This booklet provides an understanding of what community and target group involvement – male and female – actually implies. It gives concrete guidelines on how to incorporate gender strategies and ensure community involvement in partnerships for development.
In addition, this publication aims to aid partnerships in the process of developing their project plan. Succeeding in incorporating the people's perspective in project plans is not only likely to improve partnerships' chance at obtaining funding for their projects, but will also greatly benefit the social and financial sustainability of the partnerships.

This booklet can help applicants of future calls for PPP facilities. Gender has gained a more central role in the application procedures of many facilities. Policy makers can find input on how community involvement can become an integrated aspect in the formulation of partnerships.


ASTM F2624-07 prescribes applying flexion/extension (FE), lateral bending (LB), and axial rotation (AR) moments to test and evaluate extra discal motion preserving implants (EDMPI), but parameters such as fixture design and load parameters are left to the user to define. A set of fixtures to conduct FE, LB, and AR testing rotation of EDMPI devices about a fixed center of rotation were developed by Aesculap Implant Systems. Their design was shared, and a set of these fixtures were manufactured and evaluated independently at Empirical Testing Corp. Testing was conducted to quantify the loads applied to an EDMPI in the FE and LB fixtures, determine whether results are frequency dependent, and evaluate whether EDMPI of different stiffnesses can be differentiated when using the fixtures. Miniature load cells were mounted to FE and LB fixtures to quantify load applied to an EDMPI during testing at several different applied loads and at two testing frequencies (2 Hz and 5 Hz). The load cells were replaced with cylindrical test specimens made of stainless steel, titanium, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), or a polyethylene cable slipped inside a polyurethane tube and the testing repeated. Results indicated that loads measured during FE testing were similar in magnitude to those recorded during LB testing but 90 degrees out of phase. No frequency effects were observed. Differences in displacement amplitude when testing the stainless steel, titanium, and PEEK specimens in FE and LB testing at both 2 Hz and 5 Hz were not discernable. The displacement amplitude of the polyethylene (PE) cord specimen was different than the other specimens, but no frequency effect was noted. The fixtures developed by Aesculap are a reasonable attempt to conduct EDMPI testing in FE, LB, and AR motions. Potential users of these fixtures should conduct further studies to determine whether their use is appropriate to test their specific EDMPI device.


Whereas conditions have existed for many centuries which served to exclude or marginalize female participation in music, many women have written compositions of musical worth sufficient to justify their contemporary performance. Although most women composers wrote works more fitting for the "salon" than for the concert hall at the turn of the century, Boulanger and Mahler are representative of the few women composers whose complex approach to art song fell within the mainstream of the genre. Many of their accompaniments attain a level of technical difficulty not previously found in women composers' writing. They offer an interesting comparison between nationalities and styles in that they both favored Symbolist texts. However, each represents a different side of the coin in her musical interpretation of Symbolism: Boulanger, Impressionism, and Mahler, Expressionism. In addition, even though their styles involve opposite musical expressions, they both show a strong influence of Wagner in their writing. This study includes background on turn-of-the-century music and musicians encompassing the role of art song among women composers. Symbolism is addressed as it applies to the poets selected by the composers, followed by information regarding the specific musical representation of Symbolist texts in the composers' art songs. The chapter of analysis serves as a means to guide musical decisions in the actual performance of the works. The conclusion briefly discusses performance practice issues and the possibility of a turn-of-the-century feminine aesthetic.


Participants in travel agency service encounters must manage attention among co-occurring actions and transitions from one activity to another. Intersecting activities that require the mobilisation of the same verbal modality, such as incoming and outgoing phone calls during an encounter with a client, require the initiation, suspension, and termination of one (or more) activity within another. But whereas outgoing calls allow for a gradual construction of the co-participants' awareness of a (potential) suspension of the current interaction, incoming calls are inherently unexpected and so require a more sudden action to suspend the current activity and initiate the next one. Such multiactivity can lead to disruptions, as manifest in hesitations, syllable lengthening, self-repair, etc. Participants draw on multimodal resources to manage such multiactivity and its temporal constraints.


Capitalism, understood as a world-ecology that joins accumulation, power, and nature in dialectical unity, has been adept at evading so-called Malthusian dynamics through an astonishing historical capacity to produce, locate, and occupy cheap natures external to the system. In recent decades, the last frontiers have closed, and this astonishing historical capacity has withered. This "withering" is perhaps most evident in capitalism's failure to offer a new, actually productive, agricultural model—as agrobiotechnology failed to deliver on its promissory notes. Moving from bad to worse, a second set of contradictions is now mediated through climate change. Climate change, one among many ongoing biospheric shifts, is interwoven with the totality of neoliberal agriculture's contradictions to produce a new contradiction: negative value. This signals the emergence of forms of nature that are increasingly hostile to capital accumulation and that can be temporarily fixed (if at all) only through increasingly costly, toxic, and dangerous strategies. The rise of negative value—whose accumulation has been latent for much of capitalist history—therefore suggests a significant and rapid erosion of opportunities for the appropriation of new streams of unpaid work/energy. As such, these new limits are qualitatively different from the nutrient and resource depletion of earlier, developmental crises of the longue durée Cheap Food model. These contradictions, within capital, arising from negative value, are today encouraging an unprecedented shift toward a radical ontological politics, within capitalism as a whole, that destabilizes crucial points of agreement in the modern world system: What is food? What is nature? What is valuable?


New play written by James Kenworth, directed by James Martin Charlton, designed by Amy Rose Mitchell, Assistant director Connor Abbott, produced by Nayomi Roshini. 12-18 August, 2019.

This is Alice in Wonderland as you've never seen before. All the favourite characters are still there, but in new, modern guises. A cockney rabbit, a rave-mad Mad Hatter, a hookah-smoking ex-Bollywood actor, Tweedledee and Tweedledum as hipsters, and a would-be grime artist called MC Turtle. From Cockney to Bangra, from the Krays to Stormzy, Alice in Canning Town is a celebration of not only one of the best loved fantasies of all time, but a kaleidoscopic and action-packed journey through an East End that survived Hitler's blitz and reinvented itself as a leading light in multicultural Britain.

Alice in Canning Town has been reconfigured specially for the East End, and performed site-responsively in Canning Town's Arc in the Park, an inclusive adventure playground in Canning Town. Arc in the Park is a vibrant and dynamic Adventure Playground, featuring tree houses, swings, trampolines, rope bridges, giant slides, teepees, and as such, is a perfect fit for the playful and surreal world of Alice.

Following the critical acclaim of James Kenworth's When Chaplin Met Gandhi, Revolution Farm, and A Splotch of Red: Keir Hardie in West Ham, three plays which were a unique collaboration between professional theatre artists and young people in Newham, Alice in Canning Town is the fourth in a quad-trilogy that explores the borough's rich heritage and shows off the talent of its young people. It continues the collaboration between Kenworth and director James Martin Charlton,


Offering open-access silicon photonics-based technologies has played a pivotal role in unleashing this technology from research laboratories to industry. Fabless enterprises rely on the open-access of these technologies for their product development. In the last decade, a diverse set of open-access technologies with medium and high technology readiness levels have emerged. This paper provides a review of the open-access silicon and silicon nitride photonic IC technologies offered by the pilot lines of European research institutes and companies. The paper also highlights upcoming features of these platforms and discusses how they address the long-term market needs.


Secret sharing schemes are popularly used in mission-critical situations like the launch of missiles, opening of bank vaults, corporate secrets, start of war, key management and securing classified documents. In a (p,n) secret sharing scheme, any p –out-of-n participating members can reconstruct the original shared code but not less than p participating members can do so. In this paper, we present an improved algorithm for sharing secrets among shareholders in which the information to be shared is first compressed into a single integer number (code) and then shared among shareholders. The shareholders (p) must form a quorum to be able to reconstruct the original shared value. When a quorum is not formed, any combination of < p participants cannot reconstruct the shared code.


In the current study, the biodiesel is produced from transesterification of tung oil. Properties of biodiesel are very approximate to diesel hence it can be used in diesel engine without any modification but use of biodiesel in CI engine will tends to ptoduce high NOX emission. Exhaust Gases Recirculation (EGR) is one of the most effective method to reduce such NOX emission. The study is carried out to investigate the emission and performance characteristics of single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection and water cooled CI engine to observe the effect of different EGR rates and blends of tung oil biodiesel. The rated power and speed of engine were noted down 3.5 KW and 1500 rpm respectively. The engine performances (Thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and temperature of exhaust gas) and exhaust emissions (oxides of nitrogen, unburned hydrocarbon and Carbon monoxide) has evaluated. The experimental results obtained in each case are compared with baseline data of mineral diesel. Improvements has been found in the performance parameters of the engine as well as exhaust emissions system. Result shows that, brake thermal efficiency increased by 2.16% with 10% EGR at partial load for diesel as a fuel used. The reduction in NOX is approximately 400 ppm with application of EGR at high load but HC and CO emissions were found increased same time. The experimental study indicates that Biodiesel and EGR both can be deployed together in CI engines to obtain reduction of NOX emissions.


The major contribution of this paper is to propose a low-cost accurate distance estimation approach. It can potentially be used in driver modelling, accident avoidance and autonomous driving. Based on MATLAB and Python, sensory data from a Continental radar and a monocular dashcam were fused using a Kalman filter. Both sensors were mounted on a Volkswagen Sharan, performing repeated driving on a same route. The established system consists of three components, radar data processing, camera data processing and data fusion using Kalman filter. For radar data processing, raw radar measurements were directly collected from a data logger and analyzed using a Python program. Valid data were extracted and time stamped for further use. Meanwhile, a Nextbase monocular dashcam was used to record corresponding traffic scenarios. In order to measure headway distance from these videos, object depicting the leading vehicle was first located in each frame. Afterwards, the corresponding vanishing point was also detected and used to automatically compute the camera posture, which is to minimize the interference caused by camera vibration. The headway distance can hence be obtained by assuming the leading and host vehicles were in the same ground plane. After both sensory data were obtained, they were synthesized and fused using Kalman filter, to generate a better estimation of headway distance. The performances of both sensors were assessed individually and the correlation between their measurements was evaluated by replotting radar measurements on the video stream. The results of individual sensors and Kalman filter were compared to investigate the optimization performance of the data fusion approach. This is a general guidance of headway distance estimation with a low cost radar and a monocular camera. With described general procedures, this paper can allow researchers to easily fuse radar and camera measurements to obtain optimized headway distance estimation. This paper can facilitate the development of a more realistic robotic driver that can mimic human driver behaviors.


Laser absorption spectroscopy is now a well established tool to perform temperature, density and velocity measurements in a wide variety of aerodynamic and combustion flows. Measurements are usually performed on heterogeneous molecules like NO, CO, CO2 and H2O which present strong absorption line strengths in the infrared region due to their high dipole moments. In this paper, we present examples of applications using mid-infrared laser diodes in several hypersonic wind tunnels and combustion facilities of Onera and DLR followed by a review of actual developments in new OPO based laser sources providing better coverage of the infrared domain and opening new possibilities of ultra sensitive detection using cavity enhanced or photo-acoustic methods and stand-off distance measurements based on lidar schemes.


The current observational case study involves four second grade students without disabilities in a classroom in which a disruptive student with disabilities was included. The purpose of the study was to record and analyze the academic responses (AR) and inappropriate behaviors (IB) that were exhibited by students without disabilities in three different conditions. Within an alternating observations design, the results indicated that the students' AR was lowest and IB was highest when the disruptive student was in the classroom without the para, and students' AR was highest and IB was lowest when both the disruptive student and the para left the room. Limitations and implications for future research were discussed. Keywords: Disruptive Behavior, General Education Students, MS-CISSAR, Paraprofessional, Regular Education Classroom ********** With increasing frequency, general education classrooms are being selected as the location where special education service delivery occurs (United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics [NCES], 2007). Furthermore, recent federal legislation (i.e., Individuals with Disabilities Education ImprovementAct of 2004 [P.L. 108-446]) makes it likely that this trend will continue by promoting the notion that students with disabilities be taught in settings that, to the greatest degree appropriate, resemble regular classroom environments (i.e., Least Restrictive Environment [LRE]). One might assume that educators who regularly participate on Individual Education Program (IEP) teams that decide where services occur understand how general education peers are affected when disruptive students with disabilities are simultaneously instructed in regular classrooms (i.e., inclusion). However, according to Wallace, Anderson, Reschly, and Bartholomay (2002), there is very little research that has focused on this issue. As such, it is important that educators begin to develop an understanding of how general education students are impacted when disruptive students with disabilities are taught alongside them. Since 1989, IEP teams have determined that regular education classrooms were the LRE for increasing numbers of students with disabilities. For example, in 1989, only 31.1 percent of students with disabilities spent at least 79 percent of the day in a regular education setting (NCES, 2007). However, by 2005, states reported that 54.2 percent of such students did so (NCES, 2007). This increased percentage of included students with disabilities is noteworthy because, not only had the rate of inclusion risen, but the overall number of students with disabilities had grown faster than total school enrollments. For example, during the same time span, the ratio of special education students to total K-12 enrollment increased from 11.4 to 13.7 percent (NCES, 2006). As a result, general education students were being taught in instructional settings that included increasingly higher numbers, as well as greater proportions, of students with disabilities. What constitutes the LRE is one of the more controversial topics in special education (McDonnell, McLaughlin, & Morrison, 1997). Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA), LRE means that each public agency shall insure that, to the maximum extent appropriate, children with disabilities, including those in public or private institutions or other care facilities, are educated with children who do not have disabilities. Furthermore, special classes, separate schooling, or other removal of children with disabilities from the regular educational environment should occur only when the nature of severity of the disability is such that education in regular classes with the use of supplementary aids and services cannot be achieved satisfactorily (IDEA, 34 C.F.R. [section] 300.550 [b]). Educators must continually consider these requirements when deciding where services will be provided for students with disabilities. …


In the context of current demographic situation in Russia, migration is considered one of the most efficient ways of population maintenance if not upsurge. Labour migrants coming to Russia are mostly young people. Moreover, in recent years, the youth who grew up in migrant families — the so called second generation migrants, the 1.5 generation migrants, and migrants of other more fractional categories — are becoming increasingly important. According to the international research, migration plans of these groups of young people can, to a varying extent, include the intentions to return to their or their parents' country of origin, higher instability being their distinctive feature. In light of this, the issue of the-youth-with-migrant-background's willingness to plan their future in Russia and, thus, their potential to be the resource for correcting the demographic situation is getting urgent. Basing on qualitative interviews and online surveys, this article considers the issue of how various groups of youth with a migrant background view plans of their future life in Russia and what these plans are connected with. Less than a half of the first generation migrants are willing to stay in Russia, whereas the majority of the second and 1.5 generation migrants plan to live in Russia in future. The factors associated with orientation towards Russia are the respondents' age at their first migration to Russia and at the moment of the survey, social ties and identification attitudes. They are significant for both groups. However, there are differences as well: for migrants of the second and 1.5 generations the age at their migration to Russia is less important than their feeling of belonging to Russia, whereas these are legal statuses and documents that are decisive for the first generation migrants. Nonetheless, migration plans among youth with migrant a background are malleable, which opens up the receiving state's opportunities to attract and retain this group


Abstract An overview of edge and divertor physics research on ASDEX Upgrade of relevance for next-step fusion devices like ITER is presented. The results described were primarily obtained in lower single-null divertor configurations with three consecutive bottom divertor designs, starting from an initial open divertor (Div I) over the closed LYRA configuration (Div II), optimized for low-triangularity single-null equilibria, to the presently operational variant Div IIb, fitting a large variety of plasma shapes. The upper, geometrically open divertor structure remained essentially unchanged. A dedicated diagnostics system in combination with advanced plasma control scenarios and extensive numerical modeling allowed for a detailed analysis of edge and divertor physics mechanisms. Main chamber edge profiles exhibit a double structure, especially pronounced in high-performance H-mode plasmas. While radial transport inside and across the separatrix is governed by critical gradients, the cold scrape-off layer wing shows rapid diffusion or even outward drift, probably related to intermittent crossfield transport. The divertor behavior has been studied for the different divertor geometries and for all operational regimes of interest. Closed divertor operation enhances divertor recycling and pumping, reduces the power load on target plates by increased upstream losses, and facilitates onset of plasma detachment. The transient power load during type I ELMs, however, remains high and problematic, while the small type III ELMs, appearing, for example, in radiative discharge scenarios, and especially the type II ELMs are nearly invisible on the target heat flux. Despite this strong effect of divertor geometry on the divertor behavior, its direct effect on core confinement remains small.


Costing out the effects of climate change Episodes of severe weather in the United States, such as the present abundance of rainfall in California, are brandished as tangible evidence of the future costs of current climate trends. Hsiang et al. collected national data documenting the responses in six economic sectors to short-term weather fluctuations. These data were integrated with probabilistic distributions from a set of global climate models and used to estimate future costs during the remainder of this century across a range of scenarios (see the Perspective by Pizer). In terms of overall effects on gross domestic product, the authors predict negative impacts in the southern United States and positive impacts in some parts of the Pacific Northwest and New England. Science, this issue p. 1362; see also p. 1330 One percent of gross domestic product per degree Celsius is a steep price to pay for climate change. Estimates of climate change damage are central to the design of climate policies. Here, we develop a flexible architecture for computing damages that integrates climate science, econometric analyses, and process models. We use this approach to construct spatially explicit, probabilistic, and empirically derived estimates of economic damage in the United States from climate change. The combined value of market and nonmarket damage across analyzed sectors—agriculture, crime, coastal storms, energy, human mortality, and labor—increases quadratically in global mean temperature, costing roughly 1.2% of gross domestic product per +1°C on average. Importantly, risk is distributed unequally across locations, generating a large transfer of value northward and westward that increases economic inequality. By the late 21st century, the poorest third of counties are projected to experience damages between 2 and 20% of county income (90% chance) under business-as-usual emissions (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5).


Transformed lines of Nicotiana benthamiana expressing a translatable transgene (CPtrans) encoding the coat protein (CP) gene of potato mop-top virus (PMTV) differed considerably in steady-state levels of transgene RNA transcript and CP that were positively correlated. A mean of 88% of transgenic T1 plants from seven transgenic lines were resistant to manual PMTV inoculation. Resistance was identified by failure to develop symptoms in plants and inability to recover infectious virus with a sensitive infectivity assay: many of the 12% of transgenic plants that gave a positive infectivity assay did not produce symptoms and virus was not detected in repeat assays on the same plants. Resistant plants did not express a "recovery" phenotype and resistance was not overcome by use of RNA inoculum. Strong resistance was expressed in all CPtrans lines irrespective of the amount of transcript RNA or CP detected, and there was no evidence that resistance was mediated by a "transgene silencing" mechanism. Lines transfo...


Abstract Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America first developed in the Andes, and Peru has long been considered to be the initial point of origin. The recent discovery of an anthropomorphic copper mask in north-west Argentina, however, draws new attention to the southern Andes as a centre of early metalworking. Found in a funerary context c. 3000 BP, at a time of transition from mobile hunter-gatherer bands to agro-pastoral villages, the mask from Bordo Marcial shows that the Cajón Valley and its surrounding region was an important locus for copper metallurgy. To date, the mask is the oldest intentionally shaped copper object discovered in the Andes, and suggests that more than one region was involved in the origin of this technology.


BACKGROUND: Mucosal bleeding is frequently used as a measure of gastric mucosal integrity. We compared the orthotolidine method for quantifying haemoglobin in gastric juice with a method based on measurement of fluorescent porphyrins extracted from haem. We also investigated whether acid or pepsin had a deleterious effect on the results of either method. METHODS: We compared the effects of pH (2 or 7), time (up to 180 min), haemoglobin concentration and the addition of pepsin (2.5, 5 or 7.5 kU/mL hog pepsin) on the accuracy of the two methods. RESULTS: With the orthotolidine method there was a time‐dependent decline in detectable haemoglobin concentration (P < 0.02) at pH 2 that was not seen at pH 7. The time‐ and pH‐dependent decline in detectable haemoglobin was not seen using the porphyrin assay. CONCLUSION: The widely used orthotolidine method for determination of blood in gastric juice is less reliable than the porphyrin method as it is more likely to be influenced by acidic conditions in the stomach.


The creation of complex three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic systems has attracted significant attention from both scientific and applied research communities. However, it is still a formidable challenge to build 3D microfluidic structures with arbitrary configurations using conventional planar lithographic fabrication methods. Here, we demonstrate rapid fabrication of high-aspect-ratio microfluidic channels with various 3D configurations in glass substrates by femtosecond laser direct writing. Based on this approach, we demonstrate a 3D passive microfluidic mixer and characterize its functionalities. This technology will enable rapid construction of complex 3D microfluidic devices for a wide array of lab-on-a-chip applications.


Black phosphorus possesses several attractive properties for optoelectronics, notably a direct and layer dependent bandgap that varies from the visible to mid-infrared and the ability to transfer the material to nearly arbitrary substrates. A less utilized property of black phosphorus for optoelectronics is the nonlinear photoresponse. The photocarrier lifetime in black phosphorus exhibits a strong nonlinear dependence on the excitation density that is utilized in the present work for optoelectronic mixing. In this scheme, two telecommunications-band lasers are intensity-modulated by a radio frequency (RF) and local oscillator (LO) frequency and focused onto a black phosphorus photoconductive detector. Above the saturation carrier density, the photocurrent is proportional to the square root of the optical power which produces photocurrents at the sum and difference frequencies of the input beams. The bandwidth of the mixing process increases from 10 to 100 MHz for incident powers of 0.01 to 1 mW, respectively. An excess carrier model accurately describes the power dependence of the cutoff frequency and mixing conversion, which are both limited by photocarrier recombination. Optimizing our device geometry to support larger bias fields and decreased carrier transit times could increase the maximum RF/LO frequency beyond a GHz by reducing the excess carrier lifetime. Frequency mixing based on the photocarrier nonlinearity in multilayer black phosphorus demonstrated here can be readily extended to mid-infrared wavelengths as long as 4 µm.Black phosphorus possesses several attractive properties for optoelectronics, notably a direct and layer dependent bandgap that varies from the visible to mid-infrared and the ability to transfer the material to nearly arbitrary substrates. A less utilized property of black phosphorus for optoelectronics is the nonlinear photoresponse. The photocarrier lifetime in black phosphorus exhibits a strong nonlinear dependence on the excitation density that is utilized in the present work for optoelectronic mixing. In this scheme, two telecommunications-band lasers are intensity-modulated by a radio frequency (RF) and local oscillator (LO) frequency and focused onto a black phosphorus photoconductive detector. Above the saturation carrier density, the photocurrent is proportional to the square root of the optical power which produces photocurrents at the sum and difference frequencies of the input beams. The bandwidth of the mixing process increases from 10 to 100 MHz for incident powers of 0.01 to 1 mW, respecti...


Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyse conflicts regarding natural resources and ecosystem services involving different stakeholder groups using cost–benefit analysis (CBA). The paper is formed around a specific case study in Lofoten–Vesterålen in northern Norway, investigating costs and benefits of decreasing the probability of a major oil spill from shipping in the area. Benefits of decreasing the probability of a spill are far greater than costs, which means that measures to improve maritime safety would be economically profitable for society. Figures showing the effects of the impacts on fisheries and tourism sectors indicate that, compared to the total value for society, the market values of decreasing the probability of a spill are very small. On the other hand, non-market values associated with the protection of ecosystem services are of a much greater magnitude. These results suggest that the neglecting of non-market ecosystem service values in economic assessments for the Arctic may cause a biased picture of costs and benefits associated with measures to prevent environmental degradation. When feeding into decisions, such assessments may lead to too little preventive action from an economic perspective.


The paper explores the phenomenon of impulse purchasing, which accounts for a growing proportion of total retail spend. The study investigates whether males and females act differently in respect of impulse purchasing. Impulse purchasing has been previously investigated in a range of settings and across a range of product types. The retail setting selected here is the convenience store (c-store) sector because c-stores depend traditionally on top-up, distress and impulse purchases. The types of purchases made at convenience stores are generally smaller items. An objective of c-stores is to get customers to increase their spending on higher value items. C-stores have a core user group of 26% of adults. Differences in purchasing behaviour between genders are explored in the paper. Literature on comparisons between male and female shopping behaviour is reviewed and related to findings on variations in shopping behaviour previously identified in the c-store sector. Within the above context, quantitative primary research was undertaken. 300 postal questionnaires (150 each to males and females) were carried out with consumers from a Scottish locality. Attitudes towards their local convenience store and their purchasing habits when shopping there were investigated. The majority of respondents were female (59.8%) aged 36-50 (26.2%). Males and females had similar rank orders for choice of c-store attributes, with satisfaction of impulse needs being ranked equally unimportant by both groups. Their expectations of c-stores were similar; however there were some differences in purchasing habits. Results indicated gender differences concerning purchasing behaviour within convenience stores, both for planned and unplanned purchases. The most significant variances were females having a higher level of agreement that impulse purchasing is related to trying new products and having a higher level of satisfaction with the majority of impulse purchases. Recommendations for c-store retailers are that the merchandising techniques used to stimulate impulse purchases may have to be reconsidered in relation to gender.


ABSTRACT Contamination of oysters with human noroviruses (HuNoV) constitutes a human health risk and may lead to severe economic losses in the shellfish industry. There is a need to identify a technology that can inactivate HuNoV in oysters. In this study, we conducted a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial to assess the effect of high hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP) on Norwalk virus (HuNoV genogroup I.1) inactivation in virus-seeded oysters ingested by subjects. Forty-four healthy, positive-secretor adults were divided into three study phases. Subjects in each phase were randomized into control and intervention groups. Subjects received Norwalk virus (8FIIb, 1.0 × 104 genomic equivalent copies) in artificially seeded oysters with or without HPP treatment (400 MPa at 25°C, 600 MPa at 6°C, or 400 MPa at 6°C for 5 min). HPP at 600 MPa, but not 400 MPa (at 6° or 25°C), completely inactivated HuNoV in seeded oysters and resulted in no HuNoV infection among these subjects, as determined by reverse transcription-PCR detection of HuNoV RNA in subjects' stool or vomitus samples. Interestingly, a white blood cell (granulocyte) shift was identified in 92% of the infected subjects and was significantly associated with infection (P = 0.0014). In summary, these data suggest that HPP is effective at inactivating HuNoV in contaminated whole oysters and suggest a potential intervention to inactivate infectious HuNoV in oysters for the commercial shellfish industry.


Effect of amendment Condit on the mobility and uptake of Cd, Pb and Ni by crops, such as peas, spring barley, carrot and red beet, and selected chemical soil properties was tested in a field trial in years 2006–2008. Experimental field was situated close by sources of pollution, chemical factory Chemko Stražske and waste dump. The soil at experimental area was highly contaminated mainly by Cd. Heavy metals content was tested in the following parts of the crops: pea seed, spring barley green mater, carrot root and red beet root. Heavy metals content in soil and plant samples was detected in 2M HNO3 solution by the AAS method. It was found that Condit reduced Cd content in the soil under each cultivated crop. The most considerable Cd reducing (77.2%) was at treatment with pea. The reduction of Pb and Ni content in the soil after Condit application was markedly lower as in the case of Cd, in comparison with control treatment. Positive effect of tested amendment Condit on reduction of Cd uptake was found by all crops under test. The best effect of Condit was found in carrot. Content of Cd in the carrot root was lower for about 55% compared with control treatment without amendment. Soil organic carbon content was significantly higher at treatment with Condit in comparison with control treatment. Measured content of soil organic carbon was higher by 1.16 g kg-1. The changes of soil carbon were insignificant at control treatment. Tested amendment Condit had significant impact on uptake of all measured heavy metals by plants. The result suggests that most significant impact had Condit on uptake of Cd. The measured amounts were the lowest of evaluated heavy metals.


Objective Acupuncture has commonly been used in China, either alone or in combination with Western medicine, to treat sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL). The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy and safety of acupuncture therapy for patients with SSHL. Methods We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals (VIP), and Chinese Biomedical literature service system (SinoMed) to collect randomized controlled trials of acupuncture for SSHL published before July 2014. A meta-analysis was conducted according to the Cochrane systematic review method using RevMan 5.2 software. The evidence level for each outcome was assessed using the GRADE methodology. Results Twelve trials involving 863 patients were included. A meta-analysis showed that the effect of manual acupuncture combined with Western medicine comprehensive treatment (WMCT) was better than WMCT alone (RR 1.33, 95%CI 1.19–1.49) and the same as the effect of electroacupuncture combined with WMCT (RR 1.33, 95%CI 1.19–1.50). One study showed a better effect of electroacupuncture than of WMCT (RR 1.34, 95%CI 1.24–1.45). For mean changes in hearing over all frequencies, the meta-analysis showed a better effect with the combination of acupuncture and WMCT than with WMCT alone (MD 10.85, 95%CI 6.84–14.86). However, the evidence levels for these interventions were low or very low due to a high risk of bias and small sample sizes in the included studies. Conclusion There was not sufficient evidence showing that acupuncture therapy alone was beneficial for treating SSHL. However, interventions combining acupuncture with WMCT had more efficacious results in the treatment of SSHL than WMCT alone. Electroacupuncture alone might be a viable alternative treatment besides WMCT for SSHL. However, given that there were fewer eligible RCTs and limitations in the included trials, such as methodological drawbacks and small sample sizes, large-scale RCTs are required to confirm the current findings regarding acupuncture therapy for SSHL.


Inulin is a natural food component found in many plants that are part of the human diet (e.g., leeks, onions, wheat, garlic, chicory and artichokes). It is added to many foods and is used to increase dietary fibre, replace fats or carbohydrates, and as a prebiotic (a stimulant of beneficial bacteria in the colon). Oligofructose, which is also present in these foods, produces similar effects and most research has used a combination of these products. A previous study (Smith, 2005) investigated the effects of regular consumption of oligofructose-enriched inulin on wellbeing, mood, and cognitive performance in humans. The results showed that oligofructose-enriched inulin had no negative effects but that it did not improve wellbeing, mood, or performance. The aim of the present study was to examine the acute effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin (5 g) over a 4 h period during which the participants remained in the laboratory. A double blind placebo (maltodextrin) controlled study (N = 47) was carried out with the order of conditions being counterbalanced and the two sessions a week apart. On each test day mood and cognitive performance were assessed at baseline (at 8:00) and then following inulin or placebo (at 11:00). Prior to the second test session (at 10:30) participants completed a questionnaire assessing their physical symptoms and mental health during the test morning. The inulin and placebo were provided in powder form in 5 g sachets. Volunteers consumed one sachet in decaffeinated tea or decaffeinated coffee with breakfast (9:00). Questionnaire results showed that on the day that the inulin was consumed, participants felt happier, had less indigestion and were less hungry than when they consumed the placebo. As for performance and mood tasks, the most consistent effects were on the episodic memory tasks where consumption of inulin was associated with greater accuracy on a recognition memory task, and improved recall performance (immediate and delayed). Further research is required to identify the mechanisms that underlie this effect with glucose metabolism being one candidate.


Abstract Nowadays, the sustainability plays an important role in developing marketing in tourism, both from the theoretical and from the practical aspect. Sustainable marketing considers the general principles of marketing, with respect to sustainability as a new focus for a long-lasting customer relationship. Therefore, the business marketing in tourism should consider the importance of perceptions and expectations of tourists as final consumers. Regarding different marketing elements with sustainable aspect, this paper aims at investigating consumers' perceptions of foreign tourists in Republic of Macedonia. In order to provide tourist perceptions and expectations, a survey based research was conducted among 254 foreign tourists in four cities in Republic of Macedonia, concerning aspects as: tourist perceptions of marketing elements of the current tourist offering and their expectations towards sustainable tourism development. For this purpose, statistical methods have been used as: Hi2-test, Student's t-tests as well as correlation and Anova, using a specific program STAT FOR WINDOWS and STATA 11 for descriptive statistics of demographic characteristics of the sample. The paper presents the main findings from the literature, drawing conclusions from the empirical research and providing recommendations for future academic and business research. Considering the specifics of different target segments, results from this research are presenting the need for lower pricing, increased promotional activities using social media, providing online booking and development of ecotourism.


It has been recently demonstrated, utilizing interspecific introgression lines of tomato, generated from the cross between Solanum lycopersicum and the wild species Solanum pennellii, that the efficiency of photosynthate partitioning exerts a considerable influence on the metabolic composition of tomato fruit pericarp. In order to further evaluate the influence of source-sink interaction, metabolite composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in a different population. For this purpose, we used 23 introgression lines resulting from an interspecific cross between S. lycopersicum and the wild species Solanum chmielewskii under high (unpruned trusses) and low (trusses pruned to one fruit) fruit load conditions. Following this strategy, we were able to contrast the metabolite composition of fruits from plants cultivated at both fruit loads as well as to compare the network behavior of primary metabolism in the introgression line population. The study revealed that while a greater number of metabolic quantitative trait loci were observed under high fruit load (240) than under low fruit load (128) cultivations, the levels of metabolites were more highly correlated under low fruit load cultivation. Finally, an analysis of genotype × fruit load interactions indicated a greater influence of development and cultivation than genotype on fruit composition. Comparison with previously documented transcript profiles from a subset of these lines revealed that changes in metabolite levels did not correlate with changes in the levels of genes associated with their metabolism. These findings are discussed in the context of our current understanding of the genetic and environmental influence on metabolic source-sink interactions in tomato, with particular emphasis given to fruit amino acid content.


Midnight Ride, Industrial Dawn: Paul Revere and the Growth of American Enterprise. By Paul Martello. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010. Pp. 421. Cloth, $65.00. Paper, $30.00.)Reviewed by Walter LichtRobert Martello is on a mission: to convince us that the history of American industrialization can be related tellingly through the life and times of Paul Revere - yes, Paul Revere of the famed Midnight Ride. Skepticism immediately is in order, but Martello chips away at the doubts and succeeds in large measure in substantiating his claim; in the process, he presents the reader with an intriguing study.Revere was born in Boston in 1734. His father was a French immigrant who apprenticed with Boston's most skilled silversmith and then opened his own shop, his mother a member of a well-established Boston family. Revere naturally apprenticed as a silversmith with his father, but unnaturally assumed management of the shop as the family's oldest son at the age of nineteen with his father's death. Through careful research in surviving ledger books, Martello is able to document the remarkable success of Revere. He was fortunate to inherit the clients of his father and the contacts of his mother's family; his notable craftsmanship created demand for the fine silverware produced in his shop; he managed his business well and was quite resourceful.Revere joined the Sons of Liberty, but he did not a play a significant role in the percolating anti-British politics of his hometown. Nor did he engage significantly with his fellow artisans. Martello argues that Revere had aspirations to rise socially - to be a well-affixed merchant or government appointee, not just a toiler with his hands. Of course, he gained a place in the history books with his ride to Lexington on the night of April 18, 1775, to warn of an impending attack of British soldiers and specifically to prevent the capture of Samuel Adams and John Hancock. Revere was lucky that this heralded event cast to the side his less impressive role in the Revolutionary War effort: specifically, his bungling as a commander of a mission to rid British control of Penobscot Bay in Maine that led to his inglorious discharge and a series of court martiale that eventually absolved him of blame. Revere did better in applying his mechanical skills to the cause of independence. He served as an official engraver and printer to the Continental Congress and was enlisted to submit a plan for the construction of a gunpowder works in New England. As Martello shows, Revere was always an ardent student of technology, and in the case of the gunpowder mill and other manufacturing ventures he corresponded widely and visited existing operations.Ever open to new ideas and opportunities, Revere embarked on a series of experiments at the war's end that built on his expertise with metals. In 1785, he established a water-powered mill to produce rolled sheets of silver. In 1788, he opened an iron foundry that specialized in the casting of cannons. In the 1 790s, he embarked on his most ambitious enterprise, the creation of a copper works. Through a good deal of seatof-the-pants learning, he succeeded in producing copper that could be cast into bells and cannons and through annealing be readied for hammering into bolts, spikes, nails, and various ship fittings. His achievements in copper production brought him into contact with Benjamin Stoddert, the nation's first Secretary of the Navy, who advanced a sizable government loan to Revere to establish a copper rolling mill to produce copper sheathing for naval vessels. …


By default, presence delivered using the Presence Event Package for
the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is represented in the Presence
Information Data Format (PIDF). A PIDF document contains a set of
elements, each representing a different aspect of the presence being
reported. When any subset of the elements change, even just a single
element, a new document containing the full set of elements is
delivered. This memo defines an extension allowing delivery of only
the presence data that has actually changed.


In this paper, we examine a new approach to topos theory - rather than considering subobjects, look at quotients. This leads to the notion of a copower object, which is the object of quotients of a given object. We study some properties of copower objects, many of which are similar to the properties of a power objects. Given enough categorical structure (i.e. in a pretopos) it is possible to get power objects from copower objects, and vice versa. We then examine some new definitions of finiteness arising from the notion of a copower object. We will see that the most naturally occurring such notions are equivalent to the standard notions, K-finiteness (at least for well-pointed objects) and e K-finiteness, but that this new way of looking at them gives new information, and in fact gives rise to another notion of finiteness, which is related to the classical notion of an amorphous set — i.e. an infinite set that is not the disjoint union of two infinite sets. Finally, We look briefly at two similar notions: potency objects and per objects.


This article stems from a project examining cultural assets in Wollongong – a medium-sized Australian city with a decentralized and linear suburban pattern that challenges orthodox binaries of inner-city bohemia/outer-suburban domesticity. In Wollongong we documented community perceptions of cultural assets across this unusual setting, through a simple public research method. At the city's largest annual festival we recruited the general public to nominate the city's most 'cool' and 'creative' places, by drawing on a map of Wollongong and telling their stories. Hand-drawn maps from 205 participants were combined in a Geographical Information System and 50 hours of stories transcribed for qualitative analysis. Over 2300 places were identified. Among them were some surprising results: although places known for the arts and bohemian creative industries figured prominently, these were not only in the inner-city but in beachside suburbs with unique cultural histories. Also, a range of affective engagements with place, including unconventional forms of creativity, were described in industrial and blue-collar suburbs. Network topology analysis by place of residence also revealed the extent of localism, as well as specializations and aggrandizements among suburbs. Our conclusions are threefold: first, that 'creativity' is relationally situated and linked across all parts of the city; second, that decentralized forms of small-scale cultural infrastructure provision are vital for vernacular cultural pursuits; and, third, that 'creativity' is a polysemic and contested category – only ever partially revealing the contours of cultural vitality in the suburbs.


How do democratic societies establish and maintain order in ways that are conducive to growth? Contemporary scholarship associates order, democracy, and growth with centralized rule of law institutions. In this article, we test the robustness of modern assumptions by turning to the case of ancient Athens. Democratic Athens was remarkably stable and prosperous, but the ancient city-state never developed extensively centralized rule of law institutions. Drawing on the "what-is-law" account of legal order elaborated by Hadfield and Weingast (2012),we show that Athens' legal order relied on institutions that achieved common knowledge and incentive compatibility for enforcers in a largely decentralized system of coercion. Our approach provides fresh insights into how robust legal orders may be built in countries where centralized rule of law institutions have failed to take root.


Mars' Atmosphere from Curiosity The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the Curiosity rover that landed on Mars in August last year is designed to study the chemical and isotopic composition of the martian atmosphere. Mahaffy et al. (p. 263) present volume-mixing ratios of Mars' five major atmospheric constituents (CO2, Ar, N2, O2, and CO) and isotope measurements of 40Ar/36Ar and C and O in CO2, based on data from one of SAM's instruments, obtained between 31 August and 21 November 2012. Webster et al. (p. 260) used data from another of SAM's instruments obtained around the same period to determine isotope ratios of H, C, and O in atmospheric CO2 and H2O. Agreement between the isotopic ratios measured by SAM with those of martian meteorites, measured in laboratories on Earth, confirms the origin of these meteorites and implies that the current atmospheric reservoirs of CO2 and H2O were largely established after the period of early atmospheric loss some 4 billion years ago. Data from the Curiosity rover provide a detailed account of the chemical and isotopic composition of Mars' atmosphere. Volume mixing and isotope ratios secured with repeated atmospheric measurements taken with the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument suite on the Curiosity rover are: carbon dioxide (CO2), 0.960(±0.007); argon-40 (40Ar), 0.0193(±0.0001); nitrogen (N2), 0.0189(±0.0003); oxygen, 1.45(±0.09) × 10−3; carbon monoxide, < 1.0 × 10−3; and 40Ar/36Ar, 1.9(±0.3) × 103. The 40Ar/N2 ratio is 1.7 times greater and the 40Ar/36Ar ratio 1.6 times lower than values reported by the Viking Lander mass spectrometer in 1976, whereas other values are generally consistent with Viking and remote sensing observations. The 40Ar/36Ar ratio is consistent with martian meteoritic values, which provides additional strong support for a martian origin of these rocks. The isotopic signature δ13C from CO2 of ~45 per mil is independently measured with two instruments. This heavy isotope enrichment in carbon supports the hypothesis of substantial atmospheric loss.


A central problem in machine learning and statistics is to model joint densities of random variables from data. Copulas are joint cumulative distribution functions with uniform marginal distributions and are used to capture interdependencies in isolation from marginals. Copulas are widely used within statistics, but have not gained traction in the context of modern deep learning. In this paper, we introduce ACNet, a novel differentiable neural network architecture that enforces structural properties and enables one to learn an important class of copulas--Archimedean Copulas. Unlike Generative Adversarial Networks, Variational Autoencoders, or Normalizing Flow methods, which learn either densities or the generative process directly, ACNet learns a generator of the copula, which implicitly defines the cumulative distribution function of a joint distribution. We give a probabilistic interpretation of the network parameters of ACNet and use this to derive a simple but efficient sampling algorithm for the learned copula. Our experiments show that ACNet is able to both approximate common Archimedean Copulas and generate new copulas which may provide better fits to data.


This report presents the first nationally representative estimates of the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) and non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) against women in Trinidad and Tobago. The data come from the 2017 Trinidad and Tobago Women's Health Survey (WHS)—a national, quantitative, cross-sectional survey of 1,079 women ages 15–64. The report finds that 30 percent of ever-partnered women experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime; and 6 percent in the 12 months prior to data collection. Seven percent of all respondents reported having been forced into sexual intercourse by a non-partner in their lifetime (1 percent in the last 12 months). Significant risk factors associated with IPV identified using Chi-square tests included: lower education (female and partner), cohabitation without marriage, rural residency, younger age, non-consensual marriage, having been pregnant, having experienced or witnessed violence in childhood, substance abuse by the partner and the partner being unemployed and having been in prior relationships. The report documents the negative consequences of IPV for women and their children, as well as the most common responses and coping mechanisms. One in three women who experienced IPV remained quiet about their experience and most survivors did not seek or receive assistance for their situation. Women most often sought help from their personal contacts (mostly their mothers) rather than police, social services or other entities adequately resourced to address IPV. Several factors precluded women from accessing help; these included fear, shame, and the normalcy associated with violence. Based on these findings, recommendations for policy and further research are presented.


The article focuses on the present debate between police practitioners [the South African Police Service (SAPS)] and academics, as well as among academics themselves within the broad criminal justice field in South Africa, as to whether a qualification in Police Service Management as developed by the Police Service of South Africa should be offered at tertiary level , or whether lecturers in Policing and Criminology should be regarded as professionals within their own right and with their own qualifications, functioning within their own Qualifications Board which will have, inter alia, its own ethical and disciplinary codes.
Based on scientific argument, this article concludes that the Police Service's management type qualification cannot be seen as a professional qualification and that Criminology and Policing, like many other social or behavioural sciences, do not qualify as professions either. To register members on a so-called professional register and then to discipline them in terms of a professional code, would therefore be inappropriate. The authors argue that although most working people would like to be called professional, the concept "professional" should rather be avoided when referring to police practitioners and criminologists, penologists, police scientists and victimologists.


Eagerly awaited by scientists and academics worldwide, the first of the complete recordings of Feynman's famous Lectures on Physics , now on CD. Basic Books is proud to announce the first volumes of the complete audio CD collection of the recorded lectures delivered by the late Richard P. Feynman, lectures originally delivered to his physics students at Caltech and later fashioned by the author into his classic textbook Lectures on Physics . Ranging from the most basic principles of Newtonian physics to such formidable theories as Einstein's general relativity, superconductivity, and quantum mechanics, Fenyman's lectures stand as a monument of clear exposition and deep insight.


It has been a long time since the concept of iconic signs was proposed by C. S. Peirce. From that time on, we have been increasingly realizing that semiotic systems are for the most part established just on some type of similarity. But the more we see the sphere of analogical signification expanding its realm, the more we become aware of how inadequate is the notion of a simple relationship connecting locally a physical object with a second object, or with a mental entity. There is, on the other hand, the more refined theory of sign conceived by Ferdinand de Saussure, but this theory, by its very definition, addresses a restricted domain, and definitely does not include the field of those signs which rest on analogical associations. The main purpose of this article is then to show how the more polished Saussurean model can act as a starting point for a general restatement, primarily intended to embrace the signs that rest on an analogical basis. We may so speak of a "neoclassical", innovative semiotic theory, able to join the latest "sociosemiotic" approach with the most precious foundations of our discipline.


At its inception, scholarship in the field  of basic writing was largely concerned with simply establishing basic writing as a field and defining its borders and mission. In the 90's, the field of inquiry into basic writing shifted to reflect a preoccupation with its social mandate, specifically the potential for basic writing to establish a more equal, empowering space for underrepresented student populations and more ready, broad access to formal education which might thereby lead to positive, egalitarian change both within and without the sphere of academic discourse.  However, our current social, political, and economic climate renders many of the approaches educators sought to embrace in the past currently unviable, even as it underscores the very concerns those approaches attempted to address. I will explore the fact that basic writing classrooms now, more than ever before, reflect fundamental socioeconomic inequalities in our educational system, making questions of a social mandate still vital. Furthermore, I will be positing that the old debates over the place and definition of basic writing are current once more as failing funding and legislative priorities necessitate the search for complex, novel solutions to those questions within the framework of a pragmatic reexamination of the options still open to educators today. I will present and explore several solutions currently being tested in the field of basic writing education, such as institutional partnerships, altered course design, revised assessment systems, and increased writing center involvement. Finally, I will argue that the crucial factor in the success or failure of these varied solutions lies in a single, simple factor: the amount of personal instructional attention available.


We here discuss the scope, nature and quality standards of simulation models that may be used in order to evaluate proposed or candidate management plans, including their parameters (reference points). A recently proposed management plan for North-East Arctic cod is used as a working example. We discuss some generic designs of management plans, in particular with respect to performance in relation to different kinds of objectives, including adherence to the precautionary approach. We further discuss simulation tools to evaluate the performance of management plans and to select appropriate values for their key parameters, and suggest some quality criteria for such tools. In particular, we stress the need to have unbiased stochastic parameters and to have realistic levels of errors in the basis for future decisions according to the plan. A new management plan for North-East Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) was agreed by the management agency (Joint Norwegian/Russian Fishery Commission) in 2002. The main elements in this plan are: • Estimate the average TAC-level for the 3 following years based on Fpa. TAC for the following year is set on the basis of this average TAC level. • The following year the estimation of the TAC-level for the next 3 years is repeated based on updated information on stock development. However, the change of TAC from one year to the next cannot be more than +/-10%. This relatively complex plan is used as an example, and aspects that need to be considered in order to evaluate how it can be expected to perform, are discussed.


The emotional abuse of children is recognized as a significant cause for mental disturbances. However, opinions vary on what can be considered as emotional abuse. On the one hand, emotional abuse is seen to be embedded within Western culture child-rearing practice, thus turning every parent into a potential abuser. On the other hand, emotional abuse is seen as a symptom of dysfunctional families, only affecting a limited number. I suggest that the detection of emotional abuse of children needs to take into account cultural practices of child-rearing as it runs along a continuum of severity. The ecological model attempts to describe the conditions for the occurrence of emotional abuse which can assist social workers who work directly with children at risk and offer them assistance which can sometimes prevent later pathology.


Medicinal herbs can be used as feed additives to improve animal growth performance and to optimize physiological processes. The purpose of this study was to trace growth performance, meat quality and biochemical blood parameters (glucose, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, ASAT, ALAT, Ca, P, Mg, triglycerides, cholesterol) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.), fed with additive sweet wormwood (Аrtemisia annua L.) extract. In a recirculation -1 system at the Aquaculture Base of the Faculty of Agriculture at Trakia University, a control group (no added) and an experimental (with added 204 mg.kg of sweet wormwood extract) option were set, each of them with two replicates and mean initial weight of fish 13.32±3.07g and 13.37±2.76g, respectively. Forty specimens of rainbow trouts in good health condition were placed in each tank and cultivated for 60 days. At the end of the experiment average final weight, specific growth rates, feed conversion ratio, meat quality and blood biochemical parameters were calculated. Trouts from the experimental group, fed with supplement had 5.5% higher average final weight compared to this one of individuals from the control (P<0.05). The blood biochemical parameters glucose, ASAT and ALAT in control variant were higher compared to the values of that parameters of the fish from the experimental group (P>0.05). Electrolytes of blood such as phosphorus had higher level in the experimental group (P>0.05) compared to the control group. Better growth performance and blood parameters were measured in trout fed sweet wormwood supplement.


This paper features a tri-criteria analysis of Eurekahedge fund data strategy index data. We use nine Eurekahedge equally weighted main strategy indices for the portfolio analysis. The tri-criteria analysis features three objectives: return, risk and dispersion of risk objectives in a Multi-Criteria Optimisation (MCO) portfolio analysis. We vary the MCO return and risk targets and contrast the results with four more standard portfolio optimisation criteria, namely the tangency portfolio (MSR), the most diversi_ed portfolio (MDP), the global minimum variance portfolio (GMW), and portfolios based on minimising expected shortfall (ERC). Backtests of the chosen portfolios for this hedge fund data set indicate that the use of MCO is accompanied by uncertainty about the a priori choice of optimal parameter settings for the decision criteria. The empirical results do not appear to outperform more standard bi-criteria portfolio analyses in the backtests undertaken on our hedge fund index data.


Purpose: The article's main objective is to determine how the quality of interpersonal relationships at work affects employees' self-assessment of psychosomatic well-being. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research objectives were met using a survey conducted in 2018 among 574 professionally active Poland people. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used in the analysis of the empirical data. Findings: The proposed theoretical model was designed to determine how particular categories of relationship quality affect employees' self-assessment of health and any health complaints they were experiencing. It was established that relationship quality positively influences self-assessment of health (the greater the quality, the more highly health was assessed), while it negatively influenced the experience of health complaints (the greater the quality, the fewer the complaints). Practical implications: Every organization should pay special attention to the quality of interpersonal relationships at work. Low quality can negatively affect employees' assessment of their own psychophysical well-being, resulting in lower productivity, increased absenteeism, or higher staff turnover. High-quality relationships can improve well-being, which will translate positively into the functioning of an organization. Therefore, the quality of relationships should be constantly monitored, and the organization should use some tools to build high-quality relationships at work. Originality/value: There is currently a gap in the literature about the impact of the quality of the relationships at work on employees' self-assessment of health. The article fulfills this gap and focuses not only on the cardiovascular system but also on immune and endocrine systems and the employees' psychological well-being.


This paper provides information about the amount of remittances received by countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) in 2012. The authors state that this number is nearly the same as in the previous year, resulting in a practically null rate of growth at the regional level. Since the final quarter of 2008, rising unemployment in traditional remittance-sending countries such as the United States, Spain, and Japan, along with the resulting reduction in income of the LAC migrants living in those countries, led to an unprecedented drop in remittances to the region. Remittance flows began to stabilize in 2010, followed by a slight period of recovery in 2011. Nonetheless, the data from 2012 once again show stagnation in growth, with the total value of remittances received by countries in LAC measured at US $61.3 billion.


This paper examines Fest'Napuan, Vanuatu's annual culture and music festival, to understand the festival's contribution to the cultural development of Vanuatu. Since 1996 Fest'Napuan has provided a forum that supports the performance of contemporary and traditional music and dance. The festival and its organising association have spearheaded projects and innovative partnerships that have led to the advantageous export of ni-Vanuatu music and cultural performance. Tourism firms operating in the region are developing innovative relationships with Fest'Napuan, with both the organisers, and with the individual performers directly. These networks are clusters of intense cultural negotiation as external forces interact with traditional norms thus fomenting tensions around authenticity, sensitivity, Indigeneity, and artistic value. In this paper we argue that musical production in Vanuatu should be viewed as a 'natural competitive advantage' for both the cultural performers and tourism operators. However, in order to exploit this natural advantage, diverse and selected actors need to deploy particular combinations of relational and social resources to achieve collective gain. Innovative, strategic collaborations are contended to increase awareness of these regions and promote their cultural diversity at the same time as developing a tourism brand.


Esports appeal to millions worldwide and have observable social, political, and economic impacts. This influence presents unique opportunities for academia and industry to examine a variety of topics. Research on esports continues to grow in both volume and complexity while the industry continues to refine itself as both a profession and a cultural force. Following the success of an esports summit in 2016, the 2018 Esports Research Conference (ESC 2018) was the first conference of its kind to focus on esports research and practice inclusive of both academics and industry professionals. Created to provide a space for esports researchers and industry leaders to come together to present research, discuss topics relevant to future work, celebrate collaboration in the growing field, and build bridges between the many communities that make up the field of esports. ESC is the premier academic research conference in the field of esports. Building on our success last year, ESC 2019 aims to foster substantive discussion about competitive video game play, bringing together leading thinkers across both academia and industry. Each year, we foster in-depth conversation and networking across diverse disciplines including informatics, computer science, cognitive science, game studies, sociology, sports science, communication arts, and business.Conference highlights include keynotes by leaders in both academia and industry, interactive workshops on research and program design, individual and symposia presentations, big debates about critical aspects of esports, a massively multiplayer evening poster session over hors d'oeuvres and an open bar, fireside chats that enable cozy conversations among VIP speakers and attendees, and the finest fiercest friendly competition among collegiate esports teams in our evening esports invitational event.ESC aims to bring the communities and people of this growing phenomenon together to foster debate and collaboration through esports research.


Block copolymers spontaneously self-assemble into highly regular nanostructures; in bulk, these structures include spheres packed on a body-centered cubic lattice and cylinders arranged on a hexagonal lattice, where the diameter of the spheres or cylinders (typically 10-100 nm) is readily tunable through the polymer's molecular weight. In ultrathin films containing a monolayer of these nanostructures, similar morphologies are adopted: two-dimensional hexagonally-packed sphere arrays, and striped patterns formed by in-plane cylinders. By exploiting the chemical differences between the two blocks, such films can be used as masks, where the patterns formed by the spheres or cylinders are ultimately replicated in another material (perhaps inorganic), such as semiconductor dots (spheres) or metal wires (cylinders). But while self-assembly can produce highly-regular local structures, it does not provide any global order or orientation; for example, the coherence length for a block copolymer cylinder is typically less than a micron. This limits the application of the arrays formed by block copolymer templating. Recently, we have developed methods to shear-align the spheres or cylinders in block copolymer thin films, where the nanodomains are oriented in a common direction over centimeter lengths and square-centimeter areas. Shear-aligned films of cylinder-formers, when converted to arrays of metal nanowires, provide broadband optical polarizers which function down into the ultraviolet. By directing the path of a nonsolvent fluid flowing over the block copolymer film, we can shape the direction of the nanodomains, creating complex user-defined patterns of cylinder orientation on the millimeter length scale.


This article is located within the context of teacher education in the UK which, in the last decade, has seen the introduction of government-led Qualified Teacher Status standards for initial teacher training. The study resides in the work of a university in the North-West of England, which is involved in the initial and postgraduate professional education of teachers. It examines firstly, the belief systems held by tutors engaged in this part of Higher Education, which might be characterised as their personal epistemology, and secondly, raises questions around these core beliefs, and how they are manifested at the pedagogical interface. The focus of the research rests on a perceived lack of congruence between the espoused ideology of tutors involved in initial teacher education, and the expectations of general classroom practice in this field. The degree to which this may have an impact on the concepts of teaching transmitted to course participants is examined, alongside a consideration of the clash of cultures experienced where dissonance exists between individual ideology and pedagogic identity. Examination of the same issues for tutors involved in postgraduate education, which is not subject to government-led standards, is used to contrast the pressures within each field.


This report examines pedestrian and motorist behavior on arterials in Washington State and determines how, if at all, these behaviors change when various engineering treatments are applied. The treatments that were examined included crosswalk markings, raised medians, in-pavement flashers, signage, stop bars, overhead lighting, and sidewalks. The relationships between pedestrian travel and transit use, origin-destination patterns, traffic signals, and schools were also explored. The study examined seven locations in the state of Washington. These were State Route (SR) 7 at South 180th Street in Spanaway, SR 99 at South 152nd Street in Shoreline, SR 99 at South 240th Street in Kent, SR 2 between South Lundstrom and King Streets in Airway Heights, SR 2 at Lacrosse Street in Spokane, SR 2 at Rowan Avenue in Spokane, and SR 2 at Wellesley Avenue in Spokane. Because pedestrian-vehicle collisions are rare when specific locations are studied, other criteria were used to evaluate the conditions and behaviors that were present. These included "conflicts" such as running behavior, motorists having to brake unexpectedly to avoid a pedestrian, pedestrians waiting in the center lane to cross, and more. These unreported, but very common, occurrences enabled the researchers to gain a better understanding of both pedestrian and motorist concerns and behaviors and the effects that improvements might have. The study concludes that the causes of conflicts are highly varied: ignorance of or noncompliance with the law (by the motorist or the pedestrian), inattention, vehicles following too closely, impatience, anxiety in attempting to catch a bus, use or non-use of pedestrian facilities, placement of features in the built environment, and more. While pedestrian/motorist interaction improves with improved visibility (something which can be obtained through better engineering design and the removal of visual clutter) better education and/or enforcement will also be needed to achieve significant safety benefits.


Restoring depressional wetlands or geographically isolated wetlands such as cypress swamps and Carolina bays on the Atlantic Coastal Plains requires a clear understanding of the hydrologic processes and water balances. The objectives of this paper are to (1) test a distributed forest hydrology model, FLATWOODS, for a Carolina bay wetland system using seven years of water-table data and (2) to use the model to understand how the landscape position and the site stratigraphy affect ground-water flow direction. The research site is located in Bamberg County, South Carolina on the Middle Coastal Plain of the southeastern U.S. (32.88° N, 81.12° W). Model calibration (1998) and validation (1997, 1999–2003) data span a wet period and a long drought period, which allowed us to test the model for a wide range of weather conditions. The major water input to the wetland is rainfall, and output from the wetland is dominated by evapotranspiration. However, the Carolina bay is a flow-through wetland, receiving ground water from the adjacent upland, but recharging the ground-water to lower topographic areas, especially during wet periods in winter months. Hypothetical simulations suggest that ground-water flow direction is controlled by the gradient of the underlying hydrologic restricting layer beneath the wetland-upland continuum, not solely by the topographic gradient of the land surface. Ground-water flow may change directions during transition periods of wetland hydroperiod that is controlled by the balance of precipitation and evapotranspiration, and such changes depend on the underlying soil stratigraphy of the wetland-upland continuum.


The aim of this thesis is to compare the laws in the EU and Turkey on trademark dilution in the light of case law. In the first part, EU law is explained under the headings of Trademark Directive, Trademark Regulation and Benelux trademark law. In the second part, Turkish trademark on dilution examined. The comparison part focused on the similarities and differences between the sides mainly which mainly focus on reputation, likelihood of confusion, detrimentally to distinctive character or reputation, due cause and the proof requisites to anti-dilution protection. It was concluded that, although European Union and Turkey has different structures, policies and aims in trademark law; political relations between parties makes the trademark laws against dilution develop in similar way.


Needless to say that George Frederick Handel, the greatest composer of all times according to Ludwig van Beethoven, influenced many British and non-British musicians. The aim of this article is to study Handel's influence on the English musician Michael Tippett (1905-1998). Handel was both a model and a counter-model for the English composer, as is expressed in some of Tippet's musical pieces and essays. As a model, his influence on Tippett's works particularly appears in compositions such as Concerto for Double String Orchestra (1938-39), based on the German-born composer's concerti grossi, Fantasia on a Theme of Handel (1939-41), whose main theme is borrowed from Suite No.1 for harpsichord in B flat major, HWV (1733 volume) and A Child of Our Time (1939-41), which uses the tripartite structure of Handel's Messiah. On the contrary, Handel is considered a counter-model by Tippett regarding the way to set an English text to music.


Siegmund was renowned for the splendour of his court at Innsbruck, and he commissioned the magnificent late Gothic remodelling of the Innsbruck Hofburg. However, the colourful atmosphere at the court was clouded by Siegmund's childlessness. His first wife Eleanor of Scotland (1433–1480) grew up at the French court, where one of her sisters was married to the heir to the throne. Her marriage to Siegmund, celebrated in 1448, took her to Innsbruck in 1449. There she lived a relatively isolated and secluded life. Lasting thirty-one years, the marriage produced no children. After the death of his first wife the fifty-six-year-old widower Siegmund married Catherine of Saxony, who was just sixteen, in 1484. The marriage of these two mismatched individuals was joyless and remained without issue. A telling sign of this was the affair of her alleged scheme to poison her husband, although this was in fact a wicked rumour started by one of Siegmund's numerous mistresses. After Siegmund's death Catherine contracted another marriage, this time to the duke of Brunswick. While Siegmund left no legitimate heirs, popular legend credits him with having sired some fifty illegitimate offspring. In the latter years of his reign when increasing signs of senility became noticeable, favouritism began to take over at court. The monarch's favourites, who enriched themselves shamelessly, were known in Tyrol as the 'wicked counsellors', and are said to have advised their childless overlord to pledge the entire country to the duke of Bavaria. This led to Siegmund being deprived of his sovereignty by the head of the Habsburg dynasty, Emperor Frederick III, who travelled to Innsbruck in 1487 to appeal in person to Siegmund, eventually prevailing upon him to abdicate in 1490 and hand the regency over to Frederick's son Maximilian. Tyrol thus passed back to the main line of the dynasty. Siegmund died in 1496 and was buried in the church of the Cistercian abbey of Stams in the upper Inn valley in Tyrol.


Silesia took shape as a distinct region along with the development of state and church structures under Piast rule. The formation of these structures led to the dissolution of tribal relations. The central indicator of regional identity, the name belonging to the cultural legacy of barbaricum, acquired two new meanings, one territorial by nature and another new, far removed from its original, ideological sense within various traditions, not necessarily all of them Silesian. Cultural interpretation has led the Śleza mountain, a source of myths and an essential part of both many legends and of the landscape, to undergo a similar transformation. In the period under consideration the influence of a so-called anthroporegional structure reaching back to prehistoric times on the structure of settlement is noticeable. When compared to the tribal era, the period of early state formation of the Piast monarchy saw the increased significance of the Odra river as an axis for the establishment of administration in both the state and Church. The region's integration progressed around its centre, located in Wroclaw. The division of the Piast state into various territories after 1138 halted this process. The resulting divisions broke up regions formerly belonging to one diocese, and likely those previously belonging to one province as well. Among the significant issues in the formation of the region during the second half of the 12th and beginning of the 13th centuries were the restriction of the meaning of the term "Silesia" to the latter-day Lower Silesia, as well as the definition of its regional identity by territorial authorities to the Silesian titulature, rather than that of Wroclaw. This was a reference a naming convention which was as old as the Ślezanie tribe. Silesia as a region thus became an undeniable fact of the social and political life of the fragmented Poland, while the extension of Silesian territory to the upper part of the Odra river occurred only in the 15th century.


BACKGROUND
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, painful disease with many injurious psychological effects. Acceptance is an important component of pain management and is associated with improved quality of life, and lower levels of pain and depression. While studies have begun to identify the stages of acceptance, little is known about factors influencing the ease and speed with which patients pass through these stages.

OBJECTIVE
To explore the main stages through which RA patients pass and the strategies they adopt to learn to live with the pain, and to identify factors shaping patients' capacities to achieve acceptance.

METHODS
A qualitative study involving 20 semistructured interviews with RA patients in the Italian-speaking region of Switzerland was conducted. Analysis of the data followed the precepts of grounded theory.

RESULTS
Although the present study revealed that acceptance is not a smooth or linear process, five main stages in patients' struggles to accommodate the newly imposed limitations were, nonetheless, identified: naming the illness; realizing the illness; resisting the illness; 'hitting the bottom'; and integrating the illness. Diagnosis proved to be an especially tortuous stage in the case of RA, and the effects of delayed diagnosis continued to be felt during the subsequent stages. Patients' understanding of the notion of acceptance and the strategies that they used to achieve it were also explored.

CONCLUSIONS
Diagnosis of RA is notoriously difficult. Beyond the clinical difficulties, structural reasons for late diagnosis (symptoms being neglected by patients and medical professionals) were identifed. Delayed diagnosis hindered the acceptance process throughout, and led to more resistant behaviour and to a struggle to achieve the optimal formula for acceptance - accepting the losses of prepain life while still pursuing personal goals.


This paper defines what is meant by groundwater trading in Australia, and describes the current status of groundwater trading in the various Australian states and territories. Issues and benefits associated with groundwater trading are identified, and are illustrated with reference to a case study aquifer. Finally a recently developed framework for groundwater trading to meet Australian water management requirements is summarised.


Near-surface gases were investigated in Starunia, where remains of mammoth and woolly rhinoceroses were discovered at the beginning of the 20th century. Samples were collected at 30 measurement sites, from 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2 and 4.0 m depths and analysed for their molecular and isotopic compositions. Most of the methane and all higher gaseous hydrocarbons accumulated within the near-surface zone are of thermogenic origin. The distribution of thermogenic methane and higher gaseous hydrocarbons in Quaternary sediments is variable and, generally, increases with depth. Microbial methane or a mixture of microbial and thermogenic methane also occurs at the near-surface zone. The presence of hydrogen and alkenes in the near-surface gases also suggests a contribution from recent, microbial processes. Helium of crustal origin migrated through the Rinne Fault and other tectonic zones located in the study area, and was subsequently dispersed during migration through the lithologically diversified Pleistocene and Holocene sediments. The high variability of the carbon dioxide concentration and stable carbon isotope composition at various depths in the near-surface zone is caused by its polygenetic origin (thermogenic, microbial, and oxidation of hydrocarbons and Quaternary organic matter), and also by its dissolution in water and oil during migration through lithologically diversified Pleistocene and Holocene sediments. Zones of thermogenic methane occurrence within Pleistocene sediments, dominated by muds saturated with bitumen and brines, provide the most favourable environment for preservation of large extinct mammals. It is likely that during the Pleistocene winters, when thick ice and snow covered the tundra lake and swamp, zones of outflow of brines, oils, helium, and thermogenic gaseous hydrocarbons had a higher temperature, which could have resulted in melting and cracking of the ice cover and drowning of large mammals. The most favourable conditions for preservation of large, extinct mammals probably still exists in the vicinity of sampling probe sites Nos 21, 22, 23 and 36. Zones of dominance of microbial methane concentrations are less favourable sites for preservation of extinct mammals, because this methane was generated within recent swamps and also within recent descending meteoric waters which infiltrated into Pleistocene and Holocene sediments. Older Pleistocene microbial gases have already escaped to the atmosphere.


This study contains an evaluation of the seismic hazard associated with the Springbank Fault, a blind structure discovered in 1998 close to Christchurch. The assessment of the seismic hazard is approached as a deterministic process in which it is necessary to establish: 1) fault characteristics; 2) the maximum earthquake that the fault is capable of producing, and 3) ground motions estimations. Due to the blind nature of the fault, conventional techniques used to establish the basic fault characteristics for seismic hazard assessments could not be applied. Alternative methods are used including global positioning system (GPS) surveys, morphometric analyses along rivers, shallow seismic reflection surveys and computer modelling. These were supplemented by using multiple empirical equations relating fault attributes to earthquake magnitude, and attenuation relationships to estimate ground motions in the near-fault zone. The analyses indicated that the Springbank Fault is a reverse structure located approximately 30 Ian to the northwest of Christchurch, along a strike length of approximately 16 Ian between the Eyre and Ashley River. The fault does not reach the surface, but it is associated with a broad anticline whose maximum topographic expression occurs close to the mid-length of the fault. Two other reverse faults, the Eyrewell and the Sefton Faults, are inferred in the study area. These faults, together with the Springbank and the Hororata Faults, are interpreted as part of a system of thrust/reverse faults propagating from a decollement located at mid-crustal depths of approximately 14 Ian beneath the Canterbury Plains. Within this fault system, the Springbank Fault is considered to behave in a seismically independent way, with a fault slip rate of -0.22 mmlyr, and the capacity of producing a reverse-slip earthquake of moment magnitude -6.4, with an earthquake recurrence of 3,000 years. An earthquake of the above characteristics represents a significant seismic hazard for various urban centres in the near-fault zone including Christchurch, Rangiora, Oxford, Amberley, Kaiapoi, Darfield, Rolleston and Cust. Estimated peak ground accelerations for these towns range between 0.14 g to 0.5 g.


Highly ordered, several nanometers thick films of alkylated large planar, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules have been grown on semi-metallic molybdenum disulfide substrates. The films are characterized by a two-dimensional lateral arrangement of columns standing at the surface on a macroscopic scale. The self-assembly of such insulated columns of face-to-face disks with surface-induced vertical alignment has been achieved directly from solution processing. Angle-resolved photoelectron spectra revealed a highly anisotropic quasi-one-dimensional electronic structure with an extended π-electronic wave function. An intermolecular dispersion of the highest occupied band of at least 0.15 eV along the stacking direction has been measured. A partial breakdown of the concept of quasimomentum due to the finite size of the nano-objects perpendicular to the stacks is observed.


The introduction of intended learning outcomes into programmes within Glasgow School of Art has been largely without incident or change to student success rates. In the five years since, they have become embedded in Stage inductions, Studio briefs and introductions. They appear in the Definitive Programme documents, Course handbooks, specific project briefs, and are the focus for assessment. They are what we reach for to remind ourselves what we claim we set out to teach our students and expect from students in return. Why then our anxiety? The use of learning outcomes should have made the curriculum more transparent to learners, and by implication improve student progression rates. Looking back to Course documents prior to this, it is difficult to reconcile how little information students were given to describe what they were expected to learn. While the incorporation of intended learning outcomes has countered this, there are still other areas for concern. Staff remain uncomfortable about the generic language - we don't yet feel we have ownership over our own documents and by implication their intentions. We are also unclear how closely outcomes translate into assessment criteria. While it is true to say that ILO's have become a critical part of learning and teaching within the institution, it is equally true that we are less than fluent in their use and therefore missing opportunities their development would present. This paper documents action research undertaken with student groups to test these assertions, and to better understand and reflect of the viewpoints of staff and students towards learning outcomes and their role in the structuring and delivery of a studio based


Multibit sigma-delta modulators which employ the data weighted averaging (DWA) technique are plagued by base-band tone problems. The existing DWA-like techniques for solving these problems are categorized in this brief as tone-suppressing and tone-transferring techniques. Although tone-transferring techniques can achieve a better signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio than tone-suppressing techniques, they may behave unfavorably for input signals with dc components. A flexible DWA-like technique, designated as "advancing DWA" (ADWA), which can achieve both tone-suppressing and tone-transferring functions, is proposed. It can be configured as a tone-transferring technique by advancing the starting selection of the element array by a fixed step for the subsequent element selection cycle. Moreover, ADWA can also be configured as a tone-suppressing technique to reduce tones by randomly performing the advancing actions. Therefore, ADWA can be a reconfigurable technique that uses configuration settings from designers, or an auto-configurable technique that uses input signal detection schemes to set its configuration.


Assessments of species vulnerability to climate change should increase the effectiveness of interventions in the current decline in biodiversity. Species vulnerability to climate change is a consequence of their sensitivity and adaptive capacity, in combination with their exposure to climate change. We apply a vulnerability assessment framework to 243 bird species inhabiting the tropical savannas of northern Australia. We build on previous vulnerability studies by including detailed data for variables relating to species sensitivity to change (relative abundance, clutch size, sensitivity to fire and distribution area), species adaptive capacity (movement behaviour and dietary breadth) and proportional changes predicted for their geographic range (i.e. exposure to climate change). These are integrated to provide a ranking of vulnerability. Our analysis found that birds of Australian tropical savannas cluster together with high sensitivity, with a few wide-ranging increasing species with very low sensitivity. Australian tropical savanna birds have a range of adaptive capacities, and the impact of climate change on these species is predicted to be substantial. Two already endangered species are among the most vulnerable. Species largely restricted to Cape York Peninsula (a geographically distinct region) had the greatest overall vulnerability; these species were, in general, sensitive due to small distributions, sensitivity to fire frequency and had a lower capacity for dispersal. It will be important for the future of Australian tropical savanna birds to mitigate ecological threats and maintain extensive areas of suitable habitat to facilitate species dispersal.


Discusses 2004 production and receipts in the Lake, Central, and Plains States. Shows Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin production by species for each county and compares production by Forest Survey Unit with that of previous years. Presents production data for Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, and Missouri by species group and product form. Includes 2004 production for the Plains States by species group and product form.


This paper contextualises the Teaching Teachers of the Future (TTF) Project and acts as a preamble for the TTF stream of papers at ACEC2012. It discusses the aims and objectives of the project, its genesis in a changing educational and political landscape, the use of TPACK as a theoretical scaffold, and briefly report on the operations of the various components and partners. Further, it will discuss the research opportunities afforded by the project including a national survey of all pre-service teachers in Australia gauging their TPACK confidence and the use of the Most Significant Change (MSC) methodology. Finally the paper will discuss the outcomes of the project and its future.