The topics of the article has been restricted to those, which seem to represent the most well-established ideas about evolution in many-sheeted space-time.

a) Basic facts about and TGD based model for pre-biotic evolution are discussed.

b) A model for the ATP-ADP process based on DNA as topological quantum computer vision, the identification of universal metabolic energy quanta in terms of zero point kinetic energies, and the notion of remote metabolism is discussed.

c) A model for the evolution of the recent genetic code (3-codons) as a fusion of codes for which codons are nucleotides (1-codons) and di-nucleotides (2-codons) is discussed. The symmetries of the genetic code, the observation that tRNA can be seen as a fusion of two hairpin like DNA molecules, and the finding that the first nucleotides of 3-codon code for the reaction path leading from a precursors of the aminoacid to aminoacids for hydrophobic/hydrohilic dichotomy, serve as motivations of the model. 1- and 2-codes corresponding to the two forms of RNA (the exotic 2´-5' RNA and the usual 3'-5' RNA) would have prevailed in RNA world. Aminoacids would have served as catalysts for the copying of RNA on one hand, and RNA molecules would have catalyzed the formation of aminoacids from their precursors on one hand, meaning the presence of a positive feedback loop. In the transition to DNA-aminoacid era RNA began to be translated to aminoacid sequences.

d) Cambrian explosion represents a rather mysterious period in biology: new highly developed phylas emerged out of nowhere. A second strange finding is that continents would fit together to form single super-continent covering entire Earth's surface at time of Cambrian explosion if the radius of Earth would have been one half of its recent value. This finding has inspired Expanding Earth theories but it has not been possible to identify the mechanism causing the expansion. The success of the standard tectonic plate theory requires that possible expansion must have occurred in relatively short geological time scale. The hierarchy of Planck constants implies that cosmic expansion has occurred in quantum leaps increasing the value of hbar and thus of quantum scales by factors which tend to be powers of 2. Cosmic expansion would have occurred as jerks even in the case of planets. In the proposed model Cambrian explosion would have accompanied the expansion of the Earth's radius by a factor of 2: during this period an outburst of highly developed life forms from underground seas to the surface of Earth would have taken place.


Leanne Shapton, author of Important Artifacts and Personal Property from the Collection of Lenore Doolan and Harold Morris and Swimming Studies, creates an authorly and artistic response to travel, work and being a passenger - part of a series of twelve books tied to the twelve lines of the London Underground, as Tfl celebrates 150 years of the Tube with Penguin. It is also available in a boxset. "Leanne Shapton has updated the stream of consciousness method of Virginia Woolf in Mrs Dalloway to give us the appearance and thoughts of different passengers - about work, sex, family, what they are reading ...Thus you eavesdrop on a hubbub: all that mental life going on secretly all the time". (Evening Standard). "Authors include the masterly John Lanchester, the children of Kids Company, comic John O'Farrell and social geographer Danny Dorling. Ranging from the polemical to the fantastical, the personal to the societal, they offer something for every taste. All experience the city as a cultural phenomenon and notice its nature and its people. Read individually they're delightful small reads, pulled together they offer a particular portrait of a global city". (Evening Standard). "Exquisitely diverse". The Times 'Eclectic and broad-minded ...beautifully designed". (Tom Cox, Observer). "A fascinating collection with a wide range of styles and themes. The design qualities are excellent, as you might expect from Penguin with a consistent look and feel while allowing distinctive covers for each book. This is a very pleasing set of books". (A Common Reader blog). "The contrasts and transitions between books are as stirring as the books themselves ...A multidimensional literary jigsaw". (Londonist). A series of short, sharp, city-based vignettes - some personal, some political and some pictorial ...each inimitable author finds that our city is complicated but ultimately connected, full of wit, and just the right amount of grit". (Fabric Magazine). 'A collection of beautiful books' Grazia Leanne Shapton is an artist, illustrator, and writer who was born in Toronto and lives in New York. She is the author of Important Artifacts and Personal Property from the Collection of Lenore Doolan and Harold Morris, Including Books, Street Fashion, and Jewelry. Her latest book, Swimming Studies, is published July 2012.


The present research is aimed at surveying the role of (internal and external) religious orientation in the mental health and the extent of depression in elderly people residing in welfare centers and the society. The study has been conducted through post-event and correlation method by using stochastic and cluster sampling in 230 cases of elderly people at senior citizens` homes, affiliated with the Welfare Organization, and public places (mosques and parks) which are gathering centers for the elderly people of society, both male and female. The cases were initially screened in terms of recognition complications. Then 28-question tests on general health and depression of Beck and Alport`s test on religious approach were completed and the results were analyzed by using Pierson and Manvitni`s dependent statistical tests.Results showed that there is a significant correlation between the religious orientation and depression of the elderly people. That is, the more the scores of external religious orientation rise, the more the scores of disorder in mental health and depression increase. There is also a meaningful difference between mental health, depression and religious orientation of the elderly people who are residence and non-residence of the society. That is, the elderly people who live in the centers enjoy a more external religious orientation and disorder of mental health and more depression as compared to the group of the elderly people residing in the society. The external religious belief has a correlation with disorder in the mental health and depression as well as internal religious belief. Moreover, mental disorders and depression among the resident elderly people are higher than non residents, while resident elderly people have a more external religious approach.


Background: Compared to white women, black women with operable breast cancer treated with primary surgical therapy and adjuvant or neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy have higher recurrence rates and breast cancer mortality. Large randomized prospective studies did not find significant differences in distant-recurrence-free survival (DRFS) and overall survival (OS) between breast cancer patients treated in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant setting for predominantly white populations. However, data indicating that neoadjuvant treatment is equivalent to adjuvant treatment for black breast cancer patients are missing. Here, we first examined racial differences in DRFS among breast cancer patients treated in the neoadjuvant setting at Einstein-Montefiore Center for Cancer Care (EMCCC) in the Bronx, and then investigated if DRFS in black patients treated in the neoadjuvant setting is comparable to DRFS in the adjuvant setting. Methods: We evaluated DRFS in 241 racially diverse patients with localized or regionally advanced breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy between January 2000 and December 2016. In addition, we evaluated DRFS in 474 white and 701 black patients with localized or regionally advanced breast cancer treated with systemic adjuvant (N=432 [whites], 596 [blacks]) or neoadjuvant (N=42 [whites], 105 [blacks]) chemotherapy. Using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models, we generated hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals [CI]) for risk of distant recurrence, with adjustment for age ( /50 years), stage (I/II vs III), estrogen receptor (ER) status (+ vs -), HER2/neu overexpression (+ vs -/equivocal/unknown), triple-negative (TN) status (yes vs no), and type of systemic chemotherapy (adjuvant vs neoadjuvant). Results: Black patients treated with neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy had significantly worse DRFS than white patients (HR=2.29; 95%CI=1.02-5.15, p=0.04). DRFS in non-black Hispanics and patients from racial backgrounds other than Hispanic or black compared to whites was not statistically different. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was associated with worse DRFS compared to adjuvant chemotherapy in black (HR=3.72; 95%CI=4.03-5.81; p= Conclusion: Black patients with localized breast cancer treated with systemic neoadjuvant chemotherapy not only have inferior DRFS compared to white patients, but also worse DRFS when compared to black patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, after adjustment for clinical covariates. This observation needs to be confirmed in further prospective studies, and biologic factors contributing to this finding need to be evaluated. Citation Format: Jessica M. Pastoriza, George S. Karagiannis, Xiaonan Xue, Juan Lin, John S. Condeelis, Joseph A. Sparano, Thomas E. Rohan, Maja H. Oktay. Black race is associated with worse distant relapse-free survival in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant compared to adjuvant systemic chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Tenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2017 Sep 25-28; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27(7 Suppl):Abstract nr A92.


A patient with exertional rhabdomyolysis and continuously elevated serum creatine kinase (CK) was investigated. The known causes of recurrent attacks of rhabdomyolysis were ruled out by appropriate histochemical and biochemical investigations. During ischaemic exercise tests an abnormal K(+)-efflux from exercising muscles was observed. The patient was found to have a deficiency of muscular Ca(2+)-ATPase. Dantrolene sodium therapy gave relief of muscle symptoms and improved the exercise tolerance. Both the CK level and the K(+)-efflux in ischaemic forearm testing became normal on this therapy.


A method to determine f-number for an imaging system is discussed. This method uses Ronchi test and is different in that the value of f-number of the system can be determined without depending on any particular parameters. Two different sizes of aperture for a common system were investigated and the corresponding f-numbers were compared with those calculated by a lens design software. In addition, the determined f-numbers are proved to be consistent with other values obtained in this study.


In this paper the stochastic metafrontier method is applied to estimate technical efficiency (TE) and metatechnology ratios (MTR), in beef cattle production for three distinct regions in Argentina. A deterministic stochastic metafrontier production function model is estimated that envelops the individual stochastic frontiers of the three regions. Our results show that firms from Pampean region, the most favored in terms of environment conditions, have an average (TE) of 53.7%, meanwhile for others regions the TE is around 58.9-66.97%. The average MTR for Pampean region is 96.8%, in contrast, the others regions have an average MTR of 42%. Our results suggest that, farms in the Pampean region could improve their performance through a better management using the available technologies and resources. In regions II and III the improvement of the productivity is likely to require additional investment in research to adapt and develop new technologies.


There is a great body of research on the role of attitudes, motivation and emotions for the development of bilingualism, providing compelling evidence that these factors are among the most important for predicting success in the ultimate attainment of second and foreign language learners. Attempts have also been made to establish a similar link between these emotive factors and language attrition. Overall, findings from such investigations have been inconclusive and unsatisfactory. It has been hypothesized that this may in part be due to the fact that there was not enough diversity between the subjects investigated, and that clearer findings might be achieved through investigations which contrast different immigrant populations. The present study presents a comparison of two groups of immigrants in Israel.


Abstract A borehole drilled on the top of Rosemary Bank (Rockall Trough, NE Atlantic), recovered 16.72m of basalts and volcaniclastic sediments beneath a 1.53m thick limestone with basalt clasts, biostratigraphically dated as late Maastrichtian. Magnetostratigraphic data, constrained by the biostratigraphy, indicate extrusion of Rosemary Bank basalts took place during magnetochron C31R (71–69 Ma), or possibly earlier. This provides definite proof of pre-Tertiary volcanism in the Rockall Trough, and indicates that the onset of activity in the North Atlantic Igneous Province took place at least 7 Ma earlier than the postulated arrival of the Icelandic plume at 62 Ma. Geochemical and isotopic data suggest there was an enriched component to the magmatic source. Present data cannot resolve whether the Rosemary Bank basalts are an early manifestation of the Icelandic plume, whether they were associated with a different plume, or whether they were derived from enriched upper mantle without a significant thermal anomaly.


abstract:The work and historiography of heritage studies and preservation rely significantly on a growth model. They present disciplinary engagements with their subject of study as a slow progression towards a more effective and sustainable involvement of diverse voices, values, and methodological approaches. In this paper, however, I address the role of failure in this field using the particular example of a heritage civil society in Doha, Qatar. How does the field of heritage studies address negative results and what does this reveal about the scope and aims of an expanding discipline?


Abstract Context CYP24A1 encodes 24-hydroxylase, which converts 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 to inactive metabolites. Loss-of-function variants in CYP24A1 are associated with 24-hydroxylase deficiency (24HD), characterized by hypercalcemia, nephrolithiasis, and nephrocalcinosis. We retrospectively reviewed laboratory, imaging, and clinical characteristics of patients with suspected or confirmed 24HD and patients with other vitamin D−mediated hypercalcemia disorders: sarcoidosis, lymphoma, and exogenous vitamin D toxicity (EVT). Objective To identify features that differentiate 24HD from other vitamin D-mediated hypercalcemia disorders. Methods Patients seen at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) from January 1, 2008, to 31 December, 2016, with the following criteria were retrospectively identified: serum calcium ≥9.6 mg/dL, parathyroid hormone <30 pg/mL, and 1,25(OH)2D3 >40 pg/mL. Patients were considered to have 24HD if they had (1) confirmed CYP24A1 gene variant or (2) 25(OH)D3:24,25(OH)2D ratio ≥50. Patients with sarcoidosis, lymphoma, and EVT were also identified. Groups were compared using the Fisher exact test (categorical variables) or the Wilcoxon rank sum test (continuous variables). Results We identified 9 patients with 24HD and 28 with other vitamin D−mediated disorders. Patients with 24HD were younger at symptom onset (median 14 vs 63 years; P = .001) and had positive family history (88.9% vs 20.8%; P < .001), nephrocalcinosis (88.9% vs 6.3%; P < .001), lower lumbar spine Z-scores (median −0.50 vs 1.20; P = .01), higher peak serum phosphorus (% of peak reference range, median 107 vs 84; P = .01), and higher urinary calcium:creatinine ratios (median 0.24 vs 0.17; P = .047). Conclusion Patients with 24HD had clinical and laboratory findings that differed from other vitamin D−mediated hypercalcemia disorders. 24HD should be suspected in patients with hypercalcemia who present at younger age, have positive family history, and have nephrocalcinosis.


Solar radiation studies have been carried out to work out the feasibility of possible and efficient utilization of Solar Energy at Karachi, Pakistan.From the analysis of the monthly average daily and hourly global solar radiation data, the prospects of solar energy utilization are very bright.Karachi receives about 19.50 MJm-2d-l of solar isolation with an annual total of 7000 MJm-2 .The influx of global solar radiation is very consistent and has a variation of only 22.8% in the last 27 years. Except for the monsoon months, solar radiation incidence is very encouraging, from the application point of view. Correlation equation of the first and second order polynomials have been developed for Karachi, to estimate the monthly average daily diffuse solar radiation, employing relative sunshine hours and clearness index. The diffuse radiation shows a peak value during monsoon months, while average diffuse to global ratio is 0.32 and diffuse to extraterrestrial ratio is 0.19, throughout the year.The results from these correlations are in agreement with the results from Page's equation.Stanhill and Iqbal overestimates, while Liu and Jordan underestimate the diffuse radiation value.Monhly average hourly diffuse radiation have also been studied and analysed. Monthly average of hourly and daily global solar radiation incident on an inclined, south facing surface has been computed from solar radiation data. The Hourly and daily values of solar insulation on inclined surfaces are then compared. The difference between the results obtained is very small. Annual and monthly average of solar radiation are also evaluated from hourly values besides averages for the heating and cooling seasons .Monthly and annual variations of global solar radiation incident on inclined surface for various off south orientation and inclinations have also been computed. From the results, west of south orientation is not recommended at all, for Karachi, as far as solar energy income is concerned.Estimation of monthly average daily global solar radiation on horizontal surface via six different correlations and its comparison with the measured data recommends Angstrom's equation and Frere et al.relation to be the best for use. The regression constants 'a' and 'b' show year to year fluctuations with an average value of a=0.326 and b=0.405,in agreement with the predictions of Modi and Sukhatme.The sum (a+b) however remain fairly constant, through the years. These prediction formulae are then subjected to statistical tests in order to establish the superiority of one correlation over the other. Correlation equations have also been developed for Karachi, to obtain the monthly average daily global, beam and diffuse solar radiation from the fraction of possible bright sunshine hours. The global, beam and diffuse radiation obtained via these correlations are then compared with the measured data with fine agreement. Diffuse and beam radiation can also be estimated even in the absence of global solar radiation.


Abstract. Water temperature in lakes is governed by a complex heat budget, where the estimation of the single fluxes requires the use of several hydro-meteorological variables that are not generally available. In order to address this issue, we developed Air2Water, a simple physically based model to relate the temperature of the lake superficial layer (epilimnion) to air temperature only. The model has the form of an ordinary differential equation that accounts for the overall heat exchanges with the atmosphere and the deeper layer of the lake (hypolimnion) by means of simplified relationships, which contain a few parameters (from four to eight in the different proposed formulations) to be calibrated with the combined use of air and water temperature measurements. The calibration of the parameters in a given case study allows for one to estimate, in a synthetic way, the influence of the main processes controlling the lake thermal dynamics, and to recognize the atmospheric temperature as the main factor driving the evolution of the system. In fact, under certain hypotheses the air temperature variation implicitly contains proper information about the other major processes involved, and hence in our approach is considered as the only input variable of the model. In particular, the model is suitable to be applied over long timescales (from monthly to interannual), and can be easily used to predict the response of a lake to climate change, since projected air temperatures are usually available by large-scale global circulation models. In this paper, the model is applied to Lake Superior (USA–Canada) considering a 27 yr record of measurements, among which 18 yr are used for calibration and the remaining 9 yr for model validation. The calibration of the model is obtained by using the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) methodology, which also allows for a sensitivity analysis of the parameters. The results show remarkable agreement with measurements over the entire data period. The use of air temperature reconstructed by satellite imagery is also discussed.


The year 2005 witnessed two watershed developments in federal jurisdiction: the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Services, Inc. and the enactment of the Class Action Fairness Act (CAFA). Allapattah and CAFA raise the same fundamental question: how should courts interpret a statute whose text would expand federal jurisdiction far beyond what Congress apparently intended? In Allapattah, the Court confronted this question in resolving an aspect of the supplemental jurisdiction statute that had deeply divided both the judiciary and academia. CAFA's expansion of federal jurisdiction over class actions will require courts to struggle with this question once again. In light of these recent events and their common theme, this Article has two goals. First, it argues that CAFA - like its older cousin the supplemental jurisdiction statute - contains a fundamental disconnect between the legislative history and the statutory text. While CAFA's legislative history indicated that Congress meant to expand federal jurisdiction only to certain large class actions with interstate dimensions, the unambiguous text of CAFA authorizes removal of virtually every state court class action to federal court. This conflict threatens to create the same level of judicial and academic disagreement that plagued the supplemental jurisdiction statute over the last decade-and-a-half. Second, this Article examines Justice Anthony Kennedy's majority decision in Allapattah to divine its lessons for interpreting CAFA. Allapattah sent mixed messages, however. The Court's language in Allapattah imparted an unmistakable endorsement of textualism - jurisdictional statutes should be read no more narrowly or broadly than the text provides. But the Court's ultimate conclusion compromised strict fidelity to the text in order to avoid expanding jurisdiction far beyond what Congress apparently intended. The Court chose a compromise interpretation that expanded federal jurisdiction farther than the legislative history anticipated but not as far as the plain meaning of the statutory text would require. Thus, federal courts interpreting CAFA face a dilemma: follow Allapattah's explicit lesson and construe CAFA according to its text, or follow Allapattah's implicit lesson and strike a compromise between the legislative history and the statutory text. For courts following the latter approach, a compromise reading of CAFA may be available. This reading would eliminate certain requirements that had impeded the removal of class actions in the past, but it would not create an independent basis for removing all state court class actions; rather, a basis for removal must exist elsewhere in federal law.


Grounding is traditionally modelled as a pure resistance. This is a good approximation at low frequencies, but as the frequency gets higher, inductance starts to play an important role. To acquire accurate transient response of the system it is desirable to consider this fact. Special computer programs like CDEGS are required to analyze grounding structures, but this is not directly compatible with other programs for analysis of over-voltages and transients. The main objective of this project is to create a database containing frequency response for some common electrode types with different parameter combinations. This frequency response can be further used to create an equivalent time - domain grounding impedance that can be exported to EMTP programs. Three types of ground electrodes were analyzed in this project; earthing rod, counterpoise grounding with four radials, and horizontal ring electrode. A uniform soil model with variable values of resistivity and relative permittivity was used in all simulations. Geometrical dimensions of the electrodes were varied as well. All conductors were modelled as bare copper conductors. Parameters were determined based on the results of simulations in CDEGS and general recommendations for grounding of transmission towers given by Statnett. Unit current at different frequencies was injected into ground electrodes through a 0.1 meter long copper conductor. Ground potential rise of this conductor, which is equal to impedance to earth of the ground electrode, was extracted from HIFREQ in text format. Frequency resolution in the simulations is 10 points per decade between 0 and 0.1 MHz, 40 points between 0.1 and 1 MHz, and 80 points between 1 and 10 MHz. As a result of the project a database containing impedance and admittance as function of frequency for three types of electrodes has been created. Total number of responses stored in the database is 2268. Vector Fitting is used to convert frequency domain responses to time domain state - space models or RLC - networks. Vector fitting is a method to approximate measured or calculated frequency domain responses with a sum of rational functions. A Matlab routine interfit.m was developed to extract response of an electrode with given parameters. For parameters between the points in the database, linear interpolation is used. As a second step the function calls vector fitting that creates a time ? domain model from the frequency response of the defined ground electrode. Order of approximation in vector fitting should be adjusted for each case, starting with a low value and gradually increasing it till a sufficient approximation after passivity enforcement is achieved. Time ? domain simulations in CDEGS and ATPDraw gave similar results when order of approximation in vector fitting was chosen correctly. Negligible deviation was observed between the responses in time range between 0 and 5 µs in some cases. The results indicate that frequency - dependent models created by this method can be used in EMTP programs.


ABSTRACT Long-term variations in salt marsh accretion rates were estimated using data collected on the marshes of the North Norfolk coast, England. Fourteen discrete marsh areas were sampled all lying within a 20 km stretch of coast. The age of each marsh had previously been determined using radiocarbon or archival evidence for the date of vegetation inception on each marsh surface. Marsh ages ranged from 10 years to +2000 years. The elevation of each marsh surface was determined in the field using levelling techniques. The relationship between age and surface elevation was assumed to be a function of the rate of marsh accretion within this area of coast. Statistical tests showed this to be a highly significant relationship while the accretion rates calculated from the age/height curve agree closely with field measurements on these marshes. Accretion rates were found to vary from 1.7 cm/yr on 10-year-old marshes to less than 0.002 cm on marshes older than 500 years. The age/height relationship describes an asymptotic curve with the asymptote lying 0.8 m below the level of the highest spring tides, and appears to be controlled by the frequency of tidal maxima which peaks at 0.8 m below the maximum value and declines sharply above that height.


Characteristics of the natural fire regime are poorly resolved in the Arctic, even though fire may play an important role cycling carbon stored in tundra vegetation and soils to the atmosphere. In the course of studying vegetation and permafrost‐terrain characteristics along a chronosequence of tundra burn sites from AD 1977, 1993, and 2007 on the North Slope of Alaska, we discovered two large, previously unrecognized tundra fires. The Meade River fire burned an estimated 500 km2 and the Ketik River fire burned an estimated 1200 km2. Based on radiocarbon dating of charred twigs, analysis of historic aerial photography, and regional climate proxy data, these fires likely occurred between AD 1880 and 1920. Together, these events double the estimated burn area on the North Slope of Alaska over the last ~100 to 130 years. Assessment of vegetation succession along the century‐scale chronosequence of tundra fire disturbances demonstrates for the first time on the North Slope of Alaska that tundra fires can facilitate the invasion of tundra by shrubs. Degradation of ice‐rich permafrost was also evident at the fire sites and likely aided in the presumed changes of the tundra vegetation postfire. Other previously unrecognized tundra fire events likely exist in Alaska and other Arctic regions and identification of these sites is important for better understanding disturbance regimes and carbon cycling in Arctic tundra.


The role of gender is an important issue in the accounting field, both in practice and in higher education. This study provides a longitudinal analysis of female authorship of articles published in six major accounting journals, three academic journals and three professional journals: The Accounting Review, Contemporary Accounting Research, Journal of Accounting Research, The CPA Journal, the Journal of Accountancy, and Strategic Finance. Articles are classified into 11 different research categories and comparisons of authorship by gender are made across these categories. Results reveal that female academicians are making a significantly greater contribution to accounting research than in the past, both in academic and professional journals, reflecting their increasing representation and acceptance among accounting academics. This study makes a unique contribution by its analysis regarding the factors of gender, research topic area, and practice versus academic journals. The study extends prior gender publication research by examining how female researchers' performance has changed relative to that of males over time.


PATRICK O'BRIAN, the late-twentieth century novelist best known for the twenty works in the Master and Commander series, has frequently been compared to Jane Austen in terms of his writing style. Comments such as "Jane Austen [is] clearly one of his chief literary inspirations.... [His] versatile, extremely effective style and some of his characters echo ... her" (Clausen 22), and "Austen inspired O'Brian's artfully simple writing" (Messenger 28) are just two of literally dozens of references linking the work of the two writers. These statements are now so common that Messenger goes on to say that it is now "almost a cliche to compare O'Brian and Austen" (28). Given O'Brian's reverence for Austen and her work--Norton editor Starling Lawrence notes that Austen was "for [O'Brian] the greatest writer in the language," and O'Brian's stepson Nikolai Tolstoy said, "my stepfather was completely absorbed in Jane Austen's works"--perhaps it is not surprising that O'Brian often subtly referenced Austen in his own novels. Yet despite the fact that his works show the heavy influence of Austen (Simmons, "Did Willoughby" and "'Don't tell me'"), it may be that O'Brian's most interesting referential nod to Austen is that he based his most iconoclastic female character, Diana Villiers, on the individual who was obviously the most enigmatic and "outlandish" member of the Austen family and the woman who was to become Jane Austen's sister-in-law, Eliza de Feuillide. O'Brian's readers first encounter Diana Villiers when we see her astride a horse, boldly jumping a fence during a fox hunt in Post Captain. We learn that she is a young widow whose husband, Charles, was an Army officer killed in India. Diana had in fact lived in India with her father (who was killed in the same military action as her husband), and after the death of her husband and father (her mother having predeceased them all), Diana comes to live with her aunt Mrs. Williams and her daughters at Mapes Court. The beautiful Diana, however, understands that "other women ... regard her as a menace," even though she is penniless, and so she at first attempts to act "meek, cautious, and retiring" (25). Yet Diana never, throughout the course of the twenty-novel Aubreyiad, becomes a predictable or typical woman by the standards of the early nineteenth century. She is at once the most scandalous and interesting character in the series. Even though Stephen Maturin loves her, she flees to India with Richard Canning where they have an illicit relationship, and based on this affair and others, Diana is always considered to be a bit too free living, pleasure seeking, and risque. This behavior brings her in for a great deal of criticism, as other women scorn and judge her. Diana has several lovers before she eventually marries Stephen, and even after their marriage their lives are never marked by regularity At one point Diana goes back to live in France, where she had also lived for a while as a child. While there, one of Diana's hobbies is hot-air ballooning (much to Stephen's mortification), and while away from Stephen she appears to live an impoverished life. Diana and Stephen reconcile, and though Diana has several miscarriages, she eventually gives birth to a child who seems to have a mental affliction or learning disability. It may be at this point that some readers, the ones who typically don't like Diana by the series' end, begin to disdain her. Although up to this stage in her life any of her more iconoclastic actions have been due to a wild and independent spirit, her actions at the time of and following her child's birth can only be seen as cold-hearted and selfish. Diana writes to Stephen that her child "seems rather stupid" (Clarissa Oakes 63), and Jack's wife Sophie writes in her letter to her husband that the baby is "perhaps a little strange" (64). Later, in The Commodore, the reader is told that the child is "an idiot" (43) and "not like ordinary people" (53), and after he has returned from sea, on first seeing his child, Stephen is alarmed at its inability to communicate. …


Background mHealth technology holds promise for improving the effectiveness of frontline health workers (FLWs), who provide most health-related primary care services, especially reproductive, maternal, newborn, child health and nutrition services (RMNCHN), in low-resource – especially hard-to-reach – settings. Data are lacking, however, from rigorous evaluations of mHealth interventions on delivery of health services or on health-related behaviors and outcomes. Methods The Information Communication Technology-Continuum of Care Service (ICT-CCS) tool was designed for use by community-based FLWs to increase the coverage, quality and coordination of services they provide in Bihar, India. It consisted of numerous mobile phone-based job aids aimed to improve key RMNCHN-related behaviors and outcomes. ICT-CCS was implemented in Saharsa district, with cluster randomization at the health sub-center level. In total, evaluation surveys were conducted with approximately 1100 FLWs and 3000 beneficiaries who had delivered an infant in the previous year in the catchment areas of intervention and control health sub-centers, about half before implementation (mid-2012) and half two years afterward (mid-2014). Analyses included bivariate and difference-in-difference analyses across study groups. Results The ICT-CCS intervention was associated with more frequent coordination of AWWs with ASHAs on home visits and greater job confidence among ASHAs. The intervention resulted in an 11 percentage point increase in FLW antenatal home visits during the third trimester (P = 0.04). In the post-implementation period, postnatal home visits during the first week were increased in the intervention (72%) vs the control (60%) group (P < 0.01). The intervention also resulted in 13, 12, and 21 percentage point increases in skin-to-skin care (P < 0.01), breastfeeding immediately after delivery (P < 0.01), and age-appropriate complementary feeding (P < 0.01). FLW supervision and other RMNCHN behaviors were not significantly impacted. Conclusions Important improvements in FLW home visits and RMNCHN behaviors were achieved. The ICT-CCS tool shows promise for facilitating FLW effectiveness in improving RMNCHN behaviors.


We study the adaptation of new technologies by renewable energy-producing firms in a dynamic general equilibrium model where energy is an input in the production of goods. Energy can come from fossil or renewable sources. Both require the use of capital, which is also needed in the production of final goods. Renewable energy firms can invest in improving the productivity of their capital stock. The actual improvement is random and subject to spillovers. Productivity improvements by renewable firms require "scrapping" some of their existing capital. Together with spill-overs, this leads to under-investment in improving the productivity of renewable energy capital. In the presence of environmental externalities, the optimal allocation can be implemented through a Pigouvian tax on fossil fuel, together with a policy which promotes adaptation of new renewable technologies by taxing firms proportional to their under-scrapping. An implication of our analysis is that it is not optimal to make large investments in new technologies where progress is fast and where current capital becomes obsolete before long. We calibrate the model using world-economy data in order to study the implications of various proposed tax/subsidy scenarios for economic growth.


One approach to accommodating time-varying traffic is to construct a virtual network over an optical backbone network by connecting nodes with optical paths. The virtual network is dynamically reconfigured by adding or deleting optical paths so as to suit the current traffic. However, a large number of optical paths have to be added when there are large traffic changes, and this may entail a large overhead. To avoid adding a large number of optical paths, we should construct a virtual network that is adaptive totraffic changes, wherein congestion causedby traffic changes can be mitigated by adding only a small number of optical paths. In this paper, we propose a method to control a virtual network that adapts totraffic changes. We propose a new index, called flow inclusive relation modularity (FIRM), inspired by a model of lifeforms that survive and evolve under significant environmental changes. Through simulation, we clarify that the virtual network with high FIRM can handle traffic changes by adding a small number of optical paths. Moreover, we find that a virtual network embodying FIRM reduces the number of optical paths that have to be added when there are significant traffic changes compared with a virtual network configured only on the basis of the utilization of optical paths.


First, you're another true blue tramp. / Then, someone's mother. / Then, you're camp. -Stephen Sondheim, "I'm Still Here" STEPHEN SONDHEIM'S LYRIC, from the 1972 Broadway musical Follies, does camp both a service and a disservice.1 On the one hand, it refers casually to camp, as if it were universally understood and consumed. On the other hand, it imposes a tight restriction on what camp is and on how it is manufactured, for according to the lyric, in the first place, it is expected that an older actress progresses into this stage; in the second place, in the next line, the aged performer calls it a "career."2 So, camp, as Sondheim's song has it, mainly takes the aged female performer as its object, and it is manufactured by the star/object in question. When Shirley MacLaine, as the Debbie Reynolds-esque Doris Mann, belts out "I'm Still Here" nearly twenty years later in the Mike Nichols film Postcards from the Edge (1990), the term has yet one more necessary, accepted ingredient added to its mix: the queer consumer. Earlier in the film, a middle-aged gay couple accosts MacLaine's Mann; one admits that the other mimics her in his drag show, and an impromptu sampling occurs. Apologizing to her daughter for the interruption, she observes, "The queens love me." A few scenes later, at a house party on Doris's estate, a gay-coded, aging male guest requests that she sing. She tells her (similarly coded) pianist to play the Sondheim number and warbles it with gusto, to the delight of many flamboyant male guests, as ample shots show. Since the film chronicles Doris's relationship with her adult daughter, Suzanne Vale (Meryl Streep), and Doris constantly makes reference to her days as a silver-screen ingenue, we know that the overly made-up, grandiose, extravagant Doris has, indeed, progressed (from "tramp" to "mother") into camp. The run-in with and reference to the "queens" who "love" her, the request by the gay-populated audience for her rendition of "I'm Still Here," and its delight in it, mark Doris as a queer camp icon. So, Sondheim's song helps to limit/define camp as manufactured by an older female star, who makes herself its object and is consumed by a gay male public. Over the last few years, scholars have done the same disservice to camp that both Sondheim's song and Nichols's film have. Admittedly, I have, too, which this essay seeks to resolve. Camp is a phenomenon that we seek to limit, to restrict, to claim as if it were a country where we could plant a flag and impose laws-about who is allowed in, and about when, how, and where camp operates. Camp is only manufactured for gay men. Camp only occurs retrospectively. If camp can occur outside of homosexuality, it must be easily and exclusively defined as belonging to a certain group. Camp is manufactured. Camp isn't manufactured. These are some of the restrictions that critics have placed on camp. One reason for this, I surmise, is reclamation, but the reclamation of camp, it seems, doesn't empower, as other forms of reclamation do; instead, it segregates. For example, in an as-yet unpublished essay, I've argued that in calling myself a "queer scholar," or by referring to some of my female friends as "fag hags," I turn hate speech into pride speech, thereby reclaiming the weaponry once used against me.3 However, when we restrict camp as a domain of the gay male consumer, we exclude other (possible) consumers and segregate ourselves. As Paula Graham assesses, "as the language of camp becomes increasingly incorporated into left academic discursive formations, a disciplinary, controlling effect can develop. Exclusion, estrangement and opposition take many forms" (166). And, since camp can be-and often is-an outlet of empowerment and a call for social change (albeit gently so), its scholar-imposed restrictions should be lifted to reveal that it also exists as a tool of and product for-at the very least-feminists and lesbians. This essay began as a simple investigation into the first run of the BBC series Absolutely Fabulous (1994-95) and camp. …


Since 1994 the author has been designing a template, applicable across the curriculum, for delivering student centred, interactive learning in a self-directed, self-managing team format. The educational basis and management strategies underpinning such an approach were developed with the support of a University of Wollongong Strategic Development Grant, and the model was successfully trialed this year in the Faculty of Law core compulsory subject of Torts, meeting or exceeding objectives in terms of student learning outcomes on both substantive and process criteria. The pilot consisted of seventy six students, all at least in their second year of Law, organised for the semester into seventeen teams ranging in number from three to six individuals. Teamwork was compulsory, and each team member received the same mark for assignments prepared jointly. Assessment related both to substantive (legal) and process (teamwork) tasks. Normal seminar classes were held for two of the four timetabled hours per week, and teams were expected to meet as necessary outside class, not less than one other two hour period weekly. Many of these team meetings were conducted under formal observation, either by teaching staff and/or other student teams, the observation reportS forming part of the final assessment. Readings were prescribed each week for both law and teamwork, and the legal material was organised around a series of weekly modules consisting of ten to fifteen questions, problems, hypotheticals, etc. Various specific team tasks, not all directly assessable, were set. An introductory, one-day workshop was held which included outdoor and indoor exercises and activities related to teamwork. Findings from the pilot will be incorporated into the design of an extended trial over three subjects, planned for 1997, presently the subject of a CAUT grant application for two year funding. Implications for student learning, Faculty resources, and academic staff development will be considered. This journal article is available in Overview University of Wollongong Teaching & Learning Journal: http://ro.uow.edu.au/overview/ vol3/iss1/2


The standard dyadic Green function description of the electromagnetic field generated by an electric point dipole is modified (and corrected) so that a rigorous classical theory for the attached and radiated parts of the near field appears. The present propagator formalism follows from analysis of the transverse and longitudinal dipole electrodynamics. Elimination of both the transverse and the longitudinal self-fields leads to a description of the radiated dipole field that enables one to obtain the associated energy flux in the near- and mid-field zones also and that is correctly retarded (with the vacuum speed of light) everywhere in space. The related retarded transverse propagator exists in the time (space) domain, whereas the standard propagator exists only in the frequency (space) domain. As a forerunner to an analysis of the Weyl expansions for the standard, longitudinal self-field and retarded transverse propagators, the plane-wave mode expansions of these propagators are investigated, and contour integrations are specified in such a manner that the rigorous Green function description is regained. It is found that, in order for the retarded transverse propagator description to be consistent in the near-field zone, the Weyl expansion for this propagator has to contain evanescent components not only for wave numbers larger than the vacuum wave number but in the entire angular spectrum. The present theory may influence our view of optical near-field phenomena and (classical) photon tunneling because in both of these fields a proper identification of attached and radiated fields seems needed.


uniquely represented as a finite sum of distinct basis elements. A Boolean ring R is atomic if every element ^0 of R majorizes an atom of R, i.e., an element ?*0 which majorizes only 0; R is hereditarily atomic if every Boolean ring homomorphic to R is atomic. It is shown that the four conditions: (i) R is hereditarily atomic, (ii) every ring homomorphic to R contains an atom, (iii) every subring of R is atomic, (iv) every subring of R contains an atom, are equivalent. If R has an ordered basis then the following equivalences hold: (i) R is hereditarily atomic, (ii) R has a scattered (zerstreut) basis, (iii) every ordered basis of R is scattered. one; the weakening even of the underlying logic, of contra diction. a a series of logical concepts, for These logical formulations for the most part too vague for appraisal; occasional confusions are unmistakable, level


Nowadays we can see several tall building are constructed to fulfill the increasing demand of residential and commercial space. Because of there are thousands of people live in a multistory building, and along with people, millions of dollars are invested in these buildings in form of fixed as well as movable assets, the safety manager needs to safeguard both their life and property. To ensure the safety of the buildings and their users, the safety system and equipment should parrallel with the standard of requirements and has a good implementation of safety management. Although high-rise buildings are provided with the most sophisticated safety features, assurance of safety to building users is still questionable. Therefore, this study presents the results of the investigation on safety management in highrise buildings. This study has been developed with the aim to review the safety features in high-rise building and to overview the current practice of safety management in Malaysia's high-rise building, and giving recommendation to improve the practice. The methodology for conducting the study involved literature review, data collection and analysis of results using the Average Index Method. The process of data collection involved obtaining primary data from the respondents by conducting questionnaire surveys at the selected buildings case studies and from the author's observation. From the study, it was found that generally, the safety features in the selected buildings case are parrallel with the standard of requirements, and the most critical aspects of safety that should be considered in high-rise building are maintenance and inspection work, followed by the condition in the building to prevent sick building syndrome, safety equipment, the design and structure of the building, security level, life safety campaign, and the fire and evacuation drill.


Tianjin is an integral and important city in China. Tianjin's development influences China's development. In today's society, the coordinated development of Beijing and Tianjin has become a key consideration. It is also a goal we should strive; therefore, the development of Tianjin is one of the focuses of our study. This paper uses SPSS analysis. The data include agricultural output, the number of enterprises, logistics and transport. This paper studies the main factors in Tianjin, and we use the method of principal component analysis. Agriculture and heavy industry are quite developed in Tianjin. The paper also studies the common development of Tianjin. We concluded that we cannot ignore the simultaneous development of agriculture and heavy industry. In addition, we also study the Tianjin's logistics transportation equipment. We have come to the main road and rail transportation equipment. Finally, we do a short-term forecast on the amount of goods, which proves the feasibility of SPSS analysis.


Fruit and vegetable consumption produces changes in several biomarkers in blood. The present study aimed to examine the dose-response curve between fruit and vegetable consumption and carotenoid (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin), folate and vitamin C concentrations. Furthermore, a prediction model of fruit and vegetable intake based on these biomarkers and subject characteristics (i.e. age, sex, BMI and smoking status) was established. Data from twelve diet-controlled intervention studies were obtained to develop a prediction model for fruit and vegetable intake (including and excluding fruit and vegetable juices). The study population in the present individual participant data meta-analysis consisted of 526 men and women. Carotenoid, folate and vitamin C concentrations showed a positive relationship with fruit and vegetable intake. Measures of performance for the prediction model were calculated using cross-validation. For the prediction model of fruit, vegetable and juice intake, the root mean squared error (RMSE) was 258.0 g, the correlation between observed and predicted intake was 0.78 and the mean difference between observed and predicted intake was - 1.7 g (limits of agreement: - 466.3, 462.8 g). For the prediction of fruit and vegetable intake (excluding juices), the RMSE was 201.1 g, the correlation was 0.65 and the mean bias was 2.4 g (limits of agreement: -368.2, 373.0 g). The prediction models which include the biomarkers and subject characteristics may be used to estimate average intake at the group level and to investigate the ranking of individuals with regard to their intake of fruit and vegetables when validating questionnaires that measure intake.


In many industries, such as manufacturing and logistics, semi-formal process models have become a common means to reason and communicate about business processes. However, in a dynamic and flexible environment the suitability of semiformal process models as an instrument of process documentation may be challenged. Hospital processes are typical examples of business processes that are characterized by both the existence of well-defined procedures and the need for operational flexibility. This research investigates the current practice of process documentation in healthcare by means of a case study in a German hospital. We aim at getting an understanding of how flexible processes may be documented to give medical staff effective guidance and how this documentation has to be managed in order to provide value in everyday routine. On the basis of our findings we give suggestions on how to effectively implement process documentations in similar settings.


The purpose of the present study was to test the validity evidence of the Child Sport Cohesion Questionnaire (CSCQ). To accomplish this task, convergent, discriminant, and known-group difference validity were examined, along with factorial validity via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Child athletes (N = 290, Mage  = 10.73 ± 1.13 years) from six elementary schools completed the CSCQ (Martin, Carron, Eys, & Loughead, 2012), a sport satisfaction questionnaire (Duda & Nicholls, 1992), the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory—2 Children (Stadulis, MacCracken, Eidson, & Severance, 2002), and a Self-Efficacy Questionnaire—Soccer (Munroe-Chandler & Hall, 2004). Results indicated that cohesion was positively related to satisfaction and negatively related to anxiety in children, providing support for convergent validity. Additionally, as hypothesized, social cohesion was less correlated to self-efficacy than task cohesion, supporting discriminant validity. Finally, support for the factorial validity of the CSCQ was demonstrated through acceptable fit indices.


The presented project is the first one ever to systematically cover the state of the art in evaluation in Germany, Austria and Switzerland in ten selected policy fields. In addition, it provides an overview of current institutional embeddings of evaluation functions in the political systems on the federal level. Finally, perspectives about the further development and professionalization in the field of evaluation are discussed.


As the most widely circulated cinematic portrait of Abadan under full administration of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), the AIOC film Persian Story offers an exceptional opportunity to examine the ways in which the British company linked the idea of modernity to the image of Western aesthetics of urbanism in the oil city. Damluji argues that the AIOC produced this cinematic spectacle of urbanism in order to control the image of oil modernity in Iran. This article first examines the discursive practices—the verbal exchanges, ideas, decisions, and conditions—that made Persian Story a major cinematic event in Britain and a durable visual record of oil modernity in Iran. It further analyzes the visual composition and narrative of the film in order to understand how AIOC's network of executives and filmmakers selected and managed representations of urban space and society in Abadan. In Persian Story oil modernity is made legible in the spaces of leisure shaped by British town planning. Meanwhile, the film renders invisible the spaces of Abadan's working class, whose demands for fair wages, regular hours, and decent living conditions were routinely neglected by the oil company. As a result, the segregation and inequality that defined the oil city for so many Iranian workers are absent from Persian Story. Yet, even after the nationalization movement in 1951 forced British employees to evacuate the oil city, the film was applauded in London theaters and classrooms as "the clearest impression" the world had of Abadan.


As our society gains a better understanding of how humans have negatively impacted the environment, research related to reducing carbon emissions and overall energy consumption has become increasingly important. One of the simplest ways to reduce energy usage is by making current buildings less wasteful. By improving energy efficiency, this method of lowering our carbon footprint is particularly worthwhile because it reduces energy costs of operating the building, unlike many environmental initiatives that require large monetary investments. In order to improve the efficiency of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system of a Manhattan skyscraper, 345 Park Avenue, a predictive computer model was designed to forecast the amount of energy the building will consume. This model uses Support Vector Machine Regression (SVMR), a method that builds a regression based purely on historical data of the building, requiring no knowledge of its size, heating and cooling methods, or any other physical properties. SVMR employs time-delay coordinates as a representation of the past to create the feature vectors for SVM training. This pure dependence on historical data makes the model very easily applicable to different types of buildings with few model adjustments. The SVM regression model was built to predict a week of future energy usage based on past energy, temperature, and dew point temperature data.


Policy makers and marine managers request reliable and meaningful biological baseline maps to be able to make well-deliberated choices concerning sustainable use and conservation in the marine environment. When such maps are lacking one is often obliged to base value assessments on the best available expert judgment. Biological valuation maps compile and summarize all available biological and ecological information for a marine area and allocate an integrated biological value to subzones. Derous et al. (in press) developed a valuation concept around a selected set of valuation criteria (rarity, fitness consequences, aggregation, naturalness and proportional importance). The concept allows the assessment of the intrinsic value of the subzones within an area, on a relative basis. In order to develop a marine biological valuation map for the Belgian part of the North Sea (BPNS), a protocol for the practical application of this valuation concept was developed. After dividing the area into subzones and collecting the available biological data, the protocol allows the scoring of the valuation criteria by answering specific assessment questions. These questions are relevant for the different criteria and incorporate all organizational levels of biodiversity (from the genetic to the ecosystem level). Applying this protocol to the data of the BPNS allowed producing a full-coverage biological valuation map for the area, which integrates knowledge on seabirds, macrobenthos, demersal fish and epibenthos. Separate valuation maps for each ecosystem component are also available, next to reliability maps for each valuation map. These maps can be used as baseline maps for future spatial planning in the BPNS.


Last week there were a number of news reports about the harmful effects of social media on the mental health of teens and young people. Responding to this, we are publishing two posts this week that address the topic. First, this post by Rose Bray details the findings of the NSPCC and O2's Net Aware research. Investigating the nature of, and the amount of inappropriate content that young people encounter online, Net Aware researched young people and parents to learn their views about apps' safety features and risks. With children and parents expressing a desire for industry to improve children's safety online, Rose outlines a set of standards to implement in order to achieve this. Rose Bray is a Project Manager in the NSPCC's Child Safety Online Team. Most recently, she has been project managing Net Aware, the NSPCC and O2's guide for parents to the most popular apps, sites and games that young people use.


The problem of multiclass-to-binary reductions in the context of classification with kernel machines continues to attract considerable attention. Indeed, the current understanding of this problem is rather limited. Despite the multitude of proposed solutions no single method is known to be consistently superior to others. We developed a new multi-class classification method that reduces the multi-class problem to a single binary classifier (SBC). Our method constructs the binary problem by embedding smaller binary problems into a single space. We show that the construction of a good embedding, which allows for large margin classification, can be reduced to the task of learning linear combinations of kernels. We observe that a known margin generalization error-bound for standard binary classification applies to our construction. Our empirical examination of the new method indicates that it can outperform one-vs-all, all-pairs and the error-correcting output coding scheme.


A set in $\mathbb R^d$ is called almost-equidistant if for any three distinct points in the set, some two are at unit distance apart. First, we give a short proof of the result of Bezdek and Lángi claiming that an almost-equidistant set lying on a $(d-1)$-dimensional sphere of radius $r$, where $r<1/\sqrt{2}$, has at most $2d+2$ points. Second, we prove that an almost-equidistant set $V$ in $\mathbb R^d$ has $O(d)$ points in two cases: if the diameter of $V$ is at most $1$ or if $V$ is a subset of a $d$-dimensional ball of radius at most $1/\sqrt{2}+cd^{-2/3}$, where $c<1/2$. Also, we present a new proof of the result of Kupavskii, Mustafa and Swanepoel that an almost-equidistant set in $\mathbb R^d$ has $O(d^{4/3})$ elements.


AIM
Renovascular disease may cause arterial hypertension and decreases renal function, which both impair endothelial function. Endothelial function, a surrogate marker for cardiovascular risk, can be assessed non-invasively by ultrasound. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of percutaneous transluminal renal artery angioplasty (PTRA) with stenting on endothelial function and arterial blood pressure in patients with renal artery stenosis (RAS).

METHODS
Flow mediated dilatation of the brachial artery, flow velocities and shear stress were measured with high resolution ultrasound in 24 hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis prior and one day after revascularization by PTRA with stenting. Endothelial-independent brachial dilatation was measured after application of nitroglycerin.

RESULTS
Endothelial-dependent dilatation improved from 2.4±0.9% to 6.1±1.4% (P=0.03), whereas endothelial-independent dilatation did not change after PTRA. Endothelial-dependent reactive hyperemic blood flow increased from 195±40 mL/min to 536±94 mL/min (P=0.0008), whereas endothelial-independent hyperemia did not increase after revascularization. After PTRA, shear stress at rest decreased from 37±11 to 23±3 dyne/cm² (P<0.0001), and reactive hyperemic shear stress increased from 89±29 to 107±12 dyne/cm² (P=0.014). The impact of PTRA on arterial blood pressure resulted in a mean decrease of 21±5 mmHg in systolic pressure (P<0.0001), of 9±2 mmHg in diastolic pressure (P=0.03), and of 14±5 mmHg in peripheral pulse pressure (P=0.0003), respectively.

CONCLUSION
Endovascular treatment of renovascular disease improves endothelial function and decreases in resting shear stress.


Most of the recently revised safety standards worldwide are set in terms of internal rates of electromagnetic energy deposition (specific absorption rates or SAR) at radio frequencies (RF) and microwave frequencies, and of induced electric fields or current densities at lower frequencies up to 10 MHz. Numerical methods have been developed that use millimeter resolution anatomically based models of the human body to determine SAR or the induced electric fields and current densities for real-life EM exposure conditions. A popular method for use at RF and microwave frequencies is the finite-difference time-domain method. This method is described and illustrated for SAR distributions due to cellular telephones for head models based on human anatomy. A method often used for calculations of induced electric fields and current densities at low frequencies is the impedance method. Use of this method is illustrated by an example of an electronic article surveillance (EAS) system for anatomic models of an adult and 10- and 5-year-old children. Experimental phantoms using a fluid to simulate the dielectric properties of the brain may be used for determination of peak 1- or 10-g SAR needed for compliance with the various safety standards.


Objective: Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) have a much higher risk of HIV infection than young men of the same age. One hypothesis for this disparity is AGYW are more likely to be in sexual partnerships with older men with HIV; however, evidence has been inconclusive. Design: We used longitudinal data from a randomized trial in South Africa (HPTN 068) to determined whether partner age difference is associated with incident HIV infection in AGYW. Methods: Age difference was examined continuously and dichotomously (≥5 years). We examined inverse probability of exposure weighted survival curves and calculated time-specific risk differences and risk ratios over 5.5 years of follow-up. We also used a marginal structural Cox model to estimate hazard ratios over the entire study period. Results: Risk of HIV was higher in AGYW with an age-disparate partnership versus not and the risk difference was largest at later time points. At 5.5 years, AGYW with an age-disparate partnership had a 12.6% (95% confidence interval 1.9–23.3) higher risk than AGYW with no age-disparate partnerships. The weighted hazard ratio was 1.91 (95% confidence interval 1.33–2.74), an association that remained after weighting for either transactional or condomless sex, and after examining continuous age-differences. Conclusion: Age-disparate partnerships increased risk of HIV infection, even after accounting for transactional sex and condomless sex. The relationship between age-disparate partnerships and HIV infection may be explained by increased exposure to infection from men in a higher HIV prevalence pool rather than differences in sexual behaviour within these partnerships.


II t is the implementation of laws and the actual provision of services and products that constitutes governance. The programmes of government should thus contribute towards an enhanced quality of life for all. This implies that the outcomes of public administration are aimed at service delivery and the improvement of the general welfare of the people. The Batho Pele White Paper states that the South African Public Service will be judged by one criterion: its effectiveness in delivering services that meet the basic needs of all South African citizens, and the aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of the principles of the Batho Pele White Paper, as a definitive government regulation on service delivery, by the South African public service; specifically by Statistics SA.


Organisms face numerous environmental stressors, which can affect developmental precision, including symmetry of various physical characteristics. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) has therefore been suggested as a simple and efficient tool for assessing sub-lethal stress levels. We analyzed FA in two sympatric lizard species (Iberolacerta horvathi and Podarcis muralis) to determine potential effects of interspecific competition and urbanization, as proxies of stress, taking into account sexual dimorphism and environmental conditions. We sampled 16 syntopic and allotopic populations and used geometric morphometrics of head morphology. We detected significant but mixed effects on the head asymmetry from the environment and the syntopic occurrence that differed between species. P. muralis lizards had more asymmetric heads at higher altitudes, while I. horvathi lizards did at mid altitudes, which may be explained by P. muralis experiencing environmental stress of colder conditions at higher altitudes. The mid-altitude effect on asymmetries in I. horvathi might be explained by a lower availability of stony walls and higher abundance of P. muralis, thus higher competition. The asymmetry of supraciliary granules was affected by the presence of other species. However, lizards from allotopic populations attained larger asymmetries compared to lizards from syntopic populations, which was the opposite from what was expected. There was no effect of urbanization in P. muralis, which could be due to relatively low pollution and habitat degradation in study locations. Overall, we highlighted the possibility of using lizards and FA for bioindication of environmental stressors and especially improved the knowledge gap in the research of biotic stressors.


Objective There are few reports on how students self-assess their performance on a family medicine clerkship. We studied what students perceived as their strengths and areas of needed improvement at the mid-point in our family medicine clerkship. Methods We introduced a form for family medicine clerkship students to self-assess their strengths and areas of needed improvements using the clerkship objectives as a standard. We calculated the frequency in which each clerkship objective was reported as a strength or an area of needed improvement. For students' open-ended comments, two reviewers independently organized students' comments into themes, then negotiated any initial differences into a set of themes that incorporated both the reviewers' findings. We performed χ2 tests to determine any significant differences in the frequency of responses between male and female students. Results During the study period (July 2012 to June 2014), 372 students submitted completed self-assessment forms. The most frequently reported strengths were professional objectives (48.9%) and interpersonal communication objectives (43.0%) The most frequently reported areas of needed improvement were the ability to explain key characteristics of commonly used medications (29.3%) and the ability to develop a management plan (28.5%). There were no significant differences in the frequency of responses between male and female students. Conclusion We now have a better understanding of students' perceived strengths and areas of needed improvement in our family medicine clerkship. We have shared this information with our community faculty preceptors so that they will be better prepared to work with our students. Family medicine clerkship preceptors at other institutions may also find these results useful.


This article explores the connection between migration and writing in the works of Anglophone Caribbean women. Rather than focusing on the individual writer as migrant, they offer an alternative relationship in scenes that represent how writing itself migrates from one surface to another. By depicting writing on surfaces other than a blank page, they encourage us to question the primacy of this location for narrative production, and at the same time, they return us to examining how writing is practiced in order to understand it as a craft and the identity of the writer as practitioner of that craft.


BACKGROUND
South Africa has dedicated itself to participate in peace support operations (PSOs). The concept of 'jointness', involving different arms of services, was adopted within the South African National Defence Force, thus involving nurses in PSOs.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Combat-readiness being a prerequisite for those involved in PSOs raised questions as to the readiness of forces to participate in these missions. There is a need for specific nursing care during PSOs, but the role and functions of nurses during such operations were not clearly defined; thus their preparation for these missions had very little scientific grounding.

OBJECTIVES
These were to explore the pre-deployment preparation needs of military professional nurses during PSOs, and to describe the experience of these nurses whilst being deployed.

METHOD
A quantitative exploratory, descriptive and contextual approach was used. Questionnaires were distributed to 99 professional nurses who had deployment experience, and 72 participated (73% response rate). Relevant peace mission concepts are the environment, jointness, behaviour and mission readiness, which served as the conceptual bases for the study.

RESULTS
Findings indicated that the nurses were not fully informed of their responsibilities during deployment or the circumstances under which they would have to work and live. Their preparation is not fully integrated with that of the other armed forces, and deficiencies in their training and development were identified which negatively impact on their mission readiness.

CONCLUSION
Recommendations were made in terms of human resource requirements, psychological training, better integration of jointness training, and content of training and development to ensure mission readiness of nurses.


In this paper, we address the problem of convergence to Nash equilibria in games with rewards that are initially unknown and which must be estimated over time from noisy observations. These games arise in many real-world applications, whenever rewards for actions cannot be prespecified and must be learned on-line. Standard results in game theory, however, do not consider such settings. Specifically, using results from stochastic approximation and differential inclusions, we prove the convergence of variants of fictitious play and adaptive play to Nash equilibria in potential games and weakly acyclic games, respectively. These variants all use a multi-agent version of Q-learning to estimate the reward functions and a novel form of the e-greedy decision rule to select an action. Furthermore, we derive e-greedy decision rules that exploit the sparse interaction structure encoded in two compact graphical representations of games, known as graphical and hypergraphical normal form, to improve the convergence rate of the learning algorithms. The structure captured in these representations naturally occurs in many distributed optimisation and control applications. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithms in a simulated ad hoc wireless sensor network management problem.


A series of high quality NaFe$_{1-x}$Cu$_x$As single crystals has been grown by a self-flux technique, which were systematically characterized via structural, transport, thermodynamic, and high pressure measurements. Both the structural and magnetic transitions are suppressed by Cu doping, and bulk superconductivity is induced by Cu doping. Superconducting transition temperature ($T_c$) is initially enhanced from 9.6 to 11.5 K by Cu doping, and then suppressed with further doping. A phase diagram similar to NaFe$_{1-x}$Co$_x$As is obtained except that insulating instead of metallic behavior is observed in extremely overdoped samples. $T_c$'s of underdoped, optimally doped, and overdoped samples are all notably enhanced by applying pressure. Although a universal maximum transition temperature ($T_c^{max}$) of about 31 K under external pressure is observed in underdoped and optimally doped NaFe$_{1-x}$Co$_x$As, $T_c^{max}$ of NaFe$_{1-x}$Cu$_x$As is monotonously suppressed by Cu doping, suggesting that impurity potential of Cu is stronger than Co in NaFeAs. The comparison between Cu and Co doping effect in NaFeAs indicates that Cu serves as an effective electron dopant with strong impurity potential, but part of the doped electrons are localized and do not fill the energy bands as predicted by the rigid-band model.


N-type Metal Wrap Through (n-MWT) is presented as an industrially promising back-contact technology to reach high performance of silicon solar cells and modules. It can combine benefits from both n-type base and MWT metallization. In this paper, the integration of the MWT technique with a commercial industrial bifacial n-type Si Solar cell (239 cm2) process is described. After the integration, 0.35% absolute efficiency gain was achieved, and Voc gain and Isc gain up to 0.42% and 2.45%, respectively, were obtained, mainly attributed to reduced shadow loss and surface recombination. Based on calculations, the anticipation of further improvements for n-MWT solar cells, by taking better advantage of this integration, is also presented.


We propose a variational inference approach to deep probabilistic video compression. Our model uses advances in variational autoencoders (VAEs) for sequential data and combines it with recent work on neural image compression. The approach jointly learns to transform the original video into a lower-dimensional representation as well as to entropy code this representation according to a temporally-conditioned probabilistic model. We split the latent space into local (per frame) and global (per segment) variables, and show that training the VAE to utilize both representations leads to an improved rate-distortion performance. Evaluation on small videos from public data sets with varying complexity and diversity show that our model yields competitive results when trained on generic video content. Extreme compression performance is achieved for videos with specialized content if the model is trained on similar videos.


Improving the nation's high schools—particularly those that are low-per-forming—involves challenges that are far easier to catalog than to surmount. In this article, the authors identify a handful of promising approaches that can help to achieve the goal that all students will graduate from high school well-prepared for further learning, successful careers, and engaged citizenship. The authors explain the theories that drive these high school improvement models, review evidence of their effectiveness to date, and suggest what it will take to make them work well. The authors stress that no single school improvement model or approach, no matter how powerful, can ensure the success of all students or schools. The reasons for poor performance are complex and determined by multiple intersecting personal, community, and organizational factors. These inequities have very real consequences for schooling and makes the job of improvement that much more challenging. The article concludes with a set of recommendations for policymakers, researchers, and sponsors of research to enhance the evidence base and increase our knowledge of how high schools and high school success outcomes can improve over time.


A detailed 11-day growth analysis was performed under greenhouse conditions on two aquatic, carnivo- rous plants in order to determine growth effects caused by supplemental feeding on zooplankton. The two species surveyed were the rare, stenotypic Aldrovanda vesiculosa and the more common, eurytopic Utricularia australis. While a highly signifi cant increase in shoot biomass (by 60 %) was found for Aldrovanda plants supplemented with prey, no signifi cant effect of prey addition occurred in Utricularia. However, main shoots of fed plants of both spe- cies were signifi cantly longer, had more mature leaf nodes, and their mean apical growth rate was higher than in unfed plants. Branching was markedly supported by prey in Aldrovanda only. Feeding signifi cantly increased the structural investment in carnivory in Utricularia but had no effect on Aldrovanda, although signifi cantly increas- ing maximum trap length in both species. Measurements of total nutrient concentrations in fed Aldrovanda plants revealed much more total N, P, K, and Mg at the end of the experiment, compared with unfed plants. In Utricularia, however, fed plants contained only more N than unfed plants but the opposite was true for the total amount of P, K and Mg. In Aldrovanda, a large proportion of N, P, K, and Mg consumption could be covered from prey. The differ- ent growth effect of prey addition in the two species could be explained by the operation of a complex food web in Utricularia traps, which possibly substitute for prey capture in barren waters.


Hugo Whittier-failed poet and former kept man-is a wily misanthrope with a taste for whiskey, women, and his own cooking. Afflicted with a rare disease that will be fatal unless he quits smoking, Hugo retreats to his once aristocratic family's dilapidated mansion, determined to smoke himself to death without forfeiting any of his pleasures. To his chagrin, the world that he has forsaken is not quite finished with him. First, his sanctimonious older brother moves in, closely followed by his estranged wife, their alleged daughter, and his gay uncle. Infuriated at the violation of his sanctum, Hugo devises hilariously perverse ploys to send the intruders packing. Yet the unexpected consequences of his schemes keep forcing him to reconsider, however fleetingly, the more wholesome ingredients of love, and life itself.


Abstract : This study was focused on obtaining accurate experimental data for the validation of the geometrically exact beam theory from a series of experiments in which high quality surface shape and deflection data was collected. Many previous experiments have experienced issues with data collection or test articles which the researchers were unable to overcome. The test program was performed in two stages: qualification and joined-wing. The qualification stage validated the experimental procedures on simple 72 in long aluminum beams with 8 in x 0.5 in cross-sections. The joined-wing stage was the primary experiment focused on obtaining quality data for use in validation and each joined-wing had an overall length of 57 in. The fore wing was designed with a chord of 8 in and a thickness of 0.5 in; the aft wing was designed with a chord of 6 in and a thickness of 0.5 in. These dimensions were chosen so the joined-wing produced a non-linear bend-twist couple before permanent deformation. The bend-twist couple in a solid cross-section aluminum joined-wing was successfully captured with surface shape, deflection points, and strain data.


Chemical analysis showed that Colchicum candidum contained many biologically active components. Nine alkaloids (3-demethylcolchicine, 2-demethylcolchicine, colchifoline, N-deacetyl-N-formylcolchicine, colchicine, cornigerine, 2-demethyldemecolcine, 3-demethyldemecolcine and demecolcine) were isolated from seven Colchicum species. Twenty phenolic compounds were also identified in extracts from five Colchicum species. The previous pharmacological studies showed that Colchicum candidum possessed antioxidant, antibacterial and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects, while, colchicine possessed antitumoral and antiinflammatory properties and has still kept its importance in the treatment of gout and many other diseases, such as familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), Behçet's syndrome, chirosis, psoriasis and many other dermatological diseases. This review was designed to highlight the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Colchicum candidum.


X-ray structures provide insight into how an ion channel involved in activation of neurons is gated. Synaptic transmission between nerve cells is critical to processes such as learning and memory. At glutamatergic synapses, fast transmission occurs when glutamate is released from the presynaptic neuron and binds to ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), thus stimulating the transient opening of the iGluR channel and activating the postsynaptic neuron. Chen et al. and Yelshanskaya et al. report crystal structures in a range of conformations that together provide insight into how glutamate binding causes the channel to open and how other molecules that bind to the receptor modulate this. The information could aid in the design of drugs to treat cognitive impairment or seizure disorders. L. Chen, K. L. Dürr, E. Gouaux, X-ray structures of AMPA receptor–cone snail toxin complexes illuminate activation mechanism. Science 345, 1021–1026 (2014). [Abstract] [Full Text] M. V. Yelshanskaya, M. Li, A. I. Sobolevsky, Structure of an agonist-bound ionotropic glutamate receptor. Science 345, 1070–1074 (2014). [Abstract] [Full Text]


We compute the next-to-next-to-leading-order QCD corrections to the gluon-fusion production of a Higgs boson in models with massive color-octet scalars in the (8,1){sub 0} representation using an effective-theory approach. We derive a compact analytic expression for the relevant Wilson coefficient, and explain an interesting technical aspect of the calculation that requires inclusion of the quartic-scalar interactions at next-to-next-to-leading order. We perform a renormalization-group analysis of the scalar couplings to derive the allowed regions of parameter space, and present phenomenological results for both the Tevatron and the LHC. The modifications of the Higgs production cross section are large at both colliders, and can increase the standard model rate by more than a factor of 2 in allowed regions of parameter space. We estimate that stringent constraints on the color-octet scalar parameters can be obtained using the Tevatron exclusion limit on Higgs production.


An asymmetric synthesis of the quinone epoxide dimer (+)-torreyanic acid (48) has been accomplished employing [4 + 2] dimerization of diastereomeric 2H-pyran monomers. Synthesis of the related monomeric natural product (+)-ambuic acid (2) has also been achieved which establishes the biosynthetic relationship between these two natural products. A tartrate-mediated nucleophilic epoxidation involving hydroxyl group direction facilitated the asymmetric synthesis of a key chiral quinone monoepoxide intermediate. Thermolysis experiments have also been conducted on a model dimer based on the torreyanic acid core structure and facile retro Diels-Alder reaction processes and equilibration of diastereomeric 2H-pyrans have been observed. Theoretical calculations of Diels-Alder transition states have been performed to evaluate alternative transition states for Diels-Alder dimerization of 2H-pyran quinone epoxide monomers and provide insight into the stereocontrol elements for these reactions.


It used to be that two laptops, sitting side by side, couldn't communicate with each other; they may as well have been a thousand miles apart. But that was then, before the advent of Zero Configuration Networking technology. This amazing cross-platform open source technology automatically connects electronic devices on a network, allowing them to interoperate seamlessly-without any user configuration. So now you don't have to lift a finger! Needless to say, it has completely changed the way people connect to devices and programs for printing, file sharing, and other activities. Zero Configuration Networking: The Definitive Guide walks you through this groundbreaking network technology, with a complete description of the protocols and ways to implement network-aware applications and devices. Written by two Zero Configuration Networking experts, including one of Apple's own computer scientists, the book covers more than just file sharing and printing. Zero Configuration Networking also enables activities such as music and photo sharing and automatic buddy discovery on Instant Messaging applications. In fact, Zero Configuration Networking can be used for virtually any device that can be controlled by a computer. And this handy guide has the inside scoop on all of its capabilities-and how you can easily apply them in your own environment. For the technically advanced, Zero Configuration Networking: The Definitive Guide examines the three core technologies that make up Zero Configuration Networking: Link-Local Addressing, Multicast DNS, and DNS Service Discovery. It also reviews a series of APIs, including C-API, Java API, CFNetServices, and Cocoa's NSNetServices. Whether you want to understand how iTunes works, or you want to network a series of laptops and other devices at your office for maximum efficiency, you'll find all the answers in this authoritative guide.


Khorak-e-Mahicheh (muscle beef/lamb stew) is one of the favorite Iranian dishes
which requires long time and carefully controlled cooking. Development of the
product with improved storage stability and ease of preparation would enhance its
acceptance for consumption. Sous vide system which is the minimal thermal process
and subsequent chilled storage of vacuum packaged foods (raw or par-cooked),
appears as an interesting alternative to produce ready to eat dish and is considered to
offer enhanced product quality and extended shelf life. Preparation, storage studies
and quality attributes of sous vide Khorak-e-Mahicheh was the aim of this study. The
experimental design was established on factorial structure (3×7). The factors were
storage time and method of processing. Significant level was 5% (p<0.05). In
traditional recipe, beef muscle slices were fried with chopped onion and garlic for
few minutes and cooked over moderate heat. In par-cooking and raw-cooking
process, muscle slices were fried with chopped onion and garlic (in par-cooking process, muscle slices were cooked in a domestic pressure cooker (103 kPa) for 15
minutes, before frying), vacuum packaged and then, cooked in a water bath at 95 °C,
for sufficient cooking time. Samples were cooled down immediately after cooking to
4°C. Heat penetration and cooling phase data were monitored by inserting the
thermocouples into geometric center of the vacuumed samples. Adequate numbers of
samples were stored at 4°C for subsequent studies. Raw-cooked sous vide and parcooked
sous vide were stable from any microbiological spoilage during 6 weeks of
storage. In traditional cooking after fifth week, number of mesophiles increased (2-3
log colony-forming unit/grams). In all cooking methods, Bacillus cereus and
psychrotrophs were not detected during storage time. Sufficient cooking times
(sensory-based) which were found via shear force values were markedly higher than
calculated cooking time (based on 6 and 13 log reduction of Clostridium botulinum
and Streptococcus faecium, respectively). Cooking methods had significant (p<0.05)
effect moisture content, water holding capacity, cooking weight loss, instrumental
color and rancidity, but there was no significant effect on pH and water activity of
Khorak-e-Mahicheh. The results of sensory evaluation showed that cooking methods
and storage time had no significant effect on aroma, color, tenderness, juiciness and
overall acceptance. Texture Profile Analysis illustrated that cooking methods and
storage time affected the texture quality attributes (hardness, springiness, chewiness,
adhesiveness, gumminess and cohesiveness) significantly (p<0.05). Storage time had
significant effect on rancidity, water holding capacity, moisture content and lightness
of the product. It was concluded that sous vide process could be a fresh-like and
convenient alternative to traditionally cooked Khorak-e-Mahicheh since it offered
higher quality, reliable safety and extended durability.


We have investigated the fate of the presequence of an overexpressed protein derived from the precursor of the F(1)beta subunit of ATP synthase after import and processing in mitochondria. Our studies revealed a rapid degradation of the presequence inside mitochondria catalysed by matrix-located protease(s). In contrast, the mature portion of the precursor was not degraded. This is the first experimental evidence of the rapid degradation of a mitochondrial presequence in organello after in vitro import and processing.


The study investigated the use of social media as a learning tool among university students with gender and school ownership as moderator variables. The study involved 259 university students selected from three universities consisting of federal, state and private universities in Osun State, Nigeria. The instrument used for data collection is a self-developed instrument titled 'University Students' Use of Social Media'. Three research questions were answered in the study. Data were analysed using frequency count, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test and Analysis of Variance. The study revealed that university students use social media effectively for both academic and non-academic purposes with no significance difference in the use on the platform of gender and school ownership. The study therefore recommends the incorporation of the use of social media in instructional delivery in the teaching-learning process.


This paper presents a framework for collaborative localization and mapping with multiple Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) in unknown environments. Each MAV estimates its motion individually using an onboard, monocular visual odometry algorithm. The system of MAVs acts as a distributed preprocessor that streams only features of selected keyframes and relative-pose estimates to a centralized ground station. The ground station creates an individual map for each MAV and merges them together whenever it detects overlaps. This allows the MAVs to express their position in a common, global coordinate frame. The key to real-time performance is the design of data-structures and processes that allow multiple threads to concurrently read and modify the same map. The presented framework is tested in both indoor and outdoor environments with up to three MAVs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on real-time collaborative monocular SLAM, which has also been applied to MAVs.


Division of inheritance both according to civil law, custom law, and Islamic law compilation is considered more on people who have law relation or lineage with the heir. It is appropriate with that regulated in Section 862873 Civil Code stating that inheritance in the case of unwedchild.
In custom law, inheritance matters in each area have different views. It means that unwedchild inheritance depends on the area where she/he was born. While according to Islamic Law Compilation, this unwedchild inheritance matter is arranged in Section 186. Yet, the problem is
about the admission of unwedchild and also about inheritance provision on unwedchild, because there is difference on the applied principles among civil law, custom law, and Islamic law compilation.
Based on the background above, researcher can formulate the research problems: How the Islamic Law judgment about unwedchild admission by parents is, and how the hereditary law
rules for unwedchild if it is reviewed from civil law, custom law, and Islamic Law Compilation are.
This research has purposed (1) to know the admission to unwedchild by both parents in Islamic law. (2) To know the hereditary law rules for unwedchild if it is reviewed from civil law, custom law, and Islamic Law Compilation.
To answer the problem above and later it answerable scientifically, hence the researcher uses library research that uses the relevant literatures to analyze data. It also uses three data sources: first, primary data that represent data sources adopted from the binding law sources, such as
Holy Koran and Hadist for Islamic law and the valid regulation in public both as common law and as national law in associated with civil law (BW). Second, secondary data sources that represents data sources adopted from the results of study through many literatures, magazines,
journals, newspapers, and thesis. Third, tertiary data sources that represents the explanation for data sources taken from primary and secondary materials such as encyclopedia and dictionary.
From data analysis result, it can be drawn a conclusion that Unwedchild in Islamic Law is referred to Mula'anah that has the same position with lovechild. It means that he/she has lineage relation and mutually inherits only with mother and just from maternal portion. While for inheritance share, unwedchild has the same portion with legal child through mother lineage and not from father. Clause that arranged about children portion is only by differentiating child's sex as explained in AnNisa': 11.
Relation between unwedchild with his/her parents and inherits share according to civil law is only has biological relation only, except that both parents admit the child, thus the child and parents can mutually inherit. In custom law and in inheritance share, there is opinion dissimilarity about this unwedchild relation accord with the custom ruled in the society. While in Islamic Law Compilation, unwedchild is only has law relation and mutually inherits with mother and has portion only from mother lineage.
Finally, there is some suggestion, which can be used as consideration materials. For admission and inheritance rule matters for unwed child should be done appropriate with the valid law and custom, in order to prevent the raise of conflict occurred in the case of admission and inheritance
share for unwedchild.


On July 10, 2008, Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF) was confirmed in a Dutch patient who had vacationed recently in Uganda. Exposure most likely occurred in the Python Cave (Maramagambo Forest), which harbors bat species that elsewhere in Africa have been found positive for Marburg virus (MARV). A multidisciplinary response team was convened to perform a structured risk assessment, perform risk classification of contacts, issue guidelines for follow-up, provide information, and monitor the crisis response. In total, 130 contacts were identified (66 classified as high risk and 64 as low risk) and monitored for 21 days after their last possible exposure. The case raised questions specific to international travel, postexposure prophylaxis for MARV, and laboratory testing of contacts with fever. We present lessons learned and results of the follow-up serosurvey of contacts and focus on factors that prevented overreaction during an event with a high public health impact.