Abstract Iron (Fe) has been indicated as the main cause of discoloration in drinking water. This normally takes the form of a yellow coloration. It is also known that manganese (Mn) can also lead to a similar yellow colour in solution. Hence, it is important to identify the source of discolouration in drinking water. To minimise the effect of these elements, the prescribed concentrations in drinking water have been set at 0.2 mg/L for Fe and 0.05 mg/L for Mn by the drinking water inspectorate (DWI-UK). The aim of this work was to optimise and validate different analytical methods for the determination of Fe and Mn simultaneously in water samples. It was also a purpose of the work to develop a robust methodology that would allow greater understanding of Fe and Mn speciation at different stages of water treatment and its relationship with governmental limits. The first two methods that were developed were inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy ICP-OES and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ICP-MS. These two methods were validated using a standard reference material (SRM) and good accuracy was achieved with spiked addition methods. Further,The results showed good relative standard deviation (RSD) 0.996), with spiked recovery between 95-105%. The limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantification (LoQ) were found to 5 ng/mL and 12 ng/mL for Fe and 1.2 ng/mL and 6.7 ng/mL for Mn, respectively, using the optimum conditions for ICP-OES; and 0.6 ng/mL and 0.3 ng/mL, respectively, for ICP-MS using collision reaction cell (CCT) mode. United Utilities (UU) water was taken from, eight different locations and at different treatment stages: Huntington water, Fishmoore water, Wayho water, Wybesley water, Sweet loves water, Oswestry and Sutton Hall. The samples were analysed to determine Fe and Mn levels using the developed ICP methods. These samples were analysed using an internal standard method and it was found to be good for the determination to minimise variation in the results obtained from the two ICP methods. The analytical method speciation was developed using cation exchange high performance chromatography ICP-MS (HPLC-ICP-MS) and this was optimized and validated for Fe and Mn species in the water processing samples. The soluble species forms of Fe3+ and Mn2+ were analysed using a chromatogram, the calibration graphs of both Fe and Mn had very good linearity (R2 = 0.9995 and 0.9999 for Fe and Mn species, respectively) in the range of 5 ng/mL to 1 µg/mL respectively. The percent recoveries were 95-105% with a RSD of <5% and spiked recoveries for both species were in the same range as the % recoveries. For the method, species were separated in three minutes with the cation-exchange capability of the IonPAC column CG5 ion pack and through using a guard column. The results showed that both Fe3+ and Mn2+ appeared at high concentrations during the addition of the coagulants in the water processing plant and the concentration was less at the final stages of the treatment. The HPLC-ICP-MS method indicates the benefit of using a Mn removal stage in the treatment works to ensure that less than 200 µg/L and 50 µg/L of soluble Fe and Mn are obtained in the final water supply.


The prevailing conceptions of constitutions ordinarily characterize them as rigid and long-enduring, if not permanent, documents. This Article challenges that prevailing wisdom on both descriptive and normative grounds by providing the first systematic examination of temporary constitutions, exploring their benefits as well as their costs, and providing prescriptions for their optimal use. A temporary constitution or constitutional provision, as this Article defines it, limits its own term and lapses at its expiration date unless reenacted through regular constitutional amendment procedures. Although underexplored and undertheorized, temporary constitutions have an extensive historical pedigree and neglected benefits for constitutionalism. Temporary constitutions can reduce error costs associated with entrenching a norm in a durable constitution and promote incrementalism and experimentation in constitutional design by allowing constitutional drafters to consider a greater quality and quantity of information about the empirical effects of their constitutional choices. The use of temporary constitutions can also reduce cognitive biases that tend to predominate in constitutional moments and promote consensus building among constitutional designers by lowering the decision costs involved in negotiating and reaching a constitutional bargain. Finally, temporary constitutionalism can respond to the central critique of durable constitutions by easing the "dead hand�? problem, which refers to the ability of the constitutional founders to entrench norms that bind future generations. Temporary constitutions, however, can also impose their own costs on the polity by undermining constitutional stability and design efficiency, and by injecting different types of cognitive biases into the design process. This Article analyzes these costs, offers some prescriptions for minimizing them, and studies the advantages and disadvantages of temporary constitutions vis-à-vis other strategies of constitutional design intended to ease constitutional rigidity or permanence, including "by law�? clauses, low amendment thresholds, and constitutional vagueness.


Primary prevention strategies, such as vaccinations at the age extremes, in neonates and elderly individuals, demonstrate a challenge to health professionals and public health specialists. The aspects of the differentiation and maturation of the adaptive immune system, the functional implications of immunological immaturity or immunosenescence and its impact on vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy will be highlighted in this review. Several approaches have been undertaken to promote Th1 responses in neonates and to enhance immune functions in elderly, such as conjugation to carrier proteins, addition of adjuvants, concomitant vaccination with other vaccines, change in antigen concentrations or dose intervals or use of different administration routes. Also, early protection by maternal vaccination seems to be beneficial in neonates. However, it also appears necessary to think of other end points than antibody concentrations to assess vaccine efficacy in neonates or elderly, as also the cellular immune response may be impaired by the mechanisms of immaturity, underlying health conditions, immunosuppressive treatments or immunosenescence. Thus, lifespan vaccine programs should be implemented to all individuals on a population level not only to improve herd protection and to maintain protective antibody levels and immune memory, but also to cover all age groups, to protect unvaccinated elderly persons and to provide indirect protection for neonates and small infants.


Induced polarisation (IP) surveys were carried out at four
localities in the Halkyn - Minera area, all sited mainly
on rocks of the Cefn-y-Fedw Sandstone Group north of
the Llanelidan Fault. The first survey covered the
Llandegla Moor area but failed to produce any evidence
for a north-westward continuation of the rich Minera
lode system. Regional and detailed gravity data
subsequently demonstrated the existence of a
pronounced Bouguer anomaly low over the western
margin of the Cefn-y-Fedw Sandstone Group, including
the Llandegla Moor area, suggesting that these rocks
thickened rapidly eastwards, perhaps along a concealed
northerly-trending fault. In an attempt to locate this
fault and to test its mineral potential, trial IP surveys
were carried out at three sites covering the boundary
between the Cefn-Fedw Sandstone Group and the
underlying Vi&an limestones. No strong chargeability
anomalies were discovered and the overlap and
variability of the resistivities of the sandstones and the
limestones prevented recognition of the boundary
between these two rock types. The chargeability values
recorded over sandstones seem to be largely dependent
upon the resistivity values, suggesting that variations in
the porosities of the rocks are mainly responsible.
The Bouguer low is interpreted as probably being due
to the presence of high-porosity and rapidly-thickening
sandstones in the Cefn-y-Fedw Sandstone Group. For
these reasons the area where the low was discovered is
not strongly recommended for any future exploration for
extensions of the mineral veins.


We give an elementary proof of the Bazhanov-Reshetikhin determinant formula for rational transfer matrices of the twisted quantum super-spin chains associated with the gl(K|M) algebra. This formula describes the most general fusion of transfer matrices in symmetric representations into arbitrary finite dimensional representations of the algebra and is at the heart of analytical Bethe ansatz approach. Our technique represents a systematic generalization of the usual Jacobi-Trudi formula for characters to its quantum analogue using certain group derivatives.


ABSTRACT In order to deter adversaries, a nuclear-armed power must deploy an invulnerable second-strike force; its leadership must display the willingness to use that force under certain well-defined circumstances; and it must make believers out of the prospective foes it hopes to deter, convincing them that its capability is real, and it has the resolve to use it. But new technology is empowering navies to peer underneath the sea, finding deep-running submarines more effectively than ever before. This calls into question the invulnerability of nuclear-powered ballistic-missile submarines, the most invulnerable retaliatory asset there is. This article explores the dynamics shaping undersea nuclear deterrence in the second nuclear age and ventures some speculation about how submarine combat may unfold in the coming decades.


We report the transmission of 40 quantum-key channels using WDM/SCM-QKD technology and 4 bidirectional classical channels over a PON. To our knowledge the highest number of quantum key channels simultaneously transmitted that has ever been reported. The quantum signal coexists with classical reference channel which is employed to process the qbits, but it has enough low power to avoid Raman crosstalk and achieving a high number of WDM-QKD channels. The experimental results allow us to determine the minimum rejection ratio required by the filtering devices employed to select each quantum channel and maximize the quantum key rate. These results open the path towards high-count QKD channel transmission over optical fiber infrastructures.


1 Professor, fellow ASME, email@example.com 2 Graduate student, email@example.com 3 Graduate student, email@example.com 4 Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan ABSTRACT An interactive learning platform which sets a new standard for electronic learning of gas turbine technology in a global life-long learning perspective is presented (Fig. 1). The platform contains a theoretical section in the form of several pages for each chapter available, with a significant number of related interactive simulations, movies, animations, virtual laboratory exercises, virtual study visits and realistic case studies. A significant background information related to historical development in the field, a display of existing components, nomenclature, multi-lingual dictionary and keywords, as well as questions for self-assessment and exams, an electronic communication group and a database of the user's "su cce ses and failures", enhance the learning process in a significant way. The program is intended as a platform for an international collaboration on learning heat and power technology. It can be used both in the classroom as well as for self-studies and is as such well adapted for both university and post-university learning, both on and off campus. Tools to facilitate the introduction of new material exist. It is thus hoped that t eachers at different universities can join forces and in a non-competitive way introduce material which can be shared, instead of developing similar simulations with somewhat different interfaces. The long-term goal of the learning platform is of course that users world-wide will have the possibility to access the best teaching material available from any specialist, and that this material will contain supplementary pedagogical information which will enhance the learning both at a university and a post-university level. Fig. 1: The bookcase gives the main interface of the platform


OBJECTIVES
The aim of this paper was to compare three different approaches that are used in support of additional funding of health programs, using Indigenous eye health programs (IEHPs) as an example. These approaches are Heath and Health Care Needs, Economic Priority (Value for Money) and Conformity with Health Services Performance Standards.

METHODS
A review of relevant literature was conducted to identify relevant benchmarks and assess IEHPs.

RESULTS
In terms of health needs, vision loss is the fourth highest contributor to the Indigenous health gap. Additional funding for Indigenous eye treatment services to remove the gap is estimated at A$28.1million per annum. As an economic priority, IEHPs (specifically for refractive error, cataract, diabetic retinopathy and trachoma) demonstrate excellent value for money and compare favourably with other better-researched health programs. Evaluation of health performance measures indicated that IEHPs also perform well, as judged by Australian performance standards for health services generally and Indigenous health services more specifically, the later involving local delivery, including care coordination through Aboriginal-controlled community health services.

CONCLUSION
The value of IEHPs was demonstrated using all three approaches. Different approaches are likely to be more or less persuasive with different audiences. The application of these approaches is relevant to other health programs. WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT THIS TOPIC? Supporters of additional funding for health programs frequently use the impact of this additional funding on the health and health care needs of the affected populations and individuals. Indigenous Eye Health programs are considered for illustrative purposes. This argument is not necessarily persuasive to funders of health programs. WHAT DOES THIS PAPER ADD? This paper demonstrates that two further approaches, namely Economic Priority and Conformity with Health Performance Measure Standards, both demonstrate good arguments in support of additional funding and that these outcomes may be more persuasive to funders of health programs. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTITIONERS? Practitioners are able to harness additional approaches with a higher likelihood of success of submissions for additional funding for the program they are promoting.


The authors show how structural equation modeling can be applied to analyze change in longitudinal multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) studies. For this purpose, an extension of latent difference models (McArdle, 1988; Steyer, Eid, & Schwenkmezger, 1997) to multiple constructs and multiple methods is presented. The model allows investigators to separate true change from measurement error and to analyze change simultaneously for different methods. The authors also show how Campbell and Fiske's (1959) guidelines for analyzing convergent and discriminant validity can be applied to the measurement of latent change. The practical application of the multimethod change model is illustrated in a reanalysis of child depression and anxiety scores (N = 906 American children) that were assessed by self- and parent reports on three measurement occasions. The analyses revealed that (a) the convergent validity of change was low for both constructs and (b) sex was a significant predictor of self-reported, but not of parent reported, anxiety states. Finally, the authors discuss advantages and limitations and compare the model with other approaches for analyzing longitudinal MTMM data.


Ophiopogonin D, a traditional Chinese medicinal ingredient, was immobilized to form a coating onto the surface of 316L stainless steel (316L SS), which is often used in cardiovascular implant materials, and evaluated for its endothelialization ability in vitro. The immobilized coating showed more hydrophilic property compared with the 316L SS control, contributing to protein absorption and cell spreading. A CCK-8 assay was performed to investigate the attachment and proliferation of vascular endothelial cells (VEC) onto the coating, and the results showed that there were more VEC on the Ophiopogonin D coating than on the 316L SS surface. The acridine orange (AO)/propidium iodide (PI) staining images of the VEC proved that the Ophiopogonin D coating could effectively inhibit VEC apoptosis, compared with the control. In addition, VEC on the Ophiopogonin D coating released more nitric oxide (NO) and PGI2 compared with VEC on the 316L SS. All the results indicated that Ophiopogonin D could significantly improve surface endothelialization and possessed potential applications for the surface modification of cardiovascular devices.


BACKGROUND
On 1 January 1995 a new mandatory National Health Insurance Law was enacted in Israel. The new law fostered competition among the four major Israeli healthcare providers (HMOs or sick funds) already operating in the market due to the possibility that an unlimited number of patients and the relative budget share would shift among the HMOs. This led them to launch advertising campaigns to attract new members.

OBJECTIVES
To examine newspaper advertising activities during the early stages of healthcare market reform in Israel.

METHODS
Advertising efforts were reviewed during a study period of 24 months (July 1994 to June 1996). Advertisements were analyzed in terms of marketing strategy, costs and quality of information.

RESULTS
During the study period 412 newspaper advertisements were collected. The total advertising costs by all HMOs was approximately US$4 million in 1996 prices. Differences were found in marketing strategy, relative advertising costs, contents and priorities among the HMOs.

CONCLUSIONS
The content of HMOs' newspaper advertising was consistent with their marketing strategy. The messages met the criteria of persuasive advertising in that they cultivated interest in the HMOs but did not provide meaningful information about them. Future developments in this area should include consensus guidelines for advertising activities of HMOs in Israel, instruction concerning the content of messages, and standardization of criteria to report on HMO performance.


The development of management as an occupation in post-World War II Canada is a topic that has received some attention from historians, but it is still an aspect of work and labor history that merits closer attention. This article seeks to reveal something about the nature of management work in Canada in the postwar decades by looking at how managers at Bell Canada were trained from the late 1940s to the late 1960s. This includes examining management theories that were prevalent at that time, the international aspects of them, and how they were used in Bell's corporate training programs. This analysis shows that, in the case of one of Canada's largest companies, management training was as much a process of adapting people to the methods and beliefs of the organization as it was about educating them to perform management functions.


Abstract A quantity that is frequently of interest in stochastic neutronics calculations is the probability of extinction (POE), or its complement, the survival probability. Even within the simplest stochastic point kinetics formulations, the POE is typically extracted from numerical calculations or approximated. An example of the latter strategy involves the truncation of the fission multiplicity distribution at two, resulting in the "quadratic approximation." While this methodology yields closed-form results for the POE, it is valid only for supercritical multiplication near unity. In this technical note, we attempt to obviate fission multiplicity truncation in the construction of transient and infinite time limit closed-form POE solutions. In the infinite time limit, we arrive at the necessity of solving a quintic algebraic equation; we provide a brief discussion of the mature formalism available for solving quintic equations and generate a variety of simple representations using hypergeometric series. We evaluate and discuss both the new and existing approximations in the context of an example 235U system and compare their validity over a range of supercritical multiplication factors.


In this study, parameters affecting the mechanical properties of FRP-confined cylindrical and prismatic concrete columns were studied via experimental data, which were collected after an extensive literature review. The parameters were summarized as unconfined concrete strength, FRP thickness, cylinder diameter, overlap length of FRP, sustained stress level, heating-cooling effect and corner radius in prismatic specimens. Considering these parameters the confinement effectiveness is established analytically in the light of ultimate strength values obtained from the test results available in the literature. No steel reinforcement is taken into account because the main aim is to capture the behavior of FRP-confinement only. The analytical results revealed that unconfined concrete strength, FRP thickness, cross-sectional dimension of the specimen are the main parameters controlling the confinement effectiveness in cylindrical specimens. In addition to these parameters corner radius and sustained stress level are found to be significant in prismatic specimens.


The introduction of a price cap for consumers who have not switched to cheaper deals in the British energy market reflects increasing political concern about the higher prices paid by these consumers compared with their more active counterparts. In this paper, we demonstrate the variations in prices paid by inactive consumers for electricity in different parts of Britain over the last 45 years. The regions identified as the cheapest and most expensive vary noticeably over the period, while the magnitude of the regional differences are, if anything, lower since the introduction of competition than they were before privatisation. We explore the characteristics of consumers who stated that they had never switched supplier, and who were therefore subject to these regional price differences, using unique data from a consumer survey in 2011. Responses to the question 'have you ever switched supplier' identified several characteristics of inactive consumers which were consistent with the findings of previous studies: not being retired, having lower electricity expenditure, not having a gas supply and using certain payment methods are associated with a consumer reporting never having switched. However applying a consistency test (namely observing whether consumers reported being with their region's incumbent supplier) highlighted a number of issues with relying solely on survey data to identify long-term inactivity.


"What we wish to know, and most desire, remains unknowable and lies beyond our grasp". With these words, James Hollis leads readers to consider the nature of our human need for meaning in life and for connection to a world less limiting than our own.In The Archetypal Imagination, Hollis offers a lyrical Jungian appreciation of the archetypal imagination. He argues that without the human mind's ability to form energy-filled images that link us to worlds beyond our rational and emotional capacities, we would have neither culture nor spirituality. Drawing upon the work of poets and philosophers, Hollis shows the importance of depth experience, meaning, and connection to an "other" world. Just as humans have instincts for biological survival and social interaction, we have instincts for spiritual connection as well. Just as our physical and social needs seek satisfaction, so the spiritual instincts of the human animal are expressed in images we form to evoke an emotional or spiritual response, as in our dreams, myths, and religious traditions.The author draws upon the work of the poet Rainer Maria Rilke, particularly his Duino Elegies, to elucidate the archetypal imagination in literary forms. To underscore the importance of incarnating depth experience, he also examines a series of paintings by Nancy Witt.With the power of the archetypal imagination available to all of us, we are invited to summon courage to take on the world anew, to relinquish outmoded identities and defenses, and to risk a radical re-imagining of the larger possibilities of the world and of the self.


Being a prime source of food, agriculture sustains almost all life-forms on the Earth. However, apart from natural calamities, a range of man-made activities are causing significant increase in environmental stresses for plant growth. Adverse conditions, in turn, restrict crop plants to reach their full genetic potential of producing high yield (Anjum et al., 2014). Also, agriculture is under pressure to accelerate crop-yield to feed rapidly increasing world-population that is projected to stabilize at around 9.2 billion toward the year 2050 (Singh, 2012). Thus, a clear understanding of the strategies for sustainably improving crop-health, development and productivity under adverse conditions is timely and imperative. With the major aim of achieving plant-environmental stress-acclimation, discussions are focused in the 17 chapters of the entitled above edited book mainly on two major tools: (a) genetically engineering stress-responsive genes, and (b) sustainable agriculture practices.

Under the categorized above first tool, the strategy of employing DREB-like proteins, homeobox genes, APETALA2 gene-family, and G-proteins for overcoming environmental-stresses and increasing crop-yield under adverse conditions. Notably, exhaustive studies on the potential role of the dehydration-responsive element-binding proteins (DREB2)-like proteins and their interaction with abscisic acid particularly during seed-germination/seedling-growth, may give us an insight in plant developmental processes and stress-adaptation/tolerance-mechanisms. A gradual rise in atmospheric temperature is going to be a major challenge for crop research in near future. To this end, exhaustive molecular genetic studies were recommended for both understanding and getting more insights into thermo-sensing-mechanisms in thermal-stressed crops. Nevertheless, development of several functional tools like molecular maps, express sequence tags (ESTs), and understanding the mechanism of transgenes expression in chloroplasts particularly in important bioenergy crops can help in the minimization of the rapidly increasing marginal lands, the contributions. Transcription factors (TFs) represent master-switches controlling several target stress-responsive genes and are considered most important for regulation of gene expression. Stress-tolerance in plants can be engineered through getting insights into homeobox-TFs and APETALA2/ethylene response element-binding protein (AP2/EREBP) in abiotic/biotic stress responses and their potential use as target genes. However, a detailed functional analysis of homeobox and AP2 TFs is required to identify novel pathways and better understand underlying molecular mechanisms.

Regulation of stress related pathways, including reactive oxygen species-production, stomatal regulation and processes related to plant water relations can be modulated by G-proteins and related machinery. G-proteins were suggested herein as the key proteins for overcoming environmental stresses and increasing crop yield. Elucidation of different non-genetic or epigenetic determinants that could modify gene expression heritably (mitotically and/or meiotically) and reversibly (without changing the gene sequence encoded in DNA) can enlighten different terminal phenotypes in genetically identical cells or even whole-organisms. Nevertheless, enzyme-mediated chemical-modifications of DNA and DNA-associated proteins are among the major epigenetic determinants/marks and can allow for greater genome-plasticity which in turn can result into better adaptation of plants to changing environmental-conditions. Additionally, oxidative stress-response and the pleiotropic roles of nitric oxide (NO) in signaling, gene-expression, and plant stress-tolerance can be accelerated with the genomic-dissection of available NOS-deficient mutant and/or gene knock-out mutant. Interestingly, compared to crop plants, weeds exhibit their higher tolerance to abiotic/biotic stresses, and can be an alternate and potential source of genes for the production of transgenic plants. Agricultural-soil-salinity is increasing globally, and is now known to contribute to major percentage of crop-loss. Cloning of genes from the halobacterium and most of its relatives were advocated to be significant for developing drought- and salinity-tolerant plants. Previous aspects were discussed in detail in the present edited volume.

A range of sustainable agriculture practices can be good assets to the crop plant genetic engineering research and help in achieving the common target of improving plant-acclimation to environmental stresses. In this context, contributions also advocated to use sustainable-strategies such as maintenance of rich agrobiodiversity, planting of varieties resistant to major insects, use of botanical-pesticides, bio-fertilizers (including mycorrhizae; vermicomposting), exploiting plant-pathogen interaction-outcomes, and intercropping and planting of different crops at any given time to spread the risk. Poor seed-germination and seedling-emergence has been the major cause of crop failure worldwide. Hence, it would be wise to use priming-compounds (such as NO, H2O2, H2S, polyamine), and beneficial microorganisms to achieve both improved germination/seedling-emergence, and induced stress-acclimation in these crops. Apart from food-crops, there is ample scope to improve active-constituents of several medicinal and aromatic plants growing under adverse conditions through exploiting key-mechanisms underlying Ca-regulated transcriptional genes and their role in stress-signaling pathways. Finally, consideration of a comparative account of the outcomes of controlled laboratory- and field-conditions was emphasized in the extensive evaluation of stress-tolerance potential of transgenic-crops with desirable traits.

To the negative side, much of the contributions simply summarized the literature and there is little attempt to provide an overarching critical assessment of the cited literature as a whole, or to draw new or insightful-conclusions. Also, inclusion of a final chapter on "Conclusions and perspectives" could have provided a novel and insightful synthesis of the literature in the field together with the promised critical-assessments of the recent research on both the previous tools considered separately herein.

Notably, in the present edited volume, the current knowledge for plant acclimation to environmental stresses was practically updated and the information on the major concerned areas was presented. Together, the discussion-outcomes can provoke new dialogue, and open scientific minds for innovative future research for the improvement of crop-health and productivity under adverse conditions. The book "Plant acclimation to environmental stress" may be a good information source for researchers, and PhD/MPhil students associated with crop-biology/physiology, agronomy and plant breeding areas.

This book can be found at: http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-5001-6


Resource productivity enhancement stands at the center of tackling issues on environmental pollution and resource scarcity. Identifying influential socioeconomic factors should be the first step in establishing and improving resource management policy. This study compares and analyzes data from multiple countries to construct a resource productivity simulation model. The socioeconomic factors and their characteristic patterns are discussed in detail. The results demonstrate that the major factors influencing resource productivity include income level, population density, economic structure, energy structure, and raw material trade. Among these factors, the three most important are income level, population density, and economic structure. The influencing patterns can be summarized as follows: (1) Resource productivity increases with increasing income levels. (2) Countries with high population density are inclined to demonstrate high resource productivity. (3) The economic structure shows a biphase influence on resource productivity, that is, during industrialization, decreased agricultural activity and increased industrial activity lead to higher resource productivity. On the other hand, after industrialization, decreasing industrial activity and an expanding service sector become the major impetus of resource productivity enhancement. (4) Raw material export demonstrates a negative effect on resource productivity. Countries that depend heavily on raw material export show a unique resource productivity evolution pattern. For these countries, relatively high resource productivity in low income phases and relatively low resource productivity in high income phases show only small increases in resource efficiency and economic growth. Finally, insights from the study are transformed into suggestions for sustainable resource management and resource productivity enhancement.


One of the fundamental goals of European integration is to provide opportunities to less-developed Member States for both convergence and the strengthening of the economic and social cohesion. Prior to the 2008 global financial crisis, the convergence process across the EU had spectacular results. The aftermath of the crisis, however, threatens the prospects of convergence in the EU. In other words, the EU's cohesion policy, which could mitigate the crisis' impact, has not received a prominent status in the forthcoming programming period and in the 2014-2020 multiannual financial framework (MFF). As a result, in the medium term, economic and social cohesion in the EU's periphery is threatened, thus generating a number of security challenges for the Southern as well as for the Central and Eastern European countries (CEEs) members of the EU.


This paper executes a comparison of the theories by Ackoff and Bedny & Meister for situation awareness (SA). The comparison gives a conceptual design for the common part of SA. An example of an architecture that uses the concepts is presented. The conceptual design involves concepts like conscious and unconscious processes, gnostic activity, active and passive memory and dynamic processes. The design captures the ideas presented by Ackoff for adoption and learning, and is intended to work with social systems as described by Ackoff. The aim of the paper is to fill the hole of conceptual general designs for SA systems. This paper presents a conceptual definition of SA and the comparison result between the two theories. The conceptual design is then used in the development of an Agent Architecture for Multi-Hypothesis Intention Simulation. Suggested future research is presented.


The fast growing of energy in the world has become a high concern over some source problems  in energy calculations of economy, where the buildings now described as one of the main energy  consumers  for  about  33.35%  worldwide.  This  paper  aims  to  review  and  investigate  on  the  Swedish  conventional  buildings  for  a  quantitative  research.  To  analyze  the  case  study,  latest  energy  analysis  software  (LEAP)  used  as  an  environmental  simulation  and  assessment  tool  for  the calculations. The first step is to lead toward studying the EU buildings in general with a case  study  focusing  on  Swedish  conventional  buildings  for  the  design  and  method  of  calculation  in  energy  performance  and  consumption.  In  the  second  step,  analyzing  the  data  for  the  energy  consumption  and  comprehensive  model  for  a  conventional  building  (M-building)  in  Stockholm/Sweden.  In  the  last  step,  a  broad  energy  consumption  that  has  been  performed  with  the foundation of model for the evaluation of the power used as a part of the Swedish structures.  Under the IPCC fifth assessments, the result shows that conventional buildings will expend more  energy than other new sustainable buildings in Sweden for about 70% more. However, about 60  kWh  of  energy  will  be  used  for  saving,  which  is  approximately  2%  for  the  management,  transportations and other sectors/segments with a total of 263 kWh/ as energy consumption.


Abstract. The formation and propagation of density currents are well studied processes in fluid dynamics with many applications in other science fields. In the atmosphere, density currents are usually meso-β/γ phenomena and are often associated with storm downdrafts. These storms are responsible for the formation of severe dust episodes (haboobs) over desert areas. In the present study, the formation of a convective cool pool and the associated dust mobilization are examined for a representative event over the western part of Sahara desert. The physical processes involved in the mobilization of dust are described with the use of the integrated atmospheric-air quality RAMS/ICLAMS model. Dust is effectively produced due to the development of near surface vortices and increased turbulent mixing along the frontal line. Increased dust emissions and recirculation of the elevated particles inside the head of the density current result in the formation of a moving "dust wall". Transport of the dust particles in higher layers – outside of the density current – occurs mainly in three ways: (1) Uplifting of preexisting dust over the frontal line with the aid of the strong updraft (2) Entrainment at the upper part of the density current head due to turbulent mixing (3) Vertical mixing after the dilution of the system. The role of the dust in the associated convective cloud system was found to be limited. Proper representation of convective processes and dust mobilization requires the use of high resolution (cloud resolving) model configuration and online parameterization of dust production. Haboob-type dust storms are effective dust sources and should be treated accordingly in dust modeling applications.


The 4Cs of positive youth development (PYD; competence, confidence, connection, and character) have been advocated as desirable athlete outcomes of sport participation, and in effect, a useful proxy measure of coaching effectiveness. However, a shortcoming of this framework has been a lack of tangible ways to accurately measure these constructs in athletes. This article reviews the sport literature and presents a concise toolkit made up of existing questionnaires and measurement techniques that can collectively be used to assess coaches' ability to facilitate PYD in athletes in organized youth sport settings. This integrative approach to the measurement of PYD in athletes is not designed to replace similar questionnaires in sport, but is simply a measurement approach grounded in the PYD literature that can be applied across a range of sport contexts. Implications for the use of this framework and toolkit in both coaching research and practice are discussed.


This paper reports on an arts-informed approach to education research aimed to critically develop and promote teachers' creative practice and understanding of creativity for both pupils and teachers. The creative research process is described to reveal how it developed 20 students as researchers in a secondary school in England. The students' perspectives impressed artists and enlightened expert researchers into new ways of thinking and doing research. A reciprocal relationship was developed that unravelled novel data and promoted pupil voice.


The classical view states that microbial biogeography is not affected by dispersal barriers or historical events, but only influenced by the local contemporary habitat conditions (species sorting). This has been challenged during recent years by studies suggesting that also regional factors such as mass effect, dispersal limitation and neutral assembly are important for the composition of local bacterial communities. Here we summarize results from biogeography studies in different environments, i.e. in marine, freshwater and soil as well in human hosts. Species sorting appears to be the most important mechanism. However, this result might be biased since this is the mechanism that is easiest to measure, detect and interpret. Hence, the importance of regional factors may have been underestimated. Moreover, our survey indicates that different assembly mechanisms might be important for different parts of the total community, differing, for example, between generalists and specialists, and between taxa of different dispersal ability and motility. We conclude that there is a clear need for experimental studies, first, to clearly separate regional and local factors in order to study their relative importance, and second, to test whether there are differences in assembly mechanisms depending on different taxonomic or functional groups.


Near-field acoustic holography (NAH) is applied to visualize the acoustic radiation from bowed violins across a frequency range from 294 Hz to 3 kHz. These visualizations are employed to localize regions of acoustic radiation from surfaces of violins. Three violins were tested: a common student instrument by Scherl and Roth; Hutchins violin SUS295, which has been the subject of many previous investigations; and a Hutchins mezzo violin from the Violin Octet set of instruments, which is longer, broader, and thinner than a standard instrument. The violins were bowed continuously with an open-frame mechanical bowing machine, while NAH measurements were made on four planes surrounding the instrument. Mappings of the acoustic intensity are presented that show locations of maximum radiation at low and high frequencies with a spatial resolution smaller than the acoustic wavelength. Comparisons are made of the radiation patterns between the two conventional instruments and the mezzo violin. Radiation patterns from...


Poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) copolymers were prepared by free-radical random copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate in emulsion in the presence of 10% of surface-modified sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT). The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of the clay organic modifier in terms of its chemical structure, its degree of interaction within the clay galleries surface, and its ability to copolymerize with monomers, on the morphology and properties of the final nanocomposite prepared. Na-MMT was modified using different organic modifiers, namely: sodium 1-allyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl (Cops), 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS), N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA), and sodium 11-methacryloyloxy-undecan-1-yl sulfate (MET), respectively. The morphology and properties of the nanocomposites obtained were found to be dependant on the clay organic modifier. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy indicated that, nanocomposites at 10% clay loading with Cops-, NIPA-, and MET-modified clays, yielded intercalated to partially exfoliated structures, whereas AMPS-modified clay gave a nanocomposite with a fully exfoliated structure. All polymer–clay nanocomposites were found to be more thermally stable than neat poly(S-co-BA) as were determined by TGA. However, nanocomposites with intercalated structures exhibited greater thermal stability relative to fully exfoliated ones. Furthermore, nanocomposites with exfoliated structures exhibited higher storage moduli (GI) than partially exfoliated once, whereas intercalated structure showed the lowest GI values. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 3619–3628, 2008


Within the DLR Institute of Aeroelasticity project iGREEN (integrated green aircraft) the aeroelastic behavior of a typical laminar airfoil under unsteady transonic flow conditions was to be investigated. For that a 2D airfoil model was build and tested in the transonic wind tunnel facility DNW-TWG in Goettingen. The model is a 2D-section with a CAST-10 profile, made of carbon reinforced fiber (CRF). It is equipped with 60 unsteady pressure sensors placed in one section and with hot-film sensors located on its upper and lower surface between 10% and 85% in steps of 5% in streamwise direction, 16 on each
side. In order to get a smooth surface without disturbing the laminar flow, the hot-film foil is embedded in the model. In the steady case the upper surface of the model was observed with two infrared cameras. The model was installed in the institutes 2D test set-up for forced pitch oscillations. Under harmonic pitch oscillations the time dependent pressure distribution, global forces and the variation of the transition region were measured for three
different flow conditions (subsonic, weak transonic and transonic with strong shock and possible separation).
The results may lead to a physical understanding of the interaction of unsteady transition and shock position and act as validation data for new unsteady transition prediction models.


Digital infrastructures (DI) that support information exchange related to international trade processes (here referred to as Digital Trade Infrastructures (DTI)) have been seen as an instrument to help address the trade facilitation and security challenges. Data pipelines can be seen as an example of a DTI. Data pipelines are IT innovations that enable the timely provision of data captured at the source from different information systems available in the supply chain. Using the pipeline companies can share information with authorities and enjoy trade facilitation in return. The benefits of such data pipelines have been showcased in demonstrator settings. However, outside the controlled environment of demonstrator installations, the adoption and growth of these DTIs has been limited. The benefits based on purely implementing the data pipeline are limited. Combining data pipeline capability with Coordinated Border Management (CBM) has potential to articulate more clear benefits for stakeholders and push further investments and wider adoption. In this paper based on the FloraHolland trade lane related to exporting flowers from Kenya to the Netherlands we discuss a data pipeline/ CBM innovation. Through the conceptual lens of DI (examining architectural, process and governance dimensions) we demonstrate the potential benefits of data pipeline/ CBM innovation and the complex alignment processes between business and government actors needed for the further adoption. From a theoretical point of view we enhance the understanding regarding the governance dimension of such data pipeline/ CBM innovations by identifying four type of alignments processes involving businesses and government actors nationally and internationally. As such the paper contributes to the body of research on DI and more specifically DTI. Form a point of view of practice, the insights from our analysis can be used to better understand other data pipeline/ CBM innovation alignment processes in other domains as well.


This memo describes an approach to the implementation of the ANSI/NISO
Z39.50-1992 Standard for Information Retrieval in the TCP/IP
environment which is currently in wide use by the Z39.50 implementor
community. This memo provides information for the Internet community.
This memo does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.


Renegotiations: Body, Line, Ethics departs from questions concerning authorship and agency for actors in institutionalised settings and moves towards a discussion on ethics, responsibility and possibilities in the body – text relationship. The question of how bodies can be renegotiated in and by the theatrical line is central to the work. Against a backdrop of previous and other stage productions in theatre institutions and independent constellations the staging of three texts by Elfriede Jelinek: Rosamunde, The Wall and Winterreise becomes the method for investigating and articulating the authorship of the actor. An investigation of the possible renegotiation of the (female) body from social objectivity to existential subjectivity has unfolded through the three works, partly in dialogue with the thematic content of the texts but mainly through the process of reflection and action spurred by the actor's translation of the dramatic line into bodily and oral specificity, in the labour of making poetry concrete. The ethics of ambivalence proposed by Simone de Beauvoir has emerged as an important artistic method in these processes, as her ethics not only suggests a conceptual and political framing of the work and authorship of the actor as inherently ambivalent and transcendent, but also offers a range of methodological approaches to agency coupled with rather than opposed to doubt and self-criticism, for a simultaneous construction and questioning of subjectivity. Photos and videos from the three performances are part of the final presentation of the dissertation, as are three freely articulated responses from Christina Ouzounidis, Annika Nyman and Hanna Hallgren, who each expose critical, methodological and thematic aspects in one of the works. Part of the presentation is also an essay in four chapters. Departures and conflicts in the project is discussed, in a topology extending from institutional critique to methodology and feminist theory. The work and position of the actor is articulated in relation to thinkers as Hannah Arendt and Virginia Woolf, together with a feminist reading of a dialectical theatre tradition and the historical and philosophical understanding of "the woman" as proposed by Simone de Beauvoir. With Beauvoir the essay moves into a discussion of the theatrical situation as constituted by body and time rather than by social circumstances. This discussion is further deepened by the psychoanalytical approach offered by Julia Kristeva's understanding of the relationship between language and the speaking subject, and then moves into a description of the methods used, using the staging of Rosamunde as example. Finally, an attempt at articulating the actor's work as an ethical practice is presented, as a consequence of the previous discussion but also informed by the postcolonial analysis of feminism and translation of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Sara Ahmed's queer phenomenology and Judith Butler's approach to what constitutes "the possible." Rather than understanding the practice of the performing actor as a work aiming at communicating themes or ideas and bringing narratives to life, this dissertation suggests understanding it as a social and political becoming, where the performing body can create the possibility of observing itself and the possibility of renegotiating the creation of subjectivity; all in the moment of the performance. Thus the work concludes with an insisting on the body – text relationship as performative and potentially radically transformative: a becoming with the other and others where the body is exposed to the risk and possibility of change, a change in which desire, grief and insecurity are embraced as ethical resources. (Less)


Legionella is a naturally occurring aquatic bacterium found in lakes, rivers, hot springs, ponds, and moist soils. It causes Legionnaires' disease, a respiratory illness characterized by pneumonia. The disease is predominantly acquired by inhaling mist from contaminated water sources, and it is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts. Serological subtyping is insufficiently discriminatory when a given serogroup comprises only a few antigenically distinct subtypes, as for Legionella pneumophila serogroup 6. Furthermore, genotypic differences have been reported in phenotypically similar organisms. Discriminatory molecular subtyping methods may be more informative to establish the environmental source of the illness. This chapter establishes and evaluates PCR and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) for detection and typing of Legionella from environmental sources. The authors' data show that RAPD analysis can be a better tool to discriminate between isolates compared with serotyping. Thus, it could be more informative in epidemiological studies to determine the source of infection.


Abstract : A 2-1/2-year field investigation was conducted at Bolivar Peninsula, Galveston Bay, Texas, to test the feasibility and impact of developing marsh and upland habitats on dredged material. This report summarizes baseline information derived before habitat development operations and results of post-development operations. Two marsh grass species and nine upland plant species including trees, shrubs, and grasses were planted in test plots on a dredged material site lying between the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and Galveston Bay. Tests were conducted to measure plant survival and performance in response to different fertilizer treatments and planting methods. Plantings of the marsh grasses were made within an intertidal area protected from wave energies by a sandbag dike. Prior to and during plant development, information was collected to document changes in fish and wildlife communities. After less than a year of development, the site provided heterogeneous habitats which tended to support greater use by fish and benthos than is generally associated with sandy shores along Bolivar Peninsula. The field investigation indicated that habitat development is a feasible dredged material disposal alternative.


Lake Donggi Cona is located in the north-eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau at the boundary between monsoon and westerly climate influence on an elevation of 4090 m. Donggi Cona is an oligotrophic freshwater lake with a recent open-basin system. The 30 km long, 8 km wide, and up to 98 m deep lake basin is a tectonic pull-apart structure as part of Kunlun fault. Sub-bottom profiling of the lake basin revealed the presence of graben structures, conjugate faults, subaquatic terraces, and ancient fan systems, draped by 4 to 5 m thick postglacial lacustrine sediments. The aim of our investigations is the reconstruction of palaeo-environmental changes of the lake catchment.After analysis of the seismic pre-survey, five sediment cores have been retrieved at 35-40 m and at 2 m water depth. The cores are partly laminated and composed of calcareous muds with changing amounts of carbonate micrite, organic matter and detrital silt and clay. Furthermore, the cores contains remarkable amounts of ostracods and plant remains. Dating results from the top of three sediment cores obtain a hardwater effect of about 2000 years. Nineteen AMS dates from the entire cores suggest a sedimentary history throughout the Holocene. Despite possible reservoir errors the sandy bottom sediments were deposited during or after the last glacial maximum (LGM). With a multi-proxy approach using grain size, XRF, XRD, CNS, TOC and multivariate statistical endmember-modelling (EMMA) we hereby represent an interpretation concerning changes in hydrological conditions and sedimentation processes during the last about 20 kyears: Prior to 18 kyears, terrestrial loess and sand suggest a very low lake level. From 18 to 13 kyrs. BP the lake level rise during a period of climate-driven glacier melt. For the same time period the detrital supply is at its maximum and seems to control the high sedimentation rate.Grain-size coarsening and hiatuses in four sediment cores, document a repeated lake-level fall after 13 kyrs. BP. From 12.3 to 4.3 kyrs, the lake level rose to above its present level as evidenced by the different terrace levels in the littoral of Lake Donggi Cona and by the increase of clay content within all cores. For the same time interval we assume increasing salinity because of the accumulation of aragonite. The lake changes in that time from a full ventilated to a stratified system in response to warm and moist conditions during the Holocene climate optimum. At 4.3 kyrs. BP the system shifted from an aragonite- to a calcite- dominated system. This sudden change can be attributed to a threshold response during prolonged lake-level rise and overspill at the western end of the lake, an tectonic event and/or climate induced processes.


How neurons find their proper targets and spatial position is an intriguing question. Two groups analyzed how the dorsoventral mapping of the retinal axons onto the optic tectum is achieved in the frog, Xenopus laevis (Mann et al.), and mouse (Hindges et al.). Mann et al. show that the expression of Ephrin B ligands and EphB receptors is complementary, with Ephrin B high in the dorsal area and EphB high in the ventral area. In vivo and in vitro experiments support a role for Ephrin B-EphB in mediating an attractive response and for reverse signaling through the Ephrin B-expressing cells in mapping the Xenopus visual system. Hindges et al. show that in mouse, there are also complementary gradients of Ephrin B and EphB. This group used mice carrying deletions or mutant forms of EphB2 and EphB3, and their results are consistent with forward signaling through these receptors being important for proper organization of the axonal projections onto the optic tectum. It remains to be determined whether both systems (mouse and frog, and presumably other species, including humans) use forward signaling through the EphB receptor and reverse signaling through the Ephrin B receptor to complete the topographic map of the retinotectal system. Another question that needs to be resolved is how these signals are interpreted to yield either attraction or repulsion depending on the stage of development or position along the axon projection pathway (see Pittman and Chien). For more information on the forward and reverse signaling by Ephrin-Eph interactions, see Boyd and Lackmann. F. Mann, S. Ray, W. A. Harris, C. E. Holt, Topographic mapping in dorsoventral axis of the Xenopus retinotectal system depends on signaling through Ephrin-B ligands. Neuron 35, 461-473 (2002). [Online Journal] R. Hindges, T. McLaughlin, N. Genoud, M. Henkemyer, D. D. M. O'Leary, EphB forward signaling controls directional branch extension and arborization required for dorsal-ventral retinotopic mapping. Neuron 35, 475-487 (2002). [Online Journal] A. J. Pittman, C.-B. Chien, Understanding dorsoventral topography: Backwards and forwards. Neuron 35, 409-414 (2002). [Online Journal] A. W. Boyd, M. Lackmann, Signals from Eph and Ephrin proteins: A developmental tool kit. Science's STKE (2001), http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/OC_sigtrans;2001/112/re20. [Abstract] [Full Text]


This document defines an additional mode of the link-layer assisted RObust Header Compression (ROHC) profile, also known as the zero-byte profile, beyond the two defined in RFC 3242. Zero-byte header compression exists in order to prevent the single-octet ROHC header from pushing a packet voice stream into the next higher fixed packet size for the radio. It is usable in certain widely deployed older air interfaces. This document adds the zero-byte operation for ROHC Bidirectional Reliable mode (R-mode) to the ones specified for Unidirectional (U-mode) and Bidirectional Optimistic (O-mode) modes of header compression in RFC 3242.


We provide empirical evidence of the dynamics of city size distribution for the whole of the twentieth century in U.S. cities and metropolitan areas. We focus our analysis on the new cities that were created during the period of analysis. The main contribution of this paper, therefore, is the parametric and nonparametric analysis of the population growth experienced by these new-born cities. Our results enable us to confirm that, when cities appear, they grow very rapidly and, as the decades pass, their growth slows or even falls into decline. This is consistent with the theoretical framework regarding mean reversion (convergence) in the steady state and with the theories of sequential city growth.


We present a preliminary study of the evolution of optical properties of a hybrid organic–inorganic solid solution. The transparency range of the 2-amino-5-nitropyridinium dihydrogenphosphate–arsenate (2A5NPDP–2A5NPDAs) solid solution covers the visible and near-IR region (0.43–1.6 µm). Changes in the refractive indices that correspond to changes in the composition of the inorganic subnetwork are sufficient to fabricate waveguide devices but are too small to induce an important modification of the phase-matching directions for second-harmonic generation (SHG) at 1.064 µm. The SHG efficiency of this hybrid solid solution is roughly constant for all the compositions and is approximately six times higher than that of KDP–KDA (KH2XO4 with X=P, As) salts that contain the same inorganic anions. This tends to confirm that the 2A5NP organic chromophore contributes in a large part to the SHG signals of these hybrid crystals.


In this study, we compared the results of a human monocyte in vitro model and a canine in vivo model, to evaluate the response to different types of particulate wear debris. Both the in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that titanium-6 aluminum-4 vanadium (TiAIV), ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and other particulate wear debris are stimulatory to macrophages and elicit release of several identifiable tnediators involved in periprosthetic inflammation and bone resorption. Further, in the in vivo studies, these same particles initiated the formation of interfacial membranes which were histologically and biochemically similar to those seen in clinically failed joint arthroplasties. In vitro models using monocytes are thus useful for studying individual species response to different types of particles. In vivo models have the advantage of accounting for multiple cell types and paracrine effects.


To determine the suitability of halothane anesthesia for studies of parasympathetic control of the endocrine pancreas in dogs, we assessed the effect of halothane on reflex, direct neural, and direct chemical activation of the parasympathetic input to the islet. Levels or output of pancreatic polypeptide (PP), an islet hormone under predominant cholinergic influence, were used as an indicator of the degree of parasympathetic activation and its potential suppression by anesthesia. Reflex stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) in dogs anesthetized with halothane (0.8%) caused a fourfold increase in plasma PP levels, equivalent to the response in conscious dogs. In contrast, 2-DG at this dose and at a threefold higher dose did not alter PP levels in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg iv), suggesting that halothane at this dose is not suppressive and that pentobarbital is very suppressive on reflex activation of the parasympathetic nerves to the pancreas. Bilateral electrical stimulation of the cervical vagi in halothane-anesthetized dogs elicited a sixfold increase in the pancreatic output of PP. The same stimulation caused only a twofold increase of PP output in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. These data suggests that halothane is also less inhibitory than pentobarbital on either peripheral neurotransmission or pancreatic F-cell responsiveness. The effect of direct activation of the F-cell by bethanechol did not differ between the two anesthesias. Therefore, the attenuated PP response to vagal stimulation in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs is probably due to an action of pentobarbital on peripheral neurotransmission, perhaps at the intrapancreatic parasympathetic ganglia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Native Americans relied on fire to maintain a cultural landscape that sustained their lifeways for thousands of years. Within the past 100 years, however, policies of fire exclusion have disrupted ecological processes, elevating risk of wildfire, insects, and disease, affecting the health and availability of resources on which the tribes depend. On Indian Reservations, tribal forest plans include prescribed fire to restore and maintain the lands. Public land managers are now considering ways to restore the fire-based ecosystem, but tribal knowledge about the use and effects of fire has largely been left out of the discussion. For 2 days in June 2010, 7 tribal elders joined with 20 native and nonnative scientists, resource managers, and academics to explore ways to integrate Native American stewardship practices, traditional knowledge, and philosophies with western science to address contemporary forest health and wildfire challenges. The workshop, convened on the Flathead Indian Reservation of the Confederated Salish Kootenai Tribes located in western Montana, provided a forum for candid dialogue and knowledge sharing. This article, coauthored by all 27 participants, offers a summary background followed by candid highlights of dialogue along with recommendations for progress based on lessons learned. The central conclusion is that integration and application of traditional knowledge with western science for improved stewardship of natural resources will require enduring commitments to knowledge sharing that extend beyond the usual boundaries of professional training and cultural orientation such that learning can proceed, legacy myths might be corrected, and the forests and the people will benefit.


Malaria causes hundreds of thousands of human deaths every year, and the World Health Assembly has made it a priority. To help eliminate this disease, there is a pressing need for the development and implementation of new strategies to improve the prevention and treatment, due in part to antimalarial drug resistances. This chapter focuses on two strategies to inactivate the malaria parasite in blood, which are photodynamic therapy (PDT) and inhibition of hemozoin formation. The PDT strategy permits either a control of the proliferation of mosquito larvae to develop some photolarvicides for the prevention or a photoinactivation of the malaria parasite in red blood cells (RBCs) to minimize infection transmission by transfusion. The inhibition of hemozoin formation strategy is used for the development of new antimalarial drug by understanding its formation mechanism.


OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF LATE ROMAN IMPRESSED CLAY MORTARS: THE CASE OF "NORTH-SYRIAN MORTARIA" Mortars made of clay were largely diffused and used during the Roman Empire. This article focuses on a specific category of clay mortars, identified by their region of manufacture as "North-Syrian Mortaria". This category, dated to the end of the 3rd and to the first half of the 4th century A.D., was largely diffused in the eastern Mediterranean. This study, after presenting the main characteristics of these mortars (shape, decoration, fabric, production centers, dating, distribution), addresses questions regarding their use. Traditionally, roman mortars were used in order to process (pound, pulverize, grind, mix) either solid or liquid/fluid products related to sustenance. Written sources as well as archaeological evidence support these uses. However, this study attempts to point out that they could also have a more specialised use, connected to the requirements of specific, well-organized workshops. This could be the case of the "North-Syrian Mortaria". Regardless of the limited data concerning the exact archaeological context in which this type of mortar is found, the case-studies of mortars of this category found in Jalame, in ancient Messene and Olympia support this opinion.


Set prediction is about learning to predict a collection of unordered variables with unknown interrelations. Training such models with set losses imposes the structure of a metric space over sets. We focus on stochastic and underdefined cases, where an incorrectly chosen loss function leads to implausible predictions. Example tasks include conditional point-cloud reconstruction and predicting future states of molecules. In this paper, we propose an alternative to training via set losses by viewing learning as conditional density estimation. Our learning framework fits deep energy-based models and approximates the intractable likelihood with gradient-guided sampling. Furthermore, we propose a stochastically augmented prediction algorithm that enables multiple predictions, reflecting the possible variations in the target set. We empirically demonstrate on a variety of datasets the capability to learn multi-modal densities and produce multiple plausible predictions. Our approach is competitive with previous set prediction models on standard benchmarks. More importantly, it extends the family of addressable tasks beyond those that have unambiguous predictions.


Since the first days of the Iraqi invasion, supporters of the war have cautioned the public not to view this conflict as another Vietnam. They rightfully point to many important distinctions. There is no unified resistance in Iraq. No political or religious leader has been able to galvanize opposition to U.S. intervention the way that Ho Chi Minh did in Vietnam. And it is not likely that 580,000 American troops will find their way to Iraq. However, there are two similarities that may dwarf the thousands of differences. First, in Iraq, like Vietnam, the original rationale for going to war has been discredited and public support has dwindled. Second, in both cases the new justification became building stable societies. There are enormous pitfalls in America's nation building efforts in Iraq as there were in Vietnam. But it is the business we now find ourselves in, and there is no easy retreat from it morally. As American frustration increases, some policy makers are making the deadly mistake of approaching problems in Iraq as if we are facing them for the first time. It is crucial that we apply the lessons of Vietnam wisely and selectively.


As we move from the era of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) it is important to consider how development agendas are set, the progress that has been made over the past 15 years, and how current debates are shaping global development efforts for the next 15. This book was, produced as part of a University College London-London International Development Centre research collaboration entitled, Thinking Beyond Sectors for Sustainable Development. The aim of the book is to provide a concise introduction to the debates in a number of vital development sectors, review progress made in each sector, and to consider how looking beyond sectors might open new opportunities for inclusive, sustainable development. Each chapter in this book was produced collaboratively by academics from a wide number of disciplines. As such, it represents a truly interdisciplinary and inter-sectoral effort, of the kind that will be necessary for successful development and implementation of future international development goals. For more information on the project, see http://beyondsectors.tumblr.com/


We introduce a method for identifying social norms, based on the property that they reflect collective perceptions regarding the appropriateness of behaviors. We demonstrate that the norms we elicit, along with a simple model combining concern for norm-compliance with utility for money, predict changes in behavior across several variants of the dictator game. Our findings indicate that individuals care about monetary payoffs and the social appropriateness of any action taken. Further, we find that a social norm is best characterized as a profile of varying degrees of social appropriateness over the entire menu of actions available to a decision maker. We introduce a method for identifying social norms, based on the property that they reflect collective perceptions regarding the appropriateness of behaviors. We demonstrate that the norms we elicit, along with a simple model combining concern for norm-compliance with utility for money, predict changes in behavior across several variants of the dictator game. Our findings indicate that individuals care about monetary payoffs and the social appropriateness of any action taken. Further, we find that a social norm is best characterized as a profile of varying degrees of social appropriateness over the entire menu of actions available to a decision maker.


A Fourier-based approach is presented for the investigation of multilayer superpositions of periodic structures and their moire effects. This approach fully explains the properties of the superposition of periodic layers and of their moire effects, both in the spectral domain and in the image domain. We concentrate on showing how this approach provides also a full explanation of the various phenomena that occur because of phase shifts in one or more of the superposed layers. We show how such phase shifts influence the superposition as a whole and, in particular, how they affect each moire in the superposition individually: We show that each moire in the superposition undergoes a different shift, in its own main direction, whose size depends both on the moire parameters and on the shifts of the individual layers. However, phase shifts in the individual layers do not necessarily lead to a solid shift of the whole superposition, and they may rather cause modifications in its microstructure. We demonstrate our results by several illustrative figures.


The domestic and international rules governing the qualifications for personnel serving on tank vessels have changed in recent years. To address those new requirements, the fourth edition of Tanker Operations incorporates new material by Mark Huber and other contributors, providing an updated textbook for maritime schools and individuals pursuing a tankerman endorsement. It is also a standard reference for anyone involved in the tanker industry. The subject areas from the third edition have been expanded and address such basics as vessel construction and cargo characteristics; cargo piping and venting systems; cargo measurement and transfer operations; ballasting and deballasting; tank cleaning operations and pollution regulations; gas freeing and inert gas systems. New sections include inspection procedures for chartering, cargo pump troubleshooting, and details concerning the role of the tankerman from a commercial perspective in the transportation industry. Separate chapters are devoted to the hazards and precautions relating to enclosed space entry and the emergency operations that involve situations specific to the cargo area of a vessel. Review questions have been incorporated at the end of each chapter to ensure that the information has been covered and understood by the reader. A comprehensive glossary is also provided.


'East International 2007' was a group exhibition, including the work of 27 contemporary artists. The selections for 2007 were made by Matthew Higgs, director of White Columns Gallery, New York and Marc Camille Chaimowicz, artist and Reader in Fine Art, University of Reading, from over one thousand worldwide applicants.

Work by Jeffrey Dennis was selected for this exhibition. His work was shown alongside the work of international artists working in a wide range of media. As his paintings include a range of urban imagery gathered from photography and film, the show was an opportunity to demonstrate how painting may be located alongside, and organically absorb influence from film and digital media as an index and critique of contemporary urban life, dislocation and community.

Dennis was able to show a range of recent work including three paintings and ten drawings previously unexhibited. In particular the drawings demonstrated a previously undiscussed aspect of his practice. The drawings are produced habitually in the studio, with little regard to any public audience, as a kind of abstract diary which underpins the structure and rhythms of the more 'public' paintings. To exhibit these previously 'private' works was to demonstrate kinship with other works made in constrained or secretive circumstances.


This study focuses on "encounter dialogue," short and pithy interactions between masters and students that became the literary hallmark of the Zen school of Buddhism. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, various authors used these dialogues to represent what they saw as the essence of Zen. Despite the great variety in contexts where it appears, encounter dialogue has demonstrated a remarkable generic consistency over time, a consistency captured in the term "utopian riddles." As utopian narratives, these texts consistently portray a non-existing-but-ideal world that acts as a critique of contemporary society. As riddles, the dialogues never disclose their ultimate referent, instead postponing it in a game that maintains and produces power and authority. The successive chapters of my dissertation present analyses of some of the most popular works of encounter dialogue from the Song dynasty (CE 960-1279) to the present day. In the first chapter, I read the Song collection The Record of Linji, arguing that encounter dialogue played a key role in the inward turn Buddhism took during the Song, a turn that would define the religion until the advent of the twentieth century. Then, I move to 1930s Japan to examine a little-studied work of popular fiction, namely Eiji Yoshikawa's Musashi (1939). I argue that Yoshikawa uses encounter dialogues to construct a utopian Japan that acts as a resistance against capitalist modernity. In the third chapter, I discuss Daisetz Suzuki, the most influential writer on Zen in the twentieth century. In Suzuki, encounter dialogues become tools for accessing a perennial mystical experience. This contrasts with the role these texts play in Janwillem van de Wetering's The Empty Mirror (1973), where Suzuki's experience is exposed as utopian. Finally, the fourth chapter shows that encounter dialogues script exclusive performances of gender and enlightenment, but that some performances subvert these power structures and take encounter dialogue outside the institute of the Zen school. Overall, the dissertation provides a literary examination of an important Buddhist genre and its role in shaping the modern perception of Zen.


Todays wireless and cellular networks demand a minimum data rate requirements for its users, as
the users have apparently become dependent on mobile networks with the advent smartphones,
tablets, and other wireless gadgets. These high expectations from users have given rise in traf-
 c demand. Cellular operators are also looking for solutions to eradicate the network issues like
call drops, choppy videos, and slow downloads. All of these trends will continue and have fuelled
the interest of researchers in wireless and cellular networks. In order to attain the high data de-
mand from users, operators are deploying new solutions in a coverage prone and highly populated
cell areas. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) introduced Heterogeneous networks (Het-
Nets) in LTE-Advanced (Long Term Evolution - Advanced) for improving the experience of mobile
users. The HetNets launched new network topologies, which are cost-e ective and also improves
the data rate of mobile users. However, dense deployment of these new network nodes can also
bring a lot of challenges
i.e.,
interference control and management of new network nodes. Hence,
3GPP speci ed various interference mitigation technologies, which includes ICIC (Intercell inter-
ference coordination), Enhanced Intercell interference coordination (eICIC), and Further Enhanced
Intercell interference coordination (feICIC). In this thesis, we focus on the cross-tier interference
between Macrocell and Femtocell, and the performance enhancement of Victim Macrocell users. We
also proposed a centralized algorithm, which provides coordination between interfering Femtocell
(Closed Access Mode) and Macrocell, and o er a joint Almost Blank Subframe (ABSF) and power
control scheme for Femtocell muting. The two prime metric discussed in our thesis are;
a)
attuning
the transmission power during ABSF for Femtocell and then calculating the number of ABSF re-
quired, and
b)
determining appropriate subframes for muting an arbitrary Femtocell. Centralized
algorithm tracks the state of Macrocell users. A Macrocell user is referred as Victim Macrocell
user if the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) value of Macrocell user degrades from the
required threshold value. In this work, we performed only Femtocell muting to show the e ect of
dense deployment of Femtocells on Macrocell users. During ABSF muting Femtocell automatically
adjusts its transmission power depending upon the level of interference su ered by Victim Macrocell
users, which also minimizes the unnecessary degradation in Femtocell users performance. In order
to increase the favorable chances of scheduling Victim Macrocell users during ABSF by its serving
Macrocell, the centralized algorithm mutes Femtocells in a round robin fashion and eradicates un-
necessary Femtocell muting. Our proposed scheme, RrMute compared with various other schemes
and the simulation results show that RrMute enhances the performance of Victim Macrocell users,
while simultaneously not jeopardizing the performance of Femtocell users.


We propose DoPAMINE, a new neural network based multiplicative noise despeckling algorithm. Our algorithm is inspired by Neural AIDE (N-AIDE), which is a recently proposed neural adaptive image denoiser. While the original NAIDE was designed for the additive noise case, we show that the same framework, i.e., adaptively learning a network for pixel-wise affine denoisers by minimizing an unbiased estimate of MSE, can be applied to the multiplicative noise case as well. Moreover, we derive a double-sided masked CNN architecture which can control the variance of the activation values in each layer and converge fast to high denoising performance during supervised training. In the experimental results, we show our DoPAMINE possesses high adaptivity via fine-tuning the network parameters based on the given noisy image and achieves significantly better despeckling results compared to SAR-DRN, a state-of-the-art CNN-based algorithm.


Exit is a ubiquitous feature of life, whether breaking up in a marriage, dropping a college course, or pulling out of a venture capital investment. In fact, our exit options often determine whether and how we enter in the first place. While legal scholarship is replete with studies of exit strategies for businesses and individuals, the topic of exit has barely been touched in administrative law scholarship. Yet exit plays just as central a role in the regulatory state as elsewhere – welfare support ends; government steps out of rate-setting. In this article, we argue that exit is a fundamental feature of regulatory design and should be explicitly considered at the time of program creation. Part I starts from first principles and sets out the basic features of regulatory exit. It addresses the design challenges of exit strategies and how to measure success of exit. With these descriptive and normative foundations in place, Part II develops a framework that explains the four basic types of regulatory exit strategies, exploring the political economy that determines each strategy and explaining when policy makers are most likely to adopt them. To demonstrate its usefulness in practice, the framework is applied as a case study in Part III to the emerging challenge of fracking. We conclude by describing a new exit strategy model for regulatory design, a hybrid approach of "Lookback Exit." Exit is a vast, central, yet largely unexplored aspect of administrative governance. By providing a fuller account, we demonstrate why exit warrants focused research and theoretical development in its own right, create a framework for the analysis of exit issues, and identify the key questions for future research. Doing so provides important insights not only to understand the practice we see around us today but also for the design of programs to manage emerging issues.


Most treatments of temporal semantics start out from the conception of time as a line stretching from the past into the future, which is then populated with eventualities or situations. This paper explores how time can be seen as emerging from the construction of representations of reality in which the basic building blocks are static—i.e., timeless—representations, which are connected to each other by events that are transitions between them and that create an ordering which can be understood as temporal. This connects to von Wright's "logic of change" and the "hybrid semantics" suggested by Herweg and Löbner. In this context, telicity is seen as the capacity of events, or of the predicates that express them, to "create time" in the sense of defining a before and an after. The basic elements of the model are global states, which are timeless taken in isolation but are connected by transition events, which transform one global state into another and thereby define the temporal relationships between them. Transition events, corresponding to Vendlerian achievements, represent simple changes which are then the basis for all other constructs in the model, most notably delimited states, Vendlerian activities (atelic dynamic eventualities), and accomplishments (telic non-punctual eventualities), but also time points and intervals. Transition events are further instrumental in constructing narrative structures and are responsible for narrative progression.


The series of banking and currency crises occurring in the 1990s have stimulated the study of financial crises. The research for this thesis has been conducted in the midst of this cluster of events: the Asian flu in 1997-98 and the disturbances in the Russian and Brazilian markets in 1998 and 1999, respectively. The aim of this work is to provide some empirical evidence on the general and systematic factors driving currency crises. After a summary of the literature on currency crises conducted in Chapter 1, the second chapter analyses the determinants of currency crises for 20 OECD countries for the period from 1970 to 1997. We use duration models in order to investigate the causes behind the duration of non-crises periods. Fundamentals are revealed as important determinants in assessing the likelihood of currency crises. Variables concerning the state of the external sector (exports, imports, degree of openness), the REER, foreign portfolio investment and net claims on central government help explain the onset of currency crises. Following historical events, the subsequent chapters in this thesis study currency crises in developing and emerging markets' economies. Chapter 3 develops an indicator called the Emerging Markets Risk Indicator, whose monthly scores reflect the currency risk for 36 emerging markets. We evaluate the contribution of the explanatory variables of this model to the probability of the main crisis events. In order to judge the forecasting power of this model, we estimate two reduced samples: the first one until December 1996 and the second one until December 1997. With these two models we can study the predictive power of the model on the onset of the Asian crisis in 1997 and the Russian and Brazilian crises in 1998-99, respectively. The results shows that had this model been used at those times, it would have predicted those crises. Chapters 4 and 5 analyse the joint occurrence of banking and currency crises, i.e. contribute to the debate on twin crises. In Chapter 4, we develop a currency crisis model with explicit reference to banking crisis indicators as possible determinants of currency crises. Deepening the subject of twin crises. Chapter 5 endogenises the banking crisis variable and jointly estimates two equations, one for banking crises and another for currency crises. This procedure allows us to fully test the interdependence of banking and currency crises, i.e. the direction of a causal link (if any) between both types of crisis. The results indicates the existence of bidirectional causal link between banking and currency crises. The phenomenon of twin crises is rather a case of banking and currency crises being closely intertwined. Which crisis type occurs first is a matter of circumstance.


Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a problem-solving process in which a new problem is solved by retrieving a similar situation and reusing its solution. Transfer learning occurs when, after gaining experience from learning how to solve source problems, the same learner exploits this experience to improve performance and/or learning on target problems. In transfer learning, the differences between the source and target problems characterize the transfer distance. CBR can support transfer learning methods in multiple ways. We illustrate how CBR and transfer learning interact and characterize three approaches for using CBR in transfer learning: (1) as a transfer learning method, (2) for problem learning, and (3) to transfer knowledge between sets of problems. We describe examples of these approaches from our own and related work and discuss applicable transfer distances for each. We close with conclusions and directions for future research applying CBR to transfer learning.


QUT School of Information Systems carried out a project in association with Griffith University and QUT libraries. The project involved the identification and evaluation of electronic and print resources. These were described within the framework of UKOLN ROADS (Resource Organisation And Discovery in Subject-based services) software. They are being made available via the libraries' Web sites as Infoquest subject guides.

A group of students completing the graduate library and information studies course at QUT, undertook the resource discovery role as part of their professional practice, working in conjunction with professional librarians. Students were each allocated specific subject areas. Their tasks were to review current Internet guidance for the subject area, undertake resource discovery, evaluate the material found according to standard evaluation guidelines, and report the material for incorporation into a Web site. Twenty five students participated in the project. They were involved in 24 different subjects areas supervised by 12 different librarians from the 2 universities. Subject areas ranged widely and included Japanese studies, environmental engineering, forensic sciences and ethics. Email surveys of all students were performed before and after the exercise, and we also independently conducted small focus groups of staff and students. We report on the student participation with respect to improved Internet and library skills, and understanding of resource evaluation. This has had many positive outcomes such as professional experience, shared workload, recourse to library subject experts, and cooperation between faculty and libraries.

As an outcome of the project, we are developing an instrument that consolidates the experience gained from the exercise along with material from established guides to Internet site evaluation. We are reviewing criteria for site evaluation, and comparing these with evaluation criteria for databases and for printed publications. We are developing a guide that provides a structured approach to site evaluation. It will be available through the Faculty's Web-based Integrated Learning Environment to be used by both information technology and library studies students as they undertake comparison of sites located by search engines. The guide provides a categorised approach to site evaluation that takes into account features such as functionality, organisation, accessibility, content, level and range.

The guide also is to provide support for carrying out metainformation creation exercises when constructing Web pages. These description, classification and indexing exercises are carried out with reference to evolving standards such as Dublin Core and the AGLS (Australian Government Locator Service). Therefore the instrument includes connection to software for supporting creation of metainformation content.


Digitalisation and the changing world of work are calling into question the standard employment model as a basis for social security systems. Whilst a growing number of publications deal with the consequences for industrial relations and labour law, social law is still being left out of most research projects on digital work. This book aims at widening the perspective. It concentrates on the two most important questions in the context of social protection in a digitalised world, namely access to social protection systems and their future financing, putting emphasis on platform work. It gives an overview of different national approaches to these questions, it analyses the respective solutions in a comparative manner, and it puts them into a transnational context. By bringing together case studies from Belgium, Italy, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Spain, France and Estonia and addressing the specific reform challenges for EU standard setting, EU coordination and the relation to tax law, the book provides new insights on what a "Social Law 4.0" should look like.


A zero-energy building, also known as a positive energy building, is a building with zero net energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site. Large numbers of long-term advantages are there in moving towards ZEBs, such as lower environmental impacts, better resiliency to power outages, lower operating and maintenance costs and natural disasters and improved energy security. Since such buildings are now the center of attraction, various researches are going on this area by the Engineers and Architects. This paper is a detailed review on the zero energy building (ZEB) along with the possible developments in the future for the benefit of the building designers.


This popular workbook is based on the best-selling text "Ross and Wilson: Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness", a favourite with an array of students including nurses, nursing students, students of the professions allied to medicine, paramedics, ambulance technicians and complementary therapists whose course includes study of anatomy and physiology. It has been written to appeal to the same audience and to be used in combination with the main text or with course notes or other anatomy and physiology textbooks. It complements different styles of learning and will assist the student by providing stimulating learning activities to facilitate and reinforce learning or revision.


The construction bust which accompanied the Great Recession, and the accompanying need to shift workers across sectors, have provoked a discussion about mismatch and the Beveridge Curve, alongside a discussion about firm-level dispersion. These discussions echo an ongoing discussion about the effects of long run sectoral reallocation. Based on estimates from a large state space model over a long sample for the United States, long run sectoral reallocation does not appear to be systematically related to movements in the Beveridge Curve, although reallocation does appear to be countercyclical and related to falls in the trend employment-population ratio. The recent shift in the Beveridge Curve during the Great Recession is unusual in this respect. An analysis of historical patterns reveals a handful of additional reallocative episodes, with large episodes occurring during the mid-1970s and early 2000s recessions, in addition to during the Great Recession. In addition, these episodes appear to be related to other dispersion shocks which have been increasingly discussed in the literature.


To enable seamless IP-layer handover of a mobile node (MN) from one access router (AR) to another, the MN is required to discover the identities and capabilities of candidate ARs (CARs) for handover prior to the initiation of the handover. The act of discovery of CARs has two aspects: identifying the IP addresses of the CARs and finding their capabilities. This process is called "candidate access router discovery" (CARD). At the time of IP-layer handover, the CAR, whose capabilities are a good match to the preferences of the MN, is chosen as the target AR for handover. The protocol described in this document allows a mobile node to perform CARD.


This paper proposes a nonparametric theory for statistical inferences on zero returns of high-frequency asset prices. Using an infill asymptotic design, we derive limit theorems for the percentage of zero returns observed on a finite time interval and for other related quantities. Within this framework, we develop two nonparametric tests. First, we test whether intra-day zero returns are independent and identically distributed. Second, we test whether intra-day variation of the likelihood of occurrence of zero returns can be solely explained by a deterministic diurnal pattern. In an empirical application to ten representative stocks of the NYSE, we provide evidence that the null of independent and identically distributed intra-day zero returns can be conclusively rejected. We further find that a deterministic diurnal pattern is not sufficient to explain the intra-day variability of the distribution of zero returns.


Abstract We perform a shear‐wave splitting analysis using seismograms of aftershocks following the 1999 M w  7.4 Izmit earthquake to delineate between stress‐ and structure‐controlled anisotropic mechanisms in the upper crust beneath the northwest North Anatolian fault zone (NAFZ). The splitting analysis is performed on direct shear‐wave arrivals using a cross‐correlation technique to calculate the fast shear‐wave polarization and the delay time between fast and slow shear‐wave arrivals. Five stations located both within ( 1  km) the NAFZ yield a combined 333 quality shear‐wave splitting measurements. The shear‐wave splitting measurements indicate that it is occasionally possible to delineate between the two anisotropic mechanisms. Stations greater than 1 km from the NAFZ tend to have dominant fast shear‐wave polarizations parallel or subparallel to the regional strike of the maximum horizontal compressive stress, which suggests a stress‐controlled anisotropic mechanism. The single station within 1 km of the NAFZ yields a bimodal dominant fast shear‐wave polarization that is both parallel and perpendicular to the strike of the nearby Mudurnu fault. We interpret the fault‐parallel mode as representing a structure‐controlled anisotropic mechanism from the Mudurnu fault. The average delay time for all earthquakes is 0.038±0.031 s, and anisotropic intervals do not appear to extend below 8 km. The fast shear‐wave polarizations and delay times suggest a heterogeneous anisotropic distribution within the recording array and that the physical properties of the upper crust vary between the NAFZ and surrounding area.