A key issue to understanding the transformations of terrestrial organic carbon in the ocean is to disentangle the latter from marine‐produced organic matter. We applied a multiple stable isotope approach using δ34S and δ13C isotope signatures from estuarine dissolved organic matter (DOM), enabling us to constrain the contribution of terrestrial‐derived DOM in an estuarine gradient of the northern Baltic Sea. The stable isotope signatures for dissolved organic sulfur (δ34SDOS) have twice the range between terrestrial and marine end members compared to the stable isotope signatures for dissolved organic carbon (δ13CDOC); hence, the share of terrestrial DOM in the total estuarine DOM can be calculated more precisely. DOM samples from the water column were collected using ultrafiltration on board the German RV Maria S Merian during a winter cruise, in the Bothnian Bay, Bothnian Sea, and Baltic proper. We calculated the terrestrial fraction of the estuarine DOC (DOCter) from both δ13CDOC and δ34SDOS signatures and applying fixed C: S ratios for riverine and marine end members to convert S isotope signatures into DOC concentrations. The δ34SDOS signature of the riverine end member was +7.02‰, and the mean signatures from Bothnian Bay, Bothnian Sea, and Baltic proper were +10.27, +12.51, and +13.67‰, respectively, showing an increasing marine signal southwards (δ34SDOS marine end member 5 18.1‰). These signatures indicate that 87‰, 75‰, and 67‰, respectively, of the water column DOC is of terrestrial origin (DOCter) in these basins. Comparing the fractions of DOCter in each basin—that are still based on few winter values only—with the annual river input of DOC, it appears that the turnover time for DOCter in the Gulf of Bothnia is much shorter than the hydraulic turnover time, suggesting that high‐latitude estuaries might be efficient sinks for DOCter.


The proposed Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) has an 8.4 meter aperture with a 3.5 degree diameter field of view and must meet the challenging cadence requirements necessary to perform the LSST survey mission. Several advances have been made in the concept design of the telescope. The telescope optical system is based on a Paul-Baker three element design with a single captured focus for the dedicated instrument. The large mirrors, 8.4 m diameter primary, 3.4 m secondary, and 5.0 m tertiary feeding a 3 element refractive corrector produces a large 65 cm diameter focal plane. These elements are supported by a rigid steel structure with active alignment mechanisms on each element for position maintenance and correction. The optical design has been optimized and the primary and tertiary mirror surfaces are now specified to be fabricated into a single monolithic mirror blank. We analyze wavefront information within the focal plane to control the optical figures of the three powered reflective surfaces and their alignments. An active rigid body alignment system concept has been developed using laser tracker technology to reduce the computation load on wavefront sensing. The LSST telescope development continues in concert with the parallel development of all aspects of the entire LSST Project.


Background: Employed individuals reporting depression can take a sickness absence (absenteeism) or continue working when ill ("presenteeism"); either decision has potential benefits and harms. Whilst absenteeism has received considerable attention from researchers, presenteeism is a newer concept. Understanding of its causes and consequences, particularly amongst individuals reporting depression, is less established.
Aims: This thesis aimed to determine the socio-demographic, financial, work and health-related correlates of depression-related presenteeism, in the Australian workforce generally and in the under-researched small-to-medium enterprise (SME) sector. It systematically compared the costs and health outcomes of depression-related presenteeism and absenteeism. Finally, it explored managers" understanding of sickness presenteeism, and validated the "Team Production Interview" method for valuing related productivity loss.
Methods: Population-based data was used to identify correlates of presenteeism amongst employed Australian adults reporting lifetime major depression (Chapter 3), and used in state-transition Markov models to estimate the costs and health outcomes of depression-related absenteeism versus presenteeism (Chapter 6). A systematic review aimed to determine the prevalence and correlates of depression, psychological distress, related absenteeism and presenteeism, and the associated health and economic outcomes, in SMEs (Chapter 4). Baseline data from a RCT designed to evaluate a mental health promotion program for SME owner/managers was used to identify the proportion reporting high/very high psychological distress, the prevalence and correlates of associated absenteeism and presenteeism, and estimate the subsequent productivity loss (Chapter 5). Cognitive interviewing data with managers was used to validate the "Team Production Interview" (Chapter 7).
Results: Work and health factors had little influence on presenteeism behaviour over and above socio-demographic and financial factors. Significant factors were marital status, housing tenure and co-morbid mental disorders (Chapter 3). The systematic review found a dearth SME-specific information regarding the prevalence and correlates of depression, related absenteeism and presenteeism, and the associated health and economic outcomes (Chapter 4). Approximately 30% of SME owner/managers reported high/very high psychological distress, of which 90% reported past month presenteeism and reduced productivity. No SME-specific factors were associated with presenteeism (Chapter 5). Absenteeism was more costly than presenteeism and offered no improvement in health (Chapter 6). Finally, managers misunderstood concepts of presenteeism and chronic disease, and reported an inability to answer Team Production Interview items due to perceived inexperience managing workers with chronic disease, or difficulty applying questions to their workplace (Chapter 7).
Conclusions: Presenteeism reporters may be milder cases of depression, and benefit from arrangements that allow absence for treatment and recovery whilst maintaining work attendance and the potential benefits of social support. As better self-rated health was associated with presenteeism amongst SME owner/managers, flexible work arrangements may also benefit the SME sector. Employers benefit from continued employee productivity and reduced long-term sickness absence. The finding that absenteeism costs more than presenteeism and offers no additional health benefit provides support for such measures. Modifying the Team Production Interview will improve managers" understanding of chronic illness and presenteeism, and ensure precise valuation of presenteeism-related lost productive time to inform employers, and relevant decision makers, of the relative efficiency of the aforementioned strategies.


Banana-bean intercropping systems are used by many small-scale farmers in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo to maximize land use and intensify crop production. A study was conducted at the INERA Mulungu research station to determine the effect of banana leaf pruning on banana (Musa spp.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, Fabaceae) yield. The East African highland cooking banana 'Barhabesha' was established in April 2007 at a spacing of 2 by 3 meters. The treatments consisted of different levels of banana leaf canopy coverage (5 leaves [5L] and all leaves [ALL]) and leguminous crop varieties (the bush bean 'Ngwaku Ngwaku' and the climbing bean 'AND10') which were planted in the banana plot. Bean yields were assessed during 4 cropping seasons (2008B, 2009A, 2009B and 2010A). Banana leaf pruning did not have a significant effect on time from planting to bunch harvest in either legume intercropping treatment. Banana leaf pruning did not have a significant effect on banana yield (32.3 and 28.6 t/ha for ALL; 32.2 and 26.3 t/ha for 5L for climbing and bush bean intercropping respectively). The average banana bunch weight was higher in the climbing bean (ALL: 19.4 / 5L: 19.4 kg) than in the bush bean intercropped plots (ALL: 17.2 / 5L: 16.1 kg). A reduction in the number of banana leaves (i.e. from all leaves to 5 leaves) enhanced bean yield for both legume types. Under the all leaves treatment, climbing bean yield (358 kg/ha) was slightly but not significantly higher than bush bean yield (335 kg/ha). However, it was significantly higher for the 5L treatment (512 kg/ha against 362 kg/ha). Results from a gross margin analysis of banana-bean intercropping and cropping season effects are also presented. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


All-optical multifiber networks may require large and expensive optical switches (i.e., optical switches with many inputs/outputs). To tackle this problem, the existing approach adopts an individual node perspective and focuses on designing the internal node architectures that require smaller optical switches (i.e., optical switches with fewer inputs/outputs). In this paper, we adopt an entire network perspective and propose a logical subnetting approach to further reduce the switch size required. We use multiple logical subnets to compose a network, where a subnet has the same physical topology as but smaller dimensions than the network. In each subnet, each node has fewer incoming/outgoing fibers and hence it requires smaller optical switches. A lightpath can be set up through any one of the available subnets. We propose two subnetting methods: (i) homogeneous subnetting in which all subnets are identical and (ii) heterogeneous subnetting in which different subnets may adopt different node architectures and dimensions. Logical subnetting has three advantages: (i) the resulting network requires significantly smaller optical switches, while its blocking probability can be nearly the same, (ii) logical subnetting can complement any existing node architectures to integrate their respective advantages and further reduce the switch size required, and (iii) an existing network can easily be scaled up by adding additional subnets without modifying the existing ones.


Mentoring for trainee teachers in the learning and skills sector has taken on a greater significance due to the recent demands of providing subject-specialist support in what is otherwise a generic training programme. This article reports on one of the research projects undertaken on behalf of the Peninsular CETT that were commissioned in order to improve the understanding of and the practice of mentoring in the region. The research focussed on investigating what factors contributed to successful mentoring relationships for part-time trainees who were working in Further Education (FE) colleges. The findings, based on case-study analysis emphasise the importance of personal relationships in the mentoring process, alongside the benefits of frequent and informal meetings based on mutual respect. The findings also highlighted the need for a clear definition and understanding of roles and responsibilities and adequate training and time for mentors. While these points are not surprising they do pose challenges for a system that now demands more formality and has to cover a very wide range of trainees working in different circumstances.


Aim: This thesis aims to investigate the potential impacts of climatic change on Afro-Palaearctic migratory birds by investigating simulated changes in breeding and non-breeding distribution.
Methods: Generalised Additive Models were used to determine those climatic variables that produced the most robust species distribution models. Tests on the performance of three regression-based techniques were undertaken and consensus modelling framework was subsequently chosen. This framework was used in conjunction with three general circulation models and two emission scenarios to model the future distributions of Afro-Palaearctic migratory birds. Changes in both breeding and non-breeding range and migratory distance were examined for groups of species. A vulnerability index was created to indicate those species that were most vulnerable to climate change. Finally, changes in recent population trends observed on the European breeding grounds were related to simulated climatic suitability to investigate the role of climate in recent population changes and determine the vulnerability of populations to climate change. This analysis also enabled a partial validation of species distribution models.
Results: The results indicate differential change on the breeding and non-breeding grounds for many species. For many migratory birds a progressive separation of the two ranges is projected, potentially increasing migratory distances in future. However, for some species newly suitable climatic areas may provide non-breeding areas closer to the breeding range, enabling species to adapt to climatic change. Trans-Saharan migrants, species residing in dry environments as well as montane and coastal species are projected to be most vulnerable to climatic change. Although a link between population trends and climatic suitability could be found, the results indicated, as might be expected, that climate is only one of a number of factors potentially contributing to population changes
Conclusion: This thesis gives the first broad analysis of the likely direction and magnitude of change of the distribution of migratory birds to climate change, when only climate is considered. The challenge ahead is to refine these coarse scale models to include habitat and demographic data so as to provide more realistic estimates of change and improve conservation strategies that aim to support species under climate change.


The sisters Edith and Winnifred Eaton made every effort, throughout their lives, to be heard. Twenty years ago, despite Edith's years of steady labor as a journalist and short story writer and despite Winnifred's widely popular novels, they were virtually forgotten. Today, through the work of an extended and continuing network of researchers, both their biographies and many of the literary works they published__under various names, but most recognizably as Sui Sin Far and Onoto Watanna__have been recovered and have become part of literary and cultural history. This republication of Sui Sin Far's "The Son of Chung Wo," which originally appeared in the 16 June 1910 issue of Leslie's Weekly, is a small contribution to that project. In this introduction, I offer a brief sketch of what we know about the Eaton sisters and some reflections on this critical history, and make some preliminary comments on the story itself. Most immediately, this newly discovered tale gives us for the first time some evidence that can plausibly be interpreted as indicating Edith's reaction to her sister's career. Most broadly, it demonstrates how much more we have to learn about__and from__this author and how intimately archival and interpretive work depend on each other. Edith Maude Eaton was born in 1865, in Macclesfield in the English Midlands, the second child of an English father and a Chinese mother. Edward Eaton belonged to a silk manufacturing family. Grace Trefusis was the adopted daughter of English missionaries and had been educated in England; she returned to China probably as a missionary herself. They were married in Shanghai while Edward was there on business, and Edith's older brother was born in China. The family's third child was born in Jersey City, after the Eatons had immigrated to the United States. Subsequently, they returned to England for some years, then moved to Canada, settling in Montreal in about 1873. Winnifred Eaton was born there in 1874, the eighth child of an eventual fourteen (of whom twelve survived). This story already begins to suggest the complexity of the family's national and ethnic affiliations. At different moments, various Eaton children presented themselves as white, Eurasian, Chinese American (a term Edith seems to have invented), English, Spanish or Mexican, and Japanese or Japanese-Canadian.(1) The Eatons' class identity was also not simple. They sometimes claimed aristocratic connections, and Winnifred in particular consistently represented herself as a descendant of Isaac Newton. But the family was very poor and lived__frequently changing their lodgings__in Hochelaga, a mostly French working-class quarter of Montreal. Edward worked as an artist and occasionally at other jobs; he did so less often as the children began, as early as possible, to earn money. Neither the boys nor the girls in the family received much formal schooling, but they were well educated, in the English tradition, at home. Winnifred's biographer (and granddaughter) Diana Birchall offers the image of a household that was "big, impoverished, noisy, artistic," and "bohemian" (15). As the eldest daughter, Edith worked especially hard, and she carried a heavy sense of responsibility to her family to the end of her life. She not only did domestic work and baby-minding at home, but also from the age of ten was sent to "tramp around" selling lace and paintings (Sui Sin Far, "Leaves" 222). By age eighteen she was working as a compositor at a newspaper; she soon taught herself shorthand and began to submit her own writing. By the time she turned thirty in the mid-189os, she had opened an office in Montreal as a stenographer and type-writer, was working as a freelance journalist, and had a substantial record of publication. Around the same time, with her mother, Edith became involved in mission work in Montreal's rapidly growing Chinatown. This was a turning point; she began to specialize in reporting on, and became an advocate for, the Chinese community. …


Two recent films, Broken Vessels and Bringing Out the Dead , portray the lives of those who work for the emergency medical services in urban America. Or at least they claim to.

Broken Vessels tells the story of Tom (Jason London), an emergency medical technician who arrives in Los Angeles while trying to escape his past in Altoona, Pennsylvania. He lands a job as an ambulance driver and is teamed up with Jimmy (Todd Field), a senior Los Angeles paramedic whose best skill seems to be snatching his sunglasses off his face and trying to look cool.

More about drug addiction than paramedics

Ten minutes into the movie the two are drinking alcohol, picking up women, having sex, buying heroin on the street corner, and getting high. All of this happens while they are on duty, mostly in the ambulance. Then they start stealing from their patients to support their drug habits. …


In satellite operations, stable maneuvering of a satellite's onboard antenna to prevent undesirable vibrations to the satellite body is required for high-quality high-resolution images. For this reason, the onboard antenna's angular rate is typically minimized while still satisfying the system requirement that limits the speed of the onboard antenna. In this study, a simple yet effective method, called the ground station searching method, is proposed to reduce the angular rate of a satellite's onboard antenna. The performance of the proposed method is tested using real flight data from the KOMPSAT-3 satellite. Approximately 83% of arbitrarily selected real flight scenarios from 66 test cases show reductions in the onboard antenna's azimuth angular rates. Additionally, reliable solutions were consistently obtained within a reasonably acceptable computation time while generating an onboard antenna tracking profile. The obtained results indicate that the proposed method can be used in real satellite operations and can reduce the operational loads on a ground operator. Although the current work only considers the KOMPSAT-3 satellite as a test case, the proposed method can be easily modified and applied to other satellites that have similar operational characteristics.


Plants undergo dramatic changes in metabolism as environmental conditions change and stressful situations are encountered. Most obviously, anabolic processes that operate during the day, when photosynthesis is active, switch to catabolic ones at night, or when sugars are unavailable, or under stresses like exposure to herbicides or to excessive amounts of water. Baena-González et al. identify a pair of protein kinases that have a central role in orchestrating common cellular transcriptional responses to such diverse stimuli. Through analysis of public databases, the authors identified dark-induced (DIN) genes whose expression increased in plant cells exposed to dark but decreased after exposure to light or sugars. Experiments monitoring expression of a reporter gene designed from one of the DIN genes revealed sensitivity of the response to a protein kinase inhibitor. Taking cues from work on yeast and mammalian kinases that control metabolism, the authors focused on members of the Snf1-related kinase gene families, which are related to the yeast protein Snf1. Two such proteins, KIN10 and KIN11, activated expression of the DIN reporter when expressed in Arabidopsis leaves. Systematic mutagenesis of regulatory elements implicated a role for G-box binding factors in controlling the response of DIN genes to stress or to KIN10 or KIN11. The authors explored the global transcriptional response to expression of KIN10 with whole-genome GeneChips and identified more than 1000 genes with altered rates of transcription. Comparison to published gene expression patterns showed strong correlation of a subset of these genes with those regulated in plants deprived of sugar or energy. There were negative correlations with expression profiles from plants treated with sugars. A gene expression response highly correlated to that induced by KIN10 was also detected in protoplasts stressed by hypoxia. KIN10 activated (and sugars repressed) genes functioning in major catabolic pathways, whereas genes that promote energy consumption and anabolic processes were repressed in response to KIN10. The authors propose that Kin10 and Kin11 can thus be considered global regulators of primary and secondary metabolism and protein synthesis. The authors went on to generate whole Arabadopsis plants overexpressing KIN10 or depleted of the KIN10 and KIN11 proteins by RNAi. Expression of KIN10 enhanced survival of plants kept in sugar-free medium in the presence of low amounts of light. Overexpression of KIN10 slowed development and--reminiscent of caloric restriction in animals--delayed the onset of senescence. Depletion of KIN10 and KIN11 blocked the transcriptional changes normally associated with transition to dark or stressful conditions and suggested an additional role of the kinases in control of development and flowering. The authors propose that KIN10 and KIN11 may be, like AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) of mammals, central regulators of signaling that control energy homeostasis. E. Baena-González, F. Rolland, J. M. Thevelein, J. Sheen, A central integrator of transcription networks in plant stress and energy signaling. Nature 448, 938-942 (2007). [PubMed]


This thesis has two connected aims. Firstly, it claims that it is meaningful to describe Wordsworth's aesthetic, and his beliefs about the subject-object relationship, as substantially empiricist. However, it is not claimed that Wordsworth is consistently empiricist in the way that a philosopher might aspire to be: indeed, there is a place to be found within this argument for the recognition of his transcendentalism. While it is granted that the word 'empiricist' is not always used in the most rigorous philosophical sense, the influence of philosophical empiricism on Wordsworth naturally figures in the argument. Secondly, the thesis demonstrates that the continued influence of Wordsworth in the twentieth century has to be understood primarily as the influence of his empiricist aesthetic. The thesis concludes by suggesting that there are wider possibilities for poetry than are encouraged by this aesthetic. The importance of undertaking this project does not lie only in objections to Wordsworth's theory or practice, but arises also from a consideration of his continuing influence.
Chapter One argues that on the basis of his poetry and criticism of the period 1787 to 1805, the description 'The Empirical Wordsworth' is a meaningful one. This is established through an examination of Wordsworth's writings, his sister's journal entries, his correspondence, his poetry and contemporaneous literary reviews of The Prelude.
Chapter Two, in order to demonstrate the antecedents of Wordsworth's empiricist beliefs, is a study of his philosophical development from the influences of Hartley, Burke and Berkeley.
Chapter Three examines the influence of Coleridge on Wordsworth. This is predominantly an empiricist one contrary to received notions of it being transcendentalist.
Chapter Four reviews the reading of Wordsworth in the twentieth century. This has to be understood in terms of the reaction to Romanticism in the twentieth century.
Finally, Chapter Five looks at twentieth-century poetry that largely avoids the empiricist influence of Wordsworth. It also introduces the concept of 'Empirical Identifiers': an analytic tool for literary criticism.


Rifting between large continental plates results in either continental breakup and the formation of conjugate passive margins, or rift abandonment and a set of aborted rift basins. The nonlinear interaction between key parameters such as plate boundary configuration, lithospheric architecture, and extension geometry determines the dynamics of rift evolution and ultimately selects between successful or failed rifts. In an attempt to evaluate and quantify the contribution of the rift geometry, we analyze the Early Cretaceous extension between Africa and South America that was preceded by ∼20–30 m.y. of extensive intracontinental rifting prior to the final separation between the two plates. While the South Atlantic and Equatorial Atlantic conjugate passive margins continued into seafloor-spreading mode, forming the South Atlantic Ocean basin, Cretaceous African intraplate rifts eventually failed soon after South America broke away from Africa. We investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of rifting in these domains through a joint plate kinematic and three-dimensional forward numerical modeling approach, addressing (1) the dynamic competition of Atlantic and African extensional systems, (2) two-stage kinematics of the South Atlantic Rift System, and (3) the acceleration of the South America plate prior to final breakup. Oblique rifts are mechanically favored because they require both less strain and less force in order to reach the plastic yield limit. This implies that rift obliquity can act as selector between successful ocean basin formation and failed rifts, explaining the success of the highly oblique Equatorial Atlantic rift and ultimately inhibiting the formation of a Saharan Atlantic Ocean. We suggest that thinning of the last continental connection between Africa and South America produced a severe strength-velocity feedback responsible for the observed increase in South America plate velocity.


The goals of the physics to be studied at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are very impressive. Four major experimental installations are ready to compete in obtaining and analyzing the data from high-energy hadron collisions. The main hope is to answer the most intricate questions ever asked concerning the most fundamental problems of matter and its fundamental forces and space structure. The design of the LHC and its four detectors is briefly described. We then review the main facts revealed previously by experimentalists at other accelerators. The most pertinent topics and the stage-by-stage plans for LHC investigations are discussed. Further prospects for high-energy physics are outlined.


The dominant protocol for name resolution on the Internet is the
Domain Name System (DNS). However, other protocols exist that are
fundamentally different from the DNS, and may or may not share the
same namespace. When an end-user triggers resolution of a name on a
system that supports multiple, different protocols or resolution
mechanisms, it is desirable that the protocol used is unambiguous, and
that requests intended for one protocol are not inadvertently answered
using another protocol. RFC 6761 introduced a framework by which a
particular domain name could be acknowledged as being special. Various
challenges have become apparent with this application of the guidance
provided in RFC 6761. This document focuses solely on documenting the
specific challenges created by RFC 6761 in the form of a problem
statement in order to facilitate further discussions of potential
solutions. In particular, it refrains from proposing or promoting any
solution. Also, the current document does not focus on other general
issues related to the use of special use domain names.


This paper presents Linked Data Reactor (LD-Reactor or LD-R) as a framework for developing exible and reusable User Interface components for Linked Data applications. LD-Reactor utilizes Facebook's ReactJS components, Flux architecture and Yahoo's Fluxible framework for isomorphic Web applications. It also exploits Semantic-UI framework for exible UI themes. LD-R aims to apply the idea of component-based application development into RDF data model hence enhancing current user interfaces to view, browse and edit Linked Data.


Background: Nitrosylated and non-nitrosylated heme iron from red processed and nonprocessed meat have been associated with increased colorectal carcinogenesis. Mechanisms include oxidative processes. It has been hypothesized that dietary antioxidants could counteract the effects of heme iron. We investigated the relationships between heme iron intake and the risk of colorectal adenomas, and a potential interaction with the dietary antioxidant capacity, in the E3N prospective cohort study. Methods: The study included 17,397 women, who underwent at least one colonoscopy. Among them, 1,409 were diagnosed with at least one first colorectal adenoma during the 103,253 person-years of follow-up. Dietary intake was measured by a semiquantitative food history questionnaire. HR estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained from Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Heme iron intake was positively associated with colorectal and colon adenoma risks [HR for the fourth vs. first quartile: HR4 = 1.36 (1.13–1.65), Ptrend = 0.001 and HR4 = 1.49; 95% CI, 1.19–1.87; Ptrend = 0.0003, respectively]. Nonnitrosylated and nitrosylated heme iron intakes were, respectively, associated with advanced distal and proximal adenoma risks. There was a dose–effect relationship between the heme iron to total dietary antioxidant capacity ratio and colorectal adenoma risk. Conclusion: In this prospective cohort study, the association between heme iron and colorectal adenoma risk was found to depend on site, nitrosylation or not, and the ratio with the NEAC. Impact: These results emphasize the need for a global assessment of diet when considering nutritional prevention of colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(4); 640–7. ©2016 AACR.


In this introductory chapter the similarities and differences in the development and the current behavior of the adjective in Germanic and Romance, both within and between the language families, are discussed. A deeper analysis suggests that what seem to be differences may in fact be similarities and vice versa. Topics that are discussed are the emergence of the adjective as a category, the distinction between attributive and predicative adjectives, the position of adjectives within the noun phrase, and adjectival inflection. This introduction forms the basis for the chapters that follow and in which current visions on variation and change with respect to the adjective in Germanic and Romance are presented in more detail.


This paper discusses Keynes's surprisingly positive views on the medieval scholastic teaching on usury and draws upon his work to argue that the traditional view of usury (understood as the charging of rent for the use of money) as anti-social is well-founded. Keynes's understanding of the nature of probability allows a clear distinction to be made between debt and equity finance which most economists dismiss. Rather than meriting remuneration, the demand for the security provided by money against an uncertain future imposes a social cost in one form or another. This proposition is illustrated with reference to the problems of the modern international financial and monetary system, specifically the role of deposit insurance and the obstacles to a renewed system of managed exchange rates, without which many regions appear doomed to enduring long-term austerity.


Treatment of cardiovascular diseases tends to be expensive and requires long-term therapy. Investigation about the effect of pumpkin seeds on prevention of endothelial dysfunction of blood vessel has never been reported yet, accordingly, bodies of research are required to know its effectiveness. This study aimed to analyze the expression of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule (VCAM) in male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) with hypercholesterolemia supplemented with pumpkin seeds extract (Cucurbita moschata Duch). This was an experimental laboratory study with randomized post-test control group design. The independent variable was pumpkin seeds extract, and the dependent one was expression of VCAM. Data analysis employed chi-square test to test the difference between control and treatment groups. Study results showed that there was significant difference (p=0.000) between VCAM expression in group-K2 (positive control) as compared to group-K1 (negative control) and group-K5 (treatment group-dose 3) α=0.001, whereas no significant difference was found between that of as compared to group-K3 (treatment group-dose 1) α=0.125 and group-K4 (treatment group-dose 2) α=0.05. The study showed reduction of VCAM expression in treatment groups consisted of male Wistar rats with hypercholesterolemia supplemented with pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita moschata Duch) extract. Keywords: Pumpkin seeds, VCAM expression, hypercholesterolemia


OF DISSERTATION SIGNALING MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE GENERATION OF HUMAN PERIPHERAL iTREGS Maintaining balance in the human immune system is critical for the body's ability to discriminate between foreign and self-antigens. This balance is achieved, in part, by a subpopulation of T cells known as induced regulatory T cells (iTregs). Dysregulation of this population may contribute to the onset and progression of cancer, chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, manipulation of iTreg development holds promising therapeutic potential; however, studying this vital population has proven difficult due to low numbers, heterogeneous cell populations, substantial phenotypic differences between mouse and human cells, and the high plasticity seen in iTregs. These current limitations have prevented a full understanding of the molecular signaling events that govern their development and function. Our lab has established a novel cell culture system that mimics in vivo human iTreg development. This system allows for the discrimination and comparison of naïve, memory and iTreg T cell populations simultaneously within a single donor. These iTregs exhibit high levels of CD25, FoxP3, CTLA4, GITR, low levels of CD127 and display strong suppressor activity. Using this innovative system, we have demonstrated a rewiring of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in iTregs compared to conventional T cells. We found that the voltage gated K ion channel-Kv1.3 is not active in response to TCR engagement in iTregs, even though Ca influx remains intact. Kv1.3 and the linked Src-family kinase Lck were redistributed to the highly active IL2-Receptor (IL2-R) complex. Additionally, we have shown that there is increased AKT protein expression in iTregs versus conventional T cell populations that does not correlate with the TCR-induced increase in its active (phosphorylated) form. This blockage appears to be due to an imbalance of kinase to phosphatase activity in iTregs with a specific TCR-induced inhibition of mTOR activity. We have also demonstrated that AKT accumulation in iTregs leads to its physical association with SMAD3, suggesting a novel, non-enzymatic function of AKT through transcription factor inhibition. This study sheds light on the reciprocal cross talk between the IL-2R and TCR signaling pathways and uncovers the mechanism of AKT blockade in primary human iTregs, thus opening novel avenues for therapeutic manipulation.


Construction industry significantly contributes to New Zealand's economic development. However, the delivery of construction projects is usually plagued by cost overruns, which turn potentially successful projects into money-losing ventures, resulting in various other unexpected negative impacts. The objectives of the study were to identify, classify, and assess the impacts of the factors affecting project cost in New Zealand. The proposed research model was examined with structural equation modelling. Recognising the lack of a systematic approach for assessing the influencing factors associated with project cost, this study identified 30 influencing factors from various sources and quantified their relative impacts. The research data were gathered through a questionnaire survey circulated across New Zealand construction industry. A total of 283 responses were received, with a 37% response rate. A model was developed for testing the relationship between project cost and the influential factors. The proposed research model was examined with structural equation modelling (SEM). According to the results of the analysis, market and industry conditions factor has the most significant effect on project cost, while regulatory regime is the second-most significant influencing factor, followed by key stakeholders' perspectives. The findings can improve project cost performance through the identification and evaluation of the cost-influencing factors. The results of such analysis enable industry professionals to better understand cost-related risks in the complex environment.


We investigated the vertical distribution and feeding ecology of the black scraper, Tamnaconus modestus, in the southern sea of Korea in the spring of 2009, 2010 and 2011 using otter trawl for 60 min per site. Fish abundance was significantly related to the basis of depth and temperature. Thamnaconus modestus occurred at depths ranging from 80 to 120 meter waters having temperature higher than 12°C. We found that 87% of the total catch were obtained at the depths between 80 and 120 meters (58% and 29% from 80-100 and 100-120 meters respectively). The total length of captured individuals ranged from 10.6 to 38.7 cm. Individuals captured at deeper were significantly larger than those from shallower sites. Diverse prey organisms, including algae, amphipods, gastropods, ophiuroids, and cephalopods, were found in T. modestus stomach. The main prey items in IRI value belonged to four groups: hyperiid amphipods, gastropods, ophiuroids, and algae. The fish showed ontogenetic diet shifts. In general, individuals in smaller size (< 20 cm) shifted their diets from vegetative food sources to animal ones when they reach the size bigger than 20 cm. Food diversity increased with fish size. Our findings suggested that T. modestus vertical distribution varied with depth and that fish showed ontogenetic diet shifts


Nurturing Children describes children's lives transformed through therapy. Drawing on decades of experience, internationally respected clinician and trainer Graham Music tackles major issues affecting troubled children, including trauma, neglect, depression and violence. Using psychoanalysis alongside modern developmental thinking from neurobiology, attachment and trauma theory and mindfulness, Music creates his own distinctive blend of approaches to help even the most traumatised of children.

A mix of personal accounts and therapeutic riches, Nurturing Children will appeal to anyone helping children, young people and families to lead fuller lives.


This study builds on a previous article (Manley & Meijen, 2009) in which advice for in-training practitioners was provided through the shared reflections of experienced and accredited professionals. One of the tips was to choose a supervisor well. This is especially relevant given that the British Psychological Society (BPS) offer some Society-defined roles and expectations of in-training practitioners as part of the candidate handbook for the qualification in sport and exercise psychology. The British Association for Sport and Exercise Sciences (BASES) offers similar guidance for supervisors and supervisees affiliated to their own process of accreditation through supervised experience (SE). In addition, higher education institutions will often provide PhD supervisors with some guiding principles and expectations with regard to the work they conduct with research students. However, useful as these suggested roles and guidelines are, it could be argued that they are less transparent to students and aspiring practitioners who may want to understand more clearly what it is that potential supervisors expect from their supervisees. Thus, the aim of the current article is to provide students with an overview of some of the common expectations supervisors have of their supervisees and to offer some practical advice to students on how to get the most out of their relationship with their supervisor. To do this, we contacted five supervisors in the field of sport and exercise psychology asking them to respond to a number of open-ended questions (available on request from the authors) in relation to their expectations of the supervisee. The questions were related to issues such as previous qualifications, attitude, preparation before meetings, perceptions of their relationship with supervisees, and how to encourage critical thinking and professional development. The respondents are currently supervising PhD students and/or in-training practitioners (i.e., BPS Stage 2 leading to chartered status or BASES SE). The data were analysed by the authors using thematic analysis in order to identify common threads articulated within the obtained responses. The main themes emerging from the questions will be summarised, followed by practical advice for supervisees.


This proposal centres on the identification and management of patients with impaired cough, identified by measurement of Peak Cough Flow (PCF), aiming to improve morbidity and mortality, optimising local services and the use of specialist centres. It is accepted that patients with an impaired cough will retain secretions, develop micro atelectasis and be at increased risk of developing respiratory failure during a simple respiratory infection. The aim is to identify patients at risk and intervene as appropriate with education and treatment, assisting self-management. These goals will be achieved through the implementation of a cohesive evidence based plan designed to enable maintenance of good respiratory health. The basis of this will be the jointly published British Thoracic Society (BTS) and Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Respiratory Care "Guidelines for the physiotherapy management of the adult, medical, spontaneously breathing patient". Clinically, this proposal will maximise the care and support provided locally through enhancing skills available, and also identify patients that require specialist assessment or provision of equipment such as mechanical in and exsufflation devices, thereby facilitating referral onwards.

The service this proposal will be implemented by is the South Cumbria Domiciliary Physiotherapy team; this is a service that provides home based physiotherapy for patients with clinical need. A large proportion of these patients are those with reduced mobility and/or life limiting conditions. Due to the nature of the caseload this service is ideally positioned to deliver and develop this proposal. Physiotherapists are skilled at respiratory assessment and with education will be able to easily administer this change in practice of assessment and treatment. In order to implement this plan there will be a need to change practice, any process that requires change evokes multiple and complex concerns as well as emotions in those involved. Change is a process that requires managing and leadership, the practical application of this change will be discussed using the framework of Lewin's Model of Change. Any service development requires a process of evaluation; the outcome of said evaluation should demonstrate the effectiveness of the process and clearly show how the new service is adding value. As the landscape of health provision evolves and moves towards the outline of the five year forward view, there is a necessity to demonstrate how services and professionals can support service users to reduce reliance on healthcare, especially unplanned contacts. The evaluation planned will be completed internally, be a formative process allowing for review and generate both quantitative and qualitative data.


The UK has a 'national' strategy to decarbonise its energy sector, yet the transfer of key responsibilities to its Devolved Administrations has meant that they control many of the powers that determine the rate and extent of the decarbonisation process. This reflects an asymmetrical distribution of legal responsibilities that has cast a complex range of powers 'downward' from the national sphere to subnational scales and which plays a crucial role in shaping the agency at different levels of the UK's energy governance. This paper provides a detailed exploration of the UK's 'Energy Constitution' as a means of examining the way in which the complex legal framework of devolution shapes the spatial organisation of the UK's low carbon transition. Previous research on the low carbon transition has remained largely 'lawless' and as such has tended to overlook how the legal regimes governing energy both produce space and are shaped by its geographic context. The paper therefore develops a more nuanced understanding of the spatiality, territorialisation and scaling of UK energy governance to highlight a nexus of ambiguity and partial power allocation distributed across a plurality of overlapping 'legal' jurisdictions. This raises fundamental questions over how UK constitutional arrangements reify the territoriality of energy governance and structure the relationships between national and subnational multi-level decarbonisation processes.


In contrast to the story of the 1947 Partition of India and Pakistan as an epiphenomenal event of independence, this article suggests that the division of British India signaled a unique rupture in which the creation of borders became the defining traumatic event of that history. Moving away from familiar discourses of independence, I argue that the history of the 1947 Partition is a history of borders in which the geographical borders drawn to separate and establish the independent nations of India and Pakistan are at once a concretely historical division and an incomprehensible site of trauma. The border becomes the site of the simultaneity between empirically known realities that constitute specific historical contexts and the overwhelming experience of history that exceeds immediate understanding. From the borders of the 1947 Partition, the subcontinent inherited what I call "a geography of trauma" – a conceptual schema that is at once a geographical and national reality in which people live and an ungraspable experience that refuses boundaries. This article argues that the border created through the Partition becomes the geographical inscription of the meaning and impact of history upon identity – both collective and individual – and demands an impossible yet necessary witness.


The polarization of any society between two hostile camps having irreconcilable social intentions usually produces a simplified paradigm of choice directed at the mass of unaligned population contained therein. Where there is polarization, the choice is either to side with those forces committed to the transformation of society or with those bent on the preservation of the prevailing order. In the Philippines, with an impending polarization based on the misguided dichotomy of communism vs. democracy as initiated by the rightist bloc, it becomes more necessary that social transformers hinge their methodologies onto more solid grounds. That is, cognizant of all the changes and problematics that the 1986 Edsa revolution ushered. A political program of polarization drawn from all these is therefore the immediate agenda of all proponents of social change.


The pma1-105 mutation reduces the activity of the yeast plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase and causes cells to be both low pH and ammonium ion sensitive and resistant to the antibiotic hygromycin B. Revertants that can grow at pH 3.0 and on ammonium-containing plates frequently arise by ectopic recombination between pma1-105 and PMA2, a diverged gene that shares 85% DNA sequence identity with PMA1. The gene conversion tracts of revertants of pma1-105 were determined by DNA sequencing the hybrid PMA1::PMA2 genes. Gene conversion tracts ranged from 18-774 bp. The boundaries of these replacements were short (3-26 bp) regions of sequences that were identical between PMA1 and PMA2. These boundaries were not located at the regions of greatest shared identity between the two PMA genes. Similar results were obtained among low pH-resistant revertants of another mutation, pma1-147. One gene conversion was obtained in which the resulting PMA1::PMA2 hybrid was low pH-resistant but still hygromycin B-resistant. This partially active gene differs from a wild-type revertant only by the presence of two PMA2-encoded amino acid substitutions. Thus, some regions of PMA2 are not fully interchangeable with PMA1. We have also compared the efficiency of recombination between pma1-105 and either homeologous PMA2 sequence or homologous PMA1 donor sequences inserted at the same location. PMA2 x pma1-105 recombination occurred at a rate approximately 75-fold less than PMA1 x pma1-105 events. The difference in homology between the interacting sequences did not affect the proportion of gene conversion events associated with a cross-over, as in both cases approximately 5% of the Pma+ recombinants had undergone reciprocal translocations between the two chromosomes carrying pma1-105 and the donor PMA sequences. Reciprocal translocations were identified by a simple and generally useful nutritional test.


This case study will introduce the reader to threshold concepts outlining what they are and how they are defined, before moving on to discuss a qualitative research project with undergraduate students to explore perceptions of threshold concepts within health. The study aimed to establish if threshold concepts within health are identifiable from a student perspective and to explore the teaching and learning processes by which students master such concepts. Focus groups were conducted with students at level 6 of an undergraduate health related degree (health studies), and this case study will outline the data collection processes undertaken within this research. This case study provides an account of the research process, taking the reader through the methods that were used describing focus group discussions with students as a data collection mechanism to both explore and try to gain understanding of the ways in which they learn. The case sheds light upon the challenges of conducting research with students that are being taught by staff who are also researching them, as well as highlighting the findings which show how students learn using the conceptual tool of thresholds as a way to explore processes of learning from the perspective of the student.


The 2π and 3π resonances are re-examined from the point of view that they are vector mesons coupled to conserved currents. The theory of unstable mesons is discussed and formulas are then derived for the emission and propagation of these mesons. The connection with electromagnetic form factors is then given, particularly for the simple case of infinite bare mass. The results are very similar to those of the dispersion method. Experimental manifestations of universality (connected with the conserved vector current) are discussed. Applications are then made to the decay of π0 and a group of related phenomena, including several "pole" experiments. Also, the contribution of the 2π resonance to π-N scattering is discussed briefly from the vector meson point of view. Finally, we compare the vector meson approach to the alternative method using dispersion relations applied to presumably dynamical resonances. We conclude that the dynamical picture is an interesting special case of the vector meson theory with infinite bare mass, a case in which the mass and coupling constant are determined and the behavior at high energies is less singular. The methods we develop are applicable to the dynamical case.


This synopsis reviews the arguments in favor of a larger role for public policy in determining the well-being of young children. It explains where the region is in terms of child well-being today, how it should go about improving public programs, and the institutional challenges to implementing those programs. Together, this synopsis and the table of contents provide just a taste of the rich information and valuable policy implications contained in this year's edition of the DIA.


Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev grassland is the most widely distributed native steppe vegetation type suitable for haymaking in the semiarid pastoral regions of north-east Asia. The long-term effects of four mowing regimes (mowing once a year, twice a year, once every 2 years and twice every 3 years), and climatic variability on the hay production from L. chinensis grassland were investigated using permanent plots over 27 years. The results showed that (i) the overall cumulative annual herbage production over the 27 years was the highest under 'mowing once a year', and 'mowing twice a year' did not produce any significant change in the amount of harvested herbage; (ii) mowing induced a reduction in herbage production mostly in the first couple of years, and the reduction was larger under frequent than less frequent mowing. The annual herbage production in harvest years was higher under less frequent mowing (once every 2 years, or twice every 3 years) than that under annual mowing, but the higher herbage production in harvest years under less frequent mowing could not compensate for the herbage not made into hay in the years without harvest; (iii) annual herbage production generally increased with annual precipitation, but the response of annual herbage production to precipitation was best described by quadratic (instead of linear or logarithmic) equations, which suggested a decline in annual herbage production under the highest annual precipitation in the region, and the relationships stood under different mowing regimes; and (iv) an analysis of hay yield and quality, and costs of the mowing operation, showed that the haymaking from L. chinensis grassland was financially viable as long as the herbage production was not extremely low under drought. It is concluded that the best practice for haymaking from L. chinensis grassland should be based on the rule of 'mowing once a year' in high-production years and grazing in low-production years; and a light grazing early in the season may increase hay quality mowed in the autumn if the grassland grows well early in the season in high-production years.


Within the existing literature on jobless recoveries a bit of a puzzle is emerging. On the one hand there is evidence of dynamic structural change including off-shoring/globalization and skill-biased technological advances. Other studies emphasize a less dynamic economy with slower growth, reduced labor market fluidity, a decline in startup activity, and even secular stagnation. This study exploits variation among US states to assess the degree that economic stagnation and/or important structural changes in the economy contribute to the recent phenomenon of jobless recoveries. We find empirical evidence to support both the stagnation and structural change theories of jobless recoveries. On the stagnation side, we find evidence that weak macroeconomic conditions are significant predictors of jobless recoveries. But even after controlling for the vigor of an economic recovery at the state and national level, we find strong evidence that links jobless recoveries to job polarization. Our results therefore suggest that structural change in labor demand is likely causing jobs in the middle of the skill distribution to be disproportionately slashed during recessions, and to the extent that these jobs are being automated, firms have less of a need to rehire during the expansion yielding a jobless recovery.


This study deals with the development of journalism in post-Cold War Romania, and it does so with a particular interest in the transnational dimension this entails.Many NGOs and international organizations are currently seeking to monitor journalists' situations in countries around the world, while at the same time aiming at having the whole world aligned with international standards of the journalistic profession. Much attention is put on the safety of individual journalists and on the need to protect them from both legal and physical harm. Reports are continuously launched, frequently worded to impart a sense of emergency, effectively linking putative universal values of journalism with the image of vulnarable journalists carrying out dangerous work for the benefit of large publics.Romania is a fertile place for this kind of global activism, partly due to the country's totalitarian past and to what many commentators see as an unfulfilled process of democratization where powerful media owners and executives influence journalistic standards with business interests foremost in mind, and where harassments of journalists have been on the rise during the last decade.By combining an ethnographic account of the journalism field with an exploration of how global media development activities are operating in contemporary Romania, the prime question of the thesis is how journalism is constructed and made meaningful in a transnational context.The study is based on ethnographic material collected during the period of 2000-2002 among journalists and NGO activists in Bucharest, Romania.


A methodology and a case example was presented at the 1989 Conference on Risk-Based Decision Making in Water Resources, Santa Barbara, to perform risk-cost analysis for dredged material alternatives. This methodology is extended to account for uncertainties using a fuzzy set approach. Disposal of contaminated dredged material may pose risks to ecological and human populations through direct contact or indirect contact, such as through the food chain. These risks may be reduced by incorporating measures to confine the contaminated dredged material; however, these confinement measures may increase disposal costs significantly. Risk-cost trade-off analysis can be used to evaluate potential disposal alternatives and select those alternatives that are both environmentally sound and cost effective. However, risk and cost assessments for dredged material management alternatives are often associated with very large uncertainties. If risk-cost analysis is conducted without considering these uncertainties, inappropriate management policies may result. On the other hand, considering these uncertainties may cause difficulties in decision making if they make management alternatives effectively indistinguishable. Therefore, a risk-cost analysis methodology that uses fuzzy set methods to incorporate uncertainty directly into the risk-cost trade-off decision framework is developed. Carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks to humans and physical (e.g., burial and habitat disruption) and toxicological risks to ecological species are estimated for each of several disposal alternatives. Composite programming, a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) method, is used to trade off the risks and costs for these disposal alternatives. Uncertainties are encoded into the composite programming algorithm by means of fuzzy set membership functions. The final risk-cost trade-off distance for each management option is computed as a fuzzy number allowing the disposal alternatives with their associated uncertainties to be compared and ranked.


Introduction/Main Objectives: This study presents a bibliometric analysis of good governance research publications from the Scopus database from 1984 to 2020. Background Problems: Since good governance has an essential and central role in organizations, the research trends on good governance in the literature need to be revealed. Novelty: To the best of our knowledge, bibliometric analysis for the term good governance is not yet available. This paper aims to fill in the gap by providing a broad overview of the bibliometric analysis of the literature relating to this term. Research Methods: Good governance is used as a keyword in the titles of articles taken from the Scopus database on November 4, 2020. There were 1,954 documents analyzed. Microsoft Excel is used for frequency analysis, the VOSviewer app is used for the data's visualization, and Harzing's Publish or Perish is used for citation metrics and analysis. Finding/Results: The results showed an increase in the growth rate of good governance literature from 1984 to 2020, particularly since 2011. Conclusion: Research related to corporate governance has involved various authors, and is published in various languages. There are 159 authors from 123 countries and 160 institutions. The United States is the most significant contributor to this study, followed by the United Kingdom and Indonesia. The International Review of Administrative Sciences has published the most papers on good governance. Our findings indicate that studies on good governance are mostly carried out in the field of social sciences.


OF THESIS SIMULATION AND CONTROL OF A QUADROTOR UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE The ANGEL project (Aerial Network Guided Electronic Lookout) takes a systems engineering approach to the design, development, testing and implementation of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle. Many current research endeavors into the field of quadrotors for use as unmanned vehicles do not utilize the broad systems approach to design and implementation. These other projects use pre-fabricated quadrotor platforms and a series of external sensors in a mock environment that is unfeasible for real world use. The ANGEL system was designed specifically for use in a combat theater where robustness and ease of control are paramount. A complete simulation model of the ANGEL system dynamics was developed and used to tune a custom controller in MATLAB and Simulink®. This controller was then implemented in hardware and paired with the necessary subsystems to complete the ANGEL platform. Preliminary tests show successful operation of the craft, although more development is required before it is deployed in field. A custom high-level controller for the craft was written with the intention that troops should be able to send commands to the platform without having a dedicated pilot. A second craft that exhibits detachable limbs for greatly enhanced transportation efficiency is also in development.


HIV-1 envelope spike consists of GP120 and GP41. GP120 is the site of interaction with the host cell. GP120 protein of HIV-1 is masked with N—glycans, also known as "glycan shield". N-glycosylation of glycoprotein (GP120) is an important event in HIV-1 infection.  The N- glycans affect cell-virus attachment and identification of GP120 by immune system. The blockage of N-glycosylation of HIV-1 glycoprotein can aid in developing therapeutic strategies against HIV1. The study of N-glycosylation has become an area of extensive research in current areas of research in virus biology. Lectins are carbohydrate binding agents. The lectins that can target N-glycans on the surface of HIV-1 GP120 are potential antiviral agents. The lectin of our interest is a novel Pholiota squarrosa lectin (PhoSL), isolated from mushroom Pholiota squarrosa, that identify N-glycans having α1,6-linked fucose residues. In HIV-1 glycoprotein, fucose was found associated only with the innermost GLcNAc of N-linked glycans. In this study, the main objective is to observe the possible interactions among Pholiota squarrosa Lectin and GP120 glycans of HIV-1, by using in-silico based methods. Molecular docking of GP120 of HIV-1 subtypes and the Pholiota squarrosa lectin (PhoSL) was performed by using Patch Dock and Swiss-Model. Interactions between PhoSL and HIV-1 GP120 were analyzed by PLIP (Protein-Ligand Interaction Profiler) server. The molecular docking results showed that the Pholiota squarrosa lectin (PhoSL) can form metal complexes along with non-covalent interactions with GP120 of HIV-1. It can be concluded that the Pholiota squarrosa lectin may serve as a potential agent to block N-glycosylation of  HIV-1 glycoprotein. However, empirical data is required to confirm its antiviral potential.


The increase in numbers of single people has been described as one of the greatest social phenomena of western society. Most women will spend periods of their lives alone, without a committed partner relationship. Yet there is still a degree of social stigma attached to this status. Single women are a crucial group for study in relation to perceived changes in family life and relationships. This book provides a new understanding of what is often taken-for-granted – female single identity.

In an examination of extracts from her interviews with women aged 30 to 60 years and living alone, Jill Reynolds explores how women deal with this potentially stigmatized identity. She focuses on identity and self-representation through consideration of discourse and the conversational moves made by the participants. Her analysis highlights that the culturally available and familiar resources for understanding singleness are highly polarized. Single women weave their way through the extreme contrasts of a denigrated or an empowered identity. Thus, while most participants give very positive accounts, they also pay attention to widespread social expectations that success in life involves a long-term committed relationship.

This book makes an important contribution to the understanding of the lives of single women and represents a challenge to the considerable literature on gender and family life which has inadequately theorized singleness. It will be of great interest to academics and students in social psychology, sociology, social work and social policy. It will also be of particular interest to students of gender studies, qualitative research, narrative studies, conversation analysis and discourse analysis.


Finnish and Estonian kyl(la)/kull and the word order of negative clauses  This paper looks comparatively at the Finnish kyl(la) and Estonian kull, which function as an epistemic adverb and a particle in both languages, and have a common origin in the noun 'abundance'. Even though the word is mostly used to formulate positive answers, it also occurs in negative utterances. This is the focus of the current paper, which at the same time touches on the complex area of word order.  Even though both languages feature more or less free pragmatic word order, the patterns for negative utterances which contain both the negation word ei and kyl(la)/kull are varied, especially regarding the placement of adverbs and particles. On the basis of conversational data the study establishes four patterns for Finnish((X+)ei,en+X+kyl(la);ei+X+kylla#;ei+V+kyl(la)+Y;X+ei+ kyl(la) +Y, where X denotes one or several noun phrases and Y an adverbial) and three patterns for Estonian (X + ei + V (+X) + kull + other; ei + V + kull# (+ other); X/Y + kull + ei + V + other), where only the last one is frequent. Accordingly, Finnish reveals more flexibility in word order and negation-initial patterns, while in Estonian ei regularly follows kull, which is impossible in Finnish. The negation word and the finite verb have to occur near each other in Estonian but not in Finnish. In order to analyze the interactional functions of these patterns, the conversation analytic method is used which makes it possible to reveal participants' local understanding of each prior action. The study shows that there are two relatively small functional areas where the word order patterns coincide in Finnish and Estonian: in a concessive use ((X+) ei, en + V + kyl(la)/kull), and when kyl(la)/kull is used as an utterance-final epistemic marker. The latter pattern, however, is extremely rare in Estonian, and has developed a special implication of 'as a matter of fact' in Finnish.  In other functions, the word order is different. In particular, in answers to polar questions the ordering of the negation word and kyl(la) or kull is the opposite, with negation preceding kyl(la) in Finnish and following kull in Estonian. While in Finnish the word kyl(la) functions as an epistemic reassurance for the recipient, in Estonian the kull + ei pattern is typically used for building contrast with the prior and setting the initial element into focus. Regardless of the phonological and historical similarity, the syntactic patterns for this adverb/ particle are different, which may reflect more overarching differences in word order between the two languages – something that remains to be explored. At least when it comes to kyl(la) and kull, Finnish word order is more flexible, while Estonian displays a distinct grammaticalized pattern. Accordingly, the function of the "same" epistemic word emerges in a more content-related manner in Finnish, where it expresses speaker certainty, and as more of a syntactic device in Estonian, where it marks another element in the clause as being contrasted. This illustrates the decisive role of interactional and syntactic context in (the development of) word meaning.


Abstract : Soil infiltration measurements were made at 23 sites in the Caloosahatchee River Basin in Glades, Hendry, and Lee Counties in southwestern Florida. The sandy soils of the basin are characterized by high infiltration rates limited in some areas by a high water table during the wet season. Because soil characteristics are similar within the basin, soils are classified by landscape group based on landscape cover and associated drainage. In accordance with this designation by the South Florida Water Management District, 11 sites are classified in the rock landscape group, 7 in the flatwoods landscape group, 4 in the slough landscape group, and 1 in the depression landscape group. Data for 16 sites were fit to Horton's equation by using a regression analysis to estimate the infiltration rates of saturated soils. For some sites, an outlier value was removed prior to the regression analysis. Seven of the sites did not yield data that fit Horton's equation. The flatness of the plotted data suggests that saturated conditions may have been reached early in the test. The infiltration rate of saturated soils for these sites was estimated by averaging the data collected after the first 20 minutes of the test. For all sites, the estimated infiltration rates of saturated soils ranged from 9.8 to 115 centimeters per hour in flatwoods, 3.4 to 66 centimeters per hour in rock, and 2.5 to 55 centimeters per hour in slough. The estimated soil infiltration rate at the one site in the depression was 181 centimeters per hour. Five sites were located on irrigation control berms where infiltration rates of the highly compacted and rocky soil may not represent the rates of less disturbed soils at sites within the same landscape groups.


Current Answer Set Programming (ASP) solvers largely build on logic programming without function symbols. This limitation makes ASP decidable, but greatly complicates the modeling of indefinite time, recursive data structures (e.g., lists), and infinite processes and objects in general. Recent research thus aims at finding decidable fragments of ASP with function symbols and studying their complexity. We identify bidirectional ASP programs as an expressive such fragment that is useful, e.g., for reasoning about actions involving both the future and the past. We tightly characterize the computational complexity of bidirectional programs and of some of their subclasses, addressing the main reasoning tasks. Our results also imply that the recently introduced FDNC programs can be extended by inverse predicates while retaining decidability, but computational costs are unavoidably higher.


One of the most endearing characters in English literature is Tiny Tim, the crippled son of Ebenezer Scrooge's clerk, Bob Cratchit. Yet the nature of Tiny Tim's multifaceted and implicitly reversible illness is a mystery and open to debate and speculation. From details of the original manuscript and the eight film versions, it is possible to construct a differential diagnosis for Tim's short stature, asymmetric crippling disorder, and curious intermittent weakness that would lead to his death, if untreated, within a period of 1 year. Following the ghostly visitations, Scrooge vows to assist the struggling Cratchit family financially, thereby making available the best medical care money could buy. From review of pediatrics texts from 1830 to 1850, a recommended treatment plan would have included (1) general measures such as country air and exercise, and fish oils such as cod and halibut (vitamin D), and (2) specific treatments of tonics (containing combinations of belladonna, opium, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, and potassium chloride) emphasizing alkalis, and splinting and bracing the limbs. Such treatments with vitamin D and alkalinization with sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate suggest the plausible speculation that Tiny Tim had renal tubular acidosis (type I), a disorder that is characterized by growth failure and, if left untreated, complicated by osteomalacia with pathologic fractures, hypokalemic muscle weakness and periodic paralysis, nephrocalcinosis leading to renal failure, and death. I propose that Tiny Tim had distal renal tubular acidosis (type I).


Pitaya or Dragon Fruit is a cactus, closely related to the native night blooming cerius, with a large succulent fruit. Twenty-six Pitaya varieties were established in a former grape trellis wire system. Plants were set in a replicated trial at either 2 ft or 4 ft intervals. Pitaya were established and proved able to grow to the top of a six-foot trellis wire and flower within a year. Plant growth and flowering were monitored monthly and data recorded. Ripe fruit were harvested and data collected on weight, length, width, fruit flesh color and soluble sugar content. After a year of field establishment, 63% flowered and set fruit; 92%, the second year. All flowers were naturally pollinated at night by bats and moths so no hand pollination was required. Six pitaya varieties are recommended based on first year production, fruit size and sweetness. These varieties are 'Dark Star', 'Delight', 'Halley's Comet', 'Makisupa', 'Physical Graffiti' and 'Purple Haze'. Pitaya has potential for production in the Virgin Islands.


Virtual worlds, including massive multi-player on-line role-playing games (game worlds), such as City of Heroes, Everquest, and World of Warcraft, have become popular sources of entertainment. Game worlds provide scripted contexts for events such as quests. Other virtual worlds, such as Second Life, are unstructured virtual environments that lack specific goals but allow participants to socialize and engage virtually in such activities as shopping or attending a concert. Many of these worlds have become commodified, with millions of dollars of real-world trade in virtual items taking place every year. Most game worlds prohibit these real market transactions, but some worlds actually encourage it. Second Life, for example, grants participants intellectual property rights in their creations.Although it seems intuitively the case that someone who accepts real money for the transfer of a virtual item should be taxed, what about the player who only accumulates items or virtual currency within a virtual world? Is valuable "loot" acquired in a game taxable, as a prize or award is? And is the profit in a purely in-game trade or sale for virtual currency taxable? This is an important set of questions, given the tax revenues at stake. Although the Internal Revenue Service has not yet attempted to tax transactions within virtual worlds, it is aware of the issue, and there is pressure on the government to determine how to resolve it, given that the economies of some virtual worlds are comparable to those of small countries. The Joint Economic Committee has announced that it is studying the issue.Most people's intuition probably would be that accumulation of assets within a "game" should not be taxed even though the federal income tax applies even to non-cash accessions to wealth. This Article argues that federal income tax law and policy support that result. Loot "drops" in game worlds should not be treated as taxable prizes and awards, but rather should be treated like other property that requires effort to obtain, such as fish pulled from the ocean, which is taxed only upon sale. Moreover, in-game trades of virtual items should not be treated as taxable barter. If courts uphold game agreements that purport to provide players with a mere license to use the game, in-game trades do not constitute realization events and thus are not taxable. Otherwise, tax policy considerations suggest that Congress should provide nonrecognition for these exchanges.By contrast, in virtual worlds that are intentionally commodified, such as Second Life, tax doctrine and policy counsel taxation of even in-world sales for virtual currency, regardless of whether the participant cashes out. However, as in game worlds, participants should not be taxed on purely in-world trades of non-currency items. This approach would allow entertainment value to go untaxed without creating a new tax shelter for virtual commerce.


Financial markets are eager for any signal of monetary policy from the People's Bank of China (PBC). The importance of effective monetary policy communication will only increase as China continues to liberalize its financial system and open its economy. This paper discusses the country's unique institutional setup and empirically analyzes the impact on financial markets of the PBC's main communication channels, including a novel communication channel. The results suggest that there has been significant progress but that PBC communication is still evolving toward the level of other major economies. The paper recommends medium-term policy reforms and reforms that can be adopted quickly.


A numerical model is used to simulate a persistent cold‐air pool (PCAP) event that occurred in the section of the Arve River Valley around Passy in the French Alps. During this period, an upper‐level ridge from the Atlantic moved over Europe, allowing a PCAP to form and persist over time. The impact of the upper‐level ridge on the PCAP and on the dynamics within the valley section is quantified by examining the mass and heat budgets of the valley atmosphere. During the persistent stage, the magnitude of the flow through the tributary valleys is enhanced by the large‐scale flow. Also, the direction of the flow through one of the tributaries is found to be determined by the height of the PCAP with respect to that of the tributary above the valley floor. The tributary flows, together with subsiding motions at the valley top, control by and large the night‐time valley‐scale circulation and the thermal structure of the upper part of the PCAP, whereas thermally driven valley flows control its lower part. When the upper‐level ridge passes over the Arve River Valley, warm air advection through the tributaries continuously erodes the upper part of the PCAP during night‐time, thereby reducing its depth, while down‐valley flows export the air mass out of the valley. As the ridge moves away from the valley, the near‐surface air is found to be trapped within the valley. This trapping results from the advection of warm air in the upper part of the PCAP by the large‐scale flow channelled through one of the tributaries. This reduces the thermally induced pressure difference in the down‐valley direction, thereby suppressing the near‐surface down‐valley flow. The study therefore highlights the interplay between the large‐scale flow, the tributary flows and the thermal structure of the PCAP.


Like Mongo Beti and Calixte Beyala, Patrice Nganang appears today as a prominent representative of African literature in general and Cameroon literature in particular. His work has its source in the will to depict social reality. This paper studies modes of appearance and mechanisms of insertion of Cameroon realities in Nganang's Temps de Chien (2001). In fact, this novel not only portrays reality as far as theme is concerned but also as far as linguistics is concerned.


Objectives/Goals My objective for this project was to identify which of the custom made airfoils is the most aerodynamic when tested for drag within a wind tunnel at various wind speeds. Methods/Materials The material I used to make the airfoils was balsa wood, because it is light weight and easy to cut. I tested the twelve airfoils by suspending them in a wind tunnel with a balance, and then connecting them to the drag scale with fishing wire and paper clips. The airfoils were connected to the balance with a steel rod so that it would not pivot up and down, but only back and forth. Results The results I received after conducting this experiment was that Airfoil #4 was the most aerodynamic with an average drag of 2.17 grams and a maximum drag of 7 grams at 3200 feet per minute. Airfoil #1 came in second with an average drag of 2.67 grams and a maximum drag of 9 grams at 3200 feet per minute. Airfoils #5 and #9 came in last with average drags of 14.33 grams. Conclusions/Discussion In conclusion, my hypothesis was incorrect. Airfoil #1 came in second, and not in first as I had predicted. Airfoil #4 proved to be most aerodynamic of the twelve airfoils tested. This may be due to various factors (ex. mass). My objective and goals for this experiment were fulfilled. The information I have obtained in Phase 2 will work with Phase 1 in the future to create a complete model of an airplane or rocket to expand my knowledge of aerodynamics and physics.


Low profile antennas are very useful in applications such as missile, aircraft, cellular applications and satellites, because in these types of applications, some commonly important constraints are cost, size, weight, performance and easy installation. Microstrip patch antenna fits quite comfortably in this category.This thesis work aimed to design the dual band microstrip patch antenna arrays operating at frequencies of 3.5 GHz and 5.0 GHz. Two schemes were used to design the antenna array which is the antenna array with same patch size and antenna array with alternating patch size. Different array configuration with 2, 4, 8 and 16 elements were designed and simulated in Agilent Inc EDA tool ADS using Roger RO4350B substrate with a height of 1.524 mm, and transmission-line model was used for the analysis. Array configuration with 2, 4 and 8 elements were fabricated, and results were measured with the help of the network analyzer in the Lab. Distinct antenna parameters were studied such as VSWR, impedance bandwidth, gain, directivity, antenna radiation efficiency, axial ratio and radiation pattern to evaluate the performance of antennas. Focusing on impedance bandwidth it can be claimed that the microstrip patch antenna arrays have better performance as compared to the single microstrip patch antenna designed.


Substituting petroleum diesel with biodiesel could decrease air emissions, reduce reliance on foreign oil, and help expand markets for U.S. farmers. Soybean producers can potentially capture this value-added by forward integrating the processing of soybeans into biodiesel via a New Generation Cooperative (NGC). Using probit analysis, this study examines factors influencing soybean producers' willingness to participate in an NGC to produce biodiesel. Tobit analysis is used to examine the factors influencing the number of shares the soybean producer would be willing to purchase. Survey results indicate that over 70% of the soybean producers in the study group are interested in investing in an NGC to produce biodiesel. Among those producers willing to participate, the average number of shares they would purchase was just under 3,460.


In films as disparate as The Garden of Allah (1935), Lawrence of Arabia (1962) and Kingdom of Heaven (2005), sunlight is given an aural presence of considerable distinction. Perhaps only the tradition of the nocturne has acquired such a recognizable audio palette. This paper investigates the types of sounds used to characterize heat and light, with special reference to desert scenes. As the sun is so difficult to film, because it manifests an extreme where vision and blindness, warmth and pain intersect, its image requires a supplement, or indeed a substitution. Among the cinema's repertoire of codes, in general it is sound and music that have most commonly stood alongside, beneath or in place of visual depictions of sunlight in cinema. This case study of a highly recognizable motif illuminates the history of sound design through the sonification of an essentially silent phenomenon.


Title of Dissertation: ENHANCEMENT OF SPRAY COOLING HEAT TRANSFER USING EXTENDED SURFACES AND NANOFLUIDS Johnathan Stuart Coursey, Ph.D., 2007 Directed By: Associate Professor, Jungho Kim, Department of Mechanical Engineering Spray cooling is a powerful heat transfer technique in which an atomizing nozzle provides a flow of liquid droplets directed towards a hot surface. This dissertation explores two potentially powerful techniques capable of improving traditional spray cooling: nanofluids and extended surfaces. Nanofluids were experimentally studied in a pool boiling system to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of critical heat flux (CHF) enhancement. Dilute suspensions of nanoparticles were found to have a degrading or no effect on boiling performance. Greater concentrations (≥ 0.5 g/L) lead to modest (up to ~37%) increase in the CHF. The results were highly dependent on the working fluid/substrate combination, specifically wetting characteristics. Poorly wetting systems (e.g. water on copper) could be enhanced by nanofluids, whereas better wetting systems (e.g. ethanol on glass) showed no improvement. This conclusion was re-enforced when nanofouling caused by dryout of nanofluid was found to improve wetting as shown by a reduction in the advancing threephase contact angle. Interestingly, similar CHF enhancement was achieved without nanofluids using an oxidized surface, which is easily wetted with pure fluids. In fact, surface treatment alone resulted in similar CHF enhancement at ~20°C less wall superheat than required using nanofluids. Spray cooling was found to be adversely affected by the addition of nanoparticles due to changing thermophysical properties and/or nozzle clogging due to particle deposition. The addition of high aspect ratio open microchannels to the sprayed surface resulted in significant enhancement at all wall superheats and over 200% enhancement in the low temperature single-phase regime. The two-phase regime began at lower temperatures with microchannels, which lead to heat transfer enhancements of up to 181%. The onset of two-phase effects was found to be a strong function of channel depth. However, the onset of two-phase effects was found to occur at a temperature that was independent of nozzle pressure/mass flow rate. Therefore, nucleation and two-phase effects are likely triggered by the unique liquid distribution caused by the extended structures. Using high aspect ratio open microchannels, these mechanisms resulted in spray efficiencies approaching one, indicating almost complete utilization of the spray's ability to absorb heat. ENHANCEMENT OF SPRAY COOLING HEAT TRANSFER USING EXTENDED SURFACES AND NANOFLUIDS


The Semiconductor Research Corp. is one of the few organizations to get fierce competitors like Intel, Motorola, and IBM to the same table, let alone cooperate, and it has also wrangled money-$37 million annually-from these companies and others. With this money, it funds future research to keep the engines of semiconductor production churning. In short, the SRC is bent on taking Moore's law into the next century by coordinating "precompetitive" academic research to meet industry's needs. Together with its sister organizations-the Semiconductor Industry Association and Sematech-SRC helps chart and promote the continued progress of the semiconductor industry. Their main tool for doing so is the National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. Published every two years, this document outlines research areas that need attention so that the industry can maintain the pace of semiconductor production. This article discusses two of those areas-interconnects, and design and test-in depth.


The South Atlantic is investigated for evidence of long-lived (tens of millions of years), tectonic segmentation of the mid-ocean ridge by examining a variety of geophysical parameters. These parameters include: subsidence rate of the oceanic crust (east flank, west flank, average, asymmetry), zero-age depth, geoid height decrease with age (geoid rate), and the residual geoid field. The variability in these parameters along-strike of the mid-ocean ridge is typically systematic. The ridge can be subdivided into segments (flowline corridors in plan view) within which characteristics are uniform. Eight tectonic corridors have been determined in the area between the Ascension Fracture Zone and the Falkland-Agulhas Fracture Zone, which serve to define a large scale ridge segmentation on the order of hundreds of kilometers. This segmentation is in addition to the well-known small-scale, near-axis segmentation. Near-axis geochemical data show boundaries that are generally consistent with the tectonic segmentation. Many of the primary geophysical observations are found to be internally inconsistent with simple thermal conduction models for oceanic crust. Such observations include asymmetric crustal subsidence, large along-strike variations in subsidence rate and geoid rate, the lack of a systematic correlation between subsidence rate and geoid rate, and the abrupt nature of some of the inferred tectonic boundaries. Thus, the data indicate that in addition to uniform lithospheric cooling, other factors such as variable asthenospheric temperatures are important contributors to the creation and subsequent modification of the oceanic crust and possibly the oceanic lithosphere.


In this paper, a new high performance yet low power circuit technique called merged differential cascode voltage switch with pass-gate (MDCVSPG) is introduced. It combines the benefits of two logic styles of EDCVSL and DCVSPG. To verify the efficiency of the proposed logic, gates NAND, NOR, and XOR for the logic styles are simulated using HSPICE. The results show better performance and lower power consumption for MDCVSPG compared to EDCVSL and DCVSPG. In addition, when is used in design of an 8 bit ripple carry adder, the proposed style consumes 38% less silicon area compared to DCVSPG. The area efficiency is due to a reduction of transistor number and layout complexity.


The objective of this dissertation is to examine the fundamental geographic patterns at play regarding the spatial distribution of specific Aging in Place (AIP) and Aging in Community (AIC) opportunities in the United States by county, focusing on the characteristics of the workforce that provide these services. Secondly, this research aims to determine what are the key determinants or predictor variables that best explain this spatial distribution. This examination will investigate the geographical link between Facility-Based Services (FBS) and Home and Community-Based Services (HCBS), and their relationship to the older adult population. It is hypothesized that certain socio-economic and demographic variables that gauge culture, social capital, and prosperity will be instrumental in describing the geographic inventory of the Long-Term Care workforce and that specific establishments and initiatives dedicated to the Continuum of Long-Term Care are disproportionately located and clustered in these geographic areas. Specifically, it is hypothesized that the geography of Facility-Based and Home and Community-Based Services will vary and access to Long-Term Care will be unequal. The analysis revealed that Long-Term Care employment and Continuum of Care establishments are not evenly distributed throughout the United States, greatly influencing an individual's ability to Age in Community. Urban counties, with higher population densities and elevated levels of social capital provide more HCBS and innovative Long-Term Care Options. Access barriers are accentuated in rural and less affluent geographies, often making institutionalized Skilled Nursing Homes the only available form of care.


This article analyses the emerging evidence of labour exploitation of refugees and asylum seekers on temporary visas in Australia. Over the last decade, Australia's temporary protection regime has been marked by profound uncertainty in relation to visa status, unfettered Ministerial discretion, and the punitive exercise of governmental power. We argue that this framework amounts to abuse of governmental power, confining refugees and asylum seekers who arrived by boat to a situation of radical temporariness in Australia. This results not only in the denial of permanent protection and social inclusion to these refugees and asylum seekers, but also provides conditions for greater abuse of power by employers in the realm of workplaces across Australia. We outline six factors related to temporary immigration status and other punitive, unpredictable and arbitrary elements in this regulatory regime that currently increase the vulnerability of refugees and asylum seekers to labour exploitation.


A new case study method of assessment was developed to challenge advanced undergraduate biology majors interested in medical careers and allied health professions. This method is an alternative to traditional "unknown" identifications used in many microbiology laboratories. Students used various biochemical tests and selective media throughout the course to identify organisms cultured from their own bodies. In preparing a final assessment for the course, an assignment was developed to challenge the students to apply what they had learned in a medically relevant setting. Also of importance was the elimination of further biochemical testing by these students and prevention of contact with strict pathogens in this lab, due to budget and safety constraints, respectively. Each student was provided with a clinical specimen data record sheet and additional information about their "diseased patient". Students used analytical skills and critical thinking, as well as knowledge gained throughout the semester, to logically deduce the causative agent of disease in the mock patients. Students were required to: (i) describe the steps in this logical deduction, (ii) provide a brief overview of the characteristics and virulence factors of the organism(s), (iii) investigate all disease(s) caused by the organism, (iv) describe symptomology of the patient in detail, and (v) investigate disease treatment and prevention methods. The final assignment involved library and Internet research and culminated in a written report, which further developed writing and communication skills. Detailed descriptions of and materials for this assignment are provided along with an overall evaluation of this method after implementation.


The focus of this article is to find out how governance functions in an expanded multi-level system. The aim is to analyse institutional change within the EU which is caused by the EU's international embeddedness. The paper develops and empirically tests the hypothesis that embeddedness of the EU within an international context does not only affect the formal organization of the European decision- making process. It includes effects on routines, guiding ideas and concepts of legitimate order as well. The World Trade Organization (WTO) serves as a case to analyse these effects. The empirical research covers the overall European institutional changes within the different issue-areas of WTO (GATT, TRIPS and GATS), including its dispute settlement system, as well as the discussion about the involvement of civil society in the WTO's decision-making and its effects on the EU.