The effects of source composition and source evolution during progressive partial melting on the chemistry of mantle-derived mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) melts were tested using a comprehensive geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic dataset for fresh, magnesian basaltic glasses from the Miocene Macquarie Island ophiolite, SW Pacific. These glasses: (1) exhibit clear parent-daughter relationships; (2) allow simple reconstruction of primary melt compositions; (3) show exceptional compositional diversity (e.g. K2O/TiO2 0.09-0.9; La/Yb 1.5-22; Pb-206/Pb-204 18.70-19.52); (4) preserve changes in major element and isotope compositions, which are correlated with the degree of trace element enrichment (e.g. La/Sm). Conventional models for MORB genesis invoke melting of mantle that is heterogeneous on a small scale, followed by binary mixing of variably lithophile element-enriched melt batches. This type of model fails to explain the compositions of the Macquarie Island glasses, principally because incompatible element ratios (e.g. Nb/U, Sr/Nd) and Pb isotope ratios vary non-systematically with the degree of enrichment. We propose that individual melt batches are produced from instantaneous 'parental' mantle parageneses, which change continuously as melting and melt extraction proceeds. This concept of a 'dynamic source' combines the models of small-scale mantle heterogeneities and fractional melting. A dynamic source is an assemblage of locally equilibrated mantle solids and a related melt fraction. Common MORB magmas that integrate the characteristics of numerous melt batches therefore tend to conceal the chemical and isotopic identity of a dynamic source. This study shows that isotope ratios of poorly mixed MORB melts are a complex function of the dynamic source evolution, and that the range in isotope ratios within a single MORB suite does not necessarily require mixing of diverse components.


This guide will recommend rich primary and secondary sources useful to scholars who wish to explore this history in more detail and navigate the rich resources available to study the history of agriculture in Maryland, from early farming activities, to th


Bioreactor landfills are complex unsaturated systems where liquids are injected at relatively high pressures in on/off dosing cycles. In order to simulate hydraulic scenarios to improve understanding of leachate recirculation systems for landfills, 86 cm long by 30 cm wide by 56 cm tall unsaturated flow physical model was designed and fabricated. A permeable blanket was installed in the model to inject water. The blanket was 50 cm long × 30 cm wide × 2 cm thick and was made up of pea gravel. Uniform fine and coarse sands, which were thoroughly characterized for their hydraulic properties, were used in separate experiments to simulate waste. Pressure transducers and water content sensors were embedded in the model to monitor the migration of injected water in the blanket and in the underlying soils. Water was injected at flow rates ranging from 20 to 150 cm3/s in continuous and on/off modes to achieve transient and steady-state conditions. The responses of the pressure transducers embedded in the blanket in the model mimicked the responses of the pressure sensors embedded in an instrumented field-scale (55 m long × 9 m wide × 0.15 m thick) permeable blanket made up of crushed recycled glass used for recirculation of leachate at a municipal solid waste landfill. The effect of entrapped air present in the voids was evident from greater pressures developed during wetting which dissipated as the entrapped air escaped the system. This finding highlights the need to use of dual phase models for simulating pressures in bioreactor landfills.


In July 1897, The Studio , a British journal devoted to the Arts and Crafts movement, published the first part of an article titled "Some Glasgow Designers and Their Work."1 It introduced readers to the work of Frances Macdonald, her sister Margaret, and the man Margaret would marry in 1900, Charles Rennie Mackintosh. The article's author, Gleeson White, former editor of The Studio , turned his attention to Mackintosh only after discussing and illustrating the work of the sisters. The journal continued to showcase the group's members, bringing them to the attention of figures such as Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Joseph Maria Olbrich and Otto Wagner in Vienna, and Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig in Darmstadt. The impact of this exposure on the Macdonalds and Mackintosh is a story that is well known.2

Celebrated architects and their patrons were not the only audience for the articles in The Studio highlighting the designers' work in the Glasgow tearooms. Catherine Cranston, who commissioned most of the work by Margaret Macdonald and Mackintosh that appeared in the journal's pages, was undoubtedly pleased to see it accorded such attention. But, in a period when architecturally driven tourism was not yet part of any business plan, Cranston was primarily concerned with attracting Glaswegians to her tearooms to have a cup of tea, accompanied by maybe a bowl of soup or a slice of cake. As her native city's most successful businesswoman across the course of the last decades of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth, Cranston was not as interested in the international design press as she was in making money in ways that nonetheless served her fellow Glaswegians (she bequeathed her considerable fortune to care for Glasgow's poor).3 To understand the impact of the Macdonalds' and Mackintosh's …


China is a rising global power with a growing role and impact on the world's energy markets as well as on the Earth's climate system. China pursues its development in an essentially non-confrontational manner, a vision encapsulated by the notion of peaceful rise which is viewed positively in the world's major capitals. Nevertheless, China's rapid growth represents a genuine global challenge and raises many questions. How is China dealing with its growing need for imported crude oil? What is the impact of China's rise on the global oil market, notably in terms of oil price developments? Are Chinese actions on oil markets different from those of other major importers? What opportunities and risks arise as a result of china's growing role on the global oil market from the viewpoint of other global players? In this report we seek to offer some answers to those questions with a review of China's developing energy policy, of the actions and revealed preferences of its national oil companies, and of broader economic and geopolitical analyses of the impact of China's growing oil consumption on other global players.


This study focuses on an on-line community, built on the base of sharing the same scientific interest in a particular field among its members. The unit of analysis is the communication process as it emerges from an electronic mailing list, which represents a forum of discussions and announcements related to the topic of the list. The network analysis and content analysis delineate the methodological space of this research allowing us to capture the main features of the communication process. This level of analysis enabled us to get an insight of the community infrastructure in terms of its members' roles and positions together with their set of interests and values, which motivate participation.


The syntactic analysis component of a large-scale natural language query interface to relational data bases was greatly sped up by applying explanation-based learning(EBL), a machine learning technique. The idea is that one for most input queries can bypass the ordinary parser, instead using a set of learned rules. When no rule applies, one must pay the price of a small overhead. The set of learned rules is extracted automatically from sample queries posed by a user, thus tuning the system for that particular user. Several non-trivial problems, arising from the characteristics of the target system, were solved during the project. Measurements on a small test corpus indicated that the speed-ups when a learned rule could be used are on average a factor 30 and that the overhead, when no rule applied, is less than 3 percent.


In this work, a new theory is shown in which the approach that leads to this would be relatively easier to demonstrate experimentally. In this theory, we propose that we should carefully observe the fundamental forces and constants of the universe, since the answer to the problem of the behaviour of expansion of the universe, may lie in the functioning of these fundamental forces and constants. We currently take as the fundamental forces, they carry with them constant values assigned to these forces, as for example the constant of universal gravitation, the electric constant, etc. Despite this, a doubt arises in our knowledge and is: What would happen in the event that these constants that we usually take as fixed values were variable, but with constant "patterns" throughout certain periods of space-time (on a cosmological scale)? In this article we can take as a point of reference the fundamental forces that we have as concepts today, which would be the electromagnetic force, the gravitational force, the strong and weak nuclear force, however we deal with gravity as if it were a property of the matter instead of a fundamental force, the constants related to the fundamental forces, even the same speed of light, can change depending on the place where they are measured, the scale and the conditions in which these measurements are realized. For this reason, that we propose the possibility of undergoing certain changes as they advance on a reference scale with respect to time and space, based on this we propose an alternative to dark energy (theory of the modified gravity MOG) arguing how, from tiny changes in the values of these fundamental forces would appropriately justify inflation of the early universe, the subsequent deceleration and the acceleration that we show today of the universe. (Dark matter, dark energy, expansion of the universe, theory of modified gravity MOG, early universe.)


The aim of this work was to study the formulation and in vitro characterization of hydro dynamically balanced floating matrix tablets using Cefuroxime axetil (CA) as model drug. Different excipients such as hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) K15M, E5LV (gelling agent), sodium bicarbonate (gas generating agent) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) (solubility enhancer) were used in order to optimize the drug release profile as well as floating property. Decrease in release characteristics with high viscous polymer were observed due to increased gel strength, tortuosity and length of drug diffusion path. Significant difference (p<0.5) in release rate was found at different concentration of SLS. The release mechanisms were explored and explained with zero order, first order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer and Hixson-Crowell equations. The release rate, extent and mechanism were governed by the content of polymer. The polymer content and amount of floating agent significantly affected the time required for 50%of drug release (t50%), mean dissolution time (MDT), release rate constant, and diffusion exponent (n).Kinetic modeling of dissolution profile revealed that the drug release mechanism could range from diffusion controlled to case II transport, which was co-dominated by diffusion polymer erosion in the release mechanism.


There are two main fermentations associated with the winemaking process. Alcoholic fermentation is conducted by the yeast culture and malolactic fermentation takes place as a result of the metabolic activity of lactic acid bacteria, specifically from the genera Oenococcus, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Leuconostoc. Malolactic fermentation is defined as the conversion of malic acid to lactic acid and CO2 and besides deacidification also contributes to microbial stability and modification of the aroma profile. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review discussing all the main aspects and factors related to malolactic fermentation, including practical considerations for monitoring and ensuring a successful fermentation.


Rationale: The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) becomes dysfunctional as a result of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), which may lead to dysregulation of signaling pathways. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) may prevent dysregulation by preventing UPS dysfunction through inhibition of oxidative damage. Objective: Examine the hypothesis that early IPC preserves postischemic UPS function thus facilitating prosurvival signaling events. Methods and Results: I/R decreased proteasome chymotryptic activity by 50% in isolated rat heart and an in vivo murine left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion model. Following IPC, proteasome activity was decreased 25% (P<0.05) in isolated heart and not different from baseline in the murine model. Enriched 26S proteasome was prepared and analyzed for protein carbonyl content. Increased (P<0.05) carbonylation in a 53-kDa band following I/R was diminished by IPC. Immunoprecipitation studies indicated that the 53-kDa carbonylation signal was of proteasomal origin. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis resolved the 53-kDa band into spots analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry containing Rpt3/Rpt5 both of which could be immunoprecipitated conjugated to dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). Higher amounts of DNPH-tagged Rpt5 were immunoprecipitated from the I/R samples and less from the IPC samples. I/R increased Bax levels by 63% (P<0.05) which was decreased by IPC. Lactacystin (lac) pretreatment of preconditioned hearts increased Bax by 140% (P<0.05) and also increased ubiquitinated proteins. Pretreatment of hearts with a proteasome inhibitor reversed the effects of IPC on postischemic Rpt5 carbonylation, cardiac function, morphology and morphometry, and ubiquitinated and signaling proteins. Conclusions: These studies suggest that IPC protects function of the UPS by diminishing oxidative damage to 19S regulatory particle subunits allowing this complex to facilitate degradation of proapoptotic proteins.


This article addresses a topic that the published literature on the legal problems of unpaid internships has yet to fully deal with. The people of the United States have long relied on nonprofit and profit-neutral newsmagazines for both opinion journalism and traditional journalism. And as the newsmagazine industry continues to face economic challenges due to the effect that the Internet is having on the way Americans consume news products, one can expect newsmagazines that never make a profit to only increase in population. Consequently, the continued vitality of such publications is a matter of public concern. The proliferation of unpaid intern workers, however, is also a matter of grave public concern. Most of the time, unpaid intern workers are operating under agreements to labor that violate both principles of social justice and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. These interns are being exploited by their employers, who should be paying the interns the minimum wage. And yet, litigation to correct this injustice, and force employers to pay interns the minimum wage, may have an unfortunate side-effect. If nonprofit and profit-neutral newsmagazines had to pay their interns, who are volunteering their services for the good of the ideological and intellectual mission of the newsmagazine, then that cost could bring those newsmagazines just one step closer to going out of business. Fortunately, federal law in this area provides us with a pathway whereby interns who are working at companies that seriously plan to make a profit can be paid the minimum wage, while interns who are volunteering their services to nonprofit and profit-neutral newsmagazines can continue to do so without violating the law. The detailed description of this legal pathway is the main purpose of this article.


Academic literature on the relationship between tourism and eco- nomic growth expands steadily. This literature supports the Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis (TLG). Although it seems obvious that tourism-led growth is possible only if a destination does not experience stagnation in demand, no previous theoretical paper addresses the crucial issue of the compatibility between TLG and the potential occurrence of a stagnation phase in the destination. The aim of this paper is to fill this gap and to provide a framework of tourism-led growth accounting for the possibility of rejuvenation strate- gies. A model of growth for a tourism-based economy is built following Romer (1986). Two theoretical results are obtained. Provided some conditions are satisfied, it is possible to identify a market- segment compatible with sustained growth. A stagnating destination can switch to a new market segment for which the level of welfare is higher in the long-run. The common practice that consists in upgrading the quality of supply to focus on new markets is supported as a suitable practice in order to achieve optimal welfare. Conclusions of the model are tested with real data from two Spanish archipelagos, Canary and Balearic islands. Empirical results points to clear success of the reorientation strategy in the Balearics. The case of Canary islands is controversial since the reorientation strategy was not simultaneously implemented in the territory.


INTRAAND INTER-EXAMINER RELIABILITY AND INTER-METHOD COMPARISON IN PHYSICAL ANTHROPOMETRY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY Nikolay D Mollov, DDS Marquette University, May 2012 Objective: Orthodontic treatment can often effect changes in the facial complex. In order to assess what those changes are, precise and reliable methods for measuring facial structures need to be used. While the techniques used for measuring have become increasingly more sophisticated they have also become more expensive and cumbersome for daily use. This study investigated the reliability of two methods, physical anthropometry and photogrammetry, that were inexpensive and relatively easy to set up. Materials and Methods: Ten examiners measured a sample comprised of 20 dental students (10 male, 10 female) twice over three weeks. Eighteen measurements were acquired directly using a digital caliper. The 18 measurements were comprised of 20 facial landmarks previously defined by Farkas (1981). In addition, standardized facial photographs were made of the 20 participants, and the examiners were asked to identify the same points. The images were then calibrated and the same facial measurements computed. The intra-class correlation coefficient was used to determine the intraand interexaminer reliabilities. The Bland-Altman method was used to compare the two methods. Results: Anthropometric intra-examiner reliability was very high for all measurements, while inter-examiner reliability exhibited a wide range of values, Overall the reliabilities were higher for easily identifiable landmarks, such as landmarks around the mouth, eyes, the nose, while bony landmarks covered by soft-tissue produced less reliable measurements. With few exceptions, photogrammetric reliability was high for both interand intra-examiner reliabilities. The least reliable measurement was the interlabial gap probably due to placement error of the points which was compounded by the small distances measured. The Altman-Bland plots showed large variability around the average difference. Conclusions: The study found that examiners demonstrate high intra-rater reliability regardless of which method was used. Inter-examiner reliability showed larger variability dependent on the method. When using a caliper the examiner was not as consistent as on a photograph when selecting the facial landmarks. While both methods allow for accurate intra-examiner measurements, this study found that the photogrammetric method had greater inter-examiner agreement. However, large variability was found when comparing the two methods.


This paper presents a problem in power networks that creates an exciting and yet challenging real-world scenario for application of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). The emerging trend of decarbonisation is placing excessive stress on power distribution networks. Active voltage control is seen as a promising solution to relieve power congestion and improve voltage quality without extra hardware investment, taking advantage of the controllable apparatuses in the network, such as roof-top photovoltaics (PVs) and static var compensators (SVCs). These controllable apparatuses appear in a vast number and are distributed in a wide geographic area, making MARL a natural candidate. This paper formulates the active voltage control problem in the framework of Dec-POMDP and establishes an open-source environment. It aims to bridge the gap between the power community and the MARL community and be a drive force towards real-world applications of MARL algorithms. Finally, we analyse the special characteristics of the active voltage control problems that cause challenges (e.g. interpretability) for state-of-the-art MARL approaches, and summarise the potential directions.


The problem of supporting the modular extensibility of both data and functions in one programming language at the same time is known as the expression problem. Functional languages traditionally make it easy to add new functions, but extending data (adding new data constructors) requires modifying existing code. We present a semantically and syntactically lightweight variant of open data types and open functions as a solution to the expression problem in the Haskell language. Constructors of open data types and equations of open functions may appear scattered throughout a program with several modules. The intended semantics is as follows: the program should behave as if the data types and functions were closed, defined in one place. The order of function equations is determined by best-fit pattern matching, where a specific pattern takes precedence over an unspecific one. We show that our solution is applicable to the expression problem, generic programming, and exceptions. We sketch two implementations: a direct implementation of the semantics, and a scheme based on mutually recursive modules that permits separate compilation


My testimony focuses on the purpose and operation of Renewable Identification Numbers, better known as RINs, as the compliance mechanism for meeting the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) mandates. In particular, my remarks emphasize RINs' accounting and economic role under the RFS, as well as summarize the empirical evidence on RIN price determinants and their impact on downstream fuel prices. I also address the potential effects of certain proposed changes to the RFS on RIN prices, and their implications for future biofuel use in the United States.


Eleven captive Galapagos tortoises (Geochelone nigra) were used as study subjects to estimate digesta kinetics, diet composition, intake and apparent digestibility (aD) using n-alkanes. The results were compared to observed intakes and digestibility estimated through total faecal collection. Acid-insoluble ash (AIA) and acid-detergent lignin (ADL) were compared to the alkane method for the estimation of aD. Mean retention times (MRT) were estimated in four adult tortoises (ca 40-60 years old) and four juvenile tortoises (4-5 years old) fed a pulse dose of Co-EDTA, Cr-mordanted fibre (particle size <2 mm) and n-alkane hexatriacontane (C-36). Average MRT for the liquid phase marker Co was nine days in both adult and juvenile tortoises. For the particle phase markers Cr and C-36, MRT was 12 days in adult tortoises and eight and nine days, respectively, in juveniles. Digestibility, diet intake and diet composition were estimated in nine Galapagos tortoises fed for 32 days on a standardized diet containing the synthetic n-alkanes octacosane (C-28), dotriacontane (C-32) and C-36. In four juvenile tortoises kept individually, total faecal collection was performed and the faecal recovery rates of n-alkanes were estimated for pentacosane (C-25), heptacosane (C-27), C-28, nonacosane (C-29), hentriacontane (C-31), C-32, tritriacontane (C-33) and C-36. Intakes calculated with the alkane-pair C-31 and C-32 overestimated intake by a factor 1 5. After correction for the relative recoveries of alkanes there was no significant difference between estimated and observed intakes Observed aD of organic matter (OM) was 67.5% Estimated aD of OM with the internal marker C-36 alkane, ADL and AIA were 48.5%, 38.9% and 18.3%, respectively. Estimates of diet composition using alkanes in individual animals accurately reflected directly-observed composition. Observed selection of a certain feedstuff was recognized with the alkane method. This is the first report of the use of n-alkanes as digestive markers in reptiles and it confirms that n-alkanes may be used for determining diet intake and the passage through the gut of the particulate digesta phase, and for estimating diet composition. The possibility of estimating different aspects of digestive strategies with the same marker type is a major asset of the alkane technique.


Viking raids, and the subsequent Scandinavian settlements in the ninth and tenth centuries, had a major effect on many parts of Britain and Ireland. These impacts can best be seen in a wide variety of archaeological discoveries, primarily from distinctive pre-Christian burials, which contain weapons, tools, jewellery and metal, wood and bone artefacts. Written by an expert in the field of Viking and Norse archaeology, this book examines the distinctive archaeology of each phase, aspect or area of Norse impact in turn, with sufficient historical background to put the archaeological discoveries into context.


Realtime crowdsourcing research has demonstrated that it is possible to recruit paid crowds within seconds by managing a small, fast-reacting worker pool. Realtime crowds enable crowd-powered systems that respond at interactive speeds: for example, cameras, robots and instant opinion polls. So far, these techniques have mainly been proof-of-concept prototypes: research has not yet attempted to understand how they might work at large scale or optimize their cost/performance trade-offs. In this paper, we use queueing theory to analyze the retainer model for realtime crowdsourcing, in particular its expected wait time and cost to requesters. We provide an algorithm that allows requesters to minimize their cost subject to performance requirements. We then propose and analyze three techniques to improve performance: push notifications, shared retainer pools, and precruitment, which involves recalling retainer workers before a task actually arrives. An experimental validation finds that precruited workers begin a task 500 milliseconds after it is posted, delivering results below the one-second cognitive threshold for an end-user to stay in flow.


This paper presents a method for optical flow estimation and segmentation through polynomial surface fitting, robust least-median-squares regression, and robust statistic clustering mean shift. This approach consists of three stages. First, a standard polynomial surface fitting is used to smooth an image, and least-median-of-squares (LMedS) robust regression is used to calculate the optical flow, which can tolerate up to 50% outlier contamination. Second, the estimated optical flow map is segmented through a mean shift technique. Third, an affine flow model is employed to fit the coarse flow estimates within the segmented regions, and the affine fitted motion of the regions is refined with a robust least median squares process based on optical flow constraints. The experimental results have demonstrated that our approach achieved good performance in most synthetic and real video sequences.


The localization of leaks in Water Distribution Networks has a major relevance in terms of environmental and economic efficiency. This localization is generally carried on in situ by human
operators using time consuming methods like acoustic loggers. Nevertheless, the automated aid provided to the operators is continuously increasing thanks to the exhaustive use of models. Models
that have to be calibrated and updated in order to provide proper help and an improvement in the leak search. This paper presents an experience of leak localization using steady state models combined with a demand calibration algorithm. The calibration produces a notable improvement of the localization accuracy and signals changes in the network configuration. Results presented are based on real data and a real leak provoked for the test.


This research presents a System Dynamics SD approach to model and analyze a single stage scalable manufacturing system. The system is exposed to a random demand that is assumed to follow a normal distribution pattern. The main contribution in this paper, is adding new modules to the existing state of the art of capacity scalability management in order to bring it near to reality. The proposed modules allow for costs evaluation, scaling capacity on seasonal basis, and applying system breakdowns. A full-fledged simulation model (attached as supplementary material) was developed and tested using Vensim DSS. Two capacity scaling policies are presented and used to study the effect of the new modules on the system's performance where Capacity level, Inventory level, Backlog level and Costs are the measures of the system's performance. The results show System Dynamics ability to model real conditions that face capacity scaling planners, and present the actual effect of system breakdowns on facility performance. Moreover, this study investigates the impacts of applying seasonal capacity scaling on scalable systems.


Background An association exists between smoking and schizophrenia, independent of other factors and related to psychotic symptomatology. Aims To determine whether smoking is associated with psychosis in bipolar affective disorder. Method Smoking data were collected from 92 unrelated patients with bipolar affective disorder. An ordinal logistic regression analysis tested the relationship between smoking severity and psychotic symptomatology, allowing for potential confounders. Results A significant relationship was detected between smoking/heavy smoking and history of psychosis (68.7%, n=44). Smoking was less prevalent in patients who were less symptomatic (56.5%, n=13) than in patients with a more severe psychosis (75.7%, n=31). Prevalence and severity of smoking predicted severity of psychotic symptoms (P=0.001), a relationship independent of other variables (P=0.0272). Conclusion A link between smoking and psychosis exists in bipolar affective disorder and may be independent of categorical diagnosis.


Human adenoviruses (Ads) cause a variety of acute diseases but also establish persistent
infections. Ads have evolved a number of mechanisms to evade the host immune response that
seem to facilitate virus replication and transmission in vivo. Interestingly, one Ad transcription
unit, the early transcription unit 3 (E3), appears to encode exclusively proteins with immuno-modulatory
functions. Recently, a novel open reading frame, E3/49K, was identified in the E3
region of the epidemic keratoconjunctivitis causing serotype Ad19a. The sequence predicts a type
I transmembrane protein with a large N-terminal domain and a short cytoplasmic tail of 19
amino acids (aa). The N-terminal part contains three repeat regions (R1-3) of about 80 aa each
with R3 exhibiting a significant homology to immunoglobulin-like domains.
This study shows that 49K is a highly glycosylated protein with an apparent molecular mass of
80-100 kDa. 12-13 out of 14 predicted N-glycosylation sites are utilized, and there is also
evidence for O-glycosylation. 49K contains intramolecular disulfide bonds and is proteolytically
processed. As a result of the cleavage the N-terminal ectodomain is secreted: Ad19a E3/49K is
the first Ad protein known to be secreted.
At steady-state, E3/49K is detected in the Golgi/TGN, early endosomes and at the cell surface
of Ad19a-infected as well as 49K-transfected cells. The cytoplasmic tail, which contains two
potential endosomal/lysosomal targeting motifs, YXXF and LL, plays a major role in the 49K
trafficking. The proteolytic processing may occur in the TGN or secretory vesicles and/or at the
cell surface. The finding that an increased cell surface expression of 49K correlates with an
increased secretion rate indicates proteolytic processing of 49K at the cell surface. The C-terminal
fragments and also unprocessed 49K proteins are internalized possibly by the interaction of the
LL motif in the cytoplasmic tail with the clathrin adaptor complex AP-2. From early endosomes
49K proteins and C-terminal fragments recycle to the TGN potentially involving the interaction
of the cytoplasmic tail of 49K with the clathrin adaptor complex AP-1 or to the cell surface,
whereas a fraction is delivered to late endosomes and lysosomes.
Remarkably, the secreted form of 49K specifically binds to various lymphocyte cell lines,
including NK, B and T cell lines, but not to other cell types, e.g. fibroblasts, suggesting that the
soluble and possibly also the membrane-bound 49K binds to receptor(s) on lymphocytes. Indeed,
in Jurkat (T cell leukemia) cells, 49K-binding protein(s) with apparent molecular masses of 172-196
kDa were identified. Moreover, purified 49K inhibited the NK cell-mediated lysis of target
cells. Thus, upon binding to cell surface receptors, 49K may trigger an inhibitory signal or inhibit
an activating signal. While other Ad E3 proteins affect the infected cell, 49K seems to influence
infiltrating cells of the immune system. Therefore, 49K function appears to represent an entirely
novel Ad immune evasion mechanism.


So-called complete gravity field models together with their full error variance/covariance information have recently been designed to be integrated into geo-scientific process models. In our project RIFUGIO (Rigorous Fusion of Gravity Field into Stationary Ocean Models), we investigate whether it is possible to improve estimates of the general ocean circulation by considering the ocean's mean dynamic topography. For this purpose the altimetric mean sea surface height referenced to the geoid is assimilated in stationary regional ocean models. We combine complete gravity field models with altimetric data for which a full error propagation including the omission error is also implemented in the processing. Thus we derive estimates of the ocean's mean dynamic topography with a regular covariance matrix. While GRACE data are very accurate on large scales, their low resolution leads to a large omission error. The combination with the transformation of the spherical harmonics expansion of the gravity field onto a finite grid causes a leakage of short scales into long scales. Therefore neglecting the omission error yields a by far overestimated accuracy. Our results that explicitely take the omission error into account show that GRACE data are not accurate enough to improve ocean flux estimates in the Southern Ocean significantly.


Our aim in this paper is to exposit a convex model of equilibrium growth. The model is strictly in the Solow tradition. The model has two features which distinguish it from most other work on the subject. These are, first, that the model is convex on the technological side and, eecond, that fixed fatten are explicitly included. The difference between our model and the standard single sector growth model lies in the fact that the marginal product of capital does not converge to zero as the level of inputs go to infinity. Existence and characterization results are provided along with some preliminary analyses of taxation and international trade policies. It is shown that the long-run growth rate in per capita consumption depends, in the natural way, on the parameters describing tastes and technology. Finally, it is shown that some policies have growth effects while others affect only levels. It is demonstrated that in a free trade equilibrium with taxation national growth rates of consumption and output need not converge.


Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, and incidences are rising. MAP kinase (MAPK) signaling has been implicated in playing a critical role in the initiation and maintenance of thyroid cancer, as evidenced by the high incidence of non-overlapping mutations of the genes encoding RET and TRK, as well as of NRAS, HRAS, KRAS and BRAF. RAS mutations are found in 40-50% of follicular carcinomas (FTC) and 20-40% of follicular adenomas (FA), as well as follicular variant of papillary cancer (FVPTC). The most common mutations associate with thyroid tumors are in HRAS and NRAS, most often in codon 61. This is in contrast to most other epithelial tumors where KRAS codon 12/13 mutations are most common. We hypothesized that Ras isoforms have different transformational potential in thyroid epithelium. To test this hypothesis, we developed mice with a thyroid-specific knock-in of oncogenic Hras combined homozygous loss of Pten (HrasG12V/PtenHom). We report that a thyroid specific knock-in of HrasG12V coupled with Pten inactivation leads to the development of FTCs and poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTCs) by 47-52 weeks of age in HrasG12V/PtenHom/TPO-cre mice. In stark contrast, mice with a thyroid specific knock-in of KrasG12D and loss of Pten (KrasG12D/PtenHom/TPO-cre) develop FTCs which rapidly progress to PDTCs and anaplastic thyroid cancer with 50% lethality at 7 weeks and complete lethality by 20 weeks. These data suggest that Kras and Hras, in cooperation with PI3K signaling, likely play distinct roles in the development and progression of disease. We sought to dissect the role of Hras versus Kras activation in FTC development. We derived stable cell lines from HrasG12V/PtenHom/TPO-cre and obtained a similar line from Kras tumors to identify cellular and molecular responses to Hras versus Kras activation and their impact on tumor phenotype. Utilizing a phospho-protein expression array, we determined that Kras activation leads to increased phosphorylation of members of the p38 MAPK pathway, whereas Hras activation increases mTOR effectors. Pathway profiling indicated differences in transcript levels of MAPK effects in response to Kras versus Hras activation. KrasG12D/Ptenhom cells had increased expression of cell cycle regulators including cyclinD1, whereas extracellular matrix protein Col1a1 was unregulated in Hras-driven cells. Further, Kras-driven cells have an increased ability to form thyrospheres on low-adherence tissue culture plate. These results suggest that Kras induced tumors have a larger population of self-renewing cells and therefore may account for the increase virulence of this oncogene in thyrocytes. These studies demonstrate a clear phenotypic difference between mutant Hras and Kras in thyroid epithelium, and suggest that the increase transformative property of mutant Kras might be mediated by over-expression of proteins that increase cell proliferation and mediate transition through the cell cycle. Citation Format: Lee Ann King, Nolan West, Aime Franco. Hras and Kras have different transformational capacity in murine models of thyroid carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on RAS Oncogenes: From Biology to Therapy; Feb 24-27, 2014; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2014;12(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B04. doi: 10.1158/1557-3125.RASONC14-B04


As direct descendants of the great courtier-poets Fujiwara no Shunzei (1114-1204) and his son Teika (1162-1244), the heirs of the noble Reizei house can claim an unbroken literary lineage that spans over eight hundred years. During all that time, their primary goal has been to sustain the poetic enterprise, or michi (way), of the house and to safeguard its literary assets. Steven D. Carter weaves together strands of family history, literary criticism, and historical research into a coherent narrative about the evolution of the Reizei Way. What emerges from this innovative approach is an elegant portrait of the Reizei poets as participants in a collective institution devoted more to the continuity of family poetic practices and ideals than to the concept of individual expression that is so central to more modern poetic culture. In addition to the narrative chapters, the book also features an extensive appendix of one hundred poems from over the centuries, by poets who were affiliated with the Reizei house. Carter's annotations provide essential critical context for this selection of poems, and his deft translations underscore the rich contributions of the Reizei family and their many disciples to the Japanese poetic tradition.


Homo sapiens began as a small-group species 160,000 years ago and remained tribal until the Agricultural Revolution about 10,000 years ago. Exponential growth began at that time and accelerated during the Industrial Revolution until, during the 20 century, the population doubling time was less than the human life span in some countries. In the latter part of the 20 century, the ecological overshoot rose to 24%, which meant humankind was exceeding Earth's carrying capacity. In addition, global heating and other types of climate change threatened to reduce food supplies, while population continued to grow. About one-half the population lived reasonably successfully in urbanized areas, although post-peak oil would probably make this undertaking more difficult. Most important, nations had not developed world governance to manage such problems as: (1) global heating and other types of climate change, (2) acidification of the oceans, (3) regulation of carbon dioxide [which affects both problems (1) and (2)] and other greenhouse gases, (4) stabilization of the human population within Earth's carrying capacity, (5) equitable and fair allocation of resources among humans and with the 30+ million other life forms with which humans share the planet, (6) management of the global commons, (7) requiem for reason. In order to address these global problems successfully, humankind must quickly develop global governance systems that transcend national limits so that the biospheric life support system is restored to and maintained in a healthy condition.


ABSTRACT

Beneath the Surface: The Aesthetic and Ideological Appropriation of Native American Art during the Arts and Crafts Period, 1880–1920

by

Brandon K. Ruud

Advisor: Professor Ellen Taylor Baird

During the last decades of the nineteenth century and into the first two of the twentieth, progressive reformers concerned themselves with a variety of social issues that seemed to be altering the very fabric of American society and its spirit, among them immigration, industrialization, and urbanization. Ideologues harnessed the Arts and Crafts movement's message of dignity in labor and a return to handcrafting to advance an agenda of reform that encompassed the fine and decorative arts and was designed to improve health, housing, and immigration. To their minds, art had the power to enact change through the social engineering of society as a whole and especially children, providing a method of redirecting attitudes during a period of seeming upheaval.
Expanding on previous scholarship, this study surveys the fine and decorative arts created during this period through the lens of postcolonial theory and examines how artists and critics depicted both Anglo-American and Native American labor in images and words. More to the point, however, the project provides the first thorough analysis of how reform crusaders employed Native American art and lifeways as a guiding force to enact change and control society: Perceived as instinctual and spiritual, indigenous art and craft provided an improving antidote to the perceived degradation of American culture and society.
During this period, as the middle class expanded and interior design gained traction as a professional pursuit, domestic shelter magazines rose in popularity. This study provides a careful investigation of both the images and prose in the pages of these journals, considering how they furthered the movement's reform agenda by co-opting Native American art and culture for an Anglo-American audience. In addition, the project focuses on how artists and architects during this period—from painters such as Thomas Eakins and George de Forest Brush to architects and designers including Susan Frackelton, Gustav Stickley, and Frank Lloyd Wright—adopted the mantle of reformist theories regarding America's indigenous population, and, as a result, wrestled with incorporating non-Western sources into their creations and justifying their presence.


Highly sensitive and rapid technology of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was applied to create aptasensors for influenza virus detection. SERS achieves 106−109 times signal amplification, yielding excellent sensitivity, whereas aptamers to hemagglutinin provide a specific recognition of the influenza virus. Aptamer RHA0385 was demonstrated to have essentially broad strain-specificity toward both recombinant hemagglutinins and the whole viruses. To achieve high sensitivity, a sandwich of primary aptamers, influenza virus and secondary aptamers was assembled. Primary aptamers were attached to metal particles of a SERS substrate, and influenza viruses were captured and bound with secondary aptamers labelled with Raman-active molecules. The signal was affected by the concentration of both primary and secondary aptamers. The limit of detection was as low as 1 · 10−4 hemagglutination units per probe as tested for the H3N2 virus (A/England/42/72). Aptamer-based sensors provided recognition of various influenza viral strains, including H1, H3, and H5 hemagglutinin subtypes. Therefore, the aptasensors could be applied for fast and low-cost strain-independent determination of influenza viruses.


A methodology that addresses important issues concerned with the underlying graphical models designed for surgical simulation, as well as issues related to the real-time interactivity with, and manipulation of, these models is presented. The specific application of interest is laparoscopic surgery, which is performed using endoscopes that present a video image of the organs to the clinicians. The surgeon then performs the surgery while looking at the video monitor. The particular focus is gall bladder surgery, which involves various gastrointestinal organs. The overall objective is to simulate this environment by creating realistic, manipulable models of these organs. The models are interactively manipulable and exhibit behavior both visually acceptable and physically accurate. The approach is based on the notion of active surfaces. The rationale, mathematical formalism, and visualization techniques encompassed by the methodology are described. Recent results obtained from applying these methods to the problem of endoscopic gall bladder surgery simulation are presented.<<ETX>>


Letters and correspondence submitted for possible publication must be identified as such. Text length must not exceed 500 words and five bibliographic references. A single concise figure or table may be included if it is essential to support the communication. Letters not typeddouble-spaced willnot be considered forpublication. Letters not meeting these specifications will not be returned to authors. Letters to the Editor are utilized to communicate a single novel observation or finding. Correspondence is to be used to supplement or constructively comment on the contents of a publication in the journal and cannot exceed the restrictions for Letters to the Editor. The Editor reserves the right to shorten text, delete objectional comments, and make other changes to comply with the style of the journal. Permission for publication must be appended as a postscript. Submissions must be sent to Marcel E. Conrad, M.D., Associate Editor, American Journal of Hematology, USA Cancer Center, Mobile, Alabama 36688 to permit rapid consideration for publication.


Idiopathic or "unexplained" infertility represents as many as 30% of infertility cases worldwide. Conception, implantation, and term delivery of developmentally healthy infants require chromosomally normal (euploid) eggs and sperm. The crux of euploid egg production is error-free meiosis. Pathologic genetic variants dysregulate meiotic processes that occur during prophase I, meiotic resumption, chromosome segregation, and in cell-cycle regulation. This dysregulation can result in chromosomally abnormal (aneuploid) eggs. In turn, egg aneuploidy leads to a broad range of clinical infertility phenotypes, including primary ovarian insufficiency and early menopause, egg fertilization failure and embryonic developmental arrest, or recurrent pregnancy loss. Therefore, maternal genetic variants are emerging as infertility biomarkers, which could allow informed reproductive decision-making. Here, we select and deeply examine human genetic variants that likely cause dysregulation of critical meiotic processes in 14 female infertility-associated genes: SYCP3, SYCE1, TRIP13, PSMC3IP, DMC1, MCM8, MCM9, STAG3, PATL2, TUBB8, CEP120, AURKB, AURKC, and WEE2. We discuss the function of each gene in meiosis, explore genotype-phenotype relationships, and delineate the frequencies of infertility-associated variants.


Kelps, fucoids and other large brown seaweeds are common and important features of temperate coastal zones. The British Isles is a centre for seaweed diversity in the NE Atlantic, but, despite numerous surveys, an incomplete picture of the distribution remains. Survey data and herbarium specimens were used to examine the environmental preference of 15 species of large brown seaweeds, covering the orders Laminariales (kelps), Fucales (wracks) and one species of Tilopteridales. Habitat suitability models were developed to estimate broad-scale distribution and area of habitat created by these species around the British Isles. Topographic parameters were important factors limiting distributions. Generally, temperature did not appear to be a limiting factor, probably because the British Isles lies in the centre of the NE Atlantic distribution for most species, and not at climatic tolerance limits. However, for the recent migrant Laminaria ochroleuca, temperature was found to be important for the model, thus range expansion could continue northwards provided dispersal is possible. In contrast, the widespread Alaria esculenta showed a negative association with warmer summer temperatures. The total potential habitat around the British and Irish coastline is more than 19,000 km2 for kelps and 11,000 km2 for wracks, which represents a significant habitat area similar in scale to British broadleaf forest. We conclude that large brown algal species need to be managed and conserved in a manner that reflects their scale and importance.


"I have a dream"--no words are more widely recognized, or more often repeated, than those called out from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial by Martin Luther King, Jr., in 1963. King's speech, elegantly structured and commanding in tone, has become shorthand not only for his own life but for the entire civil rights movement. In this new exploration of the "I have a dream" speech, Eric J. Sundquist places it in the history of American debates about racial justice--debates as old as the nation itself--and demonstrates how the speech, an exultant blend of grand poetry and powerful elocution, perfectly expressed the story of African American freedom. This book is the first to set King's speech within the cultural and rhetorical traditions on which the civil rights leader drew in crafting his oratory, as well as its essential historical contexts, from the early days of the republic through present-day Supreme Court rulings. At a time when the meaning of the speech has been obscured by its appropriation for every conceivable cause, Sundquist clarifies the transformative power of King's "Second Emancipation Proclamation" and its continuing relevance for contemporary arguments about equality.


Thomas Telford's genius is reflected in the variety and great technical skill of his constructions, most of which are still in use today. The 'colossus of roads' built or improved hundreds of miles of durable, fast roads in Scotland, England, and Wales, but it is perhaps Telford's work on canals in Britain that attracts most attention now: the Ellesmere Canal with its magnificent aqueducts at Pontcysyllte and Chirk; and the Caledonian Canal cutting its way through the Great Glen in Scotland. Telford's appointment as the first President of the Institution of Civil Engineers shows that his generation recognised him as a real leader of his profession, and the naming of Telford New Town in his honor indicates that his great contribution to civil engineering is still recognized in our own time.


This study explores the secular increase of national intelligence in Qatar (Flynn effect) between the periods 2000-2011 by using the Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) that was standardized on a representative sample of 1135 participants from Doha area, to age group 6-11.6 year olds (males N=517, females N=618). The SPM was administered in 2011 to a representative sample of 1003 (males, N=469; females N=534) of the same age and in the same region. The 2011 study showed that IQ is normally distributed in Qatar. The percentage of children with high ability (1.6%), the intelligent participants (8%), above average (20.4%), average (46.5%), below average (15%), borderline (6.4%) and mentally handicapped (2.1%). Furthermore, the study showed that younger children (6 to 9.6 year olds) obtained very high IQ (104.37 points), however, older children (10 to 11.6 year olds) obtained lower levels (95.73 points). With adjustment to Flynn effect, the smart fraction in Qatar at 95% obtained an IQ of 117.8, while the non smart fraction at 5% obtained an IQ of 58.3 points. The most remarkable finding of the study is that the national intelligence has been increasing in Qatar by 11.25 points in 11 years from 2000 to 2011. The rate of increase per decade and generation was 10.22 and 30.66 points, respectively. Children in Qatar were responsible for one of the largest levels of increase of IQ in the world. The increase in rate of intelligence per decade in some economically developed countries like Britain was 2 points, USA and most European countries 3 points, Israel 6.2 points, Korea, 7.7 points and Japan 7.7 points. Additionally, Qatari children obtained the highest scores of intelligence in the Arab world without adjustment (101 points) and with adjustment (90 points) to Flynn effect. This result showed that the calculation of Lynn and Vanhanen for the IQ scores in Qatar is incorrect. Finally, 10 assumptions as possible causes for the increase of national intelligence need to be investigated by scientists and intelligence tests such as WPPSI, WISC and SPM+ need to be adapted in Qatar.


Midcontinent North American Middle Pennsylvanian-Lower Permian (Desmoinesian-Wolfcampian) fusu- linid foraminiferal species range charts were plotted and new fusulinid zones were defined. The species range charts were plotted together with lithostratigraphic columns and cyclothemic sea level curves in order to compare biostratigraphic, lithostratigraphic, and glacio-eustatic patterns. The fusulinids Beedeina and Wedekindellina appeared during widespread early Desmoinesian transgressions and characterized that interval. The mid-Desmoinesian extinction of Wedekindellina and turnover of Beedeina species coincided with a lowstand followed by a widespread transgression, generally higher sea levels, and changing paleoclimatic patterns. Beedeina went to extinction near the Desmoinesian-Missourian sequence boundary. The earliest Missourian is barren of fusulinids in the Midcontinent, followed by a thin zone of Eowaeringella, and then the appearance of Triticites, which dominated fusulinid faunas through the remainder of the Upper Pennsylvanian. Lower and Middle Missourian Triticites have relatively small tests and plane septa. In the Upper Missourian, Triticites became medium-sized with more complex septal fluting, and Kansanella appeared. In the uppermost Missourian and lower Virgil- ian, most Triticites are medium-sized and evenly biconvex, and have weak septal fluting. Kansanella gradually declined through the lower Virgilian and disappeared in the lowest middle Virgilian. The middle Virgilian is dominated by medium to large Triticites with complex septal fluting, and Dunbarinella appeared and became locally common. The upper Virgilian has mostly large inflated Triticites and the first Leptotriticites. The uppermost Virgilian ('Bursumian') has large Triticites, diverse Leptotriticites, and the first primitive elongate Schwagerina. That fauna extends across the new conodont-based Pennsylvanian-Permian (Virgilian-Wolfcampian) boundary, and the first definitive Wolfcampian (Lower Permian) fusuli - nids did not appear until the Neva Limestone, which is a couple cycles above the new systemic boundary. Most significant fusulinid biostratigraphic changes correlate with major glacio-eustatic cyclothem boundaries, but not all major cyclothem boundaries have significant faunal turnovers. Fusulinid zonal boundaries that were based on only fusulinid species ranges were found to closely approximate maximum sea level lowstands. Most new genera and species appear in the regressive phases of the next cyclothem, probably because faunal migrations occurred during maximum flooding events, and subsequent highstand system tracts had more paleoenvironmental diversity and thus more niches to fill.


With increased penetration of wind energy as a renewable energy source, there is a need to keep wind turbines connected to the grid during different disturbances such as grid faults. In this paper, the use of superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) is proposed to reduce fault current level at the stator side and improve the fault ride-through (FRT) capability of the system. To highlight the proposed technique, a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is considered as a wind-turbine generator, where the whole system is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC software. Detailed simulation results are obtained with and without SFCL considering stator and rotor currents. In addition, the voltage profile at the generator terminals is analyzed. The effect of limiting resistance value is also investigated. The obtained results ensure that the SFCL is effective in decreasing the fault current. Moreover, both the voltage dip at the generator terminals and the reactive power consumption from the grid are decreased during the fault. The voltage dip characteristics are discussed in accordance with international grid codes for wind turbines.


Rhodopsin, one of the proteins responsible for sensing light in the eye, is also important in the generation of photoreceptor cells--photoreceptors that lack rhodopsin degenerate. Chang and Ready managed to prevent photoreceptor degeneration in Drosophila lacking rhodopsin by expressing a constitutively active form of a Rho guanosine triphosphatase, Drac1. It appears that Drac1 organizes the actin cytoskeleton in the developing photoreceptor cells. Rhodopsin appears to play an additional role beyond sensory perception, in that it activates a signal transduction pathway to stimulate morphogenesis during development. Colley provides a perspective on the data. Chang, H.-Y., and Ready, D.F. (2000) Rescue of photoreceptor degeneration in rhodopsin-null Drosophila mutants by activated Rac1. Science 290: 1978-1980. [Abstract] [Full Text] Colley, N.J. (2000) Actin' up with Rac1. Science 290: 1902-1903. [Full Text]


The contribution of this paper is threefold. First, we characterize the participants of today's commercial CDN market according to their business model and their set of resources. Second, we use real-world Internet topology data in order to infer CDN infrastructure resources that are associated with market success. Third, we use resource-dependency theory in order to assess if a cooperation of market participants with different business models can change the CDN market concentration based on its resources. Our results indicate that the most successful CDNs use a large number of direct interconnections with networks that are situated close to the content consuming end-customer in order to improve termination quality. Moreover, we can show that White Label CDNs are successful in acquiring the resources that are associated with market success. Finally, our results point out that a large ISP coalition which includes today?s Inhouse CDNs could reproduce the most important infrastructure properties of the current market leaders.


The use of communication strategies (CSs) in oral and written second language (L2) production has been widely investigated (e.g. Muñoz, 2007). As for content and language integrated learning (CLIL) settings, learners seem to resort to the first language (L1) less often than in traditional foreign language instruction (e.g. Celaya & Ruiz de Zarobe, 2010). However, few studies have examined what L2 learners say about their use of CSs by means of questionnaires – e.g. Ehrman & Oxford (1990), with adult English as a foreign language (EFL) learners – and little is known about the reported use of CSs by young learners (Purdie & Oliver, 1999), and much less by young CLIL learners. This study examines learners' self-reported opinions about the use of CSs (guessing, miming, morphological creativity, dictionary, predicting, paraphrasing, borrowing, calque, foreignizing, avoidance and appeal for assistance). An adapted survey (Kellerman, Bongaerts, & Poulisse, 1987; Oxford, 1989; O'Malley & Chamot, 1990; Yule & Tarone, 1990) was administered to CLIL learners of English in grades 5 and 6 of primary education. Quantitative differences in terms of the type of strategies used were explored. Analyses showed striking similarities between grades 5 and 6 as well as significant differences in the use of the different CSs, paraphrasing and appeal for assistance being the most frequent strategies, whereas morphological creativity and miming obtained the lowest frequency. Findings are discussed in the light of learners' age and the nature of CLIL instruction.


In this paper, we examine the concept of Compositionality, proposed by Brazilian composer and scholar Paulo Costa Lima, from the interpenetration of five vectors: inseparability, creation of worlds, criticality, reciprocity and compositional processes. Three of these vectors will be compared with the Theory of Compositional Systems in an attempt to demonstrate that the inseparable flow between theory and practice is essential for the developing of a compositional process that comes with the creation of worlds. The systemic modeling of excerpts of Ponteio Op. 35, by Paulo Costa Lima, will be used as a case study for the compositional planning of a small fragment for flute, clarinet, and bassoon.


The study purposed to ascertain if the virtual church is a viable alternative to brick and mortar church; and uniquely tailored to virtual teleconference church. It delved into the perceptions of the elder population regarding the phenomenon of virtual church. The study also sought to determine whether there are obstacles in either physical or virtual churches that would impede spiritual growth and can be overcome. Suler's analysis of virtual church attendee's experiences guided this qualitative study and theoretical framework. The research was conducted through in-depth, semi-structured interviews consisting of openended questions. The questions explored the perceptions of elderly congregants of the virtual teleconference church to determine how the virtual church affects their spiritual growth, the participants' reasons for choosing a virtual church, and the participant's comparison of their virtual church experience with their participation in the conventional brick and mortar institution This study found that for the elderly in a virtual church environment (a) neither their denomination nor physical proximity were concerns, (b) there is connectivity with the virtual teleconference church, (c) interaction is important, (d) the virtual teleconference church is not necessarily a replacement for brick and mortar church, (e) the elderly acquiesce to a changing world. Recommendations for further research include surveying a broader field of participants in virtual church, such as the population below the age of 65, the incarcerated, ex-convicts and their families, the differently-abled, homebound, residents of nursing homes, rehabilitation and adult living facilities, hospice patients, and those who fear attending brick and mortar church. Document Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Education (EdD) Department Executive Leadership First Supervisor Frances Wills Subject Categories Education This dissertation is available at Fisher Digital Publications: https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/education_etd/288 Effects of a Virtual Church on the Perceived Spiritual Well-Being of the Elderly: A Qualitative Study of Participants in a Virtual Religious Community


By integrated stratigraphy of the Zumaia and Sopelana sections in northern Spain, a detailed astronomical time scale is obtained for the Maastrichtian. The cyclic alternations of hemipelagic limestones and marls at Sopelana and Zumaia display the range of periodicities of eccentricity-modulated precession. The rhythmic bedding pattern is primarily caused by variations in siliciclastic supply and to a lesser extent to variations in biological productivity, both of which controlled by eccentricity modulated precession through its influence on the hydrological cycle. Together, the Zumaia and Sopelana sections span almost the entire Maastrichtian, and encompass thirteen 405-kyr cycles, spanning a total duration of 5.3 Myr. Consecutive 405-kyr minima in the lithological and geophysical data records are tuned to successive 405-kyr minima in the new La2011 eccentricity solution. Assuming a K/Pg boundary age of 65.97 Ma, orbitally tuned ages of biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic events are obtained. The bases of Chrons C29r and C30n have been reliably established at Zumaia and their astronomically tuned ages are in good agreement with previous studies. Data from Sopelana provide a refinement of the age of the base of Chron C31r. Planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton data from Zumaia, and new calcareous nannoplankton data from Sopelana allow for worldwide correlation of the cyclostratigraphy of the Basque country. Additionally, the orbitally tuned bulk carbonate carbon isotope curve displays a remarkable amplitude of variation. Strong oscillations in δ13C seem regularly paced by the 405-kyr periodicity of eccentricity modulated precession. Sharp negative shifts associated with falls in sea-level occur at regular intervals of ~1.2 Myr. A new global correlation of carbon isotope stratigraphies is presented, with an astronomically tuned age model based on the cyclostratigraphy of Zumaia and Sopelana and site 762C (Exmouth Plateau). The Late Campanian/Maastrichtian carbon isotope correlation scheme displays a series of trends and excursions that can be observed across the different depositional settings. These results suggest that the 405-kyr cycle of eccentricity, and potentially longer periodicities, paced the latest Cretaceous climate and carbon cycle.


New York remains one of a handful of states without an evidence code. The law of evidence in New York has not, however, remained dormant. In the vital field of hearsay evidence jurisprudence, the New York Court of Appeals in the past decade has dramatically reshaped the admissibility landscape through common law development, leading to an unprecedented increase in the admission of out-of-court statements. Proponents of codification of the evidentiary rules in New York view it as the best way to achieve much-needed reform in the area, while opponents believe that codification inappropriately involves legislatures and politics in evidence law and will vest the trial judge with too much discretion, resulting in increased admissibility.This Article shows that the Court of Appeals has altered the face of hearsay in New York State both by creating new exceptions and expanding existing ones, leading to in a pronounced trend toward greater admissibility. The consequence is a transformation in the types of evidence that jurors are permitted to hear and the ways in which trials are conducted. Part I examines the expansion of existing hearsay exceptions, focusing on excited utterances and statements made by witnesses who are unavailable due to the defendant's misconduct. Part II analyzes the recently adopted present sense impression exception, and the newly recognized due process catchall for reliable evidence that does not fit within any presently recognized exception. Part III evaluates the increased reliance on judicial interpretations of out-of-court statements as "nonhearsay." Finally, Part IV analyzes the unintended, but predictable, consequences of the relaxation of evidentiary standards and attendant greater admissibility and their implications for the codification debate.


The majority of glaciers draining the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet are thinning and retreating rapidly1. It is widely understood that these changes are driven by both a warming ocean and atmosphere. However, there are other mechanisms, including pinning points created by bathymetric highs and a reverse bed gradient, that are thought to have an important control on ice stream behaviour (Weertman, 1974; Jamieson et al., 2012). Our understanding of the interplay between these mechanisms and time-scales over which they are important is currently limited in time to the advent of satellite monitoring. By reconstructing the cause and style of ice stream retreat following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 25-19 ka BP), it is possible to gain a greater insight into the mechanisms which drive glacier retreat (O Cofaigh et al., 2014). Sedimentary sequences deposited during the LGM and the subsequent deglaciation on polar continental shelves, provide an important archive of past changes (O Cofaigh et al., 2014). Previous studies have typically identified three sediment facies assemblages; sub-glacial, transitional and open marine (O Cofaigh et al., 2014; Domack et al., 1988; Smith et al., 2011). Transitional sediment facies are deposited at the grounding line and are often targeted for radiocarbon dating, as they represent the onset of glaciomarine sedimentation following the retreat of grounded ice (Domack et al., 1988; Smith et al., 2014; Heroy et al., 1996). Despite the development of depositional models to help explain the processes occurring at grounding lines (Powell et al., 1995 and 1996), there is still significant uncertainty about the temporal and spatial variations in grounding line sedimentation along and across a palaeo-ice stream trough. Here we use a multi-proxy approach (water content, shear strength, magnetic susceptibility, density, contents of biogenic opal, Total Organic Carbon and CaCO3, grain size distribution and X-radiographs) on marine sediment cores recovered from the Anvers-Hugo Palaeo-Ice Stream Trough (AHT), western Antarctic Peninsula shelf, to identify variability in transitional sediment facies deposited along and across the trough. We discuss possible controls on the variability in transitional sediment facies and how this is related to the rate and style of ice stream retreat. Our data reveal systematic variability in the types and volume of transitional sediments deposited during the last deglaciation of AHT. A detailed analysis of the transitional sediment facies shows that this variability reflects different phases of ice stream behaviour. Large volumes of ice proximal sediment facies recovered seawards of grounding zone wedges are indicative of episodes of grounding line still-stands. Re-advances of the grounding line, concurrent with a shallowing of the reverse bed gradient and a narrowing of the trough, appear to have occurred during the final stages of deglaciation. This is indicated by interlaminated ice-proximal and ice-distal sediment facies within inner shelf cores. Transitional sediment variability additionally captures the evolution of the ice stream during deglaciation, including the formation of a small ice shelf on the inner shelf.
Keywords: Antarctic Peninsula, Last Glacial Maximum, ice stream, sediment cores
References
Cook, A. J., Holland, P. R., Meredith, M. P., Murray, T., Luckman, A. & Vaughan, D. G, 2016. Ocean forcing of glacier retreat in the western Antarctic Peninsula. Science, 353, 283-286.
Weertman, J, 1974. Stability of the Junction of an Ice Sheet and an Ice Shelf. Journal of Glaciology, 13, 3-11.
Jamieson, S. S. R., Vieli, A., Livingstone, S. J., Cofaigh, C. O., Stokes, C., Hillenbrand, C.-D. & Dowdeswell, J. A, 2012. Ice-stream stability on a reverse bed slope. Nature Geoscience, 5, 799-802.
O Cofaigh, C., Davies, B. J., Livingstone, S. J., Smith, J. A., Johnson, J. S., Hocking, E. P., Hodgson, D. A., Anderson, J. B., Bentley, M. J., Canals, M., Domack, E., Dowdeswell, J. A., Evans, J., Glasser, N. F., Hillenbrand, C.-D., Larter, R. D., Roberts, S. J. & Simms, A. R, 2014. Reconstruction of ice-sheet changes in the Antarctic Peninsula since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 100, 87-110.
Domack, E. W. & Harris, P. T, 1998. A new depositional model for ice shelves, based upon sediment cores from the Ross Sea and the Mac. Robertson shelf, Antarctica. Annals of Glaciology, 27, 281-284.
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This exegesis presents findings which emerged from secondary review of clinical practice data collected during a music therapy placement. The setting for this research is a long-term residential care facility for people with a variety of physical and neurological conditions, including cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, stroke and multiple sclerosis, aged 18 to 65. The aim of the facility is to maximise the quality of life for people with physical disabilities and those with terminal illnesses. The research aim was to develop theory about how music therapy can provide support to people with long term neurological conditions. Thematic analysis was employed to develop core themes about the support that music therapy has provided. These findings are presented under the following six themes: building relationships, collaborative practices, fostering community, acknowledging diversity, emotional support and musical engagement. These themes all focus on relatedness, and the quality of life of individuals, groups and the community. They also indicate the value of a flexible community-centred approach for delivering music therapy. A vignette from clinical practice is included to illustrate important points made in the exegesis. The study complements other music therapy research situated within a health-care perspective and could offer particular significance for new music therapy practitioners looking to understand and work with people with neuro-disabilities in long term care facilities.


This is a quantitative research of immigrants' and minorities' self-employment in Canada. Using The Public Use Micro File of Canada, I will (1) empirically evaluate the effect of disadvantage, family and class resources, and segregation on self-employment propensity and income, and (2) assess the current theories by comparing minorities, nonminorities, the foreign-born, and the native-born. I first review five broad theoretical approaches including 'cultural theory', 'disadvantage theory', 'class resources theory', 'middleman minority theory', and 'opportunity structure theory', and analyze their various strengths and weaknesses. I suggest that despite their differences in emphasis, one of the common limitations of each of these approaches is that little attention is paid to the way that the self-employed sector is socially organized. A Logistic regression for propensity to be self-employed, and ordinary linear regression for income are used in this analysis. In this thesis, I show that disadvantaged groups are not more self-employed than non-disadvantaged groups, despite the disadvantage they face in the general labour market. This is contrary to some of the expectations associated with disadvantage theory. Next, I find that there is support for class resources theory in the findings. Concerning family resources theory, I show that marriage does not uniquely facilitate immigrants' and minorities' self-employment. Instead, marriage facilitates self-employment in all four groups. Also, married self-employed minorities and immigrants tend to earn less than their counterparts who are single, while married self-employed non-minorities and Canadian-born respondents tend to earn more than their counterparts who are single. Although more investigation is needed for this finding, it may be due to the concentration of immigrants' and minorities' small businesses in small-scale, low-profit industries. Segregation theory is proposed as a framework for this pattern.


Twenty years ago I wrote "Globalization, Tax Competition, and the Fiscal Crisis of the Welfare State" (113 Harv. L. Rev. 1573 (2000)), which argued that "[t]he current age of globalization can be distinguished from the previous one (from 1870 to 1914) by the much higher mobility of capital than labor… The mobility of capital is linked to tax competition, in which sovereign countries lower their tax rates on income earned by foreigners within their borders in order to attract both portfolio and direct investment. Tax competition, in turn, threatens to undermine the individual and corporate income taxes, which traditionally have been the main source of revenue … for modern welfare states. The response of developed countries has been first, to shift the tax burden from (mobile) capital to (less mobile) labor, and second, when further increased taxation of labor becomes politically and economically difficult, to cut the social safety net. Thus, globalization and tax competition lead to a fiscal crisis for countries that wish to continue to provide social insurance to their citizens at the same time that demographic factors and the increased income inequality, job insecurity, and income volatility that result from globalization render such social insurance more necessary… This article argues that if both globalization and social insurance are to be maintained, it is necessary to cut the intermediate link by limiting tax competition in a way that is congruent with maintaining the ability of democratic states to determine the desirable size of their government." This paper reviews the development of tax competition in the subsequent two decades and argues that while it became worse in the period from 1998 to 2008, the financial crisis of 2008 and subsequent developments led to the enactment of promising limits to tax competition in OECD countries that in turn should enable them to strengthen the welfare state.


We present a microscopic picture of quantum transport in the Aharonov-Bohm AB interferometer taking into account the electron interaction within the Hartree and the spin density-functional theory approximations. We discuss the structure of the edge states for different number of Landau levels in the leads, their coupling to the states in the central island, and the formation of compressible/incompressible strips in the interferometer. Based on our results, we discuss the existing theories of the unexpected AB periodicity, which essentially rely on specific phenomenological models of the states and their coupling in the interferometer. Our work provides a basis for such theories, giving a detailed microscopic description of the propagating states and the global electrostatics in the system at hand.


While concentrator photovoltaic cells have shown significant improvements in efficiency in the past ten years, once these cells are integrated into concentrating optics, connected to a power conditioning system and deployed in the field, the overall module efficiency drops to only 34 to 36%. This efficiency is impressive compared to conventional flat plate modules, but it is far short of the theoretical limits for solar energy conversion. Designing a system capable of achieving ultra high efficiency of 50% or greater cannot be achieved by refinement and iteration of current design approaches. This thesis takes a systems approach to designing a photovoltaic system capable of 50% efficient performance using conventional diode-based solar cells. The effort began with an exploration of the limiting efficiency of spectrum splitting ensembles with 2 to 20 sub cells in different electrical configurations. Incorporating realistic non-ideal performance with the computationally simple detailed balance approach resulted in practical limits that are useful to identify specific cell performance requirements. This effort quantified the relative benefit of additional cells and concentration for system efficiency, which will help in designing practical optical systems. Efforts to improve the quality of the solar cells themselves focused on the development of tunable lattice constant epitaxial templates. Initially intended to enable lattice matched multijunction solar cells, these templates would enable increased flexibility in band gap selection for spectrum splitting ensembles and enhanced radiative quality relative to metamorphic growth. The III-V material family is commonly used for multijunction solar cells both for its high radiative quality and for the ease of integrating multiple band gaps into one monolithic growth. The band gap flexibility is limited by the lattice constant of available growth templates. The virtual substrate consists of a thin III-V film with the desired lattice constant. The film is grown strained on an available wafer substrate, but the thickness is below the dislocation nucleation threshold. By removing the film from the growth substrate, allowing the strain to relax elastically, and bonding it to a supportive handle, a template with the desired lattice constant is formed. Experimental efforts towards this structure and initial proof of concept are presented. Cells with high radiative quality present the opportunity to recover a large amount of their radiative losses if they are incorporated in an ensemble that couples emission from one cell to another. This effect is well known, but has been explored previously in the context of sub cells that independently operate at their maximum power point. This analysis explicitly accounts for the system interaction and identifies ways to enhance overall performance by operating some cells in an ensemble at voltages that reduce the power converted in the individual cell. Series connected multijunctions, which by their nature facilitate strong optical coupling between sub-cells, are reoptimized with substantial performance benefit. Photovoltaic efficiency is usually measured relative to a standard incident spectrum to allow comparison between systems. Deployed in the field systems may differ in energy production due to sensitivity to changes in the spectrum. The series connection constraint in particular causes system efficiency to decrease as the incident spectrum deviates from the standard spectral composition. This thesis performs a case study comparing performance of systems over a year at a particular location to identify the energy production penalty caused by series connection relative to independent electrical connection.


Grounded in social facilitation theory, this study compared the impact on exercise intensity of a virtual versus a live competitor, when riding a virtual reality-enhanced stationary bike ("cybercycle"). It was hypothesized that competitiveness would moderate effects. Twenty-three female college students were exposed to three conditions on a cybercycle: solo training, virtual competitor, and live competitor. After training without a competitor (solo condition for familiarization with equipment), participants competed against a virtual avatar or live rider (random order of presentation). A repeated-measures analysis revealed a significant condition (virtual/live) by competitiveness (high/low) interaction for exercise intensity (watts). More competitive participants exhibited significantly greater exercise intensity when competing against a live versus virtual competitor. The implication is that live competitors can have an added social facilitation effect and influence exercise intensity, although competitiveness moderates this effect.


This paper explores some of the scholarship that influenced Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz's "A Monetary History". It shows that the ideas of several Chicago economists -- Henry Schultz, Henry Simons, Lloyd Mints, and Jacob Viner -- left clear marks. It argues, however, that the most important influence may have been Wesley Clair Mitchell and his classic book "Business Cycles" (1913). Mitchell, and the NBER, provided the methodology for "A Monetary History", in particular the emphasis on compiling long time series of monthly data and analyzing the effects of specific variables on the business cycle. A common methodology and the stability of monetary relationships produced similar conclusions about money. Friedman and Schwartz deemphasized Mitchell's "bank-centric" view of the monetary transmission process, but they reinforced Mitchell's conclusion that money had an independent, predictable, and important influence on the business cycle.


A comprehensive study was conducted in primary schools of the Southern region of Botswana, to determine the attitudes of the main stakeholders of primary education (i.e. teachers, pupils and parents) regarding the importance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in primary education. The Office of Research and Development (ORD), University of Botswana, funded the study. The findings showed that the majority of teachers, pupils and parents, in both government and private schools, value and support the idea of ICT in primary school education although the private schools had an edge over government schools in most cases. However, the challenge is to make information technology accessible to all primary schools and to develop a conducive environment by planning and providing the required infrastructure and resources. The findings of the study led to a few recommendations.


Indoor temperature is one of the fundamental characteristics of the indoor environment. It can be controlled with a degree of accuracy dependent on the building and its HVAC system. The indoor temperature affects several human responses, including thermal comfort, perceived air quality, sick building syndrome symptoms and performance at work. In this study, we focused on the effects of temperature on performance at office work. We included those studies that had used objective indicators of performance that are likely to be relevant in office type work, such as text processing, simple calculations (addition, multiplication), length of telephone customer service time, and total handling time per customer for call-center workers. We excluded data from studies of industrial work performance. We calculated from all studies the percentage of performance change per degree increase in temperature, and statistically analyzed measured work performance with temperature. The results show that performance increases with temperature up to 21-22 C, and decreases with temperature above 23-24 C. The highest productivity is at temperature of around 22 C. For example, at the temperature of 30 C, the performance is only 91.1% of the maximum i.e. the reduction in performance is 8.9%


In this letter, we investigate the effects of crop yield and livestock feed efficiency scenarios on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture and land use change in developing countries. We analyze mitigation associated with different productivity pathways using the global partial equilibrium model GLOBIOM. Our results confirm that yield increase could mitigate some agriculture-related emissions growth over the next decades. Closing yield gaps by 50% for crops and 25% for livestock by 2050 would decrease agriculture and land use change emissions by 8% overall, and by 12% per calorie produced. However, the outcome is sensitive to the technological path and which factor benefits from productivity gains: sustainable land intensification would increase GHG savings by one-third when compared with a fertilizer intensive pathway. Reaching higher yield through total factor productivity gains would be more efficient on the food supply side but halve emissions savings due to a strong rebound effect on the demand side. Improvement in the crop or livestock sector would have different implications: crop yield increase would bring the largest food provision benefits, whereas livestock productivity gains would allow the greatest reductions in GHG emission. Combining productivity increases in the two sectors appears to be the most efficient way to exploit mitigation and food security co-benefits.


Proctor is a South African who has lived abroad for decades. She worked in the world of film and TV until her debut novel Rhumba a few years ago. It was set in the Congolese immigrant community in London, and traced the story of boy searching for his lost mother - a deeply affecting and unusual story of family lost and found which lingered for months after I had read it. Her latest, The Savage Hour, is an intense and beautifully written work of South African literature.


Reflections are used with infrared spectroscopy in both internal reflection spectroscopy and reflection-absorption spectroscopy. These two techniques are compared and contrasted to transmission infrared spectroscopy. Several typical applications of each arc given along with some elementary theory of the reflection process itself. The applicability of each technique and past and probable future developments are discussed.


We provide two fundamental results on the population (infinite-sample) likelihood function of Gaussian mixture models with $M \geq 3$ components. Our first main result shows that the population likelihood function has bad local maxima even in the special case of equally-weighted mixtures of well-separated and spherical Gaussians. We prove that the log-likelihood value of these bad local maxima can be arbitrarily worse than that of any global optimum, thereby resolving an open question of Srebro (2007). Our second main result shows that the EM algorithm (or a first-order variant of it) with random initialization will converge to bad critical points with probability at least $1-e^{-\Omega(M)}$. We further establish that a first-order variant of EM will not converge to strict saddle points almost surely, indicating that the poor performance of the first-order method can be attributed to the existence of bad local maxima rather than bad saddle points. Overall, our results highlight the necessity of careful initialization when using the EM algorithm in practice, even when applied in highly favorable settings.


Juniper Networks Secure Access SSL VPN appliances provide a complete range of remote access appliances for the smallest companies up to the largest service providers. As a system administrator or security professional, this comprehensive configuration guide will allow you to configure these appliances to allow remote and mobile access for employees. If you manage and secure a larger enterprise, this book will help you to provide remote and/or extranet access, for employees, partners, and customers from a single platform. * Complete coverage of the Juniper Networks Secure Access SSL VPN line including the 700, 2000, 4000, 6000, and 6000 SP.* Learn to scale your appliances to meet the demands of remote workers and offices.* Use the NEW coordinated threat control with Juniper Networks IDP to manage the security of your entire enterprise.


As a relatively recent notion (the term was coined in the late 1970s), autofiction / faction has not yet been able to establish itself authoritatively. Many authors write autofictional works, some consciously, others without knowing their oeuvre can be labelled as such. An overview of the historical developments and evolutions of the terminology will indicate the need for proper classification as well as the urgency for an adequate working definition, while noting the shifting focus of 21st century literature towards "me/ego-literature" and fiction centered around the "self".


Abstract Earth's mantle convection is powered in part by the radiogenic heat released by the decay of 238U, 235U, 232Th, and 40K. We present ab initio calculations of uranium and thorium incorporation in CaSiO3-perovskite with and without aluminum, and propose that aluminous calcium silicate perovskite is the likely host of uranium and thorium in the lower mantle. At 15 GPa, the enthalpies of solution into aluminum-free CaSiO3-perovskite are 10.34 kJ/mol for U4+ and 12.52 kJ/mol for Th4+ in SiO2 saturated systems, while the enthalpies are 17.09 kJ/mol and 19.27 kJ/mol, respectively, in CaO saturated systems. Coupled substitution of U4+ and Th4+ with aluminum is thermodynamically favored, with the enthalpies of solution negative for U4+ and near 0 kJ/mol for Th4+ throughout the stability field of CaSiO3-perovskite. Therefore, U incorporation into CaSiO3-perovskite is spontaneous in the presence of aluminum while Th forms a near ideal solid solution, implying these elements are potentially compatible with respect to partial melting in the transition zone and lower mantle. Furthermore, the solid solution reactions of U4+ and Th4+ are broadly similar to each other, suggesting a restriction on the fractionation of these actinides between the upper and lower mantle. U and Th compatibility in the presence of Al has implications regarding actinide transport into the deep mantle within subducting slabs and the geochemical content of seismic anomalies at the core-mantle boundary.


The study examines the published and unpublished historical works and materials written by the Zurich Reformer Heinrich Bullinger primarily considering the Reformation History preserved in his handwritten manuscript from the 1560s. Its origin, sources, and his applied work processes are analyzed in the context of the theological assumptions and methodological claims of Bullinger's historiography, which are also classified and examined against the background of early modern humanist and confessional historiography. The history of reception and influence of Bullinger's Reformation History are another aspect of this analysis of what came to be a foundational source for later Reformation historians. In addition to this investigation, numerous unpublished source materials by Bullinger are edited, and detailed descriptions of extant transcripts are documented.


Eukaryotic microorganisms are naturally present in many water resources and can enter, grow and colonize water treatment and transport systems, including reservoirs, pipes and premise plumbing. In this study, we explored the eukaryotic microbial community structure in water during the (i) production of drinking water in a seawater desalination plant and (ii) transport of the drinking water in the distribution network. The desalination plant treatment involved pre-treatment (e.g. spruce filters), reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filtration and post-treatment steps (e.g. remineralization). 454 pyrosequencing analysis of the 18S rRNA gene revealed a highly diverse (35 phyla) and spatially variable eukaryotic community during water treatment and distribution. The desalination plant feed water contained a typical marine picoeukaryotic community dominated by Stramenopiles, Alveolates and Porifera. In the desalination plant Ascomycota was the most dominant phylum (15.5% relative abundance), followed by Alveolata (11.9%), unclassified fungi clade (10.9%) and Porifera (10.7%). In the drinking water distribution network, an uncultured fungi phylum was the major group (44.0%), followed by Chordata (17.0%), Ascomycota (11.0%) and Arthropoda (8.0%). Fungi constituted 40% of the total eukaryotic community in the treatment plant and the distribution network and their taxonomic composition was dominated by an uncultured fungi clade (55%). Comparing the plant effluent to the network samples, 84 OTUs (2.1%) formed the core eukaryotic community while 35 (8.4%) and 299 (71.5%) constituted unique OTUs in the produced water at the plant and combined tap water samples from the network, respectively. RO membrane filtration treatment significantly changed the water eukaryotic community composition and structure, highlighting the fact that (i) RO produced water is not sterile and (ii) the microbial community in the final tap water is influenced by the downstream distribution system. The study results raise questions concerning the source of the major eukaryotic community in the network and the emergence of fungi as a dominant group in the drinking water distribution system suggests that these microorganisms need special attention.