The main argument of this paper is that personal social services, including probation, at both a policy and practice level are increasingly focused on issues of risk. We postulate that risk assessment, risk management, the monitoring of risk and risk-taking itself are rapidly becoming the dominant raison d'etre of such agencies, thus supplanting ideologies of meeting need or welfare provision. In turn they have become key to priority setting and rationing, the basis for organizational rationales and structures, the central focus for professional activity and accountability, and measuring quality. Thus an analysis of risk as an organizing principle offers fundamental insights into the rapidly changing nature and organization of statutory social work and probation. There is very little literature that focuses on risk across the spectrum of services. Risk analysis, as such, is most developed in the criminal justice and child protection fields. However, the mental health literature, being centrally preoccupied with notions of dangerousness, is quickly adopting risk terminology. Apart from work on elder abuse, literature on child welfare and community care has been framed in terms of need, issues of risk only coming to the fore around potential admission to residential care. We contend that as issues of rationing and accountability become more dominant, so do concerns with risk. Thus we predict the extension of notions of risk as central organizing principles throughout the social services and probation.


This dissertation argues that traditional models of 'place' based on the city-country dichotomy do not adequately represent the complexities of contemporary British space. Prompted in large part by the epochal restructuring of capitalism in the 1970s, the urban problematic profoundly changed the production of space. Far from heralding an 'end of geography' commonly associated with globalization, the urban problematic recognizes that the ontological character of 'place' was transformed to such an extent that it problematizes and ultimately renders obsolete the city-country dichotomy.
To understand this process, and raise the insufficiencies of conventional approaches among literary criticism typified by Raymond Williams's seminal text The Country and the City, the methodology of this thesis cross-reads literary texts with theoretical and analytic works. Using the works of J.G. Ballard, John King, David Peace, and Niall Griffiths alongside those of Henri Lefebvre and David Harvey, and with extensive reference to the social, political, and economic history of Britain, this dialectical approach problematizes conventional distinctions between 'fiction' and 'theory' as much as it critiques commonplace ideas of space.
With reference to Ballard's Concrete and Steel Trilogy, Chapter One establishes the threshold of the urban problematic, identifies its constitutive features, and provides a theoretical framework that structures the discussions in the subsequent chapters. The important subjects of gentrification, the privatizatlon of municipal housing, and the commodification of culture are addressed in Chapter Two through the revisionist accounts of London and the Thames Valley in the works of King. Chapter Three considers the sustained critique of Thatcherism in the works of Peace, which use the breakdown of the city-country dichotomy to map out the social effects of deindustrialization. As part of a codified response to the urban problematic, Griffiths's works provide Chapter Four with the materials necessary to revise traditional ideas of landscape. Meanwhile Chapter Five utilizes Ballard's later works to illustrate the virtual city, a concept which represents the most systematic response to the contemporary urban problematic in this thesis.


BACKGROUND
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility is a heritable musculoskeletal disorder that can present as a potentially fatal hypermetabolic response to triggering anesthesia agents. Genomic screening for variants in MH-associated genes RYR1 and CACNA1S provides an opportunity to prevent morbidity and mortality. There are limited outcomes data from disclosing variants in RYR1, the most common MH-susceptibility gene, in unselected populations. We sought to identify the rate of MH features or fulminant episodes after triggering agent exposure in an unselected population undergoing genomic screening including actionable RYR1 variants.

METHODS
Geisinger's MyCode Community Health Initiative is an electronic health record-linked biobank that discloses pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants in clinically actionable genes to patient-participants. Available electronic anesthesia and ambulatory records for participants with actionable RYR1 results returned through December 2020 were evaluated for pertinent findings via double-coded chart reviews and reconciliation. Descriptive statistics for observed phenotypes were calculated.

RESULTS
One hundred and fifty-two participants had an actionable RYR1 variant disclosed during the study period. None had prior documented genetic testing for MH susceptibility; one had prior contracture testing diagnosing MH susceptibility. Sixty-eight participants (44.7%) had anesthesia records documenting triggering agent exposure during at least one procedure. None received dantrolene treatment or had documented muscle rigidity, myoglobinuria, hyperkalemia, hyperCKemia, severe myalgia, or tea-colored urine. Of 120 possibly MH-related findings (post-operative intensive care unit admissions, hyperthermia, arterial blood gas evaluation, hypercapnia, or tachycardia), 112 (93.3%) were deemed unlikely to be MH events; 8 (6.7%) had insufficient records to determine etiology.

CONCLUSIONS
Results demonstrate a low frequency of classic intra-anesthetic hypermetabolic phenotypes in an unselected population with actionable RYR1 variants. Further research on the actionability of screening for MH susceptibility in unselected populations, including economic impact, predictors of MH episodes, and expanded clinical phenotypes, is necessary.


Synthesis of a series of poly (methylmethacrylate)-graft-poly (styrene) polymer was carried out via free radical polymerization of methylmethacrylate and polystyrene macromonomers. The macromonomers were synthesized via living anionic polymerization techniques. Two series of macromonomers where synthesized with different polymerizable end group functionalities, by termination with p-vinyl benzyl chloride and 3-(dimethyl chloro silyl) propyl methacrylate. The branch density was varied by controlling the composition feed ratio of the macromonomers to comonomer. Liquid chromatographic techniques were used to fully characterize the chemical composition and branch distributions of the graft polymer. Liquid chromatography under critical conditions of adsorption of styrene coupling with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra was used to investigate the chemical composition and distribution of the branches in the graft. Physical properties of the graft copolymers such as Tg and free volume were determined using differential scanning calorimetry and positron lifetime spectrometry respectively. The relationship between the chemical composition and the graft copolymer properties such as Tg and free volume were investigated. The results show that for long chain macromonomers phase segregation occurs in the graft copolymers. In the case of shorter chain macromonomers at low content no phase segregation is observed and the macromonomers have an antiplasticization effect on the graft polymers.


Let $T$ be a tree with $t$ vertices. Clearly, an $n$ vertex graph contains at most $n/t$ vertex disjoint trees isomorphic to $T$. In this paper we show that for every $\epsilon >0$, there exists a $D(\epsilon,t)>0$ such that, if $d>D(\epsilon,t)$ and $G$ is a simple $d$-regular graph on $n$ vertices, then $G$ contains at least $(1-\epsilon)n/t$ vertex disjoint trees isomorphic to $T$.


Iran's population policy underwent a bizarre fluctuation in recent decades. During the Iran–Iraq war (1979–1987), the total fertility rate was about 6.53%. Following this period and owing to economic problems, the government reversed the population policy in 1988. A new population plan was officially proposed to reduce the rate of population growth.1 In the 2011 census, the birth rate was reported to have declined to 1.29%.2 Moreover, according to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), the life expectancy in Iran increased dramatically from 54.67 years in 1980 to 75.5 years in 2015. Both these factors increased the rate of population aging (or the double-aging process). The migration of young adults to other countries has also accelerated this phenomenon. The 2011 census observed a significant demographic change in the elderly population of Iran (the percentage of the elderly population increased from 7.27% to 8.20% from 2006 to 2011, and to 8.65% in 2016). The aging population is predicted to rise to 10.5% in 2025 and to 21.7% in 2050. Recently, considering the predictions relating to population aging, the government policy has changed. It is now pushing for an increase in the rate of population growth.2 As a result of population aging, the fluctuating population policy in Iran, and the lack of an evidence-based approach in making population policy decisions, the country may encounter a lack of capable human resources keeping in mind the increased old age dependency ratio (a greater elderly population with much fewer young people to support them).3 Ezeh et al show that a country with a low or negative growth faces rapid population aging, unsustainable loads on public pensions and healthcare systems, and slow economic growth.4 Aging will have a negative influence on Iran's economy, health, and social welfare. There will also be an increasing need for hospital beds, sanatoriums, healthcare workers, and specialists in geriatric medicine (which is lacking in the current health system).5 It is clear that serious action should be taken keeping in mind this dilemma. Improving the health and population policy by following a reasonable, evidence-based scientific approach—such as extending hospital beds, establishing geriatric medicine departments and more sanatoriums, and educating more healthcare workers—can be a solution to counter population aging. In this regard, the experience of western countries after the industrial revolution could be an excellent model for Iranian policy-makers.


TINA is a specification of an open architecture for telecommunication services in the broadband, multimedia, and information era. Its characteristics most relevant for security are a variety of services, a multitude of service providers, a well defined business model, a middleware platform for service development and provision, and the assumption of advanced costumer premises equipment. Concepts for its security architecture are developed in the CrySTINA project. We introduce the TINA-C architecture, analyse it with regard to security, and present the CrySTINA security architecture. CrySTINA is aligned with the OMG`s CORBA Security specification, but enhances it with regard to security interoperability despite the heterogeneity of security policies and technologies that must be expected in TINA networks. Thus, we present a model for the enforcement of security policies that supports the negotiation of security contexts.


English As an increasing number of individuals survive into advanced age, dementia and milder cognitive impairments takes on growing public health importance. The aetiology of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the most common cause of dementia, is considered to be multifactorial, resulting from both genetic and environmental factors. The present thesis project aimed at obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the role of lifestyle-related factors in the development of dementia and cognitive impairment. Special attention was paid to possible interactions between lifestyle-related and genetic risk factors. The general hypothesis was that a healthy lifestyle could reduce the risk of dementia and cognitive impairment. All five studies were based on the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) project. The participants in the CAIDE project were derived from four independent population-based random samples studied within the framework of the North Karelia Project and the FINMONICA study in 1972, 1977, 1982 or 1987. A random sample of 2000 individuals aged 65-79 years and living in two geographically defined areas in Kuopio and Joensuu in eastern Finland were invited for the reexamination in 1998, and altogether 1449 people (73 %) participated. In study 1, obesity at midlife was associated with an increased risk of dementia and AD. Midlife obesity, high cholesterol, and high systolic blood pressure were all significant risk factors for dementia with ORs of around 2 for each parameter, and they increased the risk additively. In study 2, we observed a U-shaped association between midlife alcohol drinking and the risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in late-life, so that the participants who did not drink alcohol, as well as those who drank alcohol frequently, had a two-fold risk of having MCI when compared with those participants who drank alcohol infrequently. The presence of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) e4 allele modified the association between alcohol drinking and dementia: ApoE e4 carriers showed an increased risk of dementia with increasing alcohol drinking frequency, whereas this was not the case for the ApoE e4 non-carriers. In study 3, we investigated the relationship of midlife alcohol drinking to cognitive functions in late-life among the non-demented individuals. The participants who did not drink alcohol at midlife, had poorer performance compared to infrequent and frequent drinkers in episodic memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function in late-life. In study 4 low income level in late-life but not at midlife was related to the risk of dementia. Dementia was also associated with decreasing income level from midlife to old age. Low educational level and the ApoE e4 allele independently increased the risk of dementia. In study 5 we examined whether the association between education and dementia was due to the presence of unhealthier lifestyles or more cardiovascular risk factors among the less educated persons. High education was associated with a lower risk of dementia and AD, and it remained unchanged after adjustments for a wide range of lifestyle factors. In summary, this set of studies showed that unhealthy lifestyle-related factors at midlife, such as obesity, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia increase the risk of developing dementia and AD later in life. Especially among ApoE e4 allele carriers, alcohol drinking increases the risk of dementia. On the other hand, in non-demented individuals, alcohol drinkers exhibit better cognitive performance compared to abstainers. However, it is not clear whether this association is causal, or what is the optimal level of alcohol consumption to achieve the best cognitive function. High education is associated with a decreased risk of dementia whereas a high income level at midlife is not a contributary factor. A reduction in relative income level between midlife and late-life might well be a consequence of the dementing disease process. Educated persons may have a greater cognitive reserve that leads to a postponement of the clinical manifestation of dementia. The unhealthy lifestyle options may independently contribute to the depletion of this reserve or directly induce the pathologic processes underlying dementia and AD. Medical Subject Headings: alcohol drinking, Alzheimer disease, apolipoprotein E, cohort studies, dementia, educational status, epidemiology, life style, obesity, risk factors, socioeconomic factors ISBN 91-7140-744-8, © Tiia Ngandu, 2006


Semi-aerobic leachate is characterized by organic matter (COD, BOD) which is relatively low in concentration and difficult to biodegrade. In conventional treatment systems, the low biodegradability is attributed to partial stabilization of leachate at the landfill. Biological treatment of leachate in Malaysia is not well established and any important data for the treatment process is not available. The behavior of microbes is unknown for semi aerobic leachate. This research was conducted to establish some of the important data in the biological treatment of semi-aerobic leachate with and without the influence of powdered activated carbon (PAC). For the present study, semi aerobic leachate was collected from Pulau Burung Landfill Site (PBLS), Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. The experiment involved operating two 16 L laboratory-scale activated sludge reactors in parallel at room temperature and adjusted to pH of 6.5±0.5. One of the reactors was supplemented with powdered activated carbon (PAC) of 75-150 µm size to observe its effect on leachate biodegradation. The results showed enhanced reactor performance due to PAC addition COD, NH 4 - N, NO 3 -N, TKN, BOD and colour removals was higher.


McCold (2004, this issue) argues that community justice and balanced and restorative justice (BARJ) models confuse people and distort the restorative justice movement. We argue that there are many sources of confusion and explain the differences between these approaches. Neither model poses any threat to restorative justice, and both community justice and BARJ can garner new support for restorative justice. We respond to misleading portrayals in McCold's account of these movements (and of our writings about them) and suggest that more time should be spent on truly critical debates within the restorative justice movement, and in confronting real barriers to restorative justice reforms.


The properties of the electrolyte are the dominant factors for the overall performance and safety of electrical energy storage devices. Highly concentrated "water in salt" (WIS) electrolytes are inherently non-flammable, moisture-tolerant, and exhibit wide electrochemical stability windows, making them promising electrolytes for high-performance energy storage devices. However, WIS electrolytes possess intrinsically low conductivity and high viscosity, which usually impair the high-rate performance of many energy storage devices, especially supercapacitors (SCs). Additionally, the inevitable salt precipitation at low temperature for WIS electrolytes narrows down their applicable temperature range. Here, we introduce acetonitrile as a co-solvent to a typical "water in salt" electrolyte to formulate an "acetonitrile/water in salt" (AWIS) hybrid electrolyte that provides significantly improved conductivity, reduced viscosity and an expanded applicable temperature range while maintaining the aforementioned important physicochemical properties of WIS electrolytes. Using the AWIS electrolyte for a model SC remarkably enhances the high-rate performance, accompanied by a 2.4 times capacitance increase at 10 A g−1 with respect to the original WIS electrolyte. This AWIS electrolyte also enables a stable long-term cycling capability of the model SC for over 14 000 cycles at a high operation voltage of 2.2 V.


During typical early-stage embryo development, single-cell-thick tissues of tightly bound epithelial cells autonomously generate profound changes in their shape, forming the basis of organism anatomy. We report on a (covariant) active-hydrodynamic theory of such monolayer morphogenesis that is closed under its shape-changing dynamics-i.e., the degrees of freedom that encode monolayer geometry appear properly as broken-symmetry variables. In our theory, the salient physics of tissue-scale deformations emerges from a balance between the displacement and/or shear of a low-Reynolds-number embedding fluid (the "yolk") and cell-autonomous stresses, themselves a result of combining apical contractile stresses with an elastic-like mechanical response under the constraint of constant cell volume. The leading-order hydrodynamic instabilities include both passive constrained-buckling and active deformation, which can be further categorized by cell shape changes that are either "squamous to columnar" or "regular-prism to truncated-pyramid." The deformations resulting from the latter qualitatively reproduce in vivo observations of the onset of both mesoderm and posterior midgut invaginations, which take place during gastrulation in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster.


The recovery of motion for a class of movements in the space by using the perspective observation of one point is considered in this paper. The motion equation can cover a wide class of practical movements in the space. The estimations of the position and motion parameters which are all time-varying are simultaneously developed in the proposed algorithm. The formulated problem can be converted into the observation of a dynamical system with nonlinearities. The proposed observer is based on the second method of Lyapunov. First, the parameters relating to the rotation of the motion are identified, where only one camera is needed. Then the position of the moving object is identified, where the stereo vision is necessary. In the third step, the parameters relating to the straight movement are identified. The assumptions about the perspective system are reasonable, and the convergence conditions are intuitive and have apparently physical interpretations. The proposed method requires minor (I priori knowledge about the system and can cope with a much more general class of perspective systems. Furthermore, the algorithm is modified to deal with the occlusion phenomenon.


It is my distinguished honor to serve as president for such an active and relevant IEEE Society. Aerospace and Electronic Systems covers an amazing array of topics that affect every aspect of our lives. Our mission is to provide a professional 'home' that attracts, engages, aids, and retains a diverse set of members of every age, culture, and community incorporating both theoretical and practical interests throughout industry, academia, and government. We are very fortunate to have highly motivated and internationally distinguished members, Officers, Board of Governors, directors, and liaisons to help us accomplish this mission. We are focused on continuously improving our contributions to humanity through technology. Our member services incorporate continuing education (via mentoring, online tutorials, and a distinguished lecturer program), written publications (the Transactions, Magazine, and Tutorials), a variety of conferences and a strong commitment to strengthen our relationship with industry where many of our members reside. A selection of conferences we sponsor and co-sponsor include IEEE Aerospace Conference, IEEE Radar Conference, European Navigation Conference, Digital Avionics Systems Conference, and the International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology. We also recognize outstanding contributors in our fields of technology through a variety of awards including but not limited to the M. Barry Carlton Award, Pioneer Award, Judith Resnik Award, Robert Hill Best Dissertation Award, and the Outstanding Organizational Leadership Award. The AESS continually strives to grow, expand, and share capabilities among not only our own community but with others as well. We are closely tied with other IEEE organizational units such as the Nanotechnology Council, Sensors Council, Systems Council, IEEE-USA as well as non-IEEE Technical Societies including the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). It is truly an exciting time to be a part of such an active and growing organization that is essential to the worldwide technical community. In addition to enjoying our monthly issues of Systems Magazine, the bi-monthly Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems (T-AES), and our quarterly e-mail blasts (newsletters), I urge you to browse our website (www.ieee-aess.org) to learn even more about what we do and how you can take advantage and be a part of it. Welcome!


BACKGROUND
The authors conducted a study to examine oral cancer prevention and early detection practice patterns in a population-based random sample of practicing oral health care professionals in New York state.

METHODS
The authors surveyed a population-based, self-weighting, stratified random sample of dentists (n = 1,025) and dental hygienists (n = 1,025) in New York state. They assessed the subjects' readiness to offer tobacco-use cessation and alcohol-abuse counseling and oral cancer examinations.

RESULTS
The effective response rates were 55 and 66 percent for dentists and dental hygienists, respectively. In terms of readiness to perform oral cancer examinations for patients aged 40 years and older, the large majority (82 percent of dentists and 72 percent of dental hygienists) were in the maintenance stage of behavior, indicating that oral cancer examinations were a routine part of their practice. In terms of readiness to offer tobacco-use cessation counseling, only 12 percent of dentists and 21 percent of dental hygienists were in the maintenance stage, and only 2 percent of dentists and 4 percent of dental hygienists were in the maintenance stage of offering alcohol-abuse counseling.

CONCLUSIONS
Oral cancer examinations seem to have been adopted as a standard of practice by most oral health care providers in New York state, but cancer prevention services, such as counseling regarding cessation of tobacco use and alcohol abuse, are lacking.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Oral health care providers should be trained in oral cancer prevention services such as tobacco-use cessation and alcohol-abuse counseling and encouraged to include these services, along with continued provision of oral cancer examinations, as a standard aspect of care.


This study seeks to provide new insights into the development and use of pray in Early Modern English. The study is based on the sociopragmatically annotated Drama Corpus, which combines the drama text samples of three different Early Modern English corpora, comprising a total of 242,561 words from a time span of 1500 to 1760. We investigate the quantitative distribution of the different forms in which pray appears during this period, and the influence of the variables of social status and gender. The aim of the current study is consequently to shed more light on the sociopragmatic nature of pray forms, and to reach a more profound understanding of their use in the Early Modern English period.


Smart specialisation is an innovative policy concept which emphasizes the principle of prioritisation in a vertical logic (to favour some technologies, fields, population of firms) and defines a method to identify such desirable areas for innovation policy intervention. Its rationale involves both the fact that, even in the information age, the logic of specialisation is intact, particularly for small entities such as regional economies in Europe and the argument that the task of identification (of what should be prioritised) is very difficult and therefore needs a sophisticated policy design. Smart specialisation is not a planning doctrine that requires a region to specialise in a particular set of industries. Instead, it seeks robust and transparent means for nominating those new activities, at regional level, that aim at exploring and discovering new technological and market opportunities and at opening thereby new domains for constructing regional competitive advantages. Thus, rather than offering a method for determining if a hypothetical region has a "strength" in a particular set of activities, e.g., tourism and fisheries, the crucial question is whether that region would benefit from and should specialise in certain R&D and innovation projects in some lead activities such as tourism or fisheries. With this policy brief, it is our aim to set out a coherent vision of the goals of the policy approach that is evoked by the term smart specialisation. A second policy brief will be soon published and will explore the requirements and implications of operationalizing that conceptualisation.


Book synopsis: What was the relationship between woman and politics in seventeenth-century England? Responding to this question, Conspiracy and Virtue argues that theoretical exclusion of women from the political sphere shaped their relation to it. Rather than producing silence, this exclusion generated rich, complex, and oblique political involvements which this study traces through the writings of both men and women. Pursuing this argument Conspiracy and Virtue engages the main writings on women's relationship to the political sphere including debates on the public sphere and on contract theory. Writers and figures discussed include Elizabeth Avery, Aphra Behn, Anne Bradstreet, Maragret Cavendish, Queen Christina of Sweden, Anne Halkett, Brilliana Harley, Lucy Hutchinson, John Milton, Elizabeth Poole, Sara Wight, and Henry Jessey.


Abstract. Equatorial East Africa has a complex regional patchwork of climate regimes, sensitive to climate fluctuations over a variety of temporal and spatial scales during the late Holocene. Understanding how these changes are recorded in and interpreted from biological and geochemical proxies in lake sedimentary records remains a key challenge to answering fundamental questions regarding the nature, spatial extent and synchroneity of climatic changes seen in East African palaeo-records. Using a paired lake approach, where neighbouring lakes share the same geology, climate and landscape, it might be expected that the systems will respond similarly to external climate forcing. Sediment cores from two crater lakes in western Uganda spanning the last ~1000 years were examined to assess diatom community responses to late Holocene climate and environmental changes, and to test responses to multiple drivers using redundancy analysis (RDA). These archives provide annual to sub-decadal records of environmental change. Lakes Nyamogusingiri and Kyasanduka appear to operate as independent systems in their recording of a similar hydrological response signal via distinct diatom records. However, whilst their fossil diatom records demonstrate an individualistic, indirect response to external (e.g. climatic) drivers, the inferred lake levels show similar overall trends and reflect the broader patterns observed in Uganda and across East Africa. The lakes appear to be sensitive to large-scale climatic perturbations, with evidence of a dry Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA; ca. AD 1000–1200). The diatom record from Lake Nyamogusingiri suggests a drying climate during the main phase of the Little Ice Age (LIA) (ca. AD 1600–1800), whereas the diatom response from the shallower Lake Kyasanduka is more complex (with groundwater likely playing a key role), and may be driven more by changes in silica and other nutrients, rather than by lake level. The sensitivity of these two Ugandan lakes to regional climate drivers breaks down in ca. AD 1800, when major changes in the ecosystems appear to be a response to increasing cultural impacts within the lake catchments, although both proxy records appear to respond to the drought recorded across East Africa in the mid-20th century. The data highlight the complexity of diatom community responses to external drivers (climate or cultural), even in neighbouring, shallow freshwater lakes. This research also illustrates the importance of, and the need to move towards, a multi-lake, multi-proxy landscape approach to understanding regional hydrological change which will allow for rigorous testing of climate reconstructions, climate forcing and ecosystem response models.


This study aimed to examine the factors that influence the production of cucumber and cucumber production elasticity know Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency. The research was conducted in the Hulu Sungai Tengah. Based on the F count equal to 17.017 with a .000 Sig. From these results appear F count> F table and the Sig <alpha (0.05), then the conclusion is to reject H0, which means all of the independent variable (X) simultaneously significantly affect the dependent variable (Y). Means land, seeds, fertilizer, pesticides and labor together (simultaneously) influence the production of cucumber in Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency. The results of testing the regression coefficients are partial (t test) showed that the factors that influence the production of cucumber is a factor which is partially pesticides significantly, while the area of land, seed, fertilizer and labor is partially significant effect on the production of cucumber in the Hulu_Sungai_Tengah Regency. R Square value (coefficient of determination) is 0.739 indicates variability of production quantities of cucumber 73.9% can be explained by the factors of production are present in cucumber production function equation, while the remaining 26.1% is explained by the error factor (error). Based on the regression equation obtained, then the elasticity of production is land factor elasticity -0.013, 0.066 elasticity seeds, fertilizer elasticity is 0.799, pesticides_and_labor_elasticity_0.836,_-1.244_elasticity.


This book highlights the role played by public finance in the delivery of security and criminal justice services. It seeks to strengthen policy and operational dialogue on security sector issues by providing national and international stakeholders with key information on security expenditure policy and management. The interplay between security, justice, and public finance is still a relatively unexplored area of development. Security and criminal justice are fundamental public goods provided by governments, and they often have significant claims on national budgets. Informed discussions on security sector expenditure policy and management are an essential part of the national budget cycle, through which central finance agencies fulfill their function of contesting sector expenditure proposals in the planning and budgeting process. Integrating the public finance perspective into broader security policy deliberations can significantly help defense, interior, and justice ministries and agencies address effectiveness and efficiency challenges arising in the provision of services in these sectors. Dialogue on security expenditure policy also strengthens international partners' engagement on security issues, helping them make informed decisions regarding the appropriate level and form of external assistance. This book offers a framework for analyzing public financial management, financial transparency, and oversight, as well as expenditure policy issues that determine how to most appropriately manage security and justice services. It also provides advice on entry points for integrating expenditure analysis into security sector and broader governance reform processes. The book is the result of a project undertaken jointly by staff from the World Bank and the United Nations, integrating the disciplines where each institution holds a comparative advantage and a core mandate. The primary audience includes high-level, technically oriented government officials bearing both security as well as financial responsibilities, staff of international organizations working on public expenditure management and security sector issues, and development practitioners working in an advisory capacity.


A big gap in optical resolution exists between ground-based mapping and monitoring methods on one side and air and space borne imaging technologies on the other side. Even though archaeologists have long made use of kites, balloons and model airplanes to map historical sites this method is practically unknown amongst biologists.For this study, a commercially available kite was used to lift a digital camera and obtain images of a tropical reef flat covered by coral, seagrasses and sand from heights of up to around 200 m, resulting in an optical resolution of around 1 cm / pixel. Therefore this method can be used to produce very accurate maps, since features like erosional scarps, individual clones of big seagrass species and macrobenthic organisms can be accurately distinguished. Repeated photography of the same area allows the monitoring of erosion and (re)colonisation processes as well as the study of moving sand bars and the determination of the areal extent of areas exposed at low tide. Time consuming ground surveys can be considerably shortened.It is concluded that Kite Aerial Photography (KAP) and related near-earth imaging systems can provide a valuable and inexpensive service in biological surveys, especially for researchers in third world countries for whom the acquisition of high resolution satellite images or the renting of airplanes to take pictures might be prohibitively expensive.


Ultrasonography is the best available tool for the initial work-up of thyroid nodules. Substantial interobserver variability has been documented in the recognition and reporting of some of the lesion characteristics. A number of classification systems have been developed to estimate the likelihood of malignancy: several of them have been endorsed by scientific societies, but their reproducibility is yet to be assessed. We evaluated the interobserver variability of the AACE/ACE/AME, ACR, ATA, EU-TIRADS and K-TIRADS classification systems and the interobserver concordance in the indication to FNA biopsy. Two raters independently evaluated 1055 ultrasound images of thyroid nodules identified in 265 patients at multiple time points, in two separate sets (501 and 554 images). After the first set of nodules, a joint reading was performed to reach a consensus in the feature definitions. The interobserver agreement (Krippendorff alpha) in the first set of nodules was 0.47, 0.49, 0.49, 0.61 and 0.53, for AACE/ACE/AME, ACR, ATA, EU-TIRADS and K-TIRADS systems, respectively. The agreement for the indication to biopsy was substantial to near-perfect, being 0.73, 0.61, 0.75, 0.68 and 0.82, respectively (Cohen's kappa). For all systems, agreement on the nodules of the second set increased. Despite the wide variability in the description of single ultrasonographic features, the classification systems may improve the interobserver agreement that further ameliorates after a specific training. When selecting nodules to be submitted to FNA biopsy, that is main purpose of these classifications, the interobserver agreement is substantial to almost perfect.


The cloud based smart classroom helps in teaching, learning and assessment methods. This paper proposes taxonomy of each education system processes namely teaching, learning, assessment and school management prevalent presently with underlying communication process based on social support and persuasive theories. Learning and Teaching Expo of Hong Kong during December 2014 helped to test the propositions that education cloud provides social support (P1), persuasive support (P2) and social persuasive support (P3) and to come up with the taxonomy of education cloud and processes involved. This case study was done by visiting the expo, seeing demonstrations, interviewing the educational product providers and analyzing secondary data provided by them through pamphlets and websites. The designed taxonomy will help all stakeholders of educational institutions to classify the education cloud environment. The stakeholders could consider the features that meet their needs and implement the educational processes efficiently.


Definition of finnancinalnadministrnation in thebronadest sense is na policy regnarding the nand use of orgnaniznationnal finnance to renalize the nactivities of the orgnaniznation, where the form of finnancinal mnannagement includes plnanning, regulnation, naccountnability, nand finnancinal supervision


PURPOSE
Vergence eye movements undergo adaptive recalibration in response to a training stimulus in which the initial disparity is changed just after vergence begins (the double-step paradigm). In the present study the changes in the dynamic properties of convergence, speed and acceleration, were examined by using this double-step paradigm, before and after adaptation.

METHODS
Four normal subjects participated. Three-dimensional visual stimuli were provided by a head-mounted display with two liquid crystal diode (LCD) panels. To induce adaptation, a double step of disparity was used: an initial step from distances of 2 to 1 m was followed by a second step to distances of 0.7 m ("increasing paradigm") or 1.4 m ("decreasing paradigm") after a constant period of 0.2 seconds. The dynamic properties of vergence were compared before and after 30 minutes of training with these paradigms.

RESULTS
Peak velocity of convergence became significantly greater (increasing paradigm) or smaller (decreasing paradigm) after 30 minutes' training. Changes in the dynamic properties of convergence were also obvious in phase-plane (velocity versus position) and main sequence (peak velocity versus amplitude) plots. Further analysis revealed that adaptive increases in vergence velocity were accomplished by an increase in the duration of the acceleration period, whereas adaptive decreases were induced by a decrease in the maximum value of acceleration.

CONCLUSIONS
The pattern of change in the dynamic characteristics of vergence after adaptation was similar to that of saccades and the initiation of pursuit eye movements, suggesting common neural mechanisms for adaptive changes in the open-loop control of eye movements.


This paper describes the design and evaluation of Shared Speech Interface (SSI), an application for an interactive multitouch tabletop display designed to facilitate medical conversations between a deaf patient and a hearing, non-signing physician. We employ a participatory design process involving members of the deaf community as well as medical and communication experts. We report results from an evaluation that compares conversation when facilitated by: (1) a digital table, (2) a human sign language interpreter, and (3) both a digital table and an interpreter. Our research reveals that tabletop displays have valuable properties for facilitating discussion between deaf and hearing individuals as well as enhancing privacy and independence. The contributions of this work include initial guidelines for cooperative group work technology for users with varying hearing abilities, discussion of benefits of participatory design with the deaf community, and lessons about using dictated speech on shared displays.


Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA) is a carbohydrate binding protein isolated from the Roman snail. There has been considerable interest in understanding HPA binding partners in cancer, as the lectin has been shown to identify glycosylation changes in cancers arising from the epithelia, from patients with poor prognosis. Identifying the HPA binding epitopes associated with a malignant phenotype may be useful for prognostication and may also offer potential as targets for immunotherapy. Previous studies have shown that HPA recognises a multitude of proteins in colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to establish whether HPA recognises the same glycoproteins in breast cancer.
An in vitro model of human breast cancer cell lines was used, ranging from HPA negative, non metastatic, to HPA positive and metastatic. Four human breast cell lines were chosen to represent phenotypes ranging from 'normal'/benign (HMT3522), primary cancer (BT474) to metastatic cancer (T47D, MCF-7). HPA binding was assessed using confocal microscopy. Membrane proteins were extracted by differential centrifugation and the proteins were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with Western blotting. The cell surface glycoproteins recognised by HPA were characterised using 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), Western blotting and mass spectrometry.
HPA binding correlated with integrin ?6 levels, this concurred with previous findings in CRC. HPA also bound transcription factors HnRNP H1, HnRNP D-like, HnRNP A2/B1 as well as Hsp27, GFAP and ENO1. The recognition of HnRNPs, Hsp 27 and ENO1 by HPA correlated with O-GlcNAcylation of these proteins. Interestingly, these HPA-binding glycoproteins were either absent or showed decreased levels in the non-metastatic breast cancer cell line BT474 and in 'normal' HMT3522. A comprehensive analysis of the breast cells proteome showed a number of proteins with elevated level in the metastatic breast cancer cell lines T47D and MCF-7, but this is the first report to show elevated levels of elongation factor Tu, Enoyl Coenzyme A hydratase 1 peroxisomal and macropain subunits.
This work was extended to analyse the gene expression for UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (ppGalNAc T1,T2, T3 and T6) and alpha 2,6 sialyltransferases (ST6GalNAc I and II) in the breast cell lines, but no correlation between the expression levels of mRNA of these enzymes and HPA binding was found in this study.
The results from the present study show that, as in CRC cell lines, integrin ?6 was the most abundant HPA binding glycoprotein extracted from the breast cancer cells with a metastatic phenotype. This is the first report in which HPA has been shown to bind O-GlcNAcylated transcription factors. This class of proteins represent a new means by which HPA differentiates cancer cells with an aggressive metastatic phenotype. New approaches aimed at targeting these changes might have broad application for the treatment of breast, colorectal and possibly other epithelial cancers.


Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite with a worldwide prevalence. Together with the causative agent of malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) and other medically important pathogenic parasites it belongs to the phylum of the Apicomplexa. Besides identifiable eukaryotic organelles, apicomplexan parasites differ from other eukaryotic cells by an extra set of specialised secretory organelles (micronemes, rhoptries and dense granules), that are sequentially secreted during invasion of the host cell. Upon host cell contact the apically located micronemes are the first organelles to be released and contain crucial virulence factors that are secreted.
In order to systematically analyse vesicular traffic with a special focus on the secretory pathway of rhoptry and microneme proteins the ddFKBP system was used to perform a systematic analysis of Rab proteins in Toxoplasma gondii. Rab proteins are small GTP- binding proteins that are involved in targeting and fusion of vesicles from a donor to an acceptor membrane. Whereas higher eukaryotes like human cells encode more than 60 different Rab proteins apicomplexan parasites possess only a reduced core set of Rab proteins.
Performing co-localisation studies with generated parasite lines expressing ddFKBPmyc-tagged versions of Rab1A, 1B, 2, 4, 5A, 5C, 7, 18 and Rab5B-ddFKBPHA revealed, that all these Rabs localise to the early secretory pathway (Rab1B, 2 and 18), the Golgi (Rab4), or the late secretory pathway (Rab5A, Rab5B, Rab5C and Rab7). No exact localisation could be defined for Rab1A.
Rab5A and Rab5C, normally involved in endocytic uptake, were identified as important regulators of traffic to micronemes and rhoptries in Toxoplasma gondii, using an overexpression screen of Rabs and the analysis of trans-dominant mutants of promising candidates.
Intriguingly, some microneme proteins could be found to traffic independently on functional Rab5A and Rab5C, indicating the existence of independent transport routes to micronemes, which again indicates that apicomplexans have remodelled Rab5-mediated vesicular traffic into a secretory system that is essential for host cell invasion.

By using two-colour super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, distinct localisations of independent microneme proteins could be verified. This demonstrated that micronemal organelles are organised in distinct subsets or subcompartments.
Given these results, it can be assumed that apicomplexan parasites modify classic regulators of the endocytic system to carry out essential parasite-specific roles in the biogenesis of their unique secretory organelles.


THE AERODYNAMICS OF THE KNUCKLEBALL PITCH: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTS THAT THE SEAM AND SLOW ROTATION HAVE ON A BASEBALL Michael P. Morrissey, B.S. Marquette University, 2009 There has been plenty of research on the fluid dynamic effects on different spheres, including sports balls, such as baseballs. Baseball pitches have different velocities, rotation rates and orientations which will cause the baseball to move in different directions. There has also been plenty of research on the aerodynamics of curveballs, but not nearly as much on knuckleballs. The difference between the two is that the knuckleball has a much slower rotation rate and a different initial orientation. This causes the baseball to "knuckle," or moving erratically. This pitch in baseball is one of the hardest to pitch, hit, catch, and umpire. So through various wind tunnel experiments, an attempt will be made that would predict the movement of the pitch under these given conditions. The experimental data includes force balance dynamometry, flow visualization, and hot film anemometry. The force balance data includes the lift and lateral forces acting on a two-seam baseball rotating at 50 rpm. The flow visualization presents how separation on a rotating, two-seam baseball changes position along the surface of the ball due to rotation and the seams. Lastly, hot film anemometry illustrates how the seams effect separation during a rotation of the baseball. Together, these experiments illuminate the complicated interactions the presence of the seam induces, namely for formation of the turbulent boundary layer juxtaposed against the variations in the location of separated region.


Summary Natural habitats are being rapidly lost due to human activities. It is therefore vital to understand how these activities influence biodiversity so that suitable guidelines can be established for conservation. This is particularly important in understudied, high biodiversity, areas such as the Angolan Escarpment. Here we examine which habitat characteristics drive bird diversity and endemic species presence at Kumbira Forest, a key site in the Central Escarpment Forest. Bird diversity was sampled by 10 min bird point counts, whereas habitat characteristics were measured by a combination of ground-based vegetation surveys and remotely sensed data modelling of Landsat images. GLM, multi-model inference and model averaging were used to determine the most important variables driving species richness and the presence of endemics. The remote sensing variables performed poorly in predicting presence of Red-crested Turaco Tauraco erythrolophus and Gabela Bushshrike Laniarius amboimensis but they contributed significantly to explain species richness and Gabela Akalat Sheppardia gabela presence, both of which were associated with greater canopy cover. Liana density and elevation were also important explanatory variables in certain cases. Conservation actions at Kumbira should focus on increasing canopy cover and maintaining forest integrity (as measured by liana density), as these actions are likely to have the most positive outcomes for the avifauna.


Er schwieg stille, wohl eine Stunde, dann meynte er, es konne nie anders, nie deutlicher ausgesprochen werden, was er immer mit der neuen Kunst gemeynt habe; es hatte ihn aus der Fassung gesetzt dass das, was er sich doch nie als Gestalt gedacht, wovon er auch nur den Zusammenhang geahnet, jetzt als Gestalt ihn inmaer von dem ersten zum letzten herumriss. (1) [He fell silent, perhaps for as much as an hour, then he said that it was impossible to express in any other terms or more clearly what he had always meant by the new art; it had disturbed him that things which he had never imagined as forms, things between which he had only suspected a connection, were now visible in the most concrete form, sending him again and again from the first drawing to the last.] ********* SO PHILIPP OTTO RUNGE DESCRIBES THE REACTION OF THE ROMANTIC AU thor Ludwig Tieck on his first sight of Runge's Tageszeiten [Times of Day] drawings in 1803. Allowing for a measure of hyperbole in Runge's report, perhaps also for somewhat exaggerated enthusiasm by the theatrically inclined Tieck, there is in this statement nevertheless a remarkable sense of ideas and images envisioned by contemporaries being dramatically translated into pictorial form. What was it in these drawings that so impressed Tieck? What was the romantic content to which they gave such striking expression? The Tageszeiten are a set of four outline drawings portraying the four phases of the day created by Runge between the end of 1802 and July of 1803. It was his intention from the outset to elaborate them eventually into color paintings for use as murals or architectonic decorations and even to make them the basis of a kind of Gesamtkunstwerk; (2) but by his death in i810 only one of them had been converted into color, and not to his satisfaction. They are shown here in the interim form in which Runge first sent them to the engraver in Autunm 1803, although in the previous months he had made numerous preliminary sketches and had also prepared rigidly geometric versions of the four drawings. (3) At this stage he thought of them in the order Morgen, Abend, Tag, Nacht, and there are indeed senses in which Morgen and Abend on the one hand and Tag and Nacht on the other constitute corresponding pairs, "Gegenstucke" [counterparts or pendants] as Runge himself termed them (HS 1: 31). There is no reason to view them in what might be thought to be the "natural" sequence, that is, starting with Morgen and ending with Nacht, since closer investigation of their content will reveal that Runge conceived the four phases following in continual rotation, so that they have no starting point and no conclusion, proceeding in what Runge himself described as an "ewigen Cirkelschlag" [eternal cycle] (HS 1: 69). The term phases is appropriate for the four representations, for their significance is not confined to the times of day. In Runge's correspondence the drawings are referred to variously as Tageszeiten and Zeiten [Seasons], whilst the second issue of the published engravings was entitled Vier Zeiten [Four Seasons], although paradoxically it was also at this point in 1807 that captions specifying the four times of day were added in the bottom panel of the frames. Each drawing thus represents simultaneously a part of the day and one of the four seasons but also, in a much more general sense, a phase in the organic process of conception, growth, decay and death, an everlasting cycle transcending human time divisions. Even a cursory look at these drawings may remind the spectator of numerous parallels in the literary texts of German romanticism. One might think for instance of the programmatic couplet from Clemens Brentano's poem "Eingang" summarizing the preoccupations of his romantic verse: O Stern und Blume, Geist und Kleid, Lieb', Leid und Zeit und Ewigkeit! (4) [O star and flower, spirit and raiment, Love, suffering and time and eternity] There is no reason to assume any detailed equivalences of theme or any direct influence on these particular verses, although Brentano and Runge corresponded regularly in the year preceding Runge's death and Brentano later used Runge's Nacht as a model for an illustration to Gockel, Hinkel und Gackeleia, (5) precisely the story in which the couplet is repeated at several points. …


The development of the Filipino Coping Strategies scale was based on the qualitative data on the resilience of Filipinos and the ways by which they cope with stressful life experiences and the quantitative data on foreign measures of coping. Integration of both data led to the formulation of nine coping strategies: cognitive reappraisal (pagsusuri), social support (paghingi ng tulong), problem-solving (pagtugon), religiosity (pagkarelihiyoso), tolerance (pagtitiis), emotional release (paglabas ng saloobin), overactivity (pagmamalabis), relaxation/recreation (paglilibang), and substance use (pagbibisyo). Initially, the scale was composed of 45 items with five items under each domain. This was pilot tested to 627 male and female Filipinos aged 18 above. Reliability analysis revealed items that are internally consistent with each other resulting in the reduction of items to 37. Furthermore, construct validity was established via a) factor analysis through principal components analysis extraction method and varimax rotation method and b) test for convergent validity by correlating each domain of the Filipino Coping Strategies scale with the corresponding domains of Ways of Coping by Folkman and Lazarus and the COPE Inventory by Carver, Scheier, and Weintraub. Independent samples t-test revealed significant differences among males and females in each coping strategy which served as the basis for norm groups. The Filipino Coping Strategies scale is a four-point Likert scale which aims to measure the coping strategies of Filipinos towards stress and generates a coping dispositional profile which can be used to aid in the assessment of coping behaviors.


Maternal depression is prevalent, and puts children at risk. Little evidence addresses whether treatment for maternal depression is sufficient to improve child outcomes. An experiment was conducted testing whether psychotherapeutic treatment for mothers, suffering from major depression in the postpartum period, would result in improved parenting and child outcomes. Participants included depressed women randomly assigned to interpersonal psychotherapy (n = 60) or to a waitlist (n = 60), and a nondepressed comparison group (n = 56). At 6 months, depressed mothers were less responsive to their infants, experienced more parenting stress, and viewed their infants more negatively than did nondepressed mothers. Treatment affected only parenting stress, which improved significantly but was still higher than that for nondepressed mothers. Eighteen months later, treated depressed mothers still rated their children lower in attachment security, higher in behavior problems, and more negative in temperament than nondepressed mothers. Initial response to treatment did not predict reduced risk for poor child outcomes. Early maternal negative perceptions of the child predicted negative temperament and behavior problems 18 months after treatment. Treatment for depression in the postpartum period should target the mother–infant relationship in addition to the mothers' depressive symptoms.This work was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH 50524 to the second author. Additional support was provided by NIMH Traineeship MH 15755, through the Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota and by the Canada Research Chairs program. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Grazyna Kochanska, our numerous undergraduate coders, and our generous and dedicated participants.


What are the mechanisms behind the advance of financial actors, instruments, and models into the field of social policy design and delivery? Over the past couple of decades, the state's function as provider of welfare and safety nets against various forms of socio-economic risk has been transformed not just by privatisation or downsizing, but also by the advent of alternative forms of social policy delivery. One example of the latter is social impact investment, a form of investing in social programmes with the intent of pursuing social (and environmental) impact alongside financial return, and yielding innovative financial instruments such as social impact bonds, social stocks, or community bonds. The emergence of this field is generally seen as an outcome of the broader process of financialisation. From this perspective, both financial return and social policy objectives can be achieved via the straightforward implementation of existing financial instruments and methodologies. However, the very process of implicating existing financial technologies in the sphere of the pursuit of social outcomes generates its own set of dynamics. This study focuses on these dynamics from the perspective of the valuation processes underpinning the emergence of social impact investment. It argues that as finance engulfs this field, it engages in a valuation process of fashioning and delineating a hybridised form of value – blended value – supporting its advance, which is distinctly separate, though not independent, from financial value creation. The result of this process is the concomitant proliferation of non-financial spaces of valuation, which come not to replace, but to accompany and support financialisation. In order to make this argument, it looks at the case of the valuation processes undergirding the launch of the world's first social impact bond in 2010 in the UK. Besides providing an empirical account of the latter, it also makes a theoretical contribution to the literature on financialisation by deepening the understanding of the manner in which financial actors, instruments, and markets advance in non-financial realms.


In this paper we explore the concept of informal innovation by investigating it both on the input (activities) and output (impact) side of the innovation process. Informal innovation is defined as innovation that is not explicitly planned and budgeted and therefore remains largely hidden in (aggregate) innovation data. We take a statistical approach to reveal the significant potential of informal innovation. We furthermore conceptualize and operationalize informal innovation as an activity taking place without R&D (in non-R&D firms). In general, on the input side, we show that around half of the innovative firms in our sample (of innovative firms in the Swiss Innovation Survey of 2002) develop innovations without any R&D. Moreover, on the output side, over one third of the innovative sales and production cost reductions can be attributed to informal innovation. Although the results appear to be rather pervasive, they are strongest for small firms, low-tech firms and firms in service industries. This leads us to conclude that informal innovation is not just an important complement to formal innovation - as scarcely acknowledged in literature - but that is largely takes place next to and as a substitute for formal innovation as well - which is largely neglected in literature to date. We furthermore explore the possible attributes of the process of informal innovation and develop a preliminary framework that needs to be investigated into further detail by future research. In particular, we argue that 'on-line' activities are a crucial part of the innovation process, although it has been largely neglected to date. It becomes clear that the literature on learning-by-doing and learning-by-using needs to be expanded by more explicitly focusing on the processes that are at the heart of the (informal) innovation process in order to clearly show the sources of innovation. In order to do this, we indicate some possible avenues for future research to improve the measurement of (informal) innovation.


Global change and human expansion have resulted in many species extinctions worldwide, but the geographic variation and determinants of extinction risk in particular guilds still remain little explored. Here, we quantified insular extinctions of frugivorous vertebrates (including birds, mammals and reptiles) across 74 tropical and subtropical oceanic islands within 20 archipelagos worldwide and investigated extinction in relation to island characteristics (island area, isolation, elevation and climate) and species' functional traits (body mass, diet and ability to fly). Out of the 74 islands, 33 islands (45%) have records of frugivore extinctions, with one third (mean: 34%, range: 2–100%) of the pre‐extinction frugivore community being lost. Geographic areas with more than 50% loss of pre‐extinction species richness include islands in the Pacific (within Hawaii, Cook Islands and Tonga Islands) and the Indian Ocean (Mascarenes, Seychelles). The proportion of species richness lost from original pre‐extinction communities is highest on small and isolated islands, increases with island elevation, but is unrelated to temperature or precipitation. Large and flightless species had higher extinction probability than small or volant species. Across islands with extinction events, a pronounced downsizing of the frugivore community is observed, with a strong extinction‐driven reduction of mean body mass (mean: 37%, range: –18–100%) and maximum body mass (mean: 51%, range: 0–100%). The results document a substantial trophic downgrading of frugivore communities on oceanic islands worldwide, with a non‐random pattern in relation to geography, island characteristics and species' functional traits. This implies severe consequences for ecosystem processes that depend on mutualistic plant–animal interactions, including ecosystem dynamics that result from the dispersal of large‐seeded plants by large‐bodied frugivores. We suggest that targeted conservation and rewilding efforts on islands are needed to halt the defaunation of large and non‐volant seed dispersers and to restore frugivore communities and key ecological interactions.


This article explores the magical realist features in Andre P. Brink's novel Bidsprinkaan (the Afrikaans version of Praying Mantis ) namely, the shaping of a hybrid and liminal world in the postcolonial context and the consequent effect on different religious perspectives of the Christian missionaries and the Khoi people. Kupido Kakkerlak is a representative of both these worlds. The hybrid position of a magical realist perspective containing both the magical and realist realms of religion and peoples' daily existence and the intertwining of myth and history are discussed while the author also focuses on the specific magical realist characteristics of the text. The implicit and explicit undermining of the Christian belief of the missionaries as one of many belief systems in the world of Kupido Kakkerlak and his people seems to be one of the possible interpretations of this text. The role of magical realism in questioning and undermining one of the master narratives of colonialisation, i.e. the development of Christianity in colonial territories, is shown. Keywords : Andre Brink, hybridity, liminality, magical realism, postcolonialism,
 Praying Mantis . Tydskrif vir Letterkunde Vol. 45 (2) 2008: pp. 5-19


Summary
1.
The literature dealing with absorption and excretion of fecal fat by normal subjects and sprue patients is reviewed.
2.
In a series of 41 sprue patients and 19 normal subjects studied by us, in which the percentage of fat in dried feces was exclusively determined, only 29.2 per cent of the sprue and 5.3 per cent of the normals had more than 30 per cent fat in the dried feces. The limitations of this procedure for evaluating fat loss in normal subjects and sprue cases is discussed.
3.
In another series, percentage fat in dried feces as well as percentage fat absorption, were determined in 7 normal and 7 sprue cases receiving similar care. The percentage of fat in dried feces indicated that 2 out of the 7 sprue cases suffered from abnormal fat absorption. On the other hand, the percentage fat absorption disclosed that 5 out of the 7 patients had definite signs of abnormal fat absorption. One of the 2 remaining sprue cases was a very early case. After repeated studies it always showed normal absorption. The other was a frank clinical case of sprue, which could not be properly evaluated because of low intake of fat.
Daily fecal fat excretion of all the sprue cases averaged 12.5 gm., a value significantly higher than that obtained for the normals. None of the 7 normal subjects treated in a way similar to the sprue patients showed any signs of abnormal fat absorption either when the percentage of fat in dried feces or the percentage of fat absorption was used as an index to assess this condition. The daily fecal fat excretion of the normal group averaged 4 gm.
4.
In both sprue and normal subjects the partition of the fecal fat was as follows: the split fat of the sprue group was slightly higher than the normals; the neutral fat was nearly the same as the normals, and the unsaponifiable matter was about half as large as the normals. The possible significance of these results is discussed.


Trademark law's current conception of information and how trademarks enable information transmission is underdeveloped. It has led to a world where trademark law hinders rather than "fosters the flow of information in markets." Instead of promoting information exchange across and within markets, "[trademark] law's core mission, as it is understood today, is to facilitate the transmission of accurate information to the market." The distinction reveals deep problems within trademark law. Who can or may send a message about a trademark matters. When a mark is chosen by a mark holder, the possible messages that can and should be sent are unknown. Yet, trademark law's view of information, source, and sender privileges the mark holder's messages as the one and only - the pure source - for all messages about the mark and treats other communications about the mark as noise. This view reduces the ability for competitors to challenge a mark holder's position in the marketplace and for active consumers to question or celebrate the mark holder's goods, services, or business practices. As Professors Lemley and McKenna might put it in their article to which this paper responds, the situation reduces the possibility of substitutes.As the first step in a larger project about the system behind trademarks and other commercial symbols, I argue that an information approach to trademarks based on Claude Shannon's information theory will clean up and sharpen trademark law's understanding of information. This approach will allow trademark law to live up to the normative idea that trademarks ought to enhance information flow in markets. That in turn may increase the possibility for substitutes, which Lemley and McKenna argue is a way to understand trademarks as a competition doctrine.


Anticancer drugs themselves can cause adverse health effects when administered to human patients. In addition, it has become apparent that personnel in human medicine, occupationally exposed to these anticancer drugs, may also be at risk. The past decades, the use of chemotherapy in veterinary medicine has been gaining popularity. Consequently, an increasing number of people in veterinary medicine may be exposed to anticancer drugs. This raises the question whether veterinary personnel and owners of treated pets may be at risk as well. However, little is known about exposure in this setting. The aim of this thesis, therefore, is to assess exposure to anticancer drugs in veterinary oncology and to evaluate the efficacy of the current veterinary guidelines on safe handling of antineoplastic drugs, treated pets and wastes. Since pet-dogs are the main group of veterinary patients treated with anticancer drugs, we have focused on this group. Potential sources of exposure are excretion products of treated pets and contaminated surfaces. Antineoplastic drug residues were detected in urine, feces and saliva up to three weeks after administration of carboplatin, doxorubicin or epirubicin to pet-dogs. Moreover, residues were found in sebum and cerumen of pet-dogs treated with carboplatin, up to three weeks after dosing. When a slow release carboplatin drug delivery formulation was used, excretion occurred at higher levels, up to at least four weeks after administration. As a result, the periods of risk considered by the veterinary guidelines on safe handling of antineoplastic drugs, treated pets and wastes may not be adequate to keep exposure at low levels. Environmental contamination with antineoplastic drug residues was generally low in veterinary oncology centers and homes of treated pet-dogs. Furthermore, the presence of residues of carboplatin was monitored on surfaces in human oncology settings. Environmental contamination was higher in human oncology units and slightly lower in homes of treated human cancer patients. In all instances in veterinary and human oncology, surface contamination indicated that dispersion of antineoplastic drug residues by people occurred. Potential uptake of residues of carboplatin, doxorubicin and epirubicin was evaluated in people at risk of exposure. The veterinary guidelines were able to avert uptake of antineoplastic drug residues by veterinary personnel. On the other hand, uptake could not be prevented in some of the owners of pet-dogs treated with carboplatin, doxorubicin or epirubicin. Residues of doxorubicin and epirubicin have cytotoxic and cardiotoxic potency. In addition, some of the platinum species in urine samples from pet-dogs treated with carboplatin have DNA-binding capacity. However, the true health risks associated with the exposure as reported in this thesis are difficult to measure and still remain to be established.


This technical paper compiles the state of knowledge on seafood safety and quality with the aim to provide a succinct yet comprehensive resource book to seafood quality and safety managers, including topics on emerging issues such as new pathogens, the impact of climate change on seafood safety, and the changing regulatory framework. After introductory chapters about world fish production, trade, consumption and nutrition, and about the developments in safety and quality systems, the technical paper devotes a chapter to a detailed review of the hazards causing public health concerns in fish and fish products, covering biological (pathogenic bacteria, histamine, viruses, parasites and biotoxins), chemical (veterinary drugs, industrial organic contaminants, environmental inorganic contaminants and allergens) and physical hazards. This is followed by a chapter on seafood spoilage and quality issues, while a further chapter covers the likely impact of climate change on seafood safety. The latter chapter focuses on impacts on microbiological safety and on harmful algal blooms. A further chapter provides a detailed coverage of the implementation and certification of seafood safety systems covering risk mitigation and management tools, with a detailed description of the requirements for the implementation of: good hygiene practices and good manufacturing practices; the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system; and the monitoring programmes to control biotoxins, pathogenic bacteria and viruses and chemical pollutants. It concludes with a section on private labelling and certification schemes. The subsequent chapter details the international framework, covering the World Trade Organization, the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, and the World Organisation for Animal Health. It then presents the regulatory frameworks governing seafood trade in the European Union (Member Organization), the United States of America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand.


Context. There are a number of very high energy sources in the Galaxy that remain unidentified. Multi-wavelength and variability studies, and catalogue searches, are powerful tools to identify the physical counterpart, given the uncertainty in the source location and extension. Aims. This work carries out a thorough multi-wavelength study of the unidentified, very high energy source HESS J1858+020 and its environs. Methods. We have performed Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope observations at 610 MHz and 1.4 GHz to obtain a deep, low-frequency radio image of the region surrounding HESS J1858+020. We analysed archival radio, infrared, and X-ray data as well. This observational information, combined with molecular data, catalogue sources, and a nearby Fermi gamma-ray detection of unidentified origin, are combined to explore possible counterparts to the very high energy source. Results. We provide with a deep radio image of a supernova remnant that might be related to the GeV and TeV emission in the region. We confirm the presence of an H ii region next to the supernova remnant and coincident with molecular emission. A potential region of star formation is also identified. We identify several radio and X-ray sources in the surroundings. Some of these sources are known planetary nebulae, whereas others may be non-thermal extended emitters and embedded young stellar objects. Three old, background Galactic pulsars also neighbour HESS J1858+020 along the line of sight. Conclusions. The region surrounding HESS J1858+020 is rich in molecular structures and non-thermal objects that may potentially be linked to this unidentified very high energy source. In particular, a supernova remnant interacting with nearby molecular clouds may be a good candidate, but a star forming region, or a non-thermal radio source of yet unclear nature, may also be behind the gamma-ray source. The neighbouring pulsars, despite being old and distant, cannot be discarded as candidates. Further observational studies are needed, however, to narrow the search for a counterpart to the HESS source.


This study explores the therapists' experience when managing safeguarding concerns about their clients' children, with the aim of raising awareness and bringing the child into the therapists' mind. A review of the literature indicated that this is an undeveloped area, with existing research lacking attention to the impact of the therapeutic relationship on this ethical dilemma.
IPA (interpretative phenomenological analysis) was used to analyse the findings from six semistructured interviews with a mix of psychological therapists who had experienced concerns for their clients' children while working in non-NHS settings. This approach allows for an in-depth exploration into the subjective experience of the participant, while also recognising the reflective role of the researcher.
The findings indicate that therapists are struggling with a lack of confidence and experience in managing their child protection concerns, with an indication of a training need. This lack of confidence, combined with a range of complex emotions evoked in such work, increased the participants' need for support and supervision. Participants felt the need to alter their therapeutic practice and become more directive in order to ascertain clearer details about their concerns.
The findings have implications for the training and continued professional development requirements for psychological therapists. There is an indication for training focused on managing concerns in the context of the therapeutic relationship, more training around assessing the level of risk and the development of a prompt sheet with reflective questions to aid therapists in their thinking.
An identified limitation of this study is the range of participants in terms of gender and ethnicity; further research could explore more thoroughly whether these factors influence how concerns are managed. There is also scope to explore more specifically the impact of the therapeutic placement, to identify whether those working within large organisations, such as the NHS, feel more supported and contained in this type of work than those working more independently.


Multiphase flow is the simultaneous flow of two or more
phases, in direct contact, in a given system. It is important
in many fields of chemical and process engineering and in
the oil industry, e.g. in production wells and in sub-sea
pipelines. The behavior of the flow will depend on the
properties of the constituents, the flows and the geometry
of the system.
Upward inclined solids-liquid flows are sometimes
encountered in the process industries for example in water
treatment processes and in oil well drilling operations.
Measurements of the local solids volume fraction
distribution and the local axial solid velocity distribution
are important, for example, in measuring the solids
volumetric flow rate.
This study presents a non-intrusive Impedance Cross-
Correlation (ICC) device to measure the local solids volume
fraction distribution and the local axial solids velocity
distribution in upward inclined solids-water flows in which
these distributions are highly non-uniform.
The ICC device comprises a non-conductive pipe section of
80mm internal diameter fitted with two arrays of electrodes
at planes, A and B, separated by an axial distance of
50mm. At each plane, eight electrodes are equispaced over
the internal circumference of the pipe. A control system
consisting of a microcontroller and analogue switches is
used such that, for planes A and B, any of the eight
electrodes can be configured as an 'excitation electrode'
(V+), a 'virtual earth measurement electrode' (ve) or an
'earth electrode' (E) so that different regions of the flow
cross section can be interrogated. Conductance signals
from planes A and B are then cross correlated to yield the
solids velocity in the region of flow under interrogation.
Experiments were carried out in water-solids flows in a flow
loop with an 80 mm inner diameter, 1.68m long Perspex
test section which was inclined at 30o to the vertical. The
most significant experimental result is that, at the upper
side of the inclined pipe, the measured solids velocity is
positive (i.e. in the upward direction), whilst at the lower
side of the inclined pipe the measured local axial solids
velocity is negative (i.e. in the downward direction). This
shows quantitative agreement with previous work carried
out using intrusive local probes to measure the solids
velocity profile. The study also shows qualitative agreement
with high speed film of the flow.
It is believed that this method of velocity profile
measurement is much simpler to implement than dualplane
electrical resistance tomography (ERT).


Simulation is the process of executing a model, that is a representation of a system with enough detail to describe it but not too excessive. This model has a set of entities an internal state, a set of input variable that can be controlled and others that cannot, a list of process that bind these input variables with the entities and one or more output values, which result from the execution of the processes. Running a model is totally useless if it cannot be analyzed, which means to study all interactions among input variables, model entities and their weight in the values of the output variables. In this work we consider Discrete Event Simulation, which means that the status of the system variables being simulated change in acountable set of instants, finite or countable infinite. Simulation programming languages provide a big range of tools for analysis of the results, for generation and execution of experiments and to perform complex analysis (such as Analysis of Variance). This is usually enough for common analysis, but many times more detailed information is required. In many circumstances it is desirable to have all run of simulations stored in order to make further analysis or comparisons between simulations, many time after they have been run. Most simulation environments provide reports and logs (journals) and permit to save them in text or formated files, which include all results and some aspects of the run itself. In this work, we propose to store not only all simulation results, but all simulation history. This implies to store all permanent entities of the simulation, and all changes they have undergone along the simulation times. But it not only limits to permanent entities, since we also store the temporary ones, which are created and destroyed anytime in the simulation and which existence is subject to the execution of the simulation and the state of all model variables. This development takes the same syntax of GPSS language and the way it handles entities, to develop a simple interpreter and a tool that considers a subset of GPSS entities and permits to execute simulations with them. Besides, this tool permits to search and select entities for each simulation and displays their evolution along the simulation.


Kleptoparasitism involves the theft of resources such as food items from one individual by another. Such food-stealing behaviour can have important consequences for birds, in terms of individual fitness and population sizes. In order to understand avian host-kleptoparasite interactions, studies are needed which identify the factors which modulate the risk of kleptoparasitism. In temperate European intertidal areas, Eurasian oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) feed primarily on bivalve molluscs, which may be stolen by kleptoparasitic species such as carrion crows (Corvus corone) and herring gulls (Larus argentatus). In this study we combined overwinter foraging observations of oystercatchers and their kleptoparasites on the Exe Estuary, UK, with statistical modelling to identify the factors that influence the likelihood of successful food stealing behaviour occurring. Across the winter, 16.4 % of oystercatcher foraging attempts ended in successful kleptoparasitism; the risk of theft was lowest in February (10.8 %) and highest in December (36.3 %). Using an information theoretic approach to compare multiple logistic regression models we present evidence that the outcome of host foraging attempts varied with the number of kleptoparasites per host within the foraging patch for two out of five individual months, and for all months grouped. Successful, kleptoparasitism was more likely to occur when the total number of all kleptoparasites per host was greater. Across the entire winter study period, oystercatcher foraging attempts that resulted in kleptoparasitism were associated with a mean number of kleptoparasites per host that was more than double that for foraging attempts that ended in the oystercatcher successfully consuming the mussel. Conversely, the stage of the tidal cycle within the estuary did not affect the outcome of oystercatcher foraging attempts. Our study provides evidence that bird numbers influence the risk of kleptoparasitism within avian assemblages.


Membrane bioreactors (MBR), used for wastewater treatment in Ohio and elsewhere in the United States, have pore sizes small enough to theoretically reduce concentrations of protozoa and bacteria, but not viruses. Sampling for viruses in wastewater is seldom done and not required. Instead, the bacterial indicators Escherichia coli (E. coli) and fecal coliforms are the required microbial measures of effluents for wastewater-discharge permits. Information is needed on the effectiveness of MBRs in removing human enteric viruses from wastewaters, particularly as compared to conventional wastewater treatment before and after disinfection. A total of 73 regular and 28 quality-control (QC) samples were collected at three MBR and two conventional wastewater plants in Ohio during 23 regular and 3 QC sampling trips in 2008–10. Samples were collected at various stages in the treatment processes and analyzed for bacterial indicators E. coli, fecal coliforms, and enterococci by membrane filtration; somatic and F-specific coliphage by the single agar layer (SAL) method; adenovirus, enterovirus, norovirus GI and GII, rotavirus, and hepatitis A virus by molecular methods; and viruses by cell culture. While addressing the main objective of the study—comparing removal of viruses and bacterial indicators in MBR and conventional plants—it was realized that work was needed to identify data analysis and quantification methods for interpreting enteric virus and QC data. Therefore, methods for quantifying viruses, qualifying results, and applying QC data to interpretations are described in this report. During each regular sampling trip, samples were collected (1) before conventional or MBR treatment (post-preliminary), (2) after secondary or MBR treatment (post-secondary or post-MBR), (3) after tertiary treatment (one conventional plant only), and (4) after disinfection (post-disinfection). Glass-wool fiber filtration was used to concentrate enteric viruses from large volumes, and small volume grab samples were collected for direct-plating analyses for bacterial indicators and coliphage. After filtration, the viruses were eluted from the filter and further concentrated. The final concentrated sample volume (FCSV) was used for enteric virus analysis by use of two methods—cell culture and a molecular method, polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) for DNA viruses and quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) for RNA viruses were used in this study. To support data interpretations, the assay limit of detection (ALOD) was set for each virus assay and used to determine sample reporting limits (SRLs). For qPCR and qRT-PCR the ALOD was an estimated value because it was not established according to established method detection limit procedures. The SRLs were different for each sample because effective sample volumes (the volume of the original sample that was actually used in each analysis) were different for each sample. Effective sample volumes were much less than the original sample volumes because of reductions from processing steps and (or) from when dilutions were made to minimize the effects from PCR-inhibiting substances. Codes were used to further qualify the virus data and indicate the level of uncertainty associated with each measurement. Quality-control samples were used to support data interpretations. Field and laboratory blanks for bacteria, coliphage, and enteric viruses were all below detection, indicating that it was unlikely that samples were contaminated from equipment or processing procedures. The absolute value log differences (AVLDs) between concurrent replicate pairs were calculated to identify the variability associated with each measurement. For bacterial indicators and coliphage, the AVLD results indicated that concentrations <10 colony-forming units or plaque-forming units per 100 mL can differ between replicates by as much as 1 log, whereas higher concentrations can differ by as much as 0.3 log. The AVLD results for viruses 1U.S. Geological Survey, Ohio Water Science Center, Columbus, Ohio. 2U.S. Department of Agriculture/U.S. Geological Survey Laboratory, Marshfield, Wisconsin. 3U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Marshfield, Wis. 4CT Consultants, Mentor, Ohio. 5(Formerly) City of Delphos, Ohio. 6CT Consultants, Akron, Ohio. 2 Quantifying Viruses and Bacteria in Wastewater—Results, Interpretation Methods, and Quality Control indicated that differences between replicates can be as great as 1.2 log genomic copies per liter, regardless of the concentration of virus. Relatively large differences in molecular results for viruses between replicate pairs were likely due to lack of precision for samples with small effective volumes. Concentrations of E. coli, fecal coliforms, enterococci, and somatic and F-specific coliphage in post-secondary and post-tertiary samples in conventional plants were higher than those in post-MBR samples. In post-MBR and post-secondary samples, concentrations of somatic coliphage were higher than F-specific coliphage. In post-disinfection samples from two MBR plants (the third MBR plant had operational issues) and the ultraviolet conventional plant, concentrations for all bacterial indicators and coliphage were near or below detection; from the chlorine conventional plant, concentrations in postdisinfection samples were in the single or double digits. All of the plants met the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System required effluent limits established for fecal coliforms. Norovirus GII and hepatitis A virus were not detected in any samples, and rotavirus was detected in one sample but could not be quantified. Adenovirus was found in 100 percent, enterovirus in over one-half, and norovirus GI in about onehalf of post-preliminary wastewater samples. Adenovirus and enterovirus were detected throughout the treatment processes, and norovirus GI was detected less often than the other two enteric viruses. Culturable viruses were detected in post-preliminary samples and in only two post-treatment samples from the plant with operational issues.


Detection of the circulating antigen-specific T-cell response to immunization is an important biologic end point in clinical trials of cancer vaccines. Typically employed assays are peptide MHC tetramer, ELISpot, and intracellular cytokine analysis. Although there is no agreement on the definition of a positive response in these assays, many groups have chosen a number of T cells greater than 2 standard deviations above the mean of the negative controls. The authors wished to determine how well this cutoff performed for each of these assays in detecting positive and negative T-cell responses to a model antigen, the immunodominant HLA-A*0201-restricted epitope of cytomegalovirus (CMV) pp65. For each assay, the mean + 2 standard deviations of the response for CMV seronegatives was the point that best separated the two groups. Using this value, each assay had a sensitivity of 87.5% and specificity of 95% to 100% and exhibited a high degree of concordance (kappa 0.76-0.9) with the other two. The authors conclude that currently available immunologic assays perform well in detecting biologically relevant levels of antigen-specific T cells. These assays will better define the quantity and quality of protective immune responses to viral disease and offer insight into the requirements for protective anti-cancer immunity.


Development is not feasible in a conflict situation. Conflicts and disputes must be managed effectively and expeditiously for development to take place. Formal mechanisms for conflict management have not always been effective in managing conflicts. Mechanisms such as courts have been inaccessible by the poor owing to technicalities, complex procedures, high costs and delays. There has been a shift towards informal mechanisms for conflict management, including alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and traditional dispute resolution mechanisms (TDRM). ADR and TDRM processes contribute to enhanced access to justice by all, and in particular among the poor people. Enhanced access to justice strengthens the Rule of Law. Existing literature in development studies has shown a correlation between the Rule of Law and levels of development. ADR and TDRMs are thus quintessential from a developmental perspective. The Kenyan legal framework has recognized the role of ADR and TDRM in development. Existing laws require the use of ADR and TDRM in resolving a myriad of disputes such as those relating to land, family matters, commercial and political questions. In this paper the authors argue that the recognition of ADR and TDRMs within the legal framework in Kenya, will contribute towards economic, social, cultural and political development. This recognition expands the array of mechanisms that parties to a dispute can employ in ventilating their disputes. Enhanced access to justice will also contribute to respect for the rule of law, which is an essential precondition to development. ADR is also becoming a lucrative economic venture with many professionals now working as full-time or part-time ADR practitioners. In addition, a number of organisations have established ADR centres. Some of these centres are expected to be major attractions for foreign investments in the country as they will handle international arbitrations. ADR is also being taught in schools and in universities, and is thus expected to contribute to social development.


SUMMARY In the late 1980's, research indicated that plants had the capability to remove volatile organic compounds (VOC) from indoor air. The findings were based upon chamber studies involving injection of a pollutant into a small, sealed chamber and following the pollutant decay, with and without plants present. The results were striking with removal rates up to 90% in 24 hr. Other studies examining this effect followed. Today, even a casual search of the internet will find many articles extolling the benefits of using plants as indoor air cleaners. However, there has been little critical analysis of the application of plants to actual indoor environments and only a few field studies have been conducted. A critical review of results of both laboratory chamber studies and field studies leads to the conclusion that indoor plants have little, if any, benefit for removing indoor air of VOC in residential and commercial buildings. Finally, recommendations for improving future studies are presented.


The Minoan eruption of Santorini volcano (Greece) took place in the Late Bronze Age (17th century BC) and produced a great volume of volcanic products that covered the whole island and buried every human settlement under meters of pyroclastic deposits. In this study we used thermal analysis of the magnetic remanence carried by pottery fragments buried under the pyroclastic deposits in order to estimate the thermal effect of the Minoan volcanic products on the pre-eruption habitation level. A total of 70 samples, prepared from 45 independent pottery fragments, have been studied. Samples were collected from three different sites, situated at the southern part of the island. Stepwise thermal demagnetizations reveal that the pottery fragments generally carry a two-component remanent magnetization. Interpretation of the demagnetization results using the normalised intensity decay curves and the orthogonal projection diagrams indicates that most samples were re-heated at temperatures around 160-260 C. The obtained results represent the equilibrium temperatures reached after the deposition of the pyroclastic fall and show that the pyroclastic fall deposits at distances around 6 to 9 km from the eruption vent were still hot enough to reheat the buried pottery at such temperatures.