One of the problems of the label "Reader-Response Criticism" is that it covers a multitude of different approaches. Jane Tompkins's anthology, Reader-Response Criticism, originally published in 1980 but reprinted many times since then and still used as a course textbook, includes essays that could equally well be labelled New Critical, Phenomenological, Structuralist, Psychoanalytic, or Deconstructive. Her introduction claims that Reader-Response Criticism "could be. said to have started with I. A. Richards's discussions of emotional response in the 1920s or with the work of D. W. Harding and Louise Rosenblatt in the 1930s" (x). Rosenblatt's later book, The Reader, the Text, the Poem, first published in 1978 and now reissued with a new preface and epilogue, is one of the books under review here. But also under review are a number of books that might not normally be considered Reader-Response at all, including work by Mikhail Bakhtin, Jacques Derrida, and Paul Ricoeur, as well as new books by writers whose earlier work appeared in Tompkins's anthology - Stanley Fish, Norman Holland, and Wolfgang Iser. What all these books have in common is a concern with The Act of Reading, to use Iser's title to name the process of responding to the black marks on a page. Whether this act is an art or a science, to be treated, as subjective and personal manner or regarded as a rigorous, objective discipline, has long been a matter of debate. Even the word "response" is a complex and controversial one. Fish happily describes himself on the back of his new book as "a founder of Reader Response Theory" but he is well-known for arguing that the text is the product of the reader rather than the other way round, so the term "response" seems problematic even in the case of its best-known exponent. Holland, as we shall see, adopts a position similar to that of Fish, rejecting out of hand the notion that reading is "a mere response to a stimulus" (226). Even Iser, against whom Holland is here arguing, appends a footnote to the preface of The Act of Reading, explaining that he reluctantly accepted the English word "response" for the German term Wirkung, "which comprises both effect and response, without the psychological connotations of the English word" (ix). Reader-Response, then, serves as an umbrella term for a variety of positions held together only by their concern with what goes on in the mind of the reader when he or she picks up and peruses a book. Most of the present batch of books concerned with this process seem to consider it as an art, even a game, rather than a science. There is a widespread reaction against structuralism and the impersonal discourses it spawned, a return to the recognition that readers are people with all the properties that go with being human: gender, history, politics, and beliefs. They have hang-ups (and some let them all hang out); they are haunted by a range of ghosts (especially if they are Marx); they respond in personal and creative ways, and they are fed up with repressing these ways in their professional criticism (especially if they are women). It is not that there is a general clamor to return to the days of "Q" - Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, first professor of English Literature in the University of Cambridge - though it is worth noting that even "Q" began his 1916 lectures "On the Art of Reading" with an acceptance that his responsibility was "to instruct young men how to read" (9). The study of English Literature has moved on since then, although not always, according to some of these recent books, in ways that have enlarged our understanding of the art of reading, or of literature, or of ourselves. Perhaps the most outspoken critic of the contemporary literary critical scene is Norman Holland, who describes his book The Critical I as "a critical I-ing of current criticism, its practice and theory," with special attention to "what some of the practitioners assume about the I, the person engaged in the literary transaction" (xi). …


Piscine coccidia differ from terrestrial-host coccidia in having a soft, membranous oocyst wall. In contrast, however, to the structural and developmental conformity observed among the highly evolved and specialized monoxenous eimeriid coccidia of avian and mammalian hosts, piscine coccidia demonstrate extreme diversity in developmental sites, sporocyst morphology, macrogamont organization and oocyst wall formation. Sporozoites and some merozoites of several piscine coccidia contain refractile bodies, while those of others contain crystalline ones. Some are obligatorily heteroxenous, while in others transmission is mediated by paratenic hosts. Structural and developmental variability among piscine coccidia could imply a polyphyletic origin, but it could also be an evidence for a lower degree of evolutionary specialization. Many of the structural and developmental features found in piscine coccidia occur in other lower vertebrate and invertebrate-host coccidia, as well as in the heteroxenous cyst-formlng coccidia of higher vertebrates.


Above-water measurements of water-leaving radiance are widely used for water-quality monitoring and ocean-color satellite data validation. Reflected skylight in above-water radiometry needs to be accurately estimated prior to derivation of water-leaving radiance. Up-to-date methods to estimate reflection of diffuse skylight on rough sea surfaces are based on radiative transfer simulations and sky radiance measurements. But these methods neglect the polarization state of the incident skylight, which is generally highly polarized. In this paper, the effects of polarization on the sea surface reflectance and the subsequent water-leaving radiance estimation are investigated. We show that knowledge of the polarization field of the diffuse skylight significantly improves above-water radiometry estimates, in particular in the blue part of the spectrum where the reflected skylight is dominant. A newly developed algorithm based on radiative transfer simulations including polarization is described. Its application to the standard Aerosol Robotic Network-Ocean Color and hyperspectral radiometric measurements of the 1.5-year dataset acquired at the Long Island Sound site demonstrates the noticeable importance of considering polarization for water-leaving radiance estimation. In particular it is shown, based on time series of collocated data acquired in coastal waters, that the azimuth range of measurements leading to good-quality data is significantly increased, and that these estimates are improved by more than 12% at 413 nm. Full consideration of polarization effects is expected to significantly improve the quality of the field data utilized for satellite data validation or potential vicarious calibration purposes.


Title

 Social Media Usage Characteristics Among Youth

 Abstract

 Nowadays, social media can be used in many areas of our Daily lives, and the emergence of social media has been
realized by switching from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0. Web 1.0 was the period when communication was unilaterally. When the
use of the Internet increased in the Web 2.0 era, communication was mutual and consumers were able to comment and
criticize. Many social media applications have emerged in which personal information, thoughts, pictures and videos can be
shared. Social media applications are used more actively by youngsters, tough addressing to all age groups. It is also
thought the use of these applications differed by education. A survey was conducted with 225 students to examine how
social media usage in this framework changed according to the level of education. In the questionnaire applied to the high
school, undergraduate and undergraduate students, the frequency of use of the social media platforms and the purposes of
which these platforms were used examined. This study attempted to determine social media usage characteristics among
young people.

 Editor: H. Kemal Ilter, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Turkey
Received: August 19, 2018, Accepted: October 18, 2018, Published: November 10, 2018

 Copyright: © 2018 IMISC Basbayram, Turan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original author and source are credited.


This document describes an optional feature extending the NFSv4
protocol. This feature allows extended attributes (hereinafter also
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clients. Xattrs are provided by a file system to associate opaque
metadata, not interpreted by the file system, with files and
directories. Such support is present in many modern local file
systems. New file attributes are provided to allow clients to query
the server for xattr support, with that support consisting of new
operations to get and set xattrs on file system objects.


Strenx 700 CR is a cold-rolled structural steel with a minimum yield strength of 700 MPa (102 ksi) used to produce stronger and lighter structures. Strenx 700 CR has good cold forming, welding, and cutting performance. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and tensile properties. It also includes information on surface qualities as well as joining. Filing Code: SA-819. Producer or source: SSAB Swedish Steel Inc..


This volume examines the circumstances in which a shareholder can bring an action on behalf of a company (a derivative action), exploring how this remedy may be used to ensure good corporate governance, and laying out a theoretical framework and practical guidance for future development of the law. Derivative actions are an important aspect of the continuing debate about corporate governance in the UK, the US and many other jurisdictions worldwide. This book offers a conceptually inclusive approach to thinking about derivative actions by providing a detailed and clear overview, commentary, and a theoretical explanation of the law governing derivative actions in the corporate governance context. The book provides a fundamental reassessment of the nature and objectives of the derivative action, and conceptualizes a new nodel of the derivative action mechanism. It argues that action should be taken in three areas: (1) conceptual (adoption of a new framework- the 'Functional and Focused Model' set out in the book) (2) strategic (employment of appropriate incentives and fee rules which advance the premises behind the Model) (3) maintaining doctrinal consistency (clarification of the interaction between the derivative action and other remedies available to shareholders) This book offers practical guidance on solving current problems in many jurisdictions based on case law, and on substantive legal, economic, and comparative research. It also provides the first comprehensive and detailed analysis and commentary on the new regime governing derivative actions under Part 11 of the Companies Act 2006 in the UK. Readership: Corporate and business law practitioners and scholars, advanced students of company and insolvency law; and policymakers working to address the new challenges posed by statutory derivative actions and other shareholder remedies in many jurisdictions.


All games express and embody human values, providing a compelling arena in which we play out beliefs and ideas. "Big ideas" such as justice, equity, honesty, and cooperation -- as well as other kinds of ideas, including violence, exploitation, and greed -- may emerge in games whether designers intend them or not. In this book, Mary Flanagan and Helen Nissenbaum present Values at Play, a theoretical and practical framework for identifying socially recognized moral and political values in digital games. Values at Play can also serve as a guide to designers who seek to implement values in the conception and design of their games. After developing a theoretical foundation for their proposal, Flanagan and Nissenbaum provide detailed examinations of selected games, demonstrating the many ways in which values are embedded in them. They introduce the Values at Play heuristic, a systematic approach for incorporating values into the game design process. Interspersed among the book's hapters are texts by designers who have put Values at Play into practice by accepting values as a design constraint like any other, offering a real-world perspective on the design challenges involved.


The TRA project is a unique research approach based on the nationwide collection of historical individual-level data on the personal, occupational and economic situation of people having married or died between the early nineteenth century and the mid-twentieth century. Coinciding with the release of the first part of the data produced by the project, this article looks at the project's founding principles and sources before going on to assess its geographical and temporal representativeness. Taking as an example the trend in the proportion of individuals leaving no wealth behind when they die, as established using the database, a tool such as this provides an interesting basis for writing an economic history that is both micro- and macro-social. Our analysis then shows how the approach adopted for the TRA project can be extended to any new individual-level data. This is the very principle and purpose of the TRA project, which, far from being closed, is a matrix for studying the transformations that have affected French society and many other societies over the last two centuries.


This study was undertaken to determine whether young children, after only a few weeks standing experience, could respond adaptively to the dynamical constraints imposed by different support surfaces. The spontaneous postural motions of young children (13-14 months old) were observed as they stood on surfaces that differed in length, friction, and rigidity. There were no externally imposed perturbations to stance. Children's postural control was remarkably adaptive: There were few falls on any of the surfaces. Moreover, the children showed surface-specific utilization of manual postural control (holding onto wooden poles), suggesting that manual control is an adaptive strategy for postural control. Finally, kinematic analysis suggested that, in some instances, children were able to employ independent control of the hips, contrary to previous models which had suggested that hip motions could not be controlled before the age of 3 years. Small, slow hip movements useful in controlling spontaneous sway (unpert...


Is the uneven acceptance of international courts (ICs) an indication of different conceptions of state sovereignty? The conventional idea of the Westphalian model is that it involved the principles of state sovereignty, legal equality of states, and non-intervention in internal affairs. The 1648 Peace of Westphalia often serves as a historical reference, even though the modern conceptions of state sovereignty hardly goes back to the 17th century and the Westphalian treaties of Munster and Osnabruck (Osiander 2001; Beaulac 2004). The idea of sovereignty evolved during the 19th and 20th centuries, yielding several versions. The one relevant here is international legal sovereignty, which implies recognition of polity and territoriality by other states and domestic authority structures that exclude external actors (Krasner 1999).
To explore whether different conceptions of sovereignty within the modern states system affect states' acceptance of ICs, we categorize states according to a set of variables which includes colonial background, geopolitical position, political regime, legal system and resources. We then analyze how these factors correlate with the ratification of different types of ICs – two independent courts and two conflict resolution mechanisms connected to states' broader acceptance of international organizations.
We analyze the acceptance of four ICs with a global reach – the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the International Criminal Court (ICC), the WTO dispute settlement mechanism (DSM), and the dispute settlement system under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), including the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS). These ICs vary in interesting respect. Acceptance of the WTO dispute settlement follows from ratification of the treaty establishing the WTO, and similarly for dispute settlement under UNCLOS and for the criminal jurisdiction of the ICC. However, acceding to UNCLOS implies that states have the opportunity to use ITLOS, the ICJ or ad hoc arbitration for dispute settlement. The ICJ was established in 1945 as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, but the UN member states are only bound by the competence of the ICJ if this is explicitly accepted by the relevant state. This selection allows us to explore the difference between accepting substantive treaty obligations sanctioned by an IC, and only accepting the IC. The motivation of states may be to ensure general acceptance of the substantive obligations, or of the IC – or both.
We employ a full dataset for when or if a country accepted each of these four courts. Using logistic regression analysis, we look for the links between a selected number of independent variables and the tendency to join the treaty that established each court. Is there a systematic pattern that indicates how the uneven judicialization of international law works?


The effectiveness of biosecurity measures at national borders is influenced by the behaviour and levels of involvement of travellers. Involvement is the importance or relevance of an object or situation to an individual. Involvement helps regulate the way in which people receive and process information and thus influences the extent of information searching for decision making, and information processing and persuasion. In this study, we drew on the concept of involvement to investigate the response of individuals to New Zealand biosecurity requirements. A range of people associated with the agricultural and food processing sectors were surveyed using a five item scale of involvement to measure their level of involvement in biosecurity. The results indicated that most respondents had medium to high levels of involvement. This implies that respondents were motivated to attend to and process information on biosecurity measures. However, not all respondents reported taking note of biosecurity information implying that involvement with biosecurity prompts some initial information processing which may or may not continue over time.


We address the problem of clustering the refinements of a user search query. The clusters computed by our proposed algorithm can be used to improve the selection and placement of the query suggestions proposed by a search engine, and can also serve to summarize the different aspects of information relevant to the original user query. Our algorithm clusters refinements based on their likely underlying user intents by combining document click and session co-occurrence information. At its core, our algorithm operates by performing multiple random walks on a Markov graph that approximates user search behavior. A user study performed on top search engine queries shows that our clusters are rated better than corresponding clusters computed using approaches that use only document click or only sessions co-occurrence information.


The ecological characteristics and agro-ecological conditions in Hungary provide opportunities for quality wheat production. For the successful wheat production besides the favorable conditions; the proper use of expertise and appropriate cultivation techniques are not negligible. Successful cultivation affected by many factors. To some extent we can affect, influence and convert the abiotic factors.
Today, a particularly topical issue is the question of nutrition and that the species' genetic code can be validated using the appropriate quantity and quality fertilizer. Beyond determining the fertilizer requirements of the winter wheat it is important to align the nutrient to the plant's nutrient uptake dynamics and to ensure its shared dispensing. In any case, it is important to note the use of autumnal base-fertilizer as complex fertilizer. Hereafter sharing the fertilizer during the growing season with the recommended adequate nitrogen dose.The first top dressing of winter wheat in early spring (the time of tillering) can be made, the second top dressing at the time of stem elongation, and the third top dressing at the end of the blooming can be justified. Determining the rate of fertilizer application depends on the habitat conditions and the specific nutrient needs of plants. In autumn the 1/3 of the planned amount of basic fertilizer should be dispensed (in case of N). During setting our experiment we used 3 doses (0 kg ha-1 N-1 active ingredient; 90 kg ha-1 N-1 active ingredients and 150 kg ha-1 N-1 active ingredient). Application dates beyond the autumn basic fertilization are the following: in one pass in early spring, divided in early spring and the time of run up, early spring and late flowering. In addition to nitrogen the replacement of sulfur gets a prominent role as a result of decreased atmospheric inputs. The proper sulfur supply mainly affects the quality parameters. It influences positively the wheat flour's measure of value characteristics (gluten properties, volume of bread, dough rheology.
In terms of nitrogen doses; the larger amounts (150 kg ha-1 N-1 drug), is the proposed distributed application, while in the case of lower nitrogen (90 kg ha-1 N-1 drug) in a single pass in the early spring can achieve better results. After using sulfur the quality values among the nutritional parameters that can be associated with gluten properties took up higher values than the samples not treated with sulfur.


I argue in this essay that Stoic philosophers in the late Greco-Roman period utilized philosophical exercises and spiritual technologies similar in form to a meditative exercise currently practiced in Buddhism. I begin with an in-depth discussion of moral development in the late Stoa, focusing particularly on their theories of cosmopolitanism and oikeiōsis. These theoretical commitments, I argue, necessitated the adoption of exercises and practices designed to guide practitioners toward the goal of universal moral concern. Using insights gained from Buddhist practice, I identify passages in Stoic texts that call for and prescribe moral exercise. While much work in comparative philosophy compares the content of diverse philosophical theories, the form that these theories take can also be compared. Stoic philosophy was viewed as a "way of life" by many ancient philosophers, and thus their philosophical views share several formal characteristics with Buddhist religious practices. The primary good realized by this comparison, I conclude, is to outline the ways in which Greco-Roman philosophies can be enriched by reading these theories in light of the lived, practical traditions that characterize Buddhist thought.


This article studies the Picasso in Palestine exhibit in light of what it means to be a modern and resistant Palestinian colonial subject, living in a sovereign state-to-be in our contemporary global world. By drawing on theories of the imagination, resistance studies, art, and internal relations, as well as discourse analysis of the content of the project, field interview material, and published critiques of the project, the article queries the conceptual boundaries of studying the Picasso in Palestine project. The article contextualizes a moment in Palestine's history of visual cultural production within wider debates and scholarship on the construction of resistant praxis in cultural production; the distribution of power; culture and representation; and image circulation, translation, and reception in a colonial setting, global context, and transnational frame. Tracing the readings of the project across transnational space by locating them within the discourses they engaged with in both the "global" arts circuit as well as the "local" cultural scene, the article rethinks transnational processes of arts production emergent from and focused on Palestine, the different forms that resistance in cultural practices take and how they acquire different meanings in the process of travel.


Methods are proposed for estimating the parameters in the frequency spectrum derived from the model of Langley, Brookfield and Kaplan for the evolution of a transposable element in a finite Mendelian population. Statistical properties of these estimates are studied, and the results are supported with simulation data. The effects on the estimates caused by possible insensitivities of the experimental technique are also discussed. To illustrate the proposed methodology, the data of Montgomery and Langley are analyzed.


In this paper we focus on the concern that a preference for quick sales over traditional reorganization cases - which we see in both the United States and Canada - might allow the debtor's management to work with secured lenders to extract assets from the debtor in a way that would not be possible in a "normal" bankruptcy case. In particular, we examine how a quick sale can be used to cleanse assets of their association with environmental claims. We also consider how the insolvency systems in our respective countries might adapt to address this problem. Ultimately, the best protection for involuntary creditors, including environmental creditors, is to maximize the value of the debtor's assets. That counsels for improving stakeholders' ability to monitor the sale process and ensure that the sale process in not rushed for the sole benefit of senior creditors.


IN THE PUBLIC discussion of South African policy making it is quite common to see Australia cited as a comparable country whose policies, approaches and strategies could be usefully appropriated in the South African context. The sites of applicability are varied--from cultural diversity policy development to access and equity programs; from the internationalisation of the economy to cultural tourism; from the stock exchange to film and broadcasting policy; and from community development strategies to indigenous communication initiatives. More specifically, there have also been calls for the strategic adoption and renovation of Australian cultural policy studies in a South African context (Tomaselli & Shepperson, 1996). Australian policy makers, bureaucrats, educationalists and policy study academics have all been involved at various levels in policy development, administrative restructuring, proffering expert advice, curricula redevelopment and so on. Why this interest? The South African transition to membership of the international community meant that it joined that cultural policy club which embraces the English language countries of Canada, the United States of America (USA), the United Kingdom (UK), Australia and New Zealand. This club might not produce the best cultural policy but its models are available and generally willing to be shared. So, it seems natural that in restructuring the national public broadcaster, the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), regard should be given to similar changes in public broadcasting in Australia, Canada and Britain. `Cultural policy' in Australia is a broader and more inclusive term than it is in the US where it mainly refers to arts policies (Schuster, 1996: 116). For the Australian government it refers to arts, heritage (museums, the built environment, sites of cultural significance etc.), broadcasting, film, new media, music (pop, classical and folk), design and libraries (Department of Communication and the Arts, 1994). For cultural policy studies in Australia, it is even more inclusive with the addition of education, tourism, copyright, language policy, gambling, sport, cultural planning and community development. (2) This broader definition of cultural policy seems useful in the South African context where cultural policy must stress community development. Australia is not a former imperial power, nor a world superpower. It is a medium-sized country which competes against South Africa in many areas--gold, coal, agriculture, wine, offshore film production and long-haul tourism. In addition, the international problems Australia faced in the 1980s and beyond are those South Africa now faces. Both are peripheral countries. Both are located away from their major trading partners, of limited significance to the world's symbolic economy and off the world's main trading routes: Each has to work hard at being internationally connected as too do their various industries. Australia provides a useful example of structural adjustment achieved through consensus by a Labor government (1983-1995) with close links to the trade union movement. This was not adjustment through Thatcher-style divisiveness--although the current Liberal Party-National Party coalition government is pursuing more confrontational policies. By the early 1980s the need for structural adjustment in the Australian economy had become critical--just as it has in the 1990s in South Africa. During the 1980s a Labor government sought to make this adjustment by attempting to dampen public expectations, reduce real wages, secure changes in the structure and conduct of the trade union movement, facilitate technological uptake, reduce tariff barriers and by other forms of industry protection in a comprehensive, though unevenly applied, microeconomic reform agenda. To accomplish these ends, it tried to bring the people with it by focussing attention on the nature of the economy and on the nature of Australian failings. …


Seasonal migration of birds from one place to another is a very complex phenomenon investigated by researchers for many years. Birds move from one area to other often covering thousands of kilometres, and some species even fly only at night. In order to find the proper direction and their way to specific areas, birds use many cues, which can vary, for example objects that can be seen, smell or the perception of other environmental features. The type of cue depends upon whether the birds have to travel a short distance or if they have to travel to distant locations. The cues for birds, which migrate at day time, are rather different from those who travel at night. The first chapter of this thesis covers details of the strategies that pigeons use when homing and the interplay of the various navigation cues used. Various experiments have been carried out on pigeons but the results are quite complex. However, previous experiments have demonstrated that pigeons have the ability to use geomagnetism as a reference in order to find their way. The inclination and intensity of the field vector are both used as references. In this PhD research, I mainly focused on getting an answer whether homing pigeons are able to sense the Earth's magnetic field, which could then be used as a navigational cue in order to navigate and migrate. I have designed a 3D Helmholtz coil setup to a create variety of artificial magnetic fields and tried to evaluate the bird's horizontal head movements recorded by a camera located above the coils. The effect of different fields has been examined, such as sweeping, null, steady and flipping fields. Evidence was found that homing pigeons are able to distinguish a flipping field from a steady field, and this can be observed by changes in their head movement. Homing pigeons have also been shown to distinguish different frequencies of flipping inclination field conditions. Data analysis has revealed that the pigeons respond more obviously to a field rotating in both directions, clockwise and counter clockwise. This response has been seen whether compared to a natural baseline or artificial baseline. However, the pigeons' response to the other magnetic field conditions varied significantly depending on the baseline type. III Noor Aldoumani Content Also, I focused on developing a head tracking system in order to extract pigeon's head saccades more accurately while the pigeons are experiencing the various field conditions. The main aim of the new tracking system is to investigate a pigeon's response to the Earth's magnetic field, which requires 3D monitoring of its motor responses to various stimuli. Conventional video analysis (VTA) involves tracking a 2D image, and the resulting data can be noisy and limited to a single field of view (one rotational angle).


The phytoplasma associated with Australian grapevine yellows (AGY) was compared to other phytoplasma diseases of grapevine using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Comparison of eight different Australian isolates suggests that only one type of phytoplasma is associated with this disease. Based on RFLP analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, it was shown that AGY is different from the tomato big bud and sweet potato little leaf phytoplasma strains which are widespread in Australia and that it represents the only other phytoplasma strain recorded in Australia to date. Restriction profiles of grapevine phytoplasmas using Mse I suggest that AGY is unique but most closely resembles those phytoplasmas associated with grapevine diseases in the stolbur group. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and adjacent spacer region supports this association. The uniqueness of AGY was confirmed by PCR assays using non-ribosomal primers; the primer pair STOL11f/r2 specific for stolbur phytoplasmas did not result in amplification products in grapevines affected with AGY; the primer pair fMLOl/rMLOl which amplifies a region of the tuf gene from phytoplasmas in the aster yellows cluster, amplified AGY DNA confirming its association within this phylogenetic group. RFLP analysis of the tuf PCR product again highlighted a distinction between AGY and other stolbur phytoplasmas occurring in grapevine. The only other phytoplasma in Australia which is in the stolbur group is associated with dieback in papaya, and it has the same RFLP profile of the tuf PCR product as AGY.


This paper contributes to existing work on innovation by studying the determinants of various types of interaction between a firm and its external environment. In particular, it focuses on face-to-face interactions carried out through international business visits. The results indicate that accessing external knowledge is a key determinant of the decision to interact, regardless of the chosen form of interaction. Conferences and trade fairs are the interactions with the highest probability of knowledge gain, while visits to new customers and suppliers are those with the lowest. The likelihood of accessing external knowledge is also affected by the type of employer and functional unit involved, and the characteristics of the employee carrying the visit out. The results support that labour mobility aimed at interacting can add to an organisation's efficient use of human resources. As a result, it highlights that cutting travelling budgets to reduce financial expenditures also reduces opportunities to interact and, with it, the access to external knowledge.


The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development clearly recognizes that poverty is more than just the lack of a sufficient amount of income. However, some scholars argue that an income-based measure of poverty can sufficiently capture poverty in other dimensions. Unfortunately, the available international indicators of multidimensional poverty suffer from several weaknesses and cannot be directly compared with monetary measures of poverty. This paper provides two main contributions to the literature on poverty measurement and analysis. First, it proposes a theoretically and methodologically sound indicator of multidimensional poverty, called the Global Correlation Sensitive Poverty Index (G-CSPI), which addresses most of the problems present in other poverty indicators. Thanks to the massive I2D2 database of harmonized household surveys, the G-CSPI was calculated for more than 500 surveys, and the results show that it is stable and robust. Second, for the first time we were able to conduct a comparative analysis between income and multidimensional poverty, relying on the same dataset to calculate both. Previous cross-country evidence was based on very different surveys used for the computation of income and multidimensional poverty and even conducted in different years. Building on recent data for 92 countries, our analysis shows that the headcount ratio of extreme monetary poverty (USD1.90) is highly correlated with that of the G-CSPI, but that the relationship is clearly non-linear. Thus, we provided the first empirical evidence of the fact that income poverty is not a sufficiently good proxy for multidimensional poverty.


Managing in a Business Context: an HR approach offers human resource managers and students the intellectual tools needed to understand the business environment. It covers a wide range of theoretical perspectives in a clear and practical manner, and draws on a broad range of features to encourage readers to apply knowledge in practical situations. The book builds on the success of the first edition (The Corporate Environment) which was appreciated by students and lecturers alike for its succinct and clear coverage of this key topic. This book is suitable for human resource students and practitioners, especially those studying the Managing in a Business Context component of the Professional Development Scheme of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. It will also be of value to lecturers and students of related courses such as Certificates and Diplomas in Management and MBA programmes.


A volume hologram recorded with a lens array is proposed as a color transflective screen for Head Worn Display (HWD) systems. Design, fabrication as well as proof of concept are reported. Light from a single MEMS-based projector is efficiently diffracted towards the eye with an angular spread given by the numerical aperture of the lenses forming the lens array. Using a dual-focus contact lens, full color high-resolution images are added to the HWD user's normal vision. A full color system with a 55 degrees lateral field of view is demonstrated. This screen offers the possibility for small footprint and large field of view HWD's.


Active Peer-to-Peer (P2P) worms present serious threats to the global Internet by exploiting popular P2P applications to perform rapid topological self-propagation. Active P2P worms pose more deadly threats than normal scanning worms because they do not exhibit easily detectable anomalies, thus many existing defenses are no longer effective.
We propose an immunity system with Phagocytes --- a small subset of elected P2P hosts that are immune with high probability and specialized in finding and "eating" worms in the P2P overlay. The Phagocytes will monitor their managed P2P hosts' connection patterns and traffic volume in an attempt to detect active P2P worm attacks. Once detected, local isolation, alert propagation and software patching will take place for containment. The Phagocytes further provide the access control and filtering mechanisms for communication establishment between the internal P2P overlay and the external hosts. We design a novel adaptive and interaction-based computational puzzle scheme at the Phagocytes to restrain external worms attacking the P2P overlay, without influencing legitimate hosts' experiences significantly. We implement a prototype system, and evaluate its performance based on realistic massive-scale P2P network traces. The evaluation results illustrate that our Phagocytes are capable of achieving a total defense against active P2P worms.


The publication of educational standards inspires a variety of responses---from wholesale acceptance and deployment to criticism and blame. The author of this paper contends that the revision of the ACRL's Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education must be accompanied by a critical, conscious, and conscientious reception by librarians and information literacy advocates.


Discourse of "Asian values" in journalism is commonly contrasted with non-Asian or Western/Occidental libertarian values. This dualistic treatment of Asian versus Western journalism implies a professional and cultural dichotomy when in actuality the forms and methods of journalism are two sides of the same coin. Regardless of cultural contexts, journalists essentially address the who, what, where, when, why, and how questions in their reporting. Journalists react to events and issues. They source for credible reactions, fact check, and construct their news narratives in the interests of the general public. Reporting fairly, accurately, and truthfully are universal journalism principles. The issues that journalists in Asia confront daily are not radically different from journalists in the West. There are, nonetheless, variations of emphases in the goals, motivations, methods, and content in journalism as practiced in the West and parts of Asia. These variations are manifested in the practice of development-oriented journalism, which media scholars in parts of Asia deem to be more in line with the nation-building priorities of developing economies. It is worth revisiting the debates for a New World Information and Communication Order in the 1970s when responses to the normative theories of the press by media institutions and agencies in developing countries led to the conceptualization of "development journalism," which, as an alternative to the adversarial journalism practice of media agencies in the West, was theoretically more reflective of the "Asian values" for social harmony, collective well-being, and deference to authority. Even as the binary perception of journalism practices by media scholars in the West and parts of Asia remains contentious, it is less about Asian cultural values per se that influence the methods, form, and substance of journalism but the political system, stringent media laws, public expectations of the media, role perception of the journalists, and power relation structure that ultimately shape journalism practices in Asia.


Introduction/Background: Fluorosis has attained an alarming dimension all over the world. It has been identified as an endemic disease among which Uttar Pradesh is facing serious health problems. Aim and Objectives: This study is aimed to determine the awareness about fluorosis among the rural population examined during oral health screening camps, to assess the opinions about the appearance of dental fluorosis and to correlate the perception of dental fluorosis with the psychological health of the rural population. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was used for the assessment of knowledge, attitude, and esthetic perception toward dental fluorosis among the rural population of Meerut. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four blocks of Meerut where 677 patients were screened positive for dental fluorosis were selected. Results: The present study revealed that 80% of the study populations were aware of the dental fluorosis and 51.2% of the study population knew about the availability of the treatment for dental fluorosis. The study participants had a negative attitude toward the dental fluorosis as 70.9% of them never consulted the dentist and 31.5% responded that they do not find their teeth to be esthetic. Conclusion: Dental fluorosis is a not only a cosmetic problem that impairs social well-being but also affects the oral health-related quality of life.


ABSTRACT A major issue in the digital age is how to safeguard the security of the massive amount of data being stored, processed and transferred through digital channels. Organisational communication research into data security shows that people are the weakest link. Non-compliant behaviour can lead to security breaches. Existing studies have focused above all on how employees can be motivated to comply with data security procedures. However, focusing on desirable behaviour does not explain why people often ignore security regulations. In addition, existing research tends to focus primarily on self-reported attitudes and perceptions, which can give a distorted impression of people's actual behaviour. In this paper, we address these issues by combining individual, habitual and situational factors to explain non-compliant behaviour in a vignette study, using SmartPLS to analyse survey data from 651 subjects in a large Dutch government organisation. The results indicate that bad habits play a significant role in non-compliant behaviour. This behaviour is fuelled by situational factors like time pressure, while a lack of self-efficacy also increases non-compliant behaviour. Based on these results, a communication strategy that addresses bad habits in a situational context may provide an alternative way to improve people's compliant behaviour.


King of Masks represents a particular type of mythic film that includes within it references to an ancient sacred story and is itself a contemporary recapitulation of it. The movie also belongs to a further subcategory of mythic cinema, using the double citation of the myth—in its original integrity and its re-enactment—to critique the subordinate position of women to men in the narrated world. To do this, the Buddhist myth of Miao-shan, which centralizes the Confucian value of filiality, is re-applied beyond its traditional scope and context. Thereby two prominent features of contemporary China are creatively addressed: the revival of interest in Confucianism and the growing concern about the declining number of female births to male ones.


Many geophysical quantities, like atmospheric temperature, water levels in rivers, and wind speeds, have shown evidence of long memory (LM). LM implies that these quantities experience non-trivial temporal memory, which potentially enhances their predictability, but also hampers the detection of externally forced trends. Thus, it is important to reliably identify whether or not a system exhibits LM. In this paper we present a modern and systematic approach to the inference of 5 LM. We use the flexible Autoregressive Fractional Integrated Moving Average (ARFIMA) model which is widely used in time series analysis, and of increasing interest in climate science. Unlike most previous work on the inference of LM, which is frequentist in nature, we provide a systematic treatment of Bayesian inference. In particular, we provide a new approximate likelihood for efficient parameter inference, and show how nuisance parameters (e.g., short memory effects) can be inte10 grated over in order to focus on long memory parameters, and hypothesis testing more directly. We illustrate our new methodology on the Nile water level data and the Central England Temperature (CET) time series, with favorable comparison to the standard estimators. For CET we also extend our method to seasonal long memory.


This paper describes (1) a field experiment in which the air–soil exchanges of a range of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured and (2) the use of the fugacity quotient concept to provide information on the equilibrium partitioning of PCBs, PAHs and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) between the air and soil in the UK. In the field experiment aluminium foil trays containing thin layers (5 mm) of spiked and unspiked soil were placed under custom-built shelters at a meteorological station and exposed to outdoor air for periods of up to 9 months (281 days). Soil and air samples were taken periodically throughout the 9-month period and analysed for PCBs and PAHs. The results from the experiment showed that the PCBs and PAHs in the soils were moving towards equilibrium partitioning conditions. Statisitically significant losses of the majority of PCB/PAH compounds occurred in the spiked soils. Volatilisation was hypothesised to be the dominant loss mechanism. The PCBs in the unspiked soils were close to equilibrium with the air at the start of the experiment and there was, therefore, little change in their concentrations during the 9 months of exposure. For the PAHs there was also only a small change in the concentrations in the unspiked soils during the experiment, although there was a statistically significant loss of acenaphthene, fluorene and phenanthrene. Soil/air fugacity quotients were calculated using the air and soil concentrations measured in the field experiment and also using our database of UK air and soil survey data. The calculated soil/air fugacity quotients, together with the findings of the field experiment, indicate that the soil and air are close to equilibrium for PCBs. However, this study provides evidence that the soil may now be a source of some lighter weight PAHs to the atmosphere, whereas it appears to be still acting as a long-term sink for the heavier weight PAHs and the PCDDs.


While we know that seamless customers' journeys that span several channels are important, research on how firms can best manage and (re-) configure their customers' journeys in a flexible manner is still unclear. At the same time complexity of customer journeys as well as the speed with which both technology such as artificial intelligence (AI) applications and consumer behaviour are changing is increasing. Companies react to this with trying to implement more agile organizational structures as well as more flexible service provision and customer journeys. But this needed flexibility can hardly be realized with current service provision structures. Instead, this conceptual paper suggests modular service structures that allow for a "plug & play" capability of service modules within
customer journeys. By doing so, flexible service provision configurations and customer journeys can be realized, thereby also laying the basis for new business models. The paper contributes by introducing the concept of modular service structures as a basis for managing the customers' journeys and by presenting five archetypical customer journey configurations.


Surface and limited seismic data have been used to construct new cross sections across the southwestern Taiwan Fold and Thrust Belt. South of Chiayi, the best fit to the data is achieved if the detachment lies at a depth of 10 to 12km, stepping up to about 6km to the west. The Chukou fault and its extension to the south (Lunhou fault) are not the frontal structures in this area. Available data indicate the frontal structure may be composed of incipient reactivated normal faults in the north and triangle zones in the south. Published leveling data show that, whatever the structure, it is growing. From north of Chiayi to the south the salient nature of the structures of the Foothills province include: 1) a considerable amount of pre-Miocene strata are involved in the deformation. The involvement of pre-Miocene decreases to the south, but the depth of the basal detachment does not change due to the thickening of the Miocene and younger section;2)the involvement of pre-existing normal faults and consequent 'basement' highs affecting the trajectory of thrust ramps abruptly ends south of Chiayi, separated by buried transverse faults from, 3) the thick foreland synorogenic stratigraphic sequence rides passively above the duplex wedge. Current seismicity appears to have no correlation to the interpreted locations of faults, whether thrust, normal or strike-slip. Preliminary GPS data from this portion of the fold and thrust belt indicates, as first shown by Yu and Chen (1994), that structures are generally moving westward with respect to the Chinese craton. However, our data show abrupt changes in horizontal velocity, not all of which are associated with mapped faults. There is a region of high horizontal velocity and strain rate to the east of the Chukou-Lunhou fault. On a finer scale, the velocities can vary greatly over distances of as little as 10km.Some thrust sheets appear to be rotating counterclockwise around a vertical axis whereas others appear to be moving uniformly westward. Horizontal velocities are uniformly low in the Coastal Plain although they increase from west to east into the region of folding and blind thrusting in the footwall of the Chukou-Lunhou fault. The eastward increasing of shortening velocity in the Foothills Belt implies that a common detachment exists at depth or thrusts in the east of the Chukou-Lunhou fault are also active or both.


Summary Despite the growing activism and debate around the right to food in the past decade, there has been little exploration of what the right means in everyday life and in the routine encounters between states and citizens. This paper draws together original qualitative research in nine African, Asian and Latin American countries on how people talk about the right to food. It does so on the assumption that accountability for hunger depends on people being aware of that right. The paper explores what people at risk of hunger have to say about what the right to food means in their location; its source and origins; and responsibilities for upholding it. It concludes that while ideas of the right to food do not generally use international human rights language, an understanding of innate or natural rights to food is 'common sense': shared across contexts and groups, and part of how people negotiate their right to food in everyday life. Among other findings, the paper concludes that in a period of rapid economic and social development, the right to food of older people looks particularly fragile, and merits special attention.


This reporting manual provides guidance to Member States (MSs) for reporting on zoonoses and zoonotic agents in animals, food and feed under the framework of Directive 2003/99/EC and of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2018/772 and also on the reporting of other pathogenic microbiological agents in food. The objective of this manual is to harmonise and streamline reporting by MSs to ensure that the data collected are relevant and comparable for analysis at the European Union (EU) level. This manual covers all the zoonoses and zoonotic agents included under the current data collection system run by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Detailed instructions are provided on the reporting of data in tables and text in text forms. The instructions given relate to the description of the sampling and monitoring schemes applied by the MSs, as well as the monitoring results. Special reference is made to data elements which allow trend watching over time and the analysis of sources at the EU level. This manual is specifically aimed at guiding the reporting of information deriving from the year 2019. © European Food Safety Authority, 2020


Predation on the immature stages of the dung-breeding buffalo fly Haematobia thirouxi potans (Bezzi) by members of species from the families Staphylinidae, Histeridae and Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera) from the southern African dung fauna was examined in the laboratory. Field-collected adult beetles were tested individually in small chambers containing dung that had been infested with fly eggs.


Access to a reliable water resource can be a key driver for socio-economic development. Both physical and economic water scarcities are negatively affecting the economies of sub-Saharan African countries, particularly rural communities with the latter considered a crucial challenge. This paper examines the role of local resource users in river basin management for sustainable development in Northwest Cameroon. Using secondary data and empirical evidence collected from three rural districts (Mbengwi, Njinikom, and Ndu) in Northwest Cameroon, it is argued that the involvement and engagement of local resource users and community-based organisations in decision-making processes in river basin management can contribute to sustainable water supplies and enhance sustainable development. In the context of rural communities in the Northwestern part of Cameroon where water supply is mostly through gravity-led techniques, river basins are the main sources of community water supply. It is, therefore, argued in this paper that sustainable development will be possible through a polycentric water governance approach. Thus, clarifying issues of participation, integration, and jurisdiction between the stakeholders (central and local governments and community groups) is crucial for sustainable out- comes. Until the full participation and engagement of local groups and resource users in decision-making processes are achieved, uncertainty will dominate river basin manage- ment in Northwest Cameroon.


The Abandoned Shipwreck Act (ASA) of 1987 controls the search for and exploration of historic shipwrecks located within state territorial waters. These waters generally extend out 3 miles from state shorelines. Under the ASA, states automatically acquire title to any historic abandoned shipwreck located within this 3 mile boundary. Each state may then set up a regulatory system for "treasure hunting" these wrecks. (It is estimated that there are at least 50,000 shipwrecks along the coasts of the United States). In addition, the Act also strips federal courts of jurisdiction over "salvage" and "finds" admiralty law claims to wrecks covered by the Act. Such claims must be asserted in state courts. This article examines the legislative history and judicial interpretation of the Abandoned Shipwreck Act in light of its broad goal of protecting and preserving historic shipwrecks and wreck sites. It concludes that the Act promotes just the opposite of its stated purposes. State regulatory regimes have given birth to a new breed of "high tech pirates" who, because of the burdensomeness of state laws and unavailability of traditional federal admiralty law remedies, now treasure hunt outside the law. Such treasure hunters will not spend the time and money required to search for wrecks unless they are confident of a suitable reward for their discoveries. In order to deal with this phenomenon, the article proposes reforms in the ASA that could restore incentives for governmentally permitted shipwreck exploration. These include state-guaranteed rewards for historic shipwreck discoveries reported to the state, federal funding of state shipwreck regulatory programs, various modifications of US Department of Interior Guidelines governing such state programs, and limited restoration of federal court jurisdiction.


Knowledge on the contribution of protein glycosylation in host defense antimicrobial peptides is still scarce. We have studied here how the post‐translational modification pattern modulates the antimicrobial activity of one of the best characterized leukocyte granule proteins. The human eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), an eosinophil specific granule protein secreted during inflammation and infection, can target a wide variety of pathogens. Previous work in human eosinophil extracts identified several ECP native forms and glycosylation heterogeneity was found to contribute to the protein biological properties. In this study we analyze for the first time the antimicrobial activity of the distinct native proteins purified from healthy donor blood. Low and heavy molecular weight forms were tested on Escherichia coli cell cultures and compared with the recombinant non‐glycosylated protein. Further analysis on model membranes provided an insight towards an understanding of the protein behavior at the cytoplasmic membrane level. The results highlight the significant reduction in protein toxicity and bacteria agglutination activity for heavy glycosylated fractions. Notwithstanding, the lower glycosylated fraction mostly retains the lipopolysaccharide binding affinity together with the cytoplasmic membrane depolarization and membrane leakage activities. From structural analysis we propose that heavy glycosylation interferes with the protein self‐aggregation, hindering the cell agglutination and membrane disruption processes. The results suggest the contribution of post‐translational modifications to the antimicrobial role of ECP in host defense.


The use of warm-season turfgrasses is consolidated in the transitional areas of Mediterranean countries and some field trials have provided information on the adaptability of seashore paspalum to Mediterranean environment. Nonetheless, little is known on the performance of the different commercial cultivars of Paspalum vaginatum in this climatic zone. Furthermore, considering the high degree of variability of this species, ecotypes have the potential to supply new plant material with desired turf characteristics. The research aimed at comparing growth characteristics and morphological traits of eight commercial cultivars of seashore paspalum (Platinum, Salam, SeaDwarf, Sea Isle 1, Sea Isle 2000, Velvetene, Marina and Sea Spray) and four ecotypes (CeRTES 101, CeRTES 102, CeRTES 103, CeRTES 104), during establishment and on mature turf grown in two Italian locations (Pisa and Palermo). Probably due to higher mean minimum temperatures a clear effect of location was recorded during the establishment year with fastest stolon growth rate and higher ground cover at 133 days after planting being registered in Palermo. Internode length and diameter, node density, horizontal stem density, turf quality and colour gave instead higher values in Pisa. On mature turf best colour ratings were of SeaDwarf and the ecotype CeRTES 104. The finest leaves were found in Sea Isle 2000 (1.5 mm) while the denser cultivars, and potentially the most wear resistant were Sea Isle 1, CeRTES 104, and Platinum. Top quality was scored for Sea Isle 1, Sea Isle 2000 and Platinum. Best performances for fall colour retention and spring green up were frequently associated with commercial cultivars. The relative ranking of the commercial cultivars for aesthetic and functional performance can be a tool for the decisions of turf managers while data of ecotype CeRTES 104 as to colour, shoot density and quality stimulate further research for the identifications of ecotypes with superior traits of visual quality and wear resistance.


Paul Ehrlich, a German scientist, discovered what is known as the mast cell in the late 1800's, which has proven to be an important player in the immune system of vertebrates. Mast cells are ubiquitous throughout the tissues of the human body and play numerous roles, both beneficial and destructive. We know they are important in our army of immunity warrior cells, which defend us against viruses, bacteria and parasitic invaders. They are also very well known for the havoc they wreak, causing uncomfortable symptoms due to their release of histamine and other mediators which cause the all too familiar itching, sneezing, urticaria and rhinorrhea of allergic responses. Mast cell activities are diverse and include painful inflammatory reactions in autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. In the gastrointestinal system, mast cells are implicated in diverse actions such as increased gastric acid secretion, polyp formation and uncomfortable conditions such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome. The role of immunology and mast cells in these areas is intriguing but less well understood than their role in allergic responses. Because mast cells have been implicated in both physiologic as well as pathogenic processes, they have been the subjects of avid study. Review of the current literature on mast cell biology reveals that there are many studies of their presence within the tumor microenvironment and evidence, which supports mast cell influence on tumor angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and immune suppression. The studies reviewed in this article concentrate largely on mast cells in human GI malignancies. This review also provides background information regarding mast cells, such as their origination, their location within the body, how they are activated and how they function as mediators.


The authors look back more than 30 years to those who introduced the use of the computer as an important new tool to assist students in the area of career development. To what extent have dreams been realized and concerns allayed? Rapid advances in technology, not included in the authors' vision, have transformed the world into a different place. How have these advances affected the use of computers in counseling? The article concludes with a list of current concerns, along with recommendations for further action and research. Early in our thinking about this article, we decided to make it not only a summary of facts and findings about the use of the computer as a tool for career planning, from its genesis in 1966 to the end of the millennium, but also a summary of the hopes and dreams of the early developers. We are in a unique position to do both because Harris-Bowlsbey was among the group of first developers, and Sampson is a student of the history, research, and emerging trends of the use of technology to assist individuals with career choice and development. The development of interactive, computer-based career planning (CBCP) systems became technically possible in 1966 when International Business Machines released the first cathode ray tube. This device, a terminal that could be connected to a mainframe computer by a phone line or cable, could be as far away from the computer as 2,000 feet. Thus, interactive script and data could, for the first time, be sent from the computer to the person at the cathode ray tube, and that person could respond either by selection of a multiple-choice response or by free-form writing. This fact set the stage for the construction of interactive exchanges in support of career planning. Super facilitated communication among the early developers by means of an annual invitational conference, by editing publications of the early developers (Super, 1970), and by encouraging informal exchanges of papers and results of research and field tests conducted on the various systems. The content of the first part of this article, which addresses the dreams of the early developers, was reconstructed by rereading ComputerAssisted Counseling (Super, 1970), by browsing file copies of papers written by the early developers, and from personal memory. On the basis of this review of literature and memory, Harris-Bowlsbey describes five dreams of the pioneers in this field. Sampson follows by analyzing the design and use of CBCP systems over the past 30 years to shed light on the degree to which those dreams have been fulfilled and to identify areas of contribution to the field that the developers themselves could not or did not foresee. Finally, we combine our thinking to make recommendations for realizing the dreams of early system developers in the twenty-first century. Changing How Counselors Do Their Work CBCP systems had their beginning in the years from 1965 to 1970. During that time at least 12 systems were developed to some level, although not all reached the stage of operation (Myers, 1970). Those systems can be divided into two groups: those intended to use the computer to operationalize what counselors were already doing and those intended to improve on what counselors were doing in some substantial way (Super, 1970). The systems in the first group, illustrated by Autocoun, the Computerized Occupational Information System (COIS), the Education and Career Exploration System (ECES), and the Computerized Vocational Information System (CVIS), analyzed what competent, trained counselors do in their work with students and then tried to emulate or simulate it. The advantages proposed for computer delivery included serving more students with the same number of staff; using the computer to organize, search, and deliver data; using the power of the computer to relate databases of information about students, majors, schools, and occupations to help students make better informed decisions; and making it possible for counselors to deal with higher-level tasks. …


This paper presents a superconducting filter with a bandwidth of 0.5 MHz at 40 MHz on a LaAlO3 substrate. It has a compact size of 40 mm × 19 mm, which amounts to only 0.02 λg0 × 0.01 λg0, where λg0 is the guided wavelength of the 50-Ω line on the substrate at the midband frequency. The effect of the resonator structure on the unwound length and, hence, the size of the resonator is analyzed. A spiral resonator with positive mutual inductances between adjacent microstrip turns can greatly reduce the resonator's unwound length and is used to miniaturize the filter size. A feedline structure spiraled inside the spiral resonator is proposed to realize a strong external coupling. Furthermore, a cross-coupling line is added to the six-pole filter to improve the band-edge steepness. The filter is successfully designed and fabricated. The measured results demonstrate a 0.3-dB insertion loss, a -19.2 dB return loss, an 80-dB out-of-band rejection, and steep band edges, which are in good agreement with electromagnetic simulations.


The use of language is subject to variation over time as well as across social groups and knowledge domains, leading to differences even in the monolingual scenario. Such variation in word usage is often called lexical semantic change (LSC). The goal of LSC is to characterize and quantify language variations with respect to word meaning, to measure how distinct two language sources are (that is, people or language models). Because there is hardly any data available for such a task, most solutions involve unsupervised methods to align two embeddings and predict semantic change with respect to a distance measure. To that end, we propose a self-supervised approach to model lexical semantic change based on the perturbation of word vectors in the input corpora. We show that our method can be used for the detection of semantic change with any alignment method. Furthermore, it can be used to choose the landmark words to use in alignment and can lead to substantial improvements over the existing techniques for alignment. We illustrate the utility of our techniques using experimental results on three different datasets, involving words with the same or different meanings. Our methods not only provide significant improvements but also can lead to novel findings for the LSC problem.


Valentino Rossi is the greatest living motorcyclist. His legions of fans adore him (over 4,000 turned up to see him in Leicester Square last March). He has fought through the 125 and 250 class groups to win the World Championships five times and has been ranked in the top three places at the World Championships for the last nine years. He is currently the MotoGP World Champion, and has won on a Honda bike - considered the best, and most recently on a Yamaha - considered the worst. He is arguably the greatest racer ever - and certainly the most entertaining - his post race antics, and cheeky personality have won him as many fans as his on-track prowess. He is the kind of star who only comes along once in a while - a Muhammad Ali or Pele - hugely talented, massively driven, yet also scorching charismatic, unnervingly rebellious and totally endearing - a twentieth-century version of the hell-raisers of old. All who know Rossi say he is a consummate professional, that he works harder than anyone could ever realise, but that most of all, he still loves what he does. He just seems to win, more because he's still enjoying himself so much. He is infamous for his on the edge riding, pushing himself and his bike to the very limits of what they can do, and screaming around racecourses in record times. But he is also well known for his good looks, his techni-coloured hair and cheeky humour - and for his sheer youthful exuberance in victory - his post-match victory laps have become a thing of legend. Previously he has driven victory laps in full beach gear, including flip-flops, with a man sized chicken riding pillion (and also, in a jibe to Max Biaggi who had an unceremonious break-up with the model Naomi Campbell, with a life size doll of Claudia Schiffer strapped on behind him.) His warmth of character coupled with his amazing career statistics to date - his first GP win aged 17, his first world title at 18, his first 500 class win at 21 and his first MotoGP win at 22 - mean that this young man has the motorcycle racing world at his feet. His raw talent coupled with his firm belief in the 'entertainment' aspect of his sport and the importance of his fans, means that he really is the David Beckham of bikes - he has done the near impossible and transcended his own territory. His appeal - being at the top of his game without being a purist, still being seen to be young and excited by the game, and being a perfectionist on and off the track when it comes to his driving - means that he really is one of the superstars of the sporting world.


Background and Aims: To translate and test the reliability and validity
of the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Questionnaire (MSQoL-54) in
Iranian MS patients. Setting and Design: Using a standard
"forward-backward" translation, cognitive debriefing and cultural
adaptation procedure, the English version of the MSQoL-54 was
translated to Persian which is the Iranian official language.
Materials and Methods: The subjects were multiple sclerosis (MS)
patients referred to Motaharri clinic, Shiraz, South of Iran.
Demographic data were recorded. Epidemiological data concerning MS
type, duration of the disease, Functional System Score (FSS) and
Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) of patients were also provided
by a qualified neurologist. Statistical Analysis: The reliability of
the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbach′s alpha coefficient.
Construct validity was assessed through factor analysis. Factor
analysis was performed to determine that the Persian version is a
two-dimensional measure including physical and mental parameters.
Results: Multiple sclerosis patients (female:106 (75.2%), male:35
(24.8%)), with a mean±SD age of 32.2±9.8 years were enrolled
in the study. Cronbach′s α was 0.962. There were no
significant differences between each item and the mean of physical and
mental scores of MSQoL-54, regarding sex, marital status and education.
There was a negative significant correlation between EDSS and physical
health, role limitation due to physical problems, pain, energy, health
perception, social function, cognitive function, health distress,
overall Quality of Life. The scaling success rates were 100%,
demonstrating convergent validity of each scale. Factor analysis
confirmed the construct validity of the questionnaire. Conclusions:
The Persian version of the MSQoL-54 questionnaire has a good structural
characteristic, it is a reliable and valid instrument and can be used
for measuring the effect of MS on the Quality of Life.


Most Finnish groundwater must be alkalised before use as municipal drinking water because it is corrosive. The corrosiveness is due to low pH and softness of water. Groundwater also often contains aggressive carbon dioxide (CO2), so there is more free CO2 than is required to keep calcium and hydrogen carbonate in solution. The most popular alkalisation method in the past was addition of sodium hydroxide, but use of limestone (calcium carbonate) for alkalisation is becoming increasingly popular, the main reasons being that the overdosing risk is avoided and that water hardness is increased by limestone. The most common method of alkalisation using limestone is through limestone filters, but these are quite large and the empty bed contact time needed often ranges from about 40 minutes to more than 2 h. The investment cost and size of plant required can be substantially reduced by using mechanically ground limestone instead of limestone filters. Incorporation of mechanical grinders into two commercial-scale water treatment plants in Finland greatly reduced the space and treatment time requirements, but some problems were observed by consumers because the harder water increased limescale formation.


What accounts for the differences in the economic performance across Italian regions in the post-Unification period? This thesis seeks to explain the regional patterns of economic development and industrialization in Italy in the period 1871-1911 by applying various Economic Geography models. The first part follows Overman and Puga (2002) and studies the distribution of industrial employment across regions. The aim is to test the effect of regional borders on the distribution of industrial employment. The existence of this border effect, tested through the use of provincial data, suggests that the Italian regions in this period represented meaningful economic entities. By testing the effect of pre-1861 borders we link this result to the persistence of pre-Unification institutional arrangements. The second part follows the methodology by Head and Mayer (2011) and investigates the relationship between economic performance and market access. Here market access is captured through market potential, a measure of the centrality of a region based on GDP and transport costs. The main result is that domestic market potential is a strong determinant of GDP per capita while all the formulations of market potential that include trading partners give more mixed results. The last part seeks to explain the location of industries in Italy in the period 1871–1911. The analytical framework takes into account both the Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theory on factor endowment and the New Economic Geography (NEG) theory on access to markets. The methodology used here is based on Midelfart-Knarvik et al. (2000). The location of industries, measured through employment per region per sector, is explained with interactions between characteristics of the regions and characteristics of the sectors, of both H-O and NEG-type. The main findings of this chapter are that endowments, and in particular human capital, were the driving force behind the first Italian industrialization while access to markets had a more limited effect. (Less)


96 surface samples from the Cenomanian—Turonian succession of Gebel Nezzazat, southwestern Sinai, Egypt were examined for ostracods. 45 species and varieties have been recognised with one new species ?Pterygocythere bisulcata sp.nov. and four left in open nomenclature. Most species have been recorded in rocks of the same age in the Middle East and North Africa, and some from West Africa, Europe and South America suggesting biogeographic relationships between these regions. Three local ostracod zonal assemblages are established, two in the Cenomanian and one in the Turonian. The ostracods and associated foraminifera and megafossils, suggest a shallow marine environment, sometimes with restricted marine water and in part brackish. The Oceanic Anoxic Event of the Late Cenomanian is recognised on the evidence of ∂13C values; ostracod diversity has a negative relationship to ∂13C values.


For a broad-topic and ambiguous query, different users may have different search goals when they submit it to a search engine. The inference and analysis of user search goals can be very useful in improving search engine relevance and user experience. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to infer user search goals by analyzing search engine query logs. First, we propose a framework to discover different user search goals for a query by clustering the proposed feedback sessions. Feedback sessions are constructed from user click-through logs and can efficiently reflect the information needs of users. Second, we propose a novel approach to generate pseudo-documents to better represent the feedback sessions for clustering. Finally, we propose a new criterion "Classified Average Precision (CAP)" to evaluate the performance of inferring user search goals. Experimental results are presented using user click-through logs from a commercial search engine to validate the effectiveness of our proposed methods.


Bank Indonesia and the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) co-hosted a research conference on "Expanding the boundaries of monetary policy in Asia and the Pacific" on 20–21 August 2015 in Jakarta. The event was the wrap-up conference of a research programme of the BIS Representative Office for Asia and the Pacific that had been approved by the Asian Consultative Council of central bank Governors in February 2014.The topic was motivated by the increased importance of financial stability in the conduct of monetary policy and the expanding set of monetary policy tools being employed. Within this overall theme, the following issues for the Asia-Pacific region were identified: (i) monetary policy objectives and strategies; (ii) instruments to manage monetary conditions; (iii) the assessment of monetary conditions; and (iv) transmission mechanisms.The conference brought together senior officials and researchers from central banks, international organisations and academia. This volume is a collection of the speeches, papers and prepared discussant remarks from the conference. This foreword summarises the contents of the conference and provides a synopsis of the discussions for time-constrained readers.Full Publication: Expanding the Boundaries of Monetary Policy in Asia and the Pacific


The oxygen isotope content of nocturnal ecosystem respiration (δ18OR) was examined in forests along a precipitation gradient in Oregon, USA, to determine whether site‐to‐site variation in δ18OR was more strongly related to variation in δ18O of precipitation or to evaporative processes that isotopically modify water pools within ecosystems. Measurements were made over 4 years at sites ranging in mean annual precipitation from 227 to 2760 mm. There was a gradient in the isotopic content (δ18O) of precipitation, with inland sites receiving isotopically depleted precipitation (more negative δ18O) relative to coastal sites. The δ18O of water in plant xylem generally followed the isotopic pattern of precipitation. Inland forests were drier than coastal forests, leading to a gradient in the vapor pressure deficit of air that caused isotopic enrichment of soil and leaf water. The enriched soil and leaf water pools influenced the isotopic composition of respired CO2, leading to variation in observed δ18OR (Keeling‐plot intercepts). Keeling plots with non‐significant (p > 0.01) regression slopes and those sampled over a time period (t) greater than 5 hours yielded unacceptably high uncertainty in δ18OR. The range of observed δ18OR was 21.7 to 35.3‰ (VSMOW), with variation within a single site as large as 10.7‰ (range 24.2 to 34.9‰ at different sites). The results suggested a trend of more positive δ18OR at inland sites relative to those nearer the coast, indicating that fractionation due to evaporative enrichment overshadowed the original isotopic composition of precipitation as a first order control on δ18OR.


This paper will address the effect that the construction of the Cross-Bronx Expressway, in conjunction with specific government policies and practices, has had and continues to have on the inordinately high rates of pediatric asthma in the Bronx. Existing research on the subject tends to take a very segmented view. There has been much research done in the individual fields of the history of the Cross-Bronx Expressway and the Bronx's subsequent demographic change; more recently, studies have taken note of the Bronx's high asthma rates, the effect of various pollutants on children's lung function, pollution rates in the Bronx, and the difference in asthma rates among different races/ethnicities. All of this work has been done separately, each confined to its own particular field. This paper examines the findings in each of these fields and shows how all of these perhaps seemingly unrelated factors could actually be working together, affecting asthma in the Bronx. The overall goal of this paper is to show that the Cross Bronx Expressway and its aftereffects have contributed in part to the disproportionately high rates of pediatric asthma in the Bronx; as a result of these findings, I can argue that at least some portion of the Bronx's asthma burden is a consequence of the decisions of policy makers and government bureaucrats, and could therefore have been avoided.


The measured structural, optical and electrical properties of Al, Ga and In doped ZnO films deposited using spray pyrolysis are reported over the doping range 0.1–3 at%. Over the entire doping series highly transparent, polycrystalline thin films are prepared. Using AC Hall as a measurement technique we probe the electronic properties of our doped films, deconvoluting the impact of doping on the measured charge carrier concentrations and Hall mobility. We focus on the low doping range i.e. 0.1–1 at%, where we observe unexpected variations in charge carrier concentration and mobility and propose a mechanism to explain our observations. In this doping range highly resistive films are formed hence we highlight AC Hall as a reliable and highly reproducible technique for analysing electrical properties and subsequently elucidate the doping mechanisms. The implementation of a simple, post-deposition heat treatment demonstrated on our AZO results in typical films with charge carrier concentrations exceeding >1019 cm−3, and electron mobilities >10 cm2 V−1 s−1 and stability exceeding 180 days. We describe in detail the nature of the defect chemistry and the role of intrinsic defects and show, that despite significant variations in dopant species and grain boundary concentrations, that the defect chemistry dominates the electrical characteristics.


Materials with Dirac-type electronic band structure have recently drawn much interest. These materials revealed unique electrical, thermal and optical properties, which can be potentially used in future high-speed electronics. In this dissertation research, I investigate on two different classes of Dirac materials: graphene and topological insulators of the bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) family. The first part of the dissertation reports on fabrication of the suspended graphene structures using the selective dry and chemical etching and investigation of the low frequency1/f noise in graphene field-effect transistors under electron beam irradiation. Raman spectroscopy has been used for identification and quality control of the suspended and supported graphene. It also provided the quantitative assessment of the radiation induced defects. It was found that the suspended graphene layers had larger I(2D)/I(G) intensity ratio than that of the supported graphene. The latter was attributed to weaker impurity scattering from the substrate defects. The data for graphene device performance after exposure to different irradiation doses, which was obtained in this dissertation research, is important for graphene device fabrication and proposed applications in communications. The second part of the dissertation focuses on electrical and low-frequency noise characterization of the mechanically exfoliated films of bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3). This material belongs to the topological insulators, which are characterized by the presence of the Dirac-cone dispersion in their surface states. It was found that the field-effect devices with the channels made of topological insulator materials reveal 1/f noise below 10 kHz. The noise amplitudes scaled up with the channel resistance. The transport measurements revealed that the normalized resistance of the devices made from the exfoliated thin films of Bi2Se3 did not scale inversely with the film thickness. The latter indicates that the surface transport component was significant as compared to the bulk electron conduction. The scattering-protected surface states of topological insulator materials can lead to new methods of noise reduction. The obtained results are important for understanding the traps and carrier dynamics in topological insulators, and can potentially lead to ultra-low power and ultra-low noise electronics applications.


Cloud Computing is a booming technology in computer science. Since Google released the design details of the MapReduce technique in 2004 [1], cloud computing has been more and more popular. Hadoop [2] has been developed as an open-source implementation of MapReduce. A new network-levitated merge mechanism (Hadoop-A) [3] improves the existing Hadoop framework to solve many problems in the original framework. Hadoop-A avoids repetitive merging of data and introduces a full pipeline that consists of shuffle, merge and reduce phases. However, Hadoop-A is implemented based on Infiniband RDMA technology, which is not commonly deployed on commercial servers. On the other hand, data transmission based on the TCP/IP protocol is a robust technology, its speed is becoming faster and faster. Thus, we deem that it worthwhile to complement our RDMA-based connection with an implementation that is built on TCP/IP protocol. In this article, I will describe the details of design and implementation of a TCP/IP implementation of Hadoop-A. Two components MOFSupplier (Server) and NetMerger (Client) are introduced to realize the TCP/IP connection, which can fetch data from Maptasks and send them to Reducetasks within the new network-levitated merge mechanism. Multithreading technologies are used to manage memory pool, send/receive and merge data segments. The experiment results show that the TCP/IP implementation can bring good performance for Hadoop-A on TCP/IP. Its execution time outperforms original Hadoop by 26.7% and can also achieve good scalability.


AIMS:To assess the effect of system type on the amount of space closure when equal force use on each system and to compare the amount of rotation and tipping generated by lingual and conventional brackets. Materials and Methods: A mandibular typodont system with Class I wax form and set of metal teeth were used in this study. After removing the second premolar bilaterally, each tooth of the anterior teeth and canines were bonded with two bracket systems , preadjusted Roth stainless steel 0.022x0.030 inch conventional (labial) brackets (CoBS group) and lingual brackets (LiBS group) except right first premolar were bonded with lingual bracket (LIBS group) and left first premolar were bonded with labial bracket (CoBS group). Bite plane extension bar (BPB) and canine extension bar (CB) were constructed bilaterally for the measurement of first premolars tipping and rotation. A 200gm. of force applied by close coil spring to retract the first premolars bilaterally . After immersion of the typodont in water bath with 50-550 C for 5 minutes, the rate of space closure , tipping and rotation of first premolars were measured. Results: A statistical analysis (independent-samples t-test) used in this study, there was a significant difference between the two system groups (CoBS group and LiBS group). The LiBS group had a significant higher amount of tooth movement, and higher degree of rotation. For the tipping, the CoBS group had the higher level of tipping with a non-significant difference with LiBS group. Conclusions: The outcomes of this study showed that the higher rate of space closure and rotation were associated with LiBS group, while there is a nonsignificant difference in the amount of tipping between the two groups. So, Lingual appliance was appeared to be very effective method for tooth sliding during fixed orthodontic treatment.


Clinical data have suggested both apoptotic and nonapoptotic roles for caspase-8 in human disease. Caspase-8 is a cysteine protease best known for mediating signals downstream of death receptors leading to apoptosis. Its mutation is associated with immunodeficiency in humans. Caspase-8 is known to be important in regulating T cells. To study B cell-specific roles for caspase-8, Lemmers et al. generated mice with B cell-specific inactivation of caspase-8 (bcasp8−/−). Although caspase-8 was not necessary for B cell development, B cells from bcasp8−/− mice were more resistant to apoptosis stimulated by the death receptor CD95 than were cells from wild-type mice. After infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), bcasp8−/− mice exhibited lower production of VSV-neutralizing immunoglobulin G (IgG). This is similar to the situation observed in patients with a mutation in caspase-8, who have decreased concentrations of circulating antibodies after antigenic stimulation. Deletion of caspase-8 inhibited the increase in B cell numbers elicited by agonists for the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), TLR2, -3, and -4. Although bcasp8−/− B cells were resistant to apoptosis induced by CD95, the lack of bcasp8−/− B cell expansion in response to the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was due to increased cell death mediated by caspase-3. Coimmunoprecipitation studies revealed that caspase-8 was recruited to the complex that activated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), the IKKαβ complex, after LPS stimulation. Consistent with these findings, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the abundance of transcripts of NF-κB target genes showed that deletion of caspase-8 decreased the LPS-induced expression of these genes. Nuclear translocation of NF-κB in response to LPS was found to be substantially slower in B cells from bcasp8−/− mice than in wild-type B cells. These data may provide a mechanism to explain the immunodeficiency in patients with a mutation in caspase-8. B. Lemmers, L. Salmena, N. Bidère, H. Su, E. Matysiak-Zablocki, K. Murakami, P. S. Ohashi, A. Jurisicova, M. Lenardo, R. Hakem, A. Hakem, Essential role for caspase-8 in Toll-like receptors and NFκB signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 7416-7423 (2007). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Aeromonas spp. are oxidase positive, gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacilli that are widely distributed in aquatic environments. A.hydrophila, A.sobria and A.bestiarum may cause severe infections in both human and cold-blooded animals. Environmental persistance of quinolones that are widely used in both human and veterinary medicine plays an important role in the selection of resistant mutants. Plasmid-mediated resistance is one of the main mechanisms involved in quinolone resistance, and qnr, qepA, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxAB genes are identified as resistance determinants. Determination of various types of qnr gene in different bacteria mainly in Enterobacteriaceae, suggests that they are widely distributed in nature. Recently, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance was defined among Aeromonas species isolated from water. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of qnr genes among aquatic Aeromonas spp. in Turkey. A total of 45 Aeromonas strains isolated from water and fishes collected from three different geographical regions (Aegean, Mediterranean and Blacksea) in Turkey, were included in the study. The isolates were identified at species level by the use of 16S rDNA-RFLP (Restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR). Among the isolates, 20 were identified as A.sobria, 10 as A.hydrophila, nine as A.salmonicida, four as A.bestiarum and two as A.veronii. The plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants, qnrA, qnrB, qnrC and qnrS genes, were investigated by M-PCR, and sequence analysis was performed for nine qnr-positive isolates. According to the sequence analysis of the genes, qnr genes were characterized in six A.sobria, in two A.bestiarum and in one A.hydrophila isolate (9/45; 20%). When the sequence was compared with GenBank database, this gene was found as qnrS2. All qnrS-positive Aeromonas spp. isolates were ciprofloxacin-susceptible, while five of them were resistant to nalidixic acid. This study is the first research about the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance and the presence of qnrS2 genes among Aeromonas spp. isolated from fishes and water in Turkey. In conclusion, various resistance genes of aquatic bacteria may constitute a potential risk for the transmission of those genes to other bacteria as well as clinical isolates.


In these three unforgettably intense plays, Henrik Ibsen explores the problems of personal and social morality that he perceived in the world around him and, in particular, the complex nature of truth. "The Pillars of the Community" (1877) depicts a corrupt shipowner's struggle to hide the sins of his past at the expense of another man's reputation, while in "The Wild Duck" (1884) an idealist, believing he must tell the truth at any cost, destroys a family by exposing the lie behind his friend's marriage. And "Hedda Gabler" (1890) portrays an unhappily married woman who is unable to break free from the conventional life she has created for herself, with tragic results for the entire family.


Abstract. Phytoplankton blooms are increasing in frequency, intensity, and duration in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. In many eutrophic lakes, these high levels of primary productivity correspond to periods of CO2 depletion in surface waters. Cyanobacteria and other groups of phytoplankton have the ability to actively transport bicarbonate (HCO3−) across their cell membrane when CO2 concentrations are limiting, possibly giving them a competitive advantage over algae not using carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). To investigate whether CCMs can maintain phytoplankton bloom biomass under CO2 depletion, we measured the δ13C signatures of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) and phytoplankton particulate organic carbon (δ13Cphyto) in 16 mesotrophic to hypereutrophic lakes during the ice-free season of 2012. We used mass–balance relationships to determine the dominant inorganic carbon species used by phytoplankton under CO2 stress. We found a significant positive relationship between phytoplankton biomass and phytoplankton δ13C signatures as well as a significant nonlinear negative relationship between water column ρCO2 and isotopic composition of phytoplankton, indicating a shift from diffusive uptake to active uptake by phytoplankton of CO2 or HCO3− during blooms. Calculated photosynthetic fractionation factors indicated that this shift occurs specifically when surface water CO2 drops below atmospheric equilibrium. Our results indicate that active HCO3− uptake via CCMs may be an important mechanism in maintaining phytoplankton blooms when CO2 is depleted. Further increases in anthropogenic pressure, eutrophication, and cyanobacteria blooms are therefore expected to contribute to increased bicarbonate uptake to sustain primary production.