ESMValTool) to identify differences in simulated ozone and selected climate parameters that resulted from (i) different setups of the EMAC model (nudged vs. free-running) and (ii) different boundary conditions (emissions, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea ice concentrations (SICs)). To assess the relative performance of the simulations, quantitative performance metrics are calculated consistently for the climate parameters and ozone. This is important for the interpretation of the evaluation results since biases in climate can impact on biases in chemistry and vice versa. The observational data sets used for the evaluation include ozonesonde and aircraft data, meteorological reanalyses and satellite measurements. The results from a previous EMAC evaluation of a model simulation with nudging towards realistic meteorology in the troposphere have been compared to new simulations with different model setups and updated emission data sets in free-running time slice and nudged quasi chemistry-transport model (QCTM) mode. The latter two configurations are particularly important for chemistry-climate projections and for the quantification of individual sources (e.g., the transport sector) that lead to small chemical perturbations of the climate system, respectively. With the exception of some specific features which are detailed in this study, no large differences that could be related to the different setups (nudged vs. free-running) of the EMAC simulations were found, which offers the possibility to evaluate and improve the overall model with the help of shorter nudged simulations. The main differences between the two setups is a better representation of the tropospheric and stratospheric temperature in the nudged simulations, which also better reproduce stratospheric water vapor concentrations, due to the improved simulation of the temperature in the tropical tropopause layer. Ozone and ozone precursor concentrations, on the other hand, are very similar in the different model setups, if similar boundary conditions are used. Different boundary conditions however lead to relevant differences in the four simulations. Biases which are common to all simulations are the underestimation of the ozone hole and the overestimation of tropospheric column ozone, the latter being significantly reduced when lower lightning emissions of nitrogen oxides are used. To further investigate possible other reasons for such bias, two sensitivity simulations with an updated scavenging routine and the addition of a newly proposed HNO3-forming channel of the HO2+NO reaction were performed. The update in the scavenging routine resulted in a slightly better representation of ozone compared to the reference simulation. The introduction of the new HNO3-forming channel significantly reduces the overestimation of tropospheric ozone. Therefore, including the new reaction rate could potentially be important for a realistic simulation of tropospheric ozone, although laboratory experiments and other model studies need to confirm this hypothesis and some modifications to the rate, which has a strong dependence on water vapor, might also still be needed.


Physical, chemical, morphological properties and sorption characteristics of anaerobically digested dewatered municipal sewage sludge have been investigated including the surface area, pore size distribution, chemical composition, surface chemistry structure, surface physical morphology, mineralogy, cation exchange capacity, heavy metal content, total solid, total volatile solid, total Kjeldahl-N, total phosphorus content of the sewage sludge. The sorption potential of sewage sludge for the removal of 4-CP and 2,4-DCP from aqueous solutions was examined by investigating their adsorption isotherms and kinetics in a lab-scale batch study. Findings of this study clearly showed that sewage sludge provides chlorophenol removal in the landfill body as disposed with solid wastes.


This paper focuses on human activity recognition (HAR) problem, in which inputs are multichannel time series signals acquired from a set of bodyworn inertial sensors and outputs are predefined human activities. In this problem, extracting effective features for identifying activities is a critical but challenging task. Most existing work relies on heuristic hand-crafted feature design and shallow feature learning architectures, which cannot find those distinguishing features to accurately classify different activities. In this paper, we propose a systematic feature learning method for HAR problem. This method adopts a deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) to automate feature learning from the raw inputs in a systematic way. Through the deep architecture, the learned features are deemed as the higher level abstract representation of low level raw time series signals. By leveraging the labelled information via supervised learning, the learned features are endowed with more discriminative power. Unified in one model, feature learning and classification are mutually enhanced. All these unique advantages of the CNN make it outperform other HAR algorithms, as verified in the experiments on the Opportunity Activity Recognition Challenge and other benchmark datasets.


From the seventh century to the present, Christian art has existed in India. Astonishing is the fact that some of the best artistic pieces were done not by Christians, but by Hindus, Muslims, etc. This is especially visible in the Mogul miniatures of the Mogul court of Akbar to the Bengali art of the 20th century, where artists identified in Jesus the suffering Indian humanity. Today a lot of Christian art is engaging with the struggles of the people at the margins. Besides this social critical art, modern art forms are emerging which shed their Indian identity and could be done anywhere in the world.


Agriculture has been and probably will be a significant branch in the south part of the Great Plain in the future as well. Besides the mass products and in many cases instead of them when forming the agricultural structure, this region has to pay more attention to the branches that were important in the past. Hungarian experts who are famous in foreign countries as well deal with these branches and they provide excellent products. The rules referring to these products are more liberal in the market places of the European Union and their development is not controlled by strict quota systems. In the south part of the Great Hungarian Plain a lot of unique products of excellent quality are produced. Here in this essay we would like to find the answer to the question how the two significant products of the southern part of the Great Hungarian Plain can provide the families with the income that they can live on. We aim at the economical examination of the cucumber grown in MA©hkerA©k and asparagus of Homok. To do this we will apply the so called Standard Gross Margin. The agriculture of the states of the European Union is measured with the help of this method. It can also help us in the future to decide whether the different farms belonging to families are economically viable in Hungary.


The effectiveness of supplementation with Bioactive Collagen Peptides (BCP) on the health and appearance of the skin and nails has been proven in several clinical trials. The influence of BCP supplementation on hair, however, has not been investigated to the same extent. In this placebo-controlled study, therefore, the effects of BCP intake on hair thickness and metabolism were investigated. The study was conducted on 44 healthy women aged between 39 and 75, who each received a daily dosage of 2.5 g BCP or placebo. After a treatment period of 16 weeks, hair thickness was determined and compared with the thickness at the beginning of the trial. In addition, the proliferation rate of human hair follicle cells that had been exposed to BCP was examined and the results compared with untreated control cells. The data showed a statistically significant (p<0.01) increase in the cell proliferation rate of 31% compared to the controls. The measurement of hair thickness showed a statistically significant (p<0.01) increase in the BCP group compared to placebo. Over the course of the collagen peptide treatment, hair thickness increased significantly by 1.93 ± 0.42 μm (p<0.01), whereas a slight decrease in hair thickness of -0.99 ± 0.40 μm (p=0.07) was measured in the placebo group. This clearly demonstrates the positive effect of BCP treatment on hair thickness and follicle cell proliferation.


A relation between induction time and metastable zone width in cooling crystallization has been developed based on the correlation between temperature and supersaturation with the induction time in the classical nucleation theory. By this relation, the nucleation times in linear cooling experiments and the induction times at constant temperature can be estimated from each other, i.e. estimating metastable zone widths from experimental induction times or interfacial energy and the pre-exponential factor from metastable zone widths. Ascorbic – water system, with 120 induction times and 192 metastable zone widths determined, and several systems reported in the literature, have been investigated to compare the estimated values of metastable zone width/induction time with experimental values, respectively. The estimated metastable zone widths are fairly consistent with the experimental values. The differences between experimental literature values of metastable zone widths and the estimated values using the literature induction times range from 0.1 K to 10 K with an average of 2.5 K. For two systems (paracetamol in ethanol and salicylic acid in ethyl acetate), estimated and experimental results are of very good consistency with an average uncertainty of only about 5%. More accurate extrapolations of the induction times from metastable zone widths have been investigated. The potential utilities of this approach in crystallization research and process understanding are discussed.


Cardinal A. Vanhoye offers a valuable description of the Father by reference tojn 17,4 as he states: "The Father reveals Himself as He who gives. It is this that is His fundamental attitude." Here the introduction (17,1-5) is being considered to the well-known prayer of Jesus, in order to enquire into the three gifts that Jesus-Son receives from His Father: (a) complete and universal authority over human beings, (b) the disciples, and (c) the work to be accomplished perfectly. It is these gifts that are the central concern of these pages. The conclusion puts into relief three aspects: (a) a first nucleus centred on the relationship between Father and Son; (b) the second nucleus is the relationship between Jesus and the disciples; (c) the returning to the Father of that which has come forth from Him. Ultimately, these three aspects bring into focus the centrality of the Father in all that has for its definitive purpose the giving of "eternal life."


Background
For glycemic control in diabetic patients on dialysis it was unclear what level of glycated albumin (GA) was associated with the lowest mortality and GA's utility. Accordingly, we examined the difference in association between GA and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) with 1-year mortality in a cohort of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy.

Methods
We examined 84 282 patients with prevalent diabetes who were on maintenance hemodialysis (HD) (female 30.3%; mean age 67.3 ± 11.2 years; mean dialysis vintage 6.4 ± 4.5 years). Of them, 22 441 had both GA and HbA1c. We followed these for a year, 2013-14, using Cox regression to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence limits for 1-year mortality after adjusting for potential confounders such as baseline age, sex, smoking and diabetes type.

Results
One-year mortality was lowest in diabetic HD patients who had GA levels of 15.6-18.2% and HbA1c levels of 5.8-6.3%. The associations were linear or J-shaped for GA and U-shaped for HbA1c. Adjusted HRs were significantly higher in patients with GA <12.5% and GA ≥22.9%. This trend flattened in elderly patients, those with higher hemoglobin or those with prior cardiovascular disease. In addition, the C-statistics, Harrell's C and category-free net reclassification improvement to predict 1-year mortality were better when GA was added to the model than when HbA1c was added.

Conclusions
There was a linear or J-shaped association between GA and 1-year mortality, with the lowest mortality at GA 15.6-18.2%. Furthermore, our analyses suggest the potential superiority of GA over HbA1c in predicting mortality.


In many modern large-scale learning applications, the amount of unlabeled data far exceeds that of labeled data. A common instance of this problem is the transductive setting where the unlabeled test points are known to the learning algorithm. This paper presents a study of regression problems in that setting. It presents explicit VC-dimension error bounds for transductive regression that hold for all bounded loss functions and coincide with the tight classification bounds of Vapnik when applied to classification. It also presents a new transductive regression algorithm inspired by our bound that admits a primal and kernelized closed-form solution and deals efficiently with large amounts of unlabeled data. The algorithm exploits the position of unlabeled points to locally estimate their labels and then uses a global optimization to ensure robust predictions. Our study also includes the results of experiments with several publicly available regression data sets with up to 20,000 unlabeled examples. The comparison with other transductive regression algorithms shows that it performs well and that it can scale to large data sets.


Introduction: The Van Herick method is a quick and easy way to estimate anterior chamber depth, which allows grading of patients according to the likelihood of having primary acute closed-angle glaucoma. However, as the test is highly subjective, measurements and thus grading may vary between observers. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of variation of Van Herick scores among observers and to investigate agreement between temporal and nasal scores. Materials and Methods: A total of 15 observers measured the temporal and nasal Van Herick scores from 18 patients, grouped into cohorts at outpatient glaucoma and corneal clinic. Analysis of data involved assigning a patient to a Van Herick grade based on the median score and then determining the mean standard deviation and percentage consistency for each grade. Results: We found that Grades 1 and 4 had a high mean percentage consistency (80% and 84.6%, respectively) and a low mean standard deviation (0.45 and 0.26, respectively). Grades 2 and 3 had low mean percentage consistencies (57.5 and 5, respectively) and high mean standard deviations (0.71 and 0.89, respectively). The temporal and nasal scores showed good agreement (κ = 0.61P < 0.001). Conclusion: The Van Herick score has a good interobserver reliability for Grades 1 and 4; however, Grades 2 and 3 require further tests such as gonioscopy or ocular coherence tomography. Temporal and nasal scores demonstrated good agreement; therefore, if the nasal score cannot be measured due to nasal bridge size, the temporal can be used as an approximation.


The past half-century has been dominated by the rise of media to a commanding position in the social life of most people and nations, to the point where it is banal to regard this as the "information age." The once-dazzling ascension of television in the 1950s and '60s now looks like the horse-and-buggy era when one assesses the Internet, smartphones, and the digital revolution. For social theorists of all stripes communication has moved to center stage. And for those on the left, addressing the role of communication in achieving social change and then maintaining popular rule in the face of reactionary backlash is now a primary concern.… political economists of communication, including one of us, identified themselves as in the tradition of radical political economy, but with a sophisticated appreciation of media that had escaped.… [the stellar critique of journalism produced… by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky]. Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy were occasionally held up by political economists of communication as representing the sort of traditional Marxists who underappreciated the importance of media, communication, and culture.… We were never especially impressed by this criticism. To us, Monopoly Capital, and the broader political economy of Baran and Sweezy, far from ignoring communication, provided key elements for a serious study of the subject. [Note: this article was released in three parts: Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3]This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


Background: The outcomes of road traffic injury can be viewed through a number of lenses, including: threat to life, impairment, pain and suffering, quality of life loss, cost and resource use. While numerous definitions of 'Serious Injury' exist based on these aspects, there is no consensus on the most appropriate definition. Aim: To understand how different definitions of 'Serious Injury' correlate and overlap. Method: Serious injury was defined in four ways, these being threat to life, impairment, compensation cost, and resource use as indicated by a length of stay of at least 15 days in hospital. The sample consisted of 67,797 road users injured in Victoria in the period 2006 ‐ 2010 inclusive, and who made a claim for compensation to the Transport Accident Commission (TAC). Analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between four definitions of serious injury and an Euler diagram was developed to study the overlap between them. Results: There were significant, but moderate, correlations between all pairs of serious injury measures. In addition, the Euler diagram analysis showed that the cohorts of claimant classified as serious injury by the four different definitions showed only partial overlap , with only 0.6% of claimants classified as 'serious' by all four definitions with a far higher proportion classified as serious by one definition of serious injury. Conclusions: The importance of identifying a common, comprehensive definition of serious injury that is robust cannot be underestimated. The analysis presented here suggests a composite measure of serious injury is required.


How do foreign powers disengage from a conflict? We study this issue by examining the recent, large-scale security transition from international troops to local forces in the ongoing civil conflict in Afghanistan. We construct a new dataset that combines information on this transition process with declassified conflict outcomes and previously unreleased quarterly survey data of residents' perceptions of local security. Our empirical design leverages the staggered roll-out of the transition, and employs a novel instrumental variables approach to estimate the impact. We find a significant, sharp, and timely decline of insurgent violence in the initial phase: the security transfer to Afghan forces. We find that this is followed by a significant surge in violence in the second phase: the actual physical withdrawal of foreign troops. We argue that this pattern is consistent with a signaling model, in which the insurgents reduce violence strategically to facilitate the foreign military withdrawal to capitalize on the reduced foreign military presence afterward. Our findings clarify the destabilizing consequences of withdrawal in one of the costliest conflicts in modern history, and yield potentially actionable insights for designing future security transitions. (JEL D74, F51, F52, O17)


— Fly ash is the residue produced from coal combustion in electric generating plants. There are two types of fly ash, Class C and Class F. Approximately 40 percent of fly ash generated from coal combustion can be used as a partial replacement of cement in concrete. Incorporating fly ash improves concrete properties and extends its service life. Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is an expansive reaction between reactive silica typically found in aggregates (rock and sand) and alkalis in cement. This reaction results in the formation of a gel that absorbs water and swells, which exerts an internal pressure in concrete. This pressure leads to cracking and premature deterioration of the structure. ASR can be prevented by replacing approximately 15 to 25 percent by mass of the cement with Class F fly ash. Class F fly ash is more effective in preventing ASR than Class C fly ash due to its chemical composition. Sources of Class F fly ash are limited in the State of Arkansas, and occurrences of ASR are increasing. Preliminary results show that cement replacement rates, ranging from 20 to 40 percent of Class C fly ash, effectively control ASR.


This research investigated the problem of air pollution caused by vehicles in the city of Tripoli, Libya. This also included the identification of the socioeconomic and institutional factors which have contributed to the increased severity of the air pollution problem. The issues addressed included legal, institutional and technical aspects. A descriptive method was applied in which a case study approach was adopted. Primary data were collected through personal interviews with responsible people in relevant institutions, including EGA, GTL and ATD, complemented by questionnaires and direct observations. The data collected from the interviews and questionnaires were analysed using Excel and SPSS software.Owing to the lack of data on vehicular emissions in the study area, an inventory of the annual vehicular emissions in the city was made through the application of COPERT.4 software which is widely used for calculating vehicular emissions. This inventory covered the period from 2005 to 2010. Laboratory Mobile was also used to measure the concentration of vehicular emissions in the city centre of Tripoli, and compared with the vehicular concentrations in Sheffield, UK, for the same period.A framework was developed and validated to evaluate the air pollution caused by vehicles in Tripoli. The findings from the research showed that there has been a dramatic increase in the quantity of vehicle emissions in the city, highlighting the extent of the problem. Some influencing factors which have made a significant contribution to the occurrence and increased severity of traffic air pollution in Tripoli include: the increase in the vehicle fleet, the quality and quantity of the fuel consumed, insufficient public transportation, a shortage of public awareness, and deficiencies in the relevant legislation. Obstacles facing the responsible institutions include a lack of capable and qualified staff, and a shortage of necessary equipment for monitoring and addressing traffic problems and pollution.It is concluded that Tripoli has been subjected to air pollution caused by vehicles, which needs to be addressed through the incorporation of a comprehensive strategy and implementation of the developed framework. Additionally, economic, legal, institutional and technical recommendations are presented for the management of air pollution caused by vehicles in the city of Tripoli, Libya.


This paper reports on a miniaturized lab-on-a-waveguide liquid-mixture sensor, achieving highly accurate nanoliter liquid sample characterization, for biomedical applications. The nanofluidic-integrated millimeter-wave sensor design is based on a near-field transmission-line technique implemented by a single loop slot antenna operating at 91 GHz, fabricated into the lid of a photolaser-based subtractive manufactured WR-10 rectangular waveguide. The nanofluidic subsystem, which is mounted on the top of the antenna aperture, is fabricated by using multiple polytetrafluoroethylene layers to encapsulate and isolate the liquid sample during the experiment, hence, offering various preferable features, e.g., noninvasive and contactless measurements. Moreover, the sensor is reusable by replacing only the nanofluidic subsystem, resulting in a cost-effective sensor. The novel sensor can measure a liquid volume of as low as 210 nanoliters, while still achieving a discrimination accuracy of better than 2% of ethanol in the ethanol/deionized-water liquid mixture with a standard deviation of lower than 0.008 from at least three repeated measurements, resulting in the highest accurate ethanol and DI-water discriminator reported to date. The nanofluidic-integrated millimeter-wave sensor also offers other advantages, such as the ease of design, low fabrication and material cost, and no life-cycle limitation of the millimeter-wave subsystem.


Under the Internal Revenue Code ("Code"), a merger that is "statutory," or conducted pursuant to the corporation laws of a state, is tax-free. Practically since its inception, this provision has invited abuse. Taxpayers have sought refuge behind liberal state merger laws, while the Internal Revenue Service ("Service") and the courts have strained to preserve the integrity of the statutory merger concept. The latest such episode surrounds the invention of something called a "divisive merger." This oxymoron describes a transaction in which more than one party may survive or be created while still meeting the definition of a "merger" under state law. If it qualifies under the Code, it permits a mere sale to receive the favored status of a tax-free reorganization. On January 19, 2000, the Service responded to the abusive potential of the divisive merger by declaring that such transactions do not qualify as mergers for tax purposes. While its position was not surprising, the analysis was unsettling. Based on its review of traditional state law requirements, the Service for the first time announced that the target must transfer substantially all of its properties and dissolve pursuant to the plan of merger. Thus, contrary to the move to disconnect federal income tax liability from state law classification, the Service explicitly embraced a state law focused interpretation. This Article argues that the Service should abandon its reliance on traditional state corporate law requirements in determining whether a merger qualifies for tax-free treatment. Instead, the Service can interpret the statutory language in a way that is both faithful to the text and legislative history and less dependent on the vagaries of state corporate law by giving "merger" its own meaning for federal income tax purposes.


This article tests the Protection for Sale (PFS) model using detailed data from U.S. food processing industries from 1978 to 1992 under alternative import demand specifications. All empirical results support the PFS model predictions and previous empirical work qualitatively. Although welfare weights are very sensitive to import demand specification, a surprising result is that we obtain weights between 2.6 and 3.6 for domestic welfare using import slopes or elasticities derived from domestic demand and supply functions. In contrast, results based on import slopes or elasticities from directly specified import demands (including the Armington model) yield the usual, unrealistically large estimates for the domestic welfare weight. We contend that the latter empirical paradox arises mainly because the explanatory variables tend to be extremely large for industries with low import ratios and/or low estimated elasticities or slopes resulting from relatively volatile import prices. The results with derived import parameters point to a much stronger role of campaign contributions within the PFS model than previously found. They also suggest that the commonly-used Armington estimates may not be appropriate for estimating the PFS model.


A Thurston map is called nearly Euclidean if its local degree at each critical point is 2 and it has exactly four postcritical points. Nearly Euclidean Thurston (NET) maps are simple generalizations of rational Lattès maps. We investigate when such a map has the property that the associated pullback map on Teichmüller space is constant. We also show that no Thurston map of degree 2 has constant pullback map.


Title of Thesis: AVISARME: Audio-Visual Synchronization Algorithm for a Robotic Musician Ensemble David R Berman, Master of Science, 2012 Thesis directed by: Professor Nikhil Chopra Department of Mechanical Engineering This thesis presents a beat detection algorithm which combines both audio and visual inputs to synchronize a robotic musician to its human counterpart. Although there has been considerable work done to create sophisticated methods for audio beat detection, the visual aspect of musicianship has been largely ignored. With advancements in image processing techniques, as well as both computer and imaging technologies, it has recently become feasible to integrate visual inputs into beat detection algorithms. Additionally, the proposed method for audio tempo detection also attempts to solve many issues that are present in current algorithms. Current audio-only algorithms have imperfections, whether they are inaccurate, too computationally expensive, or suffer from terrible resolution. Through further experimental testing on both a popular music database and simulated music signals, the proposed algorithm performed statistically better in both accuracy and robustness than the baseline approaches. Furthermore, the proposed approach is extremely efficient, taking only 45ms to compute on a 2.5s signal, and maintains an extremely high temporal resolution of 0.125 BPM. The visual integration also relies on Full Scene Tracking, allowing it to be utilized for live beat detection for practically all musicians and instruments. Numerous optimization techniques have been implemented, such as pyramidal optimization (PO) and clustering techniques which are presented in this thesis. A Temporal Difference Learning approach to sensor fusion and beat synchronization is also proposed and tested thoroughly. This TD learning algorithm implements a novel policy switching criterion which provides a stable, yet quickly reacting estimation of tempo. The proposed algorithm has been implemented and tested on a robotic drummer to verify the validity of the approach. The results from testing are documented in great detail and compared with previously proposed approaches. AVISARME: Audio-Visual Synchronization Algorithm for a Robotic Musician Ensemble


The approximately spherical shapes of chondrules has long been attributed to surface tension acting on ~1 mm melt droplets that formed and cooled in the microgravity field of the solar nebula. However, chondrule shapes commonly depart significantly from spherical. In this study, 109 chondrules in a sample of CR2 chondrite NWA 801 were imaged by X‐ray computed tomography and best‐fitted to ellipsoids. The analysis confirms that many chondrules are indeed not spherical, and also that the chondrules' collective shape fabric records a definite 13% compaction in the host meteorite. Dehydration of phyllosilicates within chondrules may account for that strain. However, retro‐deforming all chondrules shows that a large majority were already far from spherical prior to accretion. Possible models for these initial shapes include prior deformation of individual chondrules in earlier hosts, and, as suggested by previous authors, rotation of chondrules as they were solidifying, and/or "streaming" of molten chondrules by their differential velocities with their gaseous hosts after melting. More in situ 3‐D work such as this study on a variety of unequilibrated chondrites, combined with detailed structural petrography, should help further constrain these models and refine our understanding of chondrite formation.


In recent years, the increased significance and internationalisation of land tenancy and purchase has led to intensive scientific discussions. In so doing, a majority of the studies try to draw conclusions of the extent and relevance of the land rush by analysing macro-economic data and structures. In our paper, we extend this analysis by applying an ethnographic, local-regional perspective. Argentina has experienced a strong neo-liberal phase in the 1990s; modernisation and particularly globalisation of agriculture has played a central role. The intensification of land use was coupled with new actor constellations, whereby land ownership and tenancy structures changed fundamentally. Embedded in this national context we contrast two production peripheries in the province of Salta: viticulture in the Andean Calchaqui Valleys and soy farming in the Chaco lowlands. In the context of the Chaco's soy production the agrarian restructuring goes along with the appearance of actors fol-lowing a short-term logic of capital accumulation (almost exclusively through tenancy-relationships). More often than not, so-called pooles de siembra (driven by financial capital) or national agro-actors use the Chaco Salteno as expansion territory and for risk diversification, fostering monofunctional land use. In contrast, actors of wine business in the Calchaqui Valleys follow predominantly long-term logics: Via land purchase and high-level investments in cultivation and irrigation quality wines are produced for a national and international niche market. Due to the association of wine with amenity quality and social status, a tourism and real estate boom has emerged, whereby the storing of and speculation with (surplus) capital is a crucial factor. Land becomes an attractive capital investment due to massively rising prices. The goal of our paper is to analyse and contrast land use changes in the respective study areas and, by doing so, we aim to contribute to the ongoing discussion on the current land rush/land grabbing in Latin America.


We investigate strategyproof mechanisms for Friends and Enemies Games, a subclass of Hedonic Games in which every agent classifies any other one as a friend or as an enemy. In this setting, we consider the two classical scenarios proposed in the literature, called Friends Appreciation (FA) and Enemies Aversion (EA). Roughly speaking, in the former each agent gives priority to the number of friends in her coalition, while in the latter to the number of enemies.We provide strategyproof mechanisms for both settings. More precisely, for FA we first present a deterministic n-approximation mechanism, and then show that a much better result can be accomplished by resorting to randomization. Namely, we provide a randomized mechanism whose expected approximation ratio is 4, and arbitrarily close to 4 with high probability. For EA, we give a simple (1+√2)n-approximation mechanism, and show that its performance is asymptotically tight by proving that it is NP-hard to approximate the optimal solution within O(n1−ɛ) for any fixed ɛ > 0.Finally, we show how to extend our results in the presence of neutrals, i.e., when agents can also be indifferent about other agents, and we discuss anonymity.


The aim of this study is to examine the effect of verbal aggressiveness on organizational commitment while the perceived peer support is the mediator. For this aim, a survey study, which includes 1265 participants from a public health center in Kazakhstan, is used. For the aim of the study, we used hierarchical regression analyses. The results indicate that verbal aggressiveness has a direct effect on organizational commitment and perceived peer support. In addition to this result, it was also found that perceived peer support has a partial mediating role on this relationship. This research has been studied in between Kazakhstan and Turkey. And it is an interdisciplinary study.


During and after the Spanish civil war, over 500,000 people left Spain; at least 200,000 would remain outside Spain for many years, some for the rest of their lives. They went to France, Mexico, Argentina, the USSR, and across the globe. These Spanish ?republican? refugees were also connected to those who had stayed within Spain, by familial and political ties or the bonds of friendship. In order to investigate this reality ? a group of people from all kinds of political, social and economic backgrounds based in so many different geographic locations ? this thesis foregrounds the role of the individual in both experiencing and constructing history, being defined and resisting definition from different entities. Consequently, it seeks to intervene in the historiography of the Spanish Civil War and republican exile by highlighting the ways in which individual experiences and narratives both strengthen and weaken categories such as: political, a-political, refugee and exile. This PhD brings together underused source materials stored in Spain and Mexico, as well as digital archives stored online; it is based on archived oral history interviews with refugees, additional oral history interviews undertaken by the author, several collections of letters, unpublished and published memoirs, and official documents. Each chapter considers a different aspect of the refugees? experiences and how these experiences are represented in the source material: departure, separation and communication, return and home, and the memory of exile within families. How and why did people leave? How did they change their behaviour in order to adapt to or survive particular circumstances? How have the children and grandchildren of Spanish refugees reacted to family narratives and memories? Central to this analysis is the role played by factors such as gender, age, class, status, personality and political views in shaping peoples? experiences, as well as an emphasis on ?non-elite? alongside ?elite? refugees? experiences of displacement.The historiography of the Spanish Civil War and subsequent exile has been shaped by political and ideological debates, as well as the different national contexts refugees found themselves in. From the numbers of refugees recorded as having left Spain, to the idea that returning to Spain was a betrayal, to the memory of the exile within Spain, almost every aspect of the refugees? experiences has been used to make or refute arguments surrounding the morality of the republican cause and the nature of the Francoist regime. At the same time, the different circumstances of refugees living in countries like France and Mexico meant that different narratives or collective memories regarding the role of refugees in their host countries are still being constructed and reconstructed. One of the central aims of this thesis is to show how these debates have obscured the richness of individual experiences; the thesis therefore argues that considering stories which do not ?fit? or details which are difficult to synthesise ultimately leads us to a more profound understanding of history. Driven by an extensive use of a range of oral history interviews, the thesis will also explore how historical time is complicated by personal testimony. The events of one person?s life are carried into the present, as they continue to affect their character, state of mind and attitude to success and hardship. Personal memories and perspectives will provide a contrast to historical narratives which focus on the role of the state, military events, ideology or political parties; instead, the thesis will show how these entities and events affect people?s lives, and the lives of their children. The central argument of this thesis is that Spanish refugees were not ?preordained? by the ideological conflicts which were embedded in the Civil War or their displacement. Instead, refugees actively constructed their ?self-hood? in response to these circumstances, rather than being (wholly) defined by them.


OBJECTIVES
To investigate melatonin production in hyperandrogenic women before and during treatment with cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol (Diane 35).

MATERIAL AND METHODS
We studied 10 women with late onset adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (LOCAH) and 10 women with idiopathic hirsutism (IH). Patients were treated with Diane 35 for four months. Fasting blood samples for the determination of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone and dihydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and 24-hour urine collections for the determination of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) excretion were obtained from all patients at baseline and after 4 months of treatment. Results were compared with those obtained in 15 control women.

RESULTS
At baseline, women with LOCAH had significantly higher serum testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) and ACTH stimulated 17OHP values than IH and control women. Their aMT6s values (51.0+/-20.5 mg/24h) were significantly higher than the values in IH (34.3+/-7.1) and control women (30.5+/-6.5) (p< 0.001). Diane 35 treatment significantly decreased serum LH, FSH and testosterone levels and aMT6s values in LOCAH patients (29.8+/-16.6 mg/24h) (p<0.0001) in LOCAH patients.

CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that hyperandrogenic women with LOCAH have increased melatonin production. The normalization of aMT6s and testosterone values during cyproterone acetate-ethinyl estradiol treatment, suggest that sex steroids either directly or through the suppression of gonadotropin, modulate melatonin secretion in these patients.


In looking at examinations in history over many years, it must be realized that it is very difficult to compare and judge papers of the past by the standards of the present. South Africa has undergone many changes over the past 30 years - ideologically and technologically. It might thus be difficult to compare the "then and now" with any accuracy. One should remember what the technology was like in connection with examination preparation some 30 years ago. Papers were typed on to wax stencils and old roneo machines were used to reproduce copies. Cartoons and other source materials (if not re-typed) were often reproduced very poorly. The quality of the older papers is going to be very different from those of the present.


This thesis explores how revenue management (RM) principles would integrate into a parking system, and how advanced reservation-making, coupled with dynamic pricing (based on booking limits) could be used to maximize parking revenue. Detailed here is a comprehensive RM strategy for the parking industry, and an integer programming formulation that maximizes parking revenue over a system of garages is presented. Furthermore, an intelligent parking reservation model is developed that uses an artificial neural network procedure for online reservation decision-making. Next, the work evaluates whether the implementation of a parking RM system in a dense urban parking district (and thus avoiding "trial-and-error" behaviors exhibited by drivers) mitigates urban congestion levels. In order to test this hypothesis, a parallel modeling structure was developed that uses a real-time decision-making model that either accepts or rejects requests for parking via a back-propagation neural network. Coupled with the real-time decision-making model is a micro-simulation model structure used to evaluate the policy's effects on network performance. It is clear from the results that the rate at which parkers renege is a primary determinant of the value of the implementation of RM. All other things being equal, the RM model in which the majority of parkers is directed to their precise parking spot via the most direct route is much more robust to the random elements within the network that can instigate extreme congestion. The thesis then moves from micro-evaluation to macro-evaluation by measuring the performance of the urban parking system from the perspective of the set of relevant stakeholders using the hyperbolic DEA model within the context of the matrix DEA construct. The stakeholder models, including that of the provider, the user, and the community, have defined inputs/outputs to the hyperbolic DEA model, which allows for the inclusion of undesirable outputs such as network delay and incidence of extreme congestion. Another key contribution of this work is that of identifying design issues for current and future dense urban parking districts. Clearly, reneging rate and the tenacity of perspective parkers is a key consideration in cases where RM policy is not implemented.


Christophe v. Werdt. Stadt und Gemeindebildung in Ruthenien. Okzidentalisierung der Ukraine und Weiβrusslands im Spatmittelalter und in der fruhen Neuzeit. Forschungen zur osteuropaischen Geschichte, vol. 66. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006. vii, 326 pp. Cloth.Urban studies have long been a poor relation in the family of historiographies devoted to late medieval and early modem Poland-Lithuania, not only because the cities were themselves weakly developed. Polish scholarship has focused on social and intellectual elites, seeing these as the carrier of the national idea and the chief contribution to European culture of the time. Lithuanian, Ukrainian, and Belrusian historians have devoted somewhat more attention to the cities, again concentrating on the project of nation building and less on the nature of urbanization in the east of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Given these significant gaps, this new study by Christophe v. Werdt (The City and the Formation of Communities in Ruthenia: The Occidentalization of Ukraine and Belarus in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods) is particularly welcome.This is a work of broad synthesis and careful analysis, based largely on normative documents (above all royal and noble privileges and municipal charters) printed in the rich document collections of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Following an introduction that sets out the geographic, temporal, problematic, and methodological parameters of the topic, the book is divided into two larger sections: (1) an examination of the process of urbanization in the ethnically and confessionally mixed territories of the east of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the second half of the fourteenth century until the wars of the mid seventeenth century; and (2) an investigation of the types of community formation found in those lands on a scale ranging from the "castle towns" (Burgstadte) inherited from the appanage principalities of Kyivan and Galician Rus' to the cities granted, or newly founded upon, Magdeburg law.Confessional-cultural transitional zones were formed by the incorporation of territories formerly a part of Kyivan and Galician Rus' into the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The rulers sought to encourage settlement of the newly acquired territories-partially as a means of bringing them more firmly under their control-by the granting of rights of incorporation for cities, mostly under the framework of Magdeburg law. Kulm/Chehnno law was common only in some Crown landsMazovia, Pomerania, Prussia-and to an extent in the transitional zone of Podlachia, which was ruled for a time from Mazovia. The colonization came from without (mostly German burghers) and from "within" (nobles, burghers, and peasants from Crown lands). The twin processes of colonization and urbanization began earliest in (1) Podlachia, Red Ruthenia, and Podolia with the incorporation of parts of Galician Rus' into the Polish Crown in the 1340s. They were at their most intense here. Fifty years later, in the wake of the Union of Krevo, the Lithuanian grand dukes began to emulate Polish practice in (2) the northwestern parts of their lands. Only in the second half of the sixteenth century would (3) the Lithuanian east and the Volhynian-Ukrainian territories that would soon become a part of the Crown (with the Union of Lublin in 1569) be sites of similar processes. In general, colonization and urbanization flowed from west to east, and we find the denser urban networks in the areas settled earliest. …


How quickly does marginal utility diminish? It depends on the dimension along which we consider concavity of the utility function. This paper estimates the distribution of heterogeneous curvature parameters in individuals' utility functions from hypothetical choice data, while carefully accounting for survey response error. Types of curvature examined include relative risk aversion, intertemporal substitution, the altruism elasticity, and a new measure of how much more a dollar means to a poor family than to a rich family, called inequality aversion. The estimated distribution varies depending on the type of curvature we consider, with median values of curvature parameters ranging from 0.6 to 13.2. We estimate differences for different ways of asking about the same parameter for inequality aversion and risk aversion. Utility functions are most concave for situations involving altruism, followed by risk aversion, inequality aversion, and intertemporal substitution. Heterogeneity of curvature in the population also varies: altruism is the most heterogeneous, followed by risk aversion, intertemporal substitution, and inequality aversion. Nonetheless, curvature parameters are highly correlated (rho>0.8) across individuals for different means of examining the same parameter, and modestly correlated across dimensions in some cases, including inequality aversion and risk aversion (0.3), altruism and risk aversion (0.3), and altruism and inequality aversion (0.14).