In July 2016, peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L. cvs. Holt, Kairi) with symptoms of stem and peg dieback were collected from Kingaroy, Childers, and Bundaberg regions in Queensland, Australia. Pycnidia of Diaporthe spp. were visible in brown lesions on stems and on live and shriveled pegs. Affected tissues were surface sterilized in 1% v/v NaOCl for 3 min, rinsed with sterile distilled water, incubated on water agar with 100 µg/ml streptomycin sulfate at 23 to 25°C under ambient light. After 1 to 14 days, conidia were streaked onto potato dextrose agar with 100 µg/ml streptomycin sulfate (PDAS) and incubated as above. After 24 h, single germinating conidia were transferred to PDAS. Mycelial DNA was extracted from 80 single conidial isolates using the Bioline Isolate II Genomic DNA extraction kit. Primers for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and partial region of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) were as described in Thompson et al. (2015). Both ITS and TEF loci were amplified with Biolabs Hot Start Taq 2x Master Mix Enzyme. PCR products were purified using Bioline Sure Clean Plus and sequenced by Macrogen Incorporated (Seoul, Korea) with the amplification primers. Sequences were assembled with Geneious v.9.1. Species morphological descriptions are in Thompson et al. 2011, 2015, and Gao et al. 2016. Using BLAST sequence analysis and culture morphology, species were identified as D. kongii (four isolates), D. masirevicii (42), D. ueckerae (syn. D. miriciae) (27), or Diaporthe sp. (seven) (Gao et al. 2016; Thompson et al. 2011, 2015). A representative isolate of D. kongii (BRIP 64964d), D. masirevicii (BRIP 64786a), and D. ueckerae (BRIP 64785a) was deposited into the Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium (Brisbane, Australia) and was used for pathogenicity testing. To verify pathogenicity, early podfill peanut plants (cv. Taabinga) grown at 21 to 25°C day, 14 to 18°C night, were stem slit inoculated (Thompson et al. 2011), using three plants per isolate. D. gulyae (BRIP 63295), a species pathogenic on sunflower and common in eastern Australia, was a positive control with negative controls mock inoculated with water agar. At the full seed to early maturity growth stage, lesions were rated on a 1 to 5 severity scale (SR) (Thompson et al. 2011). Inoculated stems were harvested, surface sterilized, and incubated as above. Isolates identified as D. kongii, D. masirevicii, and D. ueckerae were reisolated from pycnidia in lesions located 2 cm of the point of inoculation. In all cases, the reisolated culture morphology matched the inoculating culture. Negative controls were disease free. D. masirevicii and D. ueckerae were pathogenic on peanuts (cv. Taabinga) with moderate virulence (SR 3), D. kongii had low virulence (SR 2), and D. gulyae was pathogenic with high virulence (SR 4), causing significant stem dieback. Few Diaporthe (syn. Phomopsis) species have been recorded from peanuts. In India, Sharma (1974) isolated Phomopsis sp. from peanut leaf spots. Sanogo and Etarock (2009) reported P. longicolla causing peanut stem blight in New Mexico. To our knowledge, these are the first reports of D. kongii, D. masirevicii, and D. ueckerae on peanuts and are of significance as stem and peg infections potentially limit yield. Although not yet recorded on peanuts, D. gulyae is potentially a serious pathogen of peanuts.


To understand and respond to changes in the world's northern regions, we need a coordinated system of long-term Arctic observations. River networks naturally integrate across landscapes and link the terrestrial and ocean domains. Changes in river discharge reflect changes in the terrestrial water balance, whereas changes in water chemistry are linked to changes in biogeochemical processes and water flow paths. Sustained measurements of river water discharge and water chemistry are therefore essential components of an Arctic observing network. As we strive to establish and sustain long-term observations in the Arctic, these two measurements must be coupled. Although river discharge and chemistry measurements are already coupled to some extent within national boundaries, this is not done in a consistent and coordinated fashion across the pan-Arctic domain. As a consequence, data quality and availability vary widely among regions. International coordination of river discharge and chemistry measurements in the Arctic would be greatly facilitated by formal commitments to maintain a set of core sites and associated measurements that are mutually agreed upon among pan-Arctic nations. Involvement of the agencies currently operating river discharge gauges around the Arctic and establishment of an overarching coordination entity to implement shared protocols, track data quality, and manage data streams would be essential in this endeavor. Focused studies addressing scale-dependent relationships between watershed characteristics and water chemistry, in-stream processes, and estuarine and coastal dynamics are also needed to support interpretation and application of Arctic river observing data as they relate to land and ocean change.


In this paper we propose a low cost and computationally inexpensive adaptive transmission power control algorithm for wireless sensors to communicate with the base station or hub. This power control algorithm can be used in scenarios where the transmitting station is not static and the distance between the transmitter and the receiving station changes with time. In addition to that there can be unwanted obstructions in between the transmitter and the receiver. Since the primary reason for drop in received signal strength is distance, it is important to select a set of power levels that will deliver the packets within a threshold error rate while saving energy. This adaptive algorithm does not use received signal strength indicator (RSSI) based beacon or probe packet for channel estimation nor listens for any busy channel before actual packet transmission. The hardware used for evaluating the protocol parameters is nRF24L01+ transceiver module from Nordic Semiconductor Inc. This chip is extremely cheap and the application of the adaptive power control protocol can reduce the overall deployment cost of sensor network. This algorithm is designed to meet the challenge of responding to an unknown and variable radio channel in an energy-efficient manner. The adaptive protocol uses past transmission experience or memory to decide the power level at which the new packet transmission will start. This lightweight protocol can be applied in mobile robots that collect data in real time from sensors and transmit to the base station.


We introduce a fast iterative and a fast direct algorithm for rapid solution of frequency-domain integral-equation formulations pertinent to 3-D electromagnetic modelling and inversion. The iterative algorithm is based on the adaptive integral/pre-corrected FFT method: It accelerates the matrix-vector products at each iteration by enclosing the arbitrary primary mesh of the anomalous domain of interest with a single auxiliary regular grid, approximating interactions among basis and testing functions via grid-based anterpolation, propagation, and interpolation, using 3-D FFTs to multiply grid-to-grid propagation matrices with vectors, and pre-correcting inaccurate approximations for nearby interactions. The direct algorithm is based on a -matrix framework: it accelerates the matrix factorization by constructing a hierarchy of matrix blocks that represent interactions between pairs of subdomains, compressing admissible interactions between well-separated subdomains with localized auxiliary regular grids, computing low-rank approximations of grid-to-grid propagation matrices, and using -matrix arithmetic. The performance of the two algorithms is compared for computing the electromagnetic response of propped hydraulic fractures. Distributedmemory parallelization of the iterative algorithm, which has recently been scaled up to solve large-scale problems with >109 degrees of freedom using >104 processes, enables effective calculation of the response of very complex and largescale fractures. The direct algorithm remains accurate, however, even as (a) the fracture conductivity increases relative to the background, (b) the conditioning of the system of equations and the convergence of its iterative solution deteriorates, and (c) the fast iterative algorithm fails to yield accurate results.


We discuss optical associations, spectral energy distributions (SEDs), and photometric redshifts for Spitzer Wide-Area Infrared Extragalactic (SWIRE) Survey sources in the European Large-Area ISO Survey (ELAIS) N1 area and the Lockman Validation Field (VF). The band-merged Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) (3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0 μm) and Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (24, 70, and 160 μm) data have been associated with optical UgriZ data from the Isaac Newton Telescope Wide Field Survey in ELAIS N1 and with our own optical Ugri data in Lockman-VF. Criteria for eliminating spurious infrared sources and for carrying out star-quasar-galaxy separation are discussed, and statistics of the identification rate are given. Thirty-two percent of sources in the ELAIS N1 field are found to be optically blank (to r = 23.5) and 16% in Lockman-VF (to r = 25). The SEDs of selected ELAIS sources in N1 detected by SWIRE, most with spectroscopic redshifts, are modeled in terms of a simple set of galaxy and quasar templates in the optical and near-infrared (NIR), and with a set of dust emission templates (cirrus, M82 starburst, Arp 220 starburst, and active galactic nucleus [AGN] dust torus) in the mid-infrared. The optical data, together with the IRAC 3.6 and 4.5 μm data, have been used to determine photometric redshifts. For galaxies with known spectroscopic redshifts, there is a notable improvement in the photometric redshift when the IRAC data are used, with a reduction in the rms scatter from 10% in (1 + z) to 7%. Although further spectroscopic data are needed to confirm this result, the prospect of determining good photometric redshifts for much of the SWIRE survey, expected to yield over 2 million extragalactic objects, is excellent. Some modifications to the optical templates were required in the previously uninvestigated wavelength region 2–5 μm. The photometric redshifts are used to derive the 3.6 and 24 μm redshift distribution and to compare this with the predictions of models. For those sources with a clear mid-infrared excess, relative to the galaxy starlight model used for the optical and NIR, the mid- and far-infrared data are modeled in terms of the same dust emission templates (cirrus, M82, Arp 220, and AGN dust torus). The proportions found of each template type are cirrus, 31%; M82, 29%; Arp 220, 10%; and AGN dust tori, 29%. The distribution of the different infrared SED types in the LIR/Lopt versus LIR plane, where LIR and Lopt are the infrared and optical bolometric luminosities, respectively, is discussed. There is an interesting population of luminous cool cirrus galaxies with LIR > Lopt, implying a substantial dust optical depth. Galaxies with Arp 220–like SEDs, of which there are a surprising preponderance compared with preexisting source count models, tend to have high ratios of infrared to optical bolometric luminosity, consistent with having very high extinction. There is also a high proportion of galaxies whose mid-infrared SEDs are fitted by an AGN dust torus template (29%). Of these only 8% of these are type 1 AGNs according to the optical-NIR template fitting, whereas 25% are fitted with galaxy templates in the optical-NIR and have LIR > Lopt and so have to be type 2 AGN. The remainder have LIR < Lopt and so can be Seyfert galaxies, in which the optical AGN fails to be detected against the light of the host galaxy. The implied dust covering factor, ≥75%, is much higher than that inferred for bright optically selected quasars.


We consider the problem of query-driven repairing of inconsistent DL-Lite knowledge bases: query answers are computed under inconsistency-tolerant semantics, and the user provides feedback about which answers are erroneous or missing. The aim is to find a set of ABox modifications (deletions and additions), called a repair plan, that addresses as many of the defects as possible. After formalizing this problem and introducing different notions of optimality, we investigate the computational complexity of reasoning about optimal repair plans and propose interactive algorithms for computing such plans. For deletion-only repair plans, we also present a prototype implementation of the core components of the algorithm.


The overall aim of this thesis was to consider and critically analyse the discourses that shape students' experiences of HE-in-FE. This research analysed the discourses drawn upon by students and staff within a small FEC to describe their experiences in order to analyse how such discourses enable and constrain the experiences of the students. The research aimed to trouble the taken for granted discourses, in particular, those of widening participation, vulnerability and support, to highlight how such discourses may be enabling and constraining the HE-in-FE students' experiences and identities.

The drive to increase participation in HE in England and the focus on widening participation in HE has resulted in the expansion of the provision of HE-in-FE. Such provision traditionally attracts non-traditional students, that is, those from working class backgrounds who are usually first-generation entrants to HE. The widening participation discourses within which these non-traditional students are located shape their experiences as students. There is little research which analyses how these students' experiences are shaped by the discourses.

In order to meet the research aims a post-structuralist approach was taken to the research. A case study was conducted within a small Further Education College (FEC) in the north of England. A range of research methods were employed within the study including interviews, non-participant observations, photo elicitation group interviews and documentary analysis. Using this data, the discourses used to describe the experiences of HE-in-FE students were captured and analysed using discourse analysis.

The findings of this research suggest that that the widening participation discourse shapes the experiences of HE-in-FE students in contradictory ways. HE-in-FE students have been placed within a deficit discourse which influences the students' confidence and self-esteem, shaping their identities and experiences. This works to reproduce social disadvantage and as such the provision of HE-in-FE may act as a new mechanism for maintaining inequality. At the same time however, widening participation positions students as having potential. This
has the contradictory effect of shaping students' identities positively. Students construct an identity characterised by a sense of independence and determination to improve.


Abstract The results of an investigation into the effect of both the number of orifices and the geometry of these orifices on the fluid structures exiting from a synthetic jet actuator are presented. The experiments have used smoke and laser visualisation and single hotwire measurement techniques to establish the flow field exiting the various orifices and the fluid velocities in the exit plane of the orifice. The results indicate that the use of two small orifices can perhaps produce two coherent vortex rings with a total circulation greater than that found in the ring produced by a large, single orifice of equivalent area. However, they have also shown that there are three different types of interaction between two adjacent orifices, related to the spacing between them and the level of excitation applied to the diaphragm. In addition, these interactions may affect the overall level of circulation in different ways. Finally the results have shown that a rectangular orifice of a given exit plane area is more likely to produce a turbulent ring than the equivalent circular orifice due to a 'smoothing' process which endeavours to create an axisymmetric ring from a non-axisymmetric slug of fluid. This work has shown that when using synthetic jet actuators in flow control applications, care should be taken in selecting the spacing and geometry of the orifices used, as certain set-ups may be more suited to certain applications than others.


For those who move to a care home certain freedoms have been constrained as a consequence of physical, functional and mental conditions that limit an individual's ability to be self-reliant and to direct their own affairs without the support of others. At the point of moving to a care home the majority of residents (75%) are classified as severely disabled and this is often followed by subsequent decline (Office of Fair Trading, 2005). Thus, residents are likely to need assistance with the most rudimentary aspects of daily life such as dressing, using the toilet, bathing, feeding and mobilizing.


This paper provides a review of literature that relates research on Carl Rogers' person-centered learning theory to Web-based learning. Based on the review of the literature, a set of criteria is described that can be used to determine how closely a Web-based course matches the different components of Rogers' person-centered learning theory. Using the criteria based on Rogers' learning theory and the person-centered model of instruction developed by Miller and Mazur (2001), a case example of a Web-centric course is evaluated. The case study evaluation results are discussed in terms of the following criteria: (1) the course provides an emphasis on the learners' interests, personal ability, and prior knowledge of the instructional topic; (2) the facilitative instructor should connect students' knowledge and interests with content principles of the course; (3) the facilitative instructor should select an environment that supports collaborative learning and learner control; (4) the facilitative instructor allows students to develop individually achievable objectives based on their interests and abilities within the context of the course, which could be done in the form of a written contract with the facilitative instructor; (5) the facilitative instructor allows students to develop forms of self-evaluation to demonstrate significant learning based on the individual students' learning objectives; (6) learners work with the facilitative instructor to organize the areas of interest to cover so he or she can meet the needs of the students' learning objectives and maximize the learning potential; (7) the facilitative instructor identifies, selects, and presents to the learners resources to enhance their learning experience; (8) the learners conduct self-evaluation based on their individual learning objectives outlined in their learning contracts; and (9) outcomes of the course should show significant learning. These nine criteria can be used to identify the extent that a Web-based course fits with Rogers' person-centered learning theory. (Contains 25 references.) (Author/AEF) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. The Application of Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Learning Theory to Web-Based Instruction By: Christopher T. Miller PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY


Objective It is still unclear whether the clinicopathological and outcome characteristics of vascular invasion (VI) (+) papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) differ from VI (−) PTC. This study aims to establish distinguishing features of patients with VI (+) and VI (−) PTC and to investigate the biological and clinical aggressiveness of the disease in these patient groups. Design A matched-case comparative study. Methods 412 patients (VI (+) PTC study group n=103, and VI (−) PTC control group n=309). These two patient groups were matched 1:3 for variables of age, gender, histological variants, tumour/node/metastasis (TNM) staging and approximate duration of follow-up. Clinicopathological factors and prognosis were compared across the two patient groups. Results The median age at the time of diagnosis was 42.0 years, and 68.9% were females. Across the patient groups, the incidence of tumour multifocality in patients with VI (+) PTC was slightly higher than in those with VI (−) PTC (p=0.049). In addition, when undergoing more aggressive therapy regimens patients with VI (+) PTC showed decreased distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS), but not regional recurrence-free survival (RRFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) compared with patients who were VI (−). VI was found to be an independent predictor of DRFS, combined with tumour size >3 cm and total thyroidectomy. Conclusions VI was an independent risk factor for DRFS, necessitating the need for appropriate postoperative treatment and careful follow-up.


The study of phonotactics is a central topic in phonology. We propose a theory of phonotactic grammars and a learning algorithm that constructs such grammars from positive evidence. Our grammars consist of constraints that are assigned numerical weights according to the principle of maximum entropy. The grammars assess possible words on the basis of the weighted sum of their constraint violations. The learning algorithm yields grammars that can capture both categorical and gradient phonotactic patterns. The algorithm is not provided with constraints in advance, but uses its own resources to form constraints and weight them. A baseline model, in which Universal Grammar is reduced to a feature set and an SPE-style constraint format, suffices to learn many phonotactic phenomena. In order for the model to learn nonlocal phenomena such as stress and vowel harmony, it must be augmented with autosegmental tiers and metrical grids. Our results thus offer novel, learning-theoretic support for such representations. We apply the model in a variety of learning simulations, showing that the learned grammars capture the distributional generalizations of these languages and accurately predict the findings of a phonotactic experiment.


As an artist working with the female model, this practice-led research examines concepts of alterity and subjectivity while challenging the dominant role of male subjectivity in the western world. It revolves around the relationship between myself and the female subject, a specific woman who within the context of my work epitomises but at the same time transcends womanhood. This undertaking suggests that my representations of her body grow out of a dialectical tension between the feeling that the female other has almost become a metonymic extension of myself, and the awareness that such a feeling is at the same time illusory.

The practical component of my investigations takes the form of body-themed box assemblages which are reminiscent of polyptychs, tabernacles and reliquaries. However, the sacred images which form part of these ecclesiastical items are replaced with others showing close-ups of the fragmented bodies of the model and myself. While this kind of profane artefact acts as a receptacle for our bodies which are broken down and enshrined together with other objects, it constitutes part of an ongoing process whereby the relationship between myself and the female figure is metamorphosed, re-shaped, and re-visioned. The significance of these creations is meant to extend beyond their artefactual existence and become mediums through which I re-visit female sexuality and eroticism and assess them within a spiritual context, albeit in the circumscribed framework of a particular woman. The artefact s ultimate objective is to appease my innate desire to access the other via a self-reflexive process which involves both mirroring and distancing at one and the same time. This process also includes an exploration into the spiritual with the aim of exploiting that which is other in the western theological tradition, namely God and the Divine. The gaze is also deeply involved in this exploration of the other. In fact, while our bodies are subjected to a re-visitation and trans-valuation in parts through multiplication and fragmentation, the gaze is in the process broken down into a series of glances which originate from myself, the viewer or the female subject. This process questions and disrupts the dominance of the male gaze, and its associated precepts, in Western visual culture.

Finally, by correlating the model s body with the divine, my artefacts seek to give this woman, as an embodiment of the true other, a trans-corporeal identity. Rather than seeking to exert control over the other, they provide a pious space wherein the self and the other are able to encounter each other in a manner that initiates an equitable relationship, unhindered by presumptive knowledge. This is aided by the aesthetics and dynamics underlying the box assemblage which, while expressing gender fluidity and encouraging disengagement from preconceived dogmas a sort of reverse cognition also enhances the experience of its deific symbolism.


This evaluation is presented as part of the Effectiveness Review Series 2014/15, selected for review under the livelihoods thematic area. This report documents the findings of a quasi-experimental evaluation carried out in December 2014 that sought to assess the impact of the linking smallholder coffee producers to sustainable markets project. The project's overall objective was to contribute to improved coffee production and sales by linking coffee farmers to primary coffee cooperatives and unions. The project was implemented in three districts in Oromiyaa regional state: Limmu Kossa, Limmu Seka and Chora Botter. Oxfam implemented the project in conjunction with Limmu Inara Multipurpose Cooperative Farmers Union. The Union purchased coffee from the farmers via primary coffee cooperatives, supplied coffee seeds, slashers and wire mesh to the farmers, and supported them in coffee seedling production. They also spearheaded the Functional Adult Literacy scheme, providing capacity building particularly in the use of modern agricultural practices, with a view to improving the quantity and quality of coffee produced. Farm Organic International promoted marketing of the coffee internationally on behalf of the union, and Oromiyaa cooperative bank provided credit facilities through the cooperative societies. For more information, the data for this effectiveness review is available through the UK Data Service . Read more about the Oxfam  Effectiveness Reviews .


Editors' abstract. Netwar is not mainly about technology—but good information technology sure makes a difference. In this chapter, Denning (Georgetown University) examines how activists, hacktivists, and cyberterrorists use the Internet, and what influence they have been able to exert on policymakers. Social activists seem the most effective of these netwar actors. Hacktivists and cyberterrorists have not posed much of a real threat to date—but this could change if they acquire better tools , techniques, and methods of organization, and i f cyberdefenses do not keep pace. In this swiftly evolving area, today's tools and techniques are often soon outdated; yet Denning's analytic approach should prove conceptually sound for years to come. The original version of this paper was sponsored by the Nautilus Institute and presented at a conference on "The Internet and International Systems: Information Technology and American Foreign Policy Decision Making," The World Affairs Council, San Francisco, December 10, 1999 (www.nautilus.org/info-policy/workshop/papers/denning.html). Reprinted by permission.


This paper designs a complete framework that anticipates QoS/QoE (Quality of Experience) degradation and proactively defines policies for LTE-connected cars (UEs) to select the most adequate radio access out of WiFi and LTE. For a particular application, the proposed framework considers the application type, the mobility feature (e.g., speed, user mobility entire/partial path, user final/intermediate destination), and the traffic dynamics over the backhauls of both LTE and WiFi networks in order to predict and allow the UE to select the best network that maximize user QoE throughout the mobility path. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework in achieving its design objectives and encouraging results are obtained.


The thesis is an evaluative case study in the interpretive paradigm of five-years of collaboration between three universities; one Belarusian, one British and one French. The collaboration, funded by the European Union's 'TEMPUS' programme, was intended to strengthen institutional mangement at the Belarusian host university following its foundation in 1992.

The research proceeded responsively, adapting to circumstances and conditions as it sought to remain relevant and use appropriate research tools to progress with the enquiry. Eventually four phases were completed including the production of a thick description Case Record which was referred (0 constantly in dialogue with informants in the phases of the research.

The analysis of the case considers the relevance of the standard project cycle management blueprint by examining the formal project cycle in the light of rich contextual information and reflecting upon the project's outcomes (planned and achieved) and the activities performed. Insight into the social psychology of intemational cooperation is also offered by the case study, drawing from and building upon theories of project management across cultures.

The study shows that many of the by-products of the collaboration planned in the original project description were of doubtful relevance and were transitory or superficial although
some changes tumed out to have long-term sustainability.

The findings challenge perceptions of good practice at project. institution and programme level, which others may relate to their own experience. Of particular importance, the research established that the project cycle itself introduced operational weaknesses and imposed limitations which prejudiced team and individual effectiveness. The Tempus project began better to fulfil its potential when personal and cullurally based objectives were taken on board as well as the official ones.


We interviewed 250 parents of Mexican and Puerto Rican origin living in the United States who had young children with developmental delays to determine the role of religion in their lives. Quantitative results indicate that parents largely viewed themselves as religious, were affiliated with a formal religion, and participated in religious activities. Most parents viewed both church and faith as supportive, but faith was shown to provide more support. Repeated measures a analysis of variance found some intragroup variations in religious support and changes in support after learning of the child's condition. Thematic analysis revealed specific religious beliefs and practices parents viewed as supportive, and content and cultural models analyses indicated the religious frameworks by which parents interpreted their child's disability.


BACKGROUND
Studies have examined the association between work-related characteristics and physical activity participation; however few studies include U.S. Latinos.

METHODS
Six hundred and seventy two Latino adults of San Diego County were randomly sampled and surveyed to assess their health behaviors in the fall of 2006. Analyses were conducted with 633 respondents with physical activity data (94% of sample), examining the extent to which job category and hours worked per week were associated with 4 domains of physical activity defined by MET-minutes per week using the long IPAQ.

RESULTS
Multivariate analysis of variance models were computed. After adjusting for covariates, occupational MET-minutes per week were associated with job category and hours worked per week, such that blue collar workers expended more MET-minutes per week than white collar or nonworkers, and those who worked 20 hours a week or less expended less occupational physical activity compared with those who worked more than 20 hours per week. In addition, nonworkers reported expending more household MET-minutes per week than blue collar or white collar workers.

CONCLUSIONS
Efforts are needed to increase the physical activity levels of Mexican immigrants/Mexican-Americans, with interventions designed in consideration of the individual's work status.


Cytological investigation of Capsicum annuum Lin. Var. paprika (tatassi) cultivatedin Owerri, eastern Nigeria was
undertaken in order to generate cytological information on its karyological profile which could be factored into decisions
pertaining to appropriate crop improvement regimes for the crop. Ripe fruits were obtained from three small Holding farms
within Owerri metropolis. Seeds of fruits were extracted, air-dried and processed for chromosomal investigation. Root-tips
were pretreated in 0.05% colchicine and fixed in acetic ethanol. A somatic chromosome number of 2n= 24 was after
squashing in 2% acetic orcein. Further karyological findings showed that chromosome size ranged from medium to large
with a mean of 5.45µm. Metacentrics dominated the karyotype (75%) while remaining were submetacentrics and
subtelocentrics. A coefficient of variation (CV) value of 10.08 lent credence to the inference that ample karyotypic
variability exists in this crop to ensure positive response to selection and/or intra-varietal hybridization methods of crop
improvement


David Jablonsky has compiled the best writings of four of the most influential theorists of naval and air power in the past century. Alfred Thayer Mahans Influence of Sea Power Upon History, Julian Corbetts Some Principles of Maritime Strategy, Guilio Douhets Command of the Air, and William Billy Mitchells Winged Defense continue to have relevance for students and practitioners of naval and air strategy. They illustrate the continuity of strategic thought, even through current times of great and widespread change.


markdownabstractThe past three decades have seen many companies adopting time-based strategies in an effort to bring their products to market quickly. While this trend in the industry has given rise to extensive scholarly interest in product development speed, extant literature has yet to provide a coherent account of its consequences for new product development performance, its drivers, and the conditions under which these drivers are beneficial. Motivated by the clear need for more work the area, this dissertation seeks to expand scholarly knowledge on NPD speed by examining (1) the effect of speed on performance given the inconsistencies in the empirical findings; and (2) how product development can effectively be accelerated, taking into account uncertainty as a contingency factor.

This dissertation consists of three studies, each of which approaches the subject matter from a different angle and investigates it in different theoretical domains.
_Study 1_ focuses on the consequences of development speed, and uses meta analytic methods to shed light into how development speed relates to new product success, taking into account its different dimensions.
_Studies 2 and 3_ direct the attention to the antecedents of development speed, also taking into account the moderating role of uncertainty. While study 2 treats acceleration as a continuous process that is a by-product of the firm's prior NPD experience, study 3 views acceleration as achievable primarily by active management intervention in the form of acceleration strategies. Collectively, the three studies offer a comprehensive account of product development speed and its successful management.


Cache resizing and DVFS are two well-known techniques, employed to reduce leakage and dynamic power consumption respectively. Although extensively studied, these techniques have not been explored in combination. In this work we argue that optimal frequency and cache size are highly affected by each other, therefore should be studied together. We present a framework that drives DVFS and Cache Resizing decisions in a unified, co-ordinated way. We show that MLP is the key to understand how performance is affected by both techniques and we develop an analytical model to quantify performance variation under different cache sizes and core frequencies. Finally, we expose this information to the OS and/or the application, which are responsible for setting core frequency and cache size based on energy-efficiency policies defined by the user. Our experimental results show that our model can drive DVFS and Cache Resizing decisions to reduce dynamic and static energy consumption and improve EDP by 18% on average for SPEC2006. We evaluate different policies and showcase that with our model, it is trivial to build any policy involving energy-performance requirements.


Let Fo be a non-archimedean locally compact field of residual characteristic not 2. Let G be a classical group over Fo (with no quaternionic algebra involved) which is not of type An for n > 1. Let b be an element of the Lie algebra g of G that we assume semisimple for simplicity. Let H be the centralizer of b in G and h its Lie algebra. Let I and Ib denote the (enlarged) Bruhat-Tits buildings of G and H respectively. We prove that there is a natural set of maps jb : Ib ? I which enjoy the following properties: they are affine, H-equivariant, map any apartment of Ib into an apartment of I and are compatible with the Lie algebra filtrations of g and h. In a particular case, where this set is reduced to one element, we prove that jb is characterized by the last property in the list. We also prove a similar characterization result for the general linear group.


Search engine logs store detailed information on Web users interactions. Thus, as more and more people use search engines on a daily basis, important trails of users common knowledge are being recorded in those files. Previous research has shown that it is possible to extract concept taxonomies from full text documents, while other scholars have proposed methods to obtain similar queries from query logs. We propose a mixture of both lines of research, that is, mining query logs not to find related queries nor query hierarchies, but actual term taxonomies that could be used to improve search engine effectiveness and efficiency. As a result, in this study we have developed a method that combines lexical heuristics with a supervised classification model to successfully extract hyponymy relations from specialization search patterns revealed from log missions, with no additional sources of information, and in a language independent way.


In this first general theory for the analysis of popular literary formulas, John G. Cawelti reveals the artistry that underlies the best in formulaic literature. Cawelti discusses such seemingly diverse works as Mario Puzo's "The Godfather," Dorothy Sayers's "The Nine Tailors," and Owen Wister's "The Virginian" in the light of his hypotheses about the cultural function of formula literature. He describes the most important artistic characteristics of popular formula stories and the differences between this literature and that commonly labeled "high" or "serious" literature. He also defines the archetypal patterns of adventure, mystery, romance, melodrama, and fantasy, and offers a tentative account of their basis in human psychology.


In 1876 Rolf Johnson and his family left Illinois for Phelps County, Nebraska. There they faced the challenges of pioneering on the Great Plains: digging wells, building sod houses, ploughing and planting crops, and fighting prairie fires. Johnson's diary goes beyond individual conquest, however, and provides insight into the great co-operative endeavour of plains settlement. Rolf's Swedish family and neighbours worked and socialised with other Swedes just as nearby Danish settlers remained in close physical and cultural contact with other Danish immigrants. A very eligible 19-year-old bachelor, Rolf also offers touching vignettes on the rituals of courting. Abruptly, with no explanation in his diary, and with no itinerary or prospects, Rolf left home in 1879 'with the intention of going west for a season'. His departure may have been sparked by the marital fervour exhibited by a female suitor. Rolf felt he was 'not quite prepared to leave the state of single blessedness for that of double misery'. In Sidney, Nebraska, he ran with the 'sporting' element, who showed him photographs of 'fast women of the town stark naked'. He found employment with a wagon freighter headed for the Black Hills, where he saw Calamity Jane in action. Rolf's education continued until the diaries end in Cubero, New Mexico, in 1880. He returned to Phelps County in 1882 and remained there for most of his life. Rolf's lively diaries offer an entertaining eyewitness account of pioneer life and an unmatched resource for historians. Richard E. Jensen is a research anthropologist with the Nebraska State Historical Society. He is co-editor of "Eyewitness at Wounded Knee (Nebraska 1992)" and author of numerous articles for "Nebraska History" magazine.


What is the limit of improvement the structure obtained directly from the liquid state, with possible heat treatment (supersaturation and aging)? This question was posed by casting engineers who put arbitrary requirements on reducing the DAS (Dendrite Arm Spacing) length to less than a dozen microns. The results of tests related to modification of the surface microstructure of AlSi7Mg alloy casting treated by laser beam and the rapid remelting and solidification of the superficial casting zone, were presented in the paper. The local properties of the surface treated with a laser beam concerns only a thickness ranging from a fraction to a single mm. These local properties should be considered in the aspect of application on surfaces of non-machined castings. Then the excellent surface layer properties can be used. The tests were carried out on the surface of the casting, the surface layer obtained in contact with the metal mould, after the initial machining (several mm), was treated by the laser beam. It turned out that the refinement of the microstructure measured with the DAS value is not available in a different way, i.e. directly by casting. The experimental-simulation validation using the Calcosoft CAFE (Cellular Automaton Finite Element) code was applied.


Abstract The cultural aspects of a way of life of a place and a sense of community help us to better understand the processes of change being experienced in regional Australia. The paper explores how community-based cultural festivals grow over time to reflect the values, interests and aspirations of residents. It presents observations of the nature of four community cultural festivals in destinations in the northern rivers region of NSW. The investigation explores how a sense of community and place are linked to such events. It seeks to establish how festivals develop and manage the tensions generated by different community voices. Community festivals can reflect the community's sense of itself. A community's appreciation of place validates the substantial interest in such events shared by residents with visitors.


How do users generate an illusion of presence in a rich and consistent virtual environment from an impoverished, incomplete, and often inconsistent set of sensory cues? We conducted an experiment to explore how multimodal perceptual cues are integrated into a coherent experience of virtual objects and spaces. Specifically, we explored whether inter-modal integration contributes to generating the illusion of presence in virtual environments. To discover whether intermodal integration might play a role in presence, we looked for evidence of intermodal integration in the form of cross-modal interactionsperceptual illusions in which users use sensory cues in one modality to fill in the missing components of perceptual experience. One form of cross-modal interaction, a cross-modal transfer, is defined as a form of synesthesia, that is, a perceptual illusion in which stimulation to a sensory modality connected to the interface (such as the visual modality) is accompanied by perceived stimulation to an unconnected sensory modality that receives no apparent stimulation from the virtual environment (such as the haptic modality). Users of our experimental virtual environment who manipulated the visual analog of a physical force, a virtual spring, reported haptic sensations of physical resistance, even though the interface included no haptic displays. A path model of the data suggested that this cross-modal illusion was correlated with and dependent upon the sensation of spatial and sensory presence. We conclude that this is evidence that presence may derive from the process of multi-modal integration and, therefore, may be associated with other illusions, such as cross-modal transfers, that result from the process of creating a coherent mental model of the space. Finally, we suggest that this perceptual phenomenon might be used to improve user experiences with multimodal interfaces, specifically by supporting limited sensory displays (such as haptic displays) with appropriate synesthetic stimulation to other sensory modalities (such as visual and auditory analogs of haptic forces).


Shallow water shrimp fisheries play an important role in Mozambique — for fishers, for communities and for the national economy. Like other natural resources, if managed sustainably, these fisheries can contribute to inclusive and sustainable development. But Mozambique's fisheries are under threat from overfishing, habitat destruction and pollution. By reforming key fiscal policies that affect the country's shallow water shrimp fisheries, decision makers in Mozambique can encourage more sustainable fishing practices and increase revenues for government programmes and local development initiatives. There are several options, which we set out in this briefing. And, if undertaken collaboratively and carefully based on detailed analysis, these fiscal reforms can deliver significant benefits to the country's fisheries and beyond, and help Mozambique make vital progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.


Internet quality of service is required by many applications such as interactive voice and video that could fuel the further growth of the network, but it is not widely available to end-users. While ISPs are providing QoS within VPNs, end-hosts connected to the public Internet and linked by paths that cross multiple ISPs can do little to influence the quality of the service for their traffic. Our core observation is that the existing contracts between net works are an obstacle to multi-ISP service quality because remote ISPs on the path of the traffic have no incentive to provide good service when needed. We propose À la carte, an economic framework that addresses this problem. Among its properties are: 1) end-users can choose the ISPs their traffic flows through and the level of service within each ISP 2) end-users pay remote ISPs for their services, but need contracts only with the ISPs they connect to 3) the prices ISPs charge for various classes of traffic are static and public, thus the cost to the end-user is predictable 4) a scalable accounting framework reduces the trust one needs to place in remote ISPs and provides a detailed log of expenditures.


Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a risk factor for poor mental health. Acquired brain injury (ABI; for example, stroke, traumatic brain injury) often brings considerable uncertainty and increased mood disorder vulnerability. The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Short Form (IUS-12) is a brief, well-validated IU measure in non-ABI samples, comprising two subscales, namely, Prospective Anxiety and Inhibitory Anxiety. Here, for the first time, we investigated its reliability and validity (N = 118), and factor structure (N = 176), in ABI. Both subscales had high test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs] of .75 and .86) and were significantly associated with mood disorder symptoms. The two-factor model was superior to a one-factor IU model fit. Some fit statistics were less than optimal (standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] = 0.06, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.09); hence, exploration of other factor structures in other ABI samples may be warranted. Nonetheless, the IUS-12 appears suitable in ABI.


We present diffraction-limited bispectrum speckle interferometry observations of four well-known Herbig Ae/Be (HAeBe) stars, LkHα 198, Elias 1, HK Ori and V380 Ori. For two of these, LkHα 198 and Elias 1, we present the first unambiguous detection of close companions. The plane of the orbit of the new LkHα 198 companion appears to be significantly inclined to the plane of the circumprimary disk, as inferred from the orientation of the outflow. We show that the Elias 1 companion may be a convective star, and suggest that it could therefore be the true origin of the X-ray emission from this object. In the cases of HK Ori and V380 Ori, we present new measurements of the relative positions of already-known companions, indicating orbital motion. For HK Ori, photometric measurements of the brightness of the individual components in four bands allowed us to decompose the system spectral energy distribution (SED) into the two separate component SEDs. The primary exhibits a strong infrared excess which suggests the presence of circumstellar material, whereas the companion can be modelled as a naked photosphere. The infrared excess of HK Ori A was found to contribute around two thirds of the total emission from this component, suggesting that accretion power contributes significantly to the flux. Submillimetre constraints mean that the circumstellar disk cannot be particularly massive, whilst the near-infrared data indicates a high accretion rate. Either the disk lifetime is very short, or the disk must be seen in an outburst phase.


The Translational Medicine Ontology provides terminology that bridges diverse areas of translational medicine including hypothesis management, discovery research, drug development and formulation, clinical research, and clinical practice. Designed primarily from use cases, the ontology consists of essential terms that are mapped to other ontologies. It serves as a global schema for data integration while simultaneously facilitating the formulation of complex queries across heterogeneous sources. We demonstrate the utility of the ontology through question answering over a prototype knowledge base composed of sample patient data integrated with linked open data. This work forms a basis for the development of a computational platform for managing information relevant to personalized medicine.


Negroes, Denounced and Deprived of Democracy Insulted and inveighed in Industry, Shunned and Shamed in Society, Murdered and mangled, On the very land for which they must fight! They shall have some of it! - Rhonda Walker "I believe in Democracy So Much"1 Throughout the course of United States history, African Americans have used their labor in civilian life and the military as justification for gaining equal citizenship, dating back as early as the colonial era when African American men and women made demands for equal justice through demonstrations of patriotism. This was indeed the case during World War II, as the status of African Americans, the ability of the American military to wage war, and the idea of freedom became inexplicably linked. The changing power relationship between African Americans, business, and the federal government that occurred during World War II set the tone for the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. The historian Richard Dalfuime called the 1940s the "forgotten years of the Civil Rights Revolution 112 in which African Americans began in earnest to cement their views that their participation in the war effort would lead to equal protection under the law. In reaction, many white Americans resisted the increased participation of African Americans in the military and the workplace. Active racial discrimination perpetrated by white Americans supplied "a rationale for denying this group its full rights of citizenship."3 African American women responded to the increased discrimination by invoking the language of work and patriotic duty. The history of black women has constantly been defined by hard work, and "black women shared with black men a desire for economic improvements and security."4 As a result, black women as well as men began to view themselves as vital cogs in the United States war machine, bringing rising levels of black working class militancy. During the 1940s African Americans seriously questioned the relationship between the state and the individual, and how this relationship shaped race relations. In addition, the Second World War also helped change prevailing gender roles for African American women. As we shall see, black women often invoked the rhetoric of their men's military service as justification for inclusion into the army of homefront production. This essay examines the manner in which African American women realized the Second World War would present opportunities for developing new strategies to obtain civil rights. Black women drew upon the idea of basic protection of civil rights outlined in the constitution and reiterated in the Four Freedoms by the federal government as a way of defining their citizenship. By examining the intersection between race and gender in the shadow of the changing economic and social conditions that blacks faced on Chicago's South Side during the war, one can discern the ways in which African American women reshaped the existing ideas of civil right. Nowhere was this strategy more revealing than in the fight for employment and housing that occurred in Bronzeville during the Second World War. Recently scholars have begun to examine the connections between citizenship rights for women and the obligations citizens have to the state. Through these studies we see that by denying women the claim that they were obliged to serve the state they could be denied citizenship rights.5 But scholars have yet to fully examine the racial dimension of this theory adequately during the 1940s.6 This essay examines the employment and housing conditions in Bronzeville during World War II when black women looked to their participation in the war effort as a means of claiming their citizenship rights.' Three issues make Chicago a valuable case study during this period. Chicago experienced the largest influx of black migrants during the Great Migration and the subsequent wartime expansion during the 1940s resulted in one of the largest African American populations in the United States. …


The emergence of the internet and social media has changed the ease of interaction and the position of humans where they are no longer just as consumers, but as well as producers and distributors of messages. Whatsapp as the top three social media platforms that are widely used in Indonesia is one of the most common social media circulating information on hoaxes and hate speeches. With the massive information circulating on social media, digital literacy in new media has a very significant role. Lecturers as professional and well-educated people should be able to understand, analyze, assess, and criticize every information carried by social media. But lately there have been various cases of misuse of social media involving lecturers to the realm of law. This will be a threat because lecturers are professions that are used as role models and key opinion leaders in the society. Therefore, researchers are interested in understanding the experience of digital literacy of lecturers as Whatsapp group users in disseminating of information on hoaxes and hate speech. Jenkins's theory of new media literacy is used in this qualitative research with an interpretive constructivism paradigm. The research method uses Edmund Husserl's classical phenomenology which emphasizes the essence of the subject (human consciousness) and its activities. The results show that Whatsapp Group is used as a form of communication and information exchange. Sharing is caring has a strong influence on lecturers to spread all the information that is on Whatsapp Group. The main reason for disseminating information related to perceptions of interests and usefulness of the information, so that sometimes the lecturers unwittingly spread hoaxes and hate speech.


Governance is notoriously difficult to measure – yet numerous global indices attempt to do so. This paper tracks the governance progress of 52 african countries through various indices. a total of 17 of these states have undergone a holistic governance review by the african Peer review Mechanism (aPrM). another 17 have joined the aPrM, but have not yet been reviewed. The remaining 18 are not members and thus are used as independent variables to determine whether the aPrM makes a difference. since the aPrM does not provide ratings or rankings in its reports, this paper uses data from the Mo ibrahim index of african Governance to track progress (or lack thereof) between 2003 (when the aPrM was established) and 2015 (the most recent set of data available at the time of writing). supporting data from Freedom House's Freedom in the World index, The Economist intelligence unit's Democracy index, the Heritage Foundation's Economic Freedom index and the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business index is used where necessary. arguably, by voluntarily acceding to and undergoing the review, aPrM member states have demonstrated the necessary political will to reform. How have they fared since the year of inception of the aPrM? The paper concludes that overall, aPrM members have performed better than non-members. But whether a state has actually undergone the aPrM review or merely joined the mechanism does not seem to make much of a difference. Progress has also often been mixed, and economic achievements have sometimes come at the expense of political freedoms. (This paper is partially based on an article by Turianskyi Y & s Gruzd, 'Do african union Governance reviews Work?' AllAfrica.com, 15 October 2014, http://allafrica.com/ stories/201410150758.html.)


Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) is a critical DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway required to maintain genome stability. Many prokaryotes possess a minimalist NHEJ apparatus required to repair DSBs during stationary phase, composed of two conserved core proteins, Ku and ligase D (LigD). The crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis polymerase domain of LigD mediating the synapsis of two noncomplementary DNA ends revealed a variety of interactions, including microhomology base pairing, mismatched and flipped-out bases, and 3′ termini forming hairpin-like ends. Biochemical and biophysical studies confirmed that polymerase-induced end synapsis also occurs in solution. We propose that this DNA synaptic structure reflects an intermediate bridging stage of the NHEJ process, before end processing and ligation, with both the polymerase and the DNA sequence playing pivotal roles in determining the sequential order of synapsis and remodeling before end joining.


After a sizeable growth and propagation of social networking sites (SNS), there has been a decline on its usage. Studies have shown that this decline caused by the over-influence of SNS on people's life. And people were reacting with a variety of discontinuous behaviors in the service. Prior studies termed this as the SNS fatigue phenomenon and clarified potential factors. However, these studies primarily approached the phenomenon with fatigue as the sole manifest factor. Less attention has been paid on the social features of SNS. In this paper, we view SNS as a social platform; emotion perceived from social features of SNS is an important factor for people to continuously use the service. Based on this view, we employed reactance theory and proposed a reactance model by following two variables; existence of persona non grata and a threat to freedom of usage. Our empirical study on Facebook users (n = 210) revealed that encounter to certain unwelcomed subjects (existence of persona non grata) in the service moderates a social overload. And the social overload acts as a potential antecedent to threat on freedom (trigger of reactance status) to the users of Facebook; ultimately harming the intention for continuation of usage. Implications of research and practice are discussed.


This study investigated the efficacy of an ecological momentary intervention (EMI) targeting body checking behaviors (weighing, mirror checking, and feeling the body for fat). Body checking has been shown to increase body dissatisfaction and play a role in eating disorders. A digitally based intervention delivered in individuals' naturalistic environments has not yet been explored in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to combine ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to capture body checking frequency and an EMI to target body checking. For the current study, 44 female undergraduates with high body checking levels and healthy weight participated in a fiveday intervention where they received five messages via their smart phones each day assessing the frequency of body checking. On the final two days of the study, an intervention message was also sent containing cognitive-behavioral strategies for decreasing body checking. Multilevel modeling was used to investigate the relationship between time (within day and across days), body dissatisfaction, and reported body checking. Body checking behaviors increased within each day while decreasing across the five day intervention period. Additionally, analyses of pre to posttest measures found healthy improvements in a number of body image related constructs. These results suggest that targeting body checking behaviors through a brief ecological momentary intervention may be a useful clinical tool.


The paper presents experimental evidence that selection and addition of an appropriate type of Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) and alternatively or in combination ozonation of the water can be very effective in removal of both geosmin and 2-MIB from surface waters intended for supplying potable water. According to the experimental results, it was shown that the adsorptive capacity of the carbon is about five times greater in the case of geosmin when compared with 2-MIB. Furthermore, addition of ozone at doses in the range 1-3 mg/L for a period of 5-10 min can reduce odour to levels below threshold odour value.


Shape sensitivity analysis is a tool that provides quantitative information about the influence of shape parameter changes on the solution of a partial differential equation (PDE). These shape sensitivities are described by a continuous sensitivity equation (CSE). Automatic differentiation (AD) can be used to perform this sensitivity analysis without writing any additional code to solve the sensitivity equation. The approximate solution of the PDE uses a spatial discretization (mesh) that often depends on the shape parameters. Therefore, the straightforward application of AD introduces derivatives of the mesh. There are two drawbacks to this approach. First, extra computational effort (especially memory) is used in these calculations due to mesh sensitivities. Second, this mesh sensitivity information needs to be computed in order to obtain accurate results. In this work, we provide a methodology that avoids mesh sensitivities (and their drawbacks) by defining a modified PDE on a fixed domain (i.e., independent of the shape parameter) such that AD provides the desired approximation of the CSE. Using two examples, we demonstrate significant improvement in the computational effort, both in terms of floating point operations and memory requirements. We explain how these code modifications can be applied to a wide variety of practical problems with minimal changes to the original code. These changes are negligible when compared to the complexity of writing a separate solver for the sensitivity equation.


Algorithms for finding game-theoretic solutions are now used in several real-world security applications. Many of these applications are based on different but related game-theoretical models collectively known as security games. Much of the research in this area has focused on the two-player setting in which the first player (leader, defender) commits to a strategy, after which the second player (follower, attacker) observes that strategy and responds to it. This is commonly known as the Stackelberg, or leader-follower, model. If none of the players can observe the actions of the others then such a setting is called a simultaneous-move game. A common solution concept in simultaneous-move games is the Nash equilibrium (NE). In the present dissertation, we contribute to this line of research in two ways.
First, we consider new ways of modeling commitment. We propose the new model in which the leader can commit to a correlated strategy. We show that this model is equivalent to the Stackelberg model in two-player games and is different from the existing models in games with three or more players. We propose an algorithm for computing a solution to this model in polynomial time. We also consider a leader-follower setting in which the players are uncertain about whether the follower can observe. We describe an iterative algorithm for solving such games.
Second, we analyze the computational complexity of computing Stackelberg and NE strategies in security games. We describe algorithms to solve some variants of the security game model in polynomial time and prove NP-hardness of solving other variants of the model. We also extend the family of security games by allowing the attacker have multiple resources. We provide an algorithm for computing an NE of such games in polynomial time, and we show that computing a Stackelberg strategy is NP-hard.


The physics of an electrical grid requires that the supply injected into the grid is always in balance with the quantity consumed. If that balance is not maintained, cascading outages are likely to disrupt supply to all consumers on the grid. In the past, vertically integrated monopoly utilities have ensured that supply is adequate to meet demand and maintain grid stability, but with deregulation of generation, assuring adequate supply has become much more complex. The unique characteristics of electricity distribution means that there are immense potential externalities among market participants from supply shortfalls. In this paper, we discuss the institutions that US electricity markets have developed to avoid destabilizing supply shortfalls when there are multiple generators and retailers in the market. Though many of the markets rely on standardized requirements for supplier reserves, we conclude that recent technological progress may steer future evolution towards a system that relies to a greater extent on economic incentives.


Amenability developed alongside modern analysis, as it is a central property lacking
in a group used to show, for example, the Banach-Tarski paradox (Wagon, 1993).
The first working definition was given by von Neumann (1929), in terms of finitely-additive
measures. A number of useful theorems are capable of being shown using
this basic definition.
The firrst modern definition of amenability was given by M. M. Day (1957), whose
concept involved invariant means. For groups this coincides exactly with the von
Neumann condition: each invariant mean corresponds to an invariant finitely-additive
measure, corresponding via Lebesgue integration. This advance was significant as it
opened the door to the application of abstract harmonic analysis, fixed-point theorems,
and an industry of consequences. Amenable groups support almost-invariant
finite means, and via decomposition this is culminated as the Folner condition, a
statement about finite sets. Abelian groups are amenable as a simple consequence of
the Markov-Kakutani fixed-point theorem. A theorem of B. E. Johnson (1972) led
to the development of amenable Banach algebras and C*-algebras, neatly encoding
amenability in the mechanics of cohomology theory.
While amenability is directly generalisable from groups to semigroups, the two
key definitions do not correspond in the same way as they do for groups: extracting
a finitely-additive measure from a left-invariant mean yields what might be called a
left preimage-invariant measure, and for groups these merely correspond to the inverse
elements. A simple but surprising consequence of Day's definition of amenability
is that semigroups with a zero element are both left and right amenable (Day,
1957). Yet they cannot support a (totally) invariant finitely-additive measure (van
Douwen, 1992, p231). On the other hand, all semigroups with more than one distinct
left zero are not left amenable (Paterson, 1988), and in particular there are many
non-amenable finite semigroups, which is another contrast to the group case: all finite groups are amenable. This standard definition of amenability for semigroups is therefore unintuitive and, perhaps, unsatisfactory. Restricting to better-behaved
classes of semigroups, such as the inverse semigroups, does little to improve this.
The first new result of the present work is that there is a weakening of invariance
that can be used in the context of finitely-additive measures to generalise group
amenability to semigroups in a different way. For a semigroup S, a finitely-additive
measure 2 [0; 1]P(S) will be called left fairly invariant if, for all s 2 S and A S
such that sjA is an injection, (sA) = (A). When a semigroup supports such
a finitely-additive measure, then it is left fairly amenable. Fair amenability is a generalisation
of group amenability, and retains some of the useful theorems. Some of
the results shown using this formulation include: a semigroup is left fairly amenable
when it satisfies a weakened Strong Folner Condition, finite semigroups are all fairly
amenable, semigroups with involution are either fairly amenable on both the left and
the right or not at all, adjoining a zero does not cause a non-fairly amenable semigroup
to become fairly amenable, directed unions of fairly amenable semigroups are
fairly amenable, and a variety of examples which are fairly amenable or not fairly
amenable.
The name "amenable" is, as the story goes, supposed to be a pun, since amenable
groups support invariant means. Thus an important question for fair amenability is,
what condition for a mean is equivalent to the fair invariance of the corresponding
finitely-additive measure? One approach is to flip the duality between the convolution
action in l1(S) and the dual action in l1(S) upside-down: attempt convolution
in l1(S) and the dual action in l1(S). In this scenario, the curious will consider
such ill-defined expressions as 0 S. Fortunately, wherever the convolution partial
action of s on ϕ 2 l1(S), i.e. s ϕ, is well-defined and bounded, then the integral
with respect to a left fairly-invariant measure can be readily computed. It is shown
that a semigroup S left fairly amenable if, and only if, there exists a mean m such that
m(ϕ) = m(s ϕ) for all s 2 S and ϕ 2 l1(S) such that s ϕ 2 l1(S). Hence
the nomenclature "fairly amenable" is justified as a pun also.
Some variations on fair amenability and related results are also explored. As a
variation on the * partial action, an operator ⊛ is introduced on l1(S), which induces
a full action of S. One drawback of⊛compared to *is that, in order to express
fair amenability, an additional condition is required to limit the scope of invariance
appropriately. Finally, inner ⊛ invariance and its "fair" variant are briefly explored.


We introduce a distributed sensor architecture which enables high-performance 32-bit Linux capabilities to be embedded in a sensor which operates at the average power overhead of a small microcontroller. Adapting Linux to this architecture places increased emphasis on the performance of the Linux power-up/shutdown and suspend/resume cycles. Our reference hardware implementation is described in detail. An acoustic beamforming application demonstrates a 4X power improvement over a centralized architecture.


Code coverage is an important metric that is used by automated Android testing and security analysis tools to guide the exploration of applications and to assess efficacy. Yet, there are many different variants of this metric and there is no agreement within the Android community on which are the best to work with. In this paper, we report on our preliminary study using the state-of-the-art automated test design tool Sapienz. Our results suggest a viable hypothesis that combining different granularities of code coverage metrics can be beneficial for achieving better results in automated testing of Android applications.


ABSTRACT Snakes of the family Dipsadidae Bonaparte, 1838 still occur on most of the Lesser Antillean islands, although they have been strongly impacted by modern and historical anthropogenic disturbances as it has been demonstrated for many squamate taxa worldwide. However, these observations mostly rely on modern assemblages, whereas the fossil record of dipsadid snakes, which is the most direct way to assess their past diversity, remains largely understudied. In order to fill this gap we performed a comprehensive review of the dipsadid snake fossils recovered on the Guadeloupe Islands. We identify the fossils on the basis of both qualitative osteological criteria and a morphometric study of the vertebrae. These approaches allow us to recognize three different dipsadid snake taxa, two of which still occur nowadays in Guadeloupe, but have been partly extirpated: Alsophis antillensis (Schlegel, 1837) and Erythrolamprus juliae cf. copeae (Parker, 1936), and a third one that is now extinct (Alsophis sp. 2). In addition, we evaluate previous interpretations of occurrences of snake remains in archaeological deposits. Our conclusions raise questions about the putative consumption of snake meat by past Amerindian populations, which is still far from being clearly demonstrated.


The Prime Ministers is the first and only insider account of Israeli politics from the founding of the Jewish State to the near-present day. It reveals stunning details of life-and-death decision-making, top-secret military operations and high level peace negotiations. The Prime Ministers brings readers into the orbits of world figures, including Menachem Begin, Yitzhak Rabin, Ronald Reagan, Jimmy Carter, Henry Kissinger, Yasser Arafat, Margaret Thatcher, Princess Diana and the Lubavitcher Rebbe. Written in a captivating literary style by a political adviser, speechwriter and diplomat, The Prime Ministers is an enthralling political memoir, and a precisely crafted prism through which to view current Middle East affairs. The Prime Ministers is the basis of a major documentary produced by Moriah Films, the Academy Award-winning film division of the Simon Wiesenthal Center.


Joyce O'Shaughnessy, MD, of the Baylor Sammons Cancer Center in Dallas, discussed this ongoing research at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Breast Cancer Symposium in San Francisco. Triple-negative breast cancer refers to those tumors that do not express the genes for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, or HER2; this accounts for about 15% of all breast cancers. "If we have some breast cancers that have some underlying problems with homologous recombination"—generally used by cells to repair DNA strand breaks—"there are two strategies that come to mind immediately about trying to exploit this deficit," she said. "Perhaps if you really stress the cell, you can overcome the capacity . . . to repair the DNA," thereby helping to cause cell death and prevent a tumor from continuing to grow. Though some success has been achieved with DNA-damaging agents like anthracyclines, this sort of cellular stress could best be achieved with high doses of certain chemotherapy agents. Dr. O'Shaughnessy reviewed data from one study she and colleagues conducted of iniparib, an inhibitor of the DNA repair enzyme PARP1. "Iniparib does induce double-strand DNA damage . . . but at currently administered doses, it does not block PARP1 or PARP2," she said. In the study, which Dr. O'Shaughnessy presented earlier this year at ASCO's annual meeting in Chicago, 258 patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer received gemcitabine and carboplatin, and another 261 patients received those two drugs along with iniparib. Disappointingly, the study did not meet its primary endpoints for either progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS), though there were slight nonsignificant benefits with iniparib for both. The iniparib patients had a median PFS of 5.1 months compared with 4.1 months in those who did not receive the drug (P = .027, with a prespecified requirement of .01); OS results were 11.8 and 11.1 months, respectively (P = .28). Specifically among patients who received the regimen as a secondor third-line regimen, Dr. O'Shaughnessy said, "there was a hint that we may be enriching here, in some way, these breast cancers that may benefit more from a DNA-damaging strategy." OS among this subgroup was 10.8 months with iniparib and 8.1 months without. Even if iniparib or other therapies prove beneficial as DNA-targeting agents for these difficult cancers, identifying patients who need them remains a challenge. John Carpten, PhD, of the Translational Genomics Research Institute in Phoenix, spoke during the same session about efforts to meet this challenge and improve sequencing and characterization of breast tumors. "We've spent a lot of time over the last couple of decades really teasing out the genetic and molecular alterations and events that govern tumor genesis, and we've learned quite a bit about the pathways and processes," he said. Studies are ongoing to describe the genomic details of triple-negative breast cancers, and next generation sequencing technologies continue to improve. One finding from a study that has looked at the complete genomes of nine breast tumors is that TP53 mutations appear in many cases, and other details are emerging as well. Dr. O'Shaughnessy also noted that there may be surrogate methods for determining candidates for certain therapies. Basal-like breast cancers, she said, may benefit in particular from DNA-damaging


The human respiratory muco-ciliary epithelium consists of different cell types, connected by tight junctions; forming a protective barrier against the external environment. The epithelium is attached to a basement membrane through which necessary nutrients are delivered. Apart from a thin layer of mucus, the apical part of the bronchial epithelium is exposed to the ambient air. Mimicking these conditions through the use of 3-dimensional (3-D) filter-well membrane technology, a functional and fully-differentiated muco-ciliary phenotype in vitro cell culture model can be obtained. By providing the in vivo-like pulmonary microenvironment primary bronchial cells are stimulated to differentiate into a pseudo-stratified epithelium containing, basal, ciliated, Clara, goblet, intermediate and serous cells. In addition to this in vivo-like morphology, the cultures attain physiological properties akin to the human bronchial epithelium. Cells form tight junctions, enabling the whole culture to function as a barrier, providing trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Day 15 of ALI culture conditions results in beating cilia that are fully-grown and spread the mucus produced by the goblet cells. Unlike 'conventional' cell cultures, where tested substances need to be suspended in submerged culture media, our 3-D model of the human bronchial epithelium enables in vitro toxicology testing of apically deposited aerosols and/or solubilised substances onto mucus protected cell surfaces. This mimics in vivo deposition through inhalation. Moreover, we observe the tissue (i.e. multi-cellular) response, rather than the effect of submerged cell monolayers (i.e. single cell type). The additional protective mechanisms, such as apical mucus, traps inhaled substances and the tight junctions (i.e. barrier function) provide a more in vivo-like response when compared to submerged monolayer cultures. Our 3-D model of the human bronchial epithelium maintains the in vivo complexity observed in the in-situ human lung and is a reliable in vitro tool that can be employed to obtain robust predictive in vivo responses for human endpoint data.


A study was made of the terrestrial and freshwater algae of Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean. Field work was carried out between September 1972 and June 1973. Wide ranging excursions were made to various areas of the atoll in order to collect information on the species present together with physico-chemical and descriptive data from representative habitats. Data were collected in a standard manner and stored in a computable form using a modified version of a stream recording system devised in Durham, 1053 samples were collected during the field study, of which 521 were complete with detailed taxonomic and environmental data. The latter are stored on computer file at Durham. The 521 samples constituted an Aldabran data bank and a range of computer programmes facilitated the rapid retrieval of information and the performing of statistical analyses. An example of one such statistical analysis is included in the present study. A taxonomic checklist is given of the 291 species together with descriptions of these species, comparisons with the descriptions given by other authors, the areas of Aldabra from which they were recorded, notes on distribution on Aldabra, habitats, abundance and comparisons with records of other workers. Blue-green algae are the most abundant species present, predominating in both terrestrial and freshwater habitats. In terrestrial habitats they are often present almost to the exclusion of other species, though in freshwater habitats this predominance is less well-marked. It is probable that some species are restricted to certain regions or habitats: the reasons for such restriction are discussed. A study of one physiological process in blue-green algae is presented. The nitrogen-fixing potential of Tolypothrix byssoidea and several Nostoc species was investigated using the acetylene reduction assay technique. The study includes rates measured between 0930 and 1200 h, a 24 h time course study for Nostoc Commune and laboratory studies on the onset of acetylene reduction after rewetting.


Silicon Valley has emerged as the key metaphor of the innovation-led economic development in the 21st century. As the Valley's technology monopolies and utopias expand, there is a growing need for critical histories that help to ground and contextualize the futures that are spreading from San Francisco Bay. In this review essay, I suggest that a settler-colonial approach offers interesting possibilities for the creation of such histories. To demonstrate how such an approach works, I develop a settler-colonial reading of Margaret O'Mara's recent book The Code: Silicon Valley and the Remaking of America (2019). By critically analysing the key metaphors in O'Mara's celebrated book, the global and violent face of the Valley becomes visible. The settler-colonial approach, I conclude, offers one possible analytical approach to breaking the stranglehold of America-centred understanding typical of the histories of Valley.


Scheduling and multicriteria optimisation theory have been subject, separately, to numerous studies. Since the last twenty years, multicriteria scheduling problems have been subject to a growing interest. However, a gap between multicriteria scheduling approaches and multicriteria optimisation field exits. This book is an attempt to collect the elementary of multicriteria optimisation theory and the basic models and algorithms of multicriteria scheduling. It is composed of numerous illustrations, algorithms and examples which may help the reader in understanding the presented concepts. This book covers general concepts such as Pareto optimality, complexity theory, and general method for multicriteria optimisation, as well as dedicated scheduling problems and algorithms: just-in-time scheduling, flexibility and robustness, single machine problems, parallel machine problems, shop problems, etc. The second edition contains revisions and new material.


While ties between Cambodian diasporas and Cambodia have been significant and enduring over the decades of conflict, the political changes engendered by the internationally endorsed elections of 1993 have transformed the scope and characteristics of the transnational traffic. Shaped by complex ideological, class, gender, and generational dynamics, Cambodian diasporas' re-engagement with the ancestral homeland has since acquired a multidimensionality that extends beyond mere monetary remittance. Spanning both private and public spheres, from national to household levels, these transnational encounters necessarily dislodge the narrow analytic focus and assumptions that accompany much of the discourse of transnationalism, and interrogate critical issues of nationalism, citizenship, and belonging.


We create exciton-polariton (strongly coupled light-matter quasi particles) Bose-Einstein condensates at room temperature [1] by optically exciting a ladder-type conjugated polymer [2] placed inside a tuneable Fabry-Perot microcavity [3]. By Focussed Ion Beam (FIB) milling we fabricate different structure for inplane confinement, ranging from 0D (single Gaussian-shaped defect) to 2D ones (arrays of coupled Gaussian defects). In the first part of this work we focus on the basic building blocks of our system, the strong light-matter coupling and the exciton-polariton condensation localized in a 0D Gaussian-shaped defect structure. The strong coupling between the excitonic resonance of the conjugated polymer and the individual cavity modes is obtained by exciting the system while detuning the cavity length till the anti-crossing behaviour of the modes appears. By increasing the excitation power above threshold, we reach room temperature condensation in a single Gaussian defect. The condensation features are demonstrated by showing non-linear emission intensity, spectral line-narrowing and a characteristic blue shift as function of excitation power. To better characterize the condensation in such a system, we studied the angular emission (Fig. 1 (a) and (b)) and the first order coherence (Fig. 1 (c) and (d)) of the exciton-polaritons below and above threshold.


Abstract The study of the complex relationship between army and monarchy in Morocco provides support for the argument that coup-proofing and institutionalisation enable civil leadership to enhance and maintain civilian control over the military. Through a strategy of coup-proofing implemented by the monarchy to protect itself from coups d'état, the army had been depoliticised. Through institutionalisation the Moroccan army is now governed by a clear set of constitutional and legal norms, principles and procedures with a system based on meritocracy. This approach is helping to stabilise relations between state and society and avoid power struggles between civilian leaders and the armed forces.


Type of this research is survey research by the title "The Influence of External Environment to Operational Strategy at The Starred Hotel in Malang City".
The purposes of this research is to know the influence of external environment (e.i, economy, demography, politic/security, law, technology and market environments) to operational strategy at the hotels in Malang and also to know which external environment factor (e.i, economy, demography, politic/security, law, technology and market environment) that have dominant effect to operational strategy at the hotels in Malang.
The starred hotels in Malang compete each other to implement the operational strategy to anticipate global economic changes at present. To attract the visitor or consumer, hotel owner installs a precise tactics that expected to be able to improve visitor or consumer's interest to stay overnight, spend the night or perform any organizing events at the addressed hotel.
Besides as the tourism icon in Malang, hotels in Malang, especially the starred hotel, are also has main functions as the accomodation means, which uses a partly or entire building to provide inn service, food and beverage service and other services for public that administered commercially. So that, it needs to concern to its functional strategy, because hotel's external environment circumstance experiences a change, start from economy environment, politic, demography, competition, to other external factors. Thus, it is very important to adjust its operational strategy in order to adjust the existing external environment circumstance, so the company capables to maintain its position and able to win the competition.
As the result is the operational strategy of hotel business of the starred hotel existing in Malang are influenced by external environment: economy (X1), demography (X2), security-politics (X3), law (X4), technology (X5), and market (X6) environments. The dominant factor of external environment influencing operational strategy is economy environment (X1). Thus, by the sufficient society economy stratum, the company will be able to help to determine the policy related to the operational strategy.


Abstract EU and EMU are facing a hastened phase of structural rather than episodic crisis, following the progressive shift of the world order from a bipolar toward a multi-polar system. From the sovereign debt trap to migratory pressures and security threats, all European crisis are intimately interdependent and long awaited rather than unexpected, since their origins trace back to a lack of reactivity of the European unification process to the progressive weakening of US hegemony in the world from 1971 onward. In this paper I point out that two double-binds mutually prevent a full (and widespread) understanding of Europe's situation and avoid for this reason a fully structural approach to the institutional reforming process in the EU: a 'sovereignty double-bind' and a 'democracy double-bind'. An effective roadmap toward political unification should primarily aim at tackling these misrepresentations instead of embracing them in the form of a gradualist approach to legitimacy issues.


This report describes the methods used by GLNB staff who contributed to the assessment of potential debris-flow hazard to Scottish trunk roads, as part of a study commissioned by Transport Scotland.
The first part of the report covers the first phase of the work, which involved verifying and amending the causal factor values for rock/sediment type shown on the amended GeoSure/DigMap 50 (LEX_D classification) for all of the units that crop out within the 'potential debris flow catchments' in Scotland, based on local knowledge. This resulted in amendments to 97 lithology values, and assigning lithology scores for 22 units that had had no values originally assigned to them It also involved reviewing all permeability scores and making alterations to some 190 permeability values (out of a total dataset of 3,706).
The second part of the report describes the methods adopted for rapidly providing new attributed polygons for Superfical Deposits in areas of interest identified by Transport Scotland, where existing DigMap50 data was absent or known to be inadequate. Some new Quaternary data was produced from existing large scale analogue data sets that could be quickly digitized and new digital 1:25 000 scale datasets which were concurrently being produced by cartographic services.
For the remainder of the areas of interest, a preliminary simplified interpretation of the distribution of the main Quaternary units (eg peat, fluvial deposits, raised beaches till, moraines, and bedrock near surface) was made by hand, using experienced field geologists to interpreted tailored NextMap data, overprinted on large-scale topographic base maps. This attributed line-work was then captured, in Arc9, by cartographic services staff and integrated with the adjacent DigMap50 tiles. This produced a seamless coverage of digital polygons for the Superficial Deposits within the potential debris flow catchments. The methods adopted produced the highest quality, most cost-effective and internally consistent interpretations which could be made, within the time-frame and costing constraints of the project.


In spite of the fact that most of the research has concentrated on the typical agency problem between managers and dispersed shareholders, in many countries large shareholders are much more frequently observed than firms with dispersed ownership structures. While large shareholders are perceived as a potential solution to the typical agency problem between managers and dispersed shareholders, less research has been done on the costs of large shareholders. One important issue in this literature is that deviations of cash flow rights from voting rights often result in substantial value discounts. In this paper we test for the impact of such deviations on corporate investment performance in Turkey. To measure corporate investment performance we estimate returns on investment relative to company costs of capital, a methodology that overcomes the endogeneity problem, which is known to contaminates results in the empirical corporate governance literature. Consistent with existing studies, we find that the average Turkish listed company has a return on investment which is less than its cost of capital. We also report significantly better investment performance for companies that do not deviate from one-share-one vote by using pyramidal ownership structures, dualclass shares and other devices that enhance the control power of large shareholders beyond their cash flow rights. We also find that business group membership improves the investment performance and relative market valuation of companies.


GPs and their staff are increasingly facing violence, harassment, and threatening behaviour in their surgeries, an investigation by The BMJ has found.

Crime figures obtained from police forces across the UK show a 9% rise in the overall number of recorded crimes committed on the premises of GP surgeries and health centres over the past year (from 1974 in 2015-16 to 2147 in 2016-17). This is in line with a 10% increase in the overall number of recorded crimes in England and Wales last year,1 the largest annual rise for a decade.

The figures obtained by The BMJ show a 5% increase in recorded assaults at GP surgeries and health centres (from 324 in 2015-16 to 339 in 2016-17), a 34% rise in cases of harassment (from 41 to 55), and a 90% surge in public order offences such as threatening behaviour (from 169 to 321) (fig 1⇓). There was also a small rise in sexual offences (from 73 to 75 …


The history of textiles, more than that of any other artefact, is the history of human ingenuity. From the very earliest needles of 25,000 years ago, to the "techno textiles" used in Space Shuttle parachutes, they have been fundamental to human existence and achievement, and - as this book demonstrates - have informed developments in many other areas from agriculture to metallurgy. Textiles are truly global commodities, common to every culture and for a long time the motivation for trade, the exchange of ideas and sometimes even conflict, between these cultures. Silks from China, carpets from Persia, ikats from Indonesia, cottons from India, fine linens from Flanders - each one of these transactions has helped to shape the modern world. Written as a chronological survey spanning prehistory to the early 21st century, this book is organized around five themes - materials, methods, trade, technology and social structures - which allow textiles from all ages to be investigated from many angles: how they are made, what they are made from, how they function in society, the ways in which they are valued and given meaning, and the messages they contain. This approach shows the intricate relationships between different cultures' textile traditions, and above all demonstrates the awesome significance and the history of the materials that we all take for granted in our everyday lives.