Evidence directly supporting an association between Salmonella infection and colorectal cancer in human subjects is sparse. It has been well recognized that Salmonella infection increases the risk of gallbladder cancer. AvrA, a bacterial protein from Salmonella enterica, plays a crucial role in establishing chronic infection. To our knowledge, the presence of the bacterial AvrA has never been studied in human samples. Here, we demonstrated the presence and cellular localization of AvrA in inflamed, colorectal tumor and its precursor lesions, using both animal experimental infection models and human clinical specimens. We performed a newly developed AvrA serological assay and to determine the presence of anti-Salmonella AvrA antibody in chronic infected mouse serum samples. Further, we tested the presence of AvrA gene in healthy human fecal samples, in order to advance etiological studies of Salmonella AvrA in human population. Our study suggests a potential role of this bacterial protein in human colorectal cancer. Moreover, our new serological assay may serve a useful tool to identify individuals at increased risk for colorectal cancer.


A dissertation submitted to the Department of General Art Studies,
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Art Education, June-2012


This paper studies the parallelization of the restarted GMRES solver, GMRES (m), and the block ILU (k) preconditioner on GPUs used in petroleum reservoir simulations. The difficulty is how to accelerate this preconditioner with a variable block size. In this paper, parallel solution techniques for block triangular systems are proposed, which work for matrices with an arbitrary block size. These techniques also work with an arbitrary level k for the block ILU (k) preconditioner. Numerical experiments show that the GPU-based linear solver GMRES (m) is much faster than its CPU version.


A key challenge to create a sustainable and energy-efficient society is in making consumer demand adaptive to energy supply, especially renewable supply. In this paper, we propose a partially-centralized organization of consumers, namely, a consumer cooperative for purchasing electricity from the market. We propose a novel multiagent coordination algorithm to shape the energy consumption of the cooperative. In the cooperative, a central coordinator buys the electricity for the whole group and consumers make their own consumption decisions based on their private consumption constraints and preferences. To coordinate individual consumers under incomplete information, we propose an iterative algorithm in which a virtual price signal is sent by the coordinator to induce consumers to shift demand. We prove that our algorithm converges to the central optimal solution. Additionally we analyze the convergence rate of the algorithm via simulations on randomly generated instances. The results indicate scalability with respect to the number of agents and consumption slots.


If we wish to see our STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) broadening participation efforts affect change, we must also critically reflect upon and broaden our scientific approaches to studying STEM participation, adopting methodologies and frameworks that most appropriately fit the problems and questions at hand. In this article, we discuss how critical mixed-methodological approaches and intersectionality frameworks offer the possibility of a science of broadening participation that deeply understands, contextualizes, and addresses complex barriers to STEM inclusion. First, we describe the suggested approaches and frameworks, illustrating how they allow us to improve how we collect, measure, interpret, and analyze data. Next, we provide some specific examples of how such approaches and frameworks have enriched our scientific work. Last, we offer some final recommendations for researchers seeking to broaden the science of broadening participation in STEM.


While most attorneys practice ethically and treat their retained experts fairly, there are a few that do otherwise. The authors describe "early warning signs" of the likelihood that the attorneys attempting to retain the psychiatric expert witness may compromise the expert's honesty and striving for objectivity. Experts themselves may have certain vulnerabilities that interfere with their ability to detect those early warning signs. Recommendations for the expert are offered.


Timber harvesting was investigated both in terms of commercial timber volume extracted and impact on residual stand. Conventional and Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) techniques were compared on the basis of pre- and post-harvesting stand inventories. Timber volume extracted averaged 87 m3 ha-1 and the resulting commercial volume was 46 m3 ha-1 (i.e. 53.8% of the felled volume). On average, logging damage affected 40% of the residual trees (dbh > 10 cm): injured and dead trees were recorded in equivalent proportions (21% and 19% respectively). Generally, felling operations caused injury to trees, crown damage being most common, whereas skidding caused death to trees, essentially by uprooting. Tree injury and death from RIL, in contrast, was substantially lower (30.5%) than from conventional methods (48.1%). This study demonstrated that the impact of logging on trees can be substantially reduced by strict supervision and planning of logging operations and limit of harvesting intensity, which should not exceed 80 m3 ha-1. If these technical recommendations are followed, it is possible to reduce the damage by 20% which is equivalent to about 100 stems ha-1 (dbh > 10 cm).


Through a bibliometrical analysis of a database of quality articles in interpreting studies published between 2008 and 2012 in the 14 CSSCI and CORE journals that have published interpreting researches in China, this article describes the status quo of interpreting studies in China during the past five years, which provides latest information following up Wang & Mu (2009)'s survey about developments of the field from 1958 to 2007. A quantitative survey is conducted to reveal the annual production, the distribution of articles in different journals and active researchers of the field. More in-depth qualitative analysis is also done over the content and citation sources of the articles in order to examine distribution of research themes and topics, research methods and theoretical sources. It is found that the total publication of this period is comparable to 53.5% of the previous five decades. Their research themes range from interpreter training to theoretical issues, interpreting techniques and issues in practice, interpreting product, interpreting process and community, telephone and sign-language interpreting. Their research methods include theoretical conceptualization, literature analysis and reviews, theory-application analysis, summary and reflection of experiences, experimental studies, survey studies and observational studies. It is concluded from the bibliometrical analysis that new progress has been achieved in interpreting studies in China during the past five years, which is evident in more wide-ranging research themes and topics, more diversified theoretical sources and better utilization of methodology. The bibliometrical analysis also indicates the emergence of a new generation of researchers, who are expected to take interpreting studies to a new height with favorable institutional and academic environment in place in China.


To increase the efficiency (and effectiveness) of feedback, you must address four key components of the online teaching experience: 1) Course Design—Integrate course components that provide automated feedback in response to individual student submissions. 2) Instructional Resources and Activities—Create resources and activities to decrease the amount of postassignment feedback required. 3) Integration of Feedback Banks—Utilize technology to automate and manage common, repetitive feedback to free instructional time for other activities. 4) Student Experience—Increase the impact of feedback on the student learning experience to ensure adequate return on instructional time investment.


The metamaterials are artificially engineered structures with unusual electromagnetic properties. In this paper, we review the implementation of isotropic metamaterials that exhibit a negative permittivity and a negative permeability, thus leading to a negative index of refraction. Specifically, the paper focuses on transmission line metamaterials which are planar structures comprising a network of distributed transmission lines loaded periodically with inductors L capacitor C, in high pass configuration. The periodic unit cell is much smaller than the wavelength, thus leading to an effective medium in which the lumped loading elements can be either discrete or printed. Based on such negative – refractive – index transmission line metamaterials, several fundamental properties of physical sciences and engineering based microwave devices having broadband properties are explained.


In the present study we aimed at presenting the image that the present-day Romanian society has formed on the way in which disabled persons correspond to the ethical norms, in view of their integration and normalisation within society. The group of subjects considered in the research was composed of higher education graduates: 250 specialists (doctors, psycho-pedagogues, social workers) that work in institutions for the recovery and rehabilitation of persons with various disabilities (intellectual, sensorial, motion disabilities) and 250 non-specialists (engineers, economists). The questionnaire used during the research comprises five insulating negative items and five integrating positive items. The results of the study showed differences between the specialists' and non-specialists' perception on the application of ethical norms in the medical and social-educational activity (hospitals, recovery institutions) as well as in the educational activity (schools) in the treatment of persons with disabilities, while the factors and means for improving the interaction with these people showed direct correlations in the subjects' view. The conclusions of the study emphasised a better perception of the specialists compared to the perception of the non-specialists concerning the application of ethical norms in the medical-educational activities involving persons with disabilities. The perception of the subjects regarding the methods and the factors for improving the interaction with the persons with disabilities indicates on top position the development and the realisation of some joint programs, considering that every member in the community has to be actively involved in the successful integration of these persons.


Exploring Post-Fire Recovery of Biocrusts and Desert Ecosystem Services Jason Robert Bahr Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, BYU Master of Science Biocrusts and the ecosystem services they provide are becoming more susceptible to fire as exotic annual grass invasions facilitate the spread of desert wildfires. Further, precipitation patterns across the western United States are predicted to change over the next century, and have the potential to dramatically influence fire regimes and the recovery of burned biocrusts. Despite these changes to desert fire and precipitation cycles, our understanding of post-fire biocrust recovery is limited, especially regarding the first two years after fire. To investigate biocrust recovery, we created burn manipulations (i.e., unburned and burned) and tracked crust form and function over two years in one cold and one hot desert ecosystem (UT, USA). We evaluated the entire bacterial community, but focused on Cyanobacteria species that confer soil stability and N fixation capabilities to biocrusts. Specifically, we quantified shifts in biocrust bacterial community composition using target metagenomics of 16S rDNA; monitored biocrust moss and lichen cover; measured N fixation potential; and assessed soil infiltration rates and soil stability. We found little evidence that biocrust form or function recovered from fire within two years. Based on pyrosequencing results, fire altered biocrust community composition in interspace and shrub biocrusts. Cyanobacteria species were almost completely eliminated by fire, constituting 9-21% of unburned plots and less than 0.01% of burned interspace and shrub biocrust communities. Based on cover estimates, no lichen or moss species survived the fire or recovered within two years. N fixation potentials decreased by at least six-fold in burned interspace biocrusts, representing a reduction in soil N inputs into already N-limited desert soils. Soil infiltration rates also drastically declined in burned biocrusts and remained depressed, but only remained depressed for one year. To investigate the interactions between biocrust recovery, fire, and precipitation, we nested precipitation treatments manipulating the amount of monthly rainfall (i.e., ambient, plus 30% and minus 30%) within burn treatments during the second year. Soil NH4 was the only parameter to be affected by precipitation, and exhibited a positive relationship with precipitation magnitude at the end of one year. Our results demonstrate that fire is a strong destabilizer of the bacterial components of biocrust communities and that the ecosystem services provided by crusts recover at different rates, with N dynamics recovering more slowly than soil ecohydrology.


Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) play important roles in the developing and mature nervous system, where they guide axons, maintain stable connections, restrict synaptic plasticity, and prevent axon regeneration following CNS injury. The chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan (CS GAG) chains that decorate CSPGs are essential for their functions. Through these sugar chains, CSPGs are able to bind and regulate the activity of a diverse range of proteins and through these interactions can regulate neuronal growth. These CS-protein interactions depend on specific sulfation patterns within the CS GAG chains, and accordingly, particular CS sulfation motifs are upregulated during development, in the mature nervous system, and in response to CNS injury. Thus, spatiotemporal regulation of CS GAG biosynthesis may provide an important mechanism to control the functions of CSPGs and modulate intracellular signaling pathways. Here, we will discuss these sulfation-dependent processes and highlight how the CS sugars on CSPGs contribute to neuronal growth, axon guidance, and plasticity in the nervous system. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are a major barrier to regenerating axons in the central nervous system (CNS), exerting their inhibitory effect through their polysaccharide side chains. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) potently inhibits axon regeneration through modulation of inhibitory signaling pathways induced by carbohydrate binding to protein ligands and receptors. Here, we identify a novel carbohydrate-protein interaction between CS and EphA4 that inhibits axon regrowth. We characterize the mechanism of activation and demonstrate how carbohydrate binding induces phosphorylation of the intracellular kinase domain through clustering of cell surface EphA4. Collectively, our studies present a novel mechanism of EphA4 activation by CS independent of the canonical ephrin ligands and uncover the role of this interaction in inhibition of neurite regrowth after injury. Our results underscore a mechanism of action by which carbohydrates can function as direct, activating ligands for protein receptors and provide mechanistic insights into the inhibition of axon growth by CS following injury to the CNS. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) regulate neuronal plasticity, as well as axon regeneration and guidance through their ability to bind protein ligands and cell surface receptors. In this way, extracellular CSPGs can modulate the activity of intracellular signaling pathways. Here, a computational analysis of EphA4-CS interactions is performed to characterize the importance of key arginine and lysine residues towards CS binding, and to identify structural differences in CS-A, CS-C, CS-D, and CS-E docking to EphA4. Carbohydrate-induced Eph receptor clustering could be a general mechanism of Eph receptor activation. To identify additional Eph receptors that interact with CS, CS-E was docked to all EphA and EphB family members to predict relative binding affinities. The relative strengths of the predicted binding energies are: EphB4 > EphA8 > EphA1 > EphA3 > EphB1 > EphB3 > EphA7 > EphA5 > EphA4 > EphA6 > EphB2 > EphB6 > EphA2. In addition, the arginine and lysine residues that mediate CS binding are identified for each Eph receptor. These computational predictions provide mechanistic insights into Eph receptor activation by chondroitin sulfate and have implications for inhibition of axon regeneration following injury to the nervous system and axon guidance during development.


A timely and authoritative guide, written by the Chief Architect and Founder of Alfresco Alfresco is considered the leading open source solution for Web and Content Management. What makes Alfresco unique is its services, which can be easily extended with web scripts via RESTful services. Written by an author team that includes the chief architect and the founder of Alfresco, this comprehensive guide provides in-depth coverage of the Alfresco architecture and services and shows how to extend them through Web scripts to meet real business needs. You'll learn how to use Alfresco services to create effective content management solutions while detailed code examples show you how to extend Alfresco with Web scripts using RESTful services to deliver custom solutions. Features detailed, working code examples that demonstrate how to extend Alfresco with Web scripts Written by the Chief Architect and other key Alfresco insiders, ensuring that this book is both authoritative and up-to-date Shows how to integrate Alfresco with Drupal and Joomla portal solutions Covers the upcoming Alfresco 3.2 release Includes real-world case examples of increasing levels of sophistication and complexity The companion Web site contains all source code examples in the book You'll benefit from this timely resource that shows how to get the most from Alfresco for specific business requirements.


The aim of the study was to indicate serum cancer markers of internal organs increased level in blood of patients with bullous diseases with autoimmunological background (CEA, Ca125, tPSA). Levels of neoplasmatical markers were determinated by ELISA method. Auto antibodies were determinated by immunofluorescency IF. 50 patients (male – 19 and 31 female) were investigated. Patients were divided into 2 groups: with pemphigus (14 patients, male and female) and with pemphigoid (36 patients male and female). In serum obtained from all (100%) of female patients with pemphigoid auto antibodies IgG anty BMZ were present. In 44.5% presence of Ca125 was determinated as well as presence of CEA (11.2%). Results obtained from serum of male pemphigoid patients were different. 66.7% have shown presence of auto antibodies as well as presence of tPSA but 100% of these patients shown negative CEA. 100% of female patients with pemphigus had autoantibodies present in investigated serum, but only 15.3% shown presence of Ca125 and another 15.3% – presence of CEA. Immunofluorescency shown positive resultin 100% of male patients with pemphigus with presence of CEA and negative result of tPSA. High level of autoantibodies and higher level of Ca125 were observed in blood of pemphigoid female patients. The correlation between presence of autoantibodies and higher levels of tPSA in blood of male pemphigoid patients were observed.


We show how to recover 2D structure and motion linearly in order to initialize simultaneous mapping and localization (SLAM) for bearings-only measurements and planar motion. The method supplies a good initial estimate of the geometry, even without odometry or in multiple robot scenarios. Hence, it substantially enlarges the scope in which non-linear batch-type SLAM algorithms can be applied. The method is applicable when at least seven landmarks are seen from three different vantage points, whether by one robot that moves over time or by multiple robots that observe a set of common landmarks.


This research aimed to study the leaf anatomy of the weed species Amaranthus deflexus, Amaranthus spinosus, Alternanthera tenella and Euphorbia heterophylla, widely known in Brazil, to acquire a better understanding of the barriers each species imposes to herbicide penetration, and to other substances used for leaf spraying. Completely expanded leaves from the third to the fifth nodes were collected from spontaneous plants in the field. Three samples approximately 1cm2, were removed from the medium portion of the leaves, from each species. These samples were used for structure, clarification and scanning-electron microscope observations. All species were amphistomatic. The potential major leaf barriers to herbicide penetration in A. deflexus and A. spinosus were, respectively, high cuticle thickness in the adaxial side and high cuticle thickness in both sides, respectively, whereas in A. tenella, high cuticle thickness on both sides, high content of epicuticular wax and high trichome density were the major potential barriers observed. E. heterophylla showed high content of the epicuticular wax, high latex glandular density and high cuticle thickness in the adaxial side as possible major barriers to herbicide penetration.


Objective: To evaluate cephalometric changes in patients with bilateral loss of lower first permanent molar teeth. Methods: Sixty-eight lateral radiographs of patients from private practices were analyzed. The sample was divided into two groups matched for age and gender: 34 individuals without loss (control group) and 34 presenting with bilateral loss of lower first permanent molar teeth (loss group). Patients who had lost teeth other than lower first molars, cases of agenesis and patients under 16 years of age were excluded from the sample. Only individuals who reported losing teeth at least 5 years earlier were evaluated. Results: It was found that bilateral loss of lower first permanent molars leads to smooth closure of GnSN angle (P = 0.05), counterclockwise rotation of the occlusal plane (P = 0.0001), mild decrease in lower anterior face height (P = 0.05), pronounced lingual tipping (P = 0.04) and retrusion of mandibular incisors (P = 0.03). Moreover, bilateral loss of lower first permanent molars did not affect the maxillomandibular relationship in the anteroposterior direction (P = 0.21), amount of chin (P = 0.45), inclination of upper incisors (P = 0.12) and anteroposterior position of maxillary incisors (P = 0.46). Conclusion: Bilateral loss of lower first molars can produce marked changes in lower incisor positioning and in the occlusal plane as well as a mild vertical reduction of the face. Abstract


It is hard to dispute the assertion that Wolfgang Schibvelbusch's book originally published in 1977 as The Railway Journey: trains and travel in the 19th Century (translated from German by Anselm Hollo) has become a landmark in railway history. It is quoted and referenced widely by social and cultural historians of the nineteenth century and by historians of travel and transport. The culturally informed approach to histories of technology adopted by Schivelbusch has played an important role enabling railway historians to recognise the broader cultural and intellectual contexts in which the railway has been experienced historically. Writing in the late 1970s Schivelbusch raised a series of issues which transformed our understanding of the railway's place within cultural histories of modernity. This paper argues that The Railway Journey has both enabled and constrained study of the cultural history of railways within transport history. In order to develop this argument, the following two sections examine in turn key themes of 'panoramic perception' and 'the machine ensemble'. The paper then continues with a discussion which reflects on the conceptual basis of Schivelbusch's approach. It works with the idea of 'traumatic shock' to makes some suggestions hinting at a more creative engagement with his work. Overall the paper argues for dialogue rather than deference with this important work in the cultural history of transport.


In summer of 2011 National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS) conducted a workshop for middle/high school
children called 'How to map what's around you!'. Seventeen students from different schools participated in the
workshop. In the workshop we learnt various aspects of mapping, such as about latitude/longitude, direction,
scales, symbology, legends, etc. We also learnt to use Google Earth, locate places and make maps. We leant to
use GPS and then load the points on to Google Earth and view the points on the background of satellite image.
As part of the workshop we did a project on Trees of NIAS, in which 34 different kinds of trees were mapped. Each
participant chose 2-3 or more types of trees and mapped their locations in the campus. While doing this I realized
the rich diversity in NIAS, especially the different types of trees in the campus. After the course I got very interested
in trees. I started noticing trees on road wherever I went, whether around home, around school or out of town
during holiday trips. Then I found that NIAS was one place where many different kinds of trees can be seen within
a small area. This inspired me to further extend the work we did in summer workshop and try to map as many trees
as possible in NIAS campus. Though my school had started by then, I came and worked on Sundays and other
holidays for this project.

Method:
We started by doing the GPS survey. Ms Sreeja K.G. guided me in identifying trees and classifying them. We went
together around the campus, she identified the trees, I would mark a point in the handheld GPS and then make a
note of the point ID number and the Plant name. These GPS points were then downloaded on to computer using
MapSource software, and then viewed on Google Earth along with the background of satellite imagery. On Google
Earth separate directories were made for each tree and ID numbers were saved into respective directories.
Distinctive symbols were then assigned to each type of tree. After this we could make maps on Google Earth of individual trees, groups of trees or all the mapped trees. I was guided by Dr M.B.Rajani regarding GPS and
mapping. The GPS equipment we used has an accuracy of less than 10m. So the position of individual trees can
be displaced by few metres. But with the help of maps one can go to the location and with the help of pictures the
tree can be spotted.

About the book:
In spite of trying our best it was still not possible to cover all the trees in NIAS. We have identified and geocoded, in
the approximately 5.2 acre NIAS campus, a total of 363 trees which belong to 82 different species, 69 genera and
33 families. This book has a map in the beginning showing all the mapped trees, each type of tree has a different
symbol. There is a Legend Box that gives names for each symbol. After that one page dedicated to each type of
tree in which there are few pictures of that particular tree, details and description about the tree, and a map
showing its locations in NIAS campus as red dots ( ). Among the pictures printed in this book around 76% were
taken on campus. The rest were downloaded from the Internet. This is because the flowering and fruiting season
vary and they are also in various stages of their life cycle, from saplings to mature trees. In some cases the tree
was too tall or was hiding amidst other trees or behind and close to buildings. Therefore it was not possible to take
good distinctive photos. The photos taken in NIAS can be identified as they are marked with black borderline
( ) and photos downloaded from Internet are marked with blue borderline ( ). After the pages with
details of individual trees, there is an index with list of trees (botanical, family and common names), GPS IDs and
page numbers. After the index there is reference list of books and websites that were referred to for description. At
the end there is a database of GPS IDs which has listed latitude/longitude of each GPS ID, and also the date and
time when each one was mapped.

This is in no way a complete list of trees in NIAS. In future anybody interested can add on and complete the list.


The problem of information overload and ways to reduce it has been the focus of many researchers in the MIS literature (e.g. Yang et al. 2003, Farhoomand and Drury 2002, Lau et al. 2001, Chan 2001, Lin 2000, Grisé and Gallupe 1999, Tuttle and Burton 1999, Mendelson and Pillai 1998, Iselin 1989). The technological advances of the past few decades in the field of computer science and information technology have made it possible to make large volumes of data available anyplace anytime. Although Information Technology (IT) has been instrumental in improving the flow of information it has been also instrumental in creating an overload of this same information for businesses and organizations (Farhoomand and Drury 2002, Mendelson and Pillai 1998). For example, the results of a recent survey of managers in a variety of industries shows that the majority of managers are faced with the problem of information overload on regular basis and complained that information overload has negative effects on their work (Farhoomand and Drury 2002). My dissertation is motivated by the ubiquitous nature and continually growing magnitude of the information overload problem. In this work, I intend to investigate the problem of information overload from a cognitive point of view.


Banking sector has a great importance in a national economy. Banks provide the vital function of mobilizing savings from those who have it and allocating such savings to those who wish to borrow to invest in economic development. When these two cardinal functions are not effectively provided by a country's banking institutions, then its economic performance is seriously hampered. Main duty of banks is to accept deposits and channel those deposits into lending activities, either directly or through capital markets. In this study it is tried to determine if there is any correlation between the level of lending and the level of profitability. In addition to that, optimal level of lending is tried to be determined. Total lendings / total assets which is the best indicator of asset quality is accepted as independent variable and net income / total asset (return on assets), net income / equity (Return on equity) are accepted as dependent variable. Between those variables regression and correlation analyse are done


Anti-sanctuary efforts are sweeping the country, as the federal government and a growing number of states impose stringent restrictions on the ability of cities and other localities to limit their involvement in federal immigration enforcement. Many are now wondering how far this movement will go. But where and how did this movement begin? This Essay argues that the roots of the contemporary anti-sanctuary movement can be traced to Proposition 187, a ballot initiative adopted by California voters in 1994. As the nation's first anti-sanctuary law, Proposition 187 established the basic provisions featured in nearly every anti-sanctuary measure enacted since. Moreover, it led the federal government to reshape federal law and initiatives to enable the kind of federal-local cooperation that Proposition 187 envisioned. As a result, Proposition 187 did more than simply set the groundwork for the modern anti-sanctuary movement. It also led to a restructuring of the federalism relationship that made the proliferation of anti-sanctuary legislation like Proposition 187 more necessary. In other words, although Proposition 187 is largely remembered as a benefit- restricting measure, it is its anti-sanctuary efforts that constitute its most lasting legacy.


This study is to illustrate alpine vegetation dynamics in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China from simulated filed experimental climate change, vegetation community dynamic simulation integrated with scenarios of global temperature increase of 1 to 3°C, and simulated regional alpine vegetation distribution changes in responses to global warming. Our warming treatment increased air temperatures by 5°C on average and soil temperatures were elevated by 3°C at 5 cm depth. Above- ground biomass of grasses responded rapidly to the warmer conditions whereby biomass was 25% greater than that of controls after only 5 wk of experimental warming. This increase was accompanied by a simultaneous decrease in forb biomass, resulting in almost no net change in community biomass after 5 wk. Under warmed conditions, peak community bio-mass was extended into October due in part to continued growth of grasses and the postponement of senescence. The Vegetation Dynamic Simulation Model calculates a probability surface for each vegetation type, and then combines all vegetation types into a composite map, determined by the maximum likelihood that each vegetation type should distribute to each raster unit. With scenarios of global temperature increase of 1°C to 3°C, the vegetation types such as Dry Kobresia Meadow and Dry Potentilla Shrub that are adapted to warm and dry conditions tend to become more dominant in the study area.


In this article (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19:2479–87), which was published in the October 2010 issue of Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention (1), the authors discovered errors in some of the data. The authors repeated the analyses of Tables 1–4 using the corrected data and revised accordingly. Descriptions of the revisions and the revised tables are shown below. In revised Table 1, there were fewer users of oral contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy. There were also fewer ever users of lipophilic statins,withvery little change in thenumberofwomenwith 2ormoreyears of use. Mean duration of statin use was longer among ever users, with little change among women with 2 or more years of use. In revised Table 2, the odds ratios (ORs) for hormone receptor (HR)negative breast cancer remained nonsignificant for all categories of statin use, although the inverse association became stronger among women with 5 or more years of use. There was almost no change in the results for HRpositive breast cancers. In revised Table 3, the ORs for risk of intrinsic breast cancer subtypes and statin use changed only slightly and remained nonsignificant for all 4 subtypes. In revised Table 4, the case-only ORs for the association of various tumor characteristics with statin use remained nonsignificant for all examined parameters. The borderline significant association of progesterone receptor status and statin use became weaker and nonsignificant. The overall conclusion remained unchanged: these findings do not confirm a preventive association between lipophilic statin use and breast cancer. The authors sincerely regret these data errors and thank Joan Schwalbe for preparation of the corrected tables.


The incidence of concussions and potential for long-term health effects has captured the attention of the media, general public, medical professionals, parents, and obviously the athletes themselves. Concussions have been blamed for a variety of mental and physical health issues. The athletic trainer is at the forefront of the concussion management team, as they are typically on the scene when the concussion occurs and are often the first medical personnel to evaluate and, hopefully, remove the athlete from activity. There has been controversy of late regarding the influence of coaches in the care of concussed athletes. Therefore, a move to the "medical model" of sports medicine management can go a long way in resolving conflict of interest issues regarding the care of concussed athletes. A comprehensive concussion team and protocol are also essential to providing the highest level of care. This article takes a closer look at concussion management in the collegiate arena, with a particular focus on Prince...


The San Francisco Integration Project is a Brazilian government project aiming to bring water to the semiarid region of the northeast. The project provides funding for two diversions of the San Francisco River, supplementing the supply of local water in four Brazilian states. The Piranhas-Acu and Jaguaribe basins will become the largest recipients of these water deliveries. In this paper, we propose methodologies to state in monetary terms the technical coefficients of water use for the economic sectors associated with urban supply (US) and agricultural irrigation (AI) in different regions of these basins. These coefficients show that for the US economic sectors, at a certain level of urbanization the productivity of water is decreasing. The coefficients of AI obtained are much lower than those of US. The coefficients of AI, when calculated by crop, showed that there is generally an inadequate crop mix in the two basins. When this is associated with the low efficiency of water use, the result is a low economic value per cubic metre of water allocated to the sector. This implies, for both sectors, a need for incentives to use water in a more efficient way.


Background: The prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) symptomatology is comparatively high in Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS). However, the profile and developmental trajectories of these ASD characteristics are potentially different to those observed in individuals with idiopathic ASD. In this study we examine the ASD profile in CdLS in comparison to a matched group of individuals with ASD. Method: The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) was administered to 20 individuals with CdLS (mean age = 11.34; range = 6yrs to 13yrs) and 20 individuals with idiopathic ASD (mean age = 10.42; range = 8yrs to 11yrs). Participants were matched according to adaptive behaviour skills and receptive language. Results: Sixty-five per cent (N= 13) of individuals with CdLS met the cut off score for autism on the total ADOS score. Further analysis at domain and item level indicated that individuals with CdLS showed significantly less repetitive behaviour, (specifically sensory interests); more eye contact, more gestures and less stereotyped speech than the ASD group. The CdLS group also showed higher levels of anxiety. Conclusions: The comparison between CdLS and idiopathic ASD indicates subtle group differences in the profile of ASD symptomatology that are not accounted for by degree of intellectual disability or receptive language skills. These differences may not be evident when relying solely upon clinical and domain level scores, but may be distinguishing features of the ASD presentations in the two disorders. The findings have implications for the conceptualisation and assessment of ASD in individuals with genetic syndromes.


Despite the unprecedented inflow of foreign exchange into the Nigerian economy during the period of the oil boom in the seventies, the economy has been experiencing a balance of payments crisis and a recession since early 1982. While the glu t in the world oil market is often blamed for these problems their genesis is perhaps best sought within the context of the fiscal indiscipline and the exchange rate policy which characterized policy makers' response to the oil boom. This paper examines the effects of these policy responses on certain macro-economic variables during the period 1972- 1984. It is observed that the evolution of these variables indicates that the Dutch Disease syndrome emerged during this period . Real output hardly grew ; real agricultural output declined ; non-oil exports, especially agricultural exports, lost competitiveness as a result of real exchange rate appreciation . The non-oil sector became more and more dependent on imports and a balance of payments crisis was imminent even before the 1982 oil market bust. It is argued that these developments could be directly traced back to the budgetary operations of the government through which the oil boom affected the rest of the economy. The policy of nominal exchange rate appreciation also contributed to the events which eventually led to an external debt crisis in the eighties. All of these happened because of the failure to make appropriate policy choices.


Widely accepted analyses of personal pronouns in sign languages present systems that differ in a crucial way from pronominal systems in oral languages and violate linguistic universals proposed by Benveniste, Buhler, Lyons, and others. These analyses argue that the two necessary conversational roles — sender and recipient — are not grammaticized in first and second person pronouns, respectively. This paper presents findings of a detailed analysis of pronominal reference in video-recorded, naturally occurring Brazilian Sign Language conversations which show consistent pairings of form and meaning. On this basis, I argue that the LSB personal pronoun system encodes the two necessary conversational roles. A re-examination of several ASL examples provides additional evidence. I conclude that, in LSB and ASL personal pronouns, space is only epiphenomenal, an idea first articulated by Padden (1990:118).


Research aims: Evaluate the role and educational value of web-based technology for the delivery and assessment of a post-graduate nuclear medicine programme. Develop a blended learning approach and asynchronous peer sup- port methods for students, promoting critical evaluation and cognitive thinking skills.

Methods: A scoping team was created to evaluate traditional learning and assessment approaches utilised within the nuclear medicine programme. Consultation with professional bodies and industry representatives was included in the evaluation. Strategic planning and student representation identified core web-based learn- ing resources available to support educational delivery, communication and assessments.

Results: Initial evaluations indicate a shift in delivery methodologies, with greater focus on clinical scenarios and experiential/enquiry based learning. New delivery models demonstrate the value of relating learning to 'real' clinical situations. Student feedback indicated a willingness to interact with an asynchronous learning environment and engage with web-based resources. Web- based assessments also offers advantages for students who are places a large geographical distance from the academic institute.

Conclusion: Mapping students learning outcomes has become more intrinsically linked with professional roles and responsibilities. The use of web-based resources has enabled academic staff to further develop learning and assessment approaches, enhancing students application of knowledge and practice skills to clinical practice.


We just don't have any discipline in government. That's our trouble.... We got to get it in the departments. President Richard M. Nixon to George Schultz(1) As Richard Milhous Nixon perceived it, the bureaucracy's lack of responsiveness to the will of elected officials constituted the "trouble" with government. His frustration with the absence of "discipline in government" underscores the ambiguous as well as contested relationship that exists between the twentieth-century party system and administrative state. This article examines the nature of that uneasy relationship as it pertains to Nixon, who strove to define the proper relationship between these two fundamentally distinct political institutions. Focusing on his connections to the party and bureaucracy during his prepresidential career illustrates how this twentieth-century political leader sought to shape the post-World War II American political system, even as the system molded--and hindered--him.(2) Accordingly, the picture reveals that over the course of his long career, Nixon had a consistent agenda with respect to political institutions; as president, he labored to promote that program but with little success. Party (a traditional concept of democracy) defined Nixon's approach to domestic politics. Throughout his early career, Nixon worked to promote party governance over bureaucratic management. This was especially evident in his efforts to construct postwar labor policy, an area of politics in which the bureaucracy and the Republican Party were frequently at odds. As a product and advocate of party, Nixon built his early career on the belief that elected officials, not autonomous bureaucrats or special interests, should govern the nation. Nixon's commitment to party operated on two levels. On one level, he identified himself as a Republican and vigorously campaigned to bring about a voter realignment to revive the Republican Party after its crushing defeats in the New Deal era. On another level, Nixon perceived himself as a party politician who fervently believed in the viability and necessity of a two-party system. While he frequently criticized the Democratic Party, he firmly believed in its right to exist and argued that a two-party system was a crucial component of a stable democracy, because it helped to confine sharp ideological debates and prevent splinter groups.(3) While a legislator and vice president, Nixon's attitudes and actions did much to reinvigorate the impression that a vibrant two-party system existed. Naturally, these identifications--as a Republican and a party politician--often overlapped, but at other times they clashed. For Nixon, the central and ultimately tragic paradox was that Republican Party leaders did not always behave in ways that advanced a party system of governance; many, for example, supported the expansion of administrative power, and others had difficulty distinguishing themselves from the Democrats. To remain faithful to his party ideology, Nixon felt compelled on occasion to break with the Republican Party. As president, his roles as Republican Party leader, party politician, and chief executive came into severe conflict as he battled Congress, the Democratic Party, and the executive branch. At the height of his career, Nixon's role as party politician and Republican Party leader constrained him. In the end, he felt isolated and ineffectual as an elected leader. From the Oval Office, he felt that he could not make government work. Dissecting Nixon's belief system vis-a-vis governmental institutions alleviates the frustrating task of categorizing him solely along a liberal-conservative continuum. Because his policies tended to move (with the shifting political winds) between both ends of the spectrum, many scholars have portrayed him as an opportunist with no ideological commitments, save a devotion to the aggrandizement of power. Others, however, have described him as a moderate, or as someone who started out as a conservative and became a "liberal" when elected president. …


Temperature-driven reductions in the demand for agricultural labor are associated with increases in the share of workers engaged in manufacturing, suggesting that the ability of non-agricultural sectors to absorb workers may play a key role in attenuating the economic consequences of weather-driven changes in agricultural productivity. Exploiting firm-level variation in the propensity to absorb these workers, I find that this reallocation is associated with relative expansions in manufacturing activity in exible labor market environments. Counter-factual estimates suggest that in the absence of labor reallocation the aggregate consequences of temperature increases would be up to 40% higher.


This paper addresses the topic "The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act and The Future of Tribal Jurisdiction in Alaska." It begins with a brief introduction to ANCSA, turning next to a discussion of Alaska Native nationhood and aboriginal title. It then provides an overview of the three foundational American acts that discussed Alaska Native aboriginal title: the Treaty of Cession, the Organic Act, and the Statehood Act. From there, it introduces the Alaska reservation era, the Indian Reorganization and Allotment Acts as applied in Alaska, and postANCSA tribal jurisdiction. Finally, it presents concepts and questions for legal practitioners to reflect upon in light of the legal foundation of the Alaska Native corporate and tribal jurisdictional worlds, the developments over the past forty-five years, and as we move forward into the future.


In the Universities, Research and Health Institutions the need has become evident for high quality information literacy in order to develop and support high-level research, teaching and other services.
The University of Bologna launched an Information Literacy Project in 2003 to improve information skills at all levels. Librarians were involved in a course of "training for trainers" and in the production of Learning Objects/Tutorials for Students and Teachers. This experience was an interesting approach not only to a virtual environment, but also to the basics of pedagogical requirements of a good training course. As a second example of this re-skilling perspective, the experience of a course, delivered in 2008, for hospital librarians as e-tutors on the Moodle platform is also be presented. The critical aspects of this initiative within traditional Italian Universities will be highlighted: the transition to a digital library-oriented profession is made difficult by national and local norms and behaviours. Moreover, technical aspects regarding barriers of access to e-learning content in hospital/university context will be analysed. In this context, it has been a real struggle to develop new professional attitudes based on effective communication skills.


Intra-regional trade has been rising rapidly, especially after China's accession to the WTO in 2001. China's economy is expanding rapidly, and has already passed Japan in 2010 to become the world's second largest economy. It is clearly producing a huge impact on the world economy, and particularly on ASEAN countries. This is the appropriate time to take stock: what has APEC achieved so far? How is China's rapid growth shaping the course of economic integration and cooperation in the region? What is the future of APEC? This book is based on papers presented by scholars with expertise in the Asia Pacific region at a conference on i°APEC at 20 and the Rise of Chinai± organized by the APEC Centre of Lingnan University on 26¨C27 February 2010, and includes additional invited papers.


OBJECTIVE
To clarify relevant proteins and clinical characteristics of a phenotype of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) with lymphadenopathy.

METHODS
We enrolled patients newly diagnosed with IgG4-RD in our department between January 2000 and June 2018 and performed proteomic analysis to measure serum concentrations of 1305 proteins. We extracted proteins overexpressed in patients with IgG4-RD with lymphadenopathy by comparing between those with lymphadenopathy, those without lymphadenopathy and healthy controls. We further reviewed all the patients with IgG4-RD in our institution and investigated the characteristics and prognosis of the patients with IgG4-RD with lymphadenopathy.

RESULTS
Eighty-five patients with IgG4-RD were enrolled, of which, 55% had lymphadenopathy. Proteomic analysis in 31 patients with IgG4-RD and 6 healthy controls revealed that eotaxin-3 was a potential serum biomarker in the patients with lymphadenopathy versus those without lymphadenopathy and healthy controls. A cohort of 85 patients with IgG4-RD demonstrated that patients with lymphadenopathy showed a significantly higher serum IgG4, IgG4:IgG ratio, IgG4-RD responder index and eosinophilia (P < 0.001 for all), irrelevant of the extent to which organ involvement developed. Patients with lymphadenopathy treated with glucocorticoid alone relapsed with significantly higher rates than those without lymphadenopathy (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSION
Lymphadenopathy in IgG4-RD represents a phenotype associated with high disease activities, eosinophilia and relapsing disease. Eotaxin-3 is a novel biomarker related to IgG4-RD with lymphadenopathy.


The paper intends to lay out the first steps towards constructing a unified framework to understand the symplectic and spectral theory of finite dimensional integrable Hamiltonian systems. While it is difficult to know what the best approach to such a large classification task would be, it is possible to single out some promising directions and preliminary problems. This paper discusses them and hints at a possible path, still loosely defined, to arrive at a classification. It mainly relies on recent progress concerning integrable systems with only non-hyperbolic and non-degenerate singularities.
This work originated in an attempt to develop a theory aimed at answering some questions in quantum spectroscopy. Even though quantum integrable systems date back to the early days of quantum mechanics, such as the work of Bohr, Sommerfeld and Einstein, the theory did not blossom at the time. The development of semiclassical analysis with microlocal techniques in the last forty years now permits a constant interplay between spectral theory and symplectic geometry. A main goal of this paper is to emphasize the symplectic issues that are relevant to quantum mechanical integrable systems, and to propose a strategy to solve them.


The role of gradients of morphogens in developmental biology is well established, but the mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of these gradients are controversial. Kicheva et al. present a quantitative study of the kinetics of morphogen transport and the formation of morphogen gradients in the wing disc of Drosophila. The steady-state gradients of two morphogens can be described by a simple exponential decay defined by four key kinetic parameters. A. Kicheva, P. Pantazis, T. Bollenbach, Y. Kalaidzidis, T. Bittig, F. Jülicher, M. González-Gaitán, Kinetics of morphogen gradient formation. Science 315, 521-525 (2007). [Abstract] [Full Text]


This is the final report summarizing all the activities performed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR),
Microwaves and Radar Institute (HR), within the framework of the "TOPS Image Quality and Processor
Verification Study" under ESA/ESTEC contract number 22243/09/NL/JA.

The main mode of operation for ESA's Sentinel-1 SAR system is the so-called TOPS (Terrain Observation with
Progressive Scan) mode which provides large swath observations with enhanced image performance compared to
the traditional ScanSAR mode. In a precursor ESA study performed by DLR-HR (C20679/07/NL/CB "Sentinel-1
TOPS Imaging Mode Demonstration with TerraSAR-X") the feasibility of this new mode has first been
demonstrated evaluating experimental TOPS acquisitions of the German TerraSAR-X satellite TSX.
The purpose of the present study is to investigate in more detail specific properties of the new TOPS mode to
evaluate whether the ambitious requirements of the S-1 products can be ensured by the present TOPS system
design and to identify additional compensation strategies, wherever required. For this purpose several
experimental TerraSAR-X acquisitions were scheduled manually and investigated subsequently.
The study is divided into four major parts:
Chapter 1 investigates two technical questions relating to the TOPS mode of operation. First the problem of
Doppler centroid variations at high azimuth steering angles is evaluated as a function of swath width and terrain
topography. For this purpose several TSX stripmap acquisitions where scheduled with high azimuth steering
angles of 1 deg. The question to be addressed was to identify any possible precautions to be taken in the
processor for optimum focussing quality. The second problem relates to the residual scalloping correction which is
induced by the electronic antenna steering during acquisition of each TOPS burst. Dedicated TSX TOPS data takes
were commanded over Amazonian rainforest and were evaluated for the purpose of defining suitable scalloping
correction methods.
The second chapter relates to the investigation of particular signal properties of the TOPS mode, specifically with
respect to interferometric applications. The azimuth variant Doppler centroid within each burst leads to increased
coregistration requirements, which have been quantified and verified using interferometric data sets acquired by
TSX in TOPS mode. Time series evaluations of TSX descending Mexico City acquisitions were used to assess and
confirm for the first time the suitability of TOPS data for subsidence mapping together with a characterisation of
coherent scatterers (CS) for the TOPS mode. The phenomenon of flashing fields has been investigated for the
TOPS burst overlay areas using a second time series acquired over Flevoland.
Chapter 3 is dedicated to the validation of the operational TOPS processing algorithm. Simulated Sentinel-1 and
TerraSAR-X raw data scenarios were defined resulting in the commanding and acquisition of real TerraSAR-X raw
data. The processing results of both processors under investigation, i.e. the Sentinel-1 prototype TOPS (SPT)
processor and the experimental TerraSAR-X TOPS processor (ETT) were compared.
Finally, chapter 4 investigates the innovative Flexible-Dynamic Block Adaptive Quantization (FDBAQ) algorithm for
the first time with real spaceborne SAR data. FDBAQ is implemented operationally onboard S-1 to ensure
improved data quantization in terms of Signal to Quantization Noise (SQNR) and more efficient data quantization.
Dedicated data acquisitions were performed by TSX in stripmap mode, switching off the default onboard BAQ
compression. FDBAQ compression results were assessed and compared to the less performing Entropy Coded
BAQ (ECBAQ).
For each of the investigated topics conclusions are drawn and recommendations for Sentinel-1 are given were
appropriate.


Geometry-based stochastic model (GBSM) of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel describes the channel impulse response (CIR) in the sense of rays and clusters, which obey the empirical distributions. Thus, the correlation between MIMO sub-channels is not explicitly defined, which makes it difficult for GBSM to predict channel capacity accurately. Facing the increased antenna number of massive MIMO for fifth generation (5G) communication, we propose a channel modeling method using principal component analysis (PCA). This method takes advantage of the hidden features and structures extracted from the measured channel data, combining the information of the scenario and antenna configurations, to reconstruct the amplitude and phase of the CIR respectively. The sparse features and structures can efficiently support the high antenna number of massive MIMO. By the proposed scheme, the accuracy of 56 × 32 MIMO capacity improves 12.8% compared with the GBSM model.


Abstract: Power rectifiers are very necessary in the wind power generation systems since they are the necessary channels that link the generator and power gird together. However, they have some effects on the permanent magnet wind generator due to their work on fast on-off transitions. Taking an 8kW 2000r/min wind-driven permanent magnet generator as an example, the system model and external circuit were established. Firstly, based on the field-circuit coupling calculation method, the voltage and current harmonics have been studied respectively when the generator was connected to rectifier loads and pure resistance loads, so did the total harmonic distortion. The mechanism of harmonic impacted by rectifiers was revealed. Secondly, combined the harmonic electromagnetic field theory, the stator core loss, armature winding copper loss and rotor eddy loss were analyzed when the generator connected different loads. Furthermore, according to the definition of nonlinear circuits PF, the numerical analysis method was adopted to calculate the power factor when the generator connected two loads respectively. The change mechanism of PF impacted by rectifiers has been revealed. In addition, the temperature field model has been established and the generator temperature was also analyzed. The temperature distributions were obtained when the wind generator was connected to different loads. Then, the relationship between losses and temperature was combined, the change rules of permanent magnet temperature by the eddy current loss were studied under different load. At last, it can prove that the rectifiers have influences on both electromagnetic field and temperature field through comparing the simulation results with experimental test data.


The mid-Cretaceous Winton Formation is one of Australia's most important sources of Mesozoic terrestrial fossils. In recent years it has produced some of the continent's most significant body and trace fossil records of mid-Cretaceous dinosaurian and crocodilian assemblages. Additionally, the Winton Formation preserves a diverse assemblage of lungfish and primitive ray-finned fish, aquatic lizards, turtles, numerous invertebrates along with a high diversity of plant macrofossils, including some of the world's earliest flowering plants. The Winton Formation is exposed over large portions of remote central-western Queensland, in addition to northern New South Wales, north-western South Australia and the south-western corner of the Northern Territory. Despite its importance for our understanding of Australian terrestrial environments during the latter part of the Mesozoic, very little in the way of detailed geological work has been carried out on the Winton Formation. As a consequence, palaeoenvironmental and palaeoecological conditions associated with many of Australia's key dinosaur faunas are poorly understood. A greater understanding of the stratigraphy, sedimentology, age, and taphonomy of these sites will provide critical context for evaluating Australia's late-Mesozoic vertebrate taxa to other well-known Gondwanan faunas.

This study utilizes detrital zircon geochronology and Lu-Hf isotope analysis to constrain the depositional age, tectonic setting, basin evolution, and stratigraphic context of the Winton Formation, northeastern Australia. A number of geological studies in the past several decades have focused on U-Pb detrital zircon geochronology for maximum depositional age; however, this approach is still underutilized in palaeontology. Thus, these ten samples, which were composed of ~100 grain detrital zircon samples from different stratigraphic levels and key fossil locations throughout the Winton and underlying units (basin wide) were analyzed. Detrital zircon ages were obtained via U-Pb LA-ICPMS geochronology and the resulting U-Pb grain ages were subjected to various metrics to interpret maximum depositional age and sedimentary provenance. The results of this work considerably improve upon existing palynological age constraints, suggesting that there are two distinctly different aged faunas: one that is likely ~ 100-98 Ma (Isisford Fauna); and one that is no older than earliest Turonian or latest Cenomanian (92-94 Ma), which includes most other Winton vertebrates (Lark/Bladensburg Fauna).

The most abundant detrital zircon age population clusters between 92-115 Ma, suggesting that much of the volcanic-rich sediment that characterizes the Winton Formation was eroded syndepositionally or shortly after emplacement of an active continental volcanic arc system located along the eastern margin of Australia (presumably the Whitsunday Volcanic Province). This volcanic arc activity was not a singular event; rather I have identified near-continuous detrital zircon grain ages between 92-330 Ma, indicating intermittent arc volcanism along that eastern margin due to continuous slab subduction of the Phoenix/Pacific Plate under the eastward migrating Gondwana margin. A particularly interesting result is the identification of Jurassic-age grain populations that represent a period not previously associated with significant arc magmatism in northeastern Queensland. The identification of fairly continuous detrital zircon ages is compared with established terranes including the New England Province via Lu-Hf isotopes and found to be of similar isotopic signatures. By combining U-Pb detrital zircon ages and ƐHf values, I interpret that these sediments were derived from a mixed juvenile magma source associated with a fairly long-lived tectonic system (300-92 Ma) on the east coast of northern Australia.

In addition to this, multiple populations have been identified from other, older easterly sources (330 -900 Ma) including but not limited to the Macrossan, Anakie, Cape River, Greenvale and Georgetown Provinces. Small populations of apparently recycled Proterozoic and Archean grains are also variably present in each of the samples. By coupling the above results with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test and paleocurrent data, this study provides compelling evidence for sediment input into the Winton Formation from a long-lived continuous subduction margin along the eastern margin of Australia. Eroded materials from this region were transported via transverse fluvial systems westward into the Eromanga Basin and form the principal provenance source for all Winton sandstones investigated in this study.

In addition to understanding provenance patterns and refining the age of the Winton Formation, the other primary objective of this thesis was to place the important Winton flora and fauna into a refined palaeoenvironmental context. In order to achieve this, detailed facies and architectural element analysis of both the Winton and the top of the underling Mackunda Formation was conducted and a basin model was developed. Based on a combination of field and core investigation, 23 distinct lithofacies were identified, and these were used to construct nine distinct facies assemblages. The Winton Formation can be informally separated into an upper and lower unit respective of gross changes in depositional patterns, alluvial architecture, and fauna, and confirmed by distinct maximum depositional age constraining zircon populations and a newly constructed basin model. Environmentally, the lower Winton formation preserves the last vestiges of the shallow marine conditions in the Eromanga Basin, and an up section transition from coastal and tidally influenced deltaic strata to alluvial strata. The upper Winton Formation preserves mature floodplain strata, dominantd by a series of stacked channel sandstones with west- to southwest- oriented paleocurrent indicators.


In this paper an organic solar cell by P3HT: PCBM polymer active layer with gold and silver Nano rods within active region, with Finite Different Time Domain method has simulated. Also the mechanism of Nano rods effect on enhancement of absorption, current density and near field parameters has studied. We will demonstrate that due to the increasing in near field and scattering surround the Nano rods, absorption and current density will increase alternatively. Also we investigate an optimum absorption and current density for various periods of Nano rods in active region.


At the prehistoric site of Rosalinde in Ruien (Belgium) sandstone blocks of local origin have been found in a configuration that was tentatively interpreted by the archaeologists as a hearth. These sandstones are identified as ferruginous sandstone and glauconiferous sandstone, and each block shows a discoloured rim which is not typically observed on these lithotypes. In order to confirm their use as hearth stones, the mineralogy in the discoloured rim was studied and compared to the bulk mineralogical composition by means of optical petrography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dithionite-citrate bicarbonate extraction (DCB). In the ferruginous sandstone, XRD and DSC illustrate the transformation of amorphous iron oxides and goethite into hematite. In the glauconiferous sandstone, however, the amount of iron oxide phases is too low for detection with XRD and DSC. In this case, the dark brown discolouration of the glauconite grains, together with the higher free iron oxide content in the rim than in the bulk as indicated by DCB analysis, are most suggestive of a mineralogical transformation due to heating. The heating temperature is estimated between 300 and 600°C. Despite the absence of charcoal, the combined evidence obtained on the two lithotypes suggests the use of this specific stone arrangement as a hearth at the prehistoric site of Ruien.


Given a logic-based argumentation framework built over a knowledge base in a logical language and a query in that language. The query is universally accepted if it is entailed from all extensions. As shown in [2, 14], universal acceptance is different from skeptical acceptance as a query may be entailed from different arguments distributed over all extensions but not necessarily skeptical ones. In this paper we provide a dialectical proof theory for universal acceptance in coherent logic-based argumentation frameworks. We prove its finiteness, soundness, completeness, consistency and study its dispute complexity. We give an exact characterization for non-universal acceptance and provide an upper-bound for universal acceptance.


Acid sulfate soils pose chemical, biological and physical problems for rice
cultivation. The proposed amelioration for the study includes: 1) correct water
management; 2) applying lime at appropriate rate and time; and 3) adequate fertilizer
application. Those procedures were organized into an integrated decision support
system (DSS), which used analytical methods and models. Main component for the
model was production function as a response of those amelioration processes. The
model used that function to simulate yield and in advance step, doing micro
economic analysis by calculating profit in order to find the maximum one.
In delivering production function, glasshouse experiment has been conducted using
soil from acid sulfate soil area in Jelawat Rusa Irrigation Scheme, under Project
Kemasin-Semerak (PERKASA), Kelantan. The result of glasshouse experiment
showed that yield was significantly affected by the combination of lime and fertilizer (P<0.02). Water management and any of its combination did not affect yield. The
highest yield was found on combination of GML at rate 4 t/ha using maximum
fertilizer rate. Ameliorative assessment of lime and fertilizer have improved yield
shown by increased soil quality and a better plant performance. Liming has increased
soil pH, exchangeable Ca and exchangeable Mg, and these have decreased toxicity
caused by of Al and Fe. Liming and water management has also improved rice yield
by increasing grain weight and decreasing empty spikelet number.
Field experiments, which include experimental plot and demonstration plot, have
been conducted in that area for 2 seasons with the purpose of validating glasshouse
experiment. Statistical analysis showed that yield of plot experiment on the first
season was not significantly different (P>0.12). It was primarily because the first
season of field experiment was disturbed by flood due to high rainfall and poor
drainage system at the location. It may be also because lime is still not stably
interacted with the soils to increase soil pH. Crop cutting test (CCT) in the second
season of the field experiment showed a significant effect of lime treatment on the
yield (P<0.07). The highest yield of 7.52 t/ha was found on treatment 6 using
application of GML at 4 t/ha in combination with organic-based fertilizer (JITU).
Treatment 5 using application of GML at 8 t/ha resulted on yield of 7.22 t/ha, which
was not different from treatment 6 and this become the second highest value. Using
field experiment, field adjusting factor (FAF) has been developed. It showed
percentage of achieved yield on field trial from the potential yield (glasshouse
experiment). The value of FAF was 0.40, which means only 40% of potential yield
will be gained on the field. The 60% loss may be because of technical problems,inefficient harvester machines, incorrect fertilizer applications, pest and disease
damages.
Response curve as production function was formed using TableCurve 3D v4.0. From
surface fitting process, an equation has been found (P<0.01). It consists of 4
parameters which were also significant at the same α of 5.00%. The value of r2 of the
equation was 0.71, while the curve on initial data and the equation is quite similar.
A model, RiCASS, used predicted yield from the equation to calculate the cost of
inputs both fixed and variable, and to calculate the profit. It ran simulation under
various inputs to find the optimum level that result in maximum profit under 4
different scenarios. Simulation showed that for the first general scenario, maximum
profit margin was found to be $ 2,847/ha from predicted yield at 6.15 t/ha. It used
lime at the rate of 6.50 t/ha and fertilizer index of 10. The second scenario in which
total cost was limited to RM 1,500, maximum profit was found to be RM 2,024.
Based on farmer's cost, the maximum profit was found to be RM 3,624, while under
limitation of cost below RM 1,000, the profit was found at RM 3,263.
Validation carried out to evaluate the equation which consisted of paired comparison
t-test and mean estimation error. Result showed that the equation was able to
represent actual yield shown by insignificant difference with field experiment yield
(average P>0.20) and small estimation error (2%).


Understanding the physiology and time-course of above ground biomass (AGBM) and potassium (K) accumulation pattern in plants and removal from soil is essential to simultaneously increase crop yield and synchronize K demand and K supply, thereby predict crop yield. It is also an essential criterion for optimizing fertilizer practices, and may help to enhance soil and crop quality. A pot experiment was conducted using teff (Eragrostis tef Zucc. Trotter) to determine AGBM, K concentration and uptake at three growth stages. Two soil types (Vertisols and Nitisols) and four K levels were used. Soil samples (120) were collected at planting and three stages while plant samples (160) were collected at the three growth stages. Above ground biomass increased as growth stage advances regardless of K levels in both soil types. Maximum AGBM was observed at tillering stage and at 120 kg K ha-1 and was higher in Vertisols at all growth stages. The study concluded that sufficient supply of nutrients from soil/fertilizers at early growth stages is required for higher yields. The study suggested that determining the right rate for different soil and crops is required. Repeating the experiment at field condition to draw sound conclusions was also recommended.

 Key words: Growth stages, potassium concentration, biomass, teff, Vertisols, Nitisols, Central Highlands.


Forensic dentistry is an important branch of the forensic science. It is based on the dental characteristic. This method uses the dental features as a biometric tool to identify persons, who their bodies have been affected badly. In the other meaning, the dental biometrics are considered at the absence of tools, such as, DNA, fingerprint, iris etc. for different reasons. This paper presented a biometric system for forensic human identification based on dental X-ray. The aim of this system is to build a database, which contain ante-mortem dental radiograph features (AM), used later for matching with the post-mortem dental radiograph features (PM). These features are Standard Deviation (STD), Euler number and Area extracted from X-ray image of type bite-wing. The investigated X-Ray image goes through three stages algorithm which are: image segmentation, classification and features extraction. The obtained features represents the records of the system database for each tooth individually in distinct person. The proposed system utilizes the Graphical User Interface (GUI) provided from the Visual Studio with the usage of MATLAB software for feature extraction and the SQL Server 2012 environment for database building. The Achieved results show the outperformance of the proposed system in terms of matching and searching accuracy as well as the finding time. In addition the editing and insertion processes are performed in high accuracy and efficiency. Keywords-Database, Dental biometric, Forensic dentistry, Human identification, MATLAB, SQL Server 2012. How to cite this article: S.Dh.. Khudhur and M.S. Croock, "Dental X-Ray Based Human Identification System for Forensic," Engineering and Technology Journal, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 49-60, 2017.


This collection of work by economist, consultant, and expert witness Franklin M. Fisher constitutes an integrated body of the economic analysis of the law, with particular emphasis on antitrust issues. Fisher's involvement with applying economic analysis to real disputes and to problems of microeconomic policy has resulted in valuable lessons. These lessons are incorporated in themes running through many of these essays about the uses and abuses, achievements and shortcomings, of economic analysis.The book opens with a broad overview of key issues in antitrust law. Fisher stresses the importance of understanding the analytic tools used to examine monopoly and competition. He shows that the notion that simple indicators such as market share, or especially, profit rates can be used to provide an easy test for market power is badly mistaken. And he goes on to discuss oligopoly and its modern game theoretic treatment, which he sees as missing the questions that matter in real situations. Throughout, specific cases and policy issues are used to illustrate these important points.The second part of the book looks at the regulation of television, particularly cable, an area in which Fisher has been active since cable television's early days. The book concludes with a section on economic analysis and the law with essays on such matters as the uses of statistical methods and punishment as a deterrent to crime.Franklin M. Fisher is Professor of Economics at MIT. He was the lead expert economist for the defense, assisted by John J. McGowan and Joen E. Greenwood of Charles River Associates, in the major antitrust case U.S. v. IBM. John Monz is a Ph.D. candidate in economics at MIT.


Television, video games, and computers are easily accessible to twenty-first-century children, but what impact do they have on creativity and imagination? In this book, two wise and long-admired observers of children's make-believe look at the cognitive and moral potential - and concern - created by electronic media. As Dorothy and Jerome Singer show, violent images in games and TV are as toxic as many observers have feared by stimulating destructive ideas and troubling aggression. But should all electronic media be banned from children's lives? Calmly and authoritatively, the Singers argue that in fact some screen time can enrich children's creativity and play, and can even promote school readiness. With guidance from parents and teachers, empathy, creativity, and imagination can expand and intensify in the electronic age.


PURPOSE
Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) occurs when vigorous exercise induces bronchoconstriction. Preexercise warm-up routines are frequently used to elicit a refractory period and thus reduce or prevent EIB. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of preexercise routines to attenuate EIB.

METHODS
A comprehensive literature search was performed, with steps taken to avoid publication and selection bias. Preexercise warm-up routines were classified into four groups: interval high intensity, continuous low intensity, continuous high intensity, and variable intensity (i.e., a combination of low intensity up to very high intensity). The EIB response was measured by the percent fall in the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) after exercise, and the mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported.

RESULTS
Seven randomized studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled results showed that high intensity (MD = -10.6%, 95% CI = -14.7% to -6.5%) and variable intensity (MD = -10.9%, 95% CI = -14.37% to -7.5%) exercise warm-up attenuated the fall in FEV1. However, continuous low-intensity warm-up (MD = -12.6%, 95% CI = -26.7% to 1.5%) and continuous high-intensity warm-up (MD = -9.8%, 95% CI = -26.0% to 6.4%) failed to result in a statistically significant reduction in bronchoconstriction.

CONCLUSIONS
The most consistent and effective attenuation of EIB was observed with high-intensity interval and variable intensity preexercise warm-ups. These findings indicate that an appropriate warm-up strategy that includes at least some high-intensity exercise may be a short-term nonpharmacological strategy to reducing EIB.


The programming language Cforall extends the C language with, among other things, overloading, parametric polymorphism, and functions that can return multiple values from a single call. This thesis presents an outline of the first implementation of the core Cforall language. An effective implementation of Cforall requires complete support for new language constructs while preserving the behaviour and efficiency of existing C programs. Analyzing the meaning of Cforall programs requires significantly more sophisticated techniques than are necessary for C programs; existing techniques for the analysis of overloading and polymorphism are adapted and extended to apply to Cforall. Three strategies for generating code for polymorphic programs are compared, using plain C as an intermediate representation. Finally, a realistic Cforall program is presented and characteristics of the generated C code are examined.


Surveys the contributions that economic theory has made to the often contentious debate over the government's use of its power of eminent domain, as prescribed by the Fifth Amendment. It addresses such questions as: when should the government be allowed to take private property without the owner's consent? Does it depend on how the land will be used? Also, what amount of compensation is the landowner entitled to receive (if any)? The recent case of Kelo v. New London (2005) revitalized the debate, but it was only the latest skirmish in the ongoing struggle between advocates of strong governmental powers to acquire private property in the public interest and private property rights advocates. Written for a general audience, the book advances a coherent theory that views eminent domain within the context of the government's proper role in an economic system whose primary objective is to achieve efficient land use.


It is vital for hospitality management students to understand key management concepts as part of the complex and intimate nature of the services industry. Principles of Management for the Hospitality Industry is designed specifically for hospitality students who need to be able to use management tools and techniques to become successful hospitality managers.By placing you at the heart of an imaginary workplace this book offers the opportunity to work through all of the items of discussion for each topic. The chapter begins with a scenario to prompt an exploration of a given topic, and concludes with the outcome of this scenario to reinforce the lessons learnt throughout the chapter.Highly practical in approach, this is an up-to-date and skilful integration of all core areas of management. It is packed with tools and techniques to aid learning and understanding:

 Improve your professional management vocabulary with definitions in each chapter, and a complete glossary of terms.
 Visualise key concepts with over one hundred explanatory diagrams
 Gain confidence by testing your understanding on the accompanying website
 Practical applications of theory are illustrated in international case studies throughout the book
 Discussion questions prompt an exploration of key concept


Abstract : The Air Launched Balloon System (ALBS) development history is traced and the circumstances leading up to planned ALBS flight tests are described, including a report on successful tests of the cryogenic storage subsystem. The theoretical performance of a candidate parachute development system--35-ft (10. 67 m) diameter ring sail drogue, 64-ft (19.51 m) diameter flat circular main chute--is mathematically analyzed using a number of stated assumptions. Contingency arrangements (e.g., use of ballast) and their impact are discussed. Data indicate that the ALBS mid-air deployment concepts require experimental proof-of-concept testing to ensure optimum component selection. Parachute subsystem verification tests planned for the autumn of 1976 at El Centro, Calif. , are outlined along with plans for partial and complete ALBS system test drops from a carrier balloon in 1977 at White Sands Missile Range.


The article is based on the Improving the Initial Education of Adult Immigrants (2IMINED) project, a KA2 Strategic Partnership (2016-1-LT01-KA204-023223), as it is being implemented by EuroED Foundation, Iasi, Romania. The aim of the project is to develop innovative educational tools, which would improve and extend the offer of learning opportunities for immigrants. The article introduces the project's objectives, target groups and activities. It also presents the findings of the research conducted through questionnaires and interviews and carried out in the north-east of Romania. The research analysis highlighted the specific characteristics (age, gender, marital status, education, reasons for coming to Romania, information received about Romania before their decision to leave their own country) and social educational needs of both immigrant educators and immigrants in this region. The research analysis was based on a number of 102 immigrants and 5 immigrants' educators. The information received from this research served as the basis for the creation of digital innovative tools (mainly focused on the role of education in the first years of immigration), which will facilitate immigrants' integration into the host society. The study gives useful insights into the creation process of the core materials, which will help immigrants to acquire basic knowledge and understanding about the host country's sociocultural life. Two vital strands of the core digital materials, on language learning and health care, which EuroEd is in charge of, are analysed in detail. The access to the content and development of these materials benefits from state-of-the-art technology.


Spectropolarimetry using IR wavelength of 1075 nm has been proved to be a powerful tool for directly mapping solar coronal magnetic fields including transverse component directions and line-of-sight component intensities. Solar tomography, or stereoscopy based on EUV observations, can supply 3-D information for some magnetic field lines in bright EUV loops. In a previous paper (Liu and Lin, 2008) the locations of the IR emission sources in the 3-D coordinate system were inferred from the comparison between the polarization data and the potential-field-source-surface (PFSS) model, for one of five west limb regions in the corona (Lin et al., 2004). The paper shows that the region with the loop system in the active region over the photospheric area with strong magnetic field intensity is the region with a dominant contribution to the observed Stokes signals. So, the inversion of the measured Stokes parameters could be done assuming that most of the signals come from a relatively thin layer over the area with a large photospheric magnetic field strength. Here, the five limb coronal regions are studied together in order to study the spatial correlation between the bright EUV loop features and the inferred IR emission sources. It is found that, for the coronal regions above the stronger photospheric magnetic fields, the locations of the IR emission sources are closer to or more consistent with the bright EUV loop locations than those above weaker photospheric fields. This result suggests that the structures of the coronal magnetic fields observed at IR and EUV wavelengths may be different when weak magnetic fields present there.


The objective of this study was to explore novel compounds with benzylideneactophenone moiety, which have potential for anti-asthmatic activity and can be potential candidates for PDE4 inhibitory activity. Seventeen different substituted benzylidene acetophenone and chalcones derivatives have been synthesized by condensing derivatives of benzaldehyde and acetophenone using Claisen – Schmidt condensation. All the compounds were purified and have been characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. Among 17 compounds, three compounds were selected for investigation for antiasthmatic activity. The anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory activity of the novel products was evaluated by rat paw edema method and tracheal relaxation model. Among these compounds, compound 8 ((2E)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one ) showed relatively higher anti-inflammatory activity which can be attributed to the substitution of hydrophobic group and 3, 4-dialkoxy groups, compound 8 showed a 59.8% bronchodilatory response when compared to Rolipram (100% response), whereas compounds 17 ((2E)-3-(2-Furyl)-1-(3hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one) and 13 ((2E)-3-(4-Ethylphenyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one) showed marginal activity i.e. 41.43% and 24.35% of the standard drug.


Organic waste management presents challenges and opportunities alike for community-based economic development. Waste-to-compost transformation can be socially and economically successful by employing ecological design principles, multistakeholder collaboration, and values-based supply chains (VCs). An analysis of commercial buyers' preferences for compost will inform approaches to forming effective partnerships of public, private and nonprofit stakeholders to develop a market for local waste resource products. The thesis summarizes the results of a consumer preferences survey of current and prospective bulk compost purchasers and discusses strategies for implementing new organic waste management policies that will strengthen a local market for compost, build social capital and share economic value. A conjoint analysis of bulk compost preferences in Vermont was conducted to identify the market's preference for quality–based attributes of bulk compost. The data was taken from a survey administered by mail to Vermont business professionals in various fields that use—or could potentially use—compost products in providing goods or services. In addition to price (81 percent of the relative importance buyers place on an attribute), local provenance (8 percent) and suitability for organic production (7.6 percent) were demonstrated as statistically significant determinants of the value buyers placed on compost. Willingness to pay for local provenance and suitability for organic production were measured at 15% and 14% above the baseline product price, respectively. Current and prospective compost producers can effectively market their products and retain a competitive edge in the marketplace by collaborating with other businesses. A viable market for Vermont compost could be achieved through cultivation of niche specialties, stable institutional buyers, more stringent regulation of food waste and nutrient management behavior, and a collaborative effort to construct a product narrative that emphasizes compost's role in a larger social-ecological system of nutrient management and sustainable agriculture.


A comparative quantitative analysis of late Paleozoic subsidence in the Moscow and Dniepr-Donets basins provides additional insight into the relative importance of tectonics and eustacy as sedimentation driving forces. Late Devonian rifting clearly displayed in the Dniepr-Donets Basin and underlying Precambrian East European Craton probably also affected the Moscow Basin. After this episode, however, the history of both basins diverged ; rifting processes ceased in the Moscow Basin but continued in the Dniepr-Donets Basin. The Moscow Basin is an intracratonic basin that can be modelled with a lithospheric heating phase from Devonian to Bashkirian times and a subsequent cooling phase generating thermal subsidence from Moscovian to Asselian times. The Dniepr-Donets Basin is a rift basin displaying an initial rifting phase during the late Devonian, an initial phase of post-rift evolution from the Tournaisian to the base of late Visean, and a second rifting phase, seen mainly in the Donets and Donbas segments only, from late Visean to Asselian times. Subsequent subsidences ended with uplift during the Sakmarian and were overprinted by compressional tectonics during Mesozoic and Cenozoic times. A comparison of local and global second-order stratigraphic sequences, allowing an estimation of the ratio of the importance of eustatic to tectonic processes controlling subsidence in each basin, demonstrates that eustacy controlled sedimentation in the Moscow Basin and tectonics prevailed in the Dniepr-Donets Basin.


The antioxidant enzyme, copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) plays an important role in protecting tissues from damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) reactions. The objective of this investigation was to determine the CuZnSOD mRNA level as an indicator of CuZnSOD activity and the effect it has on meat quality in three important pig breeds in China, the Laiwu Black (LW), Lulai Black (LL) and Large Yorkshire (LY). Thirty six castrated boars (114 kg; LW, n = 12; LL, n = 12 and LY, n = 12) were used in this study. Samples were taken from the longissimus dorsi muscle, backfat and liver. Results showed that there was a significant breed × tissue interaction; and the maximum mRNA level of the CuZnSOD gene was recorded in the LW and the minimum in the LY. The proportion of gene expression was positively correlated with the anti-oxidative capacity in muscle. The expression of the CuZnSOD gene was positively correlated with meat colour and tenderness; and negatively correlated with marbling score, drip loss, cooking loss and intramuscular fat. The higher the level of CuZnSOD mRNA expression, the better was the quality of the pork. This implies that the difference in CuZnSOD mRNA expression in breeds was involved in the mechanisms of meat quality that related to superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and anti-oxidant capacity of the muscle.


A dUTPase is a crucial enzyme that hydrolyzes dUTP to dUMP. This reaction prevents the mutagenic or lethal misincorporation of uracil into DNA. For that reason, the enzyme is required for efficient DNA replication. Previous studies have shown that ORFl l has dUTPase-like motifs and thus may be a dUTPase. Generally, gammaherpesviruses contain six characteristic dUTPase motifs. In particular ORFl 1 contains motifs 1, 2, 4, and 6. While the characteristic motifs of gamroaberpesviruses include motifs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, the number of dUTPase-like motifs in ORFl 1 's protein sequence is substantial. Thus, ORFl 1 may be a dUTPase. To further investigate this hypothesis, ORFl 1 was cloned, expressed in E. coli, and the protein was examined in a dUTPase assay. ORFl 1 was cloned into pGEX-5x-3 through a sequential process starting with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ending with the isolation of plasmid DNA containing ORFl 1. The positive clones were sequenced and confirmed. Subsequently, ORFl 1 was expressed as a GST fusion protein in E. coli. Verification of expression was done by purifying the GST proteins using glutathione beads. The purified proteins were evaluated by SOS-PAGE. The SOS-PAGE demonstrated purification of proteins with their expected sizes. Finally, the lack of dUTPase activity was demonstrated by a dUTPase assay. Bacterial extracts expressing ORFl 1 were incubated with dUTP and the separation of nucleotides was evaluated using thin layer chromatography. In summary, our results demonstrate that Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORFl 1 does not code for a functional dUTPase. Further studies are needed to determine the function of the protein.


The author argues that late-nineteenth century judicial review of the British North America Act, 1867 was not limited solely to the task of determining which level of government was entitled to jurisdictional authority in division of powers disputes. Rather, he contends that the judiciary had serious concerns about the potentially unlimited exercise of legislative power under the Canadian Constitution. The design of the Constitution facilitated "energetic federalism", a concept which holds that, together, both levels of government possess plenary and unbounded legislative power. The prevailing view in the late-nineteenth century, shared by legal thinkers on both sides of the Atlantic, was that governmental power ought to be circumscribed in deference to the primacy of private property and for the sake of the greater productivity of society. Drawing on the work of Locke and Blackstone, Anglo-American legal thought condoned interference with property only when it was in the "public interest", for the good of society as a whole, and not partial or "special interest" legislation. The author argues that one aspect of Lord Watson's judgment in the Local Prohibition case is best explained in light of this ideology. By carefully restricting the federal government's trade and commerce power to the regulation of trade and by disabling it from prohibiting trade, Lord Watson exhibited a preference for leaving local governments with the ability to interfere with productivity. This meant that productivity could be impaired primarily on a local, rather than a national, scale. In conclusion, the author points out that the economic ideology of productivity remains relevant to modern Canadian constitutional discourse, most notably in regard to the issue of aboriginal title. The recent trial decision in Delgamuukw v. British Columbia (A.G.) illustrates the judiciary's use of the Lockean conceptions of labour, property, and productivity to deny land title to aboriginal peoples.