We present max-margin Bayesian clustering (BMC), a general and robust framework that incorporates the max-margin criterion into Bayesian clustering models, as well as two concrete models of BMC to demonstrate its flexibility and effectiveness in dealing with different clustering tasks. The Dirichlet process max-margin Gaussian mixture is a nonparametric Bayesian clustering model that relaxes the underlying Gaussian assumption of Dirichlet process Gaussian mixtures by incorporating max-margin posterior constraints, and is able to infer the number of clusters from data. We further extend the ideas to present max-margin clustering topic model, which can learn the latent topic representation of each document while at the same time cluster documents in the max-margin fashion. Extensive experiments are performed on a number of real datasets, and the results indicate superior clustering performance of our methods compared to related baselines.


In 2015, an average of 103 motor vehicle injury deaths, 121 suicides, and 49 homicides occurred each day. Motor vehicle injury deaths were more likely to occur on Saturdays and Sundays and least likely to occur on Tuesdays. The highest number of suicides occurred on Mondays and Tuesdays and the lowest on Saturdays. Homicides peaked on Sundays, followed by Saturdays; homicides were less likely to occur on weekdays.


ABSTRACT The apothecial ascomycete family Dactylosporaceae includes saprobes and lichenicolous fungi. In recent studies, the phylogenetic position of this family was unstable within the subphylum Pezizomycotina. The present study provides a stable phylogenetic placement for Dactylosporaceae within the class Eurotiomycetes and we introduce the new order: Dactylosporales Ekanayaka, E.B.G. Jones, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, ord. nov. to accommodate this family. We also introduce two new species: Dactylospora chiangraiensis Ekanayaka, E.B.G. Jones, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. and Dactylospora fusiformis Ekanayaka, E.B.G. Jones, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. to this family and their relationships with other taxa are represented in a multigene phylogeny.


This paper presents the results of an investigation on the interrelationship between thermophysical properties, processing conditions and primary dendrite arm spacing for a nickel-base superalloy. The research was realized for CMSX-4, directionally solidified in a Bridgman furnace. For a systematic, fast and cost-efficient investigation numerical finite element models were applied. The numerical model, composed of thermophysical material data, geometric data and boundary conditions, was calibrated and experimentally validated. Microstructural parameters of the castings were determined for a broad range of processing conditions and varying thermophysical properties in order to study general influences. Withdrawal speed, furnace temperature, enthalpy of fusion, solidification range, heat conductivity and specific heat were varied accordingly. The primary dendrite arm spacing is predominantly influenced by withdrawal speed and furnace temperature, but shows only a weak dependency on thermophysical properties.


The objective of this study was to explore the reasons for the persistence of human cysticercosis (HCC) transmission in Mbulu District, northern Tanzania. The study was carried out in 25 villages, whereby five major risks were identified. The risks were indiscriminate defaecation and improper use of toilets; a free-range system of keeping pigs; indiscriminate or unregulated slaughtering and inadequate meat hygiene and inspection; consumption of undercooked and porcine cysticerci infected pork; and social structure and roles. All of the identified risks were backed up by the immanent lifestyles of the community involved. These findings are important for the development of intervention strategies in the study area.


Objective: This study evaluated immunization compliance, immunization completeness, and vaccination errors frequency among Iraqi pediatric. Study design this study was restricted the analysis to types of vaccines administered before 2 years of age. A cohort study of 528 pediatrics born between 1st January 2003 and 31st Jun 2008 was selected. Immunization history of pediatric was collected retrospectively from pediatric immunization card. Immunization doses were classified to five types: Normal dose, early dose, missed dose, late dose, and extra dose. Pediatric who received all the immunization doses without any immunization dose errors was considered as complete immunization with full compliance. If the pediatric missed at least one immunization dose, this pediatric was considered partial immunization with noncompliance, and if this pediatric received at least one immunization dose error, this pediatric was considered complete immunization with noncompliance. Results: Less than half of pediatric were considered as partial immunization with noncompliance. 3696 immunization doses must receive by 528 pediatric, 25.3% of doses were normal doses, 8.3% as an early doses, 13.6% as a missed doses, 47.5% of doses were late doses, and 5.3% as an extra doses. Conclusions: Immunization errors occur frequently and leading to improper immunization compliance. This study recommended increasing effort to optimize childhood immunization. Key words: immunization, compliance, errors, pediatrics, two years.


of a dissertation at the University of Miami. Dissertation supervised by Professor Michael G. Brown. No. of pages in text. (99) The acoustic Green's function (GF) is the key to understanding the acoustic properties of ocean environments. With knowledge of the acoustic GF, the physics of sound propagation, such as dispersion, can be analyzed; underwater communication over thousands of miles can be understood; physical properties of the ocean, including ocean temperature, ocean current speed, as well as seafloor bathymetry, can be investigated. Experimental methods of acoustic GF extraction can be categorized as active methods and passive methods. Active methods are based on employment of man-made sound sources. These active methods require less computational complexity and time, but may cause harm to marine mammals. Passive methods cost much less and do not harm marine mammals, but require more theoretical and computational work. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages that should be carefully tailored to fit the need of each specific environment and application. In this dissertation, we study one passive method, the noise interferometry method, and one active method, the inverse filter processing method, to achieve acoustic GF extraction in the ocean. The passive method of noise interferometry makes use of ambient noise to extract an approximation to the acoustic GF. In an environment with a diffusive distribution of sound sources, sound waves that pass through two hydrophones at two locations carry the information of the acoustic GF between these two locations; by listening to the long-term ambient noise signals and cross-correlating the noise data recorded at two locations, the acoustic GF emerges from the noise cross-correlation function (NCF); a coherent stack of many realizations of NCFs yields a good approximation to the acoustic GF between these two locations, with all the deterministic structures clearly exhibited in the waveform. To test the performance of noise interferometry in different types of ocean environments, two field experiments were performed and ambient noise data were collected in a 100-meter deep coastal ocean environment and a 600-meter deep ocean environment. In the coastal ocean environment, the collected noise data were processed by coherently stacking five days of cross-correlation functions between pairs of hydrophones separated by 5 km, 10 km and 15 km, respectively. NCF waveforms were modeled using the KRAKEN normal mode model, with the difference between the NCFs and the acoustic GFs quantified by a weighting function. Through waveform inversion of NCFs, an optimal geoacoustic model was obtained by minimizing the two-norm misfit between the simulation and the measurement. Using a simulated time-reversal mirror, the extracted GF was back propagated from the receiver location to the virtual source, and a strong focus was found in the vicinity of the source, which provides additional support for the optimality of the aforementioned geoacoustic model. With the extracted GF, dispersion in experimental shallow water environment was visualized in the time-frequency representation. Normal modes of GFs were separated using the time-warping transformation. By separating the modes in the frequency domain of the time-warped signal, we isolated modal arrivals and reconstructed the NCF by summing up the isolated modes, thereby significantly improving the signalto-noise ratio of NCFs. Finally, these reconstructed NCFs were employed to estimate the depth-averaged current speed in the Florida Straits, based on an effective sound speed approximation. In the mid-deep ocean environment, the noise data were processed using the same noise interferometry method, but the obtained NCFs were not as good as those in the coastal ocean environment. Several highly possible reasons of the difference in the noise interferometry performance were investigated and discussed. The first one is the noise source composition, which is different in the spectrograms of noise records in two environments. The second is strong ocean current variability that can result in coherence loss and undermine the utility of coherent stacking. The third one is the downward refracting sound speed profile, which impedes strong coupling between near surface noise sources and the near-bottom instruments. The active method of inverse filter processing was tested in a long-range deepocean environment. The high-power sound source, which was located near the sound channel axis, transmitted a pre-designed signal that was composed of a precursor signal and a communication signal. After traveling 1428.5 km distance in the north Pacific Ocean, the transmitted signal was detected by the receiver and was processed using the inverse filter. The probe signal, which was composed of M sequences and was known at the receiver, was utilized for the GF extraction in the inverse filter; the communication signal was then interpreted with the extracted GF. With a glitch in the length of communication signal, the inverse filter processing method was shown to be effective for long-range low-frequency deep ocean acoustic communication. In summary, this dissertation explored two creative methods to extract the acoustic GFs in the ocean. The extracted acoustic GFs were utilized both for studying the physical properties of the ocean and for underwater communication. The study combined experimental data analysis and numerical simulation, using various signal processing techniques. This work is valuable in both passive acoustic remote sensing and active acoustic communication.


Natural hazard risk assessment requires quantification of uncertainty that is spatially and temporally variable. Spatial variability of risk has been rarely considered in the past research. This paper presents a new methodology to capture the spatial uncertainty as well as the subjectivity associated with the natural hazard risk analysis. The fuzzy set theory has been integrated with the geographic information system (GIS) in the development of the methodology for spatial reliability analysis. Paper explores the spatial extension of three fuzzy reliability indices i.e. (1) combined reliability-vulnerability, (2) robustness, and (3) resiliency. Fuzzy risk and reliability are quantified within a GIS framework and maps showing spatial variability of three fuzzy indices are developed. The proposed methodology has been applied to flood hazard management. It has been found that the application of spatial fuzzy reliability analysis provides additional information to flood managers regarding the spatial variability of flood risk and aids in the development of a sustainable flood management options.


U.S. trading in non-U.S. stocks has grown dramatically. Round-the-clock, these stocks trade in the home market, in the U.S. market and, potentially, in both markets simultaneously. We develop a general methodology based on a state space model to study 24-hour price discovery in a multiple markets setting. As opposed to the standard variance ratio approach, this model deals naturally with (i) simultaneous quotes in an overlap, (ii) missing observations in a non-overlap, (iii) noise due to transitory microstructure effects, and (iv) contemporaneous correlation in returns due to market-wide factors. We apply our model to Dutch stocks, cross-listed in the U.S. Our findings suggest a minor role for the NYSE in price discovery for Dutch shares, in spite of its non-trivial and growing market share.


Hilarious fun, this early comedy is filled with the merry violence of slapstick and farce. When two sets of twins, separated and apparently lost to each other, all end up in the rowdy, rollicking city of Ephesus, the stage is set for mix-ups, mayhem, and mistaken identity plus the timeless puns, jokes, gags, and suspense that makes this play a wonderful theatrical frolic and a brilliant tour de force of language and laughter."


While System Dynamics involves a diverse set of issues outside the scope of software development, one of the key outcomes of the System Dynamics process is software artifacts, in the form of simulation models. Many of the principles and concerns of software development more generally apply by extension to the development of System Dynamics models. In recent decades, the software development field has benefited greatly from a series of process-based and technologies to make the production of software artifacts more reliable, more timely, and more predictable. Within this paper, we argue that System Dynamics projects can benefit from adoption of processes and techniques in software development, and discuss some of the adaptations required to take best advantage of such approaches.


More than 1.6 million people are incarcerated in prisons in the United States, and around 700,000 are released from prison each year. Those released from prison often face daunting obstacles as they seek to reintegrate into their communities, and rates of recidivism are high. Many experts believe that stable employment is critical to a successful transition from prison to the community.The Joyce Foundation's Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD), also funded by the JEHT Foundation and the U.S. Department of Labor, tested employment programs for former prisoners in Chicago, Detroit, Milwaukee, and St. Paul, using a rigorous random assignment design. MDRC led the evaluation, along with the Urban Institute and the University of Michigan. The project focused on transitional jobs programs that provide temporary subsidized jobs, support services, and job placement help. Transitional jobs are seen as a promising model for former prisoners and for other disadvantaged groups.In 2007-2008, more than 1,800 men who had recently been released from prison were assigned, at random, to a transitional jobs program or to a program providing basic job search assistance but no subsidized jobs. The research team tracked both groups using state data on employment and recidivism. Because of the random assignment design, one can be confident that significant differences that emerged between the groups are attributable to the services each group received.This is the final report in the TJRD project. It assesses how the transitional jobs programs affected employment and recidivism during the two years after people entered the study.Key Findings: The transitional jobs programs substantially increased employment early in the study period by providing jobs to many who would not otherwise have worked. However, the gains faded as men left the transitional jobs, and the programs did not increase regular (unsubsidized) employment either during or after the program period. At the end of the second year, only about one-fifth of each group were employed in the formal labor market. Earnings impacts may have been somewhat larger when economic conditions were relatively poor and members of the job search group had more difficulty finding jobs. The transitional jobs programs did not significantly affect key measures of recidivism over the two-year follow-up period. About half each group were arrested, and a similar number returned to prison. Most of the prison admissions were for violations of parole rules, not new crimes.Overall, these results point to the need to develop and test enhancements to the transitional jobs model. For example, future tests could include enhancements such as extending the period of the transitional job, including vocational training as a core program component, or focusing more on the transition to regular employment by offering stronger financial incentives for participants. (Findings from the TJRD evaluation suggest that these financial incentives may improve earnings impacts.) Researchers and practitioners should also test other strategies to improve employment and recidivism outcomes for reentering prisoners.


[ENGLISH] The main goal of this project is to find an optimal current flowing through the DC-DC converter's inductor during the energy transfer from the voltage source to the load. To do this, it has been proposed a circuit divided into two blocks: the first one is a DC-DC converter whose main function is to convert an input voltage into a higher output voltage and the second one is a comparator whose main function is to compare two different voltages to force the DC-DC converter working in PFM mode and more particular in burst mode. To find this optimal current, first of all we have to validate performing a circuit simulation with LTspice software and later design a PCB layout to test it. All tests consist in obtaining the behaviour of the DC-DC converter if certain critical values are modified such as the programmable resistance of the circuit to change the inductor's current, the input voltage to simulate the wear that could may have the batteries, the output voltage of the circuit to emulate the circuits that require a different supply to operate and finally the output current of the circuit that emulates the current that can consume several circuits connected to the output of the DC-DC converter. As manufacturer says, in light-load conditions, this DC-DC converter has a very poor efficiency of 40% approximately working in PWM mode but if we change to PFM mode, this efficiency will double. To improve more the efficiency, burst mode is used and this efficiency will increase to 86% producing an enhancement of the efficiency between burst PFM mode and PWM of 49%.


This paper present the transient stability analysis of a power grid, which integrates both superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and gridable vehicles (GVs). Also, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation is devised to control GVs to charge from or discharge to the grid. Simulations of various faults are carried out under different penetration proportions of SMES and V2G power. The results of load angle response and system voltage response are given to illustrate that both SMES and GVs can enhance transient stability of the power grid. Moreover, the simultaneous use of SMES and GVs can further improve the system dynamic performances.


The present paper draws upon six years of applied practitioner research experience of the authors who were based within a Football in the Community (FitC) programme at an English Premier League football club in a deprived community in the UK. The paper explores the critical emergent issues concerned with participant recruitment, engagement and retention within a range of FitC physical activity, health improvement interventions with the following populations; primary school children, families, men aged 18–35 years and men aged 55 years and above. Results are drawn from a range of ethnographic, reflective and observational data collection and analysis techniques undertaken by the authors. A first person writing style is used alongside creative non-fiction vignettes. Results relating to the effectiveness of a range of behaviour and lifestyle change interventions are discussed. The authors conclude with a series of proposed operational and strategic ways forward for FitC schemes.


There is a general consensus that marine herbivores can affect algal species composition and abundance, but little empirical work exists on the role of herbivores as modifiers of the spatial structure of resource assemblages. Here, we test the consumption/bulldozing effects of the molluscan grazer Enoplochiton niger and its influence on the spatial structure of a low intertidal community dominated by the bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica and the kelp Lessonia spicata. Through field experiments conducted at a rocky intertidal shore in north-central Chile (~30°-32°S), the edge of the grazer and algae geographic distributions, we estimated the strength and variability of consumptive effects of the grazer on different functional group of algae. We also used data from abundance field surveys to evaluate spatial co-occurrence patterns of the study species. Exclusion-enclosure experiments showed that E. niger maintained primary space available by preventing algal colonization, even of large brown algae species. The grazing activity of E. niger also reduced spatial heterogeneity of the ephemeral algal species, increasing bare space availability and variability through time in similar ways to those observed for the collective effect with other grazers. Overall, our result suggests that E. niger can be considered an important modifier of the spatial structure of the large brown algae-dominated community. Effects of E. niger on resource variability seem to be directly related to its foraging patterns, large body size, and population densities, which are all relevant factors for management and conservation of the large brown algae community. Our study thus highlights the importance of considering functional roles and identity of generalist consumers on spatial structure of the entire landscape.


Confocal probes are widely employed in many industrial fields due to the depth-sectioning effect. The author's group has also proposed a chromatic confocal probe employing a mode-locked femtosecond laser source which can realize an axial resolution of 30 nm and a measurement range of 40 μm Efforts have also been made to improve the thermal stability of the developed femtosecond laser chromatic confocal probe so that the probe can be applied for long-term displacement measurement or surface profile measurement. Meanwhile, surface profile measurement has not been carried out by using the developed femtosecond laser chromatic confocal probe. For the verification of the performance of developed probe in profile measurement, in this paper, an experimental setup is built and a basic experiment is carried out. By using the probe with further improved thermal stability, the measurement of a sample surface profile is carried out. In this paper, the development of the experimental setup with the femtosecond laser chromatic confocal probe, as well as the results of the surface profile measurements, is presented.


Aggression is an antagonistic behaviour that includes hostile verbal, physical or sexual actions directed towards the self, others or objects. In neuropsychological terms, it is thought to arise when abnormalities of higher integrative functions in the cerebral cortex reduce cortical inhibitory influences, resulting in less inhibition and loss of control of violent ideation. Examples of such behaviour include swearing, shouting, throwing objects, hitting, picking, scratching and head banging. Aggression often occurs in association with agitation, where the patient has increased speech, movement, restlessness and anxiety.
Agitated, impulsive and self-injurious behaviour can be precipitated by anxiety secondary to medical conditions such as hyperthyroidism, hypoglycaemia and shortness of breath; undertreated pain; and delirium secondary to anticholinergic toxicity. In addition, environmental factors such as hyper-stimulating surroundings or excessively boring environs can trigger aggressive behaviour. Reduction of such antagonistic conduct can be effected by management of the underlying medical condition or social circumstance that triggered the hostile actions.
In contrast, unprovoked, impulsive aggressive behaviour which occurs in patients with central nervous system disorders usually requires treatment specifically to suppress the violent symptoms. Patients with neurological deficits such as traumatic head injury, mental retardation, seizure disorders and Alzheimer's-associated dementia can exhibit explosive agitation or aggression, which necessitates drug treatment. Such overt aggressive behaviour can also occur as a manifestation of psychiatric disorders such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, personality disorder, attention deficit disorder and schizophrenia.


Different genetic, physiological, and environmental conditions are likely to alter the metabolic composition of plants. Metabolomics aims to provide a comprehensive and unbiased analysis of all metabolites with a low molecular weight present in a biological sample and is therefore a very powerful tool for characterizing the plant metabolome. These studies are of great interest to plant scientists, since a systematic analysis of metabolites and metabolic pathways helps to elucidate how plants respond to genetic and environmental changes. Because of the diversity of structural classes of metabolites, ranging from primary metabolites to very complex secondary metabolites, there is no single methodology that can measure the complete metabolome in one step. By employing a combination of different instrument platforms and techniques, the differences in the metabolite profiles can be revealed. In particular, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), one of the oldest hybrid techniques in analytical chemistry, is considered to be one of the most developed, robust, and highly sensitive instrument platforms for metabolite analysis. GC–MS-based methodologies were among the first to be applied for metabolite profiling and target analysis, and offer established protocols for machine setup, data mining, and interpretation as well as commercially and publicly available EI ionization spectral libraries. This chapter first provides an overview of plant metabolite analysis, pointing out the advantages and limitations of GC–MS. Subsequently, the most relevant sections of the experimental workflow for plant metabolic profiling using GC–MS, including state-of-the-art sample handling, GC–MS instrument setup, and data processing, are described in detail. Finally, the chapter turns to the implementation of GC–MS in plant metabolomics, portraying various examples of applications and new developments of this technology.


Honeycomb and diamond networks have been proposed as alternatives to mesh and torus architectures for parallel processing. When wraparound links are included in honeycomb and diamond networks, the resulting structures can be viewed as having been derived via a systematic pruning scheme applied to the links of 2D and 3D tori, respectively. The removal of links, which is performed along a diagonal pruning direction, preserves the network's node-symmetry and diameter, while reducing its implementation complexity and VLSI layout area. In this paper, we prove that honeycomb and diamond networks are special subgraphs of complete 2D and 3D tori, respectively, and show this viewpoint to hold important implications for their physical layouts and routing schemes. Because pruning reduces the node degree without increasing the network diameter, the pruned networks have an advantage when the degree-diameter product is used as a figure of merit. Additionally, if the reduced node degree is used as an opportunity to increase the link bandwidths to equalize the costs of pruned and unpruned networks, a gain in communication performance may result.


At a time when families break up and employment is often short-term, society is increasingly forced to operate against a background of insecurity. Insecure Times looks at how this sense of risk and instability has affected the major institutions of social life. With examples and research taken from a range of European and North American societies today, this innovative text on contemporary society discusses such major issues as: * the causes of social and economic insecurity * insecurity and modern capitalism * the role of the state * insecurity and housing * contemporary family life.


This paper presents results from a number of studies that investigated the effects of noise from building mechanical systems on human task performance and perception. Three phases of research were conducted, each of which utilized a different set of noise signals produced by building mechanical systems: (1) broad‐band noise at different levels and spectral qualities, (2) tonal noise conditions, and (3) noise conditions with time‐varying fluctuations. In each phase, six different noise signals (many based on in‐situ measurements) were reproduced in an office‐like setting. Thirty participants completed tasks (e.g., typing, grammatical reasoning, and math) plus subjective questionnaires, while exposed to each noise condition for up to 1 h. In general, no statistically significant differences were found in task performance across the various noise signals tested. However, higher annoyance/distraction responses from the test subjects were often significantly correlated with reduced typing performance. These higher annoyance/distraction responses were also closely correlated to higher subjective ratings of loudness, followed by roar, rumble, and tones or fluctuations. Of particular interest is that a greater perception of low‐frequency rumble was significantly linked to reduced performance on both the routine and cognitively demanding tasks. [Work supported by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air‐Conditioning Engineers.]


This paper presents a web-based simulation-optimization system for improving production schedules in an advanced manufacturing cell at Volvo Aero Corporation in Sweden. The optimization aims at prioritizing components being processed in the cell in a way that minimizes both tardiness and lead times. Results from evaluating the implemented system shows a great improvement potential, but also indicates that further development is necessary before the system can be taken into operation.


Currently one small, native population of the culturally and ecologically important Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi, LCT, Federally listed) remains in the Truckee River watershed of northwestern Nevada and northeastern California. The majority of populations in this watershed were extirpated in the 1940s due to invasive species, overharvest, anthropogenic water consumption and changing precipitation regimes. In 1977, a population of cutthroat trout discovered in the Pilot Peak Mountains in the Bonneville basin of Utah, was putatively identified as the extirpated LCT lacustrine lineage native to Pyramid Lake in the Truckee River basin based on morphological and meristic characters. Our phylogenetic and Bayesian genotype clustering analyses of museum specimens collected from the large lakes (1872–1913) and contemporary samples collected from populations throughout the extant range provide evidence in support of a genetically distinct Truckee River basin origin for this population. Analysis of museum samples alone identified three distinct genotype clusters and historical connectivity among water bodies within the Truckee River basin. Baseline data from museum collections indicate that the extant Pilot Peak strain represents a remnant of the extirpated lacustrine lineage. Given the limitations on high-quality data when working with a sparse number of preserved museum samples, we acknowledge that, in the end, this may be a more complicated story. However, the paucity of remnant populations in the Truckee River watershed, in combination with data on the distribution of morphological, meristic and genetic data for Lahontan cutthroat trout, suggests that recovery strategies, particularly in the large lacustrine habitats should consider this lineage as an important part of the genetic legacy of this species.


Frequently burned low-latitude coniferous forests maintain a high-diversity understory. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forests and woodlands have exceptionally high diversity at fine scales and very frequent fire return intervals (1–3 yr). Furthermore, the positive association between high-frequency, low-intensity surface fires and high species richness in longleaf pine ecosystems is well documented but poorly understood. Recent studies have demonstrated additional linkages between specific fuel assemblages and fire intensity at small spatial scales. In this study, we build upon both patterns by using long-term datasets to examine the relationship between fire and specific fuel types, and how the combination of these two elements contributes to ground cover species diversity. We used 11 yr of monitoring data from longleaf pine forests at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida (USA), to parameterize a structural equation model that examines causal relationships between fuels and fire history on ground cover plant diversity. Overstory-derived fuels, including pine needle litter, pine cones, and other 10 and 100-h woody fuels, had the greatest positive impact on diversity in relatively open-canopied, frequently burned reference stands. A second model examined surface fuel components originating from the forest overstory as characterized by airborne light detection and ranging and found that pine needle litter was positively associated with canopy density. Our parameter estimates for causal relationships between easily measured variables and plant diversity will allow for the development of management models at the stand scale while being informed by fuels measured at the plot scale.


Modern medicine is awash with technological advance. Though the last three decades have witnessed countless pharmacological successes, the pace of novel drug development has slowed down. Since the dawn of the new century, medicine has embraced technological changes with a resultant increase in implantable devices. Though the attendant physician may feel that medical devices are the remit of the specialist, with the expanding indications for medical implants, it is likely that physicians will encounter unfamiliar devices in routine and emergency clinical practice.

Corbett et al highlight such issues within the sphere of endoscopy.1 Using an initial case of nucleus stimulators, the authors describe a successful endoscopic examination using a multidisciplinary approach. The authors indicate that the number of neurological and cardiac devices is rising. The Heart Rhythm network data indicates an increase in cardiac pacing (both basic and complex) and cardiac defibrillators.2 This data has also been corroborated on a European-wide basis.3 With increasing elderly populations observed throughout primary and secondary care, it is likely that the number of medical devices will increase further.

The concern with medical devices and endoscopy …


I propose and test a theoretical framework that explains institutional change in international relations. Like firms in markets, international institutions are affected by the underlying characteristics of their policy areas. Some policy areas are prone to produce institutions facing relatively little competition, limiting the outside options of member states and impeding redistributive change. In comparison, institutions facing severe competition will quickly reflect changes in underlying state interests and power. To test the theory empirically, I exploit common features of the Bretton Woods institutions�the International Monetary Fund and World Bank�to isolate the effect of variation in policy area characteristics. The empirical tests show that, despite having identical membership and internal rules, bargaining outcomes in the Bretton Woods institutions have diverged sharply and in accordance with the theory.


[1] One process for the formation of continental crust is the accretion of arc terranes at continental margins. A longstanding problem with this model is that although the composition of the continental crust is andesitic, the majority of arc lavas are basaltic. Moreover, those arc lavas that are andesitic tend to be evolved (lower Mg #) compared to the continental crust. Continental crust can be produced through mixing of basaltic and silicic arc lava compositions, assuming that mafic cumulates formed during generation of the silicic component are removed. If these cumulates are denser than the underlying mantle, removal can occur via foundering of lower arc crust. Indeed, field observations of the Talkeetna arc section in south central Alaska, combined with modeling of fractionation in primitive arc magmas, suggest that large amounts of primitive gabbronorite and pyroxenite are missing from the lower crust. Using rock compositions from the Talkeetna section and the free energy minimization program Perple_X, we calculated equilibrium mineral assemblages for a range of gabbroic and ultramafic compositions at P, T, oxygen fugacity (fO2), and H2O contents appropriate for arc lower crust. The quartz-olivine-garnet-free mineral assemblage found in the Talkeetna gabbronorites (and in the similar Kohistan section in Pakistan) defines a narrow range of fO2 centered on NNO+2 (±1 log unit). Predicted mineral assemblages calculated under these conditions were used to estimate the density and seismic structure of the arc lower crust. We find that the missing gabbroic and ultramafic rocks from the Talkeetna section were likely denser than the underlying mantle, while the gabbronorites that remain are either neutrally or slightly positively buoyant. Generalizing, we show that lower crustal Vp > 7.4 km/s in modern arcs is indicative of lower crust that is convectively unstable relative to the underlying mantle. However, most lower crust in modern arcs is observed to have Vp < 7.4 km/s, implying that gravitationally unstable material must founder rapidly on geologic timescales, or high Vp plutonic rocks crystallize beneath the Moho.


ABSTRACT Context: Chronic pain is highly prevalent in most of the industrialized nations around the world. Despite the documented adverse effects, opioids are widely used for pain management. Cannabinoids, and specifically Cannabidiol, is proposed as an opioid alternative, having comparable efficacy with better safety profile. Objectives: We aim to investigate the impact of full hemp extract cannabidiol (CBD) on opioid use and quality of life indicators among chronic pain patients. Methods: An initial sample of 131 patients was recruited from a private pain management center's investigative population. Ninety-seven patients completed the 8-week study. The primary inclusion criteria included patients between 30 and 65 years old with chronic pain who have been on opioids for at least 1 year. Data were collected at three different time points: baseline, 4, and 8 weeks. Opioid and other medication use were evaluated via the medication and psychiatric treatment receipt. Improvement was evaluated using four indices: Pain Disability Index (PDI-4); Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Pain Intensity and Interference (PEG); and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4). Results: Over half of chronic pain patients (53%) reduced or eliminated their opioids within 8 weeks after adding CBD-rich hemp extract to their regimens. Almost all CBD users (94%) reported quality of life improvements. The results indicated a significant relationship between CBD and PSQI (p = 0.003), and PEG (p = 0.006). There was a trend toward improvement but no significant relationship between CBD use and PHQ and PDI. Conclusion: CBD could significantly reduce opioid use and improve chronic pain and sleep quality among patients who are currently using opioids for pain management. Key Message: This is a prospective, single-arm cohort study for the potential role of cannabinoids as an alternative for opioids. The results indicate that using the CBD-rich extract enabled our patients to reduce or eliminate opioids with significant improvement in their quality of life indices.


Given the nature of the conflict in Afghanistan, a definitive, conventional "victory" is not a realistic option. Denying a sanctuary to terrorists who seek to attack the United States does not require Washington to pacify the entire country, eradicate its opium fields, or sustain a long-term military presence in Central Asia. From the sky, U.S. unmanned aerial vehicles can monitor villages, training camps, and insurgent compounds. On the ground, the United States can retain a small number of covert operatives for intelligence gathering and discrete operations against specific targets, as well as an additional small group of advisers to train Afghan police and military forces. The United States should withdraw most of its forces from Afghanistan within the next 12 to 18 months and treat al Qaeda's presence in the region as a chronic, but manageable, problem.Washington needs to narrow its objectives to three critical tasks:Security. Support, rather than supplant, indigenous security efforts by training and assisting the Afghan national army and police and, where appropriate, paying off or otherwise co-opting regional militias. Training should be tied to clear metrics. If those benchmarks are not achieved, Washington must cut its losses and cease further assistance. U.S. forces should not become Afghanistan's perpetual crutch.Intelligence and Regional Relations. Sustain intelligence operations in the region through aerial surveillance, covert operations, and ongoing intelligence-sharing with the Afghan and Pakistani governments. Seek cordial relations with all of Afghanistan's neighbors, particularly Russia and Iran, as each has the means to significantly undermine or facilitate progress in the country.Drugs. Dial back an opium eradication policy to one that solely targets drug cartels affiliated with insurgents rather than one that targets all traffickers, including poor local farmers. Harassing the latter alienates a significant portion of the rural population.Central Asia holds little intrinsic strategic value to the United States, and America's security will not be endangered even if an oppressive regime takes over a contiguous fraction of Afghan territory. America's objective has been to neutralize the parties responsible for the atrocities committed on 9/11. The United States should not go beyond that objective by combating a regional insurgency or drifting into an open-ended occupation and nation-building mission.Most important, Afghanistan serves as the crossroads of Central Asia. From its invasion by Genghis Khan and his two-million strong Mongol hordes to the superpower proxy war between the United States and the Soviet Union, Afghanistan's trade routes and land-locked position in the middle of the region have for centuries rendered it vulnerable to invasion by external powers. Although Afghanistan has endured successive waves of Persian, Greek, Arab, Turk, Mongol, British, and Soviet invaders, no occupying power has ever successfully conquered it. There's a reason why it has been described as the "graveyard of empires," and unless America scales down its objectives, it risks meeting a similar fate.


It is the intent of this course to deal with the very broad aspects of coal petrology. In the process of doing this, the authors intend to point out many of the areas in which the science has been applied to geological and various production problems and also to suggest some areas where future work may be of value. The emphasis is to provide some basic reference materials, some procedural techniques and possibly some ideas for those of you who wish to pursue work in this area. This course is not intended to train you as a coal petrologist but rather to give you some ideas of what the capabilities and limitations of the field are, and to help you get started on your own if you wish to pursue any of these ideas to greater length.


This document provides an overview of the Operations, Administration,
and Maintenance (OAM) toolset for MPLS-based transport networks. The
toolset consists of a comprehensive set of fault management and
performance monitoring capabilities (operating in the data plane) that
are appropriate for transport networks as required in RFC 5860 and
support the network and services at different nested levels. This
overview includes a brief recap of the MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-
TP) OAM requirements and functions and the generic mechanisms created
in the MPLS data plane that allow the OAM packets to run in-band and
share their fate with data packets. The protocol definitions for each
of the MPLS-TP OAM tools are defined in separate documents (RFCs or
Working Group documents), which are referenced by this document. This
document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.


I started this project investigating change management techniques used in
organisations to effect organisational change recognizing the constant change that
organisations of which I have recently been a member seemed to go through. In
most cases these changes created turmoil and tension in the workplace. I had
undergone ERP implementations, attempts at organisational cultural change and a
merger and acquisition. On beginning to investigate the theory I quickly became
aware that, in order to make recommendations, I would need to focus on one
particular type of context. Although there are some general precepts regarding
implementation of any type of change such as Kotter's eight steps (2008 p. 10) or
Lewin's model of change (2006 p. 487), I would need to focus on a particular type of
change in order to limit the context to one where the issues being faced would be
similar across various case studies and review of the theory. This led me to think
about which type of context I should choose. I began reviewing general change
management literature about implementation of new systems or processes and
cultural change to effect organisation wide change due to a changing business
environment or enhancing competitive advantage. Further reflection about my
experiences led me to the realisation that the event which had caused the most
stress was the post M&A integration. Although the organisation had a history of
undergoing MU'S this did not appear to reduce the level of chaos that ensued. I
remembered well confusion experienced during the post M&A integration as a result
of changing role demands, increased workloads, customer dissatisfaction,
uncertainty about the future, cultural differences due to opposing managerial styles
and lack of communication. While through further theory investigation I realised that
many others had undergone similar experiences following an acquisition and became
aware of the complexities involved in managing these processes (Allred, B.B; Boal,
K.B. and Holstein, W.K., 2005 pp. 23-24). I also realised that each M&A was unique,
that no two contexts were exactly the same. For this reason I felt that my own
experience would enable me to contribute to or support in some way the body of
existent knowledge. However, I was concerned that focusing my research project on
this particular subject area would involve a huge amount of background work for
which time constraints would not allow. Although I had direct experience of an MU,
I knew nothing about the subject matter on a broader level. I was also concerned
about access to primary data that would be relevant to the research. After
discussions with some personal contacts whom I felt might be of assistance I
decided to focus my research project on the role that management of cultural
integration plays in overall merger and acquisition (hereafter MU) performance. It
is a complex issue to address due to the many variables to be taken into account
when attempting to explain M&A performance. To give but some examples of these
variables: purchase price, performance within the industry, long-term impact on the
competitive environment and how the M&A affects the organisations position within
that environment might all have a place in the descriptive narrative about whether a
particular M&A in hindsight was a good idea or not. Therefore, it is problematic to
define the success or failure of an M&A as organisations decide to proceed with an
acquisition for so many different reasons and long term results can look quite
different from short term ones. Some writers such as Porter (1988, pp. 39-42)
consider failure as being the divestment of the acquired firm within a certain number
of years, although this again is not necessarily the case depending on what the
organisation set out to achieve through the acquisition in the first place and whether
spin offs are total or not. It is, in my view, problematic to really determine failure,
even if longer term analysis is attempted as Porter (1988 p. 35) has done through
studies of organisations over a period from 1950 to 1986. He admits himself that it
would be impossible to compare what an organisation is with what it "might have
been" (Porter, 1988 p. 42). For example an organisation within the pharmaceutical
sector may decide to acquire another for specific FDA approvals or products but may
wish to spin off large parts of the business which are seen not to have a long term
future. One of the reasons M&A's fail is that the acquired company has been
overvalued in the first place (Shaked, Orelowitz and Marcus, 2010 pp. 40-42).
However, the importance of a search for accurate and detailed information prior to
signing up to a deal would seem essential. It is at this stage, called due diligence,
that information can be requested so that as much 21s possible is known about the
target firm in terms of it's potential liabilities, risks and operations. In order to
prevent unforeseen difficulties in achieving the business strategy, attention should
be paid to obtaining information which might indicate whether planned synergies
can really be achieved and/ or cultures combined if that is necessary.
Cultural change issues are challenging to deliver and take years to orchestrate if this
is even at all possible. Although there is general recognition that culture does
change there appears to be confusion about what exactly causes it to do so and
what causes the so called clashes when different cultures collide. Which leads us to
the question of how culture does actually change, there is some evidence as
discussed in the literature review that external events which cause shifts in the
macro environment are a significant factor (Eriksen, 2007 pp. 135-138). In other
words times of change may be the best time to implement change. In my literature
review and subsequently through my primary research results I set out to
investigate this issue in order to then examine how two different cultures interact.
What are the elements that will influence this interaction to produce either positive
results or destructive ones.
When difficulties caused by the differences in cultural identities do arise the question
becomes "what impact does this have on achieving M&A targets?". Again we are
faced with the difficulty of how to measure success or failure. It is possible to
compare share prices pre and post acquisition although these are driven by analysts'
assessments and are not necessarily the most accurate manner in which to measure
an organisations value, they can often be affected by widespread speculation which
may later turn out to have been erroneous. While the issue of increased shareholder
value is obviously significant it is also difficult to attribute value decreases to an
acquisition alone (Moeller, Schlingemann and Stulz, 2005 pp. 778-781). Another way
in which to measure performance might be to compare financial targets with results
achieved, although here again I believe there is scope for a significant margin of
error as targets set may have been unrealistic in the first place or may become
unrealistic due to changing external circumstances such as the recent global
recession or the loss of the biggest customer for no other reason than a re-tender
resulting in a new contractor being selected. In my view the coming about of any of
these factors, which indelibly change results, are not reflective of a failed M&A in
proper terms but rather the effect of elements outside of the scope of the M&A. In
the case of targets having been unrealistic the fact that they haven't been met
would not necessarily indicate failure, for example if the venture is nonetheless
profitable its occurrence may be rightly celebrated as having been justified.
Mergers and acquisitions are increasingly used by businesses to diversify, increase
market share or geographical reach yet the management of these is extremely
complex and I believe that each new reflective account of experience will undoubted
have something to add to the body of knowledge.
The first section of my dissertation is an introduction section which addresses a
background overview leading to the choice of topic, the research question itself, as
well as it's scope, limitations and significance. The literature review which provides
an overview of recent research is the basis for a theoretical framework around which
I have begun my work. I have included elements of writings which are in some
contradiction to each other so that a broad understanding of the issues at question
is achieved. I have also focused on M&A performance, cultural change and
managing socio-cultural integration during the post-merger phase. A description of
the main methodologies I have used to undertake primary research data collection
and analysis, as well as my philosophical approaches to the research is outlined.
Finally, section four, five and six relate to my research findings and my
recommendations.


This paper presents results on the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of mesozooplankton in the naturally fertilized region to the east of the Kerguelen Islands (Southern Ocean) visited at early bloom stage during the KEOPS2 survey (15 October to 20 November 2011). The aim of this study was to compare the zooplankton response in contrasted environments localized over the Kergue-len Plateau in waters of the east shelf and shelf edge and in productive oceanic deep waters characterized by conditions of complex circulation and rapidly changing phytoplankton biomass. The mesozooplankton community responded to the spring bloom earlier on the plateau than in the oceanic waters, where complex mesoscale circulation stimulated initial more or less ephemeral blooms before a broader bloom extension. Taxonomic compositions showed a high degree of similarity across the whole region, and the populations initially responded to spring bloom with a large production of lar-val forms increasing abundances, without biomass changes. Taxonomic composition and stable isotope ratios of size-fractionated zooplankton indicated the strong domination of herbivores, and the total zooplankton biomass values over the survey presented a significant correlation with the integrated chlorophyll concentrations in the mixed layer. The biomass stocks observed at the beginning of the KEOPS2 cruise were around 1.7 g C m −2 above the plateau and 1.2 g C m −2 in oceanic waters. Zooplankton biomass in oceanic waters remained on average below 2 g C m −2 over the study period, except for one station in the Polar Front zone (F-L), whereas zooplankton biomasses were around 4 g C m −2 on the plateau at the end of the survey. The most remarkable feature during the sampling period was the stronger increase in abundance in the oceanic waters (25 × 10 3 to 160 × 10 3 ind m −2) than on the plateau (25 × 10 3 to 90 × 10 3 ind m −2). The size structure and tax-onomic distribution patterns revealed a cumulative contribution of various larval stages of dominant copepods and euphausiids particularly in the oceanic waters, with clearly identifiable stages of progress during a Lagrangian time series survey. The reproduction and early stage development of dominant species were sustained by mesoscale-related initial ephemeral blooms in oceanic waters, but growth was still food-limited and zooplankton biomass stagnated. In contrast, zooplankton abundance and biomass on the shelf were both in a growing phase, at slightly different rates, due to growth under sub-optimal conditions. Combined with our observations during the KEOPS1 survey (January–February 2005), the present results deliver a consistent understanding of patterns in mesozooplankton abundance and biomass from early spring to summer in the poorly documented oceanic region east of the Kerguelen Islands.


The improvement of the manufacturing and service industry increases from time to time, that makes every man in the industry must ready to compete with the competitors. All the problems and factors that has connection with productivity are more necessary to be researched.       This research was held in Pinus Bag's Specialist, a bag factory. This research focuses on work method and work layout that used by operator.Then,  the inquity of correction hold by applicating 5S method to work environment After analyzing and discussing data like measurement assemble time data and 5S method analysis on work layout before and after the inquity of correction, the result is the number of production from layout after the inquity of correction increases compare to number of production from layout before inquity of correction. The proof is productivity index increases from layout before inquity of correction is 97,5 % compare to productivity index after inquity of correction  are  115 %. It can be said that micromotion study and 5S method has brought good effect to fixed work method by eliminating ineffective movement and decorate work environment that can increase work productivity of operator.                  Keywords : Micromotion Study, 5S Method


other functional groups. Alkanes have the general formula \(C_nH_{2n+2}\) and can be subdivided into the following three groups: the linear straight-chain alkanes, branched alkanes, and cycloalkanes. Alkanes are also saturated hydrocarbons. Alkanes are the simplest and least reactive hydrocarbon species containing only carbons and hydrogens. They are commercially very important, being the principal constituent of gasoline and lubricating oils and are extensively employed in organic chemistry; though the role of pure alkanes (such as hexanes) is delegated mostly to solvents. The distinguishing feature of an alkane, making it distinct from other compounds that also exclusively contain carbon and hydrogen, is its lack of unsaturation. That is to say, it contains no double or triple bonds, which are highly reactive in organic chemistry. Though not totally devoid of reactivity, their lack of reactivity under most laboratory conditions makes them a relatively uninteresting, though very important component of organic chemistry. As you will learn about later, the energy confined within the carbon-carbon bond and the carbon-hydrogen bond is quite high and their rapid oxidation produces a large amount of heat, typically in the form of fire.


Abstract In this contribution we describe the fossil remains of a new genus and species of a giant rodent, Arazamys castiglionii (Mammalia, Rodentia, Dinomyidae), from Arazatí beach in San José Department, southern Uruguay. The specimen was exhumed from pelitic sediments of the Camacho Formation, biostratigraphically assigned to the late Miocene Huayquerian South American Land Mammal Age. The remains include an incomplete skull (braincase, auditory region, and nearly full dentition) and the atlas. Based on comparative studies of the anatomy of the auditory region, we describe 2 morphologies for the subfamily Eumegamyinae, 1 characterized by a short meatus acusticus externus, a great development of the foramen stylomastoideum, and a conspicuous ectotympanic cavity, and a 2nd characterized by a long meatus acusticus externus and lack of the ectotympanic fossa. The potential taxonomic and systematic value of the auditory region in Dinomyidae is discussed.


There are many risks of network attacks under the Internet environment, internet security is a vital issue and therefore, the intrusion detection is one major research problem for business and personal networks to resist external attacks. The goal of Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) is to provide a wall of defense to confront the attacks of computer systems on Internet where the conventional firewall do not succeeds. In this paper, comparison of most commonly used machine learning techniques based on genetic algorithm, support vector machines, artificial neural networks, etc. in intrusion detection domain, has been made. A comparative analysis of these techniques to detect intrusions in host and networks has also been made.


'Conventional musical theatre form – the
telling of a story through speech, song, and
dance – is linked to content: a love story
and developing romance.' (Wolf, 2011:8);
what may be understood as the Rodgers
and Hammerstein musical theatre format,
is remarkably resilient in the face of
apparent attempts at re-making the form.
It continues to underpin musicals widely
regarded as ground-breaking, such as Rent
(1996) and Hamilton (2015). This paper
will argue that Tom Kitt and Brian
Yorkey's "feel-everything musical'
(Brantley, 2009), Next to Normal (2008)
resists incorporation into or deep
structuring by received convention. Next
to Normal employs rock music to
underscore and enhance its emotional
content, has a twist that still shocks after
repeated exposure, and subverts the
traditional 'marriage trope'. Next to
Normal's protagonist chooses to enact the
'divorce trope'- 'in which a woman creates
the sensibility of a musical by leaving an
existing unworkable reality to invent
herself' (Knapp, 2016:822) - rather than
conforming at the expense of her identity.
Scott McMillan argues that the driving
factor in musical theatre isn't seamless
integration but 'the crackle of difference'
(McMillan, 2006:2) as the musical shifts
between 'book time' and 'lyric time'
(McMillan 2006). Next to Normal
maximises the dynamic energy of the
tension between linear Aristotelian
narrative progression and cyclical
repetitive musical development to explore
the effects of mental illness on a suburban
American family. This manifesto will
explore how this predominantly sungthrough
musical 'combines its use of music
with issues of visibility in order to reveal
multiple views of reality' (Donnelly,
2011:18). Because of this, Next to Normal
may be understood as marking a moment
3 / 7
of transition within musical theatre genre.
The paper will also consider the impact on
audiences of spending some eighty per
cent of the show suspended in lyric time
without the option to return to the
perceived normalcy of book time. The
parallels between actual spectator
experience and that of the show's central
protagonist Diana are suggestive, and the
condition of immersion in music is all the
more resonant when explored in relation
to recent neuroscientific research (Molnar-
Szakacs & Overy (2006); Keysers (2010)).
The show also lends itself to analysis in a
post 'author-god' (Barthes, 1977:52)
environment, where multiple meanings
and readings are permissible. Traditional
audience/protagonist relations are
challenged by the realisation that we have
bought into Diana's delusions, allowing us
to choose between the differing narratives
and realities of the show's characters. The
multi-dimensional idea is further
developed by the original Broadway
production's use of Twitter to create a
simultaneous cyber reality and allow even
more readings and interpretations. It is
recorded that one fan approached an actor
in the show to ask if he tweeted from the
wings. (Newman, 2009)
This manifesto will be supported by a
pedagogical exploration of extracts from
the text in performance; analysing how
theories, research and findings, such as
those mentioned, intersect with repertoire
to create a powerful piece of musical
theatre. This session will actively engage
with text and theory to explore musical
theatre's capacity to engage with
audiences at a much deeper level than its
commercial populist label would suggest.


Neural Architecture Search (NAS) automates and prospers the design of neural networks. Estimator-based NAS has been proposed recently to model the relationship between architectures and their performance to enable scalable and flexible search. However, existing estimator-based methods encode the architecture into a latent space without considering graph similarity. Ignoring graph similarity in node-based search space may induce a large inconsistency between similar graphs and their distance in the continuous encoding space, leading to inaccurate encoding representation and/or reduced representation capacity that can yield sub-optimal search results. To preserve graph correlation information in encoding, we propose NASGEM which stands for Neural Architecture Search via Graph Embedding Method. NASGEM is driven by a novel graph embedding method equipped with similarity measures to capture the graph topology information. By precisely estimating the graph distance and using an auxiliary Weisfeiler-Lehman kernel to guide the encoding, NASGEM can utilize additional structural information to get more accurate graph representation to improve the search efficiency. GEMNet, a set of networks discovered by NASGEM, consistently outperforms networks crafted by existing search methods in classification tasks, i.e., with 0.4%-3.6% higher accuracy while having 11%- 21% fewer Multiply-Accumulates. We further transfer GEMNet for COCO object detection. In both one-stage and twostage detectors, our GEMNet surpasses its manually-crafted and automatically-searched counterparts.


A class of agent architectures is analyzed for reliability and logical consistency. Formal analysis can help to uncover unaccounted for corners or cases where the agent based system can potentially fail to perform as implied by the theory. The agents perform modelling, controller optimization, implementation and also monitor performance. The global convergence of performance of the agent system is proven
under mild assumptions. The formerly introduced cautiously optimistic family of control agent architectures is analyzed in this paper by formal and simulation methods


Multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) are subjected to high strain rate flexural loading via drop tower and air gun tests, with PWB strain rates ranging from 1/s to 10/s. Three MLCC part sizes, three different manufacturers, and standard and flexible termination parts are included in the study. Standard termination capacitors failed via the well documented flex crack failure mechanism. However in all cases this crack followed a vertical path not typical of this failure mechanism. Flexible termination capacitors failed via a newly discovered failure mechanism involving delamination in the end cap metallization between the silver filled epoxy and the nickel-tin plating. For size 1206 parts, this delamination was seen in both end caps, and the part detached from the test board. For size 0603 parts, this delamination occurred in one end cap, while the opposite end cap fractured though the ceramic in a manner similar to a flex crack. Size 0603 parts also failed via the vertical flex cracks documented in standard termination parts. All of the documented failures of MLCC devices at PWB strain rates of ≥ 1/s occurred at maximum PWB strain values greater than an order of magnitude lower than those seen in lower strain rate testing. This rate dependency of MLCC part failures has vast implications for products intended for high rate environments. Additionally, when the PWB strain rate was increased along with PWB maximum strain, flexible termination capacitors performed worse than their standard termination equivalents. This brings to issue the role of these next generation parts in portable consumer electronic devices as well as other designs with high rate implications. Ball grid array (BGA) devices are subjected to four point bend tests via a servo-hydraulic testing machine at PWB strain rates ≤ 0.1/s. The resulting BGA data is found to adhere reasonably well to the Coffin-Manson low cycle fatigue relationship. Independently generated BGA data that differs with respect to many testing variables is plotted alongside the experimental data. The high correlation of the data set indicates the possibility of creating a BGA mechanical failure model that is independent of failure site, package type, and test specifications. ii Dedication To my wife Kelly, who did not know me in my early graduate studies, but supported me through the most difficult year that any Ph.D. student goes through – their last.


For all the debate over executive pay and the ensuing "shareholder spring" which accompanied it, we still understand little about the value of the combined capabilities of those charged with the responsibility of executing decisions on behalf of the owners of capital. This paper represents a first step along the way to better understanding the value of executive capital by examining the relational attributes possessed by senior organizational leaders operating in the human resources function. Our decision to focus on individual executives in HR turns on several factors. First, although now a decade and a half since the publication of Human Resources Champions (Ulrich, 1997), the debate over the competence of HR executives still remains firmly rooted in establishing the key capabilities of individuals rather than establishing their relational and collaborative social capital and legitimacy in the eyes of the other key functional players in the executive spaces in which they operate. Consequently, this has given rise to a second factor sparking our interest in HR executives – namely, whilst the majority of other functional leads can confidently claim to have secured a seat around the boardroom table, those in the HR function still, apparently, remain on the outside of the boardroom looking in. In challenging this perceived lack of executive credibility, we demonstrate by way of both results from a survey with several hundred executives and accompanying research interviews with boardroom players, including chief executives and finance directors amongst others, that many HR executives not only possess the skills and credibility to operate in the upper echelons of the executive cadre of their organizations but, in addition, by examining life through their eyes, we can begin to explore the executive craft utilized by organizational leaders. This craft, we argue, can if properly understood, can be seen as an intangible source of competitive advantage.


This thesis describes the discovery, cloning, and initial characterization of StarD4, a sterol-regulated gene encoding a StAR-related lipid transfer (START) protein, and its two close homologues, StarD5 and StarD6. StarD4 was identified using cDNA microarrays, as liver StarD4 expression decreased three-fold in mice fed a high cholesterol diet. StarD4 was also sterol-regulated in cultured cells, and a functional sterol regulatory element (SRE) was identified in its promoter. StarD4 was preferentially activated in mouse liver by SREBP-2 rather than SREBP-1, supporting a role in cholesterol rather than fatty acid metabolism. The X-ray crystal structure of StarD4 was solved, revealing a hydrophobic lipid binding cavity as described for other START domains. StarD5 and StarD6 were identified by homology to StarD4, and these three genes constituted a novel subfamily most similar to the cholesterolbinding START domains of StAR and MLN64. StarD4 and StarD5 were ubiquitously expressed with highest mRNA levels in liver, while StarD6 expression was limited to male germ cells of the testis. StarD5 was not activated by SREBP or LXR transcription factors, well-characterized regulators of cholesterol metabolism, but rather by the ER stress response, a recently-described means by which cholesterol regulates gene expression. The nematode C. elegans has one StarD4 subfamily protein, K02D3.2. Reporter studies indicated that this gene was not regulated by cholesterol or ER stress, and it was only expressed in hypodermal seam cells of embryos and larvae. Overexpression of StarD4 and StarD5 revealed functional activity in three cell culture assays: (1) StAR-like activation of steroidogenesis by the mitochondrial P450 side chain cleavage enzyme, (2) repression of an SREBP-regulated reporter, and (3) activation of an LXR-regulated reporter. The START domains of StAR and MLN64 were active in these assays, while the related phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (PCTP) was an inactive negative control. Based on these results, the novel StarD4 subfamily is likely to play roles in the intracellular transport and metabolism of cholesterol.


The Impala Platinum Limited Base Metals Refinery in Springs, South Africa, refines convertor matte containing base metals and PGM's (platinum group metals) using a hydrometallurgical process. In addition to a PGM-rich concentrate that is further refined, the Base Metals Refinery produces nickel (in powder or briquette form), copper cathodes and cobalt powder. Five leaching stages are utilized to remove the base metals and impurities from the PGM concentrate. The project described in this paper involves a radical redesign of the second stage leach autoclave with the aim of reducing maintenance costs and downtime, increasing throughput and ensuring a safer working environment. The second stage leach process at the Base Metals Refinery, produces a PGM-rich residue through the extraction of copper and any remaining base metals from the first stage leach solid residue material. Leaching is performed in an autoclave operating at a pressure of 600 kPaG and a temperature of 140°C to 150°C. Concentrated H2SO4 is added to the feed to produce a solution with a free acid content between 10 and 30 g/ L and a pH of less than 2. Oxygen is passed into the 1st and 2nd compartments of the autoclave. As a result of the aggressive, highly oxidizing conditions within the autoclave, the original design utilized a heavy wall carbon steel shell with lead lining and two layers of acid bricks. The bricks acted as a wear resistant material and ensured a low surface temperature at the skin of the lead lining, whereas the lead lining acted as a corrosion barrier to protect the steel shell. These brick lined autoclaves were heavy, maintenance intensive and prone to catastrophic failure. A radical autoclave redesign was needed to reduce the high costs of manufacturing, installation and operation. Finite element modelling was used to optimize the design and various high alloy materials were investigated for the application. Based on extensive test work, the carbon steel shell was replaced with duplex SAF 2205 stainless steel in the new design. The use of this highly corrosion resistant material, eliminates the need for the lead and brick linings and reduces the wall thickness requirements substantially, resulting in an increase in the available volume for the same external shell dimensions. The vessel is welded in circular sections to form an elongated, impermeable, cylindrical body, with several agitator nozzles and compartments. The first new duplex stainless steel unit has been in continuous operation for more than 24 months and its performance has exceeded the highest expectations. The design was so successful that a patent has been registered. The major benefits of the new stainless steel design include increased throughput, improved performance, less downtime and a safer working environment. Lead has been eliminated and replaced with a more environmentally safe material, and the total lifespan of the vessel has been extended. In addition, the autoclave project has made significant developments in advancing the field of welding and optimizing the integrity of welding quality standards in South Africa.


This paper proposes a multi-agent approach to power system restoration. The proposed system consists of several bus agents (BAGs) and a single facilitator agent (FAG). A BAG is developed to decide a sub-optimal target configuration after faults occur by interacting with other BAGs, while a FAG is developed to act as a manager for the decision process. The interaction of several simple agents leads to a dynamic system allowing efficient approximation of a solution. It is shown from simulation results that this method is able to obtain sub-optimal target configurations which are the same as ones obtained by a mathematical programming approach.


In times of stress, long-lived proteins increase their durability. The ability to measure protein half-lives on a large scale in human cells should contribute to our understanding of a variety of physiological and pathological processes. To meet this goal, Eden et al. (see the Perspective by Plotkin) developed a method called bleach-chase. Bleach-chase was used to reveal an unexpectedly simple response of fluorescently tagged protein half-lives to stresses and to drugs that stop cell division: Long-lived proteins become longer-lived. It appears that changes in cell growth cause changes in the intracellular dilution rates of proteins, which are not balanced by corresponding changes in active protein degradation. E. Eden, N. Geva-Zatorsky, I. Issaeva, A. Cohen, E. Dekel, T. Danon, L. Cohen, A. Mayo, U. Alon, Proteome half-life dynamics in living human cells. Science 331, 764–768 (2011). [Abstract] [Full Text] J. B. Plotkin, The lives of proteins. Science 331, 683–684 (2011). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Moustafa Hussein Aly Dispersion Compensation Using Linearly Chirped Polymer Fiber Bragg Grating A polymer fiber Bragg grating is modeled and investigated as a dispersion compensator using linearly chirped grating at different strain values. The obtained dispersion for the grating cancels the fiber dispersion, resulting in dispersion compensation in the fiber channel. The study includes the effect of the modulation depth on the grating reflectivity and the apodization profile effect on the maximum allowed length of the fiber Bragg grating.


The application of cable bolts as a secondary support system in coal mines has substantially increased over the last decades. This development emphasises a prerequisite for a better understanding of the mechanical behaviour of cable bolts in combination of shear and axial loads, which is of interest to geotechnical engineers and designers of underground structures. Based on various research studies undertaken, analytical models have been proposed to assess the shear performance of cable bolts with the aim of designing safe and sustainable rock structures. Recently, a shear strength model for cable bolts was proposed by Aziz et al., (2015). The model was based on Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and the Fourier series concept. The proposed analytical model was associated with a set of systematic experimental studies by which model coefficients were calibrated. This paper compares the performance of a number of proposed mathematical models against the experimental data and presents a model that simulates the shear behaviour of cable bolts, which is in agreement with the experimental results.


Abstract. This work explores the potential of the distributed GEM-Hydro runoff modeling platform, developed at Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) over the last decade. More precisely, the aim is to develop a robust implementation methodology to perform reliable streamflow simulations with a distributed model over large and partly ungauged basins, in an efficient manner. The latest version of GEM-Hydro combines the SVS (Soil, Vegetation and Snow) land-surface scheme and the WATROUTE routing scheme. SVS has never been evaluated from a hydrological point of view, which is done here for all major rivers flowing into Lake Ontario. Two established hydrological models are confronted to GEM-Hydro, namely MESH and WATFLOOD, which share the same routing scheme (WATROUTE) but rely on different land-surface schemes. All models are calibrated using the same meteorological forcings, objective function, calibration algorithm, and basin delineation. GEM-Hydro is shown to be competitive with MESH and WATFLOOD: the NSE   √ (Nash–Sutcliffe criterion computed on the square root of the flows) is for example equal to 0.83 for MESH and GEM-Hydro in validation on the Moira River basin, and to 0.68 for WATFLOOD. A computationally efficient strategy is proposed to calibrate SVS: a simple unit hydrograph is used for routing instead of WATROUTE. Global and local calibration strategies are compared in order to estimate runoff for ungauged portions of the Lake Ontario basin. Overall, streamflow predictions obtained using a global calibration strategy, in which a single parameter set is identified for the whole basin of Lake Ontario, show accuracy comparable to the predictions based on local calibration: the average NSE   √ in validation and over seven subbasins is 0.73 and 0.61, respectively for local and global calibrations. Hence, global calibration provides spatially consistent parameter values, robust performance at gauged locations, and reduces the complexity and computation burden of the calibration procedure. This work contributes to the Great Lakes Runoff Inter-comparison Project for Lake Ontario (GRIP-O), which aims at improving Lake Ontario basin runoff simulations by comparing different models using the same input forcings. The main outcome of this study consists in a new generalizable methodology for implementing a distributed hydrologic model with a high computation cost in an efficient and reliable manner, over a large area with ungauged portions, using global calibration and a unit hydrograph to replace the routing component.


The literature has documented the disproportionate rate of HIV infection among women of color, mainly, African American women and Latinas. The current trend shows that the number of cases affecting these sub-populations will continue to increase. A gap exists in the literature in understanding the coping strategies of Mexican American women living with HIV. Using an ethnographic approach, this research answers the central question of how Mexican American women live with and make meaning of their HIV status. This researcher used a sample of 15 Mexican American women living with HIV who had participated in the Mujeres Unidas support group in San Antonio, Texas. The most common theme found was how the role of faith was central to their lives. It was clear that this belief served as their primary source of strength. The findings suggest the need for social workers to examine new paradigms, strategies, and interventions that focus on the broad social, economic, and community factors that put vii Mexican American women disproportionately at risk for HIV. These factors include poverty, income and wealth inequality, poor quality of life, racism, sexism, and low socioeconomic status, which are all major risk factors for ill health and health disparities. This research demands that social workers and other researchers examining coping skills address the issues of resiliency and strengths perspective in understanding the ways in which the life journey unfolds for Mexican American women living with HIV. Although, this study focused on Mexican American women, future research is needed to compare this group to other women living with HIV as there may be cultural differences that exist. Additional research is needed in studying the role that religion plays in the lives of Mexican American women living with HIV as many of the participants revealed that they left things up to ―God's will.‖ Among the unexpected findings, the theme of viewing their situation from the perspective of ―Un dia a la vez‖ (One day at a time) suggests that the belief that the course of their lives is not necessarily under their control which could be related to fatalism (fatalism).


This paper provides a review of the applicable thermodynamic cycle and performance considerations when the rotary-vee mechanism is used as an internal combustion (I. C.) heat engine. Included is a simplified kinematic analysis and studies of the effects of design parameters on the critical pressures, torques and parasitic losses. A discussion of the principal findings is presented.


We propose a novel method based on wavelet thresholding for enhancement of decompressed transform coded images. Transform coding at low bit rates typically introduces artifacts associated with the basis functions of the transform. In particular, the method works remarkably well in "deblocking" of DCT compressed images. The method is nonlinear, computationally efficient, and spatially adaptive and has the distinct feature that it removes artifacts yet retain sharp features in the images. An important implication of this result is that images coded using the JPEG standard can efficiently be postprocessed to give significantly improved visual quality in the images. The algorithm can use a conventional JPEG encoder and decoder for which VLSI chips are available.<<ETX>>


We consider the problem of Gaussian mixture clustering in the high-dimensional limit where the data consists of m points in n dimensions, n,m → ∞ and α = m/n stays finite. Using exact but non-rigorous methods from statistical physics, we determine the critical value of α and the distance between the clusters at which it becomes information-theoretically possible to reconstruct the membership into clusters better than chance. We also determine the accuracy achievable by the Bayes-optimal estimation algorithm. In particular, we find that when the number of clusters is sufficiently large, r > 4+2√α, there is a gap between the threshold for information-theoretically optimal performance and the threshold at which known algorithms succeed.


Book synopsis: Rothschild Buildings were typical of the 'model dwellings for the working classes' which were such an important part of the response to late-Victorian London's housing problem. They were built for poor but respectable Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, and the community which put down roots there was to be characteristic of the East End Jewish working class in its formative years.

By talking to people who grew up in the Buildings in the 1890s and after, and using untapped documentary evidence from a wide range of public and private sources, the author re-creates the richly detailed life of that community and its relations with the economy and culture around it. The book shows how cramped and austere housing was made into homes; how the mechanism of class domination, of which the Buildings were part, was both accepted and fought against; how a close community was riven with constantly shifting tensions; and how that community co-existed in surprising ways with the East End casual poor of 'outcast London'.

It provides unique and fascinating insights into immigrant and working-class life at the turn of the last century.


Making Sense of Japanese is the fruit of one foolhardy American's thirty-year struggle to learn and teach the Language of the Infinite. Previously known as Gone Fishin', this book has brought Jay Rubin more feedback than any of his literary translations or scholarly tomes, "even if," he says, "you discount the hate mail from spin-casters and the stray gill-netter." To convey his conviction that "the Japanese language is not vague," Rubin has dared to explain how some of the most challenging Japanese grammatical forms work in terms of everyday English. Reached recently at a recuperative center in the hills north of Kyoto, Rubin declared, "I'm still pretty sure that Japanese is not vague. Or at least, it's not as vague as it used to be. Probably." The notorious "subjectless sentence" of Japanese comes under close scrutiny in Part One. A sentence can't be a sentence without a subject, so even in cases where the subject seems to be lost or hiding, the author provides the tools to help you find it. Some attention is paid as well to the rest of the sentence, known technically to grammarians as "the rest of the sentence." Part Two tackles a number of expressions that have baffled students of Japanese over the decades, and concludes with Rubin's patented technique of analyzing upside-down Japanese sentences right-side up, which, he claims, is "far more restful" than the traditional way, inside-out. "The scholar," according to the great Japanese novelist Soseki Natsume, is "one who specializes in making the comprehensible incomprehensible." Despite his best scholarly efforts, Rubin seems to have done just the opposite. Previously published in the Power Japanese series under the same title and originally as Gone Fishin' in the same series.


Ticks are important ectoparasites and can transmit a wide variety of pathogens to animals and humans worldwide. These ectoparasites are the most important vectors of diseases causing pathogens in domestic and wild animals, and the second for man. In Brazil, Spotted Fever is the only disease transmitted to humans by ticks, while for animals we can highlight babesiosis, ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis. Although ticks are found in all of Brazil's biomes, little is known about its diversity and host-relations in the Amazon biome. The existing gaps and the lack of research indicate that the diversity of ticks and their possible pathogens are underestimated in the Brazilian Amazon. Therefore, in order to guide the next studies in the Amazon biome, we present in this chapter a compilation of the records of hard ticks and soft ticks parasitizing wild and domestic animals, and humans. We present the general list of ticks for this biome, their distribution, hosts and importance for public health and veterinary. Finally, the ixodofauna found in the Brazilian Amazon and presented here does not match the vertebrate diversity of this biome, which is one of the largest on the planet. Therefore, more acarologists and epidemiologists are needed in this region.


Author(s): Fischer, Marc; Jeong, Seongeun | Abstract: As a regulatory agency, evaluating and improving estimates of methane (CH4) emissions from the San Francisco Bay Area is an area of interest to the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD). Currently, regional, state, and federal agencies generally estimate methane emissions using bottom-up inventory methods that rely on a combination of activity data, emission factors, biogeochemical models and other information. Recent atmospheric top-down measurement estimates of methane emissions for the US as a whole (e.g., Miller et al., 2013) and in California (e.g., Jeong et al., 2013; Peischl et al., 2013) have shown inventories underestimate total methane emissions by ~ 50% in many areas of California, including the SF Bay Area (Fairley and Fischer, 2015). The goal of this research is to provide information to help improve methane emission estimates for the San Francisco Bay Area. The research effort builds upon our previous work that produced methane emission maps for each of the major source sectors as part of the California Greenhouse Gas Emissions Measurement (CALGEM) project (http://calgem.lbl.gov/prior_emission.html; Jeong et al., 2012; Jeong et al., 2013; Jeong et al., 2014). Working with BAAQMD, we evaluate the existing inventory in light of recently published literature and revise the CALGEM CH4 emission maps to provide better specificity for BAAQMD. We also suggest further research that will improve emission estimates. To accomplish the goals, we reviewed the current BAAQMD inventory, and compared its method with those from the state inventory from the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the CALGEM inventory, and recent published literature. We also updated activity data (e.g., livestock statistics) to reflect recent changes and to better represent spatial information. Then, we produced spatially explicit CH4 emission estimates on the 1-km modeling grid used by BAAQMD. We present the detailed activity data, methods and derived emission maps by sector. In total, we estimate the anthropogenic emissions for BAAQMD to be 116.4 Gg (1 Gg = 109 g) CH4/yr, with a likely uncertainty of ~ 50% or more (e.g., NRC, 2010; US-EPA, 2015). Including the emissions from wetland (Jeong et al., 2013), the total CH4 emission estimate for BAAQMD is 120.1 Gg CH4/yr. Table 1 summarizes the estimated CH4 emissions for 2011 by sector. The sectors were categorized following those that are used in recent regional emission quantification studies (e.g., Jeong et al., 2013; Peischl et al., 2013; Wecht et al., 2014). However, we note that this result is marginally lower than the top-down estimate of 240 ± 60 Gg CH4/yr (at 95% confidence) reported by Fairley and Fischer (2015), suggesting some combination of systematic error in the top-down estimate, underestimation of emissions from known sources, or as yet unidentified sources may be present. With respect to the relative contributions from different source sectors, the CH4 emissions from the region are dominated by urban activities. Landfill emissions represent 53% of the District's total emission followed by livestock (16%) and natural gas (15%). These three dominant sectors account for 84% of the total anthropogenic emission in BAAQMD. This suggests that mitigation efforts need to focus on these three sources. Figure 1 shows the gridded anthropogenic CH4 emissions on the BAAQMD's 1-km grid. In general, the spatial pattern of emissions follows the density of population while strong point sources are also distributed in the rural areas of the District. Detailed methods and emissions for each sector and county are described in the following sections.


Although secondary metabolites with antimicrobial and other bioactivities are explored extensively, the natural or ecological role(s) of secondary metabolites is not yet clearly known. We review here the different hypotheses for the ecological role of antibiotics, with particular focus on the genus Streptomyces which is unparalleled in the richness of secondary metabolites. We first lay down our expectations from an ecological hypothesis for antibiotics and then weigh the six predominant hypotheses against them including antibiotics as weapons in competition, as aid in sporulation, as bartered benefits in symbioses, as signal molecules in community homeostasis, as weapons in predation and as metabolic waste or bi-products. The analysis shows that no single hypothesis meets all the expectations. While the waste or bi-product hypothesis can safely be eliminated all others have some evidence in support. It is possible therefore that antibiotics serve a multitude of ecological functions and it is possible to visualize a pathway for the radiating functions. According to this synthesis antibiotics evolved primarily as weapons in predation on other microorganisms. The inevitable co-evolution with prey species led to diversification of the genes and pathways. Some of the secondary metabolites eventually radiated to acquire other functions such as competition between predators. Some secondary metabolites evolved animal toxicity as a mutualistic barter to protect the symbiotic partner from grazing/predation by animals. Transcription modulation primarily evolved as activation of defense mechanisms by the prey which may have later radiated to serve interspecies signaling functions. The synthesis successfully links different functions of antibiotics with logical coherence.


During the 20th century, the institution called central bank was diffused globally. However, central banking practices differed significantly between European market-based economies and developing economies. This paper traces the ideas and norms that shaped and legitimized central banking practices in the two areas. The paper argues that during the period from the 1940s to the 1970s two central banking policy norms existed: the liberal norm, which emerged in Europe, and the developmental central banking norm, which emerged in Latin America and diffused to East Asia. The paper seeks to trace the life cycles of the two norms: to specify the ideational content of each norm and to identify the actors and networks that produced, promoted and diffused them. The paper makes two contributions. First, theoretically, on the basis of Finnemore and Sikkink's theory of international norms' dynamics, it introduces a mechanism that explains the emergence and internationalization of an alternative international norm in the periphery that challenges the standard international norm. Second, it contributes to the literature on comparative regionalism by historicizing the liberal/European standard of central banking practices and by identifying the existence of an alternative standard for central banking practices in developing countries. The paper covers the period from the 1940s to the 1970s.


The purpose of this study was to determine physical education (PE) teachers' opinions on the efficacy of Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) Program. Within the scope of the study, out of 132 PE teachers, sixty-six teachers working as PE teachers, who graduated from the School of Sport Sciences and Technology (SSST), Hacettepe University in 1994-2006, were accessed. Focus group interviews were conducted with 16 PE teachers from the research group. Data analysis was made through frequency and percentage calculations and the content analysis method. When the opinions of PE teachers were analyzed, it was seen that the usage of the courses related to general culture, pedagogic content knowledge, and field content knowledge were higher level and the courses related to teaching profession knowledge always worked for them. However, teachers stated that the contents of courses related to general culture should be changed according to the KPSS examination and practical applications need to be emphasized in courses related to field content knowledge.