SUMMARY This paper describes and discusses graphical techniques, based on the primitive empirical cumulative distribution function and on quantile (Q-Q) plots, percent (P-P) plots and hybrids of these, which are useful in assessing a one-dimensional sample, either from original data or resulting from analysis. Areas of application include: the comparison of samples; the comparison of distributions; the presentation of results on sensitivities of statistical methods; the analysis of collections of contrasts and of collections of sample variances; the assessment of multivariate contrasts;_ and the structuring of analysis of variance mean squares. Many of the objectives and techniques are illustrated by examples. This paper reviews a variety of old and new statistical techniques based on the cumulative distribution function and its ramifications. Included in the coverage are applications, for various situations and purposes, of quantile probability plots (Q-Q plots), percentage probability plots (P-P plots) and extensions and hybrids of these. The general viewpoint is that of analysis of data by statistical methods that are suggestive and constructive rather than formal procedures to be applied in the light of a tightly specified mathematical model. The technological background is taken to be current capacities in data collection and highspeed computing systems, including graphical display facilities. It is very often useful in statistical data analysis to examine and to present a body of data as though it may have originated as a one-dimensional sample, i.e. data which one wishes to treat for purposes of analysis, as an unstructured array. Sometimes this is applicable to ' original' data; even more often such a viewpoint is useful with 'derived' data, e.g. residuals from a model fitted to the data. The empirical cumulative distribution function and probability plotting methods have a key role in the statistical treatment of one-dimensional samples, being of relevance for summarization and palatable description as well as for exposure and inference.


Fossils assigned to the predominantly deep-sea asteroid family Benthopectinidae Verrill, 1894 are described and their affinities reappraised. Detailed comparative morphology of ambulacrals, adambulacrals and marginal ossicles has revealed that only some extinct taxa fall within the morphological range of the modern representatives of the family. These include Jurapecten hessi Gale, 2011, J. infrajurensis sp. nov. (both Jurassic), J. dhondtae sp. nov. (Upper Cretaceous) and Nearchaster spinosus (Blake, 1973) comb. nov. (Lower Oligocene). A new Late Cretaceous genus, Punkaster gen. nov. (P. spinifera gen. et sp. nov. and P. ruegenensis gen. et sp. nov.), appears to be a highly derived benthopectinid. A possible benthopectinid is described from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of China. Other described records are distantly related to, but convergent in gross morphology with, benthopectinids. Thus, Plesiastropecten hallovensis Peyer, 1944 is here referred to the Jurassic spinulosidan family Plumasteridae Gale, 2011 and Xandarosaster hessi Blake, 1984 is interpreted as Spinulosida Perrier, 1884 incertae sedis. The mid-Cretaceous Alkaidia sumralli Blake & Reid, 1998 is reassigned to the Forcipulatida (Zorocallina). The "fossil benthopectinid" of Spencer & Wright in Moore (1966) is shown to belong to the goniopectinid genus Chrispaulia Gale, 2005, of which two new Cretaceous species are described, C. wrightorum sp. nov. and C. spinosa sp. nov. Finally, we consider Henricia? venturana Durham & Roberts, 1948 to be an indeterminate asteroid.


Latin America has become a potential market in the lately years. Brazil has a potential market, being the fifth largest country in terms of population; moreover, the Brazilian economy has grown over the past years with the increasing middle class consumers. Mexico, on the other hand, with its strategic position and as a bridge for the whole American continent and having the most free trade agreements in the world is definitively an attractive investment destination. The main objective of this research is to study what type of entry modes should German companies in the high- tech industry and automotive industry use in Latin American market. As part of the research there has been a study of the internationalization theories, the entry modes and the factors that might affect the entry mode. Besides, the author has approached which characteristics do the Latin American market has and which opportunities may German Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises benefit from. Furthermore, this research incorporates some case analysis from German companies who already entered into this region, as a result there would be a analysis in order to see which patterns those companies have followed.


Cooperative is a business enterprise consisting of the person or legal entity with bases cooperative activities based on the principle of cooperation as well as economic movement is based on the principle of the family. The purpose of this study to know the effort units in a managed fishery KUD Makaryo Mino, analyzing the performance of KUD Makaryo Mino in its effort units in the areas of fisheries and other programs related to the fishing community empowerment efforts and empowerment strategy fishing communities. The method used in this research was descriptive method is done by direct observation in the field. The sampling method used two methods are respondents used quota sampling method to measure subscriber satisfaction by number of respondents 30 people, and a purposive sampling method to make by 5 renponden strategy. Analytical methods used Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and the determination of strategies used SWOT analysis. The result shows that KUD Makaryo Mino was cooperative fisheries that concerns in Ice Production, Trading, SPBB, and Fish basket renting. KUD Makaryo Mino not only the supply of ship supplies but also the provision of loan capital and social programs in cooperation with the government of Pekalongan in fishermen's welfare program. Performance assessment results Makaryo Mino Village Cooperatives in 2011 by reference to the State Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises Republic of Indonesia 06/Per/M.KUKM/V/2006 has a value of 81.5% yield performance can be declared successful performance, and appropriate responses to respondents in 2010 received 80.14% performance results can be declared a success and in 2011 amounted to 85.24 % can be expressed very successful. Alternative solutions in order to achieve the empowerment of fishing communities according SWOT analysis application strategy results obtained SO (Strength-opportunity) was working with the city government to provide facilities and infrastructure supporting an easy fishing, the price is cheap and the search seeking alternative employment opportunities in the famine, make a purchase at a price above the catch-basket fish basket panawaran and middlemen who are buying low, coordinating with the fishing port and municipal governments to set the price of the fish auction market, and Creating breakthrough new business that the provision of business information services PPDPI (fishing regional forecast map).


The issue on technology changes in local SMIs have not been thoroughly investigated,
and yet not well understood. This research is to study the implementation of technology
change in one of Malaysian Automotive Industry, Proton, focusing mainly on the
performance of its group of vendors. It is meant to provide an overview on how capable
this group of vendors are in adapting to changes and consequently enable them to
evaluate themselves among themselves.
The research was carried out through survey based on a set of carefully designed
questionnaire with references from the Cupe B.C. Consultant Firm Technological Change
Questionnaire . The respondents were listed and selected according to the scope set. The
research was performed in a sequential manner to obtain information as accurate as
possible. Consequently, all data collected was being processed, analysed and evaluated.Results highlighted vendor performance based on four main criteria: organizational
characteristics, workplace practices, employees' involvement and employees training.
Findings indicate that vendors are looking for a technology that can increase revenue and
productivity. Investment made in machines and equipments are more significant than
investment in people. Results also recognized managerial personnel as change champion.
However, the overall results suggest that vendors understanding of this issue needs to be
increased. It is hoped that this research will benefit the respondents in the form of a
guidance, reference or even benchmark for the firms.


Mg/Ca in planktonic foraminiferal tests is now well established as a temperature proxy for surface and near-surface waters. The advantage of using Mg/Ca coupled with oxygen isotope ratio measured on the same foraminiferal sample provides the possibility to determine seawater d18O. There has been concern, however, about the post-mortem processes (e.g., dissolution) affecting foraminiferal Mg/Ca and d18O. We document the effect of dissolution on both Mg/Ca and d18O of several planktonic foraminiferal species along two depth transects (a) ~450-4000 m off Somalia and (b) ~1500-4500 m from Ontong Java Plateau.
The planktonic foraminiferal species, Globigerinoides ruber, Globigerinoides sacculifer, Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and Globorotalia tumida were analysed for Mg/Ca and d18O from core-top samples along the depth transects within a narrow size range (e.g., 250-300, 355-425 um). Mg/Ca and d18O in shells of surface dwelling planktonic foraminiferal species (e.g., G. ruber and G. sacculifer) show a small decrease while Mg/Ca and d18O of the deeper dwelling species (e.g., N. dutertrei and G. tumid) show more pronounced effect of supralysoclinal dissolution. The effect of supralysoclinal dissolution has an insignificant effect on the reconstruction of seawater d18O based on surface dwelling planktonic species compared to the deeper dwelling species.


This article presents survey data on active teaching methods in legal education courses at higher schools. The presented scientific and practical problem is what these active methods are and how to apply them in legal education lectures and seminars and how students evaluate them. The object of this research is the application of active teaching methods. The goal is to reveal the state of active teaching methods in higher education implementing legal education. Various scientific methods have been applied during the research in order to achieve the set purpose and to formulate conclusions and recommendations. The main methods used in the research are: the literature analysis and an anonymous student's survey. Collected data was processed by a computer program MS SPSS for Windows 7. Questionnaire survey data processing is based on quantitative analysis. In order to obtain generalization, analysis of the data access was chosen using probability simple random sampling (N = 402). According to the survey, the active methods, while teaching students critical thinking, form the legal education courses during the application of active learning techniques that improve the students' higher-level thinking, collaboration skills, interest promotion in the substance of instruction, involvement in the process of study and practical application of theoretical knowledge. Students' critical thinking and independence in the learning process were trained as well. It is argued that active learning methods in the learning process depend on the teacher's preparation and ability to apply them to students to work through the pre-active teaching methods and the study participants' learning differences. The analysis indicates that only one or more active teaching methods are used in the subjects of legal education, and in order to develop student's abilities comprehensively, for more diverse active learning techniques it is required to take into account different student's needs.


Welcome to the information marketing industry - a little-known industry of entrepreneurs, most working only part-time hours and netting seven-figure profits. Info-marketers gather information and sell it in convenient forms to people who need it. The topics include everything imaginable from better sex, to teaching parrots to talk, to gardening, to investing in real estate, to running businesses. In addition to an easy 9-step process for you to create your own info-business, this book profiles 29 info-marketers, reveals their businesses strategies, marketing materials and business documents so you can have the tools you need to duplicate their success. How a Real Estate Millionaire Gets His Customers to Do the Selling for Him !.. Page 159 How One Ex-Salesman, Ex-Law Enforcement Officer, Ex-Company Owner Turned Surplus Junk Into a Million-Dollar Info-business !.. Page 28 A High School Kid Built a Business and Earned More Than His College Professors !.. Page 32 A Direct Sales Process That Turned Into an Info-Business !.. Page 35 The 40 Ways to Make Money With Information Products !.. Page 41 The Quick Way to Determine the Selling Price of Information Products !. Page 43 How Simple Changes Multiplied a Product's Sales Price 4Times !. Page 51 How a Professional Speaker Got Off the Road and Built a Million-Dollar Business She Could Run From Her Home Office !. Page 53 Blinded and Handicapped by Multiple Sclerosis, One Info-Marketer Used His Disability to Build a Successful Info-Business !. Page 59 What a Successful Veterinarian Did to Get Veterinarians From Around the World to Buy His Marketing Strategies !. Page 62 How an Info-Marketer From a Small Town in Kansas (population 565) Built an International Business !. Page 72 Someone Who Teaches Men How to Get Women to Approach Them for Dates !. Page 76 An Australian Built a Business Teaching Salons How to Book More Appointments, and He's Never Owned a Salon Before !. Page 81 How an Info-Marketer Used His Products to Create a Professional Speaking Business Earning Him $10,000.00 per Gig !. Page 89 How a Mom From New York Built a Business From Her Home That Kept Bill Collectors Away and Gave Her Family the Extra Money for a Great Lifestyle !. Page 101 What an Info-Marketer Did With No Knowledge and No Customers to Build a Million-Dollar Business Within a Year !. Page 149 What to Say to Get Customers to Believe That You Really Do Offer High Quality Products !. Page 121 Information Marketing is responsive to and fueled by the ever-increasing pressure on peoples' time. Businesspeople and consumers alike need information provided to them in convenient forms, and in some cases, need an extension of it; methods and strategies that might merely have been taught to them 10 years ago are now done for them. The Information Industry encompasses products like traditional books, audio programs, videos or DVD's that you might buy in a store, from a catalog, or online; magazines, newsletters, e-books, membership websites, teleseminars and webinars, telecoaching programs, and seminars and conferences; and combinations thereof. Much of this business is conducted by lone wolf, small, quiet operators, many with home-based businesses, most with zero to no more than a few employees, most working only part-time hours and most netting 7-figure profits.


This paper uses geographically disaggregated data to investigate the role of foreign aid as a pull factor for internal migration in Malawi over the period 1998-2008. Employing a standard gravity model of migration, we show a positive relationship between the volume of foreign assistance a district receives and the number of immigrants. While aid makes districts more attractive as migrant destinations, there is no evidence of a corresponding push factor effect on internal mobility. We also dig deeper into the mechanisms through which foreign aid can shape internal migration decisions. According to our results, the positive welfare effects of foreign assistance manifest themselves not only through a rise in economic opportunities, but also in improved access to public services in recipient districts.


This paper presents the full modeling and a methodology for de-embedding the interferometric scanning microwave microscopy measurements by means of dopant profile calibration. A Si calibration sample with different boron-doping level areas is used to that end. The analysis of the experimentally obtained S11 amplitudes based on the proposed model confirms the validity of the methodology. As a specific finding, changes in the tip radius between new and used tips have been clearly identified, leading to values for the effective tip radius in the range of 45 nm to 85 nm, respectively. Experimental results are also discussed in terms of the effective area concept, taking into consideration details related to the nature of tip-to-sample interaction.


For most of the two hundred years or so that have passed since the publication of the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith's writings on political and economic questions have been viewed within a liberal capitalist perspective of nineteenth- and twentieth- century provenance. This essay in interpretation seeks to provide a more historical reading of certain political themes which recur in Smith's writings by bringing eighteenth-century perspectives to bear on the problem. Contrary to the view that sees Smith's work as marking the point at which 'politics' was being eclipsed by 'economics', it claims that Smith has a 'politics' which goes beyond certain political attitudes connected with the role of the state in economic affairs. It argues that he employs a consistent mode of political analysis which cannot be encompassed within the standard liberal capitalist categories, but can be understood by reference to the language and qualities of contemporary political debate, and of the eighteenth-century science of politics cultivated by Montesquieu and, above all, Hume, particularly as revealed by recent scholarship. A concluding chapter draws the various strands of the interpretation together to form a portrait of what Smith might legitimately be said to have been doing when he wrote on these matters.


This critical evaluation of the efforts by the federal government to reduce poverty and alleviate inequality in the inner cities during the past decade is the work of two urban scholars who were themselves deeply involved in the design, implementation, and review of those programs from 1965 through the early 1970s. Their balanced, three-dimensional view is achieved through the double focus of academic detachment and practical experience.The book traces the Model Cities Program from its origins as the proposed grand coordinator of all the Great Society's urban expectations, one intended to marshal and interrelate independent federal agencies horizontally and levels of government vertically, with the newly established Department of Housing and Urban Development wielding the conductor's baton. From these heady beginnings, the authors chart the subsequent inablility of both the Johnson and Nixon administrations to implement the program effectively, and the reasons why results failed to measure up to rhetorical goals and early overoptimism.By analyzing the performance of the federal bureaucracy, Congress, and the White House, this study explains why officials in Washington were unable to meet the priorities of the cities and why the cities in turn were unable to use federal resources to make significant improvements in their poverty neighborhoods. Furthermore, the book offers an initial interpretation of two newly established programs-special and general revenue sharing-which aim, from a different direction, at some of the same goals as did the Model Cities Program, but which have failed to learn some of the key cautionary lessons that a proper study of the earlier program should have taught. After documenting the failure of grand designs for a coordinated federal approach to urban problems in the 1960s, the authors propose an alternative strategy for making effective use of revenue sharing and other current programs for the cities. As they state, "A careful reading of the federal implementation effort should help to define a future role for the federal government in reducing poverty and inequality, drawing on the experiences of the 1960s but without repeating the overly optimistic assumptions and mistakes of that decade." In addition to the published literature, The Politics of Neglect makes use of information until now unavailable to other scholars: the authors' recollection of their personal participation, private files kept by a number of former federal officials, and interviews with these and other officials who served on the White House staff and in the federal agencies during two administrations. This book will offer insight to laymen and professionals alike, including mayors, public administrators, concerned citizens, city planners, and students of urban problems.


This book focuses particular attention on the six-month interrogation of the doomed poet, and it provides a critical evaluation of Soviet interpretations and an assessment of Ryleev's historical significance. Originally published in 1984. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


Defeated in World War I, living in a troubled and insecure peace, Germans under the Weimar Republic were a ready audience for visionary writers who indulged in elaborate fantasies of victorious wars of revenge and of German renewal through wondrous technological inventions. Largely ignored by the literary establishment, these writers created an immensely popular mass literature, the "Zukunftsroman" ("novel about the future"), that was a potent ingredient in the simmering stew of resentment, frustrated nationalism, political irrationalism, and economic distress so important in the Nazi rise to power. In "Fantasy and Politcs", Peter S.Fisher explores the popular culture of the Weimar Republic. He establishes common motifs and themes of the more influential fantasy novelists, sets them in the context of political events and ideas, and examines their popular influence. German fantasy novels provide invaluable perspectives on the ideological and psychological roots of the Weimar Republic's highly emotionalized politics, especially some of its uglier racist and Messianic strands. The "Zukunftsroman" was largely the province of the German right wing - the ultranationalists. Leftist writers shared many of the economic and political frustrations of the right, but contemporary socialist thinking discouraged them from engaging in utopian fantasies. Thus it was the visionary writers of the right who were able to tap the emotional wellsprings of Weimar thought and fill the explosives spiritual vacuum at its core. Unwilling to accept the defeat of 1918, the ultranationalists prophesied a second world war that would usher in a new and glorious Germany, stripped of corruption and renewing a mystical sense of national unity. Their preference for the world of fantasy over reality was paralleled by an inclination to value action over thought and emotion over reason. Technological visionaries, less ideologically rigorous, less militaristic, were nonetheless intellectual fellow travellers of the radical nationalists. Moving beyond the boundaries of traditional literary history, "Fantasy and Politics" focuses upon German thought and emotion as expressed through mass literature in the years between the two world wars, when the forces that have shaped so much of the modern world were beginning to take form and become political reality.


We have previously shown that voluntary wheel running (VWR) attenuates, whereas forced treadmill running (FTR) exacerbates, intestinal inflammation and clinical outcomes in a mouse model of colitis. As the gut microbiome is implicated in colitis, we hypothesized that VWR and FTR would differentially affect the gut microbiome. Mice (9-10/treatment) were randomly assigned to VWR, FTR, or sedentary home cage control (SED) for 6 wk. VWR were given running wheel access, whereas FTR ran on a treadmill for 40 min/day at 8-12 m/min, 5% grade. Forty-eight hours after the last exercise session, DNA was isolated from the fecal pellets and cecal contents, and the conserved bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using the Illumina Miseq platform. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance based on weighted UniFrac distance matrix revealed different bacterial clusters between feces and cecal contents in all groups (P < 0.01). Interestingly, the community structures of the three treatment groups clustered separately from each other in both gut regions (P < 0.05). Contrary to our hypothesis, the α-diversity metric, Chao1, indicated that VWR led to reduced bacterial richness compared with FTR or SED (P < 0.05). Taxonomic evaluation revealed that both VWR and FTR altered many individual bacterial taxa. Of particular interest, Turicibacter spp., which has been strongly associated with immune function and bowel disease, was significantly lower in VWR vs. SED/FTR. These data indicate that VWR and FTR differentially alter the intestinal microbiome of mice. These effects were observed in both the feces and cecum despite vastly different community structures between each intestinal region.


We provide a detailed analysis of the classical and quantized theory of a multiplet of inhomogeneous Klein–Gordon fields, which couple to the spacetime metric and also to an external source term; thus the solutions form an affine space. Following the formulation of affine field theories in terms of presymplectic vector spaces as proposed in [Annales Henri Poincar´e 15 , 171 (2014)], we determine the relative Cauchy evolution induced by metric as well as source term perturbations and compute the automorphism group of natural isomorphisms of the presymplectic vector space functor. Two pathological features of this formulation are revealed: the automorphism group contains elements that cannot be interpreted as global gauge transformations of the theory; moreover, the presymplectic formulation does not respect a natural requirement on composition of subsystems. We therefore propose a systematic strategy to improve the original description of affine field theories at the classical and quantized level, first passing to a Poisson algebra description in the classical case. The idea is to consider state spaces on the classical and quantum algebras suggested by the physics of the theory (in the classical case, we use the affine solution space). The state spaces are not separating for the algebras, indicating a redundancy in the description. Removing this redundancy by a quotient, a functorial theory is obtained that is free of the above mentioned pathologies. These techniques are applicable to general affine field theories and Abelian gauge theories. The resulting quantized theory is shown to be dynamically local.


Abstract The semicontinuous direct chill (DC) casting of large cross-section rolling sheet ingots of high strength aluminium alloys (2xxx and 7xxx series) gives birth to high residual (internal) stresses generated by a non-uniform cooling. These stresses must be relieved by a thermal treatment in order to be able to safely saw both ingot butt and head. Otherwise, saw pinching or blocking might occur due to the compressive residual stresses, or cut parts might be brutally released by erratic propagation of a crack ahead of the saw groove thus injuring people or damaging equipment. As these high added value ingots must be produced in secure conditions, a better control of the sawing procedure is required, which could allow the suppression of the thermal treatment and therefore save time and energy. By studying the stress build-up during casting and cooling then the stress relief during sawing operations of rolling sheet ingots, key parameters for the control and optimisation of the processing steps can be derived. To do so, the DC casting of the high strength AA2024 alloy is modelled with ABAQUS 6·5 with special attention to the thermomechanical properties of the alloy. The sawing operation is then simulated by removing mesh elements such as to reproduce the progression of the saw in the ingot. Preliminary results showing the stress relief during sawing accompanied by the risk of saw blocking due to compression or initiating a crack ahead of the saw are analysed with an approach based on the rate of strain energy release.


Soil erosion and nutrient loss from surface runoff and subsurface leaching are critical problems for cultivated land. Conservation initiatives show a persistent need for field-scale cropland vulnerability assessments to inform farm management options and prioritize efforts at watershed or regional scales. The Soil Vulnerability Index (SVI) was developed by USDA's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) to assess inherent vulnerability of cropland to surface runoff and leaching using readily available soil and topographic inputs: hydrologic soil group, slope, erodibility K-factor, coarse fragments, and organic carbon (C). The SVI has been evaluated in a few watersheds but requires further evaluation across a wider range of physiographic and climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the SVI to correctly identify vulnerability class based on slope, digital elevation model (DEM) resolution, hydrologic soil group, and soil erodibility across 13 of USDA's Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP) watersheds. The SVI classification was consistent with model output classification with a similarity rate of more than 70% when the SVI component corresponded to the primary route of loss for nutrients or sediment. Results showed that SVIs were consistent with local scientific expertise about the site vulnerability to runoff and leaching, and were particularly useful in areas with mixed slopes and hydrologic soil groups. In watersheds with uniform C or D hydrologic soil groups, the SVI was primarily driven by slope. In these cases, it was important to use a digital elevation map with 10 m resolution or higher to more finely distinguish vulnerability. In areas with uniform slopes and hydrologic soil group, and in areas with uniformly steep slopes, the SVI was not able to identify fields with greater or lower vulnerability than others. In these cases, vulnerability assessments required additional factors: depth of restrictive layer, clay content, slope length, and landscape position. While the SVI was able to categorize vulnerability correctly in mixed soil and slope conditions, findings from this project highlight the need for incorporating DEM-sourced slope and other factors like depth of restrictive layer, clay content, slope length, and landscape position into the SVI to ensure that the SVI is applicable to the broad range of geomorphic conditions found in the United States.


This volume presents a comprehensive study of what constitutes Translation Competence, from the various sub-competences to the overall skill. Contributors combine experience as translation scholars with their experience as teachers of translation. The volume is organized into three sections: Defining, Building, and Assessing Translation Competence. The chapters offer insights into the nature of translation competence and its place in the translation training programme in an academic environment and show how theoretical considerations have contributed to defining, building and assessing translation competence, offering practical examples of how this can be achieved. The first section introduces major sub-competences, including linguistic, cultural, textual, subject, research, and transfer competence. The second section presents issues relating to course design, methodology and teaching practice. The third section reflects on criteria for quality assessment.


Abstract Today Low Pressure Carburizing (LPC) followed by High Pressure Gas Quenching (HPGQ) is an established process to produce high performance components for conventional steels in order to combine high surface hardness and fatigue strength. On the other hand, thanks to its ability to combine good quality and cost saving, PM process is more and more popular in the automotive industry (especially in the transmission applications as synchronizer hubs/rings, sliding sleeves, …). In order to answer the increasing application performance requirements, chromium-alloyed grades are often used because they provide a cost-efficient way to reach high mechanical properties. However these materials need specific sintering conditions and cannot be surface hardened by conventional gas carburization and oil quenching. Thus, the alternative LPC & HPGQ applied to PM parts is a very promising, cost-efficient, and environmental solution to produce high performance parts. This paper presents the last trends and results of this solution.


Sentiment classification is a topic-sensitive task, i.e., a classifier trained from one topic will perform worse on another. This is especially a problem for the tweets sentiment analysis. Since the topics in Twitter are very diverse, it is impossible to train a universal classifier for all topics. Moreover, compared to product review, Twitter lacks data labeling and a rating mechanism to acquire sentiment labels. The extremely sparse text of tweets also brings down the performance of a sentiment classifier. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised topic-adaptive sentiment classification (TASC) model, which starts with a classifier built on common features and mixed labeled data from various topics. It minimizes the hinge loss to adapt to unlabeled data and features including topic-related sentiment words, authors' sentiments and sentiment connections derived from"@" mentions of tweets, named as topic-adaptive features. Text and non-text features are extracted and naturally split into two views for co-training. The TASC learning algorithm updates topic-adaptive features based on the collaborative selection of unlabeled data, which in turn helps to select more reliable tweets to boost the performance. We also design the adapting model along a timeline (TASC-t) for dynamic tweets. An experiment on 6 topics from published tweet corpuses demonstrates that TASC outperforms other well-known supervised and ensemble classifiers. It also beats those semi-supervised learning methods without feature adaption. Meanwhile, TASC-t can also achieve impressive accuracy and F-score. Finally, with timeline visualization of "river" graph, people can intuitively grasp the ups and downs of sentiments' evolvement, and the intensity by color gradation.


OBJECTIVES To assess the health of United Kingdom Gulf war veterans, to compare their health to that of similar personnel not deployed, to describe patterns of ill health in both groups, and to estimate their extent. METHODS Main Gulf (n=4795) and validation Gulf (n=4793) cohorts were randomly selected within strata from the population deployed to the Gulf and a non-Gulf cohort (n=4790) from those who were not sent. Seven years after the war subjects completed a questionnaire about their health in the past month, including 95 symptom questions and two manikins on which to shade areas of pain or numbness and tingling. Responses were subjected to a principal component analysis with rotation and to a cluster analysis within each cohort. Mean symptom score was used as a measure of severity. Areas shaded on the manikins were coded to indicate widespread pain and possible toxic neuropathy. RESULTS A response of 85.5% was achieved. Those who had been to the Gulf were more troubled by every symptom with a mean severity score (3.0) substantially greater than in the non-Gulf cohort (1.7). Seven factors were extracted accounting for 48% of the variance. The scores on five factors (labelled psychological, peripheral, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and concentration) were significantly worse in those who had been to the Gulf. Symptoms suggestive of peripheral neuropathy were found more often (12.5%) in the Gulf than the non-Gulf (6.8%) cohorts. Widespread pain was also found more often (12.2% Gulf; 6.5% non-Gulf). Those who had been to the Gulf were found disproportionately (23.8%) in three clusters with high mean severity scores; only 9.8% of non-Gulf respondents were in these clusters. There was no evidence of an important excess in the use of alcohol, tobacco, or referral to hospital specialists by those who had been to the Gulf. For the same level of reported ill health those who had been to the Gulf were less likely to be referred to specialists than non-Gulf veterans. CONCLUSION 7 Years after the war, the Gulf war veterans were more troubled about their health than those who had not been sent, with a substantial subgroup reporting a pattern of symptoms suggestive of a significant decline in health.


Scholars and practitioners constantly report on the significance of research on entrepreneurship in upholding the performance of small industries. Nevertheless, little has been established in the literature on entrepreneurial studies in the Iranian context. Hence, this has induced the present research to explore the relationship between personal qualities and organizational functions on the success of entrepreneurs in small manufacturing firms in Iran. To fulfil the aims of the research, a quantitative research design with self-administered questionnaire was employed. The respondents were selected from the directory of small manufacturing firms provided by Iran Small Industries & Industrial Parks Organization (ISIPO). Based on the probability sampling design, 600 entrepreneurs were chosen throughout the country to participate in the study. The mail survey yielded 240 completed responses, which were included in the final analysis. The results of the analysis revealed that entrepreneurs with high need for achievement, high level of risk taking, and high locus of control were more successful than those with low level of these qualities. On the other hand, this study found a significant positive linear relationship between personal qualities and entrepreneurs' success in terms of growth and survival. Interestingly, the relationship between organizational function and entrepreneurs' success was found to be significant, positive, and linear. This study supports previous research findings that small entrepreneurial companies' success is a multi-dimensional construct.


The thermoplastic elastomer was mixture of several polymer compound which have thermoplastic properties by conventional elastomer function. The melting process of the TPE cause degradation of the natural rubber because the natural rubber was very sensitive on thermal and oxidation, but the emulsion method can avoid degradation during the preparing  process, the elasticity of the natural rubber  and the tensile strength of the PS  were awakened. So the TPE result have the excellent mechanical properties. The grafting process of polystyrene with maleic anhydride was carried out in the internal mixer at temperature 240 0 C using benzoil peroxide as initiator then characterized using the spectrophotometer (FT.IR). The PS-g-MA was dissolved in the toluene and made the emulsion using ammonium lauryl sulfate as emulsifier. The PS-g-MA emulsion mixed with NR Latex at the several ratio using ammonium lauryl sulphate  (ALS) as emulsifier and characterized by photo digital 400 x .  The mixture was poured into a mould and left in blower oven at 25 0 C for 8 - 12 hours to remove the bubble and cured at 35 – 50 0 C.  The cured specimen was allowed to cool slowly at room temperature in the mould. The morphology of specimen was characterized by photo SEM and the tensile strength test were performed according to  ASTM D-638. The results show that the grafting process of PS with MA was success. The particles size of the PS-g-MA/NRL emulsion was revealed by photomicroscope analysis. According to the result, the PS-g-MA/NRL emulsion could be described as partially miscible blend and stable at ratio of PS-g-MA/NRL : 90/10,  the particles size of the emulsion at about   1 – 10 mm. The tensile strength of film PS-g-MA/NRL increased  as increasing of the curing time but the elongation at break  was decreased.


Initial findings from a project examining community municipal portal adoption are reported. The study employs a theoretical model showing a causal effect of organizational factors and portal interface characteristics on a person's intentions to use a community municipal portal and how individual demographics and perceptions mediate this effect. Six community municipal portals in Ontario, Canada participated. A questionnaire completed by internal portal stakeholders gives background on the portals' purpose, history, functionality, IT support, and governance. An enduser survey administered to 1,753 respondents polls end-user demographics, perceptions, and behaviors. First phase results give insight on the organizational factors surrounding the implementation of community municipal portals (e.g., partner tensions, governance issues, low end-user involvement, marketing and financial concerns) and how they may influence low usage behaviors exhibited by a narrow demographic. Future phases of the study that further explore the impact of organizational factors and end-user characteristics on portal use are described.


The basement rocks of Eskisehir-Sivrihisar basin are made of Upper Paleozoic metamorphic rocks and Upper Cretaceous ophiolite complex. These rocks are overlain by Middle Miocene sedimentary rocks the base. Upper Miocene-Pliocene stratigraphic succession consists of basal conglomerates, sandstones, claystones, limestones, dolomites and tuffs are thinly interbedded with cyclic evaporites. The main clay mineral assemblage consists of smectite, illite and sepiolite that are enriched in different percentage in different horizons. The Upper Miocene-Pliocene stratigraphic succession consists of alterations of gypsum, clayey carbonates and unconsolidated very soft dolomite beds, which are conformably underlain by sepiolite-bearing clayey carbonates and disconformably overlain by alluvium and conglomerate series of Pleistocene age. The Upper Miocene unit includes three different facies, based on sedimentary properties of gypsum from the base to the top; (I) laminated gypsum beds are thinly interbedded with dolomites and green clays; (2) gypsum rosettes within thin reddish and greenish clays and carbonates; and (3) scattered gypsum mainly within carbonates. Gypsums had been deposited in somewhat different depositional conditions in the same basin where multi-periodic evaporative episodes, ranging from saline to schizohaline environments, had been involved. During these episodes, under high Eh-pH intervals and high salinity conditions, three different types of gypsum formations had been developed in a meromictic-type lake under the influence of varying paleoclimatologic conditions and pore water chemistry of brines. All these gypsum morphologies respectively reflect the different conditions of environments of deposition in a Miocene playa lake basin: (1) subaqueous environments in playa lakes with short evaporation episodes; (2) marginal swamps with cyclic fluctuation of lake level; and (3) extended closed-lake with evaporatic lake water. These different gypsum morphologies are associated with distinctive sedimentary subfacies, which are also primarily related to cyclic climatic changes, alternating semi-arid and evaporite conditions, fluctuation of lake water level and sulphate input in the chemistry of lake water from runoff and hydrothermal source adjacent to basin.


In several disciplines it is common to find time series measured at irregular observational times. In particular, in astronomy there are a large number of surveys that gather information over irregular time gaps and in more than one passband. Some examples are Pan-STARRS, ZTF and also the LSST. However, current commonly used time series models that estimate the time dependency in astronomical light curves consider the information of each band separately (e.g, CIAR, IAR and CARMA models) disregarding the dependency that might exist between different passbands. In this paper we propose a novel bivariate model for irregularly sampled time series, called the bivariate irregular autoregressive (BIAR) model. The BIAR model assumes an autoregressive structure on each time series, it is stationary, and it allows to estimate the autocorrelation, the cross-correlation and the contemporary correlation between two unequally spaced time series. We implemented the BIAR model on light curves, in the g and r bands, obtained from the ZTF alerts processed by the ALeRCE broker. We show that if the light curves of the two bands are highly correlated, the model has more accurate forecast and prediction using the bivariate model than a similar method that uses only univariate information. Further, the estimated parameters of the BIAR are useful to characterize Long Period Variable Stars and to distinguish between classes of stochastic objects, providing promising features that can be used for classification purposes.


OF THESIS REDUCED INPUTS TURFGRASS THROUGH WHITE CLOVER INCLUSION Most managed turfgrass species require frequent inputs to maintain an acceptable level of quality. Among these inputs, nitrogen (N) fertilization is usually the most limiting in terms of growth and development. However, N fertilization is also linked to non-point source (NPS) pollution. White clover (WC) is known for its ability to provide N when mixed into stands of turfgrass, and does not pose a threat for NPS pollution. Two field studies were designed to investigate the effects of WC inclusion in stands of cool-season turfgrasses. In the first field study, three cultivation techniques were examined for establishment of WC into preexisting turfgrass stands at three different seasonal timings. Scalping during the summer was seen as providing the highest WC populations, although scalping treatments also caused the most initial damage to the turfgrass. In the second field study, mixed stands of turfgrass and WC were examined for response to several weeks of traffic simulations, with WC withstanding the traffic events. Additionally, a greenhouse study was implemented to examine the effects of several commercial broadleaf herbicides on two WC varieties. Only 2,4-D was shown to be safe for application to both WC varieties, although Microclover did show tolerance to quinclorac applications.


ICD coding is a process of assigning the International Classification of Disease diagnosis codes to clinical/medical notes documented by health professionals (e.g. clinicians). This process requires significant human resources, and thus is costly and prone to error. To handle the problem, machine learning has been utilized for automatic ICD coding. Previous state-of-the-art models were based on convolutional neural networks, using a single/several fixed window sizes. However, the lengths and interdependence between text fragments related to ICD codes in clinical text vary significantly, leading to the difficulty of deciding what the best window sizes are. In this paper, we propose a new label attention model for automatic ICD coding, which can handle both the various lengths and the interdependence of the ICD code related text fragments. Furthermore, as the majority of ICD codes are not frequently used, leading to the extremely imbalanced data issue, we additionally propose a hierarchical joint learning mechanism extending our label attention model to handle the issue, using the hierarchical relationships among the codes. Our label attention model achieves new state-of-the-art results on three benchmark MIMIC datasets, and the joint learning mechanism helps improve the performances for infrequent codes.


We study the interactions between sovereign debt default and maturity choice in a setting with limited commitment for repayment as well as future debt issuances. Our main finding is that, under a wide range of conditions, the sovereign should, as long as default is not preferable, remain passive in long‐term bond markets, making payments and retiring long‐term bonds as they mature but never actively issuing or buying back such bonds. The only active debt‐management margin is the short‐term bond market. We show that any attempt to manipulate the existing maturity profile of outstanding long‐term bonds generates losses, as bond prices move against the sovereign. Our results hold regardless of the shape of the yield curve. The yield curve captures the average costs of financing at different maturities but is misleading regarding the marginal costs.


Purpose: The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify specific microstructural and fluency differences in expository and narrative summaries produced by students with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) compared to students with typical development (TD).Method: Five adolescents with TBI and 5 matched peers with TD verbally summarized 1 narrative and 2 expository (compare–contrast, cause–effect) lectures, creating 30 summaries. Researchers transcribed summaries and used paired t tests to analyze between-group differences in microstructural measures (productivity, lexical diversity, syntactic complexity), mazing behaviors, and pausing patterns.Results: Youth with TBI produced significantly fewer utterances than teens with TD in both expository contexts, whereas youth with TD produced a significantly greater mean length of C-unit than teens with TBI in the narrative summary only. Youth with TBI produced significantly fewer filled pauses per utterance than did youth with TD during the cause–effect summary only and significantly more pauses per utterance and within-clause pauses per utterance during the compare–contrast summary. Where findings were statistically significant, effect sizes were large. There were no statistically significant between-group differences in mazing or pausing behaviors during narrative summary production.Conclusions: This study is the 1st to compare microstructural and fluency characteristics in teens with TBI and those without when producing verbal summaries of a narrative and 2 types of expository passages. Findings from this study reinforce the need to expand research focusing on expository discourse tasks and identify variables that may be prone to disruption following TBI. Future work is needed to confirm whether identified differences correspond to true discourse difficulties.Supplemental Material S1. Summary and description of lecture stimuli.Supplemental Material S2. Pause & maze coding/counting instructions (adapted from Peach, 2013). Supplemental Material S3. Examples of compare–contrast summaries for included participants (mazes and abandoned/unanalyzed utterances removed). Supplemental Material S4. Participant-level data for outcome variables (bolding indicates statistically significant differences between groups). Lundine, J. P., & Barron, H. D. (2019). Microstructural and fluency characteristics of narrative and expository discourse in adolescents with traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_AJSLP-19-0012


This text explores the political use of family portraits in Assaf Shoshan's Territoires de l'attente (Waiting Territories). Made along the geographical terrain of the Israeli state, Territoires de l'attente is a photographic series that features human-made landscapes associated with precarious living conditions created by the past or present interventions of armed forces. The series depicts sites that relate to the grand ideological and historical narrative shaped by the Israeli state about its establishment, its wars and treatment of the Arab residents who remained after the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948. In isolating these landscapes from the rest of the geographical terrain currently occupied by the Israeli state, Shoshan portrays them as sites whose physical conditions raise questions about Israel's policies and attitude towards its non-Jewish inhabitants.

I argue that Territoires de l'attente's underpinning concern for the circumstances and wellbeing of non-Jewish inhabitants is enhanced by three family portraits inserted into the series. They show Sudanese asylum seekers who recently fled their country and travelled to Israel as they believed the state of Israel might possibly offer them convenient means to start their lives anew. Depicted in compliance with the convention and visual vocabulary of family photography, I suggest that the asylum seekers' performance, visualization and frequent transgression of the ideological trope of nuclear family kinship remind the viewers of the politics of ethnic exclusion that sustain the absolute rule of any nation-state. I therefore argue that these images do not only record another chapter in the history of nomadic and displaced populations in the region. Rather, they also echo the political forces that prepare individual subjects to endure the troubled existence imposed upon them in the name of any state.


The design and optimization of interplanetary transfer trajectories is one of the most important tasks during the analysis and design of a deep space mission. Due to their larger V -capability, low-thrust propulsions systems can significantly enhance or even enable those missions. Searching low-thrust trajectories that are optimal with respect to transfer time or propellant consumption is usually a dicult and time-consuming task that involves much experience and expert knowledge, because the convergence behavior of traditional optimizers that are based on numerical optimal control methods depends strongly on an adequate initial guess, which is often hard to find. Even if the optimizer finally converges to an "optimal" trajectory, this trajectory is typically close to the initial guess that is rarely close to the (unknown) global optimum. Within this paper, trajectory optimization is attacked from the perspective of artificial intelligence and machine learning, which is a perspective quite dierent from that of optimal control theory. Inspired by natural archetypes, a novel smart method for global low-thrust trajectory optimization is presented that fuses artificial neural networks and evolutionary algorithms to so-called evolutionary neurocontrollers. This paper outlines how evolutionary neurocontrol works and how it could be implemented. Using evolutionary neurocontrol, low-thrust trajectories are optimized without an initial guess and without the attendance of an expert in astrodynamics and optimal control theory. For an exemplary mission to a near-Earth asteroid, its performance for low-thrust trajectory optimization and interplanetary mission analysis is assessed. It is demonstrated that evolutionary neurocontrollers are able to find spacecraft steering strategies that generate better trajectories ‐ closer to the global optimum ‐ because they explore the search space more exhaustively than a human expert can do by using traditional optimal control methods. Finally, the use of evolutionary neurocontrol for the analysis of a piloted Mars mission using a spacecraft with a nuclear electric propulsion system is demonstrated within this paper. 1 LOW-THRUST TRAJECTORY OPTIMIZATION


The objectives of the study were to determine whether raspberries responded to decreased red to far-red ratio and whether it was more effective at the beginning or end of the dark period. Increased proportions of far-red light increased the internode length when at the beginning of the dark period on the three raspberry cultivars 'Lauren', 'Reveille', and 'Titan'. Cultivars varied in that internode length also increased in ambient daylength compared to short days in 'Lauren' and 'Reveille', but not in 'Titan'. They also responded differently to photoperiod: 'Titan' and 'Lauren' grew under short days, whereas 'Reveille' ceased growth.


Schome Park was a virtual island, set in the middle of a sunlit sea beyond which none of its inhabitants could wander. Like all islands, it had a limited set of resources and so the islanders had worked out a system of local governance for allocating these. Most prized was permission to use prims, a kind of all-purpose material, to construct an exciting new building, perhaps the site for an event or new community facility - a club, a cooperative store, garden, race track, restaurant, or something equally appealing. One day, a newcomer who had recently landed from the U.S. onto this island, dominated by Brits, approached the planning permission committee. Carefully observant of legal and procedural niceties, he set out his request, in writing, as required. He wanted to build a Gothic cathedral. In many old-timers' views, this was a bad idea, something that threatened the community's history and ethos, perhaps to the core. A lively debate ensued.


Abstract. One purpose of road lighting in night-time environment is to allow pedestrians safe passage and provide sense of security. To attain this purpose, guidelines are set to make sure that proper lighting are present in roads. Current mapping of road lighting in the Philippines is a tedious process. To address this issue, an alternative method of mapping illuminance using Unmanned Aerial System is developed. A 3D model of the road was created using overlapping images and is the basis of the data points. The results of the calibration show that each of the camera channels, as well the photopic luminance value denoted as ND, shows a linear trend with the illuminance value recorded within the subject area having a range of 0.17 to 15 lux. Linear regression models using each of the channels of the camera and ND can be used to calculate illuminance with RMSE of less than 0.6 lux. It also shows that all values calculated from all regression models exhibits similar trend with blue differing by being generally lower in value. With blue as the best linear regression model, 3D and 2D models of illuminance were created. With these results, it can be concluded that application of photogrammetry through UAV-mounted camera can be used to map illuminance at low level lighting.


On December 21, 2001, China's Supreme People's Court promulgated landmark rules concerning the production and use of evidence in civil cases. These rules became effective on April 1, 2002 and apply to legal actions initiated after that date. The rules apply in all Chinese courts, from the high and intermediate level courts found at the provincial and prefecture level, down to the basic level courts found in rural counties and in urban districts. Of the eighty-three newly promulgated rules, more than half concern procedures for exchanging, confronting, investigating, or discovering evidence. Eleven are strict rules of evidence. The remainder is comprised of decision guidelines, implementation provisions, or some other type of rule. Despite the guidelines' occasionally remedial tone, Chinese practitioners will want to memorize these rules and use the language found within them during their debates and summaries to the court. The new strict rules of evidence provide litigators with direction, while at the same time providing new avenues for courtroom strategy. The rules require Chinese lawyers to focus not only on how they will present evidence but also on how such evidence may be excluded and how they might work to exclude an opponent's evidence. The new rules of evidence are a welcome new addition to Chinese jurisprudence.


Increasing housing density is an important component of global land transformation, with major impacts on patterns of biodiversity. However, while there have been many studies of the changes in biodiversity across rural–urban gradients, which are influenced in large part by housing densities, how biodiversity changes across the full range of regional variation in housing density remains poorly understood. Here, we explore these relationships for the richness and abundance of breeding birds across Britain. Total richness, and that of 27 urban indicator species, increased from low to moderate household densities and then declined at greater household densities. The richness of all species increased initially faster with household density than did that of the urban indicator species, but nonurban indicator species richness declined consistently after peaking at a very low housing density. Avian abundance showed a rather different pattern. Total abundance and that summed across all urban indicator species increased over a wide range of household densities, and declined only at the highest household densities. The abundance of individual urban indicator species generally exhibited a hump‐shaped relationship with housing density. While there was marked intraspecific variation in the form of such relationships, almost invariably avian abundance declined at housing densities below that at which the UK government requires new developments to be built. Our data highlight the difficulties of maintaining biodiversity while minimising land take for new development. High‐density housing developments are associated with declines in many of those species otherwise best able to exploit urban environments, and those components of native biodiversity with which human populations are often most familiar.


The formation of binary and ternary inclusion complexes of norepinephrine, NP, with b-cyclodextrin (bCD), cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and 18-crown-6 (18C6) have been investigated. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed the enhancement of emission at around 312 nm from NP in the presence of bCD. However, in the presence of CB7 and 18C6 this band was quenched and the spectra exhibited an excimer emission at longer wavelength due to aggregation of guest molecules. The stoichiometry of the inclusion complexes has been investigated by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) revealing the presence of binary and ternary complexes of NP with the hosts studied. On the other hand, the solid complexes prepared by lyophilization were characterized by FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray crystallography. Our data, taken together, clearly suggest that the three hosts form stable complexes with NP. Additionally, we performed molecular dynamics simulations on these complexes in aqueous media for 15–20 ns. The results obtained indicated that hydrophobic forces together with extensive hydrogen bonding are responsible for the stability of these complexes.


The importance of various form of heat treatment operations on medium carbon steel in order to forester the problem that may arise in making a wrong choice of these steel materials or faulty heat treatment operations which may give rise to serious disruption in terms of human safety, higher cost and untimely failure of the machine components is of great concern. The mechanical properties such as ductility, toughness, strength, hardness and tensile strength can easily be modified by heat treating the medium carbon steel to suit a particular design purpose. Tensile specimens were produced from medium carbon steel and were subjected to various forms of heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening and tempering. The stiffness, ductility, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and hardness of the heat treated samples were observed from their stress-strain curve. The value of the yield strength (σy) was observed to be higher for the tempered specimen possibly as a result of the grain re-arrangement, followed by the hardened, normalized and annealed specimens. The value of the ultimate tensile strength (σu) were also observed to be in the order; hardened> tempered>normalized>annealed.


This article discusses the ethical issues involved in consumer health informatics -specifically those issues surrounding the provision of medical information for patients on the World Wide Web. The discussion includes concerns and suggestions relating to: quality control and error avoidance, Internet governance and Web site responsibility, and intellectual property and control. These issues are argued to be of exceptional importance in the developing world, including Latin America and the Caribbean.


Background: The failure of the conventional nailing of both bone of the forearm poses a potential problem of nail migration and rotational instability, despite the best reduction. Objectives: Rush nail is a very handy, low cost easily available implant. In the present study, we have tried to find out its applicability if used in the closed manner under C-arm control without injurying soft tissues and preserving the periosteal vascularity. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted on thirty adult subjects. Skeletally mature subjects with Gustilo type 1 open and closed fractures without the neurovascular deficit were included. Stainless steel rush nails were used for all patients for both radius and ulnar repair. Patients were followed-up for a minimum of 4 months and maximum of 1.5 years. Results: The mean age of study participants was 37.43 years. Mean time of the union was 14.32 weeks. Average operative time was 67.16 min. No intraoperative complication occurred nor was any nailing converted to some other form of fixation, except in three cases radial nail was introduced by open method through anterior Henry′s approach. Cast support was maintained for a mean of 7.43 weeks, after that forearm brace was applied for a mean period of 6.26 weeks and continued until radiographic union was seen. Three patients showed non-union of radius mostly distal third. They were treated with open reduction and internal fixation with locking plate and bone grafting. One patient had extensor tendon injury. Two patients have superficial infection which cured with antibiotics. One case had delayed union of radius which required bone grafting. Two patients had gross restrictions of wrist movements and pronation-supination movement. Using Anderson criteria 22 patients had satisfactory results (71.33%), three patients had excellent result. Three patients had non-unions (10%). Implant removal was performed in two cases about 14 months post-operatively and no refracture has been reported until date (after 4 months). Conclusion: Use of rush nail continues to have predictable and good results. Complication rates are lower when compared to plate osteosynthesis and even in locked intramedullary nails although application of above elbow cast after nailing is a downside of this procedure. The rush nail has still a future in repair of forearm fractures considering its low complications rates, cost and acceptable results in a developing country where financial matters are to be considered.


Introduction Tanacetum sonbolii (Asteraceae) is an endemic species in Iran. In the present study, we examined the effects of Tanacetum sonbolii hydroalcoholic extract on the formalin test in mice. Methods 126 Swiss albino mice weighing 230-280g were used as subjects. The formalin test was performed on two control groups (marked as intact and saline groups; n = 6 in each group) and an experimental group. In all groups, the formalin test was recorded for 60 min after administration of extract and drugs in mice. Results The results showed that Tanacetum sonbolii (150 and 300 mg/kg) produced significant antinociception in phase 2. In addition, different doses of Tanacetum sonbolii extract (600, 900 and 1200 mg/kg) also induced antinociceptive effects in phase1 and phase 2. On the other hand, morphine could induce antinociception in a dose-dependent manner. Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) failed to affect the pain scores compared to Tanacetum sonbolii (300 mg/kg) group. Discussion It seems that administration of hydroalcoholic extract of Tanacetum sonbolii has the potential to relieve pain through both central and peripheral mechanisms in persistent inflammatory nociception.


The demands for technological workers have prompted a national effort to encourage all sectors of the population to consider careers in mathematics and science (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, NCTM, 1989; NSF, 1988; Task Force, 1989). Yet students are not electing to enroll in science in school. One possible solution to increase interest in science is through summer programs. The Summer Academy in Plant Biology and Transgenics hosted by the Western Oklahoma State College, the Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation and the Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education, is an intervention program in science for talented students and, in particular minorities and girls. This program is informed by the current research, employs a reformed curriculum and involves students working alongside practicing scientists in a highly interactive science experience and appears to have many positive aspects that enable it to reach its goals.


A new five-phase, surface-inset, permanent-magnet (PM), brushless DC motor drive is proposed in this paper. The motor drive has advantages of both the PM brushless DC motor drive and the DC series motor drive. The originality is that the air-gap flux of the motor is generated by both the PM excitation and the specially controlled stator currents (two particular phases) under the same PM pole. The motor configuration and principle of operation are so unusual that the magnetic field distribution and steady-state performance are analyzed by the finite-element method. Experimental results for a prototype verify that the proposed motor drive is promising for modern electric vehicle applications.


In the late 18th century and early 19th century, during a period of extensive changes in the writing and reading culture, there was an increase not only in the number of readers but also in the importance that was being attributed to them. This importance manifested itself primarily in an increasingly widespread collective patronage but also a rising number of inscriptions to the collective reader that flourished at about the same time as the collective patronage phenomenon. Although books continued to be dedicated to various dignitaries throughout this period, most frequently as a token of gratitude for financial support but also inspired by friendship and family, the writers, who still rarely lived off the fruits of their labour, started to adopt a different attitude towards the reader. Using examples drawn from analysis of the entire book production in Dalmatian printing and publishing centres Zadar, Split and Dubrovnik in the period between 1815-1850, this paper intends to show to what extent inscriptions to the collective reader, generally identifiable by the fact that they address an unspecified reader or an entire community of readers, can reflect a growing significance that started to be attributed to the reader as early as the end of the 18th century and particularly in the first half of the 19th century. The analysis focused on the number and context in which inscriptions of that type are found, their variants, meaning, as well as reasons for their introduction into practice. Research has shown that inscriptions to the general readership became a common and regular form of communication with an entire community of readers as far back as the '20s. Although they were still not the most common type of inscriptions and failed to reach the number of inscriptions to prelates, their continuity was maintained during the next two centuries, which was particularly noticeable in the '40s. Moreover, the general readership was mainly dedicated literary works - poetry collections printed on the occasion of emperor's birthday, works of Dubrovnik literature, plays and biographies. A smaller number of books were of religious origin or those in the field of history, geography, social anthropology, linguistics and even architecture. Inscriptions were used in an effort not only to make books and reading popular but also to reinforce readers' love for their national tongue, i.e., national consciousness in general, just the same as it was endeavoured to be done through subscription system. Moral-didactic and religious works were intended to strengthen readers' spirit and morality. It has been concluded that continued increase in the number of inscriptions to the general readership as well as the fact that they flourished precisely during the period of significant changes in the field of reading culture witness of an increasing importance of readers that marked the first half of the 19th century.


The structure-activity relationships (SAR) are investigated by means of the Electronic-Topological Method (ETM) followed by the Neural Networks application (ETM-NN) for a class of anti-cholinesterase inhibitors (AChE, 53 molecules) being pyridazine derivatives. AChE activities of the series were measured in IC(50) units, and relative to the activity levels, the series was partitioned into classes of active and inactive compounds. Based on pharmacophores and antipharmacophores calculated by the ETM-software as sub-matrices containing important spatial and electronic characteristics, a system for the activity prognostication is developed. Input data for the ETM were taken as the results of conformational and quantum-mechanics calculations. To predict the activity, we used one of the most well known neural networks, namely, the feed-forward neural networks (FFNNs) trained with the back propagation algorithm. The supervised learning was performed using a variant of FFNN known as the Associative Neural Networks (ASNN). The result of the testing revealed that the high ETM's ability of predicting both activity and inactivity of potential AChE inhibitors. Analysis of HOMOs for the compounds containing Ph1 and APh1 has shown that atoms with the highest values of the atomic orbital coefficients are mainly those atoms that enter into the pharmacophores. Thus, the set of pharmacophores and antipharmacophores found as the result of this study forms a basis for a system of the anti-cholinesterase activity prediction.


In Canada, fire danger is predicted by the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System (CFFDRS). One of its subsystems is the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) system, which has two slow-drying fuel moisture codes: the drought code (DC) and the duff moisture code (DMC). Both codes are used in this study as a surrogate of dead fuel moisture. We evaluate the capability of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) observations to map DC and DMC. A comparison was made between 16-day composite MODIS images acquired in the 2000 to 2004 fire seasons over Grasslands National Park of Canada (GNPC), Saskatchewan, Canada and DC and DMC data interpolated from weather station records. Overall, spectral variables and DC and DMC exhibited clear seasonal trends, and were therefore influenced more by temporal factors than by land cover factors. Data were then grouped into temporal categories, by year and seasons, for stepwise multiple regression calculations. We note that the use of shortwave infrared (SWIR)-based variables slightly improved the performances of both DC and DMC models. Spectrally derived DC and DMC data showed improved spatial resolution of mapping drought over pre-burned areas compared to broadly interpolated weather station-based estimations. The spectral estimation was improved by applying the Getis statistic (Gi *) to the resulting maps, showing the potential of combining the Gi * statistic and MODIS data in predicting fuel moisture codes in relationship to fire occurrence.


Background: The need of prolonged weaning from the ventilator is a well-known predictor of an unfavorable patients` outcome. Diaphragmatic dysfunction is a serious problem for these patients. We wanted to determine the survival in patients who were already intubated for more than 4 weeks before they were admitted to our weaning unit. In this prospective study, we wanted to investigate if the diaphragmatic function could improve or was related to survival over an 18 months follow up period. Methods: 84 patients were included when they were able to breathe at least 10 minutes over a t-piece and sit upright for at least 5 minutes. The diaphragmatic function was estimated sonographically using the up and downward movement of the lung silhouette. Sonographic follow-ups were performed for over 18 months. The survival rate, outcome and changes in diaphragm mobility were investigated. Results: a) Survival: 49 patients (58%) survived the 18 months follow up period - 30 had a good outcome; 19 needed assistance. b) Survival in relation to diaphragm mobility: If diaphragmatic mobility improved ≥ 15.5 mm on the left side, the probability of survival was 94% with a probability of 76% to have a satisfying outcome. Conclusion: Survival and outcome of prolonged weaning were significantly better when sonographically measured the mobility of left hemidiaphragm improved.


The aminoacyl tRNA synthetases arose early in evolution to establish the genetic code during translation. Long thought of as cytoplasmic enzymes with a single defined function, new studies have demonstrated their roles in nuclear and extracellular signaling pathways, where they regulate angiogenesis, inflammation, mTor signaling, tumorigenesis, and more. These novel functions are typically associated with novel domains added to higher eukaryote tRNA synthetases, and specific resected forms that are generated by alternative splicing and natural proteolysis. The tRNA synthetases are now seen as central "nodes" that use their novel domains to connect with multiple-cell signaling pathways through a variety of interacting partners. These partners include nuclear proteins, extracellular receptors, cytoplasmic proteins, and cellular RNAs. This new biology from tRNA synthetases is an endless frontier.


Challenges in nanotechnology today involve controlling dimensions, inter-particle spacing, surface coverage and behavior/response of functional nanostructures. Creating or placing nanostructures on surfaces is important for applications like data storage, on chip device fabrication, medical implants and many others. Surfaces can act as a support for nanostructures in addition to offering ways of interacting with them. To be able to realize applications, it is necessary to ensure manufacturing compatibility of techniques employed for creating these structures on large areas, and on diverse substrates. This often poses a serious limitation in scaling up many novel and innovative developments in the field. Self-organization of polymers offers an excellent solution for these concerns and also offering economic means of achieving 'multi-purpose' or 'multi-functional' nanostructures capable of meeting diverse requirements at the same time. The poster intends to present an example of such an approach carried out with diblock copolymer micelles on surfaces.


Quality is critical to corporate success as it plays a vital role in improving organisational productivity. It can be
defined as 'the totality of inherent characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to increase the
demand for that product or service at a fixed price' and can best be measured by capturing customer
perceptions of the performance of those characteristics.
Customising the SERVPERF methodology to measure service quality in a business-to-business context and
subsequently testing it on both customers and suppliers of cleaning, catering and security services, the
research led to a number of important and valuable insights concerning the service quality construct in a
business-to-business environment.
First, service quality in relation to cleaning, catering and security services consists of nine clear dimensions:
reliability, clout, reputation, awareness, competitiveness, collaboration, accessibility, competence and
assurance. The nine-dimensional construct identified shows high reliability and good validity in statistical
terms.
Furthermore, eight of the nine service quality dimensions are strongly or moderately yet significantly related to
customer perceived service quality and customer satisfaction - clout being the exception. The same eight
dimensions are significantly, but moderately related to purchase intention - suggesting that that there might be
other constructs important in making a purchase decision (e.g. the costs of service delivery).
Third, relating the nine service quality dimensions to the financial performance of supplier organisations, it was
identified that six of the nine dimensions have significant relationships with one or more of the ten financial
performance measures investigated - reliability, accessibility and competence being the exceptions.
Finally, it was identified that customer organisations have significantly lower perceptions of the service quality
they receive than do supplier organisations for competitiveness, collaboration, accessibility and competence.
Moreover, customer perceived performance is significantly lower than customer perceived importance for
eight of the nine service quality dimensions.
For customer organisations, the empirical findings can be used to develop a framework of Service Quality
Indicators, which can be used for monitoring and benchmarking service quality perception. For supplier
organisations, the findings can be used for resource-allocation decisions pertaining to improve service quality,
customer satisfaction and ultimately purchase intentions.
It should be noted that the research is exploratory in nature and has only begun to address the many issues
that are important in the management of business support services, but the questions addressed - what quality
dimensions are important for customer satisfaction and what quality dimensions are important for supplier
performance - are arguably among the most important in service quality management.


BACKGROUND
Relatively little is known about the relationships between medication adherence and long-term functional outcomes in the treatment of schizophrenia. To extend previous research, we prospectively examined the relationships between adherence with any antipsychotic medication and functional outcomes among schizophrenia patients treated over a 3-year period, assessed the stability of adherence over time, and examined whether adherence in the first year predicts changes in functional outcomes over the following 2 years.

METHOD
Analyses included 1906 participants with DSM-IV diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective or schizophreniform disorder in a multi-site, 3-year, prospective, naturalistic study conducted in the United States between July 1997 and September 2003. Outcome measures were assessed at 6-month intervals using systematic medical record abstraction and structured interview of patients. Adherence with antipsychotic regimen was assessed using patient-reported adherence and the medication possession ratio (percent days with prescription for any antipsychotic), dichotomized into adherence and non-adherence. Analyses employed generalized estimating equations and mixed models with repeated measures.

RESULTS
Nonadherence was associated with poorer functional outcomes, including greater risks of psychiatric hospitalizations, use of emergency psychiatric services, arrests, violence, victimizations, poorer mental functioning, poorer life satisfaction, greater substance use, and more alcohol-related problems (all p < .001). Adherence was relatively stable, with 77.3% of patients maintaining the same adherence status from the first year to the second year. Nonadherence in the first year predicted significantly poorer outcomes in the following 2 years.

CONCLUSIONS
Findings highlight the importance of adherence with antipsychotic medication in the long-term treatment of schizophrenia and its potential beneficial impact on the mental health and criminal justice delivery systems.


The diverse applications of mutant and recombinant adenoviruses demand facile methods for their generation. This protocol allows the user to rapidly assemble customized adenoviral genomes from high-copy plasmids in a two-step isothermal reaction. Following in vitro assembly, full-length genomes can be directly packaged in HEK293 cells. Crude preparations of infectious virus can be prepared in less than one week.


The sight of clustered holes can bring about uneasiness in people, and the disgust response towards it is called trypophobia. Reactions in humans vary from nausea to severe depression. We explore the possible causes of this unique phenomenon, such as evolutionary adaptation and spectral features. We also uncover the clinical features and its relationship to other psychological conditions for example, obsessive-compulsive disorder. Please click PDF below to download the full paper...


This article documents the rise of nonconsensual international lawmaking and analyzes its consequences for the treaty design, treaty participation, and treaty adherence decisions of nation states. Grounding treaties upon the formal consent of states has numerous advantages for a decentralized and largely anarchic international legal system that suffers from a pervasive "compliance deficit." But consent also has real costs, including the inability to ensure that all nations affected by transborder problems join treaties that seek to resolve those problems. This "participation deficit" helps explain why some international rules bind countries without their acceptance or approval. Such rules have wide applicability. But they can also increase sovereignty costs, exacerbating the compliance deficit.Nonconsensual international lawmaking thus appears to create an insoluble tradeoff between increasing participation and decreasing compliance. This article explains that such a tradeoff is not inevitable. Drawing on recent examples from multilateral efforts to prevent transnational terrorism, preserve the global environment, and protect human rights, the article demonstrates that the game-theoretic structure of certain cooperation problems, together with their institutional and political context, create self-enforcing equilibria in which compliance is a dominant strategy. In these situations, nonconsensual lawmaking reduces both the participation and the compliance deficits. In other issue areas, by contrast, problem structure and context do not affect the tradeoff between the two deficits, and the incentive to defect remains unaltered. Analyzing the differences among these issue areas helps to identify the conditions under which nonconsensual lawmaking increases the welfare of all states.


Contemporary voice assistants require that objects of inter-est be specified in spoken commands. Of course, users are often looking directly at the object or place of interest ? fine-grained, contextual information that is currently unused. We present WorldGaze, a software-only method for smartphones that provides the real-world gaze location of a user that voice agents can utilize for rapid, natural, and precise interactions. We achieve this by simultaneously opening the front and rear cameras of a smartphone. The front-facing camera is used to track the head in 3D, including estimating its direction vector. As the geometry of the front and back cameras are fixed and known, we can raycast the head vector into the 3D world scene as captured by the rear-facing camera. This allows the user to intuitively define an object or region of interest using their head gaze. We started our investigations with a qualitative exploration of competing methods, before developing a functional, real-time implementation. We conclude with an evaluation that shows WorldGaze can be quick and accurate, opening new multimodal gaze+voice interactions for mobile voice agents.


To the Editor: In Morocco, the first case of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 was diagnosed on June 12, 2009 (1). Because a main determinant of public immunization success is healthcare workers' support and recommendations and because little is known about such with regard to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 vaccination in Morocco, our aim was to document healthcare workers' knowledge, attitudes, practices, and acceptance of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 vaccination in Morocco.

From January 15 through February 28, 2010, a structured, self-administered, anonymous questionnaire was distributed to a convenience sample of 1,332 healthcare workers in 5 public hospitals in Rabat, Morocco. Completed questionnaires were analyzed by using SPSS version 10.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The 1,002 responses gave a response rate of 75% (≈17% of the entire staff of the University Hospital of Rabat).

We found that the hospital staff had acquired basic knowledge about transmission and prevention of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. Responses indicated that 218 (22%) study participants had accepted vaccination (i.e., had been vaccinated) against this virus. Markedly more healthcare workers in Morocco were undervaccinated than were those in the United States; by mid-January 2010, estimated vaccination coverage among healthcare workers was 37.1% (2). Some evidence indicates that willingness of healthcare workers to be vaccinated with the new vaccine is poor: 48.0% in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China (3) and 22.3% in the United States (4). Vaccination coverage was significantly higher for those 20–30 years of age than for those in other age groups (p = 0.001). The analysis by occupational category showed significantly higher coverage for paramedical staff (26%) than for physicians and pharmacists (19%) (p<0.01). The main causes for this reluctance were fear of adverse effects, concerns about the new adjuvant used, the short duration of clinical trials, and influence of the media.

The low acceptance rate of vaccination for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among healthcare workers in Morocco is alarming because they serve as an example for their patients and the public. Vaccination is needed to keep the healthcare system operating at maximum capacity during a pandemic. The following factors appear to play a major role in acceptance: accessibility of the vaccine within the service; free vaccine; and a display explaining vaccination's benefits, protective value, and risk for adverse effects (5,6). Policy makers could use our findings to improve the vaccination strategy for healthcare workers in future vaccination campaigns.


Abstract Mechanisms maintaining honesty of sexual signals are far from resolved, limiting our understanding of sexual selection and potential important parts of physiology. Carotenoid pigmented visual signals are among the most extensively studied sexual displays, but evidence regarding hypotheses on how carotenoids ensure signal honesty is mixed. Using a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis of 357 effect sizes across 88 different species of birds, we tested two prominent hypotheses in the field: that carotenoid-dependent coloration signals i) immunocompetence and/or ii) oxidative stress state. Separate meta-analyses were performed for the relationships of trait coloration and circulating carotenoid level with different measures of immunocompetence and oxidative stress state. For immunocompetence we find that carotenoid levels (r = 0.20) and trait color intensity (r = 0.17) are significantly positively related to PHA response. Additionally we find that carotenoids are significantly positively related to antioxidant capacity (r = 0.10), but not significantly related to oxidative damage (r = −0.02). Thus our analyses provide support for both hypotheses, in that at least for some aspects of immunity and oxidative stress state the predicted correlations were found. Furthermore, we tested for differences in effect size between experimental and observational studies; a larger effect in observational studies would indicate that co-variation might not be causal. However, we detected no significant difference, suggesting that the relationships we found are causal. The overall effect sizes we report are modest and we discuss potential factors contributing to this, including differences between species. We suggest complementary mechanisms maintaining honesty rather than the involvement of carotenoids in immune function and oxidative stress and suggest experiments on how to test these.


ABSTRACT Geophysics publishes abstracts of dissertations and titles of master's theses both in print and online. Recent graduates are invited to submit their abstracts or titles by completing and submitting the appropriate form found at http://seg.org/dissertationabstracts. Abstracts and titles will be reviewed and accepted or rejected based on their relevance to the readers of Geophysics. Abstracts must be written in English and defended in 2009 or later.


The 10 volumes of The Young Oxford History of African Americans describe how black Americans shaped and changed the history of this nation. Starting in 1502, more than a century before the day in 1619 when 19 Africans stepped off a Dutch ship in Jamestown, Virginia, the series ends with the relationship between West Indian immigrants and African Americans in large cities like New York in the late 20th century. This ready reference provides the perfect ending to a comprehensive history of African Americans. Included are the master index for the series and an extensive list of historic sites and museums related to the history of African Americans. The bulk of the volume, however, contains the personal histories of many of the people who appear in the previous 10 volumes. Each biography takes a close look at the famous and the lesser-known, revealing the backgrounds, experiences, and contributions of African Americans who were involved in the key events in American history. In addition to well-known facts, the biographies include much here that will surprise and fascinate readers. Muhammad Ali's brash and playful public persona earned him the nickname the "Louisville Lip"; Bill Cosby got his start while working in a Philadelphia coffee-house; and Madam C. J. Walker owned a mail-order and beauty school company that became one of the most profitable independently-owned businesses in the country around 1910. The portraits are as varied as the history itself, setting former slaves next to committed civil rights workers, prize-winning poets next to successful politicians. Volume 11 of The Young Oxford History of African Americans completes the fascinating and compelling story of nearly five centuries of African-American history. It is an exceptional resource for young adults and all who value the remarkable accomplishments of African Americans.


Environmental accounting and documentation of each industry and organization is required for the sustainable development. In addition, environmental awareness is creating pressure to the industry to declare and label environmental features of their product to the consumers. Industrial products interact with environment during entire life cycle of a product and consequences are undesirable environmental impacts. The solution for minimum environmental impacts is the development of methods and tools to measure and compare environmental impacts of products (goods and services are summarized under the term product according the ISO 14040). ISO 14020 series, ISO 14025 - environmental declaration, ISO 14024 - environmental label, and ISO 14021 - self declared environmental claim are facilitating to the industry to communicate environmental impacts of their product. At present, global warming and it's consequences in climate change are major concerns of environmental impacts for the global society. One specific means to communicate global warming environmental impact is 'carbon footprint' of the product, which can be declared to the consumers following the methodology of upcoming ISO 14067- carbon footprint of products. Life cycle assessment is the back bone for industries to quantify environmental impacts, and to document and declare environmental impacts of production activities. This thesis reviews existing environmental documentation system of product, accesses ISO standard for carbon footprint of product and relates it to the environmental product labeling and declaration (EPDs), develops system theory to model a road case system for carbon footprint, calculates carbon footprint of the road construction case and recommends carbon footprint as part of environmental product declaration (EPD). The thesis starts with reviewing existing environmental documentation and carbon footprint accounting systems with a main focus on ISO requirements. The thesis further discusses system theory of industrial ecology to account carbon footprint of the products. System engineering and LCA methodology are taken as tools to account carbon footprint of the products. Road construction case E6 – Kroppen – Tonstad, Trondheim, is taken as case for the carbon footprint account, which is a part of transportation service. Finally, discussions are made on the connection between environmental declaration and carbon footprint, issues of ISO 14067 – carbon footprint of product, system boundary and data aggregations for LCA methodology for road case.


This study try to explore an effective cooperative learning mode in line with the needs of shaping classes, promoting the healthy development of the students. Methods: randomly selected two classes of first-year undergraduate students in Beijing Normal University who studying shaping lessons, one is the experimental class with 30 persons taking 10 weeks teaching experiment, the other the control class with 31 person using conventional teaching mode. Conclusion: (1) The Cooperative learning can promote students' mastery of technical skills. (2) The cooperative learning on the mental health level of the experimental group were improved to some extent. (3) The cooperative learning will help to improve the students' panic mood. (4) The cooperative learning can help to relieve the level of stress. (5) The cooperative learning help to improve the interpersonal skills of the students, and the effect is remarkable. Suggestions: (1) Try to use cooperative learning mode in shaping classes. (2) To do a similar study in Physical Education, the experimental period can be extended and the sample size should be increased.