Abstract Student teachers bring with them a variety of perceptions relating to their own ability and confidence both in their own musical ability and in their ability to teach music in the generalist classroom. These perceptions have been influenced by students' background in the years prior to their University enrollment. Some students are confident while others are very anxious about the thought of teaching music to a classroom of school children. This study investigates if there is a correlation between the age of the students, their tertiary entrance score, year level, socioeconomic background, and their anxiety in relation to music education, their confidence in teaching music lessons and their musical background. Background Student teachers enrolling in University or other teacher training institutions bring with them a variety of perceptions relating to their own ability and confidence both in their own musical ability and in their ability to teach music in the generalist classroom. These perceptions have been influenced by students' background in the years prior to their University enrollment. Some students are confident while others are very anxious about the thought of teaching music to a classroom of school children. Earlier research (Mills, 1989, Russell-Bowie, 1993) indicates that approximately 60 - 70% of Primary Teacher Education students enter their primary teachers training having minimal, if any, formal music education experience, either from school or from out-of-school activities. Lephard (1995) adds to these observations, indicating that `the majority of students entering university for generalist training do not have substantial music literacy, and the time allotment for music is inadequate to produce teachers who are sufficiently competent and confident to successfully implement a music program'. Some evidence seems to indicate that a lack of a good background in music education decreases the student's self-concept in regard to their ability to make or teach music. This is alluded to in the Plowden Report (CACE, 1967:251) from Britain, which indicates that primary teachers' lack of confidence and ability resulted from inadequate teaching in their Secondary and Tertiary education. There has been at least some support in empirical research for the relationship between parental involvement and interest in music and their children's musical outcomes. For example, Russell-Bowie (1993) has shown that family background factors such as income, language background, and urban living were significant factors related to the amount of musical experiences children have at home, the priority their local primary schools give to music, and the priority their parents give to music. However, many families, and indeed schools, are not providing children with this nurturing musical background. Many Australian public schools are reaping the results of decades of inadequate music education in most primary schools as children who have come through this system are now back in schools as teachers or are training to be teachers. Because of the lack of supportive family background and adequate training in music, generalist teachers are anxious about, and lack confidence in teaching each of these subjects and therefore often end up omitting the subjects from their program (Russell-Bowie, 1993). The seriousness of the situation has been reflected repeatedly in numerous reports into Arts Education over the past 35 years and anecdotally, this scenario is repeated in classrooms around the world where generalist teachers are required to teach music and the other arts. This study samples preservice teachers from five different countries and examines factors relating to their anxiety about, and their confidence in music education. Aim This study was part of a larger Creative Arts: Students' Attitudes - National and Overseas Associates (CASANOVA) study. The aim was to survey a sample of generalist Teacher Education students from six Universities or Colleges of Education around the world to investigate their attitudes towards the Creative Arts. …


Developmental care is a relatively new concept in neonatal intensive care within the South African context. The term 'Developmental care' describes a group of interventions focused at reducing stress levels of the preterm and sick neonate in order to reduce negative short and long term outcomes. These negative outcomes directly affect infant morbidity and neurodevelopment. Although it has been widely implemented internationally, implementation in South Africa seemed problematic. A formal research study using an intervention research design was conducted to determine how developmental care could be implemented in the South African context and this article discusses the guidelines for implementation drawn from the conclusion of the study.


This paper provides new insights into how financial globalization relates to international trade. Exploiting unique, time-varying, bilateral data on foreign bank ownership for many countries, we show that, for emerging markets, greater local foreign bank presence, especially from the importing country, is associated with higher exports in sectors more dependent on external finance. The association does not arise for advanced countries and is stronger when institutions are weaker. The presence of a bank from the importing country is also associated with higher exports in sectors with more opaque products. Results are robust to controlling for domestic financial development and a full set of fixed effects. An event study confirms findings and shows impacts to be more pronounced when a foreign bank enters through an M&A. Imports also increase after entry, but less so. Overall, results suggest that foreign banks facilitate trade in emerging markets by increasing the availability of external finance and helping overcome information asymmetries.


Large scale crowd simulation and visualization combine computer graphics, artificial intelligence and high performance computing among other areas. Crowd sourced location data is used to compute spatio-temporal people and vehicle flows, while map and geometric data describe specific real places. With all this data, we can visualize both real trajectories and data driven on-line crowd simulation. We have some initial results using vehicle trajectory data.


The cytotoxicity of the neurotoxic hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers alpha, beta, gamma (lindane) and delta and of the cyclodienes aldrin, endrin and alpha-endosulfan were studied in primary neuronal cultures of cerebellar granule cells. Disruption of cell membrane integrity, as indicative of cytotoxicity, was measured by propidium iodide staining. Additionally, the effects of these xenobiotic agents on three endpoints of the cellular status, concentration of intracellular-free calcium, intracellular oxygen-free radical formation and mitochondrial transmembrane potential were analyzed in parallel cultures to understand better the mechanisms of their neurocytotoxic action. To measure these parameters, the probes of the acetoxymethyl ester of fluo-3, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate and rhodamine 123, respectively, were used. The order of cytotoxic potency of the HCH-isomers and the cyclodienes (delta-HCH > gamma-HCH > alpha-HCH approximately equal to aldrin approximately equal to alpha-endosulfan >> endrin approximately equal to beta-HCH) was very different from their in vivo LD50 order. delta-, gamma- and alpha-HCH increased the concentration of intracellular-free calcium, whereas delta- and gamma-HCH and alpha-endosulfan increased mitochondrial transmembrane potential, but none of the compounds generated oxygen-free radicals. The inhibition of delta- and gamma-HCH effects by several specific pharmacological agents suggests that delta-HCH causes its cytotoxic effects in part through intracellular Ca++ mobilization from intracellular pools sensitive to neomycin, whereas gamma-HCH acts through Ca++ influx and dantrolene-sensitive intracellular Ca++ mobilization. The use of selected endpoints of the cellular status proved to be a valuable tool to study the mechanisms of cytotoxicity.


INTRODUCTION Open access (OA) citation effect studies have looked at a number of disciplines but not yet the field of communication studies. This study researched how communication studies fare with the open access citation effect, as well as whether researchers follow their journal deposit policies. METHOD The study tracked 920 articles published in 2011 and 2012 from 10 journals and then searched for citations and an OA version using the program Publish or Perish. Deposit policies of each of the journals were gathered from SHERPA/RoMEO and used to evaluate OA versions.  RESULTS From the sample, 42 percent had OA versions available. Of those OA articles, 363 appeared to violate publisher deposit policies by depositing the version of record, but the study failed to identify post-print versions for 87 percent of the total sample for the journals that allowed it. All articles with an OA version had a median of 17 citations, compared to only nine citations for non-OA articles. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION The citation averages, which are statistically significant, show a positive correlation between OA and the number of citations. The study also shows communication studies researchers are taking part in open access but perhaps without the full understanding of their publisher's policies.


In this paper, we present a conceptually simple, easy-to-implement real-time search algorithm suitable for a priori partially known environments. Instead of performing a series of searches towards the goal, like most Real-Time Heuristic Search Algorithms do, our algorithm follows the arcs of a tree T rooted in the goal state that is built initially using the heuristic h. When the agent observes that an arc in the tree cannot be traversed in the actual environment, it removes such an arc from T and our algorithm carries out a reconnection search whose objective is to find a path between the current state and any node in T. The reconnection search need not be guided by $h$, since the search objective is not to encounter the goal. Furthermore, h need not be updated. We implemented versions of our algorithm that utilize various blind search algorithms for reconnection. We show experimentally that these implementations significantly outperform state-of-the-art real-time heuristic search algorithms for the task of pathfinding in grids. In grids, our algorithms, which do not incorporate any geometrical knowledge, naturally behaves similarly to a bug algorithm, moving around obstacles, and never returning to areas that have been visited in the past. In addition, we prove theoretical properties of the algorithm.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) injury scale is the most widely used grading system for renal trauma. However, reproducibility of the AAST grading is not well studied. We aimed to assess the agreement for AAST renal trauma grading between radiologists and the grades entered in a multi-center database of high-grade renal trauma. METHODS: Data on high-grade renal trauma (AAST grades III-V) was collected from 14 Level-1 trauma centers from 2014-2017. Patients with initial CT scans were included. 2 radiologists, blinded to the submitted AAST grades and outcomes, reviewed the scans and re-graded the injuries according to the 1989 original AAST grading (O-AAST). After measuring the inter-radiologist agreement, both radiologists were asked to reach consensus on the discrepancies. The reproducibility of AAST grading was evaluated using weighted Kappa analysis for ordinal variables. Inter-radiologists agreement as well as final agreement between re-graded readings (O-AAST) and the injury grades submitted by the centers (C-AAST) were measured. Agreement was interpreted based on the kappa coefficient as slight (0-0.20), fair (0.21-0.40), moderate (0.41-0.60), substantial (0.61-0.80), and almost perfect (0.81-1.00). RESULTS: 322 patients met the inclusion criteria. Injuries were submitted by centers as grade III (59.8%), grade IV (33.1%), and grade V (7.1%). Upon re-grading the injuries, inter-radiologist agreement was substantial for O-AAST (Kappa: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.66-0.84). After resolving the discrepancies, injuries were re-graded using the O-AAST as non-gradable (1.2%), grade I (0.9%), grade II (4.6%), grade III (71.5%), grade IV (16.6%), and grade V (5.2%). Comparing the O-AAST re-grading and C-AAST, the agreement was moderate (Kappa: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.40-0.60). Overall, 27% of injuries were downgraded, 5% were upgraded, and 68% remained the same. CONCLUSIONS: The agreement between center-reported renal injury grades and re-grading of injuries by radiologists blinded to the outcomes was moderate and many injuries were downgraded. These findings have implications for using AAST grading for both predicting the need for interventions, as well as using administrative data, such as the National Trauma Databank for research purposes when AAST grade is an important variable. Table. No title available. Source of Funding: none


The size and composition of the breeding territory of the Coot Fulica atra has been studied in relation to the age of the breeding birds, the age of their neighbours, and the date of arrival in the territory. Old pairs arrive earlier than young pairs. Old pairs have larger territories, measured as its water area. Vegetation elements along the shore are important constituents of the territory, measured as length of unprotected shore. It appeared that the composition of the territory, measured in this way, depends on the age of the male, not on that of the female. Old males have more than young ones. Likely the size and composition are separate resources with a different role of the female in its defence. Important predictors of the length of the unprotected shore which the male territory holder is able to defend are two ratios: his age to the mean age of the neighbours and his age to the sum of the ages of his neighbours. Institute for Ecological Research, Boterhoeksestraat 22, 6666 GA Heteren, The Netherlands


1,2 PG scholar, 3 Assistant Professor 1,2 M.E. Power Systems Engineering, 3 Department of EEE 1,2,3 V.S.B.Engineering College, Karur-639111 Abstract— Z – source inverters have been recently proposed as an alternative power conversion concept as they have both voltage buck and Boost capabilities. These inverters use a unique impedance network, coupled between the power source and converter circuit, to provide both voltage buck and boost properties, which cannot be achieved with conventional voltage source and current source inverters. This paper deals with sensor less control of Z-source inverter under Direct torque control to get an instantaneous torque control. Sliding mode observer is a parameter for estimating the phase to phase trapezoidal back-EMF in sensor less mode. Z-source inverter is used to boost up the voltage. The simulation results of Z-source inverter is shown.


In the 1960s, art patron Dominique de Menil founded an image archive showing the ways that people of African descent have been represented in Western art. Highlights from her collection appeared in three large-format volumes that quickly became collector's items. A half-century later, Harvard University Press and the Du Bois Institute are proud to publish a complete set of ten sumptuous books, including new editions of the original volumes and two additional ones. "Black Models and White Myths" examines the tendentious racial assumptions behind representations of Africans that emphasized the contrast between "civilization" and "savagery" and the development of so-called scientific and ethnographic racism. These works often depicted Africans within a context of sexuality and exoticism, representing their allegedly natural behavior as a counterpoint to inhibited European conduct.


How and with what effects do institutions diffuse between international organizations (IOs)? An emerging literature extends a key insight of the study of diffusion processes among states to the international level, establishing that the adoption of institutions in IOs is regularly conditioned by the choices of other IOs. Yet, this literature neglects a key contextual difference between the two settings: unlike in the hierarchically structured organizations that have dominated the literature on diffusion, institutional creation, and change in IOs are the result of decentralized bargaining among sovereign governments. This paper develops a heuristic model that shows how diffusion between IOs shapes decision-making within them through its impact on the institutional preferences of individual governments. The model establishes that, unlike in diffusion processes among states, convergence is an unlikely outcome of diffusion between IOs. By implication, studies that take institutional convergence as their starting point are likely to underestimate the pervasiveness of diffusion effects. I demonstrate these arguments with a case study of the establishment of a regional dispute settlement system in Mercosur, a regional organization in Latin America.


Dietary patterns have been proposed to be related to dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia. This study investigated the correlation of dietary patterns with components of dyslipidemia and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) among young and middle-aged adults (aged between 20 and 50 years) with dyslipidemia and abnormal FPG in Taiwan. This cross-sectional study used the database compiled in Taiwan between 2001 to 2010. A total of 13,609 subjects aged between 20 and 50 years were selected. Dyslipidemia was defined primarily according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines with minor modification. Elevated FPG level was defined according to the American Diabetes Association. The factor analysis was conducted to identify three dietary patterns. Higher scores of the meat–convenience dietary pattern (high intake of deep-fried and processed food, sauces, sugar-added beverages, meat and organ meats, instant noodles, rice or flour cooked in oil, and eggs) had no association with components of dyslipidemia and abnormal FPG. Higher scores of the vegetables–fruits–seafood dietary pattern (high intake of vegetables, vegetables with oil or dressing, fruits, seafood, legumes, soy products, and rice or flour products) was inversely associated with hypercholesterolemia and positively associated with hyperglycemia. Higher scores of the dairy–complex carbohydrate dietary pattern (high intake of dairy products, milk, root crops, jam or honey, and whole grains) was inversely correlated with hypertriglycemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Our results support that the dietary pattern may have a role in the prevention and management of dyslipidemia and abnormal fasting plasma glucose.


With the information in Microsoft Office PerformancePoint Server 2007, you can learn the best practices for managing business performance using Office PerformancePoint 2007 and related Microsoft tools. The specific end-user scenarios begin by describing the business requirements and objectives and end with detailed technical guidance for implementing performance management solutions. Leverage PerformancePoint with other key technologies, including SharePoint Server, SQL Server Business Intelligence tools and Office Excel and Excel Services. Use PerformancePoint for common performance management scenarios, including scorecarding, dashboarding, reporting, analysis, planning, budgeting and forecasting.


Environmental contamination by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) can have epigenetic effects (by DNA methylation) on the germ line and promote disease across subsequent generations. In natural populations, both sexes may encounter affected as well as unaffected individuals during the breeding season, and any diminution in attractiveness could compromise reproductive success. Here we examine mate preference in male and female rats whose progenitors had been treated with the antiandrogenic fungicide vinclozolin. This effect is sex-specific, and we demonstrate that females three generations removed from the exposure discriminate and prefer males who do not have a history of exposure, whereas similarly epigenetically imprinted males do not exhibit such a preference. The observations suggest that the consequences of EDCs are not just transgenerational but can be "transpopulational", because in many mammalian species, males are the dispersing sex. This result indicates that epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of EDC action represents an unappreciated force in sexual selection. Our observations provide direct experimental evidence for a role of epigenetics as a determinant factor in evolution.


The increased use of personal communication devices, personal computers and wireless cellular telephones enables the development of new inter-personal communication systems. The merge between computers and telephony technologies brings up the demand for convenient hands-free communications. In such systems the users wish to lead a conversation in much the same way as in a normal person-to-person conversation. The advantages of hands-free telephones are safety, convenience and greater flexibility. In many countries and regions, hand held telephony in cars is prohibited by legislation. By placing the microphone far away from the user a number of disadvantages are introduced, which results in substantial speech distortion and poor sound quality. These disturbances are mainly caused by room reverberation and background noise. Furthermore, acoustic feedback generated at the near-end side is a problem for the far-end side talker, who will hear his/her own voice echoed with 100-200 ms delay, making speech conversation substantially more difficult. Digital filtering may be used to obtain a similar sound quality as for hand held telephony. Three major tasks must be addressed in order to improve the quality of hands-free communication systems; noise suppression, room reverberation suppression, and acoustic feedback cancellation of the hands-free loudspeaker. The filtering operation must perform the above mentioned tasks without causing severe near-end speech distortion. A properly designed broad-band microphone array is able to perform all the given tasks, i.e. speech enhancement, echo cancellation and reverberation suppression, in a concise and effective manner. This is due to the fact that the spatial domain may be utilized as well as the temporal domain. This thesis deals with the problem of specification and design of beamformers used to extract the source signal information. A new subband adaptive beamforming algorithm is proposed, where many of the drawbacks embedded in conventional adaptive beamforming are eliminated. Evaluation in a car hands-free situation show the benefits of the proposed method. Blind signal separation is discussed and a new structure based on frequency domain inverse channel identification and time domain separation, is proposed. Further, filter-bank properties and design are discussed together with performance limitations in subband beamforming structures.


We introduce a conditional generative model for learning to disentangle the hidden factors of variation within a set of labeled observations, and separate them into complementary codes. One code summarizes the specified factors of variation associated with the labels. The other summarizes the remaining unspecified variability. During training, the only available source of supervision comes from our ability to distinguish among different observations belonging to the same class. Examples of such observations include images of a set of labeled objects captured at different viewpoints, or recordings of set of speakers dictating multiple phrases. In both instances, the intra-class diversity is the source of the unspecified factors of variation: each object is observed at multiple viewpoints, and each speaker dictates multiple phrases. Learning to disentangle the specified factors from the unspecified ones becomes easier when strong supervision is possible. Suppose that during training, we have access to pairs of images, where each pair shows two different objects captured from the same viewpoint. This source of alignment allows us to solve our task using existing methods. However, labels for the unspecified factors are usually unavailable in realistic scenarios where data acquisition is not strictly controlled. We address the problem of disentaglement in this more general setting by combining deep convolutional autoencoders with a form of adversarial training. Both factors of variation are implicitly captured in the organization of the learned embedding space, and can be used for solving single-image analogies. Experimental results on synthetic and real datasets show that the proposed method is capable of generalizing to unseen classes and intra-class variabilities.


Reduction of CO2 emissions from energy systems could be achieved through: CO2 capture and storage, energy savings, fuel switching among fossil fuels, increased use of renewable energy sources, and nuclear power. In addition, atmospheric CO2 reduction could also be achieved through increasing the carbon stock in soils and standing biomass. The CO2 capture and storage option for mitigating CO2 emissions from biomass-based cogeneration plants, considering critical aspects such future development of technologies, economies of scale. carbon price, site-specific analysis, and future energy systems has received little attention in scientific studies. With the overall objective of improved understanding of the potential scope for its large-scale implementation, a techno-economic assessment of biomass-based cogeneration plants with CO2 capture and storage was carried out. Most of the above-mentioned critical aspects have been considered for the techno-economic assessment of cogeneration plants with CO2 capture and storage technology.

The results show the optimal scale of the conversion systems with respect to cost of electricity (COE). The optimal size for steam turbine-based cogeneration (CHP-ST) technologies without CO2 capture lies in the range 98-106 MWe (COE is 5.7 USD/MWh) when fueled by forest/logging residues, but the optimal size increases to 200-227 MWe for integrated gasification combined cycle based cogeneration (CHP-IGCC) (COE is 16.73 USD/MWh). The optimal size increases considerably to 249-288 MWe (COE 15.70 USD/MWh) for Salix fueled CHP-ST technology without CO2 capture and 441-504 MWe (COE 27.52 USD/MWh) for CHP-IGCC technology. With the additional feature of CO2 capture, transport, and storage (here we assume 100 km CO2 transport distance from the plant site) the unit capital cost for CHP-ST and CHP-IGCC technology increases around 70 and 30 percent, respectively.

If one considers revenues from trading emission quotas earned through negative emissions one can estimate a market price of CO2 (PC) at which the COE becomes negative (i.e. all capital and operating costs are covered by revenues from heat and negative emissions delivered). Scale effects significantly influence the economic feasibility of CO2 capture. According to the model calculation, the PC at which the COE becomes negative significantly drops from 75 USD/tCO2 for 10 MWe CHP-ST plants to 32 USD/tCO2 for 90 MWe CHP-ST plants when fueled by Salix. The PC drop from 65 USD/tCO2 for 10 MWe CHP-ST plants to 25 USD/tCO2 for 90 MWe CHP-ST plants when fueled by forest/logging residues. For CHP-IGCC plants, the PC decreases from 72.5 USD/tCO2 for 30 MWe to 37.5 USD/tCO2 for 170 MWe when fueled by Salix. When fueled by forest/logging residue, the PC decreases from 62.5 USD/tCO2 for 30 MWe plants to 30 USD/tCO2 for 170 MWe.

The techno-economic assessment was based on electrical capacity of the plants and revenues from cogenerated heat and captured CO2 were credited. In practice, the implementation of any cogeneration should be optimized based on site-specific context.


PURPOSE
Resinous cements are widely used for luting zirconia restorations. Adhesive failures have occurred at the cement/zirconia interface, rather than at the cement/dentin interface, suggesting that the cement/zirconia bond may lack durability; however, few comprehensive, comparative evaluations of fatigue effects have been reported. The rate of fatigue-induced loss of bond strength may be a more important predictor of long-term success than a single snapshot of bond strength after an arbitrary number of thermocycles. Previous studies have failed to identify trends by investigating bond strengths at several different numbers of cycles. This may result in invalid conclusions about which cements have superior bond strengths. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of artificial aging by thermocycling and resinous cement type on bond strengths to zirconia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The effect of the number of thermocycles (0, 1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000) on the bond strengths of five resinous cements, two of which were used with and without a primer, and an oxygen-inhibiting gel, was studied. Specimens were randomly assigned to thermocycle number/cement-type test groups. Because zirconia has a very low thermal diffusivity, exceptionally long thermocycle dwell times were used. Cylinders of zirconia were bonded end-to-end. One end of each bonded specimen was insulated, specimens were thermocycled and tested in shear, and bond strengths were calculated and analyzed.

RESULTS
Two-way ANOVA revealed that the effects of cement type, the number of thermocycles, and their interaction all significantly affected bond strength (p < 0.0001). By 10,000 cycles, most cements had lost at least half of their initial bond strengths, and two cements effectively recorded zero bond strengths. Failure modes were cement specific, but adhesive modes predominated. Fatigue resistance of two cements was greatly improved by use of a primer and an oxygen-inhibiting gel, as recommended by their respective manufacturers.

CONCLUSIONS
Both the type of resin cement and the number of thermocycles influenced bond strength. Fatigue through thermocycling affected different cement types in different ways. Some materials displayed more rapid loss of bond strength than others. Cements differed in their failure modes.


Candida species are unusual causes of urinary tract infection (UTI) in healthy individuals, but common in the hospital setting or among patients with predisposing diseases and structural abnormalities of the kidney and collecting system. The urinary tract may be invaded in either an antegrade fashion from the bloodstream or retrograde via the urethra and bladder. Candida species employ a repertoire of virulence factors, including phenotypic switching, dimorphism, galvano - and thigmotropism, and hydrolytic enzymes, to colonize and then invade the urinary tract. Antegrade infection occurs primarily among patients predisposed to candidemia. The process of adherence to and invasion of the glomerulus, renal blood vessels, and renal tubules by Candida species was elegantly described in early histopathologic studies. Armed with modern molecular biologic techniques, the various virulence factors involved in bloodborne infection of the kidney are gradually being elucidated. Disturbances of urine flow, whether congenital or acquired, instrumentation of the urinary tract, diabetes mellitus, antimicrobial therapy, and immunosuppression underlie most instances of retrograde Candida UTI. In addition, bacterial UTIs caused by Enterobacteriaceae may facilitate the initial step in the process. Ascending infections generally do not result in candidemia in the absence of obstruction.


The existence of CSF in an area and the potential for introducing the disease into a new area can be associated with the presence of certain risk factors. Identification of these risk factors is important in understanding the transmission of disease and for the development of effective prevention, control and eradication programs. An epidemiological investigation will be carried out on small-holder farmers in the District of Sikka Flores Island, Indonesia. The study is designed to identify factors associated with seropositivity to Classical swine fever (CSF). Classical Swine Fever is a serious and highly infectious viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar (1). It remains one of the most important transboundary viral diseases of swine worldwide (2).


This thesis explores the images of body and city in the literary representations of contemporary London in a selection of British novels published around the new millennium. Fuelled by a deep concern with the ways in which volatile socio-cultural changes have borne upon the daily practices of urban life, contemporary London writing has manifested a tendency to attempt to reclaim a sense of authentic engagement with the metropolis by recovering and reasserting the significance of the experiences of an embodied self. Since the onset of modernity a deepening division between the thinking self and the feeling body has characterised the urban condition of London. This division is both reflected in London novels – in various forms of tension between visual and embodied experience – and is questioned and challenged from various perspectives. Through a focused representation of multifarious sensory perceptions, physical actions, distinctive body images, sexual difference, embodied localised views, and spatial relations between body and city, the contemporary London writers examined in this study draw attention to the resistance that the illegible, irreducible corporeal dimensions of urban life present to a hegemonic visual order. Moreover, these writers strive to re-incorporate vision as one facet of the reciprocal sensuous engagement with the metropolis, in order to offer up further possibilities for creating a sense of place in the ever-more de-corporealised and de-materialised urban space. This commitment to rendering a 'palpable' version of London is taken on by established contemporary London-based writers such as Iain Sinclair, Peter Ackroyd and Ian McEwan, and their younger counterparts like Zadie Smith, Tom McCarthy, John Lanchester and Nicola Barker, as well as writers such as Geoff Nicholson, Lee Rourke, William Boyd and Penelope Lively, whose imagined Londons have received less attention from the academy. Drawing together a varied selection of literary texts, this thesis broadens the scope of literary criticism on contemporary London writing. A close textual analysis of the search of contemporary London writers for an inhabitable version of London, and their attentiveness to corporeal experiences also shows that in the most recent stage of postmodernity, literary realism has been reconsidered – with innovative techniques and new perspectives – as a viable form of engaging with a seemingly un-representable urban reality. This thesis demonstrates and interrogates the ways in which contemporary London writing attempts to make the reader 'see' and 'feel' the presence of a living metropolis.


Synopsis The first detailed geological map made of the area south and east of Scourie since that of the pioneer mapping in the NW Highlands of Scotland by the Geological Survey in the latter part of the 19th century is used as a basis for establishing structural, metamorphic and igneous successions in orogenic belts whose ages have been determined from U–Pb isotopic data. The main metamorphic modification of the widespread ≥ 2710 Ma pyroxene granulites formed during an early phase in the development of the Scourian orogenic belt took place at 2490–2480 Ma in an early stage of the development of the Inverian orogenic belt. The predominant expressions of the latter orogen are generally NW-trending single and coalescing fold belts of hornblende – feldspar gneiss. These, and the intervening areas of granulites where there is patchy replacement of pyroxene by amphibole, are cut by a suite of c. 2450 Ma dolerite dykes emplaced into crust that was still relatively hot. There is no recorded expression of the c. 1.9–1.85 Ga Laxfordian orogenic belt in the domain around Scourie: it was not juxtaposed with the gneiss – amphibolite – granite domain around Loch Laxford until a collision of crustal segments c. 1750 Ma ago. The elongate, generally west-trending, mainly complex synformal fold – schist belts ('pre-Torridonian lines of movement') that cut across and modify the structural, metamorphic and igneous features of both the Scourian and Inverian orogenic belts are linked to bulk inhomogeneous shortening during the tectonothermal activity associated with this collision and are interpreted as tectonic 'wrinkles' on an overriding plate. These events were followed by sinistral transcurrent movements associated with the development of ductile shears and by limited dolerite dyke emplacement. Other weakly expressed metamorphic and structural features are linked to the 1690–1670 Ma mineral ages of a later episode. An interpretation of the Palaeoproterozoic histories of the domains around Scourie and Loch Laxford as being distinct depends upon the determination of consistent structural, metamorphic and igneous successions. These are based on evidence of the refolding, cross-cutting and overprinting relationships within the two domains, and on the integration of isotopic data into these successions. The availability of corresponding information in other parts of the Lewisian Complex is essential in order to establish the presence of other terranes in the Complex and to determine their areal extent.


This special edition of the Philippine Review of Economics honors Dr. Raul V. Fabella in his 70th year and recognizes his invaluable contribution to the economics discipline and profession. This edition comprises 13 articles from his colleagues and several generations of former students inspired or mentored by Dr. Fabella who are themselves making their mark in economics. The broad spectrum of topics covered—agricultural economics, competition policy, contract theory, game theory, history of economic thought, international economics, issues in productivity, growth and development, monetary policy, political economy and rent-seeking, public economics, and the theory of teams—are issues that Dr. Fabella himself has written on or taught his students during his long, productive years as a Professor of Economics at the UP School of Economics, nurturing an "oasis of excellence" in his spheres of influence, as well as advocated as a roving academic in his later years, endeavoring to engage policymakers and the public in general, in pursuit of welfare-improving changes for a better Philippines.  The wide gamut of topics in this issue is a testament to Dr. Fabella's eclectic intellectual interests yet unwavering devotion to upholding a high standard of academic excellence. As his biographical sketch at the National Academy of Science and Technology summarizes: Fabella's very development as a scholar and intellectual leader presents numerous paradoxes: a classicist turned mathematical economist; a rational-choice theorist who derives material and metaphor from both history and physics; a solitary thinker who agonizes over pedagogy; a pure theorist immersed in policy-debate; an inherently shy, private man who must deal with crowds. His career displays to the fullest the range of issues – from the mathematical to the moral – that economists can and must confront if they are to attain to that "cool head and warm heart" that was Marshall's ideal. A classicist, however, might simply recall Terentius: Homo sum: humani nil a me alienum puto . Indeed, to Dr. Fabella, nothing related to human behavior is outside his interest. At 70 years of age, National Scientist of the National Academy of Science and Technology (Philippines) and Professor Emeritus at the University of the Philippines, he is yet to reach the zenith of his intellectual verve: Fabella the economist is transfiguring into Fabella the social scientist – one to whom homo economicus is no longer the norm, but the exception in the vast complexity of human interactions in society. It is thus unlikely that this will be the last festschrift in his honor.


The advancement of telecommunication technologies has provided us with new promising alternatives for remote diagnosis and possible treatment suggestions for patients of diverse health disorders, among which is the ability to identify Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) syndrome by means of Electrocardiograph (ECG) signal analysis. In this paper, the standard spectral bands' powers and statistical interval-based parameters of the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) signal were considered as a form of features for classifying the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) database for OSA syndrome into 4 different levels. Wavelet packet analysis was applied to obtain and estimate the standard frequency bands of the HRV signal. Further, the single perceptron neural network, the feedforward with back-propagation neural network and the probabilistic neural network have been implemented in the classification task. The classification between normal subjects versus severe OSA patients achieved 95% accuracy with the probabilistic neural network. While the classification between normal subjects versus mild OSA subjects reached accuracy of 95% also. When grouping mild, moderate and severe OSA subjects in one group compared to normal subjects as a second group, the classification with the feedforward network achieved an accuracy of 87.5%. Finally, when classifying subjects directly into one of the four classes (normal or mild or moderate or severe), a 77.5% accuracy was achieved with the feedforward network.


This article reflects on experiences from Swedish research on school gardening
and greening school grounds. A process-orientated case study in two Swedish
cities is discussed, based on future workshops as a platform for situated capacity
building in interaction between stakeholders in the in-school context and
stakeholders from outside the local school, such as school ground planners and
school ground administrators.
The case study indicates that using the future workshop as a research
method is a way to involve the stakeholders as subjects in the production of new
knowledge, which means a collaborative production of both articulated and tacit
knowledge. The case study shows that new approaches to school ground
management could help a school make its outdoor environment more suitable for
educational purposes, including gardening.


Mobile virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays (HMDs) allow users to experience highly immersive entertainment whilst being in a mobile scenario. Long commute times make casual gaming in public transports and cars a common occupation. However, VR HMDs can currently not be used in moving vehicles since the car's rotation affects the HMD's sensors and simulator sickness occurs when the visual and vestibular system are stimulated with incongruent information. We present CarVR, a solution to enable VR in moving vehicles by subtracting the car's rotation and mapping vehicular movements with the visual information. This allows the user to actually feel correct kinesthetic forces during the VR experience. In a user study (n = 21), we compared CarVR inside a moving vehicle with the baseline of using VR without vehicle movements. We show that the perceived kinesthetic forces caused by CarVR increase enjoyment and immersion significantly while simulator sickness is reduced compared to a stationary VR experience. Finally, we explore the design space of in-car VR entertainment applications using real kinesthetic forces and derive design considerations for practitioners.


Abstract The Eocene to Oligocene deposits of the Alpine Foreland Basin of Southeast France include a series of partially preserved, originally interconnected turbidite-filled subbasins. Within these remnants, well-constrained interpretations of sediment architectures have been developed by many geologists of the last five decades which are used to resolve both intrabasinal and interbasinal filling histories (e.g., the Annot, Grand Coyer, Col de la Cayolle, and Trois Eveches subbasins). However, little is known about the depositional system in more distal areas. The Eastern Gres du Champsaur (Champsaur Sandstones), which has not been subject to detailed evaluation, is thought to represent the down-dip continuation of the Gres d'Annot Turbidite System. Presented here is an outcrop case study from the Eastern Champsaur Basin that describes how intrabasinal bathymetry affected gravity-current behavior, in turn driving quantifiable variations in sediment distribution patterns. The initial paleobathymetric template of the Eastern Champsaur Basin prior to turbidite deposition is reconstructed here through the generation of isopach maps constructed from field studies of the basin fill. The extent to which successive onlapping turbidity-current deposits were controlled by this bathymetry is determined through the analysis of paleocurrent, facies proportion, and isopach data from measured sections. Quantifiable variations in both facies (particularly the occurrence of clast-rich intervals) and sand/shale ratio are observed in association with an intrabasinal high, which is interpreted to have contained flows within this depositional system, allowing only a relatively finer fraction of the flow to move down dip in the distal parts of the basin. This study has direct application in aiding the understanding of sand emplacement processes at the fringes of turbidite basins, in defining the genesis of stratigraphic trap geometries in confined deep-water settings, and in better understanding connectivity issues within deep-water reservoirs.


Almost five years into the foreclosure crisis, policymakers, the mortgage industry, consumers and taxpayers all express disappointment over the slow pace of modifications, refinancings, and other resolutions of borrowers' distress short of foreclosure auctions. Many analysts point to the prevalence of second liens on the properties as a significant impediment to efficient resolutions of borrowers' distress and therefore to the stabilization of the housing market. In addition, many observers argue that a significant number of second liens are at serious risk of default, and therefore may imperil the financial solvency of the financial institutions holding the liens. To better understand whether and how second liens might prevent efficient resolutions of borrower distress and to assess how second lien holders could be encouraged to cooperate with efficient resolutions without undermining the financial interests of the banks, we reviewed existing data and research, as well as debates among both academics and industry experts about the role second liens might be playing in slowing the recovery of the housing market. We then convened a small group of experts from across the country on April 10th, 2012, gathering around one table servicers, investors, title insurers, consultants, bank regulators, government officials, mortgage counselors, economists, lawyers, accountants and academics to explore the full range of issues that second liens pose to efforts to stabilize the housing market.This article reports the results of our research and the roundtable discussion. It first explores what we know about the prevalence and delinquency rates of different types of second liens, the extent to which banks are exposed to losses on the liens, and the extent to which the banks already have accounted for those expected losses. It then reviews the various reasons that second liens have interfered with the efficient resolution of distressed mortgages, and documents advances that recently have been made in addressing those problems. Finally, the article examines the most promising proposals for reducing the transaction costs and frictions that are behind many of the current problems second liens are posing, as well as proposals to prevent similar problems from arising in the future. We focus our analysis of solutions on programs to remove barriers to greater coordination between first and second lien holders, rather than on the incentive approaches that have already been attempted.


Blackstone's commentaries were soon translated in French and became, prior to the French Revolution, the principal reference on British constitutional and criminal law. In Quebec, his work was known as early as 1767 and was used to buttress arguments for the preservation of French civil law. He was quoted in court proceedings and in a draft petition. In 1773, Francois-Joseph Cugnet sent documents concerning these issues to Blackstone, who forwarded them to the British Government. This probably convinced the ministry that the francophone population had no objection to English Criminal Law and to testamentary freedom. Thus, the Quebec Act of 1774 expressly preserved these parts of English Law, while restoring the laws in force prior to the Conquest concerning "Property and Civil Rights". French versions of the Commentaries were available in Quebec as early as 1784. After the creation of an Assembly, politicians who opposed the Government and wanted to assimilate the provincial Assembly to the British House of Commons regularly quoted Blackstone. His Commentaries, which had benefitted from an improved translation by Chompre in 1822, remained a model for the first legal authors in Quebec. He clearly was part of Quebec's legal culture and facilitated the understanding of arcane rules of English Law, both because of the clarity of his writings and of various translations of his work made in Europe.


This second of a two-part series of articles on applied semiotics and intercultural training provides a qualitative evaluation of the research initiative Tools for Cultural Development . The discussion will firstly centre on several theoretical and methodological challenges inherent to the qualitative research paradigm and then relate these shifting concerns to convergent findings in poststructuralist (and postcolonial) semiotics, especially with respect to phenomenology and pragmatics. Analysis of four focus group interviews in France and Australia will examine and evaluate the 2007 training experience in light of the culture-specific contexts and stakeholder groups involved. Of particular concern will be the capacity of qualitative evaluative processes to account for the "local meanings" and "voices" within the trainee narratives so as to highlight their perceptions as to the use of semiotics for designing culturally significant practices in education and praxis.


Recent studies of megalithic monuments have shown how they incorporate blocks, sometimes taken from different locations, which link the monuments to features of their local landscapes. The slabs were often left unworked, or only minimally shaped, which would have helped preserved the visual resemblance of the stones to the outcrops or boulder fields from which they were derived. The careful selection of megalithic blocks suggests that they incorporated and materialised memories, powers and associations of place. The recycling of carved and shaped standing stones in the passage graves of Brittany illustrates another approach to the materiality of the slabs, one which draws upon anthropomorphic symbolism. Some later monuments too have carved motifs, and those motifs may imply they were thought to embody 'human' qualities. An 'animistic' or 'anthropomorphic' reading of these blocks may provide additional insights into the social practices and beliefs which lay behind the construction of megalithic monuments.


T cell responses to subunit vaccination require both IL-27 and IL-15 to support an aerobic glycolysis–independent metabolic program. Mitochondria fuel vaccine-induced T cells Effective T cell responses to subunit vaccines administered with an adjuvant depend on a different set of signals than natural T cell responses to infectious microbes. Klarquist et al. compared the cytokine and metabolic requirements for clonal expansion of mouse CD8+ T cells responding to adjuvanted subunit vaccination or infection. In contrast to T cells responding to infection, T cells responding to vaccination were compromised in the absence of either IL-27 or IL-15 signaling and used mitochondrial function rather than aerobic glycolysis to support proliferation. These results demonstrate the existence of fundamental metabolic differences in CD8+ T cell responses to vaccines versus infection that need to be considered as part of the process of designing new vaccines. In contrast to responses against infectious challenge, T cell responses induced via adjuvanted subunit vaccination are dependent on interleukin-27 (IL-27). We show that subunit vaccine–elicited cellular responses are also dependent on IL-15, again in contrast to the infectious response. Early expression of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) was compromised in either IL-27– or IL-15–deficient environments after vaccination but not infection. Because IRF4 facilitates metabolic support of proliferating cells via aerobic glycolysis, we expected this form of metabolic activity to be reduced in the absence of IL-27 or IL-15 signaling after vaccination. Instead, metabolic flux analysis indicated that vaccine-elicited T cells used only mitochondrial function to support their clonal expansion. Loss of IL-27 or IL-15 signaling during vaccination resulted in a reduction in mitochondrial function, with no corresponding increase in aerobic glycolysis. Consistent with these observations, the T cell response to vaccination was unaffected by in vivo treatment with the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose, whereas the response to viral challenge was markedly lowered. Collectively, our data identify IL-27 and IL-15 as critical to vaccine-elicited T cell responses because of their capacity to fuel clonal expansion through a mitochondrial metabolic program previously thought only capable of supporting quiescent naïve and memory T cells.


Background: Knowledge of the variations in the arterial supply of hand has reached a point of practical importance with the advent of microvascular surgery for revascularization, replantation and composite tissue transfers. Superficial palmar arch has many interesting variations, of them the median artery contribution is been evaluated in the present study. Method: 100 cadaveric hands of 50 cadavers were dissected and their formation and pattern was recorded according to Coleman and Anson classification, 1961 and photographed. The present study highlights particularly the median artery contribution in the formation of superficial palmar arch. Results: In the present study 4% of specimens showed medianoulnar type of incomplete superficial palmar arch. This observation had a unilateral presentation seen in only right hand of four adult male cadavers. The left hand of these specimens showed ulnar type of complete arch. Conclusion: The median artery is a transitory vessel that represents the arterial axis of the forearm during early embryonic life. It normally regresses in the second embryonic month Its persistence in the human adult has been recorded in different patterns: as a large, long vessel (palmar type) which reaches the hand is the focus of present study The clinical importance of the persistence of this artery at wrist level is well documented as a cause of the carpal tunnel syndrome, but it has also been associated with the `pronator teres syndrome' in cases where the persistent median artery pierces the median nerve in the proximal third of the forearm.


ABSTRACT The SWI/SNF family of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling factors plays a central role in eukaryotic transcriptional regulation. In yeast and human cells, two subclasses have been recognized: one comprises yeast SWI/SNF and human BAF, and the other includes yeast RSC and human PBAF. Therefore, it was puzzling that Drosophila appeared to contain only a single SWI/SNF-type remodeler, the Brahma (BRM) complex. Here, we report the identification of two novel BRM complex-associated proteins: Drosophila Polybromo and BAP170, a conserved protein not described previously. Biochemical analysis established that Drosophila contains two distinct BRM complexes: (i) the BAP complex, defined by the presence of OSA and the absence of Polybromo and BAP170, and (ii) the PBAP complex, containing Polybromo and BAP170 but lacking OSA. Determination of the genome-wide distributions of OSA and Polybromo on larval salivary gland polytene chromosomes revealed that BAP and PBAP display overlapping but distinct distribution patterns. Both complexes associate predominantly with regions of open, hyperacetylated chromatin but are largely excluded from Polycomb-bound repressive chromatin. We conclude that, like yeast and human cells, Drosophila cells express two distinct subclasses of the SWI/SNF family. Our results support a close reciprocity of chromatin regulation by ATP-dependent remodelers and histone-modifying enzymes.


The NGO-donor relationship has become understood as exceptionally volatile. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in developing countries rely heavily on foreign donor funding and potential over-reliance on donors becomes apparent. The research at hand concentrates on the relationship between environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international donor agencies in the local setting of a developing country. It explores the potential impact of changing funding priorities on NGO behavior and decision-making. It raises two questions: How do NGOs respond to changes in donor funding objectives? Why do NGOs react the way they do? NGOs react to changes in the external environment in different ways (Thompson 1967; Pfeffer and Salancik 1978; Scott 1981; Pfeffer 1982). The first phase of the dissertation explores the NGO-donor relationship when donors revise funding priorities and partner NGOs try to adapt. There is a variation in the way NGOs respond to changes in funding manifested or applied in a variety of ways. The study draws on qualitative research to study the decisions of four NGOs in response to shifts in funding, and analysis reveals the following variations in NGO responses to such shifts: suspend the relationship, reach common ground and maintain the relation, automatically execute the donor's interests, and voluntarily and deliberately adapt to the situation. The research builds on Hirschman's (1970) individual self-interest theory and considers NGOs as 'consumers' in their relationship with donor agencies. Using Hirschman's (1970) typology, three modes of NGOs' response are identified: exit, voice, loyalty, and a fourth mode, adjustment, is proposed. Furthermore, the dissertation integrates resource dependence theory (Pfeffer and Salancik 1978) and the theory of weak ties (Granovetter 1973, 1983) to construct a more parsimonious theory to predict organizational responses to changes in the surrounding environment. Each of the two theories is reviewed separately to provide a theoretical justification for NGO behavior in a changing funding environment. Resource dependence determines NGO behavior. Therefore, we expect that NGOs characterized with high resource dependency will comply with donor interests. Furthermore, the behavior of the NGO could also be determined by the presence of strong or weak ties, such that an NGO centrally located in a dense network with strong ties is likely to comply with donor interests. This investigation also recognizes that organizations vary in terms of tolerance for resource dependency and the nature and structures of their network relations. The study accepts Salancik's (1995) argument that control over resources is not the only source of power in an inter-organizational relationship; network positions are related to power. Accordingly, the study presents an alternative perspective that integrates the two theories, stipulating that an organizational response to changes in its external environment depends on the level of resource dependence tolerance as well as the strength of ties in a network of actors. The likelihood of an organization adopting exit as a response to shifts in donor funding is higher with lower resource dependence and weaker network ties. The likelihood of an organization practicing voice is higher with lower resource dependence and stronger ties. The likelihood of an organization practicing adjustment is higher with higher resource dependence and weaker network ties. Lastly, the likelihood of an organization adopting loyalty as a response to shifts in donor funding is higher with higher resource dependence and stronger ties. The integrated theory is supported with in-depth qualitative analysis of multiple cases of NGOs and their relations with stakeholders, specifically donors. It is verified by translating propositions into hypotheses. These key hypotheses are tested using multinomial regression analysis based on measurements derived from network analysis that plots network maps of environmental NGOs in Lebanon. The results provide good support for the predictions of the integrated theory. Variation in resource dependence has no effect on the choice of voice over exit, while higher centrality increases the tendency towards voice. There is a higher tendency for adjustment with higher resource criticality and concentration while tie strength has a weak effect on the choice of adjustment over exit. HANDS IN THE POCKETS OF MERCURIAL DONORS: HOW THREE THEORIES EXPLAIN NGO RESPONSES TO SHIFTING FUNDING PRIORITIES


We study the role of institutional development as a causal mechanism of history affecting current economic performance. Several indicators capturing different dimensions of early development in 1500 AD are used to remove the endogenous component of the variations in institutions. These indicators are adjusted with large-scale movements of people across international borders using the global migration matrix of Putterman and Weil (2010) to account for the fact that the ancestors of a population have facilitated the diffusion of knowledge when they migrate. The exogenous component of institutions due to historical development is found to be a significant determinant of current output. By demonstrating that the relationship between early development and current economic performance works through the channel of institutions and that better institutions can be traced back to historical factors, the results of this paper shed some light on how history has played a role in shaping long-run comparative development.


This article examines the role of humanitarian and human rights nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in producing global news content in light of legacy news media's shrinking international footprint. Using original interviews, NGO documents, and content analysis, it finds that different types of funding, government relationships, organizational dynamics and desired impacts tend to be associated with divergent publicity strategies. In particular, some NGOs target the prestige press to engage with political elites, while others use the general news media to attract new audiences for fund-raising and educational purposes. The implications of these findings, both for international news and scholarly analysis of civil society, are discussed in the conclusion.


In recent years, the physical education (PE) profession has been forced to confront a plethora of issues, from the demise of teacher education programs to the loss of programming in the K–12 context. Calls for change and a time of introspection have been prompted by this climate. The impetus for change has long been a staple of PE discourse. Occupational socialization theory, which describes the forces that shape the decisions and behaviors of physical education teachers, offers insight on the change narrative. Emerging from the results of occupational socialization research are myriad negative issues that highlight a perplexing problem—some PE teachers have the propensity to make irrational decisions. The purpose of this article is to apply decision theory as a means to critically examine issues that have emerged from the negative socialization cycle of PE teachers. Beyond connecting theories, suggestions will be provided to improve the decision-making of PE professionals.


Owing to their ability to confine electromagnetic energy in ultrasmall dielectric volumes, micro-disk, ring and toroid resonators hold interest for both specific applications and fundamental investigations. Generally, contributions from various loss channels within these devices lead to limited spectral windows (Q-bands) where highest mode Q-factors manifest. Here we describe a strategy for tuning Q-bands using a new class of micro-resonators, named micro-kylix resonators, in which engineered stress within an initially flat disk results in either concave or convex devices. To shift the Q-band by 60 nm towards short wavelengths in flat micro-disks a 50% diameter reduction is required, which causes severe radiative losses suppressing Q's. With a micro-kylix, we achieve similar tuning and even higher Q's by two orders of magnitude smaller diameter modification (0.4%). The phenomenon relies on geometry-induced smart interplay between modified dispersions of material absorption and radiative loss-related Q-factors. Micro-kylix devices can provide new functionalities and novel technological solutions for photonics and micro-resonator physics.


The structural transformation of dioctahedral 2:1 layer silicates (illite, montmorillonite, glauconite, and celadonite) during a dehydoxylation-rehydroxylation process has been studied by X-ray diffraction. thermal analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. The layers of the samples differ in the distribution of the octahedral cations over the cis- and trans-sites as determined by the analysis of the positions and intensities of the 11l, 02l reflections, and that of the relative displacements of adjacent layers along the a axis (c cos ß/a), as well as by dehydroxylation-temperature values. One illite, glauconite, and celadonite consist of trans-vacant (tv) layers; Wyoming montmorillonite is composed of cis-vacant (cv) layers, whereas in the other illite sample tv and cv layers are interstratified. The results obtained show that the rehydroxylated Al-rich minerals (montmorillonite, illites) consist of tv layers whatever the distribution of octahedral cations over cis- and trans-sites in the original structure. The reason for this is that in the dehydroxylated state, both tv and cv layers are transformed into the same layer structure where the former trans-sites are vacant.The dehydroxylation of glauconite and celadonite is accompanied by a migration of the octahedral cations from former cis-octahedra to empty trans-sites. The structural transformation of these minerals during rehydroxylation depends probably on their cation composition. The rehydroxylation of celadonite preserves the octahedral-cation distribution formed after dehydroxylation. Therefore, most 2:1 layers of celadonite that rehydroxylate (~75%) have cis-vacant octahedra and, only in a minor part of the layers, a reverse cation migration from former trans-sites to empty octahedra occurred. In contrast, for a glauconite sample with a high content in IVA1 and VIAl the rehydroxylation is accompanied by the reverse cation migration and most of the 2:1 layers are transformed into tv layers.


The museum does not usually spring to mind as a site for road safety promotion but no other institution has so much involvement in collecting and displaying the material culture of motoring and interpreting its history for the general public. Safety is part of the motoring story and should be part of its public history. This paper considers the place of motoring within museum culture and looks at trends in some of the biggest and best-known museums in Europe, the United Kingdom and Australia to introduce the visiting public to the idea of road safety as part of motoring history.


Despite numerous attempts at codifying their language, the Pomaks in Greece, a linguistic as well as religious minority, do not generally put into writing this variety, which is considered to be a Bulgarian dialect. Up until about fifteen years ago, there was an absence of any kind of lexicographic tradition. The grammars, dictionaries etc. that appeared in Greece in the mid-1990's can be classified as "external" codifications, since most of them were made by the majority. Over the last few years, however, an increasing minority-activism has changed the situation somewhat. Some writing has begun to emerge from the community, but the variety is still far from fitting the criteria for micro-literacy, the codification of which is difficult due to the different idiolectal varieties of the language actors, which are far away from a uniform orthographical norm as well as an alphabet. However, the publications in the minority language are seen as evidence of cultural emancipation and linguistic vitality. This article deals with the issues of language and literacy among the Pomaks in Greece and presents a case study of the ethno-linguistic orientation of the currently most productive Pomak language activist's writings.


The goal of perception is to infer the hidden states in the hierarchical process by which sensory data are generated. Human behavior is consistent with the optimal statistical solution to this problem in many tasks, including cue combination and orientation detection. Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying this behavior is of particular importance, since probabilistic computations are notoriously challenging. Here we propose a simple mechanism for Bayesian inference which involves averaging over a few feature detection neurons which fire at a rate determined by their similarity to a sensory stimulus. This mechanism is based on a Monte Carlo method known as importance sampling, commonly used in computer science and statistics. Moreover, a simple extension to recursive importance sampling can be used to perform hierarchical Bayesian inference. We identify a scheme for implementing importance sampling with spiking neurons, and show that this scheme can account for human behavior in cue combination and the oblique effect.


We use administrative micro-level data of all 1,799,066 divorce cases in Germany over the 2006 to 2015 period to empirically show that marriages with weddings at year end last considerably shorter than does the average (median) marriage. Specifically the average (median) difference (conditional on divorce) between marriages with December weddings and marriages with weddings in all remaining months is 500.4 (654) days with overall length of marriage being 5223.6 (4498) days. We attribute this empirical observation to the German marriage tax benefit which is granted for the entire calendar year if the couple is married for at least one day therein. In response to this incentive, couples use forward shifting of the 'legal' wedding date as a tax planning strategy to collect the marriage tax benefit for the year(s) prior to their 'real' (i.e. in the absence of any tax benefit) date of the wedding. We theoretically model this decision and argue that, in essence, couples forego sufficient courtship time to collect the marriage tax benefit, and hence, mismatching in long-term relationships results.


For given input the global trace generated by a parallel program in a shared memory multiprocessing environment may change as the memory architecture, and management policies change. A method is proposed for ensuring that a correct global trace is generated in the new environment. This method involves a new characterization of a parallel program that identifies its address change points and address affecting points. An extension of traditional process traces, called the intrinsic trace of each process, is developed. The intrinsic traces maximize the decoupling of program execution from simulation by describing the address flow graph and path expressions of each process program. At each point where an address is issued, the trace-driven simulator uses the intrinsic traces and the sequence of loads and stores before the current cycle, to determine the next address. The mapping between load and store sequences and next addresses to issue, sometimes, requires partial program reexecution. Programs that do not require partial program reexecution are called graph-traceable. >


The capacity design philosophy has now become the design norm for the seismic design of most structural systems. For bridge systems, this means it is necessary to assess the overstrength capacity of columns prior to proceeding with the design of the foundation and superstructure. This research is devoted to developing deterministic procedures to obtain overstrength factors for column elements. For this purpose, a moment-curvature approach is explored. A parametric study is then conducted to investigate the factors that effect overstrength. A simplified design methodology is proposed based on plastic analysis of overstrength moment capacity. A design example showing the step by step procedure is also presented.


In this paper, we address the problem of routing in delay tolerant networks (DTN). In such networks there is no guarantee of finding a complete communication path connecting the source and destination at any time, especially when the destination is not in the same region as the source, which makes traditional routing protocols inefficient in that transmission of the messages between nodes. We propose to combine the routing protocol MaxProp and the model of "transfer by delegation" (custody transfer) to improve the routing in DTN networks and to exploit nodes as common carriers of messages between the network partitioned. To implement this approach and assess those improvements and changes we developed a DTN simulator. Simulation examples are illustrated in the article.


Annual publication of The Mayborn Literary Nonfiction Conference held by the Frank W. Mayborn Graduate Institute of Journalism. This volume includes the ten literary non-fiction pieces selected from the conference submissions as well as illustrations, author biographies, and additional commentary about the inspiration behind each of the stories.


Transcription of class II genes in eukaryotic organisms is carried out by the multisubunit enzyme RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) and includes the general transcription factors and the mediator. The region inside the promoters, which recruits and specifies the transcriptional machinery, is called "core promoter" and contains sub-regions called "core promoter elements," which are necessary for transcription initiation, where the most studied and classic element is the TATA-box. Ribosome protein gene (RPG) promoters do not possess a TATA-box (TATA-less promoters), and those, in particular, in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe have a TATAbox analog called the HomolD-box. The transcription of RPG promoters is dependent on the RNA pol II transcription system and the HomolD-box is recognized by the transcription factor Rrn7. In this chapter, the authors will describe the general mechanisms associated to the transcription of TATA-less promoters in eukaryotic organisms and how the transcription initiation is carried out in the RPG promoters from those organisms, particularly in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Finally, the authors will analyze the role of the HomolD-box and the transcription factor Rrn7 in the coordination of transcription initiation from RPG promoters and other ribosomerelated genes and the presence of transcriptional modules in their promoters, which could be coordinated and regulated by a discrete number of transcription factors.


This article explores how animal-assisted play might be used as a strategy in playwork to support children's right to play, enrich their play experiences, encourage their physical activity play and better their health and life quality. Children's interactions with pets or companion animals in free play or animal-assisted activities (AAA) can yield therapeutic benefits by increasing physical and mental health and well-being and also offer possibilities for more outdoor play, agency, risk-taking, fun and enjoyment, as well as high-quality play experiences. We invite playwork practitioners to consider the important role of animals in children's lives and the potential value of animal-assisted play in creating opportunities for enriching children's play and life quality.


This study investigated the effects of noise from building mechanical systems with tonal components on human task performance and perception. Six different noise conditions based on in-situ measurements were reproduced in an officelike setting; all were set to approximately the same sound level (47 dBA) but could have one particular tonal frequency (120 Hz, 235 Hz, or 595 Hz) at one of two tonal prominence ratios (5 or 9). Thirty participants were asked to complete typing, grammatical reasoning, and math tasks plus subjective questionnaires, while being exposed for approximately 1 hour to each noise condition. Results show that the noise conditions that had tonal prominence ratios of 9 were generally perceived to be more annoying than those of 5, although statistically significant differences in task performance were not found. Other findings are (1) that higher annoyance/distraction responses were significantly correlated with reduced typing task performance; (2) that the noise characteristics most closely correlated to higher annoyance/distraction responses in this study were higher ratings of loudness followed by roar, rumble, and tones; and (3) that perception of more low frequency rumble in particular was significantly linked to reduced performance on both the routine and cognitively demanding tasks.


To enable meaningful and consistent communication between different software systems in a particular domain (such as manufacturing, law or medicine), a standardised vocabulary and communication language is required by all the systems involved. Concepts in the domain about which the systems want to communicate are formalized in an ontology by establishing the meaning of concepts and creating relationships between them. The inputs to this process in found by analysing the physical domain and its processes. The resulting ontology structure is a computer useable representation of the physical domain about which the systems want to communicate. To enable the long term persistence of the actual data contained in these concepts and the enforcement of various business rules, a sufficiently powerful database system is required. This paper presents the design of a manufacturing ontology and its accompanying relational database schema that will be used in a manufacturing test domain.


Global Positioning System (GPS) radio-occultation (RO) is an atmospheric sounding technique utilizing the received GPS signal through the stratified atmosphere to measure refractivity, which provides information on temperature and humidity. The GPS-RO technique is now operational on several Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites, which cannot provide high temporal and spatial resolution soundings necessary to observe localized transient events, such as tropical storms. An airborne RO (ARO) system has thus been developed for localized GPS-RO campaigns. RO signals in the lower troposphere are adversely affected by rapid phase accelerations and severe signal power fading. These signal dynamics often cause the phase-locked loop in conventional GPS survey receivers to lose lock in the lower troposphere, and the open-loop (OL) tracking in postprocessing is used to overcome this problem. OL tracking also allows robust processing of rising GPS signals, approximately doubling the number of observed occultations. An approach for "backward" OL tracking was developed, in which the correlations are computed sequentially in reverse time so that the signal can be acquired and tracked at high elevations for rising occultations. Ultimately, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) limits the depth of tracking in the atmosphere. We have developed a model relating the SNR to the variance in the residual phase of the observed signal produced from OL tracking. In this paper, we demonstrate the applicability of the phase variance model to airborne data. We then apply this model to set a threshold on refractivity retrieval based upon the cumulative unwrapping error bias to determine the altitude limit for reliable signal tracking. We also show consistency between the ARO SNR and collocated COSMIC satellite observations and use these results to evaluate the antenna requirements for an improved ARO system.


We present a single operation for constructing skew diagrams whose corresponding skew Schur functions are equal. This combinatorial operation naturally generalises and unifies all results of this type to date. Moreover, our operation suggests a closely related condition that we conjecture is necessary and sufficient for skew diagrams to yield equal skew Schur functions.


Many problems in Earthquake Engineering require the modeling of the structure as a dynamic system including the sub-grade. A structural engineer is usually familiar with the Finite Element Method but has a problem modeling the sub-grade when its infinite extension and wave propagation are the essential features. If the dynamic equation of a soil-structure system is written in a frequency domain and the variables of the system are total displacements, then the governing equations are given as in statics. The dynamic stiffness matrix of the system is obtained as the sum of the stiffnesses of the structure and sub-grade sub-structures. To illustrate the influence of the sub-grade on the dynamic behavior of the structure, the frequency response of two tower-like structures excited by a seismic harmonic wave field is shown. The sub-grade is modeled as an elastic homogeneous half-space. The structure is modeled as a finite beam element with lumped masses.


Meningitis-retention syndrome (MRS) is a rare disorder where aseptic meningitis is accompanied by urinary retention, which can be easily misdiagnosed as urinary tract infection. We present the case of a 55-year-old man with fever and dysuria. At the time of hospitalization, the patient had no symptoms of meningitis, but signs of meningeal irritation appeared later during the course of the disease. Investigation revealed that this was a case of MRS due to Epstein-Barr virus. We have to consider MRS when examining patients with fever and urinary retention, as dysuria may precede meningitis symptoms.

LEARNING POINTS
Meningitis-retention syndrome (MRS) is a rare disorder where aseptic meningitis is accompanied by urinary retention, which can be easily misdiagnosed as urinary tract infection.MRS should be considered when examining patients with fever and urinary retention, as dysuria may precede the meningitis symptoms.The presence of Epstein-Barr virus can also complicate MRS.


Lonely Planet: The world's leading travel guide publisher* This is not a guidebook. And it is definitely 'not-for-parents'. It is the real, inside story about one of the world's most exciting countries - Australia. In this book you'll hear fascinating tales about toothy sharks, giant rocks and snappy crocs, bushranger baddies and explorers galore. Check out cool stories about a famous coat-hanger, underground hotels, a super-fast horse and a very rough race. You'll find flying doctors and flying fruit flies, flesh-eating spiders and thieving convicts. Authors: Written and researched by Lonely Planet, Klay Lamprell About Lonely Planet: Started in 1973, Lonely Planet has become the world's leading travel guide publisher with guidebooks to every destination on the planet, as well as an award-winning website, a suite of mobile and digital travel products, children's books, and a dedicated traveller community. Lonely Planet's mission is to enable curious travellers to experience the world and to truly get to the heart of the places where they travel. TripAdvisor Travellers' Choice Awards 2012 and 2013 winner in Favorite Travel Guide category 'Lonely Planet guides are, quite simply, like no other.' - New York Times 'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveller's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' - Fairfax Media (Australia) *#1 in the world market share - source: Nielsen Bookscan. Australia, UK and USA. March 2012-January 2013


The present study aims to contribute to the existing research in the field of business and shed more light on the business ethics from the perspective of Islamic economics. Assessing the compatibility and incompatibility of economic development indicators with Islamic doctrines is the main focus and central topic of this study. Nowadays, most Islamic countries are observed to be among underdeveloped or developing countries. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study in order to know whether Islamic teachings are barrier for accelerating the development process or not. To this end, economic development indicators in the form of commercial business from the perspective of Islamic economics are discussed.


El Salt is an episodic waterfall located in the city of Alcoy (Spain), Alicante. The Barxell River Source, has calcium bicarbonate waters and an estimated flow rate of 17,000 m3 / day. It is a potential tufa generator, with an estimated generation capacity of up to 1,240 t / year. The tufa deposits located along Barxell River relates to the geomorphologic evolution of valley. Upstream the active waterfall it found a tufa river terrace T (+20 m). Downstream cascade, several types of tufa deposits links to two stages of geomorphologic evolution of the valley: a) The distal progradation tufa deposits related to a "non-effective to base-level change incision", described as piedmont or progradation tufa build-ups T-1, T-2 and T-3; and b) The post "incisional base level change" tufa deposits, Font del Quinzet (T-4) tufa barrier, associated with back-lake sediments, and finally active tufa seeps on cliff (T-5).


The dependency between the primary structure of HIV envelope glycoproteins (ENV) and the neutralization data for given antibodies is very complicated and depends on a large number of factors, such as the binding affinity of a given antibody for a given ENV protein, and the intrinsic infection kinetics of the viral strain. This paper presents a first approach to learning these dependencies using an artificial feedforward neural network which is trained to learn from experimental data. The results presented here demonstrate that the trained neural network is able to generalize on new viral strains and to predict reliable values of neutralizing activities of given antibodies against HIV-1.


ABSTRACT The Layos Granite forms elongated massifs within the Toledo Complex of central Spain. It is late-tectonic with respect to the F2 regional phase and simultaneous with the metamorphic peak of the region, which reached a maximum temperature of 800–850°C and pressures of 400–600 MPa. Field studies indicate that this intrusion belongs to the "regional migmatite terrane granite" type. This granite is typically interlayered with sill-like veins and elongated bodies of cordierite/garnet-bearing leucogranites. Enclaves are widespread and comprise restitic types (quartz lumps, biotite, cordierite and sillimanite-rich enclaves) and refractory metamorphic country-rocks including orthogneisses, amphibolites, quartzites, conglomerates and calc-silicate rocks. These granites vary from quartz-rich tonalites to melamonzogranites and define a S-type trend on a QAP plot. Cordierite and biotite are the mafic phases of the rocks. The particularly high percentage of cordierite (10%–30%) varies inversely with the silica content. Sillimanite is a common accessory mineral, always included in cordierite, suggesting a restitic origin. The mineral chemistry of the Layos Granite is similar to that of the leucogranites and country-rock peraluminous granulites (kinzigites), indicating a close approach to equilibrium. The uniform composition of plagioclase (An25), the high albitic content of the K-feldspar, the continuous variation in the Fe/Mg ratios of the mafic minerals, and the high Ti content of the biotites (2.5–6.5%) suggest a genetic relationship. Geochemically, the Layos Granite is strongly peraluminous. Normative corundum lies between 4% and 10% and varies inversely with increase in SiO2. The CaO content is typically low (<1.25%) and shows little variation; similarly the LILE show a limited range. On many variation diagrams, linear trends from peraluminous granulites to the Layos Granite and associated leucogranite can be observed. The chemical characteristics argue against an igneous fractionation or fusion mechanism for the diversification of the Layos Granite. A restite unmixing model between a granulitic pole (represented by the granulites of the Toledo Complex) and a minimum melt (leucogranites) could explain the main chemical variation of the Layos Granite. Melting of a pelitic protolith under anhydrous conditions (biotite dehydration melting) could lead to minimum-temperature melt compositions and a strongly peraluminous residuum. For the most mafic granites (61–63% SiO2), it is estimated that the trapped restite component must have been around 65%. This high proportion of restite is close to the estimated rheological critical melt fraction, but field evidence suggests that this critical value has been exceeded. This high restite component implies high viscosity of the melt which, together with the anhydrous assemblage of the Layos Granite and the associated leucogranites, indicates H2O-undersaturated melting conditions. Under such conditions, the high viscosity magma (crystal-liquid mush) had a restricted movement capacity, leading to the development of parautochthonous plutonic bodies.


Traditionally students are taught in a classroom, lecture theatre, or laboratory, by staff. They are encouraged to question, discuss, and participate in learning activities maximizing learning potential and to engage in dialogue as a means of monitoring understanding. Staff use a variety of technological aids to assist in the learning process and thus provide a blended learning approach (meanwhile offering a diverse student body greater opportunity to engage). However, feedback on assessments is still largely delivered as the written word even though academics and students believe that assessment provides notification of the quality of work. Students are thus treated as distance learners with no requirement to acknowledge receipt or understanding. They are given comments, which they are expected to interpret and action independently. Student engagement on a programming unit was previously improved by setting many small assignments throughout the academic year. Student attitudes towards this assessment style were positive as they began to realise the benefits of regular practice over time. However staff became aware that they were writing the same comments on work for the same students week after week, and students were not engaging with feedback. Hence this work begins to explore the use of audio feedback alongside the traditional written word to understand how blended feedback could assist in the comprehension of programming code to novice programmers. A pilot study is conducted as a first step with mixed results. Audio feedback was popular with students and 80% would prefer audio feedback in future although 60% felt that it would not improve their future learning.


Shakespeare learned English lessons in school that were unintended consequences of Latin grammar lessons. These included lessons in the optative mood from Lily's Grammar, a text of Reformation origins that inserted a God-term or agentive role for God in translating (or mistranslating) speech acts of wishing and desiring into Early Modern English. The resulting formulations are all on display in curses like Queen Margaret's "God I pray him, / That none of you may live" in Richard III. Godly optatives in prayers, blessings, and curses represent a form of passionate speech act strongly reminiscent of the all-male grammar-school classroom and yet characteristic of the play's female characters, who would themselves have been played by boy actors. Experimenting with this mistranslated verbal construction, Shakespeare not only explored an alternative form of potency or agency in the speech acts of his female characters. Literalizing the mistranslation, bringing God's intervention into the performative speech acts of human wishing, he also created an effective structural pattern for an apparently providential tragedy. In more general terms, this essay emphasizes the scope and importance of grammatical culture for early modern theater, articulating a conception of grammatical theatricality. It argues that Richard III is a grammatical play, framed upon a virtuoso set of grammatical variations and strongly suggestive of how much Shakespeare got out of, and made out of, the accidental English grammar lessons in his early schooling.


Multiple lines of evidence from molecular studies indicate that individual taste qualities are encoded by distinct taste receptor cells. In contrast, many physiological studies have found that a significant proportion of taste cells respond to multiple taste qualities. To reconcile this apparent discrepancy and to identify taste cells that underlie each taste quality, we investigated taste responses of individual mouse fungiform taste cells that express gustducin or GAD67, markers for specific types of taste cells. Type II taste cells respond to sweet, bitter or umami tastants, express taste receptors, gustducin and other transduction components. Type III cells possess putative sour taste receptors, and have well elaborated conventional synapses. Consistent with these findings we found that gustducin‐expressing Type II taste cells responded best to sweet (25/49), bitter (20/49) or umami (4/49) stimuli, while all GAD67 (Type III) taste cells examined (44/44) responded to sour stimuli and a portion of them showed multiple taste sensitivities, suggesting discrimination of each taste quality among taste bud cells. These results were largely consistent with those previously reported with circumvallate papillae taste cells. Bitter‐best taste cells responded to multiple bitter compounds such as quinine, denatonium and cyclohexamide. Three sour compounds, HCl, acetic acid and citric acid, elicited responses in sour‐best taste cells. These results suggest that taste cells may be capable of recognizing multiple taste compounds that elicit similar taste sensation. We did not find any NaCl‐best cells among the gustducin and GAD67 taste cells, raising the possibility that salt sensitive taste cells comprise a different population.


This report specifies the data model and Extensible Markup Language (XML) representation for the Extensible Configuration Checklist Description Format (XCCDF) Version 1.1.4. An XCCDF document is a structured collection of security configuration rules for some set of target systems. The XCCDF specification is designed to support information interchange, document generation, organizational and situational tailoring, automated compliance testing, and compliance scoring. The specification also defines a data model and format for storing results of security guidance or checklist compliance testing. The intent of XCCDF is to provide a uniform foundation for expression of security checklists and other configuration guidance, and thereby foster more widespread application of good security practices.


Body Percussion is a motor, rhythmic learning method within music education used to teach rhythmic structures. This activity is also used in common classrooms to improve students' concentration and attention. Although the intervention is applied to enhance cognitive functions, effects of this method have not been studied neuroscientifically before. This study investigates embodied motor rhythmic exercises' (e.g. Body Percussions) ability to enhance cognitive functions (planning skills). As the method has been applied successfully in music education for decades, results of this study were hypothesized to be positive. The long-term effects of Body Percussion on planning skills were studied with pre- and post-measures of an executive functions test (computed neuropsychological test Tower of London). The training period lasted 2.5 months and consisted of 10-20 minutes of weekly Body Percussion training sessions (altogether ten sessions). Twenty-four 5th graders (average age: 11 years) from a local elementary school participated in the study. After the Body Percussion training period the experiment group (N=12) performed better compared to the control group (N=12). Keywords: music education, rhythm, brain, executive functions


Decision making often involves choosing between small, short-term rewards and large, long-term rewards. All animals, humans included, discount future rewards—the present value of delayed rewards is viewed as less than the value of immediate rewards. Despite its ubiquity, there exists considerable but unexplained variation between species in their capacity to wait for rewards—that is, to exert patience or self-control. Using two closely related primates—common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)—we uncover a variable that may explain differences in how species discount future rewards. Both species faced a self-control paradigm in which individuals chose between taking an immediate small reward and waiting a variable amount of time for a large reward. Under these conditions, marmosets waited significantly longer for food than tamarins. This difference cannot be explained by life history, social behaviour or brain size. It can, however, be explained by feeding ecology: marmosets rely on gum, a food product acquired by waiting for exudate to flow from trees, whereas tamarins feed on insects, a food product requiring impulsive action. Foraging ecology, therefore, may provide a selective pressure for the evolution of self-control.