Medicinal plants and natural products have been demonstrated to possess diversified health benefits for thousands of years by traditional uses and modern scientific research. An increased global demand has been observed over years. In 2014, we published the first special issue of Chemistry of Medicinal Plants, Foods, and Natural Products, aiming to address safety, identity, and efficacy of the natural entities. As a continuing program, we edited a special issue for 2015. The challenge for raw materials and finished products of botanicals attracts public and scientific communities. The safety and efficacy of these medicinal natural products are closely associated with their identity, authenticity, and quality, which in turn relate to many factors, such as geographical conditions (soil, sunlight, precipitation, and air) and postgrowth factors (harvesting, storage, transportation, manufacturing processes, etc.). In this special issue, we have invited original research articles addressing the novel analytical method development and validation, methodology and instrumentation improvement, chemical characterization, and biological activities of plant materials, extracts, and pure phytochemicals.

Sesquiterpene lactones represent a large group of natural compounds with diversified biological activities. B. Ivanescu et al. presented an overview of methodology on chemical extraction, identification, and quantification, as well as a literature review of biological activities of sesquiterpene lactones found in Artemisia genus. Z. Nagy et al. investigated variation of polyphenols, capsaicinoids, and vitamin C in six hybrids of chili peppers with HPLC during ripening period. By means of different detectors, 7 major capsaicinoids, many polyphenols, and vitamin C were identified and quantified. Based on these results, authors observed that the amounts of vitamin C increased and most of polyphenols kept the same level in all hybrids, while major capsaicinoids variation depended on different hybrid peppers during ripening. J. K. Kim et al. addressed the comparison of the nutritional and chemical properties and sensory attributes of Seomae mugwort and the commonly consumed species Artemisia princeps Pamp. and concluded that Seomae mugwort had higher contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids, total phenolic compounds, vitamin C, and essential amino acids and a better radical scavenging activity and more diverse volatile compounds than A. princeps.

Q. Wu and X. Gong used LabVIEW, a G language-based virtual instrument software, to establish a system for determination of sugar contents in honey. They stated that the new system may improve the accuracy of the measurement results by avoiding the artificial operation, cumbersome data processing, and the artificial error in optical activity measurement, and thus, it may apply to the analysis of the batch inspection on the sugar degree of honey. M. Dyduch-Sieminska et al. presented their research on the chemical composition of three wild strawberry cultivars fruits. They observed significant differences among these cultivars in terms of physicochemical property, flavonoids contents, phenolic acids, and total tannins and anthocyanins, as well as their antioxidant activity by means of the DPPH method. C. Corsaro et al. presented a method of using 1H HR-MAS NMR technique to investigate metabolites of Mediterranean diet. Authors processed and analyzed the HR-MAS solid-state NMR data with different software for PCA and quantitative analysis. By combination with qNMR techniques and PCA analysis, authors could distinguish the characterization of Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), and Traditional Italian Food Products (PAT) vegetables from other non-PGI, non-PDO, and non-PAT. The advantage of HR-MAS NMR methodology is the rapidity and simultaneity of the qualitative and quantitative analyses without additional sample treatment. Although its sensitivity is not very high, the advantage of this methodology will make it very attractive for food industry.

G. Negri et al. discussed safety issue of homemade alcoholic beverages (unrecorded) in Brazil. By means of different measurements, including GC-FID/MS, FT-IR, and ICP-ASE, authors investigated a total of 152 samples collected from two cities of Sao Paulo State and seven cities of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The results revealed that most of these unrecorded alcohol beverages have exceeded the regulatory limitation, including methanol and cyanates. Authors suggested more severe Quality Control (QC) and regulations on these unrecorded beverages are needed. S. Bado et al. investigated physical and chemical variability of tigernuts (Cyperus esculentus) cultivated in Burkina Faso. They reported that three Cyperus esculentus morphotypes studied are important source of macronutrients (starch, fat, and sucrose) and minerals (potassium, phosphorus, silicon, chlorine, sulfur, and magnesium). Genetic variability exists among cultivated tigernuts from Burkina Faso and from others grown worldwide. M. Godlewska et al. developed a precolumn derivatization method to determine the quantity of α-lipoic acid (LA), an organosulfur compound. In this method the LA degraded product, DHLA, was converted to 2-S-pyridinium derivative with 2-chloro-1-methylquinolinium tetrafluoroborate. It not only increases sensitivity with spectrophotometric assay, but also stabilizes the reaction product to increase reliable results for the determination of LA with HPLC method.

The paper authored by J.-H. Kim et al. developed and validated a quantitative analytical method by using high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array detector for determination of 19 marker compounds in herbal preparations. The method also was combined with a chemometric analysis involving principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis. J. Chen et al. described that a Rapid-Resolution Liquid Chromatography- (RRLC-) Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry with MRM has been developed for characterization of Deer-Horn Glue. It could be used for detection of gelatin adulteration quickly as QC of Deer-Horn Glue, a traditional Chinese medicine. M. M. Celik et al. addressed the protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and intralipid (IL) on nephrotoxicity caused by acute dichlorvos toxicity on rats. They concluded that both CAPE and IL may prevent the renal injuries with their antioxidant activities.

Shixin Deng

Shao-Nong Chen

Jian Yang


Linked Open Data (LOD) cloud has gained significant attention in the Semantic Web community recently. Currently it consists of approximately 295 interlinked datasets with over 50 billion triples including 500 million links, and continues to expand in size. This vast source of structured information has the potential to have a significant impact on knowledge-based applications. However, a key impediment to the use of LOD cloud is limited support for data integration tasks over concepts, instances, and properties. Efforts to address this limitation over properties have focused on matching data-type properties across datasets; however, matching of object-type properties has not received similar attention. We present an approach that can automatically match object-type properties across linked datasets, primarily exploiting and bootstrapping from entity co-reference links such as owl:sameAs. Our evaluation, using sample instance sets taken from Freebase, DBpedia, LinkedMDB, and DBLP datasets covering multiple domains shows that our approach matches properties with high precision and recall (on average, F measure gain of 57% - 78%).


How marriage interacts with men's earnings is an important public policy issue, given debates over programs to directly encourage healthy marriages. This paper generates new findings about the earnings-marriage relationship by estimating the linkages between marriage, work commitment, and wage rates. Unlike other studies of the marital wage premium for men, we examine how marital status and marital transitions affect hours worked as well as wage rates, take account of the feedback effect on wage rates and earnings associated with marriage effects on hours worked, estimate marriage effects on black and low skill men, control for several dimensions of selection, and follow men from age 17-40. We find that marriage increases men's earnings by about 20 percent and also find a rise in wage rates and hours worked increases marriage. These findings suggest that both marriage-enhancing and earnings-enhancing policies can set off a virtuous circle, in which marriage and earnings reinforce each other over time. Unmarried men who appear unable to support a family because of low current earnings are likely to become more adequate breadwinners once they marry. Thus, if proposed programs are able to increase the utility from and appreciation of marriage, they are likely to generate earnings gains for men as an important side effect.


The author examines the burden on refugee claimants at the Immigration and Refugee Board in Canada to provide evidence that their home state cannot protect them. In particular, the paper discusses the growing trend of adjudicators taking de facto judicial notice of the fact that a country is democratic to make the finding that there is state protection for claimants. The author argues that the practice of labelling countries as democratic and making state protection findings upon the finding is a biased and unhelpful practice when evaluating the issue of whether state protection exists. The paper discusses what "democracy" means and the problems associated with defining it. It will discuss how judicial notice of whether a state is democratic can affect an analysis of state protection in the example of claimants fleeing domestic abuse in Mexico.


Most implementations of adaptive optics in microscopes have not employed a wavefront sensor, but have instead used sensorless aberration correction methods. In these systems, the aberration is determined indirectly through the optimisation of a quality metric, such as image intensity. We explain the principles behind this approach and show how efficient correction schemes can be developed using suitable mathematical models. In particular, we explain how the correct choice of aberration expansion enables the independent measurement of each aberration mode via a simple quadratic maximisation.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the validity of a two-question case-finding instrument for depression as compared with six previously validated instruments.

DESIGN
The test characteristics of a two-question case-finding instrument that asks about depressed mood and anhedonia were compared with six common case-finding instruments, using the Quick Diagnostic Interview Schedule as a criterion standard for the diagnosis of major depression.

SETTING
Urgent care clinic at the San Francisco Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center.

PARTICIPANTS
Five hundred thirty-six consecutive adult patients without mania or schizophrenia.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
Measurements were two questions from the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders patient questionnaire, both the long and short forms of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, both the long and short forms of the Book Depression Inventory, the Symptom-Driven Diagnostic System for Primary Care, the Medical Outcomes Study depression measure, and the Quick Diagnostic Interview Schedule. The prevalence of depression, as determined by the standardized interview, was 18% (97 of 536). Overall, the case-finding instruments had sensitivities of 89% to 96% and specificities of 51% to 72% for diagnosing major depression. A positive response to the two-item instrument had a sensitivity of 96% (95% confidence interval [CI], 90-99%) and a specificity of 57% (95% CI 53-62%). Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were similar for all of the instruments, with a range of 0.82 to 0.89.

CONCLUSIONS
The two-question case-finding instrument is a useful measure for detecting depression in primary care. It has similar test characteristics to other case-finding instruments and is less time-consuming.


Abstract Saponitic bentonite mined in the Magan deposit (Toledo, Spain), has been classified as a suitable clay barrier in the storage of high-level radioactive waste. Several hydrothermal alteration assays have been carried out in Teflon reactors at 45, 60, 90, 120, 175 and 200°C for periods of up to 1 y. The mineral components of bentonite are stable below 175°C. At and above this temperature, the accessory sepiolite transforms into a monomineral phase of saponitic composition. The texture of the clay also changes. A rise in temperature above 120°C causes a decrease in the proportion of the <2 μm size-fraction, a reduction of BET and total surface areas and an increase in the relative volume of micropores (<20 Å ). This process has been interpreted as the formation of granular aggregates that preserve a micropore network. This new arrangement of the aggregates produces a significant reduction in the free swelling volume.


: Terminology is arguably the most vital linguistic unit of technical documentation. Character-ising the content of documents by the terminology they contain is a key factor in satisfactory document retrieval. But when users require answers rather than documents, more complex strategies for exploiting terminology are needed. Dealing effectively with this problem requires not only good techniques for terminology extraction but also ways to organize and structure the terminology. We describe some potential solutions to this problem, taking a Question Answering system as an example. We show which benefits our techniques bring to the system. Terminology is arguably the most vital linguistic unit of technical documentation. Charac-terising the content of documents by the terminology they contain is a key factor in satisfactory document retrieval. But when users require answers rather than documents, more complex strategies for exploiting terminology are needed. Dealing effectively with this problem requires not only good techniques for terminology extraction but also ways to organize and structure the terminology. We describe some potential solutions to this problem, taking a Question Answering system as an example. We show which benefits our techniques bring to the system.


This paper reports on the results of research on the Indian software industry, carried out at Carnegie Mellon University. We use a variety of sources, including a questionnaire survey of Indian software firms, and field visits and interviews with industry participants, observers, and US based clients. The Indian software industry is remarkable in a number of respects. It is service rather than product oriented, heavily export oriented, and is largely managed by professional and entrepreneurial managements. Also, domestic market experience and expertise appears to have very little benefits for successful importers. Although the industry has grown in spectacular fashion, sustaining this performance will pose a number of challenges. In order to counteract the widely reported shortages of skilled software professionals and the possible competition from other low wage, human capital rich countries, Indian firms are trying to move up the value chain by acquiring deeper knowledge of business domains and management capability, and to reduce costs by developing superior methodologies and tools. Whether and how many firms will be a key test of the management skills and willingness to invest along a number of dimensions. From a social perspective, the disconnect between domestic and export markets is a major challenge, but one that the growing diffusion of computers and the improvement of the communication infrastructure should make easier to confront. In the end, the greatest impact the software industry is likely to have on the Indian economy is indirect, in its role as an exemplar of the new business organisational form and as an inspiration to other entrepreneurs.


It is generally assumed that the Rescorla and Wagner (1972) model adequately accommodates the full results of simple cue competition experiments in humans (e.g. Dickinson et al., 1984), while the Bush and Mosteller (1951) model cannot. We present simulations that demonstrate this assumption is wrong in at least some circumstances. The Rescorla-Wagner model, as usually applied, fits the full results of a simple forward cue-competition experiment no better than the Bush-Mosteller model. Additionally, we present a novel finding, where letting the associative strength of all cues start at an intermediate value (rather than zero), allows this modified model to provide a better account of the experimental data than the (equivalently modified) Bush-Mosteller model. This modification also allows the Rescorla-Wagner model to account for a redundancy effect experiment (Uengoer et al., 2013); something that the unmodified model is not able to do. Furthermore, the modified Rescorla-Wagner model can accommodate the effect of varying the proportion of trials on which the outcome occurs (i.e. the base rate) on the redundancy effect (Jones et al., 2019). Interestingly, the initial associative strength of cues varies in line with the outcome base rate. We propose that this modification provides a simple way of mathematically representing uncertainty about the causal status of novel cues within the confines of the Rescorla-Wagner model. The theoretical implications of this modification are discussed. We also briefly introduce free and open resources to support formal modelling in associative learning.

Keywords: associative learning, prediction error, uncertainty, modelling, blocking, redundancy effect, open science.


Two leaks were found on a recently installed (1999) pipeline which was coated with extruded polyethylene and protected with directly connected magnesium anodes. This paper describes the use of external corrosion direct assessment (ECDA) principles to identify locations where corrosion could pose a threat to pipeline integrity, and describes the challenges encountered in developing a mitigation program. The reliability of indirect inspection tools along directionally bored sections of pipe, in correlation with special soil conditions, is also discussed.


This study aims to estimate the pathologic complete response (pCR) rate after neo‐adjuvant chemotherapy and to compare disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) between pCR and non‐pCR groups of patients with triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) and deleterious BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. We carried out a retrospective analysis of 53 patients including 46 BRCA1, 6 BRCA2, and 1 combined BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation. All patients had been diagnosed with triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) between 1997 and 2014. Neo‐adjuvant therapy consisted of regimens that were based on anthracycline or an anthracycline‐taxane doublet. DFS included any relapse or second cancer. The Kaplan‐Meier method and the log‐rank test were used to compare pCR and non‐pCR groups. A pCR was observed in 23 (42.6% [95% CI, 29.2%‐56.8%]) of the TNBC included. The pCR rate was 38.3% [95% CI, 26%‐55%] among BRCA1 mutation carriers, and 66% among the 6 BRCA2 mutation carriers. Median follow‐up was 4.4 years (range 0.62‐16.2 years) and did not differ between the groups (P = .25). Fifteen relapses and six second cancers were recorded during the follow‐up period. Eleven deaths occurred, all of which were in the non‐pCR group. DFS (P < .01) and OS (P < .01) were significantly better in the pCR group than the non‐pCR group. This study shows a high pCR rate after neo‐adjuvant therapy in BRCA‐mutated triple‐negative breast cancer, and the survival results confirm the prognostic value of pCR in this group. These outcomes should be considered as a basis of comparison to be used by future studies about new therapies in this domain.


The police service in England and Wales is facing major challenges in its financing, political oversight and reorganisation of its structures. Current economic conditions have created a wholly new environment whereby cost saving is permitting hitherto unthinkable changes in the style and means of delivery of policing services. In the context of these proposed changes Lord Stevens, formerly Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Service was asked to chair an Independent Commission looking into the future of policing. The Commission has a wide ranging remit and the papers in this book offer up-to-date analysis of contemporary problems from the novel perspective of developing a reform agenda to assist the Commission. Bringing together contributions from both key academic thinkers and police professionals, this book discusses new policing paradigms, lays out a case for an evidence-based practice approach and draws attention to developing areas such as terrorism, public order and hate crime. Policing is too important to be left to politicians, as the health of a democracy may be judged by the relationship between the police and the public. The aim of this book is to question and present analyses of problems offer new ideas and propose realistically achievable solutions without being so timid as to preserve the status quo. It will be of interest to both academics and students in the fields of criminology and policing studies, as well as professionals in the policing service, NGOs and local authority organisations.


Abraham Lincoln is one of the most revered Presidents in the history of the United States. Lincoln is remembered for ending slavery, ending the Civil War, and reconstructing the country after the atrocities of the Civil War. Despite his accomplishments, Lincoln was not the heroic icon during the Civil War he is today. Coming into the 1864 Presidential election, Lincoln's reelection chances were dim due to the prolonged duration of the war and his views on emancipating the slaves. Further, public opinion in the Union was strictly divided into two views of the war: those who wanted peace and those who wanted to win the war and save the Union. However, in some circumstances the views of the public do not resonate with the views of soldiers. Did the soldiers want peace? Or did they want to bring victory to the Union? For the first time in Presidential politics, the soldiers had the opportunity to answer this question by casting ballots.1 The soldier vote in the 1864 election was sure to affect the race, and answer the questions posed above. The aim of this thesis is to focus on Michigan soldiers' view of the 1864 Presidential election by looking at their views of Lincoln and his competitor, General George Britton McClellan, from New Jersey. Degree Type Open Access Senior Honors Thesis Department History and Philosophy First Advisor Steven Ramold, PhD Second Advisor Ronald Delph, PhD This open access senior honors thesis is available at DigitalCommons@EMU: http://commons.emich.edu/honors/312


The 1924 Revolution was a watershed in Sudanese history, the first episode of anti-colonial resistance in which a nationalist ideology was explicitly used, and part of a global wave of anti-colonial movements after the First World War that can be seen as the "spring of the colonial nations".
This detailed account of the uprising, and its eventual failure, explores the cosmopolitan nationalism embraced by the White Flag League, the movement that sparked the revolution, and its ability to attract people from diverse origins, classes and professions. It examines the international genesis of the movement; the strategies put in place to spread it in different areas of Sudan and among different groups; the movement's inclusive ideology and its definition of the Sudanese nation, as well as the limitations to its inclusiveness; and the way in which this episode reveals deeper questions relating to origins, social hierarchies and power. The book also unravels the complex history of the memory of 1924, the politics of its representation and the underlying power struggles that saw 1924 largely lost from the historical record.


A new exam guide for the new certification on mobile computing technologies from CompTIA Prepare for CompTIA Mobility+ exam MB0-001 with McGraw-Hill Professionala Platinum-Level CompTIA Authorized Partner offering Authorized CompTIA Approved Quality Content to give you the competitive edge on exam day. Get complete coverage of all objectives for CompTIA Mobility+ exam MB0-001 from this comprehensive resource. Written by an information security engineer, this authoritative guide fully addresses the skills and technologies required to successfully deploy, integrate, support, and mange a mobile environment. You'll find learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter, exam tips, practice exam questions, and in-depth explanations. Designed to help you pass this challenging exam, this definitive volume also serves as an essential on-the-job reference. Covers all exam topics, including: Networking concepts and the OSI model Network infrastructure and technologies Radio frequency principles Cellular technologies Wi-Fi client technologies Planning for mobile devices Implementing mobile device infrastructure Mobile security risks Mobile security technologies Troubleshooting network issues Monitoring and troubleshooting mobile security Troubleshooting client issues Electronic content includes: 200 practice exam questions Test engine that provides full-length practice exams and customized quizzes by chapter or by exam domain PDF copy of the book Save 10% on CompTIA exam vouchers for any CompTIA certification! See inside for details.


Bayesian methods are appealing in their flexibility in modeling complex data and ability in capturing uncertainty in parameters. However, when Bayes' rule does not result in tractable closed-form, most approximate inference algorithms lack either scalability or rigorous guarantees. To tackle this challenge, we propose a simple yet provable algorithm, Particle Mirror Descent (PMD), to iteratively approximate the posterior density. PMD is inspired by stochastic functional mirror descent where one descends in the density space using a small batch of data points at each iteration, and by particle filtering where one uses samples to approximate a function. We prove result of the first kind that, with m particles, PMD provides a posterior density estimator that converges in terms of KL-divergence to the true posterior in rate O(1/ √ m). We demonstrate competitive empirical performances of PMD compared to several approximate inference algorithms in various models.


The 2010 Annual Report on Immigration and Asylum (European Commission 2011) has counted at 570000 the number of irregularly staying third country nationals apprehended in the EU in 2009, while 394000 persons were refused entry in 2010 (European Migration Network 2011). As for asylum, 257815 applications have been recorded in Member States in 2010, a decreasing number with respect to previous years (UNHCR 2011). The relevance that migration as an issue area is progressively assuming in the European Union's agenda has been recently further underlined by the events occurred in North Africa and the Middle East. The latest report delivered by the FRONTEX Risk Analysis Network (FRAN) has shown that the focus on irregular immigration at the EU's  external border has been recently shifting from the East to the Central Mediterranean, with a remarkable increase in detection of illegal border crossing in the first quarter of 2011 with respect to previous figures (FRAN Quarterly 2011). The European response to the uprisings in the region has been quite fragmented and uncoordinated. The EU was called to demonstrate its external security actorness, showing resolve and playing its  role  as  a  'model'  supporting  democratic  transitions.  Also,  and  with  a view to the mounting flows of people trying their way to Europe, it was called to show internal coordination and solidarity in accordance to its commitment to a common migration and asylum policy. Alas, the European Union has fallen short of expectations. The tepid resolution and the patchy answer to the crises in the immediate neighborhood invite reflections on two fronts: externally, the European Union has shown a general preference for stability in the near abroad; abating previous regimes would put in danger agreements on the control of illegal flows. Internally, Member States have buck-passed responsibilities on flow management and the rise of national barriers has been adopted as first tool to handle the crisis. Both elements testify to a general interpretation of illegal flows towards the EU as a security challenge, an understanding that has largely characterized the Union's  and  Member  States'  policies  on  migration  and  asylum in the last decades and that has also informed relations with strategic partners on the matter (in particular the United States). Ultimately, though, this approach has backfired on the EU, the external and internal credibility thereof seems to be questioned. To have an impact on global politics the EU should live up to its aspirations, act coherently and comply with fundamental principles subsumed in its experience. Part to this process would imply to deviate from a prevalently security interpretation and governance of illegal immigration, which looks as short-sided and flawed a strategy to face the phenomenon.


The study was carried out on the evaluation of cadmium in chicken meat and offal in three markets in Ibadan. The appraisal was aimed at assessing the cadmium that has accumulated in the kidney, liver, intestine, blood, muscle and feathers of chicken widely consumed in domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). Ten mature chickens were bought and dissected to remove the chicken meat and offal samples. This samples were oven-dried separately and pulverised into powdered form through grinding with a mortar and pestle. These were acid-digested for cadmium analyses using Buck Scientific 210 VGP Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The overall results from all the study sites showed varying mean concentrations in the intestine (0.713 ± 0.024 ppm), feather (0.702 ± 0.035 ppm) and muscle (0.592 ± 0.019 ppm) with low mean concentrations in the blood (0.426 ± 0.032 ppm), liver (0.432 ± 0.021 ppm) and kidney (0.352 ± 0.027 ppm). Most of the chicken meat and offal samples were above the WHO guideline limit of 0.05 ppm. The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) from the study was below 1 which suggested that the general populace in this study area was not at risk.


This paper explains the gap between the conception (or expectation) of foreign investors and reality of Chinese regulations on the environmental issues. Two decades of the sustained economic growth in China might be enough for foreign investors to expect increased clarity, transparency and systematic approaches in environmental regulatory system. This paper traced the Chinese legal system back to 1949 as from 2005 so as to explain this gap between expectation and reality by employing historical and statistical analysis of regulatory developments. In the paper, for example, we will see the first official statement on environmental protection, i.e. Huanjingbaohuguihuayoadianhezhuyaocuoshi, which was issued by the State Council on 15 December 1974, and impacts of the Cultural Revolution (Wenhuadageming) of 1966-1976 on legislative activities in China. These will explain why Chinese environmental regulations may not meet expectation of foreign investors. At the same, the paper recommends where the Chinese legislators may have to close the gap for its sustained and sustainable economic growth.


Matrix isolation Fourier transform infrared spectra (MI/FT-IR) of a series of essential oil components have been described. Clear, well-defined differences were detected in the MI/FT-IR spectra of compounds having minor differences in their structure. A library search routine was found to correctly identify components of interest when visual differences were not clearly evident. The presence of discrete conformers in the argon matrix resulted in the presence of split absorptions in the carbonyl band for selected compounds.


Drag reduction in fully developed turbulent pipe flow with 4 concentrations (200 to 500 wppm or mg/kg) of low molecular weight sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in aqueous solutions was investigated experimentally. Drag reduction was determined by pressure drop measurements. Maximum drag reduction achieved was 22% using 500 wppm CMC solution. To observe the impact of the presence of CMC on the flow, ultrasound Doppler velocimetry (UDV) was employed to monitor the instantaneous velocity distributions. Experimental measurements were used to calculate Fanning friction factor and radial distributions of the axial time-averaged velocity, velocity fluctuation (turbulent intensity), and eddy viscosity. Two impacts of increasing CMC concentration on the flow field were observed. The first effect was the decrease in the mean velocity gradient, especially near the wall, with increasing polymer amount, which in turn gave rise to a lower friction factor or pressure drop. Furthermore, smaller eddy viscosities were obtained in the flow. The second impact of polymer addition was on the velocity fluctuation or turbulent intensity variation along the radial distribution. Presence of the polymer suppressed the velocity fluctuations near the wall while the intensity in the turbulent core region became stronger than in the case of lower or no polymer addition.


In the context of channel coding, the Generalized Belief Propagation (GBP) is an iterative algorithm used to recover the transmission bits sent through a noisy channel. To ensure a reliable transmission, we apply a map on the bits, that is called a code. This code induces artificial correlations between the bits to send, and it can be modeled by a graph whose nodes are the bits and the edges are the correlations. This graph, called Tanner graph, is used for most of the decoding algorithms like Belief Propagation or Gallager-B. The GBP is based on a non unic transformation of the Tanner graph into a so called region-graph. A clear advantage of the GBP over the other algorithms is the freedom in the construction of this graph. In this article, we explain a particular construction for specific graph topologies that involves relevant performance of the GBP. Moreover, we investigate the behavior of the GBP considered as a dynamic system in order to understand the way it evolves in terms of the time and in terms of the noise power of the channel. To this end we make use of classical measures and we introduce a new measure called the hyperspheres method that enables to know the size of the attractors.


Allied health professionals rely on Biostatistics for its high standards of statistical accuracy. It helps them develop a set of statistical tools that are relevant to their field. Now in its ninth edition, the book integrates new applications from several biological science fields throughout the pages. Each chapter now opens with bulleted objectives that highlight the main ideas. Summary boxes of formulae and statistical rules are presented for easy reference and review. Support is also provided for multiple programs such as SPSS, SAS, and STATA, in addition to Minitab. This includes screen captures and technology boxes with step-by-step help. Health professionals will then gain the ability to use technology to analyze data.


This review article concerns a methodology for solving numerically, for engineering purposes, boundary and initial-boundary value problems by a peculiar approach characterized by the following features: the continuous formulation is centered on integral equations based on the combined use of single-layer and double-layer sources, so that the integral operator turns out to be symmetric with respect to a suitable bilinear form. The discretization is performed either on a variational basis or by a Galerkin weighted residual procedure, the interpolation and weight functions being chosen so that the variables in the approximate formulation are generalized variables in Prager's sense. As main consequences of the above provisions, symmetry is exhibited by matrices with a key role in the algebraized versions; some quadratic forms have a clear energy meaning; variational properties characterize the solutions and other results, invalid in traditional boundary element methods enrich the theory underlying the computational applications. The present survey outlines recent theoretical and computational developments of the title methodology with particular reference to linear elasticity, elastoplasticity, fracture mechanics, time-dependent problems, variational approaches, singular integrals, approximation issues, sensitivity analysis, coupling of boundary and finite elements, and computer implementations. Areas and aspects which at present require further research are identified, and comparative assessments are attempted with respect to traditional boundary integral-elements. This article includes 176 references.


Abstract. EDI measures the drift velocity of artificially injected electron beams. From this drift velocity, the perpendicular electric field and the local magnetic field gradients can be deduced when employing different electron energies. The technique requires the injection of two electron beams at right angles to the magnetic field and the search for those directions within the plane that return the beams to their associated detectors after one or more gyrations. The drift velocity is then derived from the directions of the two beams and/or from the difference in their times-of-flight, measured via amplitude-modulation and coding of the emitted electron beams and correlation with the signal from the returning electrons. After careful adjustment of the control parameters, the beam recognition algorithms, and the onboard magnetometer calibrations during the commissioning phase, EDI is providing excellent data over a wide range of conditions. In this paper, we present first results in a variety of regions ranging from the polar cap, across the magnetopause, and well into the magnetosheath. Key words. Electron drift velocity (electric fields; plasma convection; instruments and techniques)


The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 (nAChR α7) is a ligand-gated channel that releases neurotransmitters in excitatory neurons. Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves the reduction of cholinergic activity due to a decrease in neuronal levels of nAChR α7. This significant reduction makes nAChR α7 an intriguing target to study in the context of AD, specifically with regards to learning, memory, and locomotion, which are key affected abilities of the disease. Dα7 is the Drosophila melanogaster homolog of the nAChR, subunit α7. In this work, we explore the role of the nAChR α7 in learning and memory retention, using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. The performance of silenced Dα7-allele flies (PΔEY6) was analyzed in locomotive and olfactory-memory retention tests in comparison to wild type (WT) flies and an Alzheimer's disease model Arc-42 (Aβ-42). WT flies performed with average success rates of 80% in both the climbing assay and olfactory shock learning tests. In contrast, for the climbing assay, PΔEY6 flies performed with average success rates of 61% and the Aβ-42 flies performed with an average success rate of 60%. For the olfactory shock learning, the PΔEY6 flies performed with an average success rate of 45% and the Aβ-42 flies showed an average success rate of 43%. These results suggest that the lack of the D. melanogaster-nAChR causes learning, memory, and locomotion impairments, similar to those observed in Alzheimer's models Arc-42.


We employ a coupled atmosphere‐ocean climate model to investigate the evolution of stratospheric temperatures over the twentieth century, forced by the known anthropogenic and natural forcing agents. In the global, annual‐mean lower‐to‐middle stratosphere (∼20–30 km.), simulations produce a sustained, significant cooling by ∼1920, earlier than in any lower atmospheric region, largely resulting from carbon dioxide increases. After 1979, stratospheric ozone decreases reinforce the cooling. Arctic summer cooling attains significance almost as early as the global, annual‐mean response. Antarctic responses become significant in summer after ∼1940 and in spring after ∼1990 (below ∼21 km.). The correspondence of simulated and observed stratospheric temperature trends after ∼1960 suggests that the model's stratospheric response is reasonably similar to that of the actual climate. We conclude that these model simulations are useful in explaining stratospheric temperature change over the entire 20th century, and potentially provide early indications of the effects of future atmospheric species changes.


Institutions take essential roles in the organization of social life. Ranging from institutionalized informal practices to strict laws and regulations and various public and private organizations, institutions have diffused to day- to- day activities. In this way they do not only regulate social interactions and reduce the transaction costs in the society but also transpose the given social/ political dynamics across different political/ administrative scales. From the supra national scale to the nation- state and to the regional levels this transposition ensures the reproduction of the social structure at these political/ administrative scales. However, institutions also provide a ground for intervention and change, through which the agency of individual and institutional actors intervenes and modifies the wider institutional structure. Therefore the analysis of institutions in any given social setting, enables the researcher i) to map the dynamics of interaction among actors; ii) to understand the wider social/ political and economic factors that affect this setting; and iii) to locate the points of intervention, which through interpretation and invention of methods of resistance allows institutional actors to transcend the structural constrains and to create a unique institutional mechanism. The new institutional theory and especially its three main strands (rational choice, sociological and historical institutionalism) provide a wide array of perspectives for analysing and understanding above-mentioned institutional dynamics. Although these three strands rely on theoretical backgrounds that often contradict with each other; their combined use grasps the diversity and complexity of institutional structures more accurately than using a single approach and excluding the remaining perspectives. Based on a field research conducted in the summer of 2013 at the north-western border region (Edirne- KA½rklareli provinces) of Turkey, this study performs a new institutional analysis for evaluating the major institutional dynamics of cross- border cooperation in the region. For this purpose, various components of the institutional structure of cross- border cooperation are analysed with respect to the three major strands of new institutional theory. The analysis uses the differing theoretical backgrounds of the three strands of new institutionalism to develop a comprehensive understanding of the institutional structure of cross- border cooperation in the region and place it within the wider social/ political structure as well as within the local context. For this purpose the results of the analyses are brought together and discussed in relation to the structure and agency dichotomy. This theoretical conceptualization allows the researcher to find a common ground among the three new institutionalist strands and to use the analysis for establishing a coherent picture of the institutional structure of cross- border cooperation in Edirne- KA½rklareli border region.


The lexical structure of Spanish displacement verbs is argued to be built up out of prepositions, whether covert or overt, subject to a number of incorporation processes. Some fine-grained semantic distinctions are introduced on the concepts of 'goal' and 'path'. These and other conceptual components (specifically, direction and source) are shown to participate in various configurations involving conflation proceses at the lexical structure of verbs of vertical movement. A relationship is established between redundancy in transitive structures derived from unergative predicates and similarly redundant V-P structures with displacement verbs.


Adoptive transfer of gene modified T cells provides possible immunotherapy for patients with cancers refractory to other treatments. We have previously used the non-viral piggyBac transposon system to gene modify human T cells for potential immunotherapy. However, these previous studies utilized adoptive transfer of modified human T cells to target cancer xenografts in highly immunodeficient (NOD-SCID) mice that do not recapitulate an intact immune system. Currently, only viral vectors have shown efficacy in permanently gene-modifying mouse T cells for immunotherapy applications. Therefore, we sought to determine if piggyBac could effectively gene modify mouse T cells to target cancer cells in a mouse cancer model. We first demonstrated that we could gene modify cells to express murine interleukin-12 (p35/p40 mIL-12), a transgene with proven efficacy in melanoma immunotherapy. The OT-I melanoma mouse model provides a well-established T cell mediated immune response to ovalbumin (OVA) positive B16 melanoma cells. B16/OVA melanoma cells were implanted in wild type C57Bl6 mice. Mouse splenocytes were isolated from C57Bl6 OT-I mice and were gene modified using piggyBac to express luciferase. Adoptive transfer of luciferase-modified OT-I splenocytes demonstrated homing to B16/OVA melanoma tumors in vivo. We next gene-modified OT-I cells to express mIL-12. Adoptive transfer of mIL-12-modified mouse OT-I splenocytes delayed B16/OVA melanoma tumor growth in vivo compared to control OT-I splenocytes and improved mouse survival. Our results demonstrate that the piggyBac transposon system can be used to gene modify splenocytes and mouse T cells for evaluating adoptive immunotherapy strategies in immunocompetent mouse tumor models that may more directly mimic immunotherapy applications in humans.


Why do we know so much more than we have evidence for in certain areas, and so much less in others? In tackling these questions--Plato's and Orwell's problem--Chomsky again demonstrates his unequalled capacity to integrate vast amounts of material...A clear introduction to current thinking on grammatical theory. David W. Lightfoot, University of Maryland I feel that it is his most persuasive defense of the idea that the study of linguistic structure provides insight into the human mind. Frederick J. Newmeyer, University of Washington This is an excellent contribution to the philosophy of language and the philosophy of mind...The best available introduction to Chomsky's current ideas on syntax made accessible to the non-specialist. Julius M. Moravcsik, Stanford Unviersity


As a musician it is clear that a concert performance involves a specific engagement. Both the physical attitude and the musical expression change through the interaction with the public. However, the mechanisms involved in this interaction are not well documented. To study the influence of the public on performance, a concert with a singer and a viola da gamba player was recorded using audio, video and acceleration sensors (invisibly) attached to wrists and back of the performers. These data were compared to the general rehearsal, recorded in identical settings. This enables a scientifically valid comparison, without challenging the ecological validity. General rehearsal and concert performance are relatively similar, which shows that performers are able to reproduce their interpretation. Still, the comparison reveals some interesting differences. Analysis of the tempo shows that the pieces in a slower, rather free tempo are performed slower in concert, while the faster, more dance-like tempi are performed slightly faster. The gesture analysis shows a tendency for the singer to use more open, communicative postures during the concert. The movement analysis shows an overall increase in intensity for the singer while the player roughly follows the pattern of the timing. In summary we could say that the different analyses show an intensification of the performance while interacting with the public.


The Jihadist phenomenon has a privileged space in Web 2.0 where contents can be created, networks can be global and all exchanges of information have significance. The emergent Jihadist organizations have been profiting from these digital communication features to enlarge, diversify and connect with their audience. On the one side, the virtual framing of Jihad through the manipulation of the sacred Islamic texts and its transformation into an 'authentic' religious discourse has given the Jihadists an opportunity to justify any religious violence associated with the performance of Jihad. On the other side, the virtual performance of Jihad through a ritualization process that combines ritualistic innovation with the use of cyber tools has allured individuals to engage and participate in Jihadist acts, both online and offline. Moreover, and in the light of the Jihadist warfare in the Middle East, the article will reveal the importance of e-Ritualization of Jihad into shaping these individual representations into a community both offline and online.


The study of presidential decision making strikes an uneasy balance between the parsimony of a particular presidential decision and the complexity of the organizational dynamics and political environment that shape that decision. Given this fundamental tension, and the potential scope of any model designed to fully represent the process, arriving at a generalizable understanding of presidential decision making is an especially vexing task. This undertaking is further complicated by the fact that presidential decision making varies substantially within and across administrations (Hult 1993). Simply determining what one means by presidential decision making and what unit of analysis to employ are difficult issues in themselves. Given the myriad components of presidential decision making, how does one begin to generalize about the wide variety of decision-making systems and resultant outcomes visible across the presidential landscape? This article has a particular synthesis in mind. It will connect theory with two empirically rich case studies on economic policy making in the Eisenhower and Carter administrations to develop complementary notions of conditional partisanship and institutional responsibility. These concepts substantially account for the impact of strategic incentive-driven behavior and institutional constraints on presidential decision making. In doing so, the article considers the difficulties inherent in using rational choice as a link between presidential studies and political economy. In particular, the article demonstrates that rational choice assumptions about presidential behavior do not adequately explain empirical decision-making outcomes in political economy. The case studies provide a test of these assumptions and illustrate the need for a focus on the ways in which institutions constrain presidential response to exogenous incentives. A fundamental cleavage (or tension) has emerged in the literature on presidential decision making in the past decade or so, one between decision making viewed as a function of presidential style and the same behavior posited as an interaction between political incentives and institutional structures. Shull (1999) provides a useful example of this tension; competing theoretical perspectives coexist uneasily in an end-of-the-century assessment of presidential decision making, as understood by almost two dozen leading presidency scholars. This article underscores the immense difficulty that scholars confront in attempting to move toward a more synthetic notion of presidential behavior. Regarding the presidential-style approach, Moe (1993) notes that traditional notions of the presidency pass the institutional structures of decision making through a presidential filter (p. 346). The system is viewed as highly malleable, with its structures continually redefined by subsequent presidents, as a function of an individual president's personality, values, beliefs, background, and style; the president essentially fashions the structures of the institution in his own image. The result is a highly particularized (or perhaps balkanized) understanding of presidential behavior across administrations, one that is largely resistant to theoretical generalization. To the extent that the presidential-style approach is generalizable, it usually suggests that a president selects his decision-making apparatus from among a number of recognized types--formal, competitive, collegial, and so forth--as best meets his needs. Walcott and Hult (1995) have referred to this theoretical perspective (in the specific context of presidential advising) as a personal-contingency approach. A number of scholarly works, written in the 1970s and 1980s, adopt this personal-contingency (or management-style) approach To understanding presidential decision making. For example, George (1980) employs a cognitive psychological approach to presidential behavior, defining it in part as a function of "character-rooted needs" and "psycho-dynamic patterns for adapting to stressful experiences" (p. …


In the context of proving lower bounds on proof space in k-DNF resolution, [Ben-Sasson and Nordström 2009] introduced the concept of minimally unsatisfiable sets of k-DNF formulas and proved that a minimally unsatisfiable k-DNF set with m formulas can have at most O ( (mk) ) variables. They also gave an example of such sets with Ω(mk) variables. In this paper we significantly improve the lower bound to Ω(m), which almost matches the upper bound above. Furthermore, we show that this implies that the analysis of their technique for proving time-space separations and trade-offs for k-DNF resolution is almost tight. This means that although it is possible, or even plausible, that stronger results than in [Ben-Sasson and Nordström 2009] should hold, a fundamentally different approach would be needed to obtain such results.


Author(s): Saye, RI | Abstract: Implicitly embedding a surface as a level set of a scalar function Φ: ℝd → ℝ is a powerful technique for computing and manipulating surface geometry. A variety of applications, e.g., level set methods for tracking evolving interfaces, require accurate approximations of minimum distances to or closest points on implicitly defined surfaces. In this paper, we present an efficient method for calculating high-order approximations of closest points on implicit surfaces, applicable to both structured and unstructured meshes in any number of spatial dimensions. In combination with a high-order approximation of Φ, the algorithm uses a rapidly converging Newton's method initialised with a guess of the closest point determined by an automatically generated point cloud approximating the surface. In general, the order of accuracy of the algorithm increases with the approximation order of Φ. We demonstrate orders of accuracy up to six for smooth problems, while nonsmooth problems reliably reduce to their expected order of accuracy. Accompanying this paper is C++ code that can be used to implement the algorithms in a variety of settings. © 2014 Mathematical Sciences Publishers.


1. The intensity of marine activities in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of British Columbia, Canada, was quantified.
2. Humans use the ocean for a multitude of purposes, many of which have a direct impact on marine life and habitat. Yet such uses are seldom assessed in an integrated fashion.
3. Using a GIS approach, spatial information for 39 marine activities was mapped, including commercial and recreational fishing areas, transportation and infrastructure uses, and terrestrial activities along the coast of British Columbia.
4. A relative scale was used to rank both the impact of marine activities and the extent of stressors beyond the location of occurrence. Limited information on the latter led to the application of three ranges of buffer distances to the data (0–1 km, 0–5 km, and 0–25 km).
5. The most conservative estimate (41 km buffers) indicates at least 83% of the continental shelf and slope of British Columbia is currently being used by humans. The largest buffer assumption shows 98% of the continental shelf and slope being affected by stressors from anthropogenic
activities.
6. This analysis provides a baseline for assessing future changes in the state of British Columbia's marine environment, and could assist in identifying areas of conservation potential.


Intimates can rely on a number of strategies to protect their relationships from potential threats. In the present article, the authors investigate a new strategy: to discount flattering comments received from an attractive alternative to a dating partner by making a situational attribution. However, the authors did not expect everyone to adopt this strategy, as not everyone is likely sufficiently motivated to override both the tendencies to make dispositional attributions and to accept positive feedback from others. Dating and single participants were informed that an attractive alternative's positive impression of them had been made freely or under constraint. As expected, dating participants in the constraint condition were less likely than were those in the no-constraint condition to believe that the alternative's impression of them was genuine. In contrast, single participants believed that the confederate's impression of them was genuine, irrespective of their experimental condition. Self-esteem further moderated this effect. As hypothesised, only dating participants with low self-esteem were sufficiently motivated to recognise the situational constraint and discount the positive feedback. High self-esteem daters who were less inclined to discount the positive feedback instead protected their relationships by devaluing the alternative's attractiveness compared to singles.


The Singleton Property (SP) approach has been proposed for representing and querying metadata about RDF triples such as provenance, time, location, and evidence. In this approach, one singleton property is created to uniquely represent a relationship in a particular context, and in general, generates a large property hierarchy in the schema. It has become the subject of important questions from Semantic Web practitioners. Can an existing reasoner recognize the singleton property triples? And how? If the singleton property triples describe a data triple, then how can a reasoner infer this data triple from the singleton property triples? Or would the large property hierarchy affect the reasoners in some way? We address these questions in this paper and present our study about the reasoning aspects of the singleton properties. We propose a simple mechanism to enable existing reasoners to recognize the singleton property triples, as well as to infer the data triples described by the singleton property triples. We evaluate the effect of the singleton property triples in the reasoning processes by comparing the performance on RDF datasets with and without singleton properties. Our evaluation uses as benchmark the LUBM datasets and the LUBM-SP datasets derived from LUBM with temporal information added through singleton properties.


Abstract. Heave and subsidence of the ground surface can offer insight into processes of heat and mass transfer in freezing and thawing soils. Additionally, subsidence is an important metric for monitoring and understanding the transformation of permafrost landscapes under climate change. Corresponding ground observations, however, are sparse and episodic. A simple tilt-arm apparatus with logging inclinometer has been developed to measure heave and subsidence of the ground surface with hourly resolution and millimetre-accuracy. This contribution reports data from the first two winters and the first full summer, measured at three sites with contrasting organic, and frost-susceptible soils in warm permafrost. The patterns of surface movement differ significantly between sites and from a prediction based on the Stefan equation and observed ground temperature. The data is rich in features of heave and subsidence that are several days to several weeks long and that may help elucidate processes in the ground. For example, late-winter heave followed by thawing and subsidence, as reported in earlier literature and hypothesised to be caused by infiltration and refreezing of water into permeable frozen ground, has been detected. An early-winter peak in heave, followed by brief subsidence, is discernible in a previous publication but so far has not been interpreted. An effect of precipitation on changes in surface elevation can be inferred with confidence. These results highlight the potential of ground-based observation of subsidence and heave as an enabler of progress in process understanding, modeling and interpretation of remotely sensed data.


ABSTRACTAir samples were collected at Mt. Fuji Research Station (FRS) for the measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the summers of 2015 and 2016. In this study, 24 compounds were analyzed, of which only 12 halocarbons were quantified in 2015. The average total concentrations of target VOCs were 2.62 ± 1.38 and 2.99 ± 0.95 ppb in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The concentrations of individual VOCs ranged from a few ppt to a few ppb, indicating a highly inhomogeneous feature at the FRS. A cluster analysis of 3-day backward trajectories was performed for the sampling time. Except for the aromatic compounds, the VOCs showed relatively low concentrations in association with air masses originating from the coastal region in the low latitudes (15°N–35°N) of East Asia in 2015. By contrast, the clusters with elevated VOC concentrations mainly came from the high latitudes (35°N–60°N) of the Asian continent in 2016. No particular diurnal pattern was found for VOCs and CO, which might have resulted from suppressed mountain-valley winds at the FRS. Halocarbons regulated by the Montreal Protocol showed low variability and were in favorable agreement with background values at the Gosan station (GSN) and those reported in the literature. Other partially halogenated compounds with higher variability, such as CH3Cl and CHCl3, showed discrepancies at the FRS and GSN. 1,2-dichloroethane (R-150), 1,1-dichloroethane (R-150a), and 1,4-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) were also measured at the FRS with concentrations of 24 ± 14, 38 ± 13, and 13 ± 10 ppt, respectively, in 2015. A close relationship between n-pentane and i-pentane with R2 more than 0.85 was found in both 2015 and 2016. Low ratios of n/i-pentane ranging from 0.25 to 0.67 were observed in the free troposphere at the FRS, comparable to most mountain stations.


Background The present study was performed to compare follicle dimensions of impacted mandibular third molar (IMTM) with different impaction angulations using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and Methods Forty-nine individuals with IMTM (24 male, 25 female) were selected. Their age range was 25-55 years. The sample was divided into three IMTM groups either vertical (n=16), mesioangular (n=18) or horizontal (n=15) position based on Winter's classification (the angle between the longitudinal axis of the second and third molars). Follicular spaces (FS) from available CBCT imaging were measured from the midpoint of the teeth's crown in several dimensions (mesial, distal, occlusal, apical, vestibular and lingual) in axial, sagittal and coronal planes. An ANOVA, T-student, Kruskal–Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used. Results A comparison of the mesial FS for all groups revealed significant differences (p<0.001). Significant difference was also found for vestibular FS between the vertical and mesioangular IMTM groups (p=0.04). Buccolingual FS for all groups revealed no significant differences (p=0.074), whereas significant difference was found for the vertical and horizontal IMTM groups (p=0.02). No significant statistical differences were found for occlusal (p=0.54), apical (p=0.06), and lingual (p=0.64) FS. Conclusions In this sample IMTM follicles have different dimensions according to their degree of angulation. Mesioagulated and horizontally positioned IMTMs seems to consistently have some increased FS dimensions (mesial and vestibular aspects). Key words:Dental follicle, impacted tooth, third molar, cone-beam computed tomography.


Abstract. The cornerstone theories of ocean dynamics proposed by Sverdrup (1947), Stommel (1948), and Munk (1950) are based on the assumption of level of no motion. Such an assumption is the same as the assumption of no meridional geostrophic transport. Ever since Sverdrup (1947) however, verification of the accuracy of the Sverdrup balance theory is based on the comparison of the Sverdrup meridional transport with the meridional transport calculated directly from the geostrophic currents based on hydrographic data. To overcome the mismatch between theory (no meridional geostrophic transport in Sverdrup transport) and verification (comparison of Sverdrup transport to meridional geostrophic transport), extended Sverdrup-Stommel-Munk transport equations are derived in this note with replacing the level of no motion by the ocean bathymetry and in consequence one forcing function (surface wind stress) in the classical transport equations (with level of no motion assumption) is replaced by five forcing functions: density, surface wind stress, bottom meridional current, bottom stresses due to vertical and horizontal viscosities. The first two forcing functions (density and surface wind stress) are more than an order of magnitude stronger than the other three forcing functions using the world ocean bathymetry, climatological annual mean hydrographic and surface wind stress data. The extended Sverdrup volume transport streamfunctions under wind forcing, density forcing, and combined wind and density forcing are presented.


The isotopic composition of water vapour in the North Atlantic free troposphere is investigated with Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) measurements of the D / H ratio (δD) above the ocean. We show that in the vicinity of West Africa, the seasonality of δD is particularly strong (130 ‰), which is related with the influence of the Saharan heat low (SHL) during summertime. The SHL indeed largely influences the dynamic in that region by producing deep turbulent mixing layers, yielding a specific water vapour isotopic footprint. The influence of the SHL on the isotopic budget is analysed on various time and space scales and is shown to be large, highlighting the importance of the SHL dynamics on the moistening and the HDO enrichment of the free troposphere over the North Atlantic. The potential influence of the SHL is also investigated on the inter-annual scale as we also report important variations in δD above the Canary archipelago region. We interpret the variability in the enrichment, using backward trajectory analyses, in terms of the ratio of air masses coming from the North Atlantic and air masses coming from the African continent. Finally, the interest of IASI high sampling capabilities is further illustrated by presenting spatial distributions of δD and humidity above the North Atlantic from which we show that the different sources and dehydration pathways controlling the humidity can be disentangled thanks to the added value of δD observations. More generally, our results demonstrate the utility of δD observations obtained from the IASI sounder to gain insight into the hydrological cycle processes in the West African region.


IMPACT-My Experience (IMPACT-ME) is a qualitative study, which aimed to explore adolescents' experiences of depression and receiving therapy, as well as their parents' experiences. As researchers working on the study, our focus was on writing academic papers to disseminate what we were learning from the qualitative interviews with the young people and families. However, over the course of the project we started to think about how we could share our findings with a wider audience. In consultation with our advisory group of parents and young people, the idea of making short animated films based on our findings, which would be freely available on YouTube, came about. In four-day creative, participatory workshops, young people, parents, researchers, filmmakers and a group-work facilitator worked together to co-produce a trilogy of short films. The first film, "Facing Shadows", shares the experiences of the young people. The second film, "Journey Through the Shadows", shares the perspectives of their parents. We also created a third short film to document the process of making these films, to share with a wider audience the value and process of service user participation in mental health research. The young people and parents were involved in all aspects of creating the films, which were premiered at the British Film Institute. Following an active social media campaign, the films have since been viewed over 10,000 times on YouTube. This presentation will share our reflections on working collaboratively with young people and families in mental health research.


This comprehensive resource explores state-of-the-art advances in the successful deployment and operation of small cell networks. A broad range of technical challenges, and possible solutions, are addressed, including practical deployment considerations and interference management techniques, all set within the context of the most recent cutting-edge advances. Key aspects covered include 3GPP standardisation, applications of stochastic geometry, PHY techniques, MIMO techniques, handover, and radio resource management, including techniques designed to make the best possible use of the available spectrum. Detailed technical information is provided throughout, with a consistent emphasis on real-world applications. Bringing together world-renowned experts from industry and academia, this is an indispensable volume for researchers, engineers and systems designers in the wireless communication industry.


Background The JRCPTB* Training curriculum for Rheumatology mandates that trainees should be able to: 1. Describe the surface anatomy of the musculoskeletal system 2. Gain competences in joint and soft tissue injections. This is usually achieved in an informal basis. Simulation can provide a realistic learning opportunity to develop this skill. We designed and ran a simulation course to aid trainees in achieving these competencies. Methodology 10 junior rheumatology trainees were invited to participate. The course started with a lecture which covered indications and contraindications to procedures including a summary of results from a regional survey of Rheumatology consultants and registrars on joint injection techniques. Faculty consisted of 4 Rheumatology Consultants and 3 Senior Registrars. At least one faculty member per station was present to provide instructions. Actors were used to demonstrate knee, shoulder and ankle/foot surface anatomy. Instructors demonstrated elbow, hand and wrist anatomy on themselves. Self-reported level of confidence using Likert score Pre and Post workshop questionnaires were used for evaluation. Results 9/10 of the trainees felt that the session met their learning objectives. Confidence levels increased non-significantly in performing wrist, carpel tunnel, glenohumeral, subacromial and knee injection. Confidence levels increased significantly in performing ankle, acromoclavicular, elbow and epicondyle injections. Conclusions It is possible to successfully run a simulated joint injection course which can improve confidence levels in trainees.


The dynamic of this paper is partly driven by curiosity about the apparent lack of curiosity regarding food, its preparation, presentation, serving and consumption, which suggest themselves as interestingly constructed and contestable sites of knowledge about contemporary consumer culture. A number of useful ethnographic studies have analysed notions of homemade food (Moisio, Arnould and Price, 2004; Wallendorf and Arnould 1991) and the practices of unbranding foodstuffs (Coupland, Iacobucci and Arnould 2005), paving the way for a focus upon representations of food and their attendant spaces of appropriation and practices. We build upon their lines of thought by arguing that cooking must be understood to mark the 'transition between nature and culture' (Levi-Strauss 1970: 164). If this is so, then it clearly suggests a potentially rich vein of social inquiry about how consumers construct their worlds in and through texts and its attendant talk around food. For such representations we believe are so bound up with our lives that they can be seen to do all sorts of identity work and can be read as providing consumers with what we term recipes for life instructing them on the whys and wherefores of consuming, providing quick, easy and tailored solutions to time-strapped, harried consumers to resolve in an imaginary fashion the problems of contemporary life (Hewer and Brownlie, 2006).


The influence of temperature on the solubility of 27 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) representing seven VOC families in biodiesel esters was investigated. Phase equilibrium data in the form of infinite dilution activity coefficients were predicted for a temperature range of 30° to 50°C using the Modified UNIFAC Dortmund Group Contribution Model. The desired phase equilibrium data were computed using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet designed for this purpose. It was found that alkane activity coefficients decreased with increasing temperature, but do not approach ideality with increasing temperature. With the exception of the acroleins, activity coefficients of the aldehydes decreased with increasing temperature, approaching ideality. Activity coefficients of organic acids in unsaturated esters tended towards ideality whilst interactions with unsaturated esters deviated from ideality. With the exception of tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropyran, ether interactions with ester solvents generally tended towards ideality. It was also observed that the activity coefficients of formates and carbonates particularly ethyl formatein biodiesel generally tended towards ideality with increasing temperature. The interactions in this study show that ester/ solute interactions yielding activity coefficients greater than 1 favour higher absorption temperatures whilst those with coefficients less than 1 favour lower absorption temperatures.


This lecture, by Annemarie Schimmel, looks at the methodology employed by poets in the Islamic World by examining their use of various names of cities, rivers and natural landmarks, in addition to their turning of historical events into poetic verses, breathing with life, in an effort to celebrate the greatness of the past or in yearning for a loved one. This form of expression embodies their experiences and spiritual yearnings. The reader can see from the collection of poetic writings that Muslim poets seemed to be spiritually tied to each other, as if they spoke in one metaphorical tongue, even if their language is different and even if they are separated by vast stretches of land and time.


THE EIGHTH AMENDMENT is a jurisprudential train wreck. Its proudly humane language banning "cruel and unusual punishments" may remain among the Bill of Rights' most famous sound bites, but nobody today has the faintest clue what it means. The reason is as simple as it is sad: The Supreme Court's case law has left the amendment without coherent meaning. No principle guides its reach. No methodology solemnly pronounced in any case do the justices predictably follow in the next. A punishment upheld today can be, without alteration, struck down tomorrow with no justice even admitting that his or her mind has changed. The justices no longer even pretend to examine whether a punishment offends the amendment's textual prohibition. Instead they apply perhaps the single most impressionistic test ever devised by the court: whether the challenged practice has run afoul of "the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society." (1) Unsurprisingly, nine judges of wildly different politics, temperaments, and backgrounds do not generally agree on the standards or the methodology for assessing society's maturation, much less its substance. As a consequence, more than two centuries after its incorporation into the Constitution, the amendment has been rendered nothing more than a vehicle to remove from the policymaking arena punitive practices that offend a majority of the court at any moment in time. The train wreck does not end there. Normally, when the court runs a major doctrinal area off the rails, a cogent line of dissent over time helps rationalize the errant line of cases by offering a more legally faithful, a more constitutionally stable, or simply a more sensible alternative. The Eighth Amendment has not proven so lucky. To be sure, the court's conservative flank--led by Justice Antonin Scalia--has dissented from its emerging Eighth Amendment jurisprudence and has offered a compelling critique. It has even proposed a principled alternative--at the core of which lies the premise that the amendment's protections are static and contain no evolutionary dimension whatsoever. As Scalia once poetically declared, "the Constitution that I interpret and apply is not living but dead--or, as I prefer to put it, enduring. It means today not what current society (much less the Court) thinks it ought to mean, but what it meant when it was adopted." (2) In reality, however, this principle is not nearly as self-evident, at least in the context of the Eighth Amendment, as Scalia's bombastic rhetoric would have one believe. It is, rather, somewhat implausible as a textual matter, uncertain as a historical matter, and utterly at odds not only with the court's jurisprudence during its recent period of intellectual incoherence but with its entire century-long history of interpreting the amendment altogether. Moreover, Scalia's reading would, in effect, render a major plank of the Bill of Rights a dead letter that protects Americans only against those punishments that are politically unthinkable anyway. The Eighth Amendment is thus trapped in a shouting match between the entirely inconstant and the most foolish of consistencies. This stalemate by no means flows inexorably from some inherent defect in the amendment itself. Though its specific language presents some unique challenges, the text of the Eighth Amendment is no vaguer than the Fourth Amendment's requirement that searches and seizures be "reasonable" or the Fifth Amendment's demand that an individual's life, liberty, and property be secure from government in the absence of "due process of law." Yet in contrast to the Fourth and Fifth Amendments, where generations of case law have put meat on these rather bare constitutional bones, the Eighth Amendment's key terms--"cruel" and "unusual"--remain almost entirely undefined. In their zeal to unravel how society's standards of decency have evolved--or to snipe at how the court has done so--both sides in the debate seem to have forgotten what the words of the amendment actually say. …


Biological systems have developed with a strong dependence on transition metals for accomplishing a number of biochemical reactions. Iron, copper, manganese and zinc are essential for virtually all forms of life with their unique chemistries contributing to a variety of physiological processes including oxygen transport, generation of cellular energy and protein structure and function. Properties of these metals (and to a lesser extent nickel and cobalt) that make them so essential to life also make them extremely cytotoxic in many cases through the formation of damaging oxygen radicals via Fenton chemistry. While life has evolved to exploit the chemistries of transition metals to drive physiological reactions, systems have concomitantly evolved to protect against the damaging effects of these same metals. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a valuable tool for studying metal homeostasis with many of the genes identified thus far having homologs in higher eukaryotes including humans. Using high density arrays, we have screened a haploid S. cerevisiae deletion set containing 4786 non-essential gene deletions for strains sensitive to each of Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn and Co and then integrated the six screens using cluster analysis to identify pathways that are unique to individual metals and others with function shared between metals. Genes with no previous implication in metal homeostasis were found to contribute to sensitivity to each metal. Significant overlap was observed between the strains that were sensitive to Mn, Ni, Zn and Co with many of these strains lacking genes for the high affinity Fe transport pathway and genes involved in vacuolar transport and acidification. The results from six genome-wide metal tolerance screens show that there is some commonality between the cellular defenses against the toxicity of Mn, Ni, Zn and Co with Fe and Cu requiring different systems. Additionally, potential new factors been identified that function in tolerance to each of the six metals.


Essential oils are one of the most notorious natural products used for medical purposes. Combined with their popular use in dermatology, their availability, and the development of antimicrobial resistance, commercial essential oils are often an option for therapy. At least 90 essential oils can be identified as being recommended for dermatological use, with at least 1500 combinations. This review explores the fundamental knowledge available on the antimicrobial properties against pathogens responsible for dermatological infections and compares the scientific evidence to what is recommended for use in common layman's literature. Also included is a review of combinations with other essential oils and antimicrobials. The minimum inhibitory concentration dilution method is the preferred means of determining antimicrobial activity. While dermatological skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus have been well studied, other pathogens such as Streptococcus pyogenes, Propionibacterium acnes, Haemophilus influenzae, and Brevibacterium species have been sorely neglected. Combination studies incorporating oil blends, as well as interactions with conventional antimicrobials, have shown that mostly synergy is reported. Very few viral studies of relevance to the skin have been made. Encouragement is made for further research into essential oil combinations with other essential oils, antimicrobials, and carrier oils.


Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) offers a viable means of charging Electric Vehicles (EV)'s whilst in a dynamic state (DWPT), mitigating issues concerning vehicle range, the size of on-board energy storage and the network distribution of static based charging systems. Such Charge While Driving (CWD) technology has the capability to accelerate EV market penetration through increasing user convenience, reducing EV costs and increasing driving range indefinitely, dependent upon sufficient charging infrastructure. This paper reviews current traction battery technologies, conductive and inductive charging processes, influential parameters specific to the dynamic charging state as well as highlighting notable work undertaken within the field of WPT charging systems. DWPT system requirements, specific to the driver, vehicle and infrastructure interaction environment are summarised and international standards highlighted in order to acknowledge the work that must be done within this area. It is important to recognise that the gap is not currently technological; instead, it is an implementation issue. Without the necessary standardisation, system architectures cannot be developed and implemented without fear of interoperability issues between countries or indeed systems. For successful deployment, the technologies impact should be maximised with the minimum quantity of infrastructure and technology use, deployment scenarios and locations are discussed that have the potential to bring this


We use the 1998-2006 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to investigate how households change their asset holdings at older ages. We find a notable increase in the net worth of older households between 1998 and 2006, with most of the growth due to housing. Our results indicate that, through 2006, older households did not spend all of their capital gains. This asset accumulation provides older households with a financial cushion for the turbulence experienced after 2007. The wealth distribution is highly skewed, and the age patterns of asset accumulation and decumulation vary considerably by income group. High-income seniors increase assets at older ages. Middle-income seniors reduce their assets in retirement, but at a rate that for most seniors will not deplete assets within their expected life. Many low-income seniors accumulate fewer assets and spend their financial assets at a rate that will mostly deplete them at older ages, leaving low-income seniors with only Social Security and DB pension income at older ages.


The implementation of sustainability agendas in the tourism and hospitality industry in developing countries has received little scholarly attention. Working to fill this gap, this paper provides a holistic analysis of the drivers of, and barriers to, sustainability initiatives in the Malawian hospitality industry. Drawing insights from the resource-based view and institutional theory, it highlights that tensions between global and local norms and values are as important as tensions between internal organizational factors and the isomorphic forces within the organizational fields for implementing sustainability agendas. The paper further reveals the mediating role played by firm size and ownership. It, thus, makes a contribution to the understanding of the role of business in society by focusing on the complex dynamics associated with the adoption of sustainability agendas in an under-researched context, and demonstrating how tensions between internal organizational factors and local societal expectations within the host countries can shape the nature and focus of the sustainability agenda itself.


The article deals with emotional burnout in social workers who work with people who witnessed the conflict, lost loved ones or with numerous refugees who moved to different parts of the country and are rebuilding their lives. The authors of the article used a free-form essay on the topic "The Most Problematic Situations in My Work with Migrants". They analyzed the obtained results using content analysis to identify the main manifestations of "burnout", as well as possible preconditions for its occurrence. The research involved 245 social workers aged between 25 and 45 (work experience of 5 to 10 years), who assist those who have become migrants as a result of hostilities in eastern Ukraine. Most often, negative emotional states in social workers with emotional burnout cause difficulties in the adaptation of migrants from the war zone in eastern Ukraine. Content analysis has shown that most emotionally significant situations in the interaction between social workers and these clients arise because of psychological difficulties. Emotional states of social workers within the structure of emotional burnout are manifested through the identification-separation mechanism. In turn, social workers perceive negative emotional states as a manifestation of their psychological professional inability accompanied by disorders in self-identity and negative content of structural units of self-awareness. Social workers themselves experience several difficulties when communicating with clients and helping them to overcome problematic situations.


This article presents what is widely considered to be the best biographical account of the life of the controversial popular author, journalist and amateur spy, William Le Queux. The article originally appeared in Soldiers of the Queen, the journal of the Victorian Military Society, and is reproduced here with their kind permission in order to bring it before a new audience. It documents Le Queux's life, from the little that is known about his early career through to his high-profile involvement in defence scaremongering before and during the First World War to his subsequent lapse into postwar obscurity.


A large database of in situ bio-optical measurements were collected at the LEO-15 (Long-term Ecosystem Observatory) off the southern coast of New Jersey, USA. The data were used to quantify the impact of coastal upwelling on near-shore bulk apparent (AOP) and inherent (IOP) optical properties. There was good qualitative agreement between the AOPs and IOPs in space and time. The measured IOPs were used as inputs to the Hydrolight radiative transfer model (RTE). Estimated spectral AOPs from the RTE were strongly correlated (generally R2>0.80) to measured AOPs. If optical closure between in-water measurements was achieved then the RTE was used to construct the spectral remote sensing reflectance. The modelled remote sensing reflectances were compared to satellite-derived reflectance estimates from four different algorithms. Quantitative agreement between the satellite-measured and in-water modelled remote sensing reflectance was good but results were variable between the different models. The strength of the correlation and spectral consistency was variable with space and time. Correlations were strongest in clear offshore waters and lowest in the near-shore turbid waters. In the near-shore waters, the correlation was strongest for blue wavelengths (400–555 nm) but lower for the red wavelengths of light.


The understanding of the dynamic processes in magmatic systems has grown and changed markedly in the last decade. Old models for magmatic systems as vats of near-liquidus material have been revised by observations from seismology (Sinton and Detrick 1992), crystal chemistry and zoning (Davidson et al. 2007) and the geochronology and geochemistry of both plutonic and volcanic systems (Hildreth 2004; Charlier et al. 2007; Miller et al. 2007; Peressini et al. 2007; Walker et al. 2007). New views emphasise magmatic systems as temporally dominated by crystal mushes (magma bodies with a high fraction of solid particles; see definition in Miller and Wark 2008), that wax and wane in temperature and crystallinity, and are subject to significant open system processes (Charlier et al. 2007; Hildreth and Wilson 2007; Walker et al. 2007; Bachmann and Bergantz 2008). These processes, such as magma reintrusion, mixing, gas sparging, and subsequent thermal rejuvenation, may be significantly more important in producing the characteristics of a magmatic system than the previous closed-system, near-liquidus behaviour would predict. There are a number of recent reviews that summarize these observations (for example see Eichelberger et al. 2006; Bachmann et al. 2007b; Lipman 2007). Our aim here is to illustrate how this new perspective to magma dynamics is motivated by observations of heterogeneities (or lack thereof) in erupted rocks (and to a lesser amount in plutons).

Owing to rapid withdrawal and quenching of magma during explosive volcanic eruptions (hours to a few days), large-volume (>1 km3) pyroclastic deposits (also referred to as ignimbrites or ash-flow tuffs ) provide an instant image of the state of the magma chamber evacuated during eruption. A first-order observation that characterizes these pyroclastic deposits of intermediate to silicic composition is that many do not tap into chemically …


Operational history and performance of the left diversion tunnel outlets from March, 1963, to July, 1965, are described. In this period about 5,700,000 acre-ft of water was released through the outlets at discharges to 29,600 cfs, velocities to 135 fps, and heads to 360 ft. Extensive abrasive damage to the concrete tunnel lining was experienced early in the operation because of foreign material circulating in a hydraulic jump that formed in the tunnel during relatively small releases; however, after abrasive material was flushed from the tunnel, no significant additional damage to the roughened concrete lining was noted. Progressive cavitation damage was experienced downstream from the gate slots and at surface irregularities in the conduit steel liners. Photographs and sketches of the damaged areas are included. Although sufficient damage was experienced in the structure to require repairs in a permanent installation, the performance verified the soundness of the basic design of the outlets. Probable causes of the damage and precautions to be considered in designing future structures are presented.


In Spain, as in several other European countries, sectoral bargaining agreements are automatically extended to cover all firms in an industry. Employers and employees can also negotiate firm-specific contracts. We use a large matched employer-employee data set to study the effects of firm-level contracting on the structure of wages. Employees covered by firm-specific contracts earn about 10 percent more than those covered by sectoral contracts. The estimated premium is about the same for men in different skill groups, but higher for more highly skilled women, suggesting that firm-level contracts raise wage inequality for women. At the establishment level, we compare average wages under firm-level and sectoral bargaining, controlling for the propensity to negotiate a firm-specific contract. Consistent with the worker-level models, we find that firm-specific contracting raises average wages, with a pattern of effects that tends to increase inequality relative to sectoral bargaining for women. Although we cannot decisively test between alternative explanations for the firm-level contracting premium, workers with firm-specific contracts have significantly longer job tenure, suggesting that the premium is at least partially a non-competitive phenomenon.


The personal computer has become a common feature of the workplace, underpinning the jobs of many people. The achievement of some level of ability to use a computer is now regarded as a necessity, and this is reflected in UK government education policy. At the same time, the workplace has gained recognition as an important site for learning. This research study focuses on the need for people to learn to use computers in the context of the wider debates about workplace learning. Formal courses and training programmes cater for the need for adults to achieve some level of ability to use computers, often referred to as computer literacy. However, such courses may not be sufficient or effective for some people, and the precise meaning of the term computer literacy is unclear. The research study explores the learning strategies that people employ in order to acquire their computer knowledge and skills. It asks: how computer technology has affected individuals in the workplace, what individuals think computer literacy means, how people learn to use computers and whether this learning is transferred between home and work. Using an interpretive methodology with survey and case study approaches, these questions are explored within the context of one workplace, a manufacturing company situated in the UK. The methods used are a questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and a respondent diary. The study explores the viewpoint of all employees of the company, not just managers or those responsible for staff development. From the analysis of the data it is argued, inter alia, that: (i) the computer has had an impact on the working lives of the people at the site ofthe study, bringing changes that require them to have some level of computer ability, (ii) computer literacy is not easily defined but there are perceptions of it as: related to the needs of the job; having levels; and involving affective factors, (iii) people may use a number of different strategies in order to acquire their computer ability, with a preference for informal learning, (iv) computer learning is transferred between work and home, and people may develop higher levels of computer ability than is required for their work. The study confirms informal workplace learning as a major means of acquiring computer skills and knowledge. Although a model of such learning remains elusive, it is suggested that it may be situated, not at the social-anthropological level of a community of practice, but at the level of individual relationships, with aspects of mentoring. The study indicates that a number of issues require further research: the need to include affective factors in provision for computer learning, the consideration of alternative models of situated computer learning and the place of self-direction in the acquisition of computer literacy.


SUMMARY The prenatal period is of critical importance in defining how individuals respond to their environment throughout life. Stress experienced by pregnant females has been shown to have detrimental effects on offspring behaviour, health and productivity. The sheep has been used extensively as a model species to inform human studies. However, in the farmed environment, the consequences for the lamb of the imposition of prenatal stresses upon the ewe have received much less attention. The stressors that pregnant ewes are most frequently exposed to include sub-optimal nutrition and those related to housing, husbandry and environment which may be either acute or chronic. A systematic review of the literature was adopted to identify material which had production-relevant maternal stressors and lamb outcomes. The current review focussed upon the lamb up to weaning around the age of 100 days and the results clearly demonstrate that stressors imposed upon the ewe have implications for offspring welfare and performance. Maternal under-nutrition (UN) in the last third of pregnancy consistently impaired lamb birth-weight and subsequent vigour and performance, while earlier UN had a variable effect on performance. Feeding the ewe above requirements did not have positive effects on lamb performance and welfare. Social and husbandry stressors such as transport, shearing, mixing and physiological treatments designed to mimic acute stress which would be considered disadvantageous for the ewe had positive or neutral effects for the lamb, highlighting a potential conflict between the welfare of the ewe and her lamb. This review also identified considerable gaps in knowledge, particularly in respect of the impact of disease upon the ewe during pregnancy and interactions between different stressors and the responses of ewe and lamb.