Globalisation has changed the face of the clothing and textile industries in many developed and developing nations. In the twenty first century no longer are clothes manufactured and retailed in specific local regions. Fashion and clothing have joined textiles in becoming a truly global operation. Despite this revolution many authors report that clothing and textiles still lag behind other manufacturing industries in relation to their enthusiasm to adopt new product development processes. The traditional clothing product development route is labour and time intensive and this process often involves a series of fit trials on live models to ensure satisfactory fit is achieved.

Garment design and realisation is a highly specialised domain which demands skills across a wide variety of disciplines. CAD and computation technologies in apparel have existed for a number of years however they have provided separate working environments for those involved in design and garment construction. Whilst each specific system has been successfully integrated into their respective stage of the product design process, they have created a distinctive divide between design and apparel construction. Virtual simulation software could reduce or completely eliminate the intensive sampling stages by providing a true to life representation of the product without embarking in any physical manufacturing. It offers the opportunity to design, produce patterns, create a virtual manufactured garment and test fit in one environment.

Many authors have identified essential components within 3D virtual simulation as; the digital cloning of the human body, the exact input of fabric parameters, precise computation models, and effective joining of the 2D pattern components. Modelling a human form (avatar) and simulating tactile materials involves collaboration across many different disciplines. The human body is a complex form and virtual representation is dependent on accurate physical anatomical landmarking. Modern 3D body scanning has provided the opportunity to obtain sophisticated data in relation to a 3D form. 3D scans generate thousands of data points which can be manipulated to create static or dynamic forms. The animation industry has utilised this technology extensively in gaming during the last century, which has generated much interest within the apparel industries.

Virtual garment simulation offers opportunities in apparel in four distinct areas; Firstly speed to market; Secondly, opportunities for niche and luxury custom made garments where the customer could be the designer of their own garment; Thirdly, in e-commerce, a garment could be selected from a multimedia catalogue and viewed on a body shape similar to the consumer; and finally in the development of fitted garments (sportswear and intimate apparel) where the apparel could be designed with accurate mapping of comfort and support. 3D virtual simulation is set to play an important role within apparel product development in the future. This paper presents a discussion regarding 3D scanning technologies, available 3D virtual simulation software and methods of obtaining the fabric parameters. One commercial system is discussed in terms of the integration between the body scanning data and the resultant avatar, and the inputting of the textile parameters in relation to the fabric representation.


Abstract. Measurements of ocean currents, stratification and microstructure were made in August 2015,
northwest of Svalbard, downstream of the Atlantic inflow in Fram Strait in
the Arctic Ocean. Observations in three sections are used to characterize the
evolution of the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) along a 170 km downstream
distance. Two alternative calculations imply 1.5 to 2 Sv
(1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1) is routed to recirculation and Yermak
branch in Fram Strait, whereas 0.6 to 1.3 Sv is carried by the Svalbard
branch. The WSC cools at a rate of 0.20 ∘C per 100 km, with
associated bulk heat loss per along-path meter of
(1.1-1.4)×107 W m−1, corresponding to a surface heat loss of
380–550 W m−2. The measured turbulent heat flux is too small to
account for this cooling rate. Estimates using a plausible range of
parameters suggest that the contribution of diffusion by eddies could be
limited to one half of the observed heat loss. In addition to shear-driven
mixing beneath the WSC core, we observe energetic convective mixing of an
unstable bottom boundary layer on the slope, driven by Ekman advection of
buoyant water across the slope. The estimated lateral buoyancy flux is
O(10−8) W kg−1, sufficient to maintain a large fraction of the
observed dissipation rates, and corresponds to a heat flux of approximately
40 W m−2. We conclude that – at least in summer – convectively
driven bottom mixing followed by the detachment of the mixed fluid and its
transfer into the ocean interior can lead to substantial cooling and
freshening of the WSC.


Hypertutorials optimize five features - presentation, learner control, practice, feedback, and elaborative learning resources. Previous research showed graduate students significantly and overwhelmingly preferred Web-based hypertutorials to conventional "Book-on-the-Web" statistics or research design lessons. The current report shows that the source of hypertutorials' superiority in student evaluations of instruction lies in their hypertutorial features. Randomized comparisons between the two methodologies were conducted in two successive iterations of a graduate level health informatics research design and evaluation course. The two versions contained the same text and graphics, but differed in the presence or absence of hypertutorial features: Elaborative learning resources, practice, feedback, and amount of learner control. Students gave high evaluations to both Web-based methodologies, but consistently rated the hypertutorial lessons as superior. Significant differences localized in the hypertutorial subscale that measured student responses to hypertutorial features.


Abstract. The primary objective of this paper is to study the effectiveness of using externally applied CFRP composites as a method of shear strengthening. The parameters investigated in this study included CFRP amount and distribution (i.e., sheet versus strips), bonded surface (i.e., web sheet versus U-wrap), and fiber orientation (i.e., 90° fiber direction versus 45° fiber direction). Firstly, a novel Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis (NLFEA) model is created and validated. Then, five RC beams (150×225×1500 mm) have been constructed. The overall behavior of the NLFEA beams loaded up to failure, the onset of the cracking, and crack development with increased load and ductility were described. The NLFEA results showed that externally bonded CFRP increased the shear capacity of the strengthened RC beams significantly depending on the variables investigated. The beams strengthened with 90° CFRP U-wrap sheet provided a large increase in the ultimate load carrying capacity compared to beams strengthened with 90° CFRP web strips of 50 mm width. Decreasing the spacing between the strips is also efficient, while using 45° strips rather than 90° strips does not produce a remarkable increase in the shear capacity. The externally bonded CFRP can increase the shear capacity of the beam significantly by 34−62 % than that of the control beams, depending on the variables investigated. The inclination of the primary shear crack influenced the shear strength contribution of the external strengthening. Finally, an inclusive assessment of the NLFEA results, as well as three other wellknown shear strength models, is conducted using a large test database. It is shown that the proposed shear strength, Chen and Teng, and the Chen et al. models give consistently good correlation with test data with an acceptable coefficient of variation as well as ACI Model shows unsatisfactory performance probably owing to its empirical nature and the use of an inappropriate model for the effective FRP bond length.


Procedural rules in U.S. courts often have predictable and systemic substantive consequences. Yet the vast majority of procedural rules are drafted, debated, and ultimately enacted by a committee rulemaking process substantially removed from significant legislative or executive supervision. This Article explores the dynamics of the committee rulemaking process through a game-theoretical lens. The model reveals that inferior players in the committee rulemaking game - advisory committees, the Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure, the Judicial Conference and the Supreme Court - are sometimes able to arbitrage Congressional transaction costs to obtain results at odds with the results Congress would prefer in a world without transaction costs. The Article presents two real-world examples of possible transaction-cost arbitrage, one involving the 1993 adoption of the 'initial disclosures' requirement under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and one involving the implementation of the 'means test' requirement of the 2005 bankruptcy reform statute. Though the normative implications of committee rulemaking are ambiguous, the dynamics of the game suggest that a better preference fit between Congress and the membership of the various advisory committees would mitigate the risks of transaction cost arbitrage substantially while retaining most of the advantages of the committee rulemaking system.


Background and Purpose: Of the 795,000 strokes occurring in the USA each year, over 20% are recurrent events. Little is known about how the rates of recurrent stroke in the country have changed over time. Our objective was to determine national trends in 1-year recurrent ischemic stroke rates by US county among the elderly from 1994 to 2002. Methods: One-year recurrent stroke rates following incident ischemic stroke (ICD-9 433, 434, 436) among all fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries were determined by US county for 1994–1996, 1997–1999, and 2000–2002. Bayesian spatiotemporal Poisson modeling was used to determine county-specific trends in recurrent stroke rates over time with risk adjustment for demographics, medical history and comorbid conditions. Results: The analysis included more than 2.5 million beneficiaries (56% women; mean age: 78 years; 87% white; n = 957,933 for 1994–1996; n = 838,330 for 1996–1999; n = 895,916 for 2000–2002) aggregated to all 3,118 US counties. After adjustment for changing patient demographics and comorbidities, there was a 4.5% decrease in recurrent stroke rates from 1994–1996 (13.2%) to 2000–2002 (12.6%; p for trend <0.0001). The geographic and temporal patterns were not uniform; the recurrent stroke rates decreased within sections of the Southeast (the 'stroke belt'), but increased in counties in the middle and western sections of the USA. Conclusions: The overall recurrent ischemic stroke rates declined by almost 5% from 1994 to 2002, but temporal patterns varied markedly by region. Additional research is needed to identify the reasons for this geographic disparity.


Traditionally, NMF algorithms consist of two separate stages: a training stage, in which a generative model is learned; and a testing stage in which the pre-learned model is used in a high level task such as enhancement, separation, or classification. As an alternative, we propose a task-supervised NMF method for the adaptation of the basis spectra learned in the first stage to enhance the performance on the specific task used in the second stage. We cast this problem as a bilevel optimization program that can be efficiently solved via stochastic gradient descent. The proposed approach is general enough to handle sparsity priors of the activations, and allow non-Euclidean data terms such as β-divergences. The framework is evaluated on single-channel speech enhancement tasks.


Abstract. Nowadays, point clouds are the standard product when capturing reality independent of scale and measurement technique. Especially, Dense Image Matching (DIM) and Laser Scanning (LS) are state of the art capturing methods for a great variety of applications producing detailed point clouds up to billions of points. In-depth analysis of such huge point clouds typically requires sophisticated spatial indexing structures to support potentially long-lasting automated non-interactive processing tasks like feature extraction, semantic labelling, surface generation, and the like. Nevertheless, a visual inspection of the point data is often necessary to obtain an impression of the scene, roughly check for completeness, quality, and outlier rates of the captured data in advance. Also intermediate processing results, containing additional per-point computed attributes, may require visual analyses to draw conclusions or to parameterize further processing. Over the last decades a variety of commercial, free, and open source viewers have been developed that can visualise huge point clouds and colorize them based on available attributes. However, they have either a poor loading and navigation performance, visualize only a subset of the points, or require the creation of spatial indexing structures in advance. In this paper, we evaluate a progressive method that is capable of rendering any point cloud that fits in GPU memory in real time without the need of time consuming hierarchical acceleration structure generation. In combination with our multi-threaded LAS and LAZ loaders, we achieve load performance of up to 20 million points per second, display points already while loading, support flexible switching between different attributes, and rendering up to one billion points with visually appealing navigation behaviour. Furthermore, loading times of different data sets for different open source and commercial software packages are analysed.


This thesis focuses on different aspects of trade theory and policy. One of the main objections to the theory of strategic trade policy is that it presumes too much knowledge on the part of governments. The design of an optimal tariff in the presence of incomplete information is analysed in Chapter 2. In a Cournot duopoly model of international competition between a domestic and a foreign firm, it is shown that when the domestic firm and government have incomplete information about the marginal cost of a foreign firm, trade policy can be effectively designed. It is shown that when the foreign firm's output signals costs, there is a unique separating sequential equilibrium. There is a distortion in output due to signalling which is costly in terms of welfare. So, the optimal import tariff when signalling is lower than when the firm does not signal its costs through output. Expected foreign production is lower when signalling, and domestic firm's output and profits are higher. Incomplete information lessens the rent extracting and profit shifting argument for a tariff. An area of conflicting views in trade policy is that of antidumping (AD). In Chapter 3, a descriptive analysis of the use of AD worldwide and in Europe is presented, including an explanation of AD laws and of the implementation of these laws in Europe. An analysis of European antidumping decisions made by the European Commission between 1985 and 2003 is presented in Chapter 4. Using data on legal AD investigations, industry, imports and political influences, the Commission decision-making on dumping and injury is modelled weighing the relative impact of economic and political factors in predicting policy outcomes. Two hypotheses are formulated. The empirical findings confirm that Europe is operating a double track antidumping mechanism. Mainly economic variables are associated with a positive decision on dumping whereas only political variables are positively associated with affirmative decisions on injury. Besides, antidumping laws allow countries to settle antidumping actions either by levying duties or by demanding price undertakings from the foreign exporting (or importing) firms. A price undertaking is an agreement by the foreign exporter to eliminate injury by increasing its price or ceasing exports. However, countries have considerable discretion in allowing price undertakings. An empirical analysis of the acceptance of price undertaking decisions in Europe is presented in Chapter 5. A number of hypotheses are formulated. The econometric analysis indicates that the share of European exports to the country of the defendant; indicators of political pressure as well as the country of origin of certain defendants (non-market economies) are positively associated with the decision to refuse price undertakings. The research hypotheses in chapters 4 and 5 are examined using a legal database containing information about 805 antidumping investigations initiated in Europe published in the Official Journal of the European Communities and associated trade and industrial statistics. An overview of the thesis with a summary of conclusions and contributions is presented in Chapter 1. A summary of the main findings of the thesis is presented in Chapter 6.


The human aldolase A gene is expressed in several tissues through the use of three alternative promoters. The activity of one of the promoters, pM, is restricted to skeletal muscle. We reported previously that a proximal 280 bp pM fragment confers tissue-specific expression to a CAT reporter gene in transgenic mice. This small regulatory region directs expression to muscle composed mainly of fast-twitch fibers. Here we show that a minimal promoter fragment from base-pairs -164 to +45 is sufficient to highly active pM during myoblast differentiation in cell culture and demonstrate that two DNA elements play a major role in this activation. These elements consist of a binding site (M1) for unknown ubiquitous proteins and an overlapping binding site for MEF2 and NF1 families of transcription factors. The NF1 factor constitute the main binding activity on the MEF2/NF1 site and, interestingly, some of the DNA-protein complexes that form with muscle nuclear extracts on the NF1 element differ from those that form with non-muscular extracts.


Alexander Kulischer [Alexandre Koulicher] (1890-1942), a former professor at the University of Petrograd (St. Petersburg, Russia) who emigrated to France after the Russian Revolution of October 1917, may be considered one of the pioneers of the theory of demographic transition. However, his contribution to the development of this theory has gone almost unnoticed and underrated. This article presents an intellectual biography of Alexander Kulischer and analyses his views on the demographic transition (demographic revolution), as he expressed them in his publications in German and in French in the first half of the 1930s. Two of these forgotten publications written in French are republished in the appendix to the article.


Hard Thresholding Pursuit (HTP) is an iterative greedy selection procedure for finding sparse solutions of underdetermined linear systems. This method has been shown to have strong theoretical guarantee and impressive numerical performance. In this paper, we generalize HTP from compressive sensing to a generic problem setup of sparsity-constrained convex optimization. The proposed algorithm iterates between a standard gradient descent step and a hard thresholding step with or without debiasing. We prove that our method enjoys the strong guarantees analogous to HTP in terms of rate of convergence and parameter estimation accuracy. Numerical evidences show that our method is superior to the state-of-the-art greedy selection methods in sparse logistic regression and sparse precision matrix estimation tasks.


This paper was prepared in 2003-2004 as the general report of an international research project on how the European private international law instruments approach questions of jurisdiction and judicial cooperation involving third countries and non-Member State residents. The paper is concerned less with summarizing the conclusions of the book's contributions and more with providing a comprehensive, conceptual background to the emerging discourse on international civil litigation in Europe and beyond.The paper is divided in four parts, the first two dealing with the "constitutional" aspects of the subject, while the last two with the "horizontal" or doctrinal aspects. Part I provides an overview of the institutional dimension and the gradual construction of a European Judicial Area (I.A). Special attention is paid to issues regarding the external competences of Community and its Member States (I.B.). Part II examines the limits set on the European Judicial Area (principally the Title IV instruments, but also Member States in their exercise of Community jurisdiction), by the "economic constitution" of the European Union (II.A), the European system of human rights (II.B), and public international law (II.C).The second half of the Report studies the EC instruments on transnational civil litigation from up close. First, Part III tests the limits of a common approach to the instruments. After a typology of the connecting factors used in the instruments (III.A), the paper considers the methodological choices involved and possible alternatives or reconceptualizations (III.B). The paper subsequently examines the underlying policies of the Area's instruments (III.C). A subsequent section studies the ways of dealing with "conflicts" between European and international instruments (III.D). Finally, Part IV considers separately the special issues that arise in each of the five Regulations then in force: Brussels I, Brussels II, Insolvency, Service and Evidence.


INTRODUCTION Background Mathematically gifted students learn differently from other age group peers. They require curriculum to be differentiated to meet their specific needs (Johnson, 2006). When these gifted students are not presented with learning experiences that are appropriate for their abilities, they lose motivation and in time can lose interest in school. Brain research suggests that the brain will not maintain its level of development if students are not challenged (Stepanek, 1999). Challenge is a very important component of effective curriculum and instruction. Research of the gifted brain shows that stimulation of students' interests and abilities through an appropriate level of challenge is required for learning to take place. If mathematically gifted children are given content or tasks that are too easy, which is very common in a mixed-ability classroom, they may not become engaged in the activity and consequently will not be learning. "Brain research provides a physical explanation for students' failure to learn. When tasks are not sufficiently challenging, the brain does not release enough of the chemicals needed for learning: dopamine, noradrenalin, serotonin, and other neurochemicals" (Stepanek, 1999, p. 9). The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Legislation, a renewal of the Elementary and Secondary Act of 1965, was passed by the Bush administration in 2001. This legislation requires that all students be proficient in reading and math by 2014. High stakes standardized tests are used to measure student performance in any school receiving Title I funding. Schools failing to meet the state's Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) are identified as "needing improvement" and are sanctioned with an array of consequences including a loss of funding. Mathematically gifted students tend to master the standards early and are ready to move onto more challenging work, interestingly, there are no penalties for schools failing to meet the needs of those students performing above or far exceeding the standard. As a result, funding and resources that had been allocated toward gifted programs are being reallocated toward reading initiatives to help struggling students gain proficiency (Golden, 2003). NCLB is sacrificing the education of the mathematically gifted students who have the potential of becoming the future biomedical, astro-physics, or aerospace researchers, engineers or other leaders in math and science (Goodkin, 2005). Statement of the Problem Miller defines mathematical talent as "an unusually high ability to understand mathematical ideas and to reason mathematically, rather than just a high ability to do arithmetic computations or get top grades in mathematics" (Miller, 1990, p. 1). When looking to identify mathematically gifted students, many teachers focus on those students who make the best grades and can compute math facts quickly and efficiently. These students may indeed be gifted, but there is more to mathematics than computations (Miller, 1990). Mathematically gifted students "take their understanding of the formulas and numbers and extend them to everyday situations. These students can see that math is more abstract than concrete and although these abstractions would confuse the normal student, they are able to generate solutions and obtain a fitting answer" (Giftedness: Overview, 2006, p. 1). Mathematically gifted students learn differently and need a differentiated curriculum in order to succeed in a regular classroom. If mathematically gifted students are required to work on grade-level curriculum at the same pace as other grade level students, if they are not challenged and guided, they can become bored, frustrated and can eventually become underachievers (Characteristics of Highly Able Math Student, 2006). When a school adopts a curriculum, it typically comes with only one textbook for all students at each grade level. These books are aimed at average abilities within that grade level, and many times at the lowest reading level. …


Aldus Pius Manutius Romanus (1449-1515) – an Italian humanist scholar, editor and publisher, printer and bookbinder, author, commentator, founder of the Aldine Press (1494) and Aldi Neacademia (ca 1500) in Venice – credited with producing classical works in a new elegant pocket-sized format (octavo), bearing a high intellectual value. As an ardent advocate of the culture of classical antiquity, the Greek language and literature in particular, Manutius greatly contributed to the development of textual criticism of print editions of classical texts. His legacy also includes the creation and design of italic and antiqua typefaces. The fonts were not based on the Greek writing style found in Byzantine manuscripts. Instead they imitated the finest contemporary humanist calligraphy. The Manutius press produced a great number of the first and most important editions of Greek texts (editiones principes), e.g. critical editions of Aristotle, Plato, Aristophanes, Thucydides, Sophocles and Euripides, which had been earlier known as translations into Latin. As a printer and publisher he cooperated with members of his Academy (Pietro Bembo, Mark Musuros and Erasmus of Rotterdam). The Aldine collection of PAN Biblioteka Gdanska contains at least 50 books (according to preliminary estimates), considerable number of which are within the book-collection originally belonging to the Neapolitan aristocrat - Giovanni Bernardino Bonifacio (1517-1597). The humanist donated his library to the Gdansk City Council. On the basis of the typical Renaissance collection the Library of the Gdansk City Council (Bibliotheca Senatus Gedanensis) was founded in 1596. Bonifacio's Aldine collection includes among others editiones principes of Thucydides and Herodotus, collected works by Statius published in an elegant pocket-sized format and Seneca's tragedies. Apart from classical works Manutius published also works by contemporary Italian humanists, examples of which are well preserved in Bonifacio's book-collection, including e.g. collected works of Angelo Poliziano edited by Alessandro Sarti. A number of items belonging to the Aldine collection probably still retain the original bindings, while others received new covers, e.g. a book of poetry by Marcus Valerius Martialis (ca 40-104) was rebound in black goatskin leather with gold tooling. For today's readers the Aldine editions are not only a source of aesthetically and intellectually valuable experiences, but they also allow the users to explore cultural achievements of the Classical world. The exhibition features 12 items which are a part of an interesting collection of books both printed and written by Manutius preserved in PAS Gdansk Library.


Modular Transitional Implants (MTI) are made from pure titanium and are used to support fixed provisional restorations during the osseointegration of definitive implants. This study histologically examined the jaw response to loaded MTIs in the dog mandible. Three implants were inserted transmucosally into each side of the mandible in 3 dogs. Stability was examined using a Periotest. Anterior and posterior implants were splinted using a cemented acrylic resin fixed partial denture to allow immediate loading. The middle implant remained unloaded and was used as a control. Dogs were sacrificed 11 to 12 weeks after implantation, and tissue blocks containing the implants were removed. Histologic examination showed that 10 of the 18 implants had good bone-to-implant contact, with the percentage of bone contacting the threaded portion of the implant varying from 30% to 65%. There was no statistical difference (p > 0.1) in percentage of bone-to-metal contact between loaded and unloaded implants. Six implants were entirely surrounded by connective tissue with or without inflammation; two implants were lost during the study. The success rate did not differ between loaded and unloaded implants. In the successful implants trabecular bone made good contact with the implant, forming supporting struts. There was bone remodeling in some bone-to-metal contact areas. It is believed that success was mainly influenced by the initial bone density at the implant site and by the uncontrolled load that the animals applied to the implants during the early healing stage.


An ontology-based knowledge management system uses an ontology to represent explicit specification of a business domain and to serve as a backbone for providing and searching for knowledge sources. But, dynamically changing business environment implies changes in the conceptualisation of a business domain that are reflected on the underlying domain ontologies. Consequently, these changes have effects on the performances and validity of the KM system. In this paper we present an approach for enabling consistency of the description of knowledge sources in an ontology-based KM system in the case of changes in the domain ontology. This approach is based on our research in the ontology evolution and ontology-based annotation of documents. The proposed method is implemented in our semantic annotation framework so that efficient acquiring and maintaining of ontology-based metadata is supported.


Despite regional and culture differences, Persian Gulf countries such as Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia are bound together by their use of the kafala system. Established in the 1930s, the kafala system came from the Bedouin custom of providing foreigners protection, or in some cases, affiliation with a tribe when passing through controlled territory. It was described by Azfar Khan of the International Labour Organization in The Guardian as "the best tradition of Arab hospitality," a high compliment in a culture characterized by generous people and traditions. However, the current incarnation of the kafala system is a bastardization of previous forms, replacing generosity with greed, and honesty with deceit.


Endosomes deliver signaling molecules into the appropriate daughter cell during Drosophila sensory organ precursor division. Sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells undergo asymmetric cell division to produce a pIIa cell, which sends a Delta signal, and a pIIb cell, which receives the Delta signal and responds with Notch signaling. Coumailleau et al. provide evidence that asymmetric distribution of endosomes that are positive for the protein Sara, which is involved in trafficking internalized Delta and Notch, contributes to the asymmetry of the daughter cells produced by division of the SOP. Live-cell imaging of endosomes labeled with fluorophore-conjugated antibodies to Delta or Notch showed that after 10 minutes Delta and Notch colocalized with Sara and accumulated in endosomes that were targeted to the central spindle such that upon mitosis the endosomes segregated into the pIIa daughter cell. Sara is also present in the cytoplasm, and this pool of Sara was evenly distributed into the pIIa and pIIb daughter cells after mitosis. Sara was not required for the asymmetric distribution of Notch and Delta into the daughter cells, and Notch and Delta were not required for asymmetric distribution of Sara-positive endosomes. However, overexpression of Sara results in aberrant distribution of both early endosomes (normally evenly divided between the two daughter cells) into the pIIa cells and Sara-positive endosomes in the pIIb cells, suggesting that the system becomes saturated. By expressing a Rab5 mutant that results in the production of a single large Sara-positive endosome, the authors showed that when this endosome properly segregated, the cells divided to produce the pIIa and pIIb daughters, whereas when this endosome was mistargeted, the SOP produced two pIIa cells. The authors suggested that targeting of this Notch signaling endosome may deplete signaling molecules from the cell in which it is absent and may supply these molecules to the cell receiving it. In support of this, before division the Sara-positive endosome in the SOP contains Delta and both the extracellular and intracellular domains of Notch (Notch is cleaved to produce the intracellular domain that is a transcriptional regulator). After mitosis, the endosomes are no longer positive for the intracellular domain of Notch, suggesting that it may have been released to act in the nucleus. F. Coumailleau, M. Fürthauer, J. A. Knoblich, M. González-Gaitán, Directional Delta and Notch trafficking in Sara endosomes during asymmetric cell division. Nature 458, 1051–1055 (2009). [PubMed]


We present measurements of the angular correlation function of galaxies selected from the first field of the H-ATLAS survey. Careful removal of the background from galactic cirrus is essential, and currently dominates the uncertainty in our measurements. For our 250 µ m-selected sample we detect no significant clustering, consistent with the expectation that the 250 µ m-selected sources are mostly normal galaxies at z < ∼ 1. For our 350 µ m and 500 µ m-selected samples we detect relatively strong clustering with correlation amplitudes A of 0.2 and 1.2 at 1 ′ , but with relatively large uncertainties. For samples which preferentially select high redshift galaxies at z ∼ 2 − 3 we detect significant strong clustering, leading to an estimate of r 0 ∼ 7 − 11 h − 1 Mpc. The slope of our clustering measurements is very steep, δ ∼ 2. The measurements are consistent with the idea that sub-mm sources consist of a low redshift population of normal galaxies and a high redshift population of highly clustered star-bursting galaxies.


In cooperative networks, transmitting and receiving nodes recruit neighboring nodes to assist in communication. We model a cooperative transmission link in wireless networks as a transmitter cluster and a receiver cluster. We then propose a cooperative communication protocol for establishment of these clusters and for cooperative transmission of data. We derive the upper bound of the capacity of the protocol, and we analyze the end-to-end robustness of the protocol to data-packet loss, along with the tradeoff between energy consumption and error rate. The analysis results are used to compare the energy savings and the end-to-end robustness of our protocol with two non-cooperative schemes, as well as to another cooperative protocol published in the technical literature. The comparison results show that, when nodes are positioned on a grid, there is a reduction in the probability of packet delivery failure by two orders of magnitude for the values of parameters considered. Up to 80% in energy savings can be achieved for a grid topology, while for random node placement our cooperative protocol can save up to 40% in energy consumption relative to the other protocols. The reduction in error rate and the energy savings translate into increased lifetime of cooperative sensor networks.


The analysis of governance structures in Russian manufacturing does not only enable exploring the industrial organization and upgrading of companies, but also brings forefront the transaction costs faced by market participants. From this perspective, it is important to examine Russian industries, since models of organizational structure have been developing in Russia only within the last 20 years, under the influence of transaction costs associated with the transition economy. Despite the importance of governance structures within the framework of analysis of markets, competition, and inter-firm cooperation in transition economy, the model of Russian organizational structure has been studied insufficiently. The main objective of this work is to fill the gaps in studies of alternative governance mechanisms in Russian industries, and to review organization and behavior of enterprises as a part of hierarchical, market, and hybrid models. The empirical analysis is based on the data obtained from interviews of Russia's mid-sized manufacturing enterprises. Preliminary results show that, first, in contrary to expectation, hierarchical governance does not prevail in the manufacturing industries, and second, governance structures affect organization of corporate control, willingness to priceand non-price competition, investment decisions, incentives and possibilities to upgrade and also the assessment of contract risk and contract protection in directions predicted by institutional theory and theory of value chain. JEL classification numbers: L14, L23, P23


The majority of the existing methods for non-rigid 3D surface regression from a single 2D image require an object template or point tracks over multiple frames as an input, and are still far from real-time processing rates. In this work, we present the Isometry-Aware Monocular Generative Adversarial Network (IsMo-GAN) — an approach for direct 3D reconstruction from a single image, trained for the deformation model in an adversarial manner on a light-weight synthetic dataset. IsMo-GAN reconstructs surfaces from real images under varying illumination, camera poses, textures and shading at over 250 Hz. In multiple experiments, it consistently outperforms multiple approaches in the reconstruction accuracy, runtime, generalisation to unknown surfaces and robustness to occlusions. In comparison to the state-of-the-art, we reduce the reconstruction error by 10-30% including the textureless case and our surfaces evince fewer artefacts qualitatively.


Judicial power, in any rule of law-based system, is a given. But how much is too much? That question has risen to particular prominence in recent years in the United Kingdom, where the judicial role has changed and grown in notable ways. In doing so, it has attracted criticism from some quarters, with charges of judicial overreach being made. This paper charts the growth of judicial power in the UK and considers how, given the particularities of the UK's constitutional system, one might go about identifying the proper limits of judicial power.
The paper begin by addressing the key constitutional parameters by reference to which the notions of judicial power and overreach have traditionally been calibrated in the UK. It then proceeds to trace the many senses in which the exercise of judicial power has grown, and considers the forces that have brought such developments about. Against that background, the paper contends that while the evolution of the judicial role evidences a reconceptualization, as distinct from the repudiation, of relevant fundamental constitutional principles, it should not be assumed that the UK constitution's famous flexibility is limitless. To that end, the paper concludes by examining the recent and controversial judgments of the UK Supreme Court in the Evans and Miller cases, in which, in different ways, the proper limits of judicial power have been tested.


This paper examines the inflation targeting experience in three transition countries: the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary. While the examined countries have missed inflation targets often by a large margin, they nevertheless progressed well with disinflation. A key lesson from the experience of the inflation targeting transition countries is that economic performance will improve and support for the central bank will be higher if the central banks emphasize avoiding undershoots of the inflation target as much as avoiding overshoots. Also economic performance will be enhanced if inflation targeting central banks in transition countries do not engage in active manipulation of the exchange rate. The relationship between the central bank and the government in these countries has been quite difficult, but this can be alleviated by having a direct government involvement in the setting of the inflation target and with a more active role of the central bank in communicating with both the government and the public. In addition having technocrats appointed as the head of the central bank rather than politicians may help in depersonalizing the conduct of monetary policy and increase support for the independence of the central bank. The paper also addresses the future perspective of monetary policy in the transition economies and concludes that even after the EU accession, inflation targeting can remain the main pillar of monetary strategy in the three examined accession countries during the time before they will join the EMU.


One of the fundamental research challenges in network science is centrality analysis, i.e., identifying the nodes that play the most important roles in the network. In this article, we focus on the game-theoretic approach to centrality analysis. While various centrality indices have been recently proposed based on this approach, it is still unknown how general is the game-theoretic approach to centrality and what distinguishes some game-theoretic centralities from others. In this article, we attempt to answer this question by providing the first axiomatic characterization of game-theoretic centralities. Specifically, we show that every possible centrality measure can be obtained following the game-theoretic approach. Furthermore, we study three natural classes of game-theoretic centrality, and prove that they can be characterized by certain intuitive properties pertaining to the well-known notion of Fairness due to Myerson.


Photograph of the students of Lower Valley School with their teachers, Mrs. Schlaughter and H. C. Lewis. The students are sitting and standing in four rows. Two children sitting in the front row have a sign that says, "Lower Valley School 1935."


There is increasing awareness that integrating gender into development frameworks is critical for effective implementation of development strategies. In working to alleviate rural poverty, the CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems (AAS) recognizes that "business as usual†gender integration approaches will not deliver lasting and widespread improvements in agricultural productivity, poverty reduction and food security. In response, AAS operationalized a gender transformative approach. The approach is informed by conceptual frameworks that explicitly recognize the potent influence of social relations on creating and perpetuating gender inequalities. In this way, AAS aims to address the underlying causes of rural poverty and gender inequality in Zambia's Barotse Floodplain, where people rely extensively on riverine and wetland ecosystems for food and livelihood security. A central question guiding the research program is "How do social norms and gendered power relations influence agricultural development outcomes?†The findings presented in this report provide insights that help answer this question. The report presents a review of literature relevant to livelihoods, ecosystem services, and gender and social relations in Zambia, with a specific focus on Western Province, where AAS is currently implemented. It also presents a synthesis of findings of a social and gender analysis conducted in 2013 in 10 focal communities situated in and around the Barotse Floodplain.


Extensive government ownership in the economy is a source of inefficiency and a barrier to economic development. Although precise measures of government ownership across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are hard to come by, the governments of Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Syria, and Yemen all operate sizeable segments of their economies — in some cases accounting for more than two-thirds of the GDP.International experience suggests that private ownership tends to outperform public ownership. Yet MENA countries have made only modest progress toward reducing the share of government ownership in their economies and are seen as unlikely candidates for wholesale privatization in the near future.MENA countries need to implement privatization in order to sustain their transitions toward more representative political systems and inclusive economic institutions. Three main lessons emerge from the experience of countries that have undergone large privatization programs in the past. First, the form of privatization matters for its economic outcomes and for popular acceptance of the reform. Transparent privatization, using open and competitive bidding, produces significantly better results than privatization by insiders, without public scrutiny. Second, private ownership and governance of the financial sector is crucial to the success of restructuring. Third, privatization needs to be a part of a broader reform package that would liberalize and open MENA economies to competition.


Abstract. Annotations of subject IDs in images are very important as ground truth for face recognition applications and news retrieval systems. Face naming is becoming a significant research topic in news image indexing applications. By exploiting the uniqueness of name, face naming is transformed to the problem of multiple instance learning (MIL) with exclusive constraint, namely the eMIL problem. First, the positive bags and the negative bags are automatically annotated by a hybrid recurrent convolutional neural network and a distributed affinity propagation cluster. Next, positive instance selection and updating are used to reduce the influence of false-positive bag and to improve the performance. Finally, max exclusive density and iterative Max-ED algorithms are proposed to solve the eMIL problem. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithms achieve a significant improvement over other algorithms.


This ground-breaking book brings together cutting-edge researchers who study the transformation of practice through the enhancement and transformation of expertise. This is an important moment for such a contribution because expertise is in transition - moving toward collaboration in inter-organizational fields and continuous shaping of transformations. To understand and master this transition, powerful new conceptual tools are needed and are provided here. The theoretical framework which has shaped these studies is Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT). CHAT analyses how people and organisations learn to do something new, and how both individuals and organisations change. The theoretical and methodological tools used have their origins in the work of Lev Vygotsky and A.N. Leont'ev. in recent years this body of work has aroused significant interest across the social sciences, management and communication studies. Working as part of an integrated international team, the authors identify specific findings which are of direct interest to the academic community, such as: ⁰ the analysis of vertical learning between operational and strategic levels within complex organizations; ⁰ the refinement of notions of identity and subject position within CHAT; ⁰ the introduction of the concept of 'labour power' into CHAT; ⁰ the development of a method of analysing discourse which theoretically coheres with CHAT and the design of projects. Activity Theory in Practice will be highly useful to practitioners, researchers, students and policy-makers who are interested in conceptual and empirical issues in all aspects of 'activity-based' research.


"'This Humble Work': Puerto Rican and Philippine Literature between Spanish and United States Empires" interrogates the concept of value that underpins contemporary theories of world literature, arguing that this field of inquiry reproduces the imperial relationships that shaped the origins of literary studies. By tracing the growth in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries of literary culture in two of the last remaining Spanish colonies, "This Humble Work" proposes an alternative theory of studying world literature by positing the study of the empire as essential to the concept of "literariness." This dissertation utilizes postcolonial and Marxist theories to reconceive of literature as a world-making venture that represents forces of domination and resistance to political and economic projects which would otherwise remain beyond intelligibility. "This Humble Work" begins with an investigation into the theory of aesthetic judgment developed by Immanuel Kant in the late eighteenth century, since Kant's theory is foundational to contemporary literary study. Kant founds his theory of the subject in its ability to judge free from irrational bases and historical contingencies, a position that coincides with political economists in the fifty years following Kant as they attempt to grapple with the concept of an economic subject. The presupposition that the subject exists in its judgment as a free individual forms the backbone of contemporary studies of literature, including world literature. "This Humble Work" then pursues how this subject position manifested itself in Puerto Rico and the Philippines from 1849-1926, demonstrating in the process four problems that emerged in the struggle to found communities in these territories that would be based on the principle of the ahistorical subject. The problems of culture, temporality, identity, and worlding arise in the literary projects of the Spanish empire as they struggle to integrate Puerto Rican and Philippine subjects into new political-economic configurations premised on the Kantian "ideal" subject. Through an examination of literary projects in Spanish and Tagalog from these colonies during their transition from the Spanish Empire to the United States Empire after 1898, these four problems are revealed as the limits of literary possibility for texts that emerge from outside of metropolitan society. In the process, "This Humble Work" exposes the limits of world literature to ever account fully for the totality of forces that make the modern world.


Fictional treatments of the Falklands War tend to subvert the typical "Nationalist Story" ( "el Gran Relato Argentino") by deconstructing the nationalist myths that serve to create a common identity. By undermining the "epic narrative," these works question the "war hero" figure, who embodies the country's values. In place of the war hero, these works present instead rogues and anti-heroes.  Carlos Gamerro's Las Islas , however, goes further, mixing farce in with war drama. In this sense, the novel also formulates the possibility of deconstructing the traditional heroes, the protagonists of the epics, replacing it not with an empty space but with the depiction of a new kind of heroism, one that emerges from the farce and attempts to rewrite the image of the Argentine soldiers that fought in the war.


Excerpt] Port-au-Prince has a large population of child workers, many of whom work on the streets. However, little previous research has been conducted on the working and living conditions of these children. This study was commissioned by the United States Department of Labor (USDOL) to contribute to the international discourse on exploitative child labor, raise awareness about child labor in urban areas in Haiti, and inform current and future technical assistance efforts of USDOL. The research objectives were to: 1. Understand the root causes of urban child labor; 2. Discover the types of work children perform and their working conditions; 3. Map and understand the geographic characteristics of child labor in urban areas in Haiti; 4. Capture information about the lives of children outside of work, including their living conditions, familial relationships, and educational status; 5. Understand the perceptions of children and adults on urban child labor; 6. Understand how the earthquake may have affected urban child labor in Haiti; and 7. Discover what programs and policies exist to address the root causes of urban child labor. This qualitative study provided findings on these objectives using a total of 216 in-depth interviews with four types of respondents: formal experts, informal experts who witness child work, child workers, and family members of child workers.


The nervous system is the communication center of both humans and animals. It plays an essential role in functions such as memory, learning, movement, and among others our senses. Just like the rest of an organism is the nervous system also made out of cells. The cells of the nervous system are known as neurons, they form a communication network by making contacts with each other. The development and maturation of these neurons are essential for their functions, which can result in various diseases when failing. Understanding this development plays, among others, a crucial role in unrevealing diseases like Alzheimer's, ALS, spinal cord injuries, and even multiple sclerosis induced axon degeneration. One of the important processes during development is the polarization of an immature cell into a neuron with one axon (responsible for sending signals) and multiple dendrites (responsible for receiving signals). The skeleton of the cell (the cytoskeleton) plays an important role in the development of neurons by giving the cell structure, shape, rigidity, and mobility. Furthermore, the cytoskeleton serves as roads for intracellular transport of proteins and organelles. Tube like structures named microtubules form a key component of the cytoskeleton and are able to form an extensive network. This thesis gives new insights in processes that are involved in neuronal polarization. More specifically, we studied the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton and their associated proteins in organizing the microtubule network during development. This includes the role of the microtubule minus-end binding protein CAMSAP2 in non-centrosomal microtubule stabilization in neurons. We show that CAMSAP2 forms stretches along neuronal microtubule minus-ends and stabilizes these non-centrosomal microtubules in neurons, thereby playing a critical role for dendrite development and axon specification in both neuronal cell cultures and the developing mouse brain. In addition, we describe the identification of the microtubule associated protein TRIM46 as an autoantigen that specifically localizes to the proximal axon of newly specified axons early during the polarization process. Using various microscopy techniques we show that TRIM46 fulfills an important function between MAP2 and Tau at the proximal axon in forming parallel microtubule arrays, in axonal cargo trafficking, and in forming electron dense microtubule cross bridges. Our experiments show that TRIM46 is essential for neuronal polarity and axon specification in both neuronal cell cultures as well as the developing mouse brain. In short, both CAMSAP2 and TRIM46 play an important role in building and organizing the microtubule network in neurons. By fulfilling this role, they are required for proper neuron development and possibly even protect against neuron degeneration as seen in diseases such as Alzheimer's, ALS, and multiple sclerosis.


Sustainable fisheries require strong management and effective governance. However, small-scale fisheries (SFF) often lack formal institutions, leaving management in the hands of local users in the form of various governance approaches (e.g., local, traditional, or co-management). The effectiveness of these approaches inherently relies upon some level of cohesion among resource users to facilitate agreement on common policies and practices regarding common pool fishery resources. Understanding the factors driving the formation and maintenance of community cohesion in SSF is therefore critical if we are to devise more effective participatory governance approaches and encourage and empower decentralized, localized, and community-based resource management approaches. Here, we adopt a social relational network perspective to propose a suite of hypothesized drivers that lead to the establishment of social ties among fishers that build the foundation for community cohesion. We then draw on detailed data from Jamaica's small-scale fishery to empirically test these drivers by employing a set of nested exponential random graph models (ERGMs) based on specific structural building blocks (i.e., network configurations) theorized to influence the establishment of social ties. Our results demonstrate that multiple drivers are at play, but that collectively, gear-based homophily, geographic proximity, and leadership play particularly important roles. We discuss the extent to which these drivers help explain previous experiences, as well as their implications for future and sustained collective action in SSF in Jamaica and elsewhere.


Biodegradable cross-linked N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer micelles can improve the accumulation of drug cargo in tumors by prolonging their circulation time. However, drug delivery can still be ineffective because of intracellular degradation in lysosomes and poor delivery to the nucleus. In this work, we prepared a novel micelle by grafting the hydrophobic HA2 membrane fusion peptide onto hydrophilic HPMA copolymers via a linker that would be cleaved in lysosomes, allowing the HA2 peptide to be released and disrupt lysosome membranes. In addition, we conjugated the drug cargo (H1 peptide) to nucleus-targeting all-trans retinoic acid, and then encapsulated the conjugates into micelles. The drug-loaded micelles efficiently escaped lysosomes and targeted the nucleus in MCF-7 breast cancer cells in culture. They also strongly inhibited tumor growth in mice bearing MCF-7 tumor xenografts, without causing appreciable systemic toxicity. Removing the retinoic acid or preventing the cleavage of HA2 resulted in extremely inefficient lysosomal escape and nuclear delivery, translating into low anti-cancer efficacy in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that micelle modifications to evade lysosomes and target the nucleus can improve the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs. Our results further suggest that the ability to escape lysosomes improves the nuclear distribution of drug cargos more than the addition of the nuclear-targeting retinoic acid.


research by Tucker et al. (2005) and Tucker et al. (2006) attempts to identify a latent construct that predicts the amount of measurement error in expenditure reports on the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEIS). While this work was successful in identifying a construct that predicts measurement error in expenditure reports, it is more sensitive to falsely negative reports of the entire purchase than it is to the underreporting of the amount of expenditure for that purchase. Current research focuses more deeply on the underreporting of expenditure amounts for a number of different commodities. Together, with previously explored indicators such as, the number of contacts, missing on the income question, the length of the interview, and the use of records, we examine new indicators describing the experience of the CU throughout the panel, resulting in a new latent construct. Although we find that our newly developed latent constructs have strong validity, appearing to measure report quality, it does little to explain either the overall level of expenditure or the difference in expenditure reports between interviews.


X-ray supermirror is a non-periodic multilayer structure, whose optical performance is greatly affected by the stability and accuracy of the deposition rate in the fabrication using the direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering. By considering the location-setting time of the substrate positioning above the sputtering target, the deposition rate can be accurately determined. Experimental results show that the optical performance of the supermirror is in agreement with the design aim, which indicates that the layer thickness is well controlled and coincides with the desired ones.


This paper presents an improved piezoelectric sensor fabricated using reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-filled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer composite that is able to sense the linear force applied onto its surface. The ultimate aim is to develop a haptic feedback interface for assisting surgeons in minimally invasive robotic surgery. A major challenge in robotic surgery systems is the lack of tactile feedback. Clinicians typically receive the visual information only about their surgical scene via the cameras. However, haptic feedback can improve the feedback information for clinicians and ultimately the surgical outcomes by aiding surgeons to differentiate between different tissue types as well as tactile feedback gives them the real feel of surgery (i.e. as performed with traditional open surgery). The results presented in this paper demonstrate that the sensor developed from graphene-filled PDMS can give robust and accurate force feedback that can be utilized as haptic feedback in further study. This paper illustrates two methods for characterizing the fabricated sensor in order to obtain force profile for a force range of 0.5 N–20 N. The main feature of the fabricated sensor is that it can be manufactured into any shape and size. It also gives compatibility for implementing the sensor externally over a robotic surgery solutions.


This research aims to highlight the important and effective role played by accounting information systems in banking and its impact on the possibility of achieving competitive advantage. The collection, classification, analysis, and submission of information to its users is one of the most important objectives that Iraqi banking departments seek to achieve under the acceleration of knowledge. By providing a robust database that is an effective tool for banks to achieve the principle of competitive advantage, these departments seek to develop their accounting information systems efficiently and effectively by employing their IT outputs in planning, The decision of the National Islamic Bank of Iraq, as well as the design of a questionnaire consisting of 20 paragraphs specialized in accounting information systems and 40 questionnaires, were distributed on the sample of the study. The role of accounting information systems in Iraqi banks and their impact on the achievement of competitive advantage. These indicators were analyzed and tested by means of the tests of F, P-value and impact statement through the R2 parameter using ANOVA. The research concluded that there is a significant effect on the systems. The accounting research to achieve a competitive advantage on the basis of which the alternative hypothesis was accepted. The research also reached a number of recommendations, the most important of which is that the departments of Iraqi banks are interested in investing and developing their accounting information systems and employing their information outputs in making the best administrative and investment decisions.


In this article I present a reproducible review of recent research to investigate the spatial positioning of neurons in the nervous system. In particular, I focus on the relative spatial positioning of pairs of cell types within the retina. I examine three different cases by which two types of neurons might be arranged relative to each other. (1) Cells of different type might be effectively independent of each other. (2) Cells of one type are randomly assigned one of two labels to create two related populations. (3) Interactions between cells of different type generate functional dependencies. I show briefly how spatial statistic techniques can be applied to investigate the nature of spatial interactions between two cell types. Finally, I have termed this article a 'reproducible review' because all the data and computer code are integrated into the manuscript so that others can repeat the analysis presented here. I close the review with a discussion of this concept.


The scanning-beam technique for measuring the response of a detector to an irradiance is analyzed. With this method the irradiance responsivity is determined by integration of the spatial responsivity. Since in practice the integration is approximated by a summation over steps with a finite step size, errors are introduced. It is shown both theoretically and experimentally that the error vanishes when the reciprocal step size lies beyond the diffraction limit. Furthermore, comparison shows that experiment and theory are in good agreement.


Lignin is an underexploited side-stream of pulp and paper industry and biorefineries, being used for energy production at mill site or as low value material for dispersants or binding applications. However, an integrated process of reaction and separation can be implemented for the production of high added-value monomeric phenolic chemicals such as vanillin and syringaldehyde. In this review, the main research advances in the recovery of vanillin and syringaldehyde resulting from oxidation of lignin are addressed, covering various separation methodologies namely liquid-liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, distillation, crystallization, membrane separation, and adsorption. Studies in this area started in the early years of the 20th century, but in the last decades several processes have been suggested, mainly for vanillin separation. Finding the ultimate industrially feasible process is still a necessary task and this review points out the most promising technologies and sequence of processes.


Abstract This paper develops a thesis about identity and diversity. I first look at activity-based identities, identities like being a gardener, birder, citizen scientist or fan-fiction writer. These are freely chosen identities and they are proliferating at a great rate today thanks to participatory culture, the Maker Movement and digital and social media. Next, I turn to relational identities, identities like being Asian-American, elderly, ADHD or Catholic. These are classificatory labels that are not always freely chosen. I argue that they can do as much to efface diversity as celebrate it. I look at the ways in which people can accept and own, reject, or be conflicted about such identities. When such identities are accepted, and owned they become very much like activity-based identities.


This article reports findings of a project that examined people's attitudes toward politicians who participate in political satire and comedy programs. It surveyed 489 participants on their attitudes about satire's political function and the politicians who play along or satirize themselves on those programs. The politicians' own communication skills were found to be important, but the key to their success was also related to factors such as the format of the performance, the type of humor used, the status of the satire program in broader political discourse, and the role of the satirist as either facilitator or combatant. It was found that satire is a complex practice that can endorse as it criticizes and create sympathy as it ridicules.


Class war and the class struggle were central to the Marxist-Leninist analysis of society and its institutions. Opponents, real or frequently imagined, were attacked with ferocious zeal and demonised, variously as "counter-revolutionaries", "wreckers" or "enemies of the people". The author of this essay argues that "hate crime" and the "hate criminal" belong to the same order of ideological construct as communism's "wrecker" or "enemy of the people". Laws to combat racism and xenophobia (however defined), hate crime legislation and speech codes, it shall be argued, are an attempt to silence critics of multiculturalism. Criminalising dissent is a direct assault on free speech and the pursuit of truth and thus attacks one of the foundations of the West. Given that many other fundamental freedoms rely on the robust defence and exercise of free speech, attacks on free speech undermine these other freedoms. Key Words: Censorship; Communism; Diversity; Free speech; Hate speech; Heterophobia; Homophobia; Lenin; Mao; Marxism-Leninism; Mill; Multiculturalism; Property rights; Racism; Rule of law; Self-censorship; Sexism; Soviet constitution; Xenophobia. Communists, taking their lead from Lenin, expended vast amounts of energy attacking and damning ideological opponents. Western capitalist states were the man external target. Internally, the enemy varied according to the party's goals: peasants or kulaks during the Terror Famine or bigger fish during the Great Terror. As a collection of wealthy and powerful states, and despite the best efforts of fellow travellers, the West was in a position to counter Soviet attacks by highlighting the huge discrepancies between communist party propaganda and the grim realities of Soviet life. Inside the Soviet Union the struggle against the class enemy or enemy of the people was conducted in a far more one-sided manner, given that the state enjoyed a total monopoly in the dissemination of ideas and information. To be targetted as a dissenter in the Soviet Union could mean anything from harsh social ostracism and self-criticism at work to arrest and execution. The enemy of the people was an essential construct in all the party's media campaigns. During Stalin's Great Terror the Soviet people were told that many of the Bolsheviks who had made the revolution with Lenin and Stalin were in fact Western agents of one kind of another or, worse still, that they were in secret contact with the great Satan, Trotskii. In its Chinese variant communist thugs rooted out "enemies of the people" during Mao's Red Terror, compelling innocent people to admit to a whole range of bizarre, ideologically motivated, politically incorrect "crimes". Political correctness, which became an issue in the West at the start of the 1990s, originated in the Soviet Union, undergoing various mutations on its way from Moscow via Peking to the West's universities and final modification by the new left. One key difference between old and new left was that whereas the old left concentrated on the means of production, the new left abandoned heavy industry, as it were, and set about seizing control of the means of expression. In the post-industrial society this gives the new left real power and influence way beyond its size. One thing both variants of the left retain though is the carefully constructed hate figure. For the old left it would have been the capitalist and his bourgeois lackeys who appeared in grotesque caricature in Pravda cartoons. Two important hate figures for the new left are patriarchy and the white, heterosexual, middle class male: patriarchy occupies center stage in feminist demonology, and for multiculturalism the hate criminal and enemy of the people is the white, heterosexual, middle class male. Multiculturalism is a cult and article one of the cult is that all evil in the world arises from the white male and his "civilization". His being heterosexual is in itself oppression since the society he has constructed has marginalised and punished homosexuals and women and, moreover, on the basis of the thoroughly erroneous belief that sex and sex differences are biologically and genetically determined, whereas they are, as every enlightened member of the cult knows, socially and politically constructed. …


Zooplankton are an important component of the food web in freshwater lake ecosystems. Despite there being an abundance of density data for zooplankton taxa in these lakes, there is very little information that exists about pelagic zooplankton biovolume or biomass in temperate lakes. Biovolume is a useful estimate of biomass energy because it determines how much space a species occupies. For this research, we developed new biovolume techniques for freshwater zooplankton based on body size and geometric shape. These techniques were applied to two groups of crustacean zooplankton, the copepods and the cladocerans. Copepod biovolume is broken into two formulas: the ellipsoid formula and the cone formula. For the cladocerans, two formulas were used: one for the Bosminidae family and one for Daphnidae family. Daphnia biovolume is composed of two formulas: the ellipsoid formula and the cylinder formula. The Bosminid family biovolume formula is the same as the ellipsoid formula. These new biovolume fomulas proved to be a useful measurement of zooplankton community structure when compared with density data.


Today's standard embedded device technology is not robust against Fault Injection (FI) attacks such as Voltage Fault Injection (V-FI). FI attacks can be used to alter the intended behavior of software and hardware of embedded devices. Most FI research focuses on breaking the implementation of cryptographic algorithms. However, this paper's contribution is in showing that FI attacks are effective at altering the intended behavior of large and complex code bases like the Linux Operating System (OS) when executed by a fast and feature rich System-on-Chip (SoC). More specifically, we show three attacks where full control of the Linux OS is achieved from an unprivileged context using V-FI. These attacks target standard Linux OS functionality and operate in absence of any logical vulnerability. We assume an attacker that already achieved unprivileged code execution. The practicality of the attacks is demonstrated using a commercially available V-FI test bench and a commercially available ARM CortexA9 SoC development board. Finally, we discuss mitigations to lower probability and minimize impact of a successful FI attack on complex systems like the Linux OS.


This article reflects on fieldwork experiences with coethnic migrants in London to challenge understandings of insiderness centred in shared ethnicity, as well as the usefulness of the insider-outsider divide in migration research more generally. Drawing on examples from a study of migrants' social relations, it shows how gender, migrant status, and occupational position sometimes shape research encounters in more important ways than shared ethnicity. Furthermore, whilst shared ethnicity is undoubtedly useful in certain respects, participants' ethnicised discourses and practices may also generate feelings of distance in the coethnic researcher. Whilst supporting the "ethnic bias" critique to migration studies (GLICK SCHILLER, CAĞLAR & GULDBRANDSEN, 2006), the analysis thus highlights how both ethnic and non-ethnic factors alternate or interact to create perceptions of insiderness or outsiderness in specific research contexts.


The authors investigate the inter-sectoral comparative and competitive advantages of South Africa using Balassa technique. South Africa demonstrates significant, comparative and competitive-advantages in chemicals and the allied industries, metals and machinery/electrical sectors. There are comparative and competitive disadvantages in foot wear/head gear sector. This sector is followed by raw hides, skin, leather, and fur sectors. Most of the sectors fall in the middle ranks and there is an evidence of substantial manufacturing in South Africa. It is recommended that South Africa should work on attracting new investment, especially the foreign direct investment to improve those sectors which fall in the middle ranks. It is also recommended that South African channel resources from sectors which lack comparative and competitive advantages to sectors with such advantages, to ensure specialization where South Africa's productive capacities are efficient.


Aliens vs Triangles uses hardware tessellation to create more realistic and dynamic characters in real time. The demo uses an innovative method of blending multiple displacement maps to create a transformation of the alien's skin. Touching the alien's shoulder starts the transformation that slowly travels over the skin, turning him into a brutal soldier. On the other side of his body, when his hand is touched, an infection moves up his arm until he is fully transformed into a completely different mutant character. A laser blaster reveals the multiple levels of skin that can be blasted away to reveal his metal skeleton. The damage happens on several layers of displacements, starting with blisters, muscles, organs, and finally the metal skeleton. All of this is seamlessly blended using a multi-dimensional tessellation engine on a single-skinned and animated character.
 Highlights of the demo include:
 bull; Dynamic hardware tessellation to enable richer and more lifelike characters by dynamically increasing resolution based on eye-space distance, transformation maps, and damage maps.
 bull; Blending of multi-dimensional displacement maps to enable a single-skinned character to seamlessly transform using many displacement maps.
 bull; Tessallator knitting of each level of transformation and damage into a solid mesh, seamlessly integrating multiple displacement maps, tessellation amounts, and surface shaders.
 bull; Hardware tessellation for adding detail to the environment, optimized to add detail only where needed.
 bull; Seamless shader propagation and display of transformation and damage over a single-skinned character.
 bull; Animation blending driven by texture lookups into transformation and damage textures (using DirectX occlusion query).
 bull; DirectX Compute to calculate particle systems caused by laser blasts.


The formulation and implementation of wavelet based methods for the solution of multi-dimensional partial differential equations in complex geometries is discussed. Utilizing the close connection between Daubechies wavelets and finite difference methods on arbitrary grids, we formulate a wavelet based collocation method, well suited for dealing with general boundary conditions and nonlinearities. To circumvent problems associated with completely arbitrary grids and complex geometries we propose to use a multi-domain formulation in which to solve the partial differential equation, with the ability to adapt the grid as well as the order of the scheme within each subdomain. Besides supplying the required geometric flexibility, the multi-domain formulation also provides a very natural load-balanced data-decomposition, suitable for parallel environments. The performance of the overall scheme is illustrated by solving two dimensional hyperbolic problems.


This paper examines the impact of participants' age distribution on the asset allocation of Dutch pension funds, using a unique data set of pension fund investment plans for 2007. Theory predicts a negative effect of age on (strategic) equity exposures. We observe that pension funds do indeed take the average age of their participants into account. However, the average age of active participants has been incorporated much more strongly in investment behaviour than the average ages of retired or dormant participants. This suggests that both employers and employees, who dominate pension fund boards, tend to show more interest in active participants. A one-year higher average age in active participants leads to a significant and robust reduction in the strategic equity exposure by around 0.5 percentage point. Larger pension funds show a stronger age-equity exposure effect than smaller pension funds. This age-dependent asset allocation of pension funds aligns with the original life-cycle model by which young workers should invest more in equity than older workers because of their larger human capital. Other factors, viz. fund size, funding ratio, and average pension wealth of participants, influence equity exposure positively and significantly, in line with theory. Pension plan type and pension fund type have no significant impact.


The authors are working closely the development of the prototype a unique serial kinematic structure of modular configuration. The prototype is developed in accordance with innovative ideas to develop a rotary linkage unlimited angle of rotation as the basic structural unit for such a kinematic motion structure. After verification of the prototype would be a proprietary idea of Universal Rotary Model (URM) to exercise in robotics as a basic building block movement of the robot or manipulator used mainly in industry eventually in the manufacturing technology utilizing unique and specific options suggested solutions. The article deals with the specifics of production documentation, available to select the optimum components, modifications and the effects of partial solutions, which together form a harmonious functional but extensible and modifiable whole.


This article offers what has been needed but lacking in modern legal commentary: thorough, meticulous and timely proof that, pursuant to principles of Originalism, the Constitution - the highest law of the United States - mandates that any governmental act is unconstitutional if it is immoral.
Specifically, this article returns fundamental constitutional jurisprudence to where it rightly was until roughly a century ago; and, where, recently, it has been returning in the form of Supreme Court substantive due process precedents based on human dignity. The overarching concept, which I call Deontological Originalism, asserts that both the Founders of this Nation and the Reconstruction Congress properly believed in natural rights derived from principles of natural law. Accordingly, they sought to enforce through the Constitution, the natural rights philosophy set forth in the Declaration of Independence. Most importantly, natural law and resultant natural rights are deontological, that is, they enforce a priori, immutable moral precepts that descend not from human imagining but from the natural order of existence, what the Declaration denoted as, "Nature and Nature's God." That is why, under the Constitution, any and all immoral governmental conduct is unconstitutional regardless of bureau or actor - legislative, judicial, executive or administrative - and regardless of level - federal, state or local.
Unlike articles that aver similar ideas, this writing presents Deontological Originalism as a metatheory, meaning, it expounds at once essentially all fundamentals, and their respective proofs, as indeed any work defining and defending a theory of Originalism should do. Metatheory accounts for this commentary's length; but, frankly, it is time that one law review article presented a meta-theoretical perspective given the exasperated skepticism and postmodernist complacency most often greeting serious assertions that the Constitution enforces natural law and, therefore, the bench and bar must become "natural lawyers" when addressing constitutional rights. After thirty years of perhaps sporadic writings addressing many of the relevant aspects, I offer Deontological Originalism, a venture proceeding from the utility of Originalism, to the meaning of Deontology, to the intent of the Founders and of the Reconstruction Congress, to the deontological principles of Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant, to modern due process dignity theory enforcing Deontological Originalism through Kantian morality, culminating in the Supreme Court's bravura rulings requiring that Government accord same-sex marriage the full and equal legal status accorded opposite-sex marriage.
Specifically, this article proceeds as follows: Part I provides a general introduction.
Part II explains why Originalism's claim that "original meaning" is the sole appropriate source of constitutional meaning is correct. This section is essential lest critics assert that constitutional theory should care nothing about Originalism, but instead simply concern itself with discerning and applying moral precepts. Rather, it is important to the legitimacy of America to determine whether indeed the Framers were deontologists who expected constitutional law to be discerned pursuant to deontological principles. Accordingly, Originalism is the proper framework for deontological constitutionalism.
Because Deontological Originalism is premised on Deontology, the next logical step is to prove that moral principles indeed are immutable, a priori and emanate not from individuals' imaginations but rather from impartial reason. Part III explains that, contrary to the unsupported assumptions made by most legal commentators, morality is not humanly created, but rather is deontological.
Having established the proper philosophical framework, Part IV demonstrates that happily, the Founders and their successors in 1868 knowingly and deliberately incorporated deontological moral principles into the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. They understood as well that the Constitution must be interpreted pursuant to the best moral theory extant. Because they freely acknowledged knowing moral truth only imperfectly, the Framers entreated successor generations to comprehend the Constitution by discerning morality more completely even if that superior understanding invalidated deeply-rooted moral suppositions of the Framers and their greater society.
Addressing what the applicable precepts of morality precisely are, Part V extolls the deontological perspectives of the Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant. Kantian morality is the better theory the Founders anticipated might well be discerned to apply the natural law precepts of constitutional liberty. Accordingly, constitutional morality must be understood in Kantian terms even though Kant composed his theories shortly after the American Revolution and the Constitution's ratification.
Lastly, Part VI demonstrates that the modern Supreme Court employs not one, but two different and irreconcilable frameworks when addressing liberty, meaning, constitutional issues sounding in "due process of law." One standard defines due process liberty empirically, based on discerning applicable liberty principles "deeply rooted" in American history and culture. I argue that reducing the meaning of liberty essentially to an uncritical historical review based on popular culture defies the moral standards set forth in the Declaration. The second framework defines due process liberty in terms of protecting and respecting the "dignity" innate in every human being. Although declining to so attribute, through this dignity approach, the Judiciary correctly evokes Kantian moral theory to animate the Constitution's overarching guaranty of morality found in the liberty provisions of the Due Process Clauses. As part of that final proof, this writing explains why the recent 2015 decision Obergefell v. Hodges, ruling that the Constitution requires the States to treat same-sex marriages equally with opposite-sex marriages, is eminently correct constitutional moral theory.


Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with impaired major domains of psychology and behavior. Individuals with PTSD also have increased co-morbidity with several serious medical conditions, including autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, raising the possibility that systemic pathology associated with PTSD might be identified by metabolomic analysis of blood. We sought to identify metabolites that are altered in male combat veterans with PTSD. In this case-control study, we compared metabolomic profiles from age-matched male combat trauma-exposed veterans from the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts with PTSD (n = 52) and without PTSD (n = 51) ('Discovery group'). An additional group of 31 PTSD-positive and 31 PTSD-negative male combat-exposed veterans was used for validation of these findings ('Test group'). Plasma metabolite profiles were measured in all subjects using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We identified key differences between PTSD subjects and controls in pathways related to glycolysis and fatty acid uptake and metabolism in the initial 'Discovery group', consistent with mitochondrial alterations or dysfunction, which were also confirmed in the 'Test group'. Other pathways related to urea cycle and amino acid metabolism were different between PTSD subjects and controls in the 'Discovery' but not in the smaller 'Test' group. These metabolic differences were not explained by comorbid major depression, body mass index, blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, smoking, or use of analgesics, antidepressants, statins, or anti-inflammatories. These data show replicable, wide-ranging changes in the metabolic profile of combat-exposed males with PTSD, with a suggestion of mitochondrial alterations or dysfunction, that may contribute to the behavioral and somatic phenotypes associated with this disease.


Why should I read? Can your students answer that question? Do they have trouble seeing the importance that reading may have in their lives? Are they lacking motivation, both in academic and recreational reading? Do you think you can effectively teach reading strategies if students don't understand the benefits of literacy? In Reading Reasons, Kelly Gallagher offers a series of mini-lessons specifically tailored to motivate middle and high school students to read, and in doing so, to help them understand the importance and relevance reading will take in their lives. This book introduces and explains in detail nine specific ""real-world"" reasons why students should be readers. The book contains forty practical, classroom-tested and reproducible mini-lessons that get to the heart of reading motivation and that can be used immediately in English (as well as other content-area) classrooms. These easy-to-use motivational lessons serve as weekly reading ""boostershots"" that help maintain reading enthusiasm in your classroom from September through June. The mini-lessons, ranging from five to twenty minutes in length, hit home with adolescents, and in turn, enable them to internalize the importance reading will play in their lives. Rather than telling students reading is good for them, the lessons in this book show them the benefits of reading.


Intrinsic polymer parameters such as regio-regularity, molecular weight, and crystallinity play an important role when studying polymer stability. 18 different batches of poly-3-hexyl-thiophene (P3HT) were degraded in a solar simulator (AM1.5G, 1000 W/m) and the degradation kinetics were monitored. The results suggest that the radical reaction responsible for the photodegradation takes place at terminal thiophene rings exposed at points were the conjugation is broken. This proposed mechanism is supported by the fact that stability scales with regio-regularity following the ratio of head-to-tail connected thiophene units. Annealing was found to relax the P3HT films and increase conjugation length and, in turn, increase stability observed as a delayed spectral blueshift caused by photochemical degradation. Crystallinity was found to play a minor role in terms of stability. Oxygen diffusion and light shielding effects were shown to have a negligible effect on the photochemical degradation rate. The results obtained in this work advance the understanding of polymer stability and will help improve the design of materials used for polymer solar cells resulting in longer lifetimes, which will push the technology closer to large-scale applications.


In this paper we present a polynomial time algorithm for constructing k-maintainable policies (Nakamura, Baral, & Bjareland 2000). Our algorithm, in polynomial time, constructs a k-maintainable control policy, if one exists, or tells that no such policy is possible. Our algorithm is based on SAT Solving, and employs a suitable formulation of the existence of k-maintainable control in a fragment of SAT which is tractable. We then give a logic programming implementation of our algorithm and use it to give a standard procedural algorithm. We then present several complexity results about constructing k-maintainable controls, under different assumptions such as k = 1, and compact representation.


Over fifteen years have elapsed since the publication of Low's (1988) article on teaching metaphor; this has been followed by a number of experimental studies on the teaching/learning of figurative language in a FL. Some of these have been able to make recommendations about the treatment of such difficult aspects of English for the non-native speaker as polysemy or phrasal verbs. However, little is known about how much impact this research activity has actually had on the real world of ELT, or on what actually goes on in EFL classrooms. As Gibbs (this volume) suggests, "[…] real-world metaphor research needs to explore situations which are as much social as psychological and to try and examine how both aspects interact." In order to gain some insight into what learners of EFL gather about the meaning potential of the words they are taught, I examine the text books used in two educational settings with learners between the ages of six and eighteen. Focusing on three highly polysemous words (hand, cool and run), I examine what different senses of these words are introduced, practised and recycled over the twelve years in which English is an obligatory subject, and what activities are used to foster understanding of the figurative uses of these words. This study reveals that applied metaphor research has had virtually no impact on the text books used in these classrooms.


An interim report released in October 2011 by Tilburg University, Netherlands, concluded that one of its faculty members, social psychologist Diederik Stapel, fabricated data for numerous studies conducted over a period of 15 to 20 years.* The good news, of course, is that the fraud was eventually uncovered. The bad news is that it went undetected for so long and involved so many scientific articles—over 100 publications are now under investigation. The costs of the fraud for the careers of young scientists and others who worked with him, for science, and for public trust in science are devastating. As the investigation unfolds, the moment is opportune to reflect on what can be done to protect science and the public from fraud in the future.


I. The effects of limb amputation and the cutting of commissures on the movements of the cockroach Blatta orientalis have been investigated with the aid of cinematography. Detailed analyses of changes in posture and rhythm of leg movements are given. 2. It is shown that quite marked changes occur following the amputation of a single leg or the cutting of a single commissure between the thoracic ganglia. 3. Changes following the amputation of a single leg are immediate and are such that the support normally provided by the missing leg is taken over by the two remaining legs on that side. Compensatory movements are also found in the contralateral legs. 4. When two legs of opposite sides are amputated it has been confirmed that the diagonal sequence tends to be adopted, but this is not invariably true. Besides alterations in the rhythm which this may involve, there are again adaptive modifications in the movements of the limbs with respect to the body. 5. When both comrnissures between the meso- and metathoracic ganglia are cut, the hind pair of legs fall out of rhythm with the other four legs. The observations on the effects of cutting commissures stress the importance of intersegmental pathways in co-ordination. 6. It is shown that all modifications following the amputation of legs may be related to the altered mechanical conditions. Some of the important factors involved in normal co-ordination are discussed, and it is suggested that the altered movements would be produced by the operation of these factors under the new conditions. It is concluded that the sensory inflow to the central nervous system is of major importance in the co-ordination of normal movement.


Background: Music therapy professional organisations regard supervision as important and therapists are often encouraged to use supervision. However, little is known about music therapists' views and practices of supervision. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the views and practices of Australian-based music therapists regarding supervision. Method: A cross-sectional on-line survey was conducted with registered music therapists (RMT) practising within Australia. Responses were analysed using descriptive analyses. Results: A response rate of 19.5% (71/360) was achieved. Overall completion rate was 16.3% (59/360). Four sets of respondents were identified, including those who received supervision from a music therapist; from a non-music therapist, from both music therapist and non-music therapist and a substantial proportion that did not receive supervision. No significant differences (p≤0.05) were found between the groups that did and did not access supervision, however differences in costs and location were identified. The majority of those that received supervision (57%) received it from a supervisor not qualified in music therapy. The top three factors used to select a music therapy qualified supervisor were trust and prior knowledge of the supervisor, workplace requirements, and the type of supervision needed. The two highest-ranking reasons for not using supervision were working in a setting where supervision was not needed, and working with a population where supervision was not required. Conclusions: Our findings highlight a gap between the importance placed on supervision by music therapy professional organisations and what this group of therapists report that they do. Based on our findings, professional guidelines urrounding the practice of professional supervision also need to be reviewed.