The evidence for neural mechanisms underpinning rapid strength increases has been investigated and discussed for over 30 years using indirect methods, such as surface electromyography, with inferences made toward the nervous system. Alternatively, electrical stimulation techniques such as the Hoffman reflex, volitional wave, and maximal wave have provided evidence of central nervous system changes at the spinal level. For 25 years, the technique of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has allowed for noninvasive supraspinal measurement of the human nervous system in a number of areas such as fatigue, skill acquisition, clinical neurophysiology, and neurology. However, it has only been within the last decade that this technique has been used to assess neural changes after strength training. The aim of this brief review is to provide an overview of TMS, discuss specific strength training studies that have investigated changes, after short-term strength training in healthy populations in upper and lower limbs, and conclude with further research suggestions and the application of this knowledge for the strength and conditioning coach.


Poetry is a highly valued form of human expression, and poems are challenging texts to translate. For both reasons, people willingly work long and hard to translate them, for little pay but potentially high personal satisfaction. This book shows how experienced poetry translators translate poems and bring them to readers, and how they not only shape new poems, but also help communicate images of the source culture. It uses cognitive and sociological translation-studies methods to analyse real data, most of it from two contrasting source countries, the Netherlands and Bosnia. Case studies, including think-aloud studies, analyse how translators translate poems. In interviews, translators explain why and how they translate. And a 17-year survey of a country's poetry-translation output explores how translators work within networks of other people and texts – publishing teams, fellow translators, source-culture enthusiasts, and translation readers and critics. In mapping the whole sweep of poetry translators' action, from micro-cognitive to macro-social, this book gives the first translation-studies overview of poetry translating since the 1970s.


Surface cracked plates under biaxial loading represent an excellent model of cracked welded structures experiencing complex loadings. For example, girth and seam welds in pressure vessels are subject to biaxial stress fields. In this paper, the constraint-based failure assessment of surface cracked plates under biaxial tension loading is presented. As a comparison, the assessment of surface cracked plates under uniaxial tension loading is also presented. The elastic T-stress is used as the constraint parameter. The calculation of the stress intensity factors, T-stresses and limit loads for surface cracks under biaxial/uniaxial loadings are discussed. Failure assessments for typical points along the crack front for surface cracks are conducted. The failure assessment results are compared with available experimental observations.


Eicosapentaenoic acid (ERA) is an w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid
(PUFA) with anti-inflammatory and anti-cachetic properties.
These properties have not previously been investigated
simultaneously with regards to skeletal muscle damage and
regeneration and therefore the main aim of this work was to
examine the possible protective effects of ERA during damage
induced by the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-a and TWEAK .
Using an established model of myoblast differentiation, skeletal
muscle cell differentiation was shown to be morphologically
impaired by TNF-a and TWEAK. Formation of myotubes was
restricted as shown by reduced myoblast fusion indices (Ml) and
myotube widths. These effects were associated with TNF-a
induced apoptosis. Both cytokines caused increased expression
of pro-inflammatory gene targets of NF-KB activity; TNF-a and IL-
6 and in parallel, TNF-a treatment increased NF-KB activity and
inhibited expression and activation of PPARy.
EPA prevented the TWEAK /TNF-mediated loss of expression
MyHC expression (reduced to 5-30% Ml) and significantly
increased myogenic fusion (p<0.05) and myotube diameter
(p<0.05) indices back to control levels (Back to approx 70% Ml).
ERA protective activity was associated with blocking cell death
pathways as ERA completely attenuated TNF-mediated
increases in caspase-8 activity (p<0.05) and cellular
necrosis/apoptosis (p<0.05) back to their respective control
levels. This led to investigation of the possible mechanisms of
action for ERA using the TNF-a damage model. ERA blocked NFKB
activation, downstream gene targets of NF-KB activity, IL-6
and TNF-a, and was associated with upregulation and activation
of PPARv. Pre-treatment with a specific PPARy antagonist
(GW9662) inhibited these actions of ERA, thus confirming that
ERA activity was at least partially dependent on PPARy.
This thesis has shown for the first time that PUFA such as ERA
promote skeletal muscle differentiation in opposition to
pathological levels of inflammatory cytokines. Thus, PUFAs such
as ERA may represent a class of naturally occurring, low toxicity,
PPAR ligands that could have clinical applications for treatment
of inflammation-associated ongoing skeletal muscle damage in
chronic disease states or ageing.


Rationale: Alcohol misuse can negatively impact on the physical, psychological, social and financial aspects of individuals, their families, and society. Recent figures from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2015) rank Ireland fourth out of its 34 member countries for annual consumption. In light of this and the dramatic increase in alcohol related morbidity and mortality in the 1829 age group and reports such as one in four Irish people disclosing they have experienced harm as a result of someone else's alcohol consumption (Hope 2014), alcohol misuse especially among young adults has been identified as a public health priority. It has been suggested that Social Networking Sites (SNSs) expose important information about how young adults are interacting with one another. It has also been suggested that it is also possible to learn about the behaviour of individuals through what they choose to display publically on SNSs.Aim: As part of a wider research project to inform the development of an intervention to address the issue of alcohol misuse by young people in the context of social media in the Republic of Ireland, a study to describe the shared patterns of behaviours and language of young adults on Facebook in Ireland with regard to alcohol has been undertaken.Methodology: A virtual ethnographic approach using nonparticipant observation was utilized to follow the interactions of participants on Facebook. Purposive sampling was used to identify participants aged 1829 years old, living in the Republic of Ireland and who had a publically available Facebook profile. Permission to conduct this research was granted by the Filter Committee of the Health Research Ethics and Governance Committee at Ulster University. Using a codebook specifically developed for the study the content on each participants' profile over a 30day period was reviewed for e.g. textual comments, pictures and down loaded icons for any references in relation to alcohol.Analysis: Data collection and content data analysis will be completed by December 2016.Results: Some of the preliminary recurrent themes emerging from the data regarding conversations of interest relating to alcohol consumption include; planning alcohol drinking activities, negative effect/consequences of alcohol consumption, reaching the legal age for alcohol consumption, special occasions.Conclusion: Conclusions and recommendations will be presented once full data collection and analysis is complete. In addition to providing findings from this observational study the researcher will also report some of the challenges that were encountered when utilizing Facebook as a data collection tool.Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


We have grown accustomed, perhaps too accustomed, to fairly well-defined approaches in literary criticism-formalism, Marxist critiques, psychological analysis, the historical method. That these separate approaches get us closer to the "truth" of a literary work is a moot point, and Morris Weitz in his study Hamlet and the Philosophy of Literary Criticism wisely suggests that each critical performance is finally an honorific redefinition of the principles of the individual writer.1 Indeed, the exclusive nature of these schools, when they are pushed to the extreme, has properly spawned a counter-movementa more charitable approach combining several methods- interdisciplinary methodology. Yet when we look at current film criticism, particularly that given to Shakespeare in films, we find no such clearly defined schools, but rather what could most accurately be called a rich confusion- or, as a colleague recently put it, merely "a messy house." When a particular "approach" is attempted, it is often criticized more for its shortcomings than its accomplishments. A short time ago, for instance, a scholar delivered a rather new-critical paper on Kurosawa's Throne of Blood, in which the movement of characters across the screen, at oblique angles to its four corners or in circles, was woven into a thesis about the moral aesthetics of the camera: namely, that the frantic energy of angular movements was at odds with the orderly, restorative pattern of circles. An approach perfectly at home in a formalistic reading of, say, a Henry James novel, it drew something less than praise when applied to a Japanese adaptation of Shakespeare. Or, to cite a more general case, look at the collected pieces in Charles W. Eckert's Focus on Shakespearean Films and you will find the overwhelming number of articles clearly eclectic.2 What I want to talk about here are the types, as I see them, of current criticism of the filmed Shakespeare, then some of the problems peculiar to these types, and-since problems are often only the other side of the coin-some of the possibilities, the potentialities of this "new" field. I Categories are, of course, only arbitrary impositions on reality, and so, although I intend the following five to be more inclusive than exclusive, there is considerable overlapping. (1) The Film as Play or Interpretation: A good deal of criticism, particularly earlier criticism, sees the Shakespeare film as essentially a filmed play. The critic's authence has witnessed an identical version; it is in the can with the finality of the published text. Here the critical vocabulary is quite often indistinguishable from that used in straight literary criticism; there is, correspondingly, little sense of the role of the medium. As a result, we are left with a question unanswered: in committing Shakespeare to film rather than to the stage, are we not in some ways determining the philosophic structure of its fictive world? If one is willing to consider the film as almost exclusively a "criticism" of the play, then this method is valid. Yet, with this approach film and play often lose their uniqueness, their identities. Mary McCarthy talks about Olivier's Hamlet as if she were seeing not a film, with all the possibilities of that medium, but a live stage production: Already, in his first scene, Hamlet is grieving for the death of his father, but woodenly, uncomprehendingly, bitterly, as a child grieves who refuses to countenance that such things can happen in the world. The Ghost's appearance is to him almost an adventure. He rushes down from his interview full of jokes and wildness; his boredom is gone- at last he has something to do. But the Ghost's commission is not really quixotic. The enterprise loses its zest with Hamlet's recognition that it is an actual man he must kill, his uncle, whom he knows very well, a sleazy piece of the old, tedious reality. Bored, sullen, and angry, he diverts himself by tormenting Ophelia, whom he suspects of being One of Them. …


In the hands of the corporate sector, marketing has turned us into spoilt, consumption-obsessed children who are simultaneously wrecking our bodies, psyches and planet. Given the fiduciary duties of the corporation, notions like consumer sovereignty, customer service and relationship building are just corrosive myths that seduce us into quiescence, whilst furnishing big business with unprecedented power. Corporate Social Responsibility, the ultimate oxymoron, and its country cousin, Cause Related Marketing, are just means of currying favour amongst our political leaders and further extending corporate power.

So it is time to fight back. As individuals we have enormous internal strength; collectively we have, and can again, change the world (indeed marketing itself is a function of humankind's capacity to cooperate to overcome difficulties and way predates its co-option by corporations). From the purpose and resilience Steinbeck's sharecroppers ('we're the people – we go on'), through Eisenhower's 'alert and knowledgeable citizenry' to Arundhati Roy's timely reminder about the wisdom of indigenous people 'are not relics of the past, but the guides to our future', there are lots of reasons for optimism. If these talents and strengths can be combined with serious moves to contain the corporate sector, it is possible to rethink our economic and social priorities. The book ends with a call to do just this.

This compelling and accessible book will be of interest across the social sciences and humanities – and indeed to anyone who has concerns about the current state of consumer society. It will also be particularly useful reading for those marketing students who'd prefer a critical perspective to the standard ritualization of their discipline.


Abstract
Two interviews by Christiane Amanpour televized September 8, 2000 on CNN, one with Ehud Barak and one with Yasser Arafat were analyzed for indicators of personal perspective. Generally, use of the same indicators as in Suleiman, O'Connell, & Kowal (2002) was confirmed: Number of syllables spoken; use of first-person singular and plural pronominals and second-person pronominals; hesitations; smooth and interruptive turn transitions; and questions posed by interviewees. The interview with Arafat was extraordinarily agonistic, as manifested in his excessive use of first-person singular and second-person pronominals, hesitations, questions, and interruptions. For her part, Amanpour incited the shift to agonism with her provocative questioning. She then moved toward a more personal perspective by speaking proportionally more and by using more first-person singular pronominals and hesitations, all the while still maintaining her professional style of smooth turn transition. The dialogical character of personal perspective is discussed.

Keywords: Perspective, TV news interviews, dialogue.


Technological change often leads to competitive turbulence in established industries. Little is known about how the introduction of social media affects incumbent and entrant firms. This paper explores the impact of social media on the fashion journalism industry. Our findings show that entrant fashion bloggers have toppled incumbent fashion journalists. Through a netnographic analysis of published blog content, we argue that entrants have become dominant by transforming the profession of fashion journalism and in doing so, they have acted as institutional entrepreneurs. We argue that entrants are less bound by established institutional practices and that their ability to redefine the dominant logic of an industry can explain why they have outperformed incumbents.


This paper argues that public holidays facilitate the co-ordination of leisure time but do not constrain the annual amount of leisure. Public holidays therefore have benefits both in the utility of leisure on holidays and (by enabling people to maintain social contacts more easily) in increasing the utility of leisure on normal weekdays and weekends. The paper uses the variation (13 to 17) in public holidays across German Lander and the German Time Use Survey of 2001-02 to show that public holidays have beneficial impacts on social life on normal weekdays and weekends. Since these benefits are additional to the other benefits of holidays, it suggests that there is a case to be made for more public holidays.


OBJECTIVE--To study further the Klebsiella specific serum antibody response in patients with axial and peripheral types of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS--IgA1 and IgA2 subclass antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in the sera of 171 patients with axial or peripheral type AS, and in sera of 100 healthy controls. The effect of 26 weeks of sulphasalazine treatment on the antibody levels in the two types of AS was also analysed. RESULTS--K pneumoniae specific antibody levels of both IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses were increased in the sera of patients with AS compared with healthy controls. The increased levels were present in patients with axial and with peripheral AS, and there were no statistically significant differences in the antibody levels between these two groups. Sulphasalazine treatment decreased the Klebsiella specific antibody level of IgA1 subclass in patients with axial AS, but there were no statistically significant changes in the IgA2 subclass, or in the patients with peripheral type AS. CONCLUSIONS--These results agree with earlier published findings suggesting that IgA (especially Klebsiella specific IgA) may have a role in the pathogenetic mechanisms of both peripheral and axial types of AS. In addition, it seems that both IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses are involved in the disease process.


For high strength carbon fiber reinforced polymers, the design criteria are often specified by the compression strength of the composite materials component. This is due to the fact that the compression strength of unidirectional composites is as low as 50 to 60 percent of the tensile strength. One important compressive failure mode in composite is kink-band formation which for a great deal is governed by the waviness of the fibers and the yielding properties of the matrix material. Therefore, in order to make proper simulation of the failure modes in composites, it is necessary to take these effects into account. One approach is to model the actual fiber/matrix system using a micromechanical based finite element model. For realistic composite structures with a large number of fibers, approaches which will result in extremely large numerical models including a great deal of unwanted details. An alternative is to base the simulation on a smeared out composite model where the nonlinear properties of the constituents are taken into account. A finite element implementation of such a model is presented. The model is implemented as an Umat user subroutine in the commercial finite element program Abaqus and used to predict kink-band formation in composite materials.


Range/pasture is one of the natural resources where the livelihood of the mountain peoples relies on, whose main occupation is livestock farming. However, this cheaply available resource is depleting annually and thereby sustainability of the rangelands has been questioned. The situation is further worsened by other factors such as continuous grazing, high stocking rate, climatic uncertainty and so on. On the other hand, livestock population is increasing in alarming rate per year. The imbalance of the resource use and livestock demand will not only produce the ecological problems but ultimately will be the greater threats to the sustainability of mountain livelihood. In this paper, various modalities of rangeland management within the Hindu Kush Himalayan region has been review with relevance to the range/ pasture and livestock production in high lands of Nepal.


We analyze the association between inequality and growth across 72 labor market regions in Sweden 1990-2006. Highly accurate measures of growth and inequality (gini, Q3, p9075, p5010) are derived from population register data. The regional set-up also reduces problems with omitted variable bias and endogeneity found in cross country comparisons since the regions within a country share the same redistributive policies and institutions. The findings suggest that inequality between the 90th and 75th percentiles enhances regional growth. This result no longer holds when we take into account changes in commuting patterns. Although only suggestive, the finding is interesting in that it is consistent with the hypothesis that inequality enhances growth by stimulating commuting incentives.


State-of-the-art learning mechanisms for stress in Optimality Theory (see, e.g., Tesar and Smolensky 2000; Boersma and Pater 2016; Jarosz 2013) make use of probabilistic mechanisms that are domain-general in that they do not refer to the content of constraints and must not be in UG. By contrast, Pearl (2007, 2011) has argued that domain-general probabilistic learners of parametric grammars (Yang 2002) are insufficient for word stress, and, instead, domain-general learning mechanisms must be stipulated in UG alongside the parameters themselves. We propose a modification of Yang's (2002) learner based on Jarosz's (2015) learner for Optimality Theory: the Expectation Driven Parameter Learner, and show that this modification yields a dramatic improvement in accuracy (from 4.3% to 96%) on a representative typology generated by Dresher and Kaye's (1990) parameter set. This suggests that domain-general learning mechanisms may be sufficient for learning stress after all, contra Pearl (2007, 2011), regardless of which grammatical representation (parameters or violable constraints) is a better reflection of the human language capacity.


This paper contributes to the growing body of evidence that in a crosslinguistic perspective there are definite descriptions of categories other than NPs. Based on novel data from Ga, an under-researched language spoken in Ghana, the paper argues that the definite determiner lE marks overtly familiarity and uniqueness in both the nominal and the verbal domain. When lE attaches to the VP, it marks an event as definite. The paper shows that definiteness in the verbal domain not only exists but also has the same properties as in the nominal domain, pointing to further parallelism between both.


Applying reinforcement learning (RL) to physical systems presents notable challenges, given requirements regarding sample efficiency, safety, and physical constraints compared to simulated environments. To enable transfer of policies trained in simulation, randomising simulation parameters leads to more robust policies, but also significantly extends training time. In this paper, we exploit access to privileged information (such as environment states) often available in simulation, in order to improve and accelerate learning over randomised environments. We introduce Attention Privileged Reinforcement Learning (APRiL), which equips the agent with an attention mechanism and makes use of state information in simulation, learning to align attention between state- and image-based policies while additionally sharing generated data. During deployment we can apply the image-based policy to remove the requirement of access to additional information. We experimentally demonstrate accelerated and more robust learning on a number of diverse domains, leading to improved final performance for environments both within and outside the training distribution.


Poetry conventionally is the liberated utterance of the feeling subject, "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth). The computer has taken poetry in several significant directions. With poetry on the page (electronic or otherwise), the computer has emulated human-authored texts. But it has also been used to create more experimental poetries. A further, better known, initiative has been to abet the departure of poetry from the page in various forms of visual, kinetic, hypertext, and hypermedia poetries. The first enterprise this paper engages with, rejects and attempts to exceed. The second it advocates. The third is not its subject.

Whitby (2002) argues that the Turing Test (the ability of the computer to deceive a human interrogator) had historical value but has since become a distraction. The utility of computers therefore lies rather in achieving what humans alone cannot do rather than what they can. Whitby argues further that The Imitation Game tests not for intelligence but for cultural similarity. In this there is a failure of design based upon an attempt to test for intelligence without quantifying what this is. There have also been a variety of Turing Tests for poetry. These continue to comprise attempts to make computer poetry pass for human authored text. Involved in this, is a frequent appeal to conventional poetics. Computer poems may emulate traditional verse forms and the poetic styles of established poets. Comparable to the familiar Turing Test, the 'Poetry Turing Test' checks for a cultural match based on accepted poetics, which in turn evokes the eloquent, speaking subject.

This paper proposes a development of poetics by the adoption of algorithmically oriented approaches to create poems based on the potential of the computer for such things as speed, or the handling of large quantities of data, or the precise control of text. Furthermore, this suggests the construal of 'the poetic' as an internally unstable and unfixed category, rather than a completed entity. This argues further for the computer as a collaborator in the further development of poetic forms. There have been a few initiatives. One of these is DIASTEXT by Jackson Mac Low. Exceptions prove rules. The combination of the algorithmic and the experimental in poetry is yet to be fully explored. To do so might add to the scope of poetry on the page.


Garnet-whole rock Sm-Nd data are presented for several samples from the Indian plate in the NW Himalaya. These dates, when combined with the P-T evolution of the Indian plate rocks, allow a thorough reconstruction of the prograde thermal evolution of this region (including the Nanga Parbat Haramosh Massif) during the early Cenozoic. Combining these data with Rb-Sr mineral separate ages, enables us to constrain the post-peak cooling history of this region of the Himalaya.

The data presented here indicate that the upper structural levels of the cover rocks of the Nanga Parbat Haramosh Massif, and similar rocks in the Kaghan Valley to the south-west, were buried to pressures of c. 10 kbar and heated to temperatures of c. 650 °C at 46–41 Ma. The burial of the lower structural levels of the cover rocks of the Nanga Parbat Haramosh Massif, to similar depths but at higher temperatures of c. 700 °C, occurred slightly later at 40–36 Ma, synchronous with the imbrication and exhumation of the amphibolite- and eclogite-grade rocks of the Kaghan Valley. In contrast, the cover rocks of the Nanga Parbat Haramosh Massif were not imbricated or exhumed at this time, remaining buried beneath the Kohistan-Ladakh Island Arc until the syntaxis-forming event that occurred in the last 10 Myr. The timing of tectonic events in the north-western Himalaya differs from that experienced by the rocks of the Central Himalaya in that the earliest stage of burial in the NW Himalaya predates that of the Central Himalaya by c. 6 Myr. This difference may result from the diachronous nature of the Indo-Asian collision or may simply be a reflection of differing timing at different structural levels.


Full employment used to be an explicit goal of economic policy in most of the industrialized world. Some countries even achieved it. In Back to Full Employment, economist Robert Pollin argues that the United States--today faced with its highest level of unemployment since the Great Depression--should put full employment back on the agenda. There are good reasons to seek full employment, Pollin writes. Full employment will help individuals, families, and the economy as a whole, while promoting equality and social stability. Equally important, creating a full-employment economy can be joined effectively with two other fundamental policy aims: ending our dependence on fossil fuels and creating an economy powered by clean energy. Explaining views on full employment in macroeconomic theory from Marx to Keynes to Friedman, Pollin argues that the policy was abandoned in the United States in the 1970s for the wrong reasons, and he shows how it can be achieved today despite the serious challenges of inflation and globalization. Pollin believes the biggest obstacle to creating a full-employment economy is politics. Putting an end to the prevailing neoliberal opposition to full employment will require nothing less than an epoch-defining reallocation of political power away from the interests of big business and Wall Street and toward the middle class, working people, and the poor, while mounting a strong defense of the environment. In the end, achieving full employment will be a matter of political will: Can the United States make having a decent job a fundamental right?


The onset of a handicap in adolescence upsets the relationship between self and other. Using clinical material from groups of hospitalized adolescents, this article discusses a theorization of the handicapped adolescent's psychical transformations and reorganizations, based on concepts of the Oedipus complex and the Brother complex. The authors develop the hypothesis of a Sister complex whose specific characteristic is confrontation with passivation.


Understanding speech in our native tongue seems natural and effortless; listening to speech in a nonnative language is a different experience. In this book, Anne Cutler argues that listening to speech is a process of native listening because so much of it is exquisitely tailored to the requirements of the native language. Her cross-linguistic study (drawing on experimental work in languages that range from English and Dutch to Chinese and Japanese) documents what is universal and what is language specific in the way we listen to spoken language. Cutler describes the formidable range of mental tasks we carry out, all at once, with astonishing speed and accuracy, when we listen. These include evaluating probabilities arising from the structure of the native vocabulary, tracking information to locate the boundaries between words, paying attention to the way the words are pronounced, and assessing not only the sounds of speech but prosodic information that spans sequences of sounds. She describes infant speech perception, the consequences of language-specific specialization for listening to other languages, the flexibility and adaptability of listening (to our native languages), and how language-specificity and universality fit together in our language processing system. Drawing on her four decades of work as a psycholinguist, Cutler documents the recent growth in our knowledge about how spoken-word recognition works and the role of language structure in this process. Her book is a significant contribution to a vibrant and rapidly developing field.


Judicial failure to recognize social media's influence on juror decision making has identifiable constitutional implications. The Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial demands that courts grant a defendant's change of venue motion when media-generated pretrial publicity invades the unbiased sensibility of those who are asked to sit in judgment. Courts limit publicity suitable for granting a defendant's motion to information culled from newspapers, radio, and television reports. Since about 2014, however, a handful of defendants have introduced social media posts to support their claims of unconstitutional bias in the community. Despite defendants' introduction of negative social media in support of their claims, these same courts have yet to include social media in their evaluation of pretrial publicity bias. But social media is media, and as this article demonstrates, trial court judges faced with deciding change of venue motions have a constitutional obligation to include social media in their evaluations.

The collective refusal to treat social media the same as biased television, radio, or print media, suggests an erroneous assumption on the part of lower courts that social media is somehow different. This article identifies three reasons as justification for dismissing social media: social media is too recent a medium to fully understand and analyze, social media is not a legitimate news source, and social media is opinion based. Application of pretrial social media publicity to long-standing Supreme Court change of venue doctrine, coupled with its exploration of scientific and social research on social media influence, debunk these lower court rationalizations.

This article demonstrates that the reluctance of courts to consider social media evidence when deciding whether to grant a motion for a change of venue is a violation of any defendant's Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial. On a larger scale, the article demands that courts embrace our new reality. Social media intersects with criminal justice, and our daily lives, in ways that demand judicial recognition.


In Road Accident Fund v Sweatman (162/2014) [2015] ZASCA 22 (20 March 2015) (hereafter Sweatman) the Supreme Court of Appeal was faced with the interpretation of section 17(4)(c) of the Road Accident Fund Act 56 of 1998 (the "cap provision"). The purpose of this note is to assess the court's interpretation of the "cap provision" to determine whether this interpretation is sound. This is achieved by explaining the purpose of the Road Accident Fund and the Amendment Act. Thereafter the general method of calculating loss of income is explored, together with the different interpretations of the "cap provision" and the application thereof. The abovementioned decision of the SCA on the most appropriate interpretation is then critically analysed. It is argued that the court, in Sweatman, misunderstood the implication of its decision and was therefore incapable of interpreting the provision correctly. The effect is that one of the primary purposes of the Amendment Act is circumvented.


The purpose of this work is to show how low carbon value can flow across a network and how SolarCoin can operate. The article aims to explain the added value that SolarCoin creates and further to show how a solar powered node on the SolarCoin blockchain actually operates. A test SolarCoin node was also created.The aim of this document is to disseminate valuable information that crosses over between solar engineering, network engineering and finally blockchain development and fintech. The work starts by introducing how to get SolarCoin - either generating it from solar energy, or by trading it. Then the work goes on to explain a general overview regarding how blockchains operate for people who are new to the blockchain technology. And finally the document details plans for a solar powered SolarCoin node that generates SolarCoin and simultaneously protects the transparent consensus ledger. A solar powered SolarCoin node was constructed and tested for an 11-month period and still ongoing at our research labs in Tokyo. The details of the construction and operation of this setup were documented. This document was written in the intent of freely distributing information so that further innovation can occur in the future. In the future, it is hoped that the process of creating an open source SolarCoin blockchain node will be streamlined and simpler, so that SolarCoin nodes can proliferate. This will enable more people to benefit from the added value that SolarCoin has for planet Earth, and its people.


Electrical properties of cnidocytes isolated from the hydroid Cladonema and the scyphomedusa Chrysaora were examined using current- and voltage-clamp recording techniques. The stenoteles of Cladonema produced action potentials when depolarized above 0 m V. The inward current that produced the action potential was a Na + current. These cells also possessed an A-current and a K-current. Atrichous isorhizas from Chrysaora did not spike and did not have any inward currents. All cells examined had K-currents, some had A-currents also. Very few cnidocytes discharged during the course of the recordings, irrespective of the degree to which they were depolarized or hyperpolarized, or the presence or selective blockade of any ionic currents. When discharge did occur it could never be correlated with any obvious electrophysiological event. Recordings from cnidocytes in situ in tentacles of the siphonophore Physalia indicate that these cells do not spike. Their current/voltage relationships were linear. They too did not discharge in response to changes in membrane potential, suggesting that the failure of isolated cnidocytes to discharge cannot be attributed to the isolation procedure.


A central concern in system of systems engineering is the issue of coordination and interoperability between constituent systems. Special attention has to be given to interoperability with respect to federations of systems, which are coalitions of partner systems with decentralised power and authority. A major challenge in these systems is how to enable large-scale data and service interoperability without centralised management of the system of systems engineering activities. In this paper, we address this challenge by exploring the application of semantic interoperability principles and techniques to system of systems interoperability. Semantic interoperability refers to the ability of systems to share information meaningfully and to engage in meaningful collaborative activities. Subsequently, we propose a service-oriented approach which leverages semantic interoperability techniques to provide capabilities to system of systems constituents, resolve conceptual mismatches between heterogeneous systems, and automate the capability discovery process in a federation of systems.


This study identifies consumer welfare from new brand introductions in the potato chip market. Price and variety effects of new brand introduction are measured by estimating a demand system underlying an expenditure function. Variety effects are positive in most cities, while price effects are generally negative when consumers exhibit some variety preference. Variety effects dominate price effects in most cities; an opposite effect observed in some cities may indicate high entry barriers or joint brand- and price-based marketing strategies. Results indicate that consumers and producers gain from product innovations, but substantial regional variation exists in the distributional effects of new brand introduction.


This study focuses on the response of premixed flames to a transient hydrodynamic perturbation in an intermediate situation between laminar stretched flames and turbulent flames: an axisymmetric vortex interacting with a flame. The reasons motivating this choice are discussed in the framework of turbulent combustion models and flame response to the stretch rate. We experimentally quantify the dependence of the flame kinematic properties (displacement and consumption speeds) to geometrical scalars (stretch rate and curvature) in flames characterized by different effective Lewis numbers. Whilst the displacement speed can be readily measured using particle image velocimetry and tomographic diagnostics, providing a reliable estimate of the consumption speed from experiments remains particularly challenging. In the present work, a method based on a budget of fuel on a well chosen domain is proposed and validated both experimentally and numerically using two-dimensional direct numerical simulations of flame/vortex interactions. It is demonstrated that the Lewis number impact neither the geometrical nor the kinematic features of the flames, these quantities being much more influenced by the vortex intensity. While interacting with the vortex, the flame displacement (at an isotherm close to the leading edge) and consumption speeds are found to increase almost independently of the type of fuel. We show that the total stretch rate is not the only scalar quantity impacting the flame displacement and consumption speeds and that curvature has a significant influence. Experimental data are interpreted in the light of asymptotic theories revealing the existence of two distinct Markstein numbers, one characterizing the dependence of flame speed to curvature, the other to the total stretch rate. This theory appears to be well suited for representing the evolution of the displacement speed with respect to either the total stretch rate, curvature or strain rate. It also explains the limited dependence of the flame displacement speed to Lewis number and the strong correlation with curvature observed in the experiments. An explicit relationship between displacement and consumption speeds is also given, indicating that the fuel consumption rate is likely to be altered by both the total stretch rate and curvature.


§I. Anti-realism of the sort which Michael Dummett has expounded takes issue with the traditional idea that an understanding of any statement (here, declarative sentence) is philosophically correctly analysed as involving grasp of conditions necessary and sufficient for its truth. Many kinds of statement to which, as we ordinarily think, we attach a clear sense would have to be represented, according to this tradition, as possessing verification-transcendent truth-conditions; if true that is to say, they would be so in virtue of circumstances of a type transcending our range of possible awareness. Exactly where to draw the boundaries of our possible awareness might be controversial; but there is clearly no being aware, in the relevant sense, of the kind of state of affairs which would make true a generalization of theoretical physics, an assertion about James II weight on his twenty-eighth birthday, a claim about what would have happened if Edward Heath had not sought a fresh mandate during the miners' strike, or—from your point of view—the statement that my left ear aches. In each of these kinds of case the traditional view, while granting that we (or you) cannot experience the truth-conferring states of affairs as such, would nevertheless credit us with a clear conception of the type of thing they would be. To be sure, there is then no possibility of a straightforward construal of this conception as a recognitional capacity. But the traditional view tends to conceal from itself the problematic status which the alleged grasp of truth-conditions therefore assumes by working with the picture that the 'conception' is indirectly recognitional, that it issues in a cluster of unproblematic recognitional capacities; in particular, the ability to recognize what is or is not good evidence for the relevant statement and the ability to recognize its logical relations to other statements.


BACKGROUND
There have been calls for greater collaboration between general practitioners (GPs) and community pharmacists in primary care.

AIM
To explore barriers between the two professions in relation to closer interprofessional working and the extension of prescribing rights to pharmacists.

DESIGN OF STUDY
Qualitative study.

SETTING
Three locality areas of a health and social services board in Northern Ireland.

METHOD
GPs and community pharmacists participated in uniprofessional focus groups; data were analysed using interpretative phenomenology.

RESULTS
Twenty-two GPs (distributed over five focus groups) and 31 pharmacists (distributed over six focus groups) participated in the study. The 'shopkeeper' image of community pharmacy emerged as the superordinate theme, with subthemes of access, hierarchy and awareness. The shopkeeper image and conflict between business and health care permeated the GPs' discussions and accounted for their concerns regarding the extension of prescribing rights to community pharmacists and involvement inextended services. Community pharmacists felt such views influenced their position in the hierarchy of healthcare professionals. Although GPs had little problem in accessing pharmacists, they considered that patients experienced difficulties owing to the limited opening hours of pharmacies. Conversely, pharmacists reported great difficulty in accessing GPs, largely owing to the gatekeeper role of receptionists. GPs reported being unaware of the training and activities of community pharmacists and participating pharmacists also felt that GPs had no appreciation of their role in health care.

CONCLUSION
A number of important barriers between GPs and community pharmacists have been identified, which must be overcome if interprofessional liaison between the two professions is to be fully realised.


How meaning is represented in the brain is still one of the big open questions in neuroscience. Does a word (e.g., bird) always have the same representation, or does the task under which the word is processed alter its representation (answering "can you eat it?" versus "can it fly?")? The brain activity of subjects who read the same word while performing different semantic tasks has been shown to differ across tasks. However, it is still not understood how the task itself contributes to this difference. In the current work, we study Magnetoencephalography (MEG) brain recordings of participants tasked with answering questions about concrete nouns. We investigate the effect of the task (i.e. the question being asked) on the processing of the concrete noun by predicting the millisecond-resolution MEG recordings as a function of both the semantics of the noun and the task. Using this approach, we test several hypotheses about the task-stimulus interactions by comparing the zero-shot predictions made by these hypotheses for novel tasks and nouns not seen during training. We find that incorporating the task semantics significantly improves the prediction of MEG recordings, across participants. The improvement occurs 475-550ms after the participants first see the word, which corresponds to what is considered to be the ending time of semantic processing for a word. These results suggest that only the end of semantic processing of a word is task-dependent, and pose a challenge for future research to formulate new hypotheses for earlier task effects as a function of the task and stimuli.


We experimentally demonstrate a 4-Gb/s radio-over-fiber (RoF) system with 40-km fiber and 2-m wireless distance downstream at 100-GHz carrier. To the best of our knowledge, this is for the first time in China to realize optical wireless link at 100 GHz. In this letter, simple intensity modulator with direct detector (IM-DD) modulation is employed and optical power penalty after 40-km single mode fiber (SMF)-28 and 2-m air link is 3.2 dB with bit-error-rate (BER) at 1×10-9.


We explore the concept of hybrid grammars, which formalize and generalize a range of existing frameworks for dealing with discontinuous syntactic structures. Covered are both discontinuous phrase structures and non-projective dependency structures. Technically, hybrid grammars are related to synchronous grammars, where one grammar component generates linear structures and another generates hierarchical structures. By coupling lexical elements of both components together, discontinuous structures result. Several types of hybrid grammars are characterized. We also discuss grammar induction from treebanks. The main advantage over existing frameworks is the ability of hybrid grammars to separate discontinuity of the desired structures from time complexity of parsing. This permits exploration of a large variety of parsing algorithms for discontinuous structures, with different properties. This is confirmed by the reported experimental results, which show a wide variety of running time, accuracy, and frequency of parse failures.


In a nutshell, submodular functions encode an intuitive notion of diminishing returns. As a result, submodularity appears in many important machine learning tasks such as feature selection and data summarization. Although there has been a large volume of work devoted to the study of submodular functions in recent years, the vast majority of this work has been focused on algorithms that output sets, not sequences. However, in many settings, the order in which we output items can be just as important as the items themselves.
To extend the notion of submodularity to sequences, we use a directed graph on the items where the edges encode the additional value of selecting items in a particular order. Existing theory is limited to the case where this underlying graph is a directed acyclic graph. In this paper, we introduce two new algorithms that provably give constant factor approximations for general graphs and hypergraphs having bounded in or out degrees. Furthermore, we show the utility of our new algorithms for real-world applications in movie recommendation, online link prediction, and the design of course sequences for MOOCs.


Since the mid-20th century, the Chinese government in collaboration with various governmental petroleum authorities, first with the Ministry of Petroleum and later with state-owned companies, has transformed the built environment on multiple levels, creating interrelated infrastructures and production sites, installing refineries and petrochemical industries, constructing dedicated oil ports, building workers' housing and educational, health or leisure facilities, effectively creating a palimpsestic petroleumscape. 1 The development of Daqing oil field can be the best representor showing the how the Chinese government shaped the built environment and people's lifestyle. Urban form in Daqing has changed extensively after the Chinese Economic Reform in early-1980s when the national policy shifted to complete and optimize the infrastructure and civic facilities. The recent national policies of the OBOR Initiative , which aims at balancing the economic sustainability and environmental preservation and Revitalizing the Old Industrial Bases in China have helped develop Daqing at the regional scale, Moreover, these national plans aim at balancing two potentially conflicting objectives: economic development and ecological sustainability. This paper explores in which manner the national policies and local spatial plans of Daqing have transform Daqing from the old oil mining district to the domestic oil hub, then to a sustainable oil cluster.


OBJECTIVE
The lack of an accepted standard for measuring cognitive change in schizophrenia has been a major obstacle to regulatory approval of cognition-enhancing treatments. A primary mandate of the National Institute of Mental Health's Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative was to develop a consensus cognitive battery for clinical trials of cognition-enhancing treatments for schizophrenia through a broadly based scientific evaluation of measures.

METHOD
The MATRICS Neurocognition Committee evaluated more than 90 tests in seven cognitive domains to identify the 36 most promising measures. A separate expert panel evaluated the degree to which each test met specific selection criteria. Twenty tests were selected as a beta battery. The beta battery was administered to 176 individuals with schizophrenia and readministered to 167 of them 4 weeks later so that the 20 tests could be compared directly.

RESULTS
The expert panel ratings are presented for the initially selected 36 tests. For the beta battery tests, data on test-retest reliability, practice effects, relationships to functional status, practicality, and tolerability are presented. Based on these data, 10 tests were selected to represent seven cognitive domains in the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery.

CONCLUSIONS
The structured consensus method was a feasible and fair mechanism for choosing candidate tests, and direct comparison of beta battery tests in a common sample allowed selection of a final consensus battery. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is expected to be the standard tool for assessing cognitive change in clinical trials of cognition-enhancing drugs for schizophrenia. It may also aid evaluation of cognitive remediation strategies.


Humor is the nature of something of  complex situations that give rise to a desire to be together. Simply put humor is defined as something funny. Eysenck cited in Utomo (2009) mention the humor is something that can make laugh. Humor is considered to lead to positive emotions. Humor can make a person more relaxed, not tense, so that the mind can be more concentrate to solve the problem. Teens in completing development tasks known to use humor as part of coping in resolving the problem. Content in the humor involves the presence of such intelligence emotional intelligence. This study is aimed to see the correlation between emotional intelligence and humor in adolescents. Participants in this study involving 300 adolescents aged 11-20 years in Jakarta. Measurements in this study using a instrument that measuring emotional intelligence and measuring humor. The results of this study found a positive relationship between emotional intelligence and humor neutral.


Abstract. Tropospheric NO2, a key pollutant in particular in cities, has been measured from space since the mid-1990s by the GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, and GOME-2 instruments. These data provide a unique global long-term dataset of tropospheric pollution. However, the observations differ in spatial resolution, local time of measurement, viewing geometry, and other details. All these factors can severely impact the retrieved NO2 columns. In this study, we present three ways to account for instrumental differences in trend analyses of the NO2 columns derived from satellite measurements, while preserving the individual instruments' spatial resolutions. For combining measurements from GOME and SCIAMACHY into one consistent time series, we develop a method to explicitly account for the instruments' difference in ground pixel size (40 × 320 km2 vs. 30 × 60 km2). This is especially important when analysing NO2 changes over small, localised sources like, e.g. megacities. The method is based on spatial averaging of the measured earthshine spectra and extraction of a spatial pattern of the resolution effect. Furthermore, two empirical corrections, which summarise all instrumental differences by including instrument-dependent offsets in a fitted trend function, are developed. These methods are applied to data from GOME and SCIAMACHY separately, to the combined time series, and to an extended dataset comprising also GOME-2 and OMI measurements. All approaches show consistent trends of tropospheric NO2 for a selection of areas on both regional and city scales, for the first time allowing consistent trend analysis of the full time series at high spatial resolution. Compared to previous studies, the longer study period leads to significantly reduced uncertainties. We show that measured tropospheric NO2 columns have been strongly increasing over China, the Middle East, and India, with values over east-central China tripling from 1996 to 2011. All parts of the developed world, including Western Europe, the United States, and Japan, show significantly decreasing NO2 amounts in the same time period. On a megacity level, individual trends can be as large as +27.2 ± 3.9% yr−1 and +20.7 ± 1.9% yr−1 in Dhaka and Baghdad, respectively, while Los Angeles shows a very strong decrease of −6.00 ± 0.72% yr−1. Most megacities in China, India, and the Middle East show increasing NO2 columns of +5 to 10% yr−1, leading to a doubling to tripling within the study period.


Online reputation systems are the means for reducing information asymmetry among the parties involved in an online transaction. When customers interact with a reputation system, they actually interact both with the system and with other customers who feed information into the system. Recognizing the dual nature of this interaction, this study examines the effects of perceived systems quality and perceived information quality on online customers' intention to adopt the online reputation system. The research model proposes that perceptions will affect the intention to adopt through both psychological routes (i.e. trust in customers feeding the reputation system) and functional routes (perceived usefulness of the reputation system). An online survey was conducted. The results show that users' perceived information quality and perceived system quality indeed significantly affect their intention to adopt the system, mainly through the functional route, but not significantly through the psychological route.


The letter from Drs Huff and Infante1 provides an opportunity to correct some misperceptions that have developed about the IARC Monographs . First, Huff and Infante call on IARC to make "appropriate adjustments" and "properly amend" the summaries for formaldehyde and other monographs. It is important to understand that IARC does not change summaries, which are developed by independent working groups of scientists who conducted the original research. This principle is meant to ensure confidence that IARC evaluations are free from the pressures that interested parties often use to influence public agencies.

A second point concerns the temporal relationship between the formaldehyde monograph and IARC's amended guidelines (the preamble). The formaldehyde working group met and developed its conclusions in June 2004. The preamble amendment process2 began in March 2005 and IARC posted the …


markdownabstract__Abstract__

The organization of production in global value chains (GVCs) has been
accompanied by a rise of informal and insecure work. Yet, the role of labour
agency has received scant attention in the GVC and related literatures. Selwyn
(2013) therefore demands to shift attention towards engagement with labour
movements to identify what he terms 'labour-led' social upgrading.
We engage with this plea by investigating the role of voluntary initiatives
(VIs) as non-governmental systems of labour regulation in GVCs. The paper
asks under which conditions VIs with a more active role for labour emerge in
GVCs. In order to answer this question, we apply Wright's (2000) theory of
the factors enabling positive class compromise to a VI that has been
implemented in the Indonesian sportswear industry: In June 2011, a Protocol
on Freedom of Association (FoA) was signed by Indonesian trade unions,
large Indonesian manufacturers and major multinational brands.
Based on the analysis of this case, we show that, while the spatial
dispersion of production has weakened state mechanisms for the guarantee of
labour rights, new pressure points for labour have also emerged, e.g. brands'
reputation or just-in-time production. Besides, new possibilities for
transnational labour networks have opened that strengthen workers'
associational power. Moreover, GVCs fragment capital in different factions,
such as producers and brands. Their material concerns are not necessarily
congruent. Workers' movements might be able to benefit from such divergent
interests. We conclude that if VIs are to create conditions under which decent
work can be strengthened, the involvement and strength of local labour
organizations is required and producers' and/or buyers' dependence on
workers' cooperation may act as a catalyst.


The sinking of dense shelf waters down the continental slope (or "cascading") contributes to oceanic water mass formation and carbon cycling. Cascading over steep bottom topography is studied here in numerical experiments using POLCOMS, a 3-D ocean circulation model using a terrain-following s-coordinate system. The model setup is based on a laboratory experiment of a continuous dense water flow from a central source on a conical slope in a rotating tank. The governing parameters of the experiments are the density difference between plume and ambient water, the flow rate, the speed of rotation and (in the model) diffusivity and viscosity. The descent of the dense flow as characterized by the length of the plume as a function of time is studied for a range of parameters. Very good agreement between the model and the laboratory results is shown in dimensional and nondimensional variables. It is confirmed that a hydrostatic model is capable of reproducing the essential physics of cascading on a very steep slope if the model correctly resolves velocity veering in the bottom boundary layer. Experiments changing the height of the bottom Ekman layer (by changing viscosity) and modifying the plume from a 2-layer system to a stratified regime (by enhancing diapycnal diffusion) confirm previous theories, demonstrate their limitations and offer new insights into the dynamics of cascading outside of the controlled laboratory conditions


The controlled generation of entanglement forms the basis for currently emerging 'quantum technologies', such as quantum simulation, computation, and metrology. In the field of quantum metrology, multi-particle entangled states, such as spin-squeezed states, are investigated as a means to improve measurement precision beyond the 'standard quantum limit'. This limit arises from the quantum noise inherent in measurements on a finite number of uncorrelated particles and limits today's best atomic clocks. Atom chips combine exquisite coherent control of ultracold atoms with a compact and robust setup, suggesting their use for quantum metrology with portable atomic clocks and interferometers. A severe limitation of atom chips, however, is that techniques to control atomic interactions and to generate entanglement have not been experimentally available so far.

In this thesis, I present experiments where we generate for the first time multi-particle entanglement on an atom chip. We achieve this by controlling elastic collisional interactions with a state-dependent potential. We employ this novel technique to generate spin-squeezed states of a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate and show that they
are a useful resource for quantum metrology, as they could be used to improve an interferometric measurement by 2.5 dB over the standard quantum limit.

The state-dependent potential is created with the help of a coplanar microwave guide, which is integrated on our atom chip. In the vicinity of this waveguide a microwave nearfield is formed. When a Bose-Einstein condensate of 87Rb is brought into this near-field, the hyperfine energy levels of the atoms are shifted differentially due to the AC Zeeman
effect. The strong gradients in the field can be used to state-selectively shift the minimum of a static magnetic atom trap and thus coherently split an ensemble of atoms which have been prepared in a superposition of two internal states.

During this process, nonlinear atomic interactions lead to the formation of a spinsqueezed state. I tomographically analyze the produced state, reconstruct its Wigner function, and deduce that it is at least four-particle entangled.

I compare our results with a dynamical multi-mode simulation which takes not only the atomic motion and internal state dynamics but also particle losses into account and find good agreement. Moreover, I use this comparison to identify technical noise sources in our experiment, which currently limit the achieved amount of squeezing, and make suggestions on how to eliminate them in future experiments. Our method can in principle create a very large amount of squeezing and entanglement and is applicable to a wide variety of atomic systems, in particular to those for which no convenient Feshbach resonance exists. We envisage the implementation of this technique in portable atomic clocks and interferometers operating beyond the standard quantum limit. Furthermore, it is a valuable tool for experiments on many-body quantum physics and could enable quantum information processing on atom chips.


The U.S. Supreme Court has yet again been forced to mitigate the Ninth Circuit's creative interpretation of statutory law. In KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc., decided in 2004, the Supreme Court was faced with a circuit split over the Lanham Act's fair use defense. In a decision that failed to rock the earth from its axis, the Court sided with a strict interpretation of the statute and disregarded the Ninth Circuit's two-part fair use analysis as inconsistent with the Lanham Act. This note analyzes the competing fair use defense tests in effect across the circuits, the rationale employed by the Supreme Court in reaching its decision in KP, and an analysis of some of the more recent trademark and intellectual property cases before the Court. These decisions prompted a further return to strict construction and an abandonment of some more creative approaches to statutory interpretation. In sum, while the following decision came as little surprise to those following the Supreme Court, the case stands for a continued emphasis by the Court that the lower courts comply strictly with the letter of the statute. The Supreme Court also seeks to give further notice and warning to those intellectual property owners and attorneys who have continued to stretch these laws to their advantage.


The eastern forefield of Bering Glacier encompasses a lake and island complex overridden by glacier surge advances in 1965-1967 and 1993-1995. Multiple "fossil" tree horizons (still in growth position) have been identified within outwash deposits in proglacial stratigraphic sections. Those at the near surface demonstrate deformation and shearing indirectly linked to the stresses applied by overriding glacier advance. This project aims to assess the suitability of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) as a tool for detecting continuous till and diamicton surfaces associated with the deformation layer, as well as to identify sheared and deformed trees. In 2006, a grid of six 100 m common offset GPR lines were collected on Bentwood Island using a PulseEKKO Pro 1100 system at a nominal frequency of 200 MHz. A maximum penetration depth of approximately 11 m within materials composed of diamicton, sand, gravel and some silts and clays, has been achieved. Two sub horizontal reflections have been identified at depth that can be traced across the grid. These are interpreted to represent the upper and lower boundaries of sand and gravel units, which are bounded by till and peat at the upper and lower contact, respectively. Between the prominent reflections, a number of stacked hyperbolae or point source reflections can be identified, indicating the presence of sheared trees, which are still upright within the substrate. GPR observations of the spatial continuity of deformation units on Bentwood Island coupled with observations on other nearby islands, suggests subglacial sediment deformation was widespread during advances of Bering Glacier.


Primary schools face a new situation, one in which policies promoting creativity no longer have to be fought for but are being promoted at government and national educational level alongside policies that focus on the assessment of school performance in inspections and national tests and encourage target setting. We sought to ascertain how these policy discourses, the contents of which have been perceived as conflicting (Jeffrey and Woods 1998), were affecting primary school management, teachers and learners.

In this climate of accountability schools appeared to embrace performance and act innovatively and creatively.
Our professional primary school teachers were team players who contributed to the presentation of the school as a unified, creative, inclusive and effective managerial organisation.

The merging of the two policies was not pervasive across schools or within schools but there were some examples involving cross-curricular projects. More prominent was a 'bolt on' activity of creative teaching and learning such as special creative curriculum weeks or days.

Schools found it necessary to ensure success in national tests by institutionalising lengthy SATS preparation for, in some cases, the whole of the Spring term.
However, performativity as a progression from one achievement to the next was valued. Teachers, learners and parents considered it beneficial to have information about levels because, in a spirit of openness, all knew what to expect.

Professional Identities

The stress levels found in the 1990s, (Menter, Muschamp et al. 1997; Osborn, McNess et al. 2000; Troman and Woods 2001) appear to have dissipated along with any resistance from teachers who appeared to be more focused on coping strategies such as team building and appropriating testing and target setting for their own professional benefit.
The performativity imperatives were internalised and sometimes generated guilt if they were unrealised but teachers sought to ameliorate these tensions or to resolve them. Where resolution was not possible they accepted the tension and lived with it, (Jones, Pickard et al. 2008) facing daily dilemmas, tensions and constraints but acting creatively with colleagues to manipulate the situation.

Conclusion

The creativity and performativity policies were integrated at an organisational level through the construction of a school culture of performance and institutional positioning in an open market but less integrated at the level of pedagogy. Where the merging of the two pedagogies did take place – as in 'smart teaching' - teaching creatively was the preferred form over teaching for creativity. The progression narrative was a major feature around which curriculum and pedagogies were organised but where external performativity dominated such as national testing creative teaching was marginalised to 'bolt on' fun time slots.


This paper investigates the performance of an all-optical method for amplification gain control to be applied in the next generation of optical networks. An erbium-doped fiber amplifier is implemented in a simple and passive all-optical configuration known as optical gain-clamped optical amplifier (OA). The paper investigates the dynamic performance of the OA and discusses the interplay of amplifier dynamics with different traffic statistics. The investigation concerns exhaustive characterization of bit error rate performances under typical optical burst switching (OBS) traffic as well as special case of sudden power variation at the amplifier input. All obtained results show a reduction in the amplifier output power overshot compared to the case where the same OA operates without any gain stabilization technique. As an example, in the typical OBS traffic scenario, a reduction of 3 dB is observed.


In this thesis, we consider two topics in string theory and quantum field theory which are related by the common appearance of one-dimensional projective geometry. In the first half of the thesis, we study six-dimensional (6D) supersymmetric quantum field theories and supergravity at the leading (tree) approximation and compute the complete S-matrix for these theories as world-sheet integrals over the punctured Riemann sphere. This exploits the analytic structure of tree amplitudes which are rational and holomorphic in the kinematics and naturally related to the geometry of points on the complex projective line. The 6D n-particle S-matrix makes many symmetries and hidden properties manifest and generalizes the well-studied formulas for four-dimensional amplitudes in the form of twistor string theory and the rational curves formalism. While the systems we study are all field theories, they are in essence low-energy effective field theory limits of string theory and M-theory backgrounds. This includes theories such as those with 6D (2,0) supersymmetry which contain U(1) self-dual tensor fields which are difficult to treat from a Lagrangian point of view. Our formulas circumvent this difficulty and allow a generalization and unification of a large class of 6D scattering amplitudes which permit a sensible classical limit, including the abelian world-volume of the M-theory Five-brane. Dimensional reduction to four dimensions is also possible, leading to new formulas for 4D physics from 6D. In the second half of the thesis, we discuss the projective algebraic and geometric structure of the AdS3/CFT2 correspondence. In the usual statement of this correspondence, two-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT) on the Riemann sphere or a higher-genus surface is holographically dual to features of topological gravity in three dimensions with negative curvature. Since every compact Riemann surface is a projective algebraic curve, many constructions of interest in physics (which a priori depend on the analytic structure of the spacetime) can be formulated in purely algebraic language. We generalize the AdS (anti-de Sitter space)/CFT correspondence according to this principle using projective geometry over the p-adic numbers, Qp. The result is a formulation of holography in which the bulk geometry is discrete---the Bruhat--Tits tree for PGL(2,Qp)---but the group of bulk isometries nonetheless agrees with that of boundary conformal transformations and is not broken by discretization. Parallel to the usual holographic correspondence, semi-classical dynamics of fields in the bulk compute the correlation functions of local operators on the boundary. Beyond correlators on the p-adic line, we propose a tensor network model in which the patterns of entanglement on the boundary are computed by discrete geometries in the bulk. We suggest that this forms the natural geometric setting for tensor networks that have been proposed as models of bulk reconstruction via quantum error correcting codes. The model is built from tensors based on projective geometry over finite fields, Fp, and correctly computes the Ryu-Takayanagi formula, holographic entanglement and black hole entropy, and multiple interval entanglement inequalities. In Chapter 2, we present tree-level n-particle on-shell scattering amplitudes of various brane theories with 16 conserved supercharges which are generalizations of Dirac--Born--Infeld theory. These include the world-volume theory of a probe D3-brane or D5-brane in 10D Minkowski spacetime as well as a probe M5-brane in 11D Minkowski spacetime, which describes self interactions of an abelian tensor supermultiplet with 6D (2,0) supersymmetry. We propose twistor-string-like formulas for tree-level scattering amplitudes of all multiplicities for each of these theories, and the amplitudes are written as integrals over the moduli space of certain rational maps localized on the (n-3)! solutions of the scattering equations. The R symmetry of the D3-brane theory is shown to be SU(4) x U(1), and the U(1) factor implies that its amplitudes are helicity conserving. Each of 6D theories (D5-brane and M5-brane) reduces to the D3-brane theory by dimensional reduction. As special cases of the general M5-brane amplitudes, we present compact formulas for examples involving only the self-dual B field with n=4,6,8. In Chapter 3, we extend this formalism to n-particle tree-level scattering amplitudes of six-dimensional N=(1,1) super Yang--Mills (SYM) and N=(2,2) supergravity (SUGRA). The SYM theory arises on the world volume of coincident D5-branes, and the supergravity is the result of toroidal compactification of string theory. These theories have non-abelian interactions which allow for both even and odd-point amplitudes, unlike the branes of Chapter 2. Due to the properties of spinor-helicity variables in six dimensions, the even-n and odd-n formulas are quite different and have to be treated separately. We first propose a manifestly supersymmetric expression for the even-n amplitudes of N=(1,1) SYM theory and perform various consistency checks. By considering soft-gluon limits of the even-n amplitudes, we deduce the form of the rational maps and the integrand for n odd. The odd-n formulas obtained in this way have a new redundancy that is intertwined with the usual SL(2,C) invariance on the Riemann sphere. We also propose an alternative form of the formulas, analogous to the Witten--RSV (Roiban, Spradlin, and Volovich) formulation, and explore its relationship with the symplectic (or Lagrangian) Grassmannian. Since the amplitudes are formulated in a way that manifests double-copy properties, formulas for the six-dimensional N=(2,2) SUGRA amplitudes follow. These six-dimensional results allow us to deduce new formulas for five-dimensional SYM and SUGRA amplitudes, as well as massive amplitudes of four-dimensional N=4 SYM on the Coulomb branch. In Chapter 4, we consider half-maximal supergravity and present a twistor-like formula for the complete tree-level S matrix of chiral 6D (2,0) supergravity coupled to 21 abelian tensor multiplets. This is the low-energy effective theory that corresponds to Type IIB superstring theory compactified on a K3 surface. As in previous chapters, the formula is expressed as an integral over the moduli space of certain rational maps of the punctured Riemann sphere; the new ingredient is an integrand which successfully incorporates both gravitons and multiple flavors of tensors. By studying soft limits of the formula, we are able to explore the local moduli space of this theory, SO(5,21)/(SO(5) x SO(21)). Finally, by dimensional reduction, we also obtain a new formula for the tree-level S-matrix of 4D N=4 Einstein--Maxwell theory. In Chapter 5, we introduce p-adic AdS/CFT and discuss several physical and mathematical features of the holographic correspondence between conformal field theories on P1(Qp) and lattice models on the Bruhat--Tits tree of PGL(2,Qp), an infinite tree of p+1 valence which has the p-adic projective line as its boundary. We review the p-adic numbers, the Bruhat--Tits tree, and some of their applications to physics including p-adic CFT. A key feature of these constructions is the discrete and hierarchical nature of the tree and the corresponding field theories, which serve as a toy model of holography in which there are no gravitons and no conformal descendants. Standard holographic results for massive free scalar fields in a fixed background carry over to the tree; semi-classical dynamics in the bulk compute correlation functions in the dual field theory and we obtain a precise relationship between the bulk mass and the scaling dimensions of local operators. It is also possible to interpret the vertical direction in the tree a renormalization-group scale for modes in the boundary CFT. Higher-genus bulk geometries (the BTZ black hole and its generalizations) can be understood straightforwardly in our setting and their construction parallels the story in AdS_3 topological gravity. In Chapter 6, we consider a class of holographic quantum error-correcting codes, built from perfect tensors in network configurations dual to Bruhat--Tits trees and their quotients by Schottky groups corresponding to BTZ black holes. The resulting holographic states can be constructed in the limit of infinite network size. We obtain a p-adic version of entropy which obeys a Ryu--Takayanagi like formula for bipartite entanglement of connected or disconnected regions, in both genus-zero and genus-one p-adic backgrounds, along with a Bekenstein--Hawking-type formula for black hole entropy. We prove entropy inequalities obeyed by such tensor networks, such as subadditivity, strong subadditivity, and monogamy of mutual information (which is always saturated). In addition, we construct infinite classes of perfect tensors directly from semi-classical states in phase spaces over finite fields, generalizing the CRSS algorithm. These codes and the resulting networks provide a natural bulk geometric interpretation of non-Archimedean notions of entanglement in holographic boundary states.


Rapidly innovating industries are just not behaving the way theory expected. Conventional industrial organization theory predicts that when parties in the supply chain have to make transaction-specific investments, the risk of opportunism will drive them away from contracts and toward vertical integration. Despite the conventional theory, contemporary practice is moving in the other direction. Instead of vertical integration, we observe vertical disintegration in a significant number of industries, as producers recognize that they cannot themselves maintain cutting-edge technology in every field required for the success of their product. In doing this, the parties are developing forms of contracting beyond the reach of contract theory models. In this Article, we connect the emerging contract practice to theory, learning from what has happened in the real world to frame a theoretical explanation of this cross-organizational innovation and to reconceptualize the boundaries of the firm accordingly. We argue that the vertical disintegration of the supply chain in many industries is mediated neither by fully specified technical interfaces that allow suppliers to produce a modular piece of the ultimate product, nor by entirely implicit relational contracts supported only by norms of reciprocity and the expectation of future dealings. Rather, we suggest that the change in the boundary of the firm has given rise to a new form of contracting between firms - what we call contracting for innovation. This pattern braids explicit and implicit contracting to support iterative collaborative innovation by raising switching costs. These costs, represented by the parties' parallel investment in transaction specific investment in knowledge about their collaborators' capacities, deter opportunism under circumstances when explicit contracting, renegotiation and the anticipation of future dealings cannot.


AutoCAD 2009 and AutoCAD LT 2009: No Experience Required is the perfect step-by-step introduction to the very latest version of the world's leading CAD software. It provides concise explanations and practical tutorials that clearly show you how to plan and develop a customized AutoCAD project. Follow the tutorials sequentially or just jump in at any chapter by downloading the drawing files from the companion website. Either way, you'll master AutoCAD features, get a thorough grounding in the essentials, and see quick results.


Within the European Convention system, judgments have supported legal restrictions on hate speech, but also on blasphemy or religious defamation. The universal human rights instruments, particularly the ICCPR, are increasingly geared towards eradicating hate speech (speech that threatens the rights and freedoms of others), whilst forms of extreme speech that fall short of that category are to be protected rather than countered by states. The Human Rights Committee's recently adopted General Comment (No. 34) on freedom of expression, provides another strong indication that this is the envisaged way forward: repealing blasphemy and defamation bills, whilst simultaneously increasing the efforts to combat hate speech. This paper argues that it remains ever so important to continue taking stock of the legal justifications for restrictions that are suggested in this area and to scrutinize whether they are in fact sustainable from a human rights perspective –– not only on paper, but also in actual practice. The paper compares and contrasts the universal monitoring bodies' approach to extreme speech with that of regional monitoring bodies, notably the European Court of Human Rights.


Cubo-Futurlsm is defined both in terms of the development of Cubist and Futurist styles of painting by the Russian avant-garde artists Liubov Popova, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Olga Rozanova and Ivan Puni between 1912 and 1915, and in terms of the reworking and transformation of' these two movements against the unique Russian cultural background into a new non-objective art after 1915. The Russian artistic and cultural context, including Ouspensky and the fourth dimension and the linguistic theories of the Futurist poets Alexei Kruchenykh and Vellmlr Khlebnikov concerning a transratlona]. language (zaum), played a vital role for a number of artists in their move into non-objective painting and construction. Zaum influenced the reworking of Cubist collage by Malevich, Puni and Rozanova, and the abstract collages and reliefs of Rozanova and Puni are defined as visual equivalents to the new logic "broader than sense" envisaged by zaum. As part of the Russian cultural context, indigenous art forms also acted as possible stimuli for the development of a non-objective painterly style. The abstract potential which artists saw in the icon was exploited by Puni in his non-objective reliefs of 1915-c1919, and the principles of decoration in Islamic Architecture may be seen as an important source for Popova's painterly architectonics of 19 16-18. After 1916, the principles of non-objective painting, established fran an examination of Cubism and Futurism, were applied to tasks of design and the theatre. Puni, Rozanova and Udaitsova designed household and fashion items, and Alexandra Exter and Alexandr Vesnin completed set and costume designs for several productions in the Moscow Kamerny Theatre between 1916 and 1922. In their attempt to articulate a dynamic spatial environment, the principles for these designs derived from earlier Cubo-Futurist experiments in painting.


Evaluation of: Elsaie ML, Choudhary S, Leiva A, Nouri K. Nonablative radiofrequency for skin rejuvenation. Dermatol. Surg. 36, 577–589 (2010).The field of body contouring and tissue tightening has grown very rapidly over the past several years, with many new devices appearing on the market that utilize radiofrequency (RF) energy to effectively tighten and rejuvenate the skin. What originally began with a single monopolar RF device has progressed into a world in which there are skin-tightening devices that utilize, besides monopolar RF energy, bipolar energy and tripolar energy, and newer machines that boast five and eight poles of RF energy. Each of these devices claims to have positive effects on the skin, which can lead to tissue tightening and ultimate rejuvenation of the skin.


We examine people's preferences about whether to engage in discretionary spending vs. save their money and find that reduced spending in the present requires the combination of both being motivated to provide for one's future self (valuing the future) and actively considering long-term implications of one's choices (awareness of the future). Feeling more connected to the future self—thinking that the important psychological properties that define your current self are preserved in the person you will be in the future—provides the motivation for people to make far-sighted choices by changing the valuation of future outcomes. However, this change only reduces spending when opportunity costs are highlighted.


Historians of philosophy have long regarded Kierkegaard as one of the most important forerunners of twentieth-century existentialism. One obvious reason for this is his rejection of abstraction and system-building and his insistence on the sphere of existence and actuality. One of his most famous criticisms of German idealism (and Hegel in particular) is that it neglects the realm of actuality, which cannot be captured by abstract concepts. His emphasis on the immediate lived experience of the individual seems to be at the opposite end of the philosophical spectrum from any form of idealism. What is interesting about this criticism is that it seems, at least in part, to be inspired by another German idealist, namely Schelling. This paper explores this criticism and attempts to come to terms with its implications. It is argued that this amounts to a somewhat unphilosophical criticism and that Kierkegaard does not end up with a philosophically plausible position, despite whatever merits it may have for the individual religious believer.


Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is considered one of the challenging environmental problems in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Municipal solid waste increased significantly due to rapid population growth and fast urbanization, change in lifestyles and consumption patterns. Major problems associated with MSWM are poor collection rates, open dumping, and improper recycling that pose environmental damages. An environmental impact analysis of Jordan's MSWM was required to look into opportunities for bringing in an integrated solid waste management (ISWM). In this paper, we analyzed the country's MSWM as a case study in the MENA region. Our goal was to identify the most environmentally-friendly and economically-viable alternative to the current situation. Based on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), we evaluated the potential environmental and economic impacts of 10 MSWM scenarios adopting different waste treatment technologies. Indicators of the environmental performance used were four impact categories of EDIP 2003 assessment method: Climate Change (GWP 100a), Acidification Potential, Eutrophication Potential and Human Toxicity. The results showed that improving the current MSWM with 72% of sanitary landfills with energy recovery and 28% of dry recyclable materials was the best scenario in terms of environmental impacts and economic cost. The cost recovery of this scenario was 155% compared to an average of 55.5% of the current cost recovery. The study also revealed that the materials recycled could be increased by 33.5% if the waste separation was applied at the source of generation.


By the introduction of modern power supplies capable of producing low-temperature plasma under atmospheric pressure, the interaction between plasmas and liquids have presented great potentials in many exciting applications in recent years. Cancer treatment, wound healing, nanomaterial production, water disinfection and chemical analysis are just a few examples of emerging applications of plasmas interacting with liquids. Despite the large attention received in recent years, research in this area is still in its infancy. To take the current technologies further and develop practical solutions for these applications, many fundamental questions need to be answered first. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are known to play a dominant role in these applications. The underlying physics of plasma-liquid interaction, the chemistry involved in the liquid phase, the interfacial effects governing the mass transfer between the plasma and the liquid, mass transfer quantities and the propagation mechanisms of the transferred species throughout the liquid media are just a few sample questions that remain unanswered.A combination of computational modelling and experimental methods are used throughout this thesis to shine some light on some of these questions. New insights into the dynamics of the liquid phase chemistry as well as the physical effects of the plasma on the liquid bulk are addressed as part of this thesis. The developed computational model not only provides a better understanding of the system in general, but also predicts properties and quantities which are difficult or impossible to measure experimentally with current available apparatus and measurement techniques. The results are then employed to layout guidelines for optimized configurations of plasma-liquid systems in practical applications.Since the gas phase computational study has been explored extensively in previous works, in this thesis our main focus will be the interaction between the plasma and the plasma effluent with the liquid phase and the subsequent physicochemical reactions. The problem is broken down into three parts. In the first part, the plasma gas phase is studied independent of the liquid phase to clarify the kinetics of the plasma medium. The main chemical reaction pathways are studied as well as the effect of input power modulation on the chemical pathway variations and final gas composition. The next part focuses on the transfer of heavy reactive species into the liquid and the subsequent chemical reactions. This is relevant in remote plasma systems in which the plasma is not in electric contact with the liquid. In particular we study an epoxidation reactor that relies on a He + O2 to epoxidate alkenes in liquid phase. In the third part, the focus is on the transfer of electrons into the liquid phase. In this case, the plasma is electrically connected to the liquid and electrons are delivered to the liquid to drive liquid phase reactions. The electrochemical properties of the liquid are studied along with the effect of the surface tension gradient caused by the plasma on the liquid phase mixing patterns.


The mathematical study of train oscillations, attributing to the couplings linear elastic characteristics, does not provide results conforming to the reality, and does not explain the intensity of the efforts observed, which may attain three, or four, times the tractive effort. The authors provide details of the results of a study which assimilates the train to a continuous bar, with a deformation pressure, "S", which could be a function of deformation which is nil in the case of nil deformation, although non-linear, or even cyclic. They study the phenomenon with the help of the classical, partially derived, equation, covering the propagation of waves and they show, in this way, the existence of two different types of wave. They discuss their properties and interference in accordance with the accepted law, in order to explain the pressure in relation to the deformation, and they demonstrate, in this way, the possibility of the efforts which are four times the tractive effort observed.


The majority of rabies virus (RV) infections are caused by bites or scratches from rabid carnivores or bats. Usually, RV utilizes the retrograde transport within the neuronal network to spread from the infection site to the central nervous system (CNS) where it replicates in neuronal somata and infects other neurons via trans-synaptic spread. We speculate that in addition to the neuronal transport of the virus, hematogenous spread from the site of infection directly to the brain after accidental spill over into the vascular system might represent an alternative way for RV to invade the CNS. So far, it is unknown whether hematogenous spread has any relevance in RV pathogenesis. To determine whether certain RV variants might have the capacity to invade the CNS from the periphery via hematogenous spread, we infected mice either intramuscularly (i.m.) or intravenously (i.v.) with the dog-associated RV DOG4 or the silver-haired bat-associated RV SB. In addition to monitoring the progression of clinical signs of rabies we used immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to follow the spread of the virus from the infection site to the brain. In contrast to i.m. infection where both variants caused a lethal encephalopathy, only i.v. infection with SB resulted in the development of a lethal infection. While qRT-PCR did not reveal major differences in virus loads in spinal cord or brain at different times after i.m. or i.v. infection of SB, immunohistochemical analysis showed that only i.v. administered SB directly infected the forebrain. The earliest affected regions were those hypothalamic nuclei, which are connected by neurosecretory fibers to the circumventricular organs neurohypophysis and median eminence. Our data suggest that hematogenous spread of SB can lead to a fatal encephalopathy through direct retrograde invasion of the CNS at the neurovascular interface of the hypothalamus-hypophysis system. This alternative mode of virus spread has implications for the post exposure prophylaxis of rabies, particularly with silver-haired bat-associated RV.


At the beginning of my paper I have explained why I could not use the new finds of the Vindolanda Tablets. In this regard I quoted the letter I sent to Professor Bowman and the kind answer he gave me. Then I took into account three elements of the Vindolanda Tablets until now published that deserve attention, namely (1) the conflation of second and third conjugation of Latin verb, which is considered a feature of Vulgar Latin, (2) the presence of official language in distinguishing the familiar puer from the formal servus to mention a slave, and (3) the use of rogo (or similar verbs) + ut or the simple subjunctive. In all these cases the presumption of Vulgar Latin in Vindolanda tablets must be reduced. As to the first I actually challenged in some cases the supposed conflation of second and third conjugation. I demonstrated that the expression qui debunt (instead of debent) must be read qui debent, because the letter V of debunt is a false reading for E written in the cursive form employed not only in Vindolanda tablets but also in a letter sent by Cl. Terentianus to his father, Cl. Tiberianus, in P. Mich. VIII 468. 40. The closing greetings Valu fratur (Vindolanda Tablet 301 Plate XXIII), which of course must be read Vale frater is a proof that in the cursive formula of final greetings, written in a kind of currente calamo, a cursive script was employed and the conflation of second and third conjugation must be reduced in some cases to a cursive (and regular) script. Also as to the difference between puer and servus, and rogo + subj. (with ut or without ut) the Vindolanda's Latin was not so vulgar as could be supposed if we consider Octavius' and Chrautius' Latinitas. In particular the construction of rogo + subj. (with ut or withour ut) was object of study because Latin speaker showed a great attention in choosing one or the other construction as happened in a couple of letters sent by Brutus and Cassius to Mark Antony. Maybe this depended upon the action of military scribes, as Adams right supposed. On the other hand, if we consider the role played by Brittain Latin in the Carolingian Renaissance, every defence of correct Latin in this region requires a larger investigation. Therefore the use of the new Vindolanda Letters should have a great weight.