This paper presents a new rule-based Syntactic Simplification system for the Spanish language. The system basically consists of splitting complex sentences into several simple ones preserving its original meaning. It is envisioned to be a preprocessing tool for other Natural Language Processing applications such as Text Summarization, Information Extraction, Parsing and Machine Translation. According to the evaluation, the application of the syntactic rules proposed clearly improves Machine Translation from Spanish to far target languages such as Korean and Chinese. A parallel corpus of Spanish original and simplified texts has been manually built and validated by native Spanish speakers for this research. In addition, an experiment was carried out among two groups of Spanish learners comparing their reading comprehension of original and simplified texts. Their answers show a null correlation between simplification and text comprehension. The automatic Syntactic Simplification system has also been intrinsically evaluated obtaining promising results.


Hybrid concrete construction is a technologically advanced approach to frame construction. It utilizes an optimal mix of structural materials;eg, in situ concrete with precast concrete and steelwork. The process of selecting an hybrid‐optimized solution, however, often requires several factors to be considered, eg, "hard"criteria such as time and cost, and "soft" criteria such as safety and aesthetics (to be considered simultaneously) – the complexities of which can often be a core barrier to implementation. This paper introduces the concept of hybrid concrete construction and presents a virtual prototyping tool to assist the decision‐making process. This model is able to import computer aided design information into a central database – the details of which are then layered with additional information; eg, hard and soft performance criteria and so on. Solutions can be interrogated and demonstrated through an interactive virtual environment, in which multi‐option scenarios can be evaluated against specific user‐defined criteria. Findings have identified several core benefits, including the ability to: justify decisions corroborated with detailed data; evaluate options against each other; interrogate objects at a much greater detail than before; and see the effects of changes in a "real‐time" environment.


Abstract:Far from being made obsolete by the Internet, authoritarian regimes are now actively shaping cyberspace to their own strategic advantage. This article argues that cyberspace authoritarianism has evolved over at least three generations of information controls. Moreover, authoritarians have developed an arsenal that extends from technical measures, laws, policies, and regulations, to more covert and offensive techniques, such as targeted malware attacks and campaigns to coopt social media. The article outlines the driving forces behind resurgent authoritarianism in cyberspace and questions what can be done to counter the tightening grip of authoritarians on cyberspace.


The effects of small oral doses (1-2 microgram/day) of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, given for 1 to 2 years, have been examined in four nondialysed adolescents with chronic renal failure and bone disease. Treatment increased calcium retention and plasma calcium, and decreased plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase, hydroxyproline, and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone. X-ray abnormalities of bone regressed, and 2 patients underwent successful surgical correction of knock-knees; bone histology in these 2 was normal at the time of operation. 2 patients developed hypercalcaemia which promptly reversed when 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol was withdrawn. In one patient treatment was initially successful, but later there was biochemical, radiographic, and histological evidence of relapse. Long-term treatment of such patients with 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol may be effective and facilitate the surgical correction of deformities, but this is not invariable. Toxic effects are similar to those of vitamin D itself, but are more readily reversible.


BACKGROUND
 Wearable accelerometers have greatly improved measurement of physical activity, and the increasing popularity of smartwatches with inherent acceleration data collection suggest their potential use in the physical activity research domain; however, their use needs to be validated.

 OBJECTIVE
 This study aimed to assess the validity of accelerometer data collected from a Samsung Gear S smartwatch (SGS) compared with an ActiGraph GT3X+ (GT3X+) activity monitor. The study aims were to (1) assess SGS validity using a mechanical shaker; (2) assess SGS validity using a treadmill running test; and (3) compare individual activity recognition, location of major body movement detection, activity intensity detection, locomotion recognition, and metabolic equivalent scores (METs) estimation between the SGS and GT3X+.

 METHODS
 To validate and compare the SGS accelerometer data with GT3X+ data, we collected data simultaneously from both devices during highly controlled, mechanically simulated, and less-controlled natural wear conditions. First, SGS and GT3X+ data were simultaneously collected from a mechanical shaker and an individual ambulating on a treadmill. Pearson correlation was calculated for mechanical shaker and treadmill experiments. Finally, SGS and GT3X+ data were simultaneously collected during 15 common daily activities performed by 40 participants (n=12 males, mean age 55.15 [SD 17.8] years). A total of 15 frequency- and time-domain features were extracted from SGS and GT3X+ data. We used these features for training machine learning models on 6 tasks: (1) individual activity recognition, (2) activity intensity detection, (3) locomotion recognition, (4) sedentary activity detection, (5) major body movement location detection, and (6) METs estimation. The classification models included random forest, support vector machines, neural networks, and decision trees. The results were compared between devices. We evaluated the effect of different feature extraction window lengths on model accuracy as defined by the percentage of correct classifications. In addition to these classification tasks, we also used the extracted features for METs estimation.

 RESULTS
 The results were compared between devices. Accelerometer data from SGS were highly correlated with the accelerometer data from GT3X+ for all 3 axes, with a correlation ≥.89 for both the shaker test and treadmill test and ≥.70 for all daily activities, except for computer work. Our results for the classification of activity intensity levels, locomotion, sedentary, major body movement location, and individual activity recognition showed overall accuracies of 0.87, 1.00, 0.98, 0.85, and 0.64, respectively. The results were not significantly different between the SGS and GT3X+. Random forest model was the best model for METs estimation (root mean squared error of .71 and r-squared value of .50).

 CONCLUSIONS
 Our results suggest that a commercial brand smartwatch can be used in lieu of validated research grade activity monitors for individual activity recognition, major body movement location detection, activity intensity detection, and locomotion detection tasks.


KIDS is a game of crowds. The project consists of a short film, an interactive animation and an art installation. How do we define ourselves when we are all equal? Who is steering the crowd? What if it is heading in the wrong direction? Where does the individual end and the group begin? What is done by choice, and what under duress? KIDS was made using traditional 2D hand-drawn line animation in black and white. The animation was assembled, composited and choreographed using a game engine with a custom-made animation system in conjunction with physics simulations. The characters in a crowd behave much like matter: They attract and repel, lead and follow, grow and shrink, align and separate. They are purely defined by how they relate to one other -without showing any distinguishable features. KIDS is the second collaboration of filmmaker Michael Frei and game designer Mario von Rickenbach after their project PLUG & PLAY. The project is co-produced by Playables, SRG SSR and Arte. The app is published by Double Fine Presents for mobile devices and computers.


Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs) are distributed virtual reality systems that allow multiple geographically distant users to communicate with each other and interact with virtual objects in a shared virtual world. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the development and use of CVEs. The design analysis of CVE systems reveals several critical technical issues: managing consistent distributed information, controlling access to objects by multiple users, supporting large number of users, handling new users joining an existing shared environment, and representing users to each other in the environment appropriately. As a result, various CVE systems have been developed to address these issues. Most existing systems are either focused on specific collaboration features or customized to particular range of target applications, which constrains the flexibility of the system architecture to support a wider range of applications and limits its extensibility to respond to new requirements. This document presents a design framework that addresses all of these major issues associated with CVE design and implementation, and a flexible open prototype implementation of this framework that explicitly exposes each of them, making evaluation of the effects of specific issues on overall system performance possible. A systematic approach to evaluation of whole system is proposed and applied through a focus on internal system characterization and a focus on the external effects of specific issues on system performance. The experimental results showed that the prototype system provides efficient performance for collaborative applications with respect to the requirements considered in the experiments. The evaluation of our prototype implementation shows that our approach is feasible, and can be applied for the evaluation of other instances of issues.


The current management of female to male (FTM) gender confirmation surgery is based on the advances in neo phalloplasty, perioperative care and the knowledge of the female genital anatomy, as well as the changes that occur to this anatomy with preoperative hormonal changes in transgender population. Reconstruction of the neophallus is one of the most difficult elements in surgical treatment of female transsexuals. While there is a variety of available surgical techniques, their results are not equally acceptable to all patients. The preference for a particular surgical technique mostly depends on the patient's desires and expectations. Nevertheless, the surgeon's duty is to fully inform the patient about all the advantages and disadvantages, as well as all complications that might occur after surgical procedure—and even to talk them out of a desired surgical technique if there are contraindications. Metoidioplasty is a technically demanding surgical procedure used in FTM transsexuals who desire a gender reassignment surgery (GRS) without undergoing a complex, multi-staged surgical creation of an adult-sized phallus. Metoidioplasty is viable in cases where the clitoris seems large enough after androgen hormonal treatment. Since the clitoris plays the main role in female sexual satisfaction, its impact on the outcome of FTM transgender surgery is predictable. Various free flaps have been reported for total phalloplasty, such as radial forearm flap, latissimus dorsi flap, anterolateral tight flap, different abdominal wall flaps, free deltoid flap, scapular free flap, sensate osteocutaneous free fibula flap, tensor fasciae latae, deep epigastric artery perforator flap and dorsalis pedis flap. The fact that there are so many techniques for penile reconstruction in cases of penis absence, proves that none of the above mentioned techniques succeeded in achieving the ideal goals of penis reconstruction. We will emphasize the most commonly used surgical techniques in genital confirmation in FTM transsexuals with reference to respective eligibility criteria for each procedure.


Introduction: Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) affects 1.9 4.9% of children worldwide and can be IgE-mediated or non-IgE mediated. Studies have highlighted the increased risk of inadequate vitamin D intake in children with CMPA on elimination diets, with potential effects on bone health, respiratory health and immune function. This study aims to investigate whether children with CMPA are at a higher risk of vitamin D insufficiency than their healthy counterparts. Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional study carried out at the specialist Paediatric Allergy Clinic, Bon Secours Hospital Cork and the Department of Paediatrics, Bon Secours Hospital Cork. 52 children with CMPA and 26 healthy controls, aged 6 to 24 months, were included. Exclusion criteria included known bone metabolism disorders, chronic renal and gastrointestinal disorders, and chronic infectious diseases. A retrospective chart review of children with CMPA was conducted to collect data on patient demographics, clinical presentation, and management. Serum 25(OH)D levels of children with CMPA (n=18) and healthy controls (n=26) were quantified and compared. Caregivers of children with CMPA were administered an online questionnaire to assess compliance to vitamin D supplementation. Results: The serum 25(OH)D levels of children with CMPA were significantly lower than that of healthy controls (47.5 vs 62.5 nmol/L, p = 0.030). Among children with CMPA, children with IgE-mediated CMPA (p=0.041) and children with multiple concomitant IgE-mediated food allergies (p=0.011) had significantly lower serum 25(OH)D levels than their healthy counterparts. Among children with CMPA, breastfeeding status, reported vitamin D supplement use, age and gender were not significantly associated with serum 25(OH)D levels. The questionnaire revealed only 44.4% of caregivers to be fully adherent to vitamin D supplementation guidelines. Conclusion: Children with CMPA are at higher risk of serum 25(OH)D insufficiency than healthy controls. Closer monitoring is required to ensure that vitamin D supplements are administered from birth to 12 months, at the recommended frequency.


Abstract The process of making multi-layered depleted uranium (DU) and gold "cocktail" hohlraums is being developed in a sputter-coater designed and assembled at General Atomics. These elements have been chosen to increase the hohlraum wall albedo, targeting the composition that results in the highest hohlraum efficiency. Rather than co-sputtering the cocktail constituents as was done previously, the approach taken in this work is to sputter alternating multiple thin layers of DU and gold. The intended outcome of creating a multi-layered structure is to encapsulate the DU in gold, thus reducing or perhaps preventing rapid oxidation of uranium, a known problem in the co-sputtered materials. Residual stress in coatings has been reduced to sufficiently low levels by optimizing deposition pressure allowing fabrication of free-standing cylinders and foils. Characterization of this type of sandwich material is difficult due to the fact that the cocktail region consists of buried interfaces, though promising results from Auger depth profiling show that the materials have sufficiently low oxygen content (≤4 at. %) as well as the targeted composition.


The Hankel transform may be defined as the two-dimensional Fourier transform of a circularly symmetric function. A new Hankel-transform algorithm based on this definition is described. The proposed algorithm efficiently generates a rectangularly sampled two-dimensional output array by using the circular symmetry properties of the input array and two-dimensional vector radix fast-Fourier transform techniques. It accomplishes this by partitioning the input matrix into smaller and smaller processing blocks while removing redundant blocks from data manipulations. For applications that require the output data to be sampled on a two-dimensional rectangular raster, the convenience and the computational speed of the resulting algorithm offer advantages over the one-dimensional Hankel-transform algorithms currently available.


Abstract. The formation of organic nitrates (RONO2) represents an important NOx (NOx = NO + NO2) sink in the remote and rural continental atmosphere, thus impacting ozone production and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. In these remote and rural environments, the organic nitrates are primarily derived from biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) such as isoprene and monoterpenes. Although there are numerous studies investigating the formation of SOA from monoterpenes, there are few studies investigating monoterpene gas-phase chemistry. Using a regional chemical transport model with an extended representation of organic nitrate chemistry, we investigate the processes controlling the production and fate of monoterpene nitrates (MTNs) over the boreal forest of Canada. MTNs account for 5–12% of total oxidized nitrogen over the boreal forest, and production via NO3 chemistry is more important than production via OH when the NOx mixing ratio is greater than 75 pptv. The regional responses are investigated for two oxidation pathways of MTNs: one that returns NOx to the atmosphere and one that converts MTNs into a nitrate that behaves like HNO3. The likely situation is in between, and these two assumptions bracket the uncertainty about this chemistry. In the case where the MTNs return NOx after oxidation, their formation represents a net chemical NOx loss that exceeds the net loss to peroxy nitrate formation. When oxidation of MTNs produces a molecule that behaves like HNO3, HNO3 and MTNs are nearly equal chemical sinks for NOx. This uncertainty in the oxidative fate of MTNs results in changes in NOx of 8–14%, in O3 of up to 3%, and in OH of 3–6% between the two model simulations.


The potential benefits of bamboo as a rapidly-renewable, low-carbon, sustainable building material are well established, yet bamboo remains underutilized globally due to laborious manual evaluation and fabrication techniques and deeply-rooted aesthetic stigmas in western culture. Scholarship in this area has the potential to radically redefine the usage of bamboo as a cheap and sustainable material, but in practice the widespread implementation of bamboo is limited by its cultural perception. This paper examines cultural perceptions of bamboo as a cheap and informal or kitsch vernacular material, using existing scholarship and projects to analyze existing methods and attempts in practice to either elevate or transform perceptions of bamboo through built work and engineered materials. The paper posits how new research by the authors aimed at transforming the use of solid bamboo species can radically shift the way in which bamboo is perceived, transitioning from an irregular kitsch vernacular material to a refined material system that mimics accepted conventions or invents new vernaculars.


Background and purpose The focus of this study was to determine ease of deployment, safety and effectiveness of the LVIS Jr device. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of 32 cases comprising 34 aneurysms in which the LVIS Jr device was used for stent-assisted coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms from February to October 2012, including all clinical and angiographic data as well as mid-term follow-up (1–12 months of treatment). Results The median age of the patients was 54 years (range 21–76) and 19 (59%) were women. The aneurysms were ruptured in 12/34 cases (35.3%); 26 (76.4%) were located within the anterior circulation and the remaining 8 (23.5%) were located in the posterior circulation. Eleven of the 34 aneurysms (32.3%) were treated with a Y-stent configuration. Immediate total occlusion was observed in 16/34 (47%), near total occlusion (90–95%) in 5/34 (14.7%) and a 'dog ear' or subtotal occlusion in 12/34 (35.2%). A single aneurysm was treated without coil embolization. Complications occurred in 5/34 cases (15%), including two cases of in-stent thrombosis. Conclusions Implantation of the LVIS Jr device as a support device for stent-assisted coil embolization seems to be safe and effective. The LVIS Jr device can also be implanted in a Y-stent configuration, offering a novel technique with a potentially lower risk of thromboembolic complications compared with other devices.


Two architects of the modern breakthrough. Two transreaders of historical context and intellectual legacy. Both reimagine "world literature" while wrestling with conformity and fame. Each travels an idiosyncratic, though profoundly intertwined, path. Georg Brandes (1842-1927) captivates Europe and Asia with a work designed for Denmark; the moment he fashions it for the universe however, he loses ground. Lu Xun (1881-1936) devotes his translator's life to unrecognized works in the construction of an alternative frame for Weltliteratur; these tune his writer's voice that bestows upon him unrequested stardom in modern classics of the whole world. Brandes's ironic paradox and Lu Xun's iconoclastic prejudice allude to mirrored discoveries. Exploring their individual cases enables us to discern decisive moments in the evolution of comparative literature. Placing them in juxtaposition reveals a contrast between kindred spirits— an intricate distinction that informs our actions as comparatists.


Acciona, S.A. is a global infrastructure and renewable energy conglomerate that is publicly traded in Spain and controlled by the Entrecanales family. In 2006, the company joined the highly politicized cross-border takeover battle for Spain's largest electric utility, Endesa, by acquiring a 10% stake that it subsequently built up to 21%. Other interested suitors were E.ON and Enel, the largest electric utilities in Germany and Italy, respectively. In March 2007, Acciona's executive chairman Jose Manuel Entrecanales is considering three strategic alternatives: tendering its shares--and realizing a capital gain of 1.2 billion euros, 13% of Acciona's market capitalization; holding out as a strategic but minority shareholder in Endesa; or negotiating an agreement with Enel and/or E.ON.


Purpose - Startups play a significant role in improving societies. This paper concentrates on the concept of "startups" and attempts to present a more comprehensive view of this phenomenon. Also, the focus of this paper is on investigating enterprising communities and startup ecosystem in Iran.Design/methodology/approach - The existing literature is carefully reviewed, definition and views are explored, and the story of this phenomenon is told from the formation to the exit stage. The author elaborates the existing stages and challenges of startups in Iran. To do so, 65 tech startup founders are interviewed. Semi-structured interviews (SI) were based on previous studies mentioning the lifecycle of the startups, and were fully recorded. Moreover, secondary sources of data (SS) were used to support the findings.Findings - The paper classifies the extant theories of startups in two levels, i.e. macro level, and micro and meso level. Also, it defines some steps for the formation of startups, and studies the Iranian startup ecosystem. Last but not least, the paper contributes to the startup ecosystem of Iran which is changing disruptively, especially in the last couple of years.Research limitations/implications - Findings of this research shed light on the existing ecosystem of startups in Iran, which is rarely studied in previous research. Lack of enough evidence in the existing literature of startup ecosystem in Iran was the most significant limitation of the research which increased the need for more investigation and elaboration.Originality/value - The paper contributes to understanding of startup ecosystem in Iran, and the challenges.


This paper explores new authoring paradigms and computer-assisted authoring tools for free-form interactive narratives. We present a new design formalism, Interactive Behavior Trees (IBT's), which decouples the monitoring of user input, the narrative, and how the user may influence the story outcome. We introduce automation tools for IBT's, to help the author detect and automatically resolve inconsistencies in the authored narrative, or conflicting user interactions that may hinder story progression. We compare IBT's to traditional story graph representations and show that our formalism better scales with the number of story arcs, and the degree and granularity of user input. The authoring time is further reduced with the help of automation, and errors are completely avoided. Our approach enables content creators to easily author complex, branching narratives with multiple story arcs in a modular, extensible fashion while empowering players with the agency to freely interact with the characters in the story and the world they inhabit.


Personalized online search (PWS) has incontestible its effectiveness in up the standard of assorted search services on the web. However, evidences show that users reluctance to disclose their personal data throughout search has become a serious barrier for the wide proliferation of PWS. we have a tendency to study privacy protection in PWS applications that model user preferences as ranked user profiles. we have a tendency to propose a PWS framework referred to as UPS which will adaptively generalize profiles by queries whereas respecting user such privacy necessities. Our runtime generalization aims at placing a balance between 2 prognostic metrics that valuate the utility of personalization and also the privacy risk of exposing the generalized profile. We are going to use Resource Description Frame Work, for runtime generalization. Where privacy requirements represented as a set of sensitive-nodes. we use to conjointly offer an internet prediction mechanism for deciding whether personalization is required or not. The decision depends on users wish. When decision is made by the user that particular nodes along with all sub nodes will be removed in that hierarchical tree, in depth experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework.


Abstract A long-term monitoring program has been established in Tasmania, Australia, as a Satellite Project for the International Biodiversity Observation Year (IBOY). This program aims to monitor distributional change in vegetation and fauna assemblages along an altitudinal gradient (70–1300 m) in response to climate change and other environmental events. Baseline data collected over a two-year period will be available for comparison with data collected in future decades. The vegetation varies with altitude and fire history. The rate of change in vegetation is not continuous along the altitudinal gradient, but is most rapid above 700 m and below the treeline at 1000–1100 m. Most vascular plant species reach the limit of their distribution within this zone. Despite their preliminary nature, the invertebrate data also display altitudinal and seasonal patterns. The treeline and the 700–1000 m zone again appear to be notable in terms of invertebrate distribution. While the composition of ground-based taxa may be closely related to the floristic composition of the vegetation (or its environmental drivers), the airborne invertebrate fauna appears to be more closely related to structural characteristics such as height and density. Of all taxa, the Coleoptera appear to be the best potential indicators across most altitudes and times. Although the current data provide a wealth of inventory and distributional information over altitude, their greatest potential value lies in long-term comparative information. Future sampling should focus not only on changes at and above the treeline, but also on the zone below this where many species are at their altitudinal limits and may be particularly sensitive to climate change.


This paper reports on a new methodology for the automatic assessment of emotional responses. More specifically, emotions are elicited in agreement with a bidimensional spatial localization of affective states, that is, arousal and valence dimensions. A dedicated experimental protocol was designed and realized where specific affective states are suitably induced while three peripheral physiological signals, i.e., ElectroCardioGram (ECG), ElectroDermal Response (EDR), and ReSPiration activity (RSP), are simultaneously acquired. A group of 35 volunteers was presented with sets of images gathered from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) having five levels of arousal and five levels of valence, including a neutral reference level in both. Standard methods as well as nonlinear dynamic techniques were used to extract sets of features from the collected signals. The goal of this paper is to implement an automatic multiclass arousal/valence classifier comparing performance when extracted features from nonlinear methods are used as an alternative to standard features. Results show that, when nonlinearly extracted features are used, the percentages of successful recognition dramatically increase. A good recognition accuracy (>;90 percent) after 40-fold cross-validation steps for both arousal and valence classes was achieved by using the Quadratic Discriminant Classifier (QDC).


Hydrothermal reduction under aqueous conditions is widely used to convert biomass into more valuable products. However, the harsh conditions inherent in the process can irreversibly alter the intrinsic structure of the support, as well as dissolve the metal ions into the aqueous solution. In this work, for the first time we have synthesized a new highly hydrothermally stable Ru/LaCO3OH catalyst mostly consisting of Ru nanoparticles partially encapsulated by the LaCO3OH support with a strong metal–support interaction (SMSI), which confers high stability and activity to the catalyst under hydrothermal reduction conditions in the hydrogenolysis of the biomass model molecules guaiacol and glycerol. During impregnation, the RuCl3·3H2O precursor initially reacts with LaCO3OH to form a LaRu(CO3)2Cl2 complex and LaOCl. XPS demonstrated that Ru was present in the oxidized state, TEM and XRD showed the absence of Ru0, and the XRD pattern showed the presence of the characteristic lattice fringe of LaOCl. While the LaRu(CO3)2Cl2 complex was resistant to H2 reduction at 350 °C, the complex underwent facile reduction to Ru0 under hydrothermal conditions at 240 °C. In the subsequent process, LaRu(CO3)2Cl2 and LaOCl underwent hydrolysis, forming crystalline LaCO3OH (confirmed by Ag+ titration and XRD patterns), Ru(OH)3, and HCl. The Ru(OH)3 was reduced in situ to Ru0 nanoparticles, as revealed by XPS and TEM analysis. The simultaneous hydrothermal reduction of Run+ species and the formation of crystalline LaCO3OH result in the formation of Ru nanoparticles encapsulated by a protective LaCO3OH layer, as evidenced by HRTEM and DRIFTS CO adsorption measurements. The preparation of catalysts with this unique structure comprising metal nanoparticles protected by the support itself, which confers additional stability, is a novel strategy to prepare hydrothermally stable catalysts.


High Performance Computing (HPC) resources are housed in large datacenters, which consume huge amounts of energy and are quickly demanding attention from businesses as they result in high operating costs. On the other hand HPC environments have been very useful to researchers in many emerging areas in life sciences such as Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics. In this paper, we provide a dynamic model for energy aware scheduling (EAS) in a HPC environment; we use a widely used bioinformatics tool named BLAT (BLAST-like alignment tool) running in a HPC environment as our case study. Our proposed EAS model incorporates 2-Phases: an Offline phase and an Online one. In the Offline Phase, we use sequences gathered from researchers and parallelize the runs to understand the run (speedup) profile of the program. The EAS Engine then utilizes such information to generate the initial schedule. In the Online Phase a feedback mechanism is incorporated between the EAS Engine and the master scheduling process. As scheduled tasks are completed, their actual execution time (AET) is used to adjust the resources required for scheduling remaining tasks using the least number of nodes while meeting a given deadline. The conducted experiments show that the proposed approach succeeded in meeting preset deadlines while minimizing the number of nodes; thus reducing overall energy utilized.


We present detailed 3D modeling of a dense, coronal thick-target X-ray flare using the GX Simulator tool, photospheric magnetic measurements, and microwave imaging and spectroscopy data. The developed model offers a remarkable agreement between the synthesized and observed spectra and images in both X-ray and microwave domains, which validates the entire model. The flaring loop parameters are chosen to reproduce the emission measure, temperature, and the nonthermal electron distribution at low energies derived from the X-ray spectral fit, while the remaining parameters, unconstrained by the X-ray data, are selected such as to match the microwave images and total power spectra. The modeling suggests that the accelerated electrons are trapped in the coronal part of the flaring loop, but away from where the magnetic field is minimal, and, thus, demonstrates that the data are clearly inconsistent with electron magnetic trapping in the weak diffusion regime mediated by the Coulomb collisions. Thus, the modeling supports the interpretation of the coronal thick-target sources as sites of electron acceleration in flares and supplies us with a realistic 3D model with physical parameters of the acceleration region and flaring loop.


Many industries are exposed to weather risk which they can transfer on financial markets via weather derivatives. Equilibrium models based on partial market clearing became a useful tool for pricing such kind of financial instruments. In a multi-period equilibrium pricing model agents rebalance their portfolio of weather bonds and a risk free asset in each period such that they maximize the expected utility of their incomes constituted by possibly weather dependent profits and payoffs of portfolio positions. We extend the model to a multisite version and apply it to pricing rainfall derivatives for Chinese provinces. By simulating realistic market conditions with two agent types, farmers with profits highly exposed to weather risk and a financial investor diversifying her financial portfolio, we obtain equilibrium prices for weather derivatives on cumulative monthly rainfall. Dynamic portfolio optimization under market clearing and utility indifference of these representative agents determines equilibrium quantity and price for rainfall derivatives.


The formation of culture unilaterally by men causes the women marginal in politics, economics and culture. Women in the position of the other impacting against the subsequent displacement of many women in the structure of male dominance.  Global democracy movement must go through an equivalent political system setup, evoking a fair representation of the political system. The Reformation restores the natural of women as subjects of political, social and economics level with men. It Needs to design strategic programs to struggle the empowerment of women in the entire field of social life. Women's participation in  attitude, ability, knowledge, in terms of institutional management, strengthening the network coordinating goals already planned. Realizing gender equality and justice in the political sphere, women have access, the same rights and responsibilities with men. The most appropriate strategy is affirmative action that can develop actions the leadership and political participation of women in the legislature, Executive, and judicial. The problems faced by women to become a leader comes from the women's own internal and external. Until the 2014 election, the newly implementation legislative candidate for women also haven't met the quota of 30%, accordingly mandated by law.


Author(s): Brown, RE; Beddingfield, E; Duer-Balkind, M; Levine, A; Alschuler, E | Abstract: An increasing number of state and local jurisdictions are implementing building performance reporting laws, which generate large quantities of useful data on the characteristics and resource consumption of the building stock. However, to realize the potential of these policies, the data must not only be disclosed, but put to work to drive energy savings. Under a three-year pilot, Washington DC (DC), New York City (NYC) and their partners are pioneering the use of data from building performance reporting in energy efficiency programs. To minimize the administrative burden of managing, combining, and sharing these data sets, the cities are utilizing the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) open-source Standard Energy Efficiency Data (SEED) Platform. The Putting Data to Work project team is working with efficiency program administrators to develop and implement new and innovative ways in which the data collected through benchmarking, energy audits, and related policies can be used to improve energy policies and planning, unlock data directly for market use, scale-up the market for energy efficiency services, drive competition, better target utility incentive programs, and inform measurement and verification. This paper details achievements and key findings in DC and NYC to date, including the importance of high compliance, data quality, and data cleansing in using the information collected; methods that the cities are using to apply data to drive maximum energy efficiency; and the importance of inter- and intra-agency collaboration in program success. The paper also outlines the path forward and details expected outcomes and scalability of project activities.


Warm-water growth and survival of corals are constrained by a set of environmental conditions such as temperature, light, nutrient levels and salinity. Water temperatures of 1 to 2°C above the usual summer maximum can trigger a phenomenon known as coral bleaching, whereby disruption of the symbiosis between coral and dinoflagellate micro-algae, living within the coral tissue, reveals the white skeleton of coral. Anomalously cold water can also lead to coral bleaching but has been the subject of limited research. Although cold-water bleaching events are less common, they can produce similar impacts on coral reefs as warm-water events. In this study, we explored the effect of temperature and light on the likelihood of cold-water coral bleaching from 1998-2017 using available bleaching observations from the Eastern Tropical Pacific and the Florida Keys. Using satellite-derived sea surface temperature, photosynthetically available radiation and light attenuation data, cold temperature and light exposure metrics were developed and then tested against the bleaching observations using logistic regression. The results show that cold-water bleaching can be best predicted with an accumulated cold-temperature metric, i.e. 'degree cooling weeks', analogous to the heat stress metric 'degree heating weeks', with high accuracy (90%) and fewer Type I and Type II errors in comparison with other models. Although light, when also considered, improved prediction accuracy, we found that the most reliable framework for cold-water bleaching prediction may be based solely on cold-temperature exposure.


Extensible variants improve the modularity and expressiveness of programming languages: they allow program functionality to be decomposed into independent blocks, and allow seamless extension of existing code with both new cases of existing data types and new operations over those data types. This paper considers three approaches to providing extensible variants in Haskell. Row typing is a long understood mechanism for typing extensible records and variants, but its adoption would require extension of Haskell's core type system. Alternatively, we might hope to encode extensible variants in terms of existing mechanisms, such as type classes. We describe an encoding of extensible variants using instance chains, a proposed extension of the class system. Unlike many previous encodings of extensible variants, ours does not require the definition of a new type class for each function that consumes variants. Finally, we translate our encoding to use closed type families, an existing feature of GHC. Doing so demonstrates the interpretation of instances chains and functional dependencies in closed type families. One concern with encodings like ours is how completely they match the encoded system. We compare the expressiveness of our encodings with each other and with systems based on row types. We find that, while equivalent terms are typable in each system, both encodings require explicit type annotations to resolve ambiguities in typing not present in row type systems, and the type family implementation retains more constraints in principal types than does the instance chain implementation. We propose a general mechanism to guide the instantiation of ambiguous type variables, show that it eliminates the need for type annotations in our encodings, and discuss conditions under which it preserves coherence.


ABSTRACT Decisions that influence health and access to health care are necessarily a matter of ethics. This paper attempts to examine current budgetary allocations and policy shifts in India from the perspective of global ethical values. It also describes how global economic processes may increase health inequity nationally and argues that they should, therefore, be subject to global health ethics. Public health in India is in a state of crisis from a disinvestment in public health care services and persistent neglect, simultaneous to the global push to enhance privatization. National health policies have remained oblivious to the unacceptably high inequity in access to health care on the one hand, and the cautionary analysis of the experience with currently chosen solutions through public-private- partnership and insurance models, which further marginalize the poorest. Global institutions such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO) also influence national policies to benefit global business interests but often with detrimental effect upon equitable access to health and health care. The paper argues that the application of ethics must become more visible in the determination of national policies that are led by the dominant global paradigms of economic development to ensure that equitable access to health is prioritized.


1. IntroductionIN THE THIS ESSAY I WISH T? OFFER A TENTATIVE PROGRAMME for the development of fruitful cooperation between ecocriticism and environmental ethics. What could be envisaged as a result of this cooperation would be the idea and ideal of a new ecological culture.To start with, I will submit working definitions of my key terms. While doing this, I would also like to thumbnail the agendas they include. As will become clear, I look at the environment through a dual lens - in the hope that the relationship between these two foci will yield some new insights.2. Definitions and the Programmes They IncludeLet me first consider ecocriticism. An important statement made by Cheryll Glotfelty, the founder of the American Association for Literature & Environment (AS LE), describes the focus of ecocriticism in the following terms: "While in most literary theory 'the world' is synonymous with society - the social sphere - ecocriticism expands the notion of 'the world' to include the entire ecosphere."1The primary concern of ecocriticism, to use an agreed definition, is thus to study "the relationship between literature and the physical environment."2 One important feature attached to ecocriticism should not be disregarded: it was born from the environmental crisis, awareness of which has affected many literary critics and scholars since the 1980s.3 There has been a growing number of ecocritical publications from the last two decades of the twentieth century.4A major motive underpinning the ecocritical agenda is its insistence on critical awareness. In the final analysis, the purpose of ecocriticism is to study literary texts and other art-works, in order to generate more caring attitudes towards nature and the whole biosphere. To be more specific, ecocriticism tends to make ethical appeals by pointing, for example, to failings in political and cultural practices. The overall concern of ecocriticism is with human survival on Earth. The basic assumption prominently expressed by quite a few - but not all - ecocritics is that humankind will have to face up to an ecological holocaust if it does not abandon its exploitive direction.Environmental ethics could be defined as "a set of principles, values or norms relating to the ways in which we interact with our [natural] environment."5 If we look at this area of concern, we can easily recognize that there are some striking characteristics which ecocriticism and environmental ethics have in common.i. Like ecocriticism, environmental ethics sprang from the environmental crisis. '"Environmental ethics' is essentially a response to a range of environmental problems which collectively make up the 'environmental crisis'."6 So, one could say that the environmental crisis has haunted literary critics and philosophers alike.ii. Like ecocriticism, or even more strongly, environmental ethics insists on our critical awareness of environmental problems.iii. Like ecocriticism, environmental ethics is working towards generating more caring attitudes towards nature and the whole biosphere,iv. Like ecocriticism, environmental ethics is deeply concerned with the question of human survival on Earth.So much for the common features. Let us now point out a couple of significant differences.i. Obviously, environmental ethics does not deal with literary texts and works of art. As a branch of 'applied philosophy', environmental ethics focuses more directly on human behaviour. More precisely, it devotes attention to the ways in which humans interact with the physical /natural environment, both as individuals in their everyday behaviour, on the one hand, and as social groups such as governments or business companies (with their farreaching impacts), on the other.ii. Environmental ethics aims to identify and address a wide range of environmental problems that have been caused by humans, and submit these problems to critical analysis. …


Documentation of the current status of specialty training to become a neurologist in Japan would represent an important basis for constructing better neurology training program in the planned reform of the specialty training system in Japan. The committee for future neurology specialty system of Japanese Society of Neurology (JSN) conducted a questionnaire survey on the process of specialty training of each trainee for neurology in board-certified educational facilities and semi-educational facilities throughout Japan. The response rate was 46.2% in all facilities and 87.5% in medical universities. The training process of 905 trainees over 5 grades was clarified, which was estimated to be about 80% of all the relevant subjects. Specialty training dedicated to neurology was started at the 3rd year of residency in 87.8% of subjects. During the 3 years following junior residency, 51.3% of subjects ran the rotation training between university and city hospital, whereas 36.5% was trained within the same institution throughout the 3 years of training period.


Over the period from 1994 to 2007, air and water temperatures in the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) increased while rainfall and river flows declined. Data on the occurrence of stream macroinvertebrate families in bioassessment samples collected in NSW during this period were examined to see whether a biological response to these climatic and hydrological trends could be discerned. Multiple logistic regression was used to test for long‐term trends in the probability of detection of individual macroinvertebrate families within the samples, taking account of the latitude, longitude, altitude, hydraulic habitat, time of year and subsampling method associated with each sample. Of the 124 families and family groups tested, 33 had statistically significant increasing trends, 37 had significantly declining trends and 54 had no significant trend; however, many of the last group were seldom collected and their trend estimates had wide confidence limits. Significant relationships were found between the thermophily and rheophily of the families and the estimated strength and direction of their long‐term trends, with families that favour colder waters and faster‐flowing habitats more likely to have declined. Although many families showed trends of increasing detection within samples, such trends do not necessarily equate to increasing prevalence in the environment because the extent of wetted habitat has probably declined, especially flowing habitat. In addition, because of likely intrafamilial trait diversity, increasing or apparently increasing families may include species in decline. Many freshwater macroinvertebrate species in NSW may be threatened by anthropogenic climate change, exacerbated by water withdrawals. The thermal tolerances, rheophily and other pertinent traits of individual species need to be determined to identify those most at risk.


Embedding the principles of sustainable development and sustainable communities into social housing organisations represents one of the biggest challenges faced by the sector over the last decade. The increasing recognition of the limitations and failings within existing practice has led to calls from both external policy stakeholders and the National Housing Federation for project appraisals to consider an ever increasing number of non-financial benefit enhancing features of UK social housing projects. An important stage in this transformational process will be the identification of the main project centric criteria against which community benefit can be appraised. Relevant literature relating to sustainable communities is reviewed, resulting in the identification of over 400 theoretical features of neighbourhood sustainability. In an attempt to refine these criteria into a more pragmatic list the results of 11 semi-structured interviews held with senior professionals drawn from across one typical social housing organisation, together with the results of 7 validating interviews are reported. Analysis of the collected data established an emergent list of 6 principal success criteria and a further 49 sub-criteria against which project centric benefit can be appraised. The paper concludes by proposing further work relating to the development of a suitable methodology for the appraisal of community benefit in practice.


This paper presents an empirical examination of the selectivity and timing performance of 31 unit trusts in
Malaysia. The empirical results indicate that during the] 990-1 995 period, Malaysian unit trusts appear to possess no market timing ability, except for the Kuala Lumpur Growth Fund. However, there is some evidence of superior selection ability on the part of fund managers in picking up "good" stocks. Eighty-one per cent of the sample of unit trusts are able to beat the market return and the Kuala Lumpur Growth Fund ranked highest in terms of selectivity measure. The study found a positive correlation coefficient of 0.53 between selectivity and timing performance among the unit trusts. Further evidence suggests that 81% of the
unit trusts have not achieved the expected level of diversification, and risk-return characteristics of the trusts are generally inconsistent with their stated objectives.


We introduce five nickel phosphide compounds as electro-catalysts for the reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution, that achieve unprecedented selectivity to C3 and C4 products (the first such report). Three products: formic acid (C1), methylglyoxal (C3), and 2,3-furandiol (C4), are observed at potentials as low as +50 mV vs. RHE, and at the highest half-reaction energy efficiencies reported to date for any >C1 product (99%). The maximum selectivity for 2,3-furandiol is 71% (faradaic efficiency) at 0.00 V vs. RHE on Ni2P, which is equivalent to an overpotential of 10 mV, with the balance forming methylglyoxal, the proposed reaction intermediate. P content in the series correlates closely with both the total C products and product selectivity, establishing definitive structure–function relationships. We propose a reaction mechanism for the formation of multi-carbon products, involving hydride transfer as the potential-determining step to oxygen-bound intermediates. This unlocks a new and more energy-efficient reduction route that has only been previously observed in nickel-based enzymes. This performance contrasts with simple metallic catalysts that have poor selectivity between multi-carbon products, and which require high overpotentials (>700 mV) to achieve comparable reaction rates.


The world population is increasing. More people demand better living conditions and the boom in the developing countries continues apace. The story of human progress is also the story of energy. Energy was and will be the key feature of progress. Nowadays, three energy transitions have taken place. These have developed our society from wood burning to coal-powered steam engines to a dependence on electricity which involved burning fossil fuels. All energy transitions up to now have included burning materials that produce not only energy but also air pollution and so-called greenhouse gases. The CO2 concentration in Earth's atmosphere is not at an acceptable level and the effects affect everyone on Earth. However, since the oil crisis in the 1970s and nuclear disasters such as Chernobyl and Fukushima, public awareness has been raised and the demand for alternative energy sources has increased. Renewable energy sources that disappeared over a long period, such as wind power, have made their comeback and a topical example of new renewable resources is photovoltaics. Photovoltaics produce renewable, sustainable and eco-friendly energy. Most commercial solar cells are based on silicon. Since their development in 1953, new generations of solar cells have been investigated in order to make them cheaper, more environmentally friendly and more efficient. Dye-sensitized solar cells are one cutting edge technology. They had their breakthrough in 1991 with the developments of Michael Gratzel and Brain O'Regan. A dye is adsorbed onto a semiconductor surface that is adhered to a conducting glass substrate. The electrical circuit is closed with a counter electrode and an electrolyte. Several types of dyes have been investigated but only a few have shown promising results. A new and exciting area encompasses copper(I)-based dyes. They consist of copper(I) complexes which incorporate a ligand with functional groups to anchor to the semiconductor surface and an ancillary ligand which can be structurally tuned to optimize light harvesting. Most of the ancillary ligands are based on a 2,2'-bipyridine core. Investigations aimed at improving cell performance had, in 2015, "got stuck" at photoconversions of around 2%. This thesis describes the path to new types of simple ancillary ligands that surpass the performance of the most optimized 2,2'-bipyridine-based ligands. The path includes the development of general methods that improve the economical part of the fabrication of the solar cells and the regeneration of destroyed dye. The new families of ancillary ligand lead to the development of panchromatic co-sensitized copper(I) dye-sensitized solar cells. For the first time, a copper(I) dye has been combined with a commercially available and cheap organic dye and the remarkable performance has shown the exciting potential of copper(I) dye-sensitized solar cells. Catch the Sun.


Microporous osmotic tablets were developed using controlled porosity membrane, which delivers drug in a controlled manner for prolonged period of time. The objective of the present investigation was to formulate and evaluate an oral osmotic drug delivery system for the antidepressant drug venlafaxine hydrochloride to achieve zero order release. Venlafaxine hydrochloride was selected as it has a short biological half-life and high aqueous solubility. Drug-excipient compatibility was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Core tablets were prepared by wet granulation method followed by coating. Sodium chloride and potassium chloride (1:1) were used as osmotic agents in the core tablet and polymers Eudragit RLPO and RSPO (1:1) were used for coating along with sorbitol (70% w/w) as pore formers. The tablets showed desired sustained release profile for 24 h. Optimization studies were performed to study the effect of concentration of osmotic agent and pore former on drug release (t50% and t90%). From in vitro release studies, it was evident that drug release was independent of dissolution media, agitation intensity, but highly dependent on the concentration of pore forming agents, osmotic agent and weight gain of the tablet coating. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the microporous structure of optimized batch. The optimized formulation gave desired once a day release of venlafaxine hydrochloride without using laser drilling technique which would make it more patient compliant and cost effective.


Prosody modification involves changing the pitch and duration of speech without affecting the message and naturalness. This paper proposes a method for prosody (pitch and duration) modification using the instants of significant excitation of the vocal tract system during the production of speech. The instants of significant excitation correspond to the instants of glottal closure (epochs) in the case of voiced speech, and to some random excitations like onset of burst in the case of nonvoiced speech. Instants of significant excitation are computed from the linear prediction (LP) residual of speech signals by using the property of average group-delay of minimum phase signals. The modification of pitch and duration is achieved by manipulating the LP residual with the help of the knowledge of the instants of significant excitation. The modified residual is used to excite the time-varying filter, whose parameters are derived from the original speech signal. Perceptual quality of the synthesized speech is good and is without any significant distortion. The proposed method is evaluated using waveforms, spectrograms, and listening tests. The performance of the method is compared with linear prediction pitch synchronous overlap and add (LP-PSOLA) method, which is another method for prosody manipulation based on the modification of the LP residual. The original and the synthesized speech signals obtained by the proposed method and by the LP-PSOLA method are available for listening at http://speech.cs.iitm.ernet.in/Main/result/prosody.html.


The building industry acquired considerable dimensions
as an economic activity during the post-war period in
Greece, and became one of the main sectors of the economy.
This thesis grasps the development of the building industry
as an aspect of the industrialisation that took place with
the initiative of foreign capital, the concomitant relative
decline of the agricultural sector and the ensuing rural
exodus and urban expansion.
An interpretation is provided of the fact that the
building industry developed along the lines of a mode approximating
petty commodity rather than capitalist production
proper, the decisive influence being attributed to the conditions
of land ownership prevalent in Greece, while the
limited size of the industry's market, confined by local
boundaries, is seen as an additional factor.
This system of building production, ultimately the conditions
of land ownership upon which it is founded, and the
system of financing it developed is seen as a mechanism
distributing incomes in favour of middle and lower classes,
explaining at the same time the solution of the housing problem
in Greece, in spite of the absence of State intervention
in this field.
An interpretation is also provided of the fact that the building industry functioned as an important stimulator of
the economy of the period developing an integrated basis
of production amidst an industrial environment characterised by the relative absence of integration of the stages
of production within the boundaries of the domestic economy.
Finally, this thesis establishes both in theoretical
terms and through the concrete analysis undertaken, the so
far widely disputed productive character of the building
industry, and its significant effects on the general
socio-economic development of the country.


This thesis examines property generalization among concepts. Its primary objective is to investigate the hypothesis that the more central a feature for a concept, the higher its generalizability to other concepts that share a similar structure (features and dependencies). Its secondary objectives are to examine the relative contributions of feature centrality and feature variability in property induction, whether centrality offers a domain-general or a domain-specific constraint, and whether centrality can operate under conditions of vagueness. Experiments 1 and 2 addressed the centrality hypothesis with centrality measured, whereas Experiments 3 to 14 and 17 with centrality manipulated. Relative feature centrality was manipulated as follows: from a single-dependency chain (Experiments 3 to 7), from the number of properties that depended upon a feature (Experiments 8 to 11 and 17), and from the centrality of the properties that depended upon the critical features (Experiments 12 to 14). The results support the centrality hypothesis. Experiments 12 to 16 addressed the relative contributions of centrality and variability in property induction. Experiments 12 to 14 pitted a central and variable property against a less central and less variable property in judgments of frequency and inductive strength. The results suggest that property induction depends on centrality rather than frequency information, and that centrality can bias the perception of frequency (although the latter results were not clear-cut). Experiments 15 and 16 pitted centrality against variability in information seeking. The results show that centrality information is sought more often than variability information to make an inference, especially amongst dissimilar concepts. Experiments 1 to 16 used animal categories. Experiment 17 examined the centrality hypothesis with artifact categories. The results show centrality effects. Taken together, the Experiments suggest that centrality offers a domain-general constraint. Experiments 5, 8 to 11, and 17 left the properties that depended upon a candidate feature unspecified. A centrality effect was still obtained. The results suggest that centrality can operate under conditions of vagueness. The results are discussed in terms of theories of conceptual structure and models of category-based inference. A model to capture the present findings is also sketched.


ABSTRACT Lentin sets out to unravel the history of the discourse of culturalism in the post-Second World War period. Culture is now almost universally used to categorize distinct human groups and to refer to the differences between them. As the liberal acceptance of multiculturalism as a recipe for contemporary living affirms, the use of culture as a viable conceptualization of human difference often goes unchallenged in present-day scholarship. Lentin focuses on how the concept of 'culture' came to replace the language of 'race' in the aftermath of the Holocaust. Looking at the history of the 'UNESCO tradition' of anti-racism, she shows how racial categorizations were replaced by cultural distinctions as a means of explaining human difference. Whereas 'race' was seen as irrevocably invoking the superiority of some human groups over others, culture was assumed by anti-racist scholars on both sides of the Atlantic to imply a positive celebration of difference while allowing for the possibility for progress among groups once considered 'primitive'. Lentin argues that such a shift, on which the western discourse of anti-racism is grounded, by merely replacing 'race' with 'culture', fails to expunge the ranking of humanity implied by theories of 'race'. The essentialization of 'cultures' inherent within this cultural relativism is carried through into multicultural approaches to education, policymaking and activism that fail to include the dominant group in their schematization of contemporary social and political relations. Furthermore, the failure of culturalist approaches to counter racism effectively has been attributed to the purported identity politics of 'minority groups'. Contrary to the notion that culture has come to pervade politics due to a bottom-up call from the marginalized for greater recognition of their cultural 'authenticity', Lentin shows how culturalism originated within the anti-racist elite and has resulted in the depoliticization of anti-racism of the racism's actual targets.


Abstract This paper analyses two anecdotes that circulate within the occupational group of newspaper journalists in Argentina. The analysis takes into account the strong interrelationship existing between the narrative and the social and cultural life of this group. I draw on a performance-centred approach which allows the possibility of examining some of the formal and generic characteristics of anecdotes. It also reveals aspects of prime importance in the everyday work of journalists, such as the risks they run and the tricks they resort to in order to obtain the news. Among the different genres of folk narrative, the anecdote has attracted comparatively little attention. This led the well-known American folklorist Archer Taylor to call it a "neglected genre" (Taylor 1970). Till then, the anecdote had remained almost ignored by most scholars, who were seduced by the attractions of other types of narratives such as fairytales and legends. In this paper, I will analyse anecdotes recurrent among newspaper journalists in Argentina, taking into account functional and generic considerations as well as the strong interrelationship between the narrative itself and the social and cultural life of the occupational group it circulates in. To accomplish the analysis, I use a performance-centred approach inspired by Richard Bauman's article "Hell, yes, but not that young" (Bauman 1986, 55-77). As Bauman points out in another essay, this approach goes far beyond the study of the way in which language is used in the construction of a textual item (Bauman 1977). It represents a transformation of the basic and referential uses of language within what Erving Goffman calls an "interpretive frame" (Goffman 1974). According to this approach, context--be it textual, situational, social or societal (Bausinger 1994)--has a predominant role, since the narrators, their narrative and their audience are all related as components of a unique continuum. Contexts are mediating agents that relate the text to the narrators' world, at the same time providing clues for the interpretation of symbols, ideas, beliefs and knowledge (Ben Amos 1993, 212). From this perspective, the communicative process taking place between the narrator and his/her audience is crucial This process highlights the devices used by the participants in a narrative event to adapt a story to the situation in which it emerges and to the receptivity of the participants in the storytelling event. In this way, it shows the dynamics of tradition as well as the metacommunicative resources brought into play. From a corpus of anecdotes I collected from Argentinian journalists, I have selected two which belong to the type known as historical or legendary anecdotes--although, it must be said, a classification of the folklore genre in question has not been fully agreed upon yet. Some folklorists have defined anecdotes as part of a type related to jokes (Aarne-Thompson 1987, 254),(1) while others have placed them with personal experience narratives such as memorates and chronicates (Gwyndaf 1984). But, however they are classified, anecdotes are short stories, presumably veridical, generally centred on a single episode and on a single scene revolving around personalities or local figures. Often they are directly connected with some incident considered worthy of being narrated. According to Bauman, anecdotes "tend to be heavily dialogic in construction, often culminating in a kind of punch line, a striking, especially reportable statement rendered in direct discourse. That is to say, quoted speech is a significant stylistic feature of the genre" (Bauman 1986, 55). The Anecdotes While interviewing journalists,(2) I repeatedly came across personal experience narratives and anecdotes about a distressing episode in Argentina's history that took place during the presidential term of Dr Arturo Illia. For many years, Illia had practised as a medical doctor in a small provincial town, Cruz del Eje; later he held several political positions. …


The objective of the paper is to provide comprehensive review on TQM. In the paper, critical success factors (CSF) of TQM have been identified for Indian manufacturing/service organisations. Most of these factors are considered significant by many companies for gaining competitiveness and quality improvement. The collection of data/papers from various sources, such as books and journals, is to gain the knowledge on TQM and its factors, principles, enablers and benefits. The findings indicate that success factors of TQM are critical for quality improvement and gaining competitiveness. This comprehensive review paper will provide the knowledge about, what is TQM? How TQM is different from other quality terms? The collection of definitions of TQM from different papers will clarify the idea about TQM and its effectiveness in various organisations.


Aim of the study: This study is aimed to assess the types and the frequency of congenital heart disease among patients with Down syndrome (DS). Patients & methods: Sixty-five patients with DS collected from echocardiographic department in Basrah cardiology center at Alsader Teaching Hospital and a private clinic were evaluated by echocardiography from February 2009 to August 2013. Results: Their ages range from 6 months to 25 year. Of 65 patients with DS diagnosed clinically, 89% have CHD and 11% have normal heart. Most of the cases were isolated congenital heart disease (CHD).Ventricular septal defect (VSD), pulmonic stenosis (PS) and atrial septal defect (ASD) were the commonest isolated CHD respectively while tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and single ventricle was the commonest complex CHD in DS. Conclusion: This study had concluded that CHD are common in DS and most of the cases are amenable for surgical corrections.


This paper provides an analysis of the left periphery of relative clauses in the Cimbrian variety of Luserna and explores which of the two complementizer systems Cimbrian makes use of in restrictive and appositive relative clauses. Furthermore, the sentential particle da (lit. 'there'), which according to Bidese et al. (2012) is obligatory in restrictive relative clauses with a full DP subject, is shown to have a distribution and function different from its counterparts in Bavarian and Hessian. We argue that the Cimbrian da is neither a locative (as the form might suggest) nor a subject expletive located in SpecT similar to English 'there' (as suggested by Bayer & Suchsland 1997 for Bavarian), but the specifier of a projection located in the Wackernagel space marking the Ground context with respect to the head noun individuated by the relative clause.


This qualitative study explored the culture of male stereotypes in selected articles of Cosmopolitan magazine. A content analysis was conducted on the "Ask Him Anything: Love Advice From Our Guy Guru: Ky Henderson" column, which appears monthly in Cosmopolitan magazine, from January to December 2013. Twelve articles with seventy questions and answers were analyzed to find implicit and explicit statements about men and masculinity. Fifty-one statements were examined for themes, and four prominent themes emerged: (1) Men and their attitudes and behaviours towards women, (2) Sex – General attitudes and specific actions, (3) Jobs and finances, and (4) Comparisons between younger and older men. The theme of men and their attitudes and behaviors towards women held the most statements, suggesting that the readership of this magazine is expected to focus on men's behaviours and attitudes towards them, which may put pressure on the readers to cater to these stereotyped attitudes and behaviours. Catering to presumed stereotypical attitudes and behaviours may create or reinforce unequal power structures and put strains on romantic relationships between men and women. Findings demonstrated that stereotyped statements about men and masculinity were contained within Cosmopolitan magazine. Furthermore, certain masculine traits were described as innate or biologically inherent, revealing a prevailing thought that these stereotypical traits are unchangeable in nature.


The use of multi-core clusters is a promising option for data-intensive embedded applications such as multi-modal sensor fusion, image understanding, mobile augmented reality. In this paper, we propose a power-efficient 3-D on-chip interconnect for multi-core clusters with stacked L2 cache memory. A new switch design makes a circuit-switched Mesh-of-Tree (MoT) interconnect reconfigurable to support power-gating of processing cores, memory blocks, and unnecessary interconnect resources (routing switch, arbitration switch, inverters placed along the on-chip wires). The proposed 3-D MoT improves the power efficiency up to 77% in terms of energy-delay product (EDP).


Background : Namibia bears a large burden of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and the youth are disproportionately affected.
Objectives : To explore the current knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of female adolescents attending family planning to HIV prevention.
Methods : A cross-sectional study design was used on a sample 251 unmarried female adolescents aged from 13 years to 19 years accessing primary care services for contraception using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were analysed using Epi Info 2002. Crude associations were assessed using cross-tabulations of knowledge, attitude and behaviour scores against demographic variables. Chi-square tests and odds ratios were used to assess associations from the cross-tabulations. All p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results : A quarter of sexually active teenagers attending the family-planning services did not have adequate knowledge of HIV prevention strategies. Less than a quarter (23.9%) always used a condom. Most respondents (83.3%) started sexual intercourse when older than 16 years, but only 38.6% used a condom at their sexual debut. The older the girls were at sexual debut, the more likely they were to use a condom for the event (8% did so at age 13 years and 100% at age 19 years).
Conclusions : Knowledge of condom use as an HIV prevention strategy did not translate into consistent condom use. One alternate approach in family-planning facilities may be to encourage condom use as a dual protection method. Delayed onset of sexual activity and consistent use of condoms should be encouraged amongst schoolchildren, in the school setting.


The birth of an academic discipline is a rare event. Even more extraordinary is academia's acknowledgment that spirituality has scholarly as well as personal dimensions. Inquiry and dialogue are the essence of this new discipline, as it paves the way toward a deeper understanding of what it means to be human within the Christian faith. The twenty-five essays in this volume, originally published in either the Christian Spirituality Bulletin or Spiritus: A Journal of Christian Spirituality, offer groundbreaking explorations of Christian spirituality. Arranged under five broad headings, these essays create an insightful dialogue on the questions, methods, and critical approaches implemented by the discipline's top scholars. Topics addressed include the particular intellectual and methodological challenges presented by spirituality as an academic discipline, the self-implicating nature of the study of spirituality, historical perspectives, theological implications, healing as a function of spirituality, and the relationship between aesthetics and spirituality-art and spirit. Scholars working on either broad or focused themes in spirituality will benefit from this clear and accessible presentation of the salient aspects of the discipline. In their insight and historical and methodological content, these essays provide valuable tools for students and teachers of spirituality and related fields, in their insight and historical and methodological content. This volume speaks to all who practice and study spirituality from any religious or secular perspective, encouraging reflective and open dialogue with one of humanity's major religious traditions. Contributors: J. Matthew Ashley, Thomas Berry, Mark S. Burrows, Douglas Burton-Christie, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Lisa E. Dahill, Elizabeth A. Dreyer, Mary Frohlich, Belden C. Lane, Elizabeth Liebert, E. Ann Matter, Bernard McGinn, Meredith B. McGuire, Mark McIntosh, Barbara Newman, Walter H. Principe, Don E. Saliers, Sandra M. Schneiders, Philip F. Sheldrake, Jon Sobrino, Wendy M. Wright


Regression Analysis and Its Application: A Data-Oriented Approach answers the need for researchers and students who would like a better understanding of classical regression analysis. Useful either as a textbook or as a reference source, this book bridges the gap between the purely theoretical coverage of regression analysis and its practical application. The book presents regression analysis in the general context of data analysis. Using a teach-by-example format, it contains ten major data sets along with several smaller ones to illustrate the common characteristics of regression data and properties of statistics that are employed in regression analysis. The book covers model misspecification, residual analysis, multicollinearity, and biased regression estimators. It also focuses on data collection, model assumptions, and the interpretation of parameter estimates. Complete with an extensive bibliography, Regression Analysis and Its Application is suitable for statisticians, graduate and upper-level undergraduate students, and research scientists in biometry, business, ecology, economics, education, engineering, mathematics, physical sciences, psychology, and sociology. In addition, data collection agencies in the government and private sector will benefit from the book.


The inactivation of the enoyl-reductase InhA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis by reactive intermediates formed during the oxidn. of isoniazid and ethionamide was studied. Both drugs can generate electrophilic intermediates capable of reacting with a nucleophilic group of InhA, leading to its inactivation. After inactivation of InhA by isoniazid, one mol. of isoniazid per InhA is covalently bound to the enzyme. Mapping studies suggest that Cys243 is the residue modified in the course of the inactivation. [on SciFinder (R)]


No tongue, all eyes! Be silent. ( The Tempest , 4.1.59) In 2007, a curious billboard appeared in London advertising the move from Waterloo to St Pancras stations for the London hub of the Eurorail train to Paris. Above the logo 'London is changing' was featured the image of a skeleton kneeling on a stage, holding in his bony hand the fully fleshed head of a man who looked back at the skeleton's skull with astonishment. In 2004 and 2005, a poster campaign in Swiss cities advertised the Espace 2 channel of Radio Suisse Romande with the image of two teens kissing in a subway train filled with inattentive passengers, accompanied by the simple, one-word caption, 'Shakespeare.' These advertisements provoke a deceptively simple question: is this Shakespeare? In what sense Shakespeare? To ask the question 'is this Shakespeare?' is to ponder the nature of the boundaries that extend around the designation 'Shakespearian', laden though that designation is with cultural power and value. Like lines on a map, those boundaries may have the illusion of permanence at a given moment, but in reality they are always in flux, constantly being renegotiated in response to a variety of cultural forces. Here I will be discussing a particular kind of limit case that poses a challenge to one of the founding principles of Shakespeare studies. My claim, in a nutshell, is that both popular culture and avant-garde performance have transgressed and redrawn the boundary of what can constitute 'Shakespeare' with ever-greater insistence in the last twenty years, and that they have done so in response to a newly powerful cultural dominant in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. Though I will eventually turn to two noteworthy recent performances of Shakespeare, I begin with examples from advertising because advertising stands at the intersection of popular culture and avant-garde aesthetics, amplifying (and thus making visible) ideological and representational strategies it borrows from elsewhere. Though the aims of the ads and the performances are quite different, what they reveal are the traces of processes at work in popular and performance culture more generally. I hope to suggest how, under the pressure of mass mediatization, contemporary Shakespeare may be undergoing something of a paradigm shift that raises foundational questions about how we, as Shakespearian professionals, conceptualize the 'essential' or 'authentic' Shakespeare and situate his cultural value.


Borders and bodies are increasingly regulated by data-capturing mechanisms spread across the world through information and communication technologies. This article traces the features and implications of such a border-body datalogical entanglement through the figure of the drug mule. It analyzes government documents and recorded case studies to argue that this figure emerges from an assemblage of cultural narratives, legal structures, human labor, technical practices, and biological processes. The datalogical drug mule is already implicated in a struggle over what, and how, data is meaningful and actionable. Investigating this figure allows us to begin disentangling the data-driven mechanisms that constitute modern borders and bodies while at the same time accounting for analog continuities in contemporary practices of border security.


Travel demand restriction is getting popular to disentangle trafic jams in heavily congested urban areas. The policy is easy to implement while reduction in congestion level is perceived to be substantial. We test this hypothesis by evaluating the impact of odd-even policy on congestion level in Jakarta, one of most severe congested cities in the world. Using hourly travel time data at road segment level drawn from GoogleMaps, the odd-even policy reduces the travel time by 3% on average after a month of its implementation. The effect is higher during weekend and at afternoon peak-hour window. Yet, the effect vanishes after the third week of policy introduction. Our result then sheds an indication of ineffective transport demand restriction in Jakarta.


With the introduction of a time-of-use (TOU) tariff structure by Eskom, the implementation of projects that shift load from peak TOU times to times of the day when electrical energy is less expensive has increased. To enable load shifting on mine dewatering pumps, preparation before and recovery after peak TOU is needed for effective results. This induces a preparation- and comeback load in the standard TOU. With an annual increase in TOU tariffs and the rate of increase of standard TOU being greater than that of the peak TOU, a reduction in electrical energy consumption before and after peak TOU is needed. To enable this, a step-by-step control technique was developed to promote the shifting of load from standard-to off-peak TOU, while still realising a full load shift from peak TOU. This technique entails dynamic control ranges of underground dam levels as opposed to the conventional constant control range method. Control range upper and lower bounds were optimised through the formulation and application of equations taking into account various system parameters. Two case studies were used to test the developed technique. Results indicated significant additional financial savings when compared to conventional control methods. Additional savings of R 1,096,056.65 and R 579,394.27 per annum were respectively achieved for both case studies.


In the coming months and years, the United States and its North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) allies will discuss, and U.S. and Russian Federation negotiators may enter the next frontier in nuclear arms control: regulating small, "tactical" nuclear weapons. This framework Article is the first squarely on the subject in the legal literature.My core arguments are that (1) to date the bilateral Washington-Moscow arms control legal regime has primarily regulated strategic (long-range) nuclear delivery vehicles (bombers, missiles, and submarines) rather than warheads; (2) contrary to common assumption, the legal regime has regulated a small number of tactical delivery vehicles (jet fighters and other short-range systems) with arguable strategic relevance, providing a regulatory precedent; (3) the nuclear tactical versus strategic distinction in Cold War policy and the legal architecture is eroding and should be abolished; (4) and now that all nuclear weapons have "strategic" (i.e., major) significance, and in view of the enduring "loose nuke" threat and other risks, the arms control legal regime should be expanded to regulate and reduce what we now consider tactical nuclear arms. Non-legal steps – confidence building measures and parallel unilateral reductions – may pave the way, but tactical nuclear weapons ultimately ought to be regulated via the new treaty I outline.Extension of the legal regime to regulate all tactical delivery vehicles and warheads would be revolutionary. Warheads are much smaller than nuclear delivery vehicles, which can be readily observed from space. Warheads are therefore easier to conceal or steal, and present unique verification challenges. Resolution of the verification problem in a new treaty will be tough. But it also presents an opportunity: creation of what I term Nuclear Information Stability (NIS) between the United States and Russia, a condition characterized by continual communication and common understanding of the number, location, and operational status of nuclear hardware. The superpowers built 100,000 nuclear warheads in the Cold War and retain thousands of warheads today to mitigate uncertainty and reduce risk of a successful surprise attack – rationales for large stockpiles that would be challenged by NIS. Ultimately, I argue, NIS could allow the United States and Russia – and other nuclear states to which the concept could be exported – to see a realistic path from Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) to a day-to-day state of Mutually Assured Security (MAS).


Enterprise applications are often arranged in service-oriented architectures (SOA) nowadays. Many times services in a SOA are implemented by SOAP web services often including application-level security. With their increased computing power mobile devices such as PDA and smart-phone become promising clients for such enterprise applications. This paper contains an analysis of built-in support for secure SOAP web services on different recent mobile device platforms. As it turns out, the support for SOAP in general is not comparable to stationary devices. This is even more true for security extensions to such web services. Therefore we also evaluate and implement feasible add-ons to the platforms providing some support. The platforms are finally compared according to several different dimensions regarding secure SOAP web services and individual strengths and weaknesses are presented.


This dissertation aims at developing a sustainable design process prioritizing locality in social, cultural, ecological, political, economic, technological, legalistic, and architectural terms. To this end, it aims first of all at developing an approach for elimination of misconceptions—primarily informed by technological, morphological and numerical indicators—about what constitutes the concept of sustainability in architectural practice today and therefore starts out from a critical historical overview of approaches and practices for sustainability in the world and in Turkey. The thesis undertakes the critique of sterile projects in sterile environments and calibrates the replicable and exemplary aspects of international and national sustainable design practices so as to introduce, promote and guide realistic, practicable, and case-specific sustainable architectural solutions. The specific focus in both the critical evaluation of extant sustainable practices abroad and the proposed process for the municipality of Seyrek in Menemen, Izmir, Turkey, is the distinction between the assets and needs of industrialized northern geographies and southern geographies which are in the process of industrialization and which are frequently misguided by economic exigencies imposed by the industrialized north. As a village located in an Important Bird Area, in the vicinity of a Ramsar Site and on the edge of a First-Degree Natural Conservation Area, the case area in question provides a trenchant example for the study of the meaning of sustainability in a southern socio-politico-economic zone and a challenge for the architectural designer. Seyrek is a mirror of global as well as local problems today. It is located in the middle of Gediz Delta, the large agricultural land as well, and on the edge of several specialized industrial districts of the urban sprawl of Izmir. Placing the analysis of the case area in the context of the wider framework of international policy, the thesis proceeds to propose specific design tools for a sustainable housing development project in a crucial typical new residential segment of the semi-rural settlement of Seyrek.


THE TOMATO ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) is a New World plant, originally found in Peru and carried back to Spain from whence it quickly spread to Italy (pommidoro) and France, where it was known as the pomme d'amour and thought to have aphrodisiac properties (this is the first recorded confusion between the placebo effect and the tomato effect— described herein). By 1560, the tomato was becoming a staple of the continental European diet. Of interest is that while this exotic fruit from South America (along with other novel products such as potatoes, corn, beans, cocoa, and tobacco) was revolutionizing European eating habits, at the same time it was ignored or actively shunned in North America. 1,2 During the 18th century, tomatoes were not even cultivated in North America. Not until the 1800s did North Americans accept the tomato as edible; commercial cultivation of tomatoes was rare until the 20th century, although in the


Abstract Purpose The aim of this study is to develop predictive models to predict organ at risk (OAR) complication level, classification of OAR dose-volume and combination of this function with our in-house developed treatment decision support system. Materials and methods We analysed the support vector machine and decision tree algorithm for predicting OAR complication level and toxicity in order to integrate this function into our in-house radiation treatment planning decision support system. A total of 12 TomoTherapyTM treatment plans for prostate cancer were established, and a hundred modelled plans were generated to analyse the toxicity prediction for bladder and rectum. Results The toxicity prediction algorithm analysis showed 91·0% accuracy in the training process. A scatter plot for bladder and rectum was obtained by 100 modelled plans and classification result derived. OAR complication level was analysed and risk factor for 25% bladder and 50% rectum was detected by decision tree. Therefore, it was shown that complication prediction of patients using big data-based clinical information is possible. Conclusion We verified the accuracy of the tested algorithm using prostate cancer cases. Side effects can be minimised by applying this predictive modelling algorithm with the planning decision support system for patient-specific radiotherapy planning.


John Pilger is one of the world's pre-eminent investigative journalists and documentary film-makers. His best-selling books of reportage, which include Heroes and Hidden Voices, have in the words of Noam Chomsky 'been a beacon of light in often dark times'. In Freedom Next Time he looks at five countries, in each of which a long struggle for freedom has taken place; in each the people, having shed blood and dreams, are still waiting. In Afghanistan, Iraq and South Africa there has been the promise of hope, and even an 'official' freedom, but the reality of these divided societies is that they are still waiting for real freedom. In Palestine, the cycle of violence continues with no resolution in sight. And the island of Diego Garcia, in the Indian Ocean, is a microcosm of the ruthlessness of great powers. The island was sold by the British to the American military in the 1960s. The indigenous population, descended from slaves, were forcibly removed to the slums of Port Louis in Mauritius. They have continued to fight for the return of their homeland ever since - three years ago the High Court granted them the right of return, but this has subsequently been blocked. The island remains the US's third biggest military base; a base from which they are able to launch attacks against the Middle East. Once again John Pilger gives a voice to the people living through these momentous times and, in gripping detail, shows us the lives behind the headlines.


Pallidonigroluysian atrophy (PNLA) is a rare neurodegenerative disease that is pathologically defined by severe neuronal loss in the globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. In this article, we present the first PNLA case who had prominent psychiatric symptoms, including delusions, and demonstrated lots of limbic argyrophilic grains. Our findings expand the clinical spectrum of PNLA and suggest that salient neuropsychiatric symptoms in this disease could be caused by argyrophilic grains in the limbic system.


Book Review Anne Philp, Caroline's Diary, A Woman's World in Colonial Australia, Anchor Books Australia, NSW, 2015, x + 269 pages; ISBN 9780992467135. This is a book where Anne Philp has created a narrative around the personal diaries of English woman Caroline Husband who came to New South Wales in the mid-19th century. Her father, lawyer James Husband, fell on hard times and fled his Hampstead Hill house in England with debt collectors in pursuit, and was followed to Australia by his wife and seven children. Caroline has documented her thoughts, her experiences and her feelings of her life adventure from England to Sydney, and then the Wellington District, Armidale and finally Camden. She has provided a window into the world where imperial linkages have intersected with the life of her family, her husband, her church and her community.


Primary objective: To test the hypothesis that TBI is associated with violent crime, the prevalence and characteristics of traumatic brain injury (TBI) were compared between men convicted of domestic violence and a matched comparison group. Methods and procedures: Participants were 20 African American men convicted of domestic violence and 20 African American men without criminal convictions matched for age and socioeconomic status. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding health and behaviour history. Main outcomes and results: More than half of the participants in both groups had sustained a TBI, although injuries in the offender group were significantly more severe. There were significantly more reports of problems with anger management in the offender group. Conclusions: Published epidemiological data regarding TBI may underestimate the prevalence in urban populations, which may have confounded earlier studies of TBI and domestic violence. The reported prevalence in this sample of defendants suggests implications for the justice system.


Physical defect carrier was often seen as un-productive citizen, un-efficient, and un-effective. People often gave negative label by consider those individuals as individuals who couldn't give positive contribution to their neighbourhood. This condition would affect the determination given to the individual to their life, tend to psychological well being of those physical defect, especially for them who was on middle-adult to develop generativity or stagnation. Psychological well being is a condition where individual able to accept himself/herself just the way it was, develop a warm relationship, develop autonomy in social pressure, able to control external environment, have meaning in life also able to concrete their self-potential in continuous way. The research aimed to give description of psychological well being to the physical defect of middle-adult person.
The research was qualitative. Data collected according to explanation which was given by the research subject about self-evaluation in life. Then there did data reduction to separate data according to research goal. Data analysis technique used was by developing descriptive data from observation and interview continued with case description building according to the theory proportion which could be seen from the research questions continued with the case analysis. The research showed that individual with psychological well being would have positive attitude in accepting physical condition, open to every experience, have warm and satisfying relationship with anybody, have autonomy, get involve with his/her environment, and have a goal and wish to develop his/her potential. The condition was influenced by the light scale of defection, age of defection which was received in his/her early life, supports from family and openness in environment, socio-economic status showed by occupation and religious attitude.