In coastal landfill facilities that are constructed to contain municipal and industrial wastes in Japan, natural marine clay layers serve as bottom liners to prevent pollutant migration. Leachates from landfills are rich in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) that can be used by micro-organisms. Biological processes could lead to redox reactions that change the pH and Eh. These biochemical factors may strongly influence the behavior of pollutants leached from landfills, particularly heavy metals. In this paper, modified batch tests were conducted to investigate the effects of pH and Eh and to simulate both chemical and biochemical reactions on zinc mobility in a marine clay layer. To examine the effects of pH and Eh, the pH and Eh were controlled by adding acid or base, respectively, and a reducing agent. To study the zinc mobility, biochemical reactions were enhanced by cultivating native micro-organisms, which gradually changed the pH and Eh conditions. Batch tests with different DOC concentrations were also conducted to evaluate the effect of DOC on zinc mobility. In addition, biochemical processes in the bottom clay liners at coastal landfill sites that receive municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator ash were simulated by batch tests using a solution of MSW incinerator ash mixed with seawater along with cultivating native micro-organisms found in marine clay. The experimental results indicated that microbial activities in closed soil-water systems result in strongly reduced conditions compared to that controlled by a strong reducing agent, and that the zinc mobility is lowered through the formation of sulfides. Although microbial activity was initially limited under highly alkaline conditions due to MSW incinerator ash, the pH gradually decreased mainly due to the formation of organic acids from microbial activity. Under the oxidized conditions, the solubility of zinc was controlled by pH and the Eh had a negligible effect on the zinc concentration. DOC in the leachate served as a bioavailable carbon source for microbial activities, which promoted anaerobic conditions in the soil-water system and the immobilization of zinc. However, DOC also formed soluble complexes with heavy metals, which increased the zinc concentration. These observations confirmed that heavy metals in the leachates became immobilized under the conditions found at landfill bottom liners when estimated in terms of pH, Eh, and DOC.


"From Quarry to Cornfield" provides an innovative model for examining the technology of hoe production and its contribution to the agriculture of Mississippian communities.Lithic specialist Charles Cobb examines the political economy in Mississippian communities through a case study of raw material procurement and hoe production and usage at the Mill Creek site on Dillow Ridge in southwest Illinois. Cobb outlines the day-to-day activities in a Mississippian chiefdom village that flourished from about A.D. 1250 to 1500. In so doing, he provides a fascinating window into the specialized tasks of a variety of "day laborers" whose contribution to the community rested on their production of stone hoes necessary in the task of feeding the village. Overlooked in most previous studies, the skills and creativity of the makers of the hoes used in village farming provide a basis for broader analysis of the technology of hoe use in Mississippian times.Although Cobb's work focuses on Mill Creek, his findings at this site are representative of the agricultural practices of Mississippian communities throughout the eastern United States. The theoretical underpinnings of Cobb's study make a clear case for a reexamination of the accepted definition of chiefdom, the mobilization of surplus labor, and issues of power, history, and agency in Mississippian times. In a well-crafted piece of writing, Cobb distinguishes himself as one of the leaders in the study of lithic technology. "From Quarry to Cornfield" will find a well-deserved place in the ongoing discussions of power and production in the Mississippian political economy."


Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are prokaryotic, phototrophic microorganisms that may form massive blooms in eutrophic water reservoirs. Some cyanobacterial strains are able to produce secondary metabolites – cyanotoxins that may be hazardous to aquatic and terrestial animals. These compunds can be grouped into: hepatotoxins, neurotoxins, cytotoxins dermatotoxins and irritant toxins. Microcystins are well-known cyclic heptapeptides acting as inhibitors of protein phosphatases type 1 and 2A. These cyanotoxins induce various adverse effects in freshwater invertebrates including biochemical, physiological and behavioral changes. Moreover, accumulation of microcystins in different tissues occurs, therefore transfer of these cyanotoxins through the food chain to animals being at higher trophic levels may be possible. The purpose of this paper is to review the knowledge on the effects of microcystins on three main groups of freshwater invertebrates: zooplankton, higher crustaceans, mollusks and to indicate possible ecotoxicological consequences of this impact on aquatic environment and invertebrate aquacultures.


Aims/hypothesis In type 1 diabetes (T1D), most insulin-producing β cells are destroyed, but the trigger is unknown. One of the possible triggers is a virus infection and the aim of this study was to test if enterovirus infection affects glucose stimulated insulin secretion and the effect of virus replication on cellular macromolecules and organelles involved in insulin secretion. Methods Isolated human islets were infected with different strains of coxsackievirus B (CVB) virus and the glucose-stimulated insulin release (GSIS) was measured in a dynamic perifusion system. Classical morphological electron microscopy, large-scale electron microscopy, so-called nanotomy, and immunohistochemistry were used to study to what extent virus-infected β cells contained insulin, and real-time PCR was used to analyze virus induced changes of islet specific genes. Results In islets infected with CVB, GSIS was reduced in correlation with the degree of virus-induced islet disintegration. The expression of the gene encoding insulin was decreased in infected islets, whereas the expression of glucagon was not affected. Also, in islets that were somewhat disintegrated, there were uninfected β cells. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that virus particles and virus replication complexes were only present in β cells. There was a significant number of insulin granules remaining in the virus-infected β cells, despite decreased expression of insulin mRNA. In addition, no typical Golgi apparatus was detected in these cells. Exposure of islets to synthetic dsRNA potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Conclusions/interpretation Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion; organelles involved in insulin secretion and gene expression were all affected by CVB replication in β cells.


We summarize current evidence on the prevalence of Zika and microcephaly in Brazil and Colombia and conclude that the expectation of a large number of microcephaly cases outside of Brazil has not been realized. The ratio of microcephaly to Zika cases is inconsistent between Colombia and Brazil and between Brazilian states, where the majority of cases are confined to the northeast region. At the rate of microcephaly in Colombia, if all pregnancies in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco were infected by Zika, we estimate there would only be 100 cases of microcephaly in a year, whereas the number of confirmed cases is 386. Other causes and co-factors of microcephaly must be considered, including the pesticide pyriproxyfen which has been added to drinking water in some regions of Brazil since the fall of 2014 and is cross-reactive with retinoic acid which is known to cause microcephaly. Even without confirmation, the continued increase of microcephaly cases in Brazil by 100 per month warrants urgent policy action to stop the use of pyriproxyfen.


I study gender differences in major choice and college entrance probabilities in University of Campinas, a Brazilian public university dependent on the State of Sao Paulo. As with most Brazilian public universities, students select a major, and then compete for a place in that major by taking a major-specific entrance exam. This singular characteristic of the Brazilian case allows me to differentiate the effect of gender on major-specific entrance probabilities and preferences. I propose a model and econometric strategy which can account for two important issues, selectivity bias and the fact that expected utility depends on the probability of entering the different majors. I find evidence of gender differences in preferences and entrance probabilities. For most majors, gender differences in major choice are mostly explained by differences in preferences. However, for the most demanding majors (those that require higher grades from students), differences in major choice are explained in a large proportion by differences in entrance probabilities. Finally, I find that gender has important interactions with other variables. In particular, gender effects depend on education, socioeconomic characteristics and family background.


In regions of coendemicity for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax where mefloquine is used to treat P. falciparum infection, drug pressure mediated by increased copy numbers of the multidrug resistance 1 gene (pvmdr1) may select for mefloquine-resistant P. vivax. Surveillance is not undertaken routinely owing in part to methodological challenges in detection of gene amplification. Using genomic data on 88 P. vivax samples from western Thailand, we identified pvmdr1 amplification in 17 isolates, all exhibiting tandem copies of a 37.6–kilobase pair region with identical breakpoints. A novel breakpoint-specific polymerase chain reaction assay was designed to detect the amplification. The assay demonstrated high sensitivity, identifying amplifications in 13 additional, polyclonal infections. Application to 132 further samples identified the common breakpoint in all years tested (2003–2015), with a decline in prevalence after 2012 corresponding to local discontinuation of mefloquine regimens. Assessment of the structure of pvmdr1 amplification in other geographic regions will yield information about the population-specificity of the breakpoints and underlying amplification mechanisms.


Foreword and Background Many streams of research deal with informing, a real interdisciplinary mix: cybernetics (a study of communication and control processes), operations research (analysis of processes for decision making), operations management, systems theory, systems analysis, praxiology (a study of human action with regard to effectiveness and efficiency), ethics, psychology, sociology, political science, etc. The 20th century has become known as the century of the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics in physics, nuclear energy, electronics, aviation, computing, and space exploration. The 21st century emerges at least as the century of information, microbiology, bioengineering, nano technology, and quantum computing. Information--anything in form that can be communicated, similarly to factors in substance, operates among all of the at least partially autonomously acting entities. Information (broader knowledge as data, information, and rules of reasoning and proceeding) is a factor of power similar to other resources under one's control. Studies of the role of informing, information, and information quality shed a new light on many issues. Operations conducted by humans or robots depend on available or obtainable operation factors in substance or in form. In decision making, factors are represented by variables. Decision makers assume and act as if the knowledge available to them represents the reality they deal with. A wide spectrum of operations exists if assessed by complexity. At the lowest end, actions may be purely reactive to changes of the environment such as it occurs in physical inert objects and primitive forms of life. At the highest end, operations may follow sophisticated patterns of behavior or reasoning, which may be related to remote future goals and purposes of complex hierarchical systems that consist of interacting entities that may be complex on their own. The more complex a system of operations is, the higher the level of making decisions, the fewer contacts decision makers have with factors of substance; and the higher their reliance is on factors in form, the less they are in direct contact with the reality they seemingly control. Political or corporate leaders actually act within a virtual reality of representations made available to them by others of influence; this was in antiquity and is now, with no visible end in the future. Despite the virtual nature of such realities, information, informing, and operations are physical. They are subject to the same physical laws as the rest of the physical world. Operations conducted by humans also manifest aspects of a psychological, sociological, and political nature. This paper does not understate their significance but limits its scope. The physical aspects of data, information, knowledge, and informing in operations should be studied first. Only on top of solid physical foundations one may successfully add other aspects. Informing for operations offers an insight into the subject with results of lasting theoretical and practical validity. The explosive pervasiveness of computing and information technology has obscured the fact that the ultimate purpose of informing is to contribute to more effective and efficient operations. A broader view encompasses the role of information and informing in extending our knowledge and, subsequently, our control of the environment. This view deserves a separate study. The presented approach to informing for operations is philosophically grounded in the Aristotelian approach to quality as distinguishing features, Schopenhauer's worldview as interplay between "will and representation," Nietzsche's perspectivism, the contributions of the pragmatists (Dewey and Pierce) to the theory of inquiry, and decision making with bounded rationality as defined by Simon (1956) and Kotarbinski (1961). It uses the concept of inertial frames borrowed from theoretical physics with the postulate of teleological relativity of views, observations, measurements, and assessments while, at the same time, accounting for the quantum nature of reality and the information that should map it one to one. …


The aim of this quantitative study was to investigate the relationship between the perceived effectiveness of internal branding activities on brand commitment among owner managers within a retail store network of previously independent retailers. Brand commitment was hypothesized as essential for coherent and consistent corporate brand building within this context. Two new scales were developed and tested to measure internal branding and brand commitment. Perceived clarity of vision, core values and brand communications were highly correlated with strong brand commitment, while lack of perceived business supports and adequate reward systems were potential inhibitors. Interalia, findings validate the significance of internal branding for corporate brand building within a retail network.


This paper deals with of a new type of steel-concrete connection for composite beams. The connection is an alternative solution for steel-concrete composite bridges suitable for prefabrication and fast erection. The composite action of the beam is established through an innovative shear connection using adhesion, interlocking, and friction. The resistance of the connection to longitudinal shear is based on the development of shear stresses in the confined interfaces that form the connection. The interfaces include a steel-cement grout interface and a rough concrete-cement grout interface. Confinement is provided by the reinforced concrete slab that encloses the connection. This study applies such a connection to composite bridges and investigates resistance to cyclic loadings using experimental tests. The paper presents the analysis of the test results and a design method to predict the connection fatigue resistance.


In the present research project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture we are working on the elaboration of a contrastive functional-communicative grammar (Spanish-German) for translators and/or interpreters on CD Rom which is considered a valuable working tool for this group.It is well-known that one does not translate words and structures but tekst or discourse. In order to do so, the translator/interpreter must understand the communicative intention of the original tekst or discourse and reproduce it in the target tekst. That means, not only does he/she need a solid idiomatic knowledge (knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, phonology, suprasegmental and extralinguistic elements)in both languages but also a good knowledge of the expressive aspect of all these linguistic resources (i.e. which resources are used to express which function in what kind of situation or tekst and with what effect).However, the existing grammar books do not help him/her in an effective way because none of them offer him/her easily accessible information about the resources (lexical, grammatical, phonological, orthographic, suprasegmental, extralinguistic) that exist in each language for the expression of specific functions (e.g. "make a request"), determined by the type of tekst or discourse and adding information about the frequency of use and the pragmatic connotations of each linguistic form.


In the auto body assembly process, fixtures position parts during assembly and inspection. Variation in the positioning process propagates to the final assembly. To control the assembly fixtures, repeatability studies are used. Those studies are, however, usually done with long intervals and the fixtures might be afflicted with variation between studies. There are also other sources of variation in the final assembly, such as variation in parts due to previous manufacturing steps. To separate variation caused by fixtures and the variation caused by previous manufacturing processes, a multivariate fixture failure subspace control chart is proposed.


Evaluations of educational programs commonly assume that what children learn persists over time. The authors compare learning in Pakistani public and private schools using dynamic panel methods that account for three key empirical challenges to widely used value-added models: imperfect persistence, unobserved student heterogeneity, and measurement error. Their estimates suggest that only a fifth to a half of learning persists between grades and that private schools increase average achievement by 0.25 standard deviations each year. In contrast, estimates from commonly used value-added models significantly understate the impact of private schools' on student achievement and/or overstate persistence. These results have implications for program evaluation and value-added accountability system design.


Recent years have seen the development of efficient and provably correct spectral algorithms for learning models of partially observable environments arising in many applications. But despite the high hopes raised by this new class of algorithms, their practical impact is still below expectations. One reason for this is the difficulty in adapting spectral methods to exploit structural constraints about different target environments which can be known beforehand. A natural structure intrinsic to many dynamical systems is a multi-resolution behaviour where interesting phenomena occur at different time scales during the evolution of the system. In this paper we introduce the multi-step predictive state representation (M-PSR) and an associated learning algorithm that finds and leverages frequent patterns of observations at multiple scales in dynamical systems with discrete observations. We perform experiments on robot exploration tasks in a wide variety of environments and conclude that the use of M-PSRs improves over the classical PSR for varying amounts of data, environment sizes, and number of observations symbols.


This paper presents a global review of the crucial strategic and tactical steps of transit planning: the design and scheduling of the network. These steps influence directly the quality of service through coverage and directness concerns but also the economic profitability of the system since operational costs are highly dependent on the network structure. We first exhibit the context and the goals of strategic and tactical transit planning. We then establish a terminology proposal in order to name subproblems and thereby structure the review. Then, we propose a classification of 69 approaches dealing with the design, frequencies setting, timetabling of transit lines and their combinations. We provide a descriptive analysis of each work so as to highlight their main characteristics in the frame of a two-fold classification referencing both the problem tackled and the solution method used. Finally, we expose recent context evolutions and identify some trends for future research. This paper aims to contribute to unification of the field and constitutes a useful complement to the few existing reviews.


The purpose of Phase I of this research was to construct two homology models, one each inactive (R state) and active (R* state), of the orexin-1 receptor (ox1r). The ox1r is a Class A (rhodopsin-like) G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that couples to the Gq protein. Homology models were built using an existing crystal structure of a Class A GPCR. The ligands 1-(5-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-methylthiazol-4-yl)-1-((S)-2-(5-phenyl- (1,3,4)oxadiazol-2-ylmethyl)-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-methanone (SB-674042), and the orexin-A peptide [pyroglutamate]PLPDCCRQKTCSCRLYELLHGAGNHAAGILTL-NH2 with residues C6-C12 and C7-C14 disulfide-bonded, were docked in the ox1r R and R* states, respectively. Another orexin receptor (ox2r) subtype's x-ray crystal structure was published (Yin et al., 2014). The high level of identity between the ox1r and ox2r, and the release of peptide-bound neurotensin crystal structures (Egloff et al., 2014, Krumm et al., 2015), led to the latter being used as a guide to dock orexin-A's C-terminus into the binding pocket. The ligands were docked in ox1r models created by directly mutating ox2r's crystal structure, only using Conformational Memories (CM) (Whitnell et al., 2008) to select an R* TMH6 that kicks out. The new ox1r R* model has orexin-A hold the ox1r's toggle switch residue, Y6.48, in a trans ?1 and has part of orexin-A accept a hydrogen bond from the ox1r R* state's H7.39 as per Darker et al., 2001 and Malherbe et al., 2010. These interactions promote the ox1r R* state. The new ox1r R model has SB-674042 hold the ox1r's Y6.48 in a g+ ?1 and accepts a hydrogen bond from the R state's Q3.32, as per Malherbe et al., 2010. These interactions promote the ox1r R state. New IC3 loops and termini were created with Modeller (Sali et al., 1993, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA), and the receptor models were palmitoylated. The purpose of Phase II was to examine the homology models' behavior in a simulated lipid bilayer environment. To do so, CHARMM force field parameters were created based on SB-674042 and on pyroglutamate using the global minimum structure of each, all calculated at the HF 6-31G* level of theory using Spartan (Wavefunction Inc., Irvine, CA). The result was a list of new parameters that were used in the Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation, and in turn, the results of the lipid bilayer simulation of each ligand/receptor complex indicated that each complex was stable and retained important GPCR features. Furthermore, each complex was compared with recently released ox1r crystal structures (Yin et al., 2016), and the transmembrane helices match almost perfectly, with an RMSD of 0.5383 for TMH1, 0.2374 for TMH2, 0.3416 for TMH3, 0.3731 for TMH4, 0.3839 for TMH5, 0.2851 for TMH6, 0.3074 for TMH7, and 0.5060 for Helix 8 between the Cas of the ox1r R model and the ox1r crystal structure 4zjc. The residues in the ox1r R* model's EC2 loop that bind to orexin-A's residues L16, L19, and L20, after running MD on it, match extremely well with the ox1r crystal structures' corresponding EC2 residues, and face the same way as well. SB-674042 in one of those crystal structures accepts no hydrogen bonds, as opposed to the complex. In fact, orexin- B was docked in the ox1r, and the binding interaction energy thereof was calculated as it was for the ox1r ligands, and the results were consistent with experimental data.


Abstract: Background: Breast feeding is most important determinants of child survival, birth spacing and prevention of childhood infections. It allows mother and baby to emotionally bond in a special way that cannot be matched, since it meets both the nutritional and nurturing needs. Paramedical workers help to impart correct knowledge and practice among women beneficiaries {pregnant, lactating mothers and women in reproductive age group}. It is important for the health workers to have adequate scientific knowledge about infant breast feeding. The present study is to assess the knowledge and attitude of health workers with regard to infant feeding and also to identify gaps in their knowledge.
Objectives: 1. To assess the practice of breast feeding in female paramedical workers. 2. To assess the practice of infant feeding in female paramedical workers.
Methodology: A Cross Sectional Analytical study was conducted for 2 months in Tumkur taluk, Karnataka. Paramedical workers having at least one child were included in the study. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to interview the paramedical workers.
Results: Majority (52%) of the paramedical workers are in the 31 to 40 age group. Most of the interviewed paramedical workers were nurses and ANMs. Majority (64%) had two or less no. of children that shows good family planning practice. 38% started breast feeding within half an hour which is a good practice. Majority (82%) of the population studied avoided pre-lacteal feed which is a good practice and among those who fed, honey was the most common pre-lacteal feed given. Approximately 1/3rd of the population studied had breast fed exclusively for 6 months which is recommended practice, while 46% started weaning earlier than 6 months due to various reasons. 56% avoided the practice of bottle feeding which is a good practice. Majority of the workers avoided using pacifiers which is a good sign. 68% of paramedical workers stopped breast feeding of the children age of less than two year which is in advised.


A four point block method based on Adams type formulae is proposed for solving general fourth order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) directly. This four point block method will be implemented in predictor corrector mode and the corrector will be iterated to convergent. The numerical solution will be computed at four equally steps simultaneously. Most of the existence researches involving higher order ODEs will reduced the problem to a system of first order ODEs and this approach is obviously will enlarge the systems of first order equations. However, the direct method in this research will solved the fourth order ODEs directly without reducing it to first order equations. Lagrange interpolation polynomial was applied in the derivation of the proposed method. The method was implemented using variable step size in order to determine the approximated solutions. Numerical results shown that the four point block method were superior compared to the existing method. It is clearly proved that the four point block is able to produce acceptable results for solving fourth order ODEs.


Background Multiple meningiomas occur in <10% of meningioma patients. Their development may be caused by the presence of a predisposing germline mutation in the neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) gene. The predisposing gene in patients with non-NF2 associated multiple meningiomas remains to be identified. Recently, SMARCB1 was reported to be a potential predisposing gene for multiple meningiomas in a family with schwannomatosis and multiple meningiomas. However, involvement of this gene in the development of the meningiomas was not demonstrated. Results Five affected members of a large family with multiple meningiomas were investigated for the presence of mutations in SMARCB1 and NF2. A missense mutation was identified in exon 2 of SMARCB1 as the causative germline mutation predisposing to multiple meningiomas; furthermore, it was demonstrated that, in accordance with the two-hit hypothesis for tumourigenesis, the mutant allele was retained and the wild-type allele lost in all four investigated meningiomas. In addition, independent somatically acquired NF2 mutations were identified in two meningiomas of one patient with concomitant losses of the wild-type NF2 allele. Conclusion It is concluded that, analogous to the genetic events in a subset of schwannomatosis associated schwannomas, a four-hit mechanism of tumour suppressor gene inactivation, involving SMARCB1 and NF2, might be operative in familial multiple meningiomas associated meningiomas.


Present projections of growth of commerical navigation traffic indicate that annual tonnage per tow and/or number of tows will continue to increase through the foreseeable future. In order to better characterize the flow fields induced by such tows, prototype measurements of main channel flow fields generated by moving tows have been conducted by the Louisville District at several locations in 1987, 1988, and 1989. These studies have been designed to complement model studies conducted at the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. The intent of these prototype efforts has been to gather data to describe flows ahead of, beneath, and behind tows as well as the flows generated between tows and shorelines. Studies have been conducted in river channels with nearly symmetrical geometry to river channels with more typical asymmetrical geometry. Measurements have been made of bow wave, return, propeller jet, wake, and displacement flows as well as tow induced drawdown and waves. Data collection from these studies are being used, along with model derived data, to develop improved predictive formulae to describe tow-related flow fields in typeical United States navigable rivers.


The Codex Argenteus in Uppsala is the most comprehensive Gothic document still extant. Over the years, its various symbolic values have inspired several investigations and experiments, not only in the humanities, but also in the field of science and technology ranging from deciphering and reproducing the worn and corrupted script to solving riddles in the field of book history by analysing the materials that make up the codex. At the same time, new advanced techniques have been put to the test: woodcut carving, photography, spectral analysis, C-14 analysis and DNA testing. This paper provides a historical survey of techniques, investigations and even manipulations to which the Codex Argenteus has been subjected in the course of the last four centuries.


BACKGROUND
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a seasonal pattern of recurrent major depressive episodes that most commonly occurs during autumn or winter and remits in spring. The prevalence of SAD ranges from 1.5% to 9%, depending on latitude. The predictable seasonal aspect of SAD provides a promising opportunity for prevention. This review - one of four reviews on efficacy and safety of interventions to prevent SAD - focuses on second-generation antidepressants (SGAs).

OBJECTIVES
To assess the efficacy and safety of second-generation antidepressants (in comparison with other SGAs, placebo, light therapy, melatonin or agomelatine, psychological therapies or lifestyle interventions) in preventing SAD and improving patient-centred outcomes among adults with a history of SAD.

SEARCH METHODS
A search of the Specialised Register of the Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neuorosis Review Group (CCDANCTR) included all years to 11 August 2015. The CCDANCTR contains reports of randomised controlled trials derived from EMBASE (1974 to date), MEDLINE (1950 to date), PsycINFO (1967 to date) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Furthermore, we searched the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Knowledge, The Cochrane Library and the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (to 26 May 2014). We also conducted a grey literature search and handsearched the reference lists of included studies and pertinent review articles.

SELECTION CRITERIA
For efficacy, we included randomised controlled trials on adults with a history of winter-type SAD who were free of symptoms at the beginning of the study. For adverse events, we planned to include non-randomised studies. Eligible studies compared an SGA versus another SGA, placebo, light therapy, psychological therapy, melatonin, agomelatine or lifestyle changes. We also intended to compare SGAs in combination with any of the comparator interventions versus the same comparator intervention as monotherapy.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors screened abstracts and full-text publications and assigned risk of bias ratings based on the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool. We resolved disagreements by consensus or by consultation with a third party. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias of included studies. When data were sufficient, we conducted random-effects (Mantel-Haenszel) meta-analyses. We assessed statistical heterogeneity by calculating the Chi(2) statistic and the Cochran Q. We used the I(2) statistic to estimate the magnitude of heterogeneity and examined potential sources of heterogeneity using sensitivity analysis or analysis of subgroups. We assessed publication bias by using funnel plots. However, given the small number of component studies in our meta-analyses, these tests have low sensitivity to detect publication bias. We rated the strength of the evidence using the system developed by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) Working Group.

MAIN RESULTS
We identified 2986 citations after de-duplication of search results and excluded 2895 records during title and abstract reviews. We assessed 91 full-text papers for inclusion in the review, of which four publications (on three RCTs) providing data from 1100 people met eligibility criteria for this review. All three RCTs had methodological limitations due to high attrition rates.Overall moderate-quality evidence indicates that bupropion XL is an efficacious intervention for prevention of recurrence of depressive episodes in patients with a history of SAD (risk ratio (RR) 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44 to 0.72; three RCTs, 1100 participants). However, bupropion XL leads to greater risk of headaches (moderate-quality evidence), insomnia and nausea (both low-quality evidence) when compared with placebo. Numbers needed to treat for additional beneficial outcomes (NNTBs) vary by baseline risks. For a population with a yearly recurrence rate of 30%, the NNTB is 8 (95% CI 6 to 12). For populations with yearly recurrence rates of 40% and 50%, NNTBs are 6 (95% CI 5 to 9) and 5 (95% CI 4 to 7), respectively.We could find no studies on other SGAs and no studies comparing SGAs with other interventions of interest such as light therapy, psychological therapies, melatonin or agomelatine.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Available evidence indicates that bupropion XL is an effective intervention for prevention of recurrence of SAD. Nevertheless, even in a high-risk population, four of five patients will not benefit from preventive treatment with bupropion XL and will be at risk for harm. Clinicians need to discuss with patients advantages and disadvantages of preventive SGA treatment and might want to consider offering other potentially efficacious interventions, which might confer lower risk of adverse events. Given the lack of comparative evidence, the decision for or against initiating preventive treatment of SAD and the treatment selected should be strongly based on patient preferences.Future researchers need to assess the effectiveness and risk of harms of SGAs other than bupropion for prevention of SAD. Investigators also need to compare benefits and harms of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.


One of the validity conditions of classical test statistics (e.g., Student's t-test, the ANOVA and MANOVA F-tests) is that data be normally distributed in the populations. When this and/or other derivational assumptions do not hold, the classical test statistic can be prone to too many Type I errors (i.e., falsely rejecting too often) and/or have low power (i.e., failing to reject when the null hypothesis is false) to detect treatment effects when they are present. However, alternative procedures are available for assessing equality of treatment group effects when data are non-normal. For example, researchers can use robust estimators instead of the usual least squares estimators to test that treatment effects are equivalent across groups. As well, recent advances in statistical methodology allow researchers to test for equality of treatment group effects by assuming other distributional shapes for the data. One class of such analyses is generalized linear model techniques. On the other hand, researchers can adopt sequential analyses where they first assess the normality assumption and then depending on the result determine the type of analysis that should be adopted. The purpose of the present study was to compare the above approaches for assessing equality of treatment group effects in the presence of non-normal data. Simulation results which were based on various non-normal distributions and the values of group variances and sample sizes revealed that sequential analysis coupled with a generalized linear model solution were just as prone to inflated or depressed rates of Type I error as the classical ANOVA F-test.


Background Standard BOLD connectivity analyses depend on aggregating the signals of individual voxels within regions of interest (ROIs). In certain cases, this spatial aggregation implies a loss of valuable functional and anatomical information about subsets of voxels that drive the ROI level connectivity. New Method We use the FGES algorithm, a data-driven score-based graphical search method, to identify subsets of voxels that are chiefly responsible for exchanging signals between ROIs. We apply the method to high-resolution resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data from medial temporal lobe regions of interest of a single healthy individual measured repeated times over a year and a half. Results The FGES algorithm recovered subsets of voxels within larger medial temporal lobe ROIs of entorhinal cortex and hippocampus subfields that show spatially consistency across different scanning sessions, and are statistically significant under tests that validate the role of these subsets as main drivers of effective connectivity between hippocampal regions of interest. Comparison with Existing Methods In contrast to standard functional connectivity methods, the FGES algorithm is robust against false positive connections produced by transitive closures of adjacencies (correlation methods) and common effect conditioning (Markov random field methods). Conclusions The FGES algorithm allows for identification of communication subsets of voxels driving the connectivity between regions of interest, recovering valuable anatomical and functional information that is lost when ROIs are aggregated. The FGES algorithm is specially suited for voxelwise connectivity research, given its short running time and scalability to big data problems.


This paper investigates the measurement of risk exposure in agriculture and its linkages with input and output decisions. We develop a conceptual analysis of risk under general risk preferences, including cumulative prospect theory. The approach is applied to a sample of U.S. farms from 1996 to 2011. In a multi-input, multi-output framework, the analysis documents the effects of management on production risk exposure and estimates the cost of risk under alternative frameworks. We find that variable inputs contribute to increasing risk, while livestock contributes to reducing risk. Nonfarm income reduces the cost of risk.


Background: Although implementation science has borrowed concepts from psychology to explain how individuals think and act in relation to innovation adoption, the use of psychology has been limited and not well adapted to the aims and obligations of professionals. We aimed to enrich implementation science with a broader set of psychological theories relevant for professional behaviour, drawing particularly on the diffusion of innovations and stages of change models.Methods : The study had two parallel components. The first was a hermeneutic review of how psychological theory has and could be used to understand innovation adoption by health professionals. The second component was an empirical case study of the implementation of guidance on routine HIV screening in three sites across two London hospitals. Primary data sources were synthesised and combined with emerging secondary research findings, each feeding into the other. Analysis focused empirically on how the stages of the diffusion of innovations adoption model (prior conditions, knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, confirmation) could be enriched by psychological theories. Results: The hermeneutic review identified at least 20 relevant psychological theories from social, organisational, developmental and sports psychology; many of these were not single theories but contributions from domains of evolving research, making this an underestimate of potentially relevant theory. We developed a model (PHOENIX) to encapsulate how psychological theory can help illuminate each stage of adoption from diffusion of innovations theory:· Person and History (prior conditions stage) – individuals' characteristics and past experiences;· Overload avoidance (knowledge stage) – filtering strategies when faced with overwhelming amounts of new knowledge;· Evolving attitudes (persuasion stage) – a social process of collectively emerging views within a team;· Networked decisions (decision stage) – decisions at two levels of the department combined with individual judgements;· Implementation support (implementation stage) to turn an intention to act into actual action, with external supports valuable to reduce the cognitive effort required;· uneXceptional (confirmation stage) – sustained effort to turn the new behaviour from a conscious innovation to a habit. Conclusions: The PHOENIX model, if affirmed in further studies, has potential to enrich the study of innovation adoption by healthcare staff in organisational and professional contexts.


Engineered capillary barriers typically consist of two layers of granular materials designed so that the contrast in material hydraulic properties and sloping interface retain infiltrating water in the upper layer. We conducted two benchtop capillary barrier experiments, followed by interpretation and numerical modeling. The hydraulic parameters for two coarse materials were measured using standard methods, and we found that the materials had similar hydraulic properties despite being morphologically different (round vs. angular). The round sand provided a better functioning capillary barrier than the angular sand, but neither experiment could be characterized as a perfectly working capillary barrier. In both cases, >93% of the infiltrating water was successfully diverted from the lower layer; however, infiltration into the underlying layer was observed in both systems. Based on this work, we believe that noncontinuum processes such as vapor diffusion and film flow contribute to the observed phenomena and are important aspects to consider with respect to capillary barrier design as well as dry vadose zone processes in general. Using a theoretical film flow equation that incorporates the surface geometry of the porous material, we found that infiltration into the coarse underlying sand layer appeared to be dominated by water film flow. The NUFT (Nonisothermal Unsaturated–Saturated Flow and Transport) model was used for qualitative comparison simulations. We were able to reproduce the barrier breach observed in the experiments using targeted parameter adjustment, by which pseudo‐film flow was successfully simulated.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
The purposes of this study were to examine whether the use of three different statistical methods for analyzing single-subject data led to similar results and to identify components of graphed data that influence agreement (or disagreement) among the statistical procedures.

METHODS
Forty-two graphs containing single-subject data were examined. Twenty-one were AB charts of hypothetical data. The other 21 graphs appeared in Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, Physical Therapy, Journal of the Association for Persons With Severe Handicaps, and Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. Three different statistical tests--the C statistic, the two-standard deviation band method, and the split-middle method of trend estimation--were used to analyze the 42 graphs.

RESULTS
A relatively low degree of agreement (38%) was found among the three statistical tests. The highest rate of agreement for any two statistical procedures (71%) was found for the two-standard deviation band method and the C statistic. A logistic regression analysis revealed that overlap in single-subject graphed data was the best predictor of disagreement among the three statistical tests (beta = .49, P < .03).

CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
The results indicate that interpretation of data from single-subject research designs is directly influenced by the method of data analysis selected. Variation exists across both visual and statistical methods of data reduction. The advantages and disadvantages of statistical and visual analysis are described.


Background: A great proportion of deaths due to traffic crashes occur for pedestrians, both in developing and developed countries. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the spatial factors related to the frequency of traffic crashes on pedestrians in districts of Tehran city. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. All traffic crashes on pedestrians during 2013–2015 were included in this study. The data were extracted from different sources such as traffic police main office, Tehran municipal office, and Iran statistics center. Poisson and negative binomial regression models were used to analyze the role of environment and district on frequency of traffic crashes. Moreover, the likelihood-ratio test has been used for comparison between models, while assessment of goodness-of-fit has been reported using R2, Akaike information criteria, and Bayesian information criteria. Results: Of 12,090 crashes, 11,895 (98.4%) had led to injuries, while 195 (1.6%) had led to deaths. The frequency of crashes varied substantially in different districts of Tehran. The incidence of injuries did not show any particular pattern, whereas the pattern of incidence of deaths was lower in central districts in comparison to higher incidence in marginal districts (e.g., north, south, west, and east of Tehran). The results of the final model showed a statistically significant association among various variables such as demographics, web of roads, rate of traveling, and land use with the outcome as number of crashes in geographic units. Conclusions: Frequency distribution of traffic crashes leading to injury and/or death is completely different in various districts of Tehran. Demographic as well as spatial characteristics also play an important role in determining this distribution. Regional planning, appropriate traffic management, control measures on spatial risk factors, and educational programs could substantially improve the safety of pedestrians in Tehran.


We theoretically investigate the broadband isolated attosecond generation in a two-color multicycle laser pulse. It is shown that quantum path selection can be realized and then a sub-100-as isolated attosecond pulse is straightforwardly obtained. By adding an UV attosecond pulse to the synthesized two-color field, the continuous harmonic yield is significantly enhanced by 2 orders and the bandwidth is further broadened, which is beneficial to the efficient generation of a sub-100-as isolated attosecond pulse.


The Leiden Museum of Natural History has received a gigantic Hepialid, sent over by Mr. P. O. Stolz from Soerian (distr. Alahan Pandjang, W. Sum.). As far as I can find in literature, it was till now unknown that in Sumatra such insects are living. In the East-Indian Archipelago Hepialidae are known from Borneo, Java and Amboina, from the Aroe islands and from New-Guinea. Java is inhabited by representatives of three genera: Palpifer Hamps., Hepialiscus Hamps. and Phassus Moore. Their species are not numerous. Mr. P. C. T. Snellen recorded in the "Tijdschrift voor Entomologie", vol. XLIII, pp. 29—33 the following species: Palpifer sordida Snell., Hepialiscus marcidus Butl., Phassus damor Moore and Phassus signifer Walk. From Borneo is only known Phassus signifer Walk.; from Amboina are recorded Hepialus rosatus Pag. and Hepialus tegulatus Pag. On the Aroe islands Casana trichiloides Walk, has been captured. No sooner had we come into New-Guinea, than the number of the Hepialidae begins to rise, till we have reached the Australian regions, where the maximum of species is to be found. These communications are drawn from the "Lepidopterorum Catalogus" by Aurivillius and Wagner, part 4, 1911. Returning to the Hepialidae from Sumatra I must mention moreover two specimens of Phassus damor Moore in the collection of Messrs. Piepers and Snellen. For the determination of these species I have used: List Spec. Lep. Ins. Coll. Brit. Mus. by F. Walker, 1856; Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. by Th. Horsfield and Moore, 1858—1859; Faun. Brit. Ind. by G. F. Hampson, 1892, and the above cited memoir by Mr. Snellen. Judging from these works the specimen collected by Mr. Stolz


Galen Strawson has articulated a spectrum of 'temporal temperaments' populated at one end by 'Diachronics,' who experience their selves (understood as a 'present mental entity') as persisting across time, and at the other end by 'Episodics', who lack this sense of temporal extension. Strawson provides lucid descriptions of Episodic self-experience, and further argues that nothing normatively significant depends upon Diachronicity. Thus, neither temperament is inherently preferable. However, this last claim requires a non-reductive phenomenology of Diachronicity that Strawson does not supply. I offer Kierkegaard's account of 'contemporaneity' as a candidate for this missing phenomenology of Diachronic self-experience. Kierkegaard offers a compelling description of Diachronic self-experience that offers more parsimonious explanations for certain puzzling features of Episodicity than Strawson's account does. Yet Kierkegaard's account is irreducibly normative in character; if Strawsonians reject this account of Diachronicity, they must either provide another, normatively-neutral one, or abandon neutrality between Episodicity and Diachronicity.


Nigeria generates billions of dollars from oil exploration yearly. Yet the Niger-Delta communities, where oil prospecting activities take place, have continued to suffer from the effects of environmental degradation. The laws in place have been ineffective in protecting the rights to a suitable environment of the people in that region. As a consequence, human rights abuses in the Nigerian oil producing communities have continued to take place despite the transition from a military to a civilian regime in 1999. This article ponders over the question of the extent to which the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and other laws of Nigeria protect the environment. The right to a healthy environment requires the government to ensure that natural resources are exploited and used sustainably without sacrificing the environment, and to regulate the activities of oil companies so that they do not cause damage to the environment. An appraisal of the existing laws and evolving mechanisms for the enforcement of environmental rights in Nigeria reveals a need for a more effective legal framework for environmental justice in Nigeria.


An analytic solution to the heat equation is used to model the response of subsurface defects in pulsed thermography. The model is compared to measurement data and shows good agreement, both in spatial and temporal domain. The capability of the model is then demonstrated by calculating the response of arbitrary defects at different depth. This model, even though simplified, can prove useful due to good accuracy and low computational time for comparing analysis methods and for evaluating a thermography method on a new material or new type of defect.


Exploring L1 Transfer in German Learners of English: High Front Vowels, High Back Vowels and the BED/BAD Distinction Since the vowel systems of German and English are similar to some extent, German learners of English can be expected to transfer a considerable part of their German vowels to their L2 English. This paper traces the extent and source of positive and negative L1 transfer in two groups of university students from different German L1 backgrounds. To this end, acoustical analyses of three areas of vowel space are provided: high front vowels, high back vowels and mid/low front vowels. While positive transfer widely persists with high front vowels, learners refrain from consistently transferring high back vowels, probably owing to variability both in L1 German and in L2 English. In the case of mid/low front vowels negative transfer is reduced due to exposure to native English, and even more so due to formal instruction, which appears to accelerate the acquisition process


Set in the context of an imaginary dialogue between a straight, white, middle-aged radical feminist law professor and her Cyber-feminism student, this paper explores various theories about stereotypes and other tools of discrimination, as well as the emancipatory potential of digitized communications for equality-seeking groups. It suggests that the Snowden revelations about widespread government surveillance of citizens and concerns around "big data" present an opportunity for coalition between feminists and civil libertarians on the issue of surveillance. In the final analysis though, the paper cautions that this context may simply reflect a moment of interest convergence in which collaboration is unlikely to produce real change for subordinated groups unless the discriminatory tropes that disproportionately expose members of subordinated groups to surveillance are first addressed.


ABSTRACT Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector holds promise for gene therapy. Despite a low frequency of chromosomal integration of vector genomes, recent studies have raised concerns about the risk of rAAV integration because integration occurs preferentially in genes and accompanies chromosomal deletions, which may lead to loss-of-function insertional mutagenesis. Here, by analyzing 347 rAAV integrations in mice, we elucidate novel features of rAAV integration: the presence of hot spots for integration and a strong preference for integrating near gene regulatory sequences. The most prominent hot spot was a harmless chromosomal niche in the rRNA gene repeats, whereas nearly half of the integrations landed near transcription start sites or CpG islands, suggesting the possibility of activating flanking cellular disease genes by vector integration, similar to retroviral gain-of-function insertional mutagenesis. Possible cancer-related genes were hit by rAAV integration at a frequency of 3.5%. In addition, the information about chromosomal changes at 218 integration sites and 602 breakpoints of vector genomes have provided a clue to how vector terminal repeats and host chromosomal DNA are joined in the integration process. Thus, the present study provides new insights into the risk of rAAV-mediated insertional mutagenesis and the mechanisms of rAAV integration.


The present paper discusses a comparative study concerning performance efficiency and sustainable impact of three purification processes for degenotoxification of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) post reaction streams: recrystallization, flash chromatography and organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN). Two case studies in each process were selected for evaluation of the separation technologies featuring the same model API being Mometasone furoate (Meta) glucocorticoid and two genotoxic impurities (GTIs). Methyl mesylate (MeMS) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) were chosen as model impurities due to their incidental appearance in glucocorticoids based on a common methanesulfonylation manufacturing step. Successful degenotoxification was achieved in all cases concerning DMAP and MeMS reaching final GTI levels below the regulatory thresholds with the exception of DMAP using recrystallization. API losses were 5% and 6.4% for OSN, 6.4% and 11.9% for flash chromatography and 14.9% and 16.4% for recrystallization during the removal of DMAP and MeMS, respectively. The API loss occurring during the purification processes has a significant impact on the outcome of cost analysis. Mass and carbon intensity values are highest for OSN and lowest for recrystallization, while flash chromatography has intermediate values. Although recrystallization is more time consuming, it should not be discarded without careful analysis since API loss often declines at larger scales and it generally gives the API in the desired crystallographic form. Solvent recycling has a significant impact on the sustainability of all the processes by the reduction of mass intensity by two orders of magnitude (from 400–1300 to 14–63 kg/kg-API, depending on the process) and narrowing down carbon intensity to the range of 100–200 kg-CO2/kg-API. OSN requires the use of 7 diavolumes, therefore its high performance is achieved at the cost of high solvent usage. Hence, solvent recycling also has a higher positive environmental impact on OSN.


The global COVID-19 pandemic has created the urgent need for online instruction throughout all levels, including teacher professional development. As we move beyond the survival phase of remote teacher professional development, it is critical to well understand teacher acceptance and continued use of online professional development. Digital literacy and social presence (SP) have been widely studied to understand online teaching and learning process. However, there is a dearth of studies that examine the impact of digital literacy and SP on the acceptance of online teacher professional development (OTPD). This study aimed to examine if digital literacy and SP affected secondary school teachers' acceptance and continued use of OTPD. A quantitative method was employed with two hundred and thirty-two Indonesian secondary school teachers completed a 48-item questionnaire based on an extended technology acceptance model and teacher digital literacy framework. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling. The findings showed that digital literacy and SP significantly affected teachers' acceptance of OTPD. Therefore, this study suggests that the proposed model is valid to explain teachers' engagement in OTPD. The results have implications for educational leaders, designers, and facilitators who want to promote online professional development. © 2022 by authors.


Importance
Anxiety and stress-related disorders are among the most common mental disorders. Although family and twin studies indicate that both genetic and environmental factors play an important role underlying their etiology, the genetic underpinnings of anxiety and stress-related disorders are poorly understood.

Objectives
To estimate the single-nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability of anxiety and stress-related disorders; to identify novel genetic risk variants, genes, or biological pathways; to test for pleiotropic associations with other psychiatric traits; and to evaluate the association of psychiatric comorbidities with genetic findings.

Design, Setting, Participants
This genome-wide association study included individuals with various anxiety and stress-related diagnoses and controls derived from the population-based Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH) study. Lifetime diagnoses of anxiety and stress-related disorders were obtained through the national Danish registers. Genes of interest were further evaluated in mice exposed to chronic social defeat. The study was conducted between June 2016 and November 2018.

Main Outcomes and Measures
Diagnoses of a relatively broad diagnostic spectrum of anxiety and stress-related disorders.

Results
The study sample included 12 655 individuals with various anxiety and stress-related diagnoses and 19 225 controls. Overall, 17 740 study participants (55.6%) were women. A total of 7308 participants (22.9%) were born between 1981-1985, 8840 (27.7%) between 1986-1990, 8157 (25.6%) between 1991-1995, 5918 (18.6%) between 1996-2000, and 1657 (5.2%) between 2001-2005. Standard association analysis revealed variants in PDE4B to be associated with anxiety and stress-related disorder (rs7528604; P = 5.39 × 10-11; odds ratio = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.86-0.92). A framework of sensitivity analyses adjusting for mental comorbidity supported this result showing consistent association of PDE4B variants with anxiety and stress-related disorder across analytical scenarios. In mouse models, alterations in Pde4b expression were observed in those mice displaying anxiety-like behavior after exposure to chronic stress in the prefrontal cortex (P = .002; t = -3.33) and the hippocampus (P = .001; t = -3.72). We also found a single-nucleotide polymorphism heritability of 28% (standard error = 0.027) and that the genetic signature of anxiety and stress-related overlapped with psychiatric traits, educational outcomes, obesity-related phenotypes, smoking, and reproductive success.

Conclusions and Relevance
This study highlights anxiety and stress-related disorders as complex heritable phenotypes with intriguing genetic correlations not only with psychiatric traits, but also with educational outcomes and multiple obesity-related phenotypes. Furthermore, we highlight the candidate gene PDE4B as a robust risk locus pointing to the potential of PDE4B inhibitors in treatment of these disorders.


Project Management for many years have been conducted using a traditional model with the focus being on time, cost and quality and its overall success on managing the organizations more effectively. Organisations are moving towards the use of a more modernistic approach where the focus is being extended to include cost, time, quality and linked to the strategic objectives, reward and recognition systems and building teams. The goals of the project must be communicated to all those who are involved in its implementation in order to ensure project success. Project managers who get people to want to do what they want by sharing their purpose, vision, and values also establish emotional and intellectual ties that result in sustained commitment. As the demand for project management increases, so does the use of tools and techniques. Project management offers a very structured approach to managing projects. The success of a project will be determined on the ability of the project manager to plan and develop a project, to implement, monitor and control and evaluate the project progress. DUT is faced with situation where there is an enormous demand by staff to participate in project management training. Many of these staff are directly involved in project management whilst others have requested this training as part of their capacity building drive. This study examines the perception of staff members who have attended the project management training with a view to making recommendations on how to improve project management at DUT. It also demonstrates the evaluation of the facilitator, the course content as well as the project management's relatedness to the demographic profile of the University sample and presents and presents the perceptions of the respondents to the questionnaire. The method of research was largely quantitative and enabled comparison to be quantified. A self-administered closed-response questionnaire was adapted and used to obtain the information required. The study further investigated the staff members' perception on project failure in respect of lack of user involvement, long timescales, failure to track the progress of projects, no formal change control, inadequately training project managers, poor leadership, cultural misalignment, poor planning and inadequate tracking and reporting. The dissertation makes recommendations on the project management course programme and the critical role of the project manager and the project team.


In recent years, the number of Chinese students studying in the United States has been increasing dramatically. The number of Chinese students who converted to Christianity in the U.S. has also risen a lot. The aim of this research is to find out why there are so many Chinese students choosing to believe in Christianity and how they become Christians in the end. The data of this research are drawn from participant observation, interview, and content analysis. Results focus on three topics related to overseas Chinese students' religious lives. The first topic is the Chinese students' knowledge and impression of Christianity before they were in touch with the religion. Almost all Chinese students had little to no knowledge of Christianity beforehand. Despite their limited knowledge, their impressions of Christianity were quite different: strange and unfamiliar, skeptical and cautious, favorable and encouraging. The second topic is the social network. On the one hand, a social network, especially the interpersonal bond between religious group members and potential recruits, plays an initial but crucial role in recruitment; on the other hand, the religious community helps Chinese students adapt to a new social environment materially, psychologically, and socially by providing different kinds of social services. Although the social network plays a very important role during the course of Chinese students' conversion to Christianity, it still cannot be regarded as the main reason why Chinese students become Christian. The third topic is an attempt to discover the main reason why Chinese students convert. Under the broader contexts of the huge social and cultural difference between China and the United States, and the life stage of "emerging adulthood" where the Chinese students are at, the Chinese students realize their current meaning system is not comprehensive enough for them to interpret the challenges and uncertainties brought by these two contextual factors. While searching for meaning and seeking certainties amid the puzzling ambiguities, the


We have measured the spectral linewidths of three continuous-wave quantum cascade lasers operating at terahertz frequencies by heterodyning the free-running quantum cascade laser with two far-infrared gas lasers. Beat notes are detected with a GaAs diode mixer and a microwave spectrum analyzer, permitting very precise frequency measurements and giving instantaneous linewidths of less than -30 kHz. Characteristics are also reported for frequency tuning as the injection current is varied.


The growing concerns about the climate change, the characteristics of the transport sector and its future trend, have made this sector be considered relevant in the policy analysis that promote the low carbon economy. The development of alternative fuel vehicles is one of these policies. However, although the diffusion of clean technologies has been studied for the academy community, and is receiving major attention of the governments, industries and stakeholders, both the adoption process of these technologies in developing countries and the effectiveness of the policies for boost the adoption in the market are low known. This research presents a conceptual approach that involves a design and use of a system dynamics simulation model based on. Simulations with two different policies: fiscal and communication were carried out. The results show that the communication policy is more effective than the fiscal policy when we try to impulse a model of low carbon private transport in the Colombian market.


We proposed two unconstrained methods for blood pressure monitoring in a ubiquitous home healthcare. Instead of a conventional oscillometric method, unconstrained pulse arrival time was used. Pulse arrival time is the time delay between Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Photoplethysmogram (PPG). In first method, ECG and PPG could be unconstrainedly obtained in a computer desk environment. In second method, ECG and PPG could be measured in a toilet seat unconstrainedly. The relationship between systolic blood pressure and pulse arrival time was investigated with several experiments. Additionally, the potential of pulse arrival time for blood pressure monitoring was validated in a practical application in a daily life. It showed that these methods were useful for the long term monitoring in a telemedicine.


Efficient management of nitrogen (N) is critical to the profitability and sustainability of agricultural systems. Losses of N can both reduce productivity and in the case of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions contribute to global warming and ozone depletion. The limited number of studies from medium rainfall cropping systems have indicated that N2O losses tend to be low to moderate, but that there is the potential to reduce these losses through altered fertiliser management. This study investigated the magnitude of N2O flux from a medium rainfall cropping system in southeastern Australia and the potential to mitigate N2O losses through altered timing (at sowing compared with in-season) of N application and the use of both nitrification and urease inhibitors. This study also measured overall N fertiliser losses and crop productivity. Losses of N2O and overall fertiliser losses were measured using static chamber and 15N mass balance techniques respectively, as part of a field experiment conducted in the Victorian Wimmera during 2012. Cumulative N2O loss from sowing until harvest of the wheat crop amounted to between 75 and 270 g N2O-N/ha with fertiliser application significantly increasing losses. In contrast, total losses of fertiliser N ranged from 7‑11 kg N/ha (14-22% of applied N), indicating that N2O losses were low in comparison to both crop requirements and overall N losses.


Providing seamless coverage in current cellular network technologies is surmountable only through gross over-engineering. Alternatively, as an economically effective solution, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), augmented with the functionalities of terrestrial base stations (BSs), is recently advocated. In this paper we investigate the effect that the incorporation of UAV-mounted BSs (U-BS) poses on the coverage probability of cellular networks. To this end, we focus on the evaluation of the coverage probability of a large-scale aerial-terrestrial heterogenous cellular network (AT-HetNet), in which BSs of each technology/tier can be either ground (G-BS) or U-BS. Our analysis incorporates the impact of Line-of-Sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) path-loss attenuations of both ground-to-ground (G2G) and Air-to-Ground (A2G) links. Adopting tools of stochastic geometry we then obtain the coverage probability as a function of main system parameters and percentage of BSs in each tier that are aerial. Using simulations we also confirm the accuracy of our analysis. We further observe that for several common communication environments, e.g., high-rise and dense urban environments, the inclusion of U-BSs can be detrimental to the coverage probability. Nevertheless, it is still possible to minimize the coverage cost by turning off a percentage of G-BSs. Interestingly, for urban and sub-urban areas one can adjust the altitude of U-BSs in order to adjust the coverage probability.


Knowledge graph (KG) embedding is well-known in learning representations of KGs. Many models have been proposed to learn the interactions between entities and relations of the triplets. However, long-term information among multiple triplets is also important to KG. In this work, based on the relational paths, which are composed of a sequence of triplets, we define the Interstellar as a recurrent neural architecture search problem for the short-term and long-term information along the paths. First, we analyze the difficulty of using a unified model to work as the Interstellar. Then, we propose to search for recurrent architecture as the Interstellar for different KG tasks. A case study on synthetic data illustrates the importance of the defined search problem. Experiments on real datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the searched models and the efficiency of the proposed hybrid-search algorithm.


This study was part of a Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) program to assess the vulnerability of highway bridges built before 1984. Researchers applied slowly-varying transverse loads to a three-span, reinforced concrete bridge, including the superstructure, piers, and abutments. The purpose of the tests was to measure the transverse stiffness of the bridge and to estimate each support's contribution to stiffness. The researchers also evaluated analytical models by comparing the calculated and observed responses. The bridge was extremely stiff and strong. In two cycles to a load equal to 45% of the bridge's weight, the maximum bridge displacement was 0.15 in. During these cycles damage was minimal. At a load equal to 65% of the bridge's weight, the pier displacement was 0.30 in. After the bridge had been excavated, the stiffness decreased to 15% of its initial stiffness. The stiffness further decreased to 8% of the initial stiffness after the superstructure had been isolated from the abutments. The University of Washington (UW), California Department of Transportation (CALTRANS) and WSDOT models underestimated the stiffness of the bridge in its initial state. The UW model probably overestimated the resistance of the polystyrene at the abutments and underestimated the stiffness of the soil at the wingwalls. The CALTRANS model was too flexible because it neglected the resistance of the bearing pads and polystyrene. The WSDOT model was too flexible because it neglected the resistance of the bearing pads and polystyrene, and underestimated the soil stiffness. The researchers concluded that (1) the tests can serve as a valuable benchmark against which to evaluate proposed seismic-evaluation procedures and models, (2) bridges that are similar to the test bridge are not highly vulnerable to transverse motions, (3) complex soil modeling is not justified if soil test data are not available, and (4) nonlinear analysis was necessary to reproduce the details of the observed response.


With increased need for high power density, high efficiency and high temperature capabilities in aerospace and automotive applications, integrated motor drives (IMD) offers a potential solution. However, close physical integration of the converter and the machine may also lead to an increase in components temperature. This requires careful mechanical, structural and thermal analysis; and design of the IMD system. This study reviews existing IMD technologies and their thermal effects on the IMD system. The effects of the power electronics position on the IMD system and its respective thermal management concepts are also investigated. The challenges faced in designing and manufacturing of an IMD along with the mechanical and structural impacts of close physical integration is also discussed and potential solutions are provided. Potential converter topologies for an IMD like the matrix converter, two-level bridge, three-level neutral point clamped and multiphase full bridge converters are also reviewed. Wide band gap devices like silicon carbide and gallium nitride and their packaging in power modules for IMDs are also discussed. Power modules components and packaging technologies are also presented.


BACKGROUND
Male circumcision may lower men's risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and reduce transmission to sex partners. Reported associations between circumcision and HPV infection in men have been inconsistent.

METHODS
Four hundred sixty-three men in 2 US cities were tested at 6 anogenital sites and in semen for 37 types of HPV. Men were eligible if they reported sex with a woman within the past year, no history of genital warts or penile or anal cancer, and no current diagnosis of a sexually transmitted infection. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire. Circumcision status was assessed by the study clinician. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between circumcision and HPV detection at each site and in semen, with adjustment for potential confounders.

RESULTS
Seventy-four men (16.0%) were uncircumcised. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for any HPV genotype and circumcision were 0.53 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28-0.99) for any anatomic site/specimen, 0.17 (95% CI, 0.05-0.56) for the urethra, 0.44 (95% CI, 0.23-0.82) for the glans/corona, and 0.53 (95% CI, 0.28-0.99) for the penile shaft. AORs were <1.0 but not statistically significant for the scrotum, semen, anal canal, and perianal area.

CONCLUSIONS
Circumcision may be protective against HPV infection of the urethra, glans/corona, and penile shaft.


Objective: To identify classifiers in images obtained with sagittal laser optical tomography (SLOT) that can be used to distinguish between joints affected and not affected by synovitis. Methods: 78 SLOT images of proximal interphalangeal joints II–IV from 13 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were compared with ultrasound (US) images and clinical examination (CE). SLOT images showing the spatial distribution of scattering and absorption coefficients within the joint cavity were generated. The means and standard errors for seven different classifiers (operator score and six quantitative measurements) were determined from SLOT images using CE and US as diagnostic references. For classifiers showing significant differences between affected and non-affected joints, sensitivities and specificities for various cut off parameters were obtained by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: For five classifiers used to characterise SLOT images the mean between affected and unaffected joints was statistically significant using US as diagnostic reference, but statistically significant for only one classifier with CE as reference. In general, high absorption and scattering coefficients in and around the joint cavity are indicative of synovitis. ROC analysis showed that the minimal absorption classifier yields the largest area under the curve (0.777; sensitivity and specificity 0.705 each) with US as diagnostic reference. Conclusion: Classifiers in SLOT images have been identified that show statistically significant differences between joints with and without synovitis. It is possible to classify a joint as inflamed with SLOT, without the need for a reference measurement. Furthermore, SLOT based diagnosis of synovitis agrees better with US diagnosis than CE.


Management education (ME) is a research field in which scholars employ a plurality of theoretical and methodological approaches to critically examine the people, practices, processes and institutions engaged in facilitating and improving learning and development of current and aspiring managers in a variety of contexts. Although research in the field has grown considerably in terms of both quantity and quality, ME scholars have yet to establish consensus regarding a strong theoretical foundation for their work. This foundation is important to both enable progress through cumulative scholarship and to provide directions for future research.
 This future research should focus on how students learn, as well as effective approaches to facilitating and assessing student learning. Strengthening the theoretical basis and research methods used in this research will enable evidence-based practice and enhance the legitimacy of this important field.


This study was conducted at the Research field of Plant Breeding Division, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Rahmatpur, Barisal, Bangladesh during the period from November, 2016 to April, 2017 to screen out the hybrid maize varieties under moisture deficit condition. There were two factors: (1) five irrigation treatments – I1: Full irrigation at initial,vegetative stage,silking and grain filling stage (2025 DAS and 50-60 DAS,75-80 DAS and 110-120 DAS),I2: Full irrigation at initial stage (20-25 DAS) , I3: 50% irrigation both at initial and vegetative stage (20-25 DAS and 50-60 DAS) and I4: 75% irrigation both at initial and vegetative stage and silking stage (20-25 DAS,50-60 DAS and 75-80 DAS), I5: 50% irrigation at initial,vegetative stage, silking ,and grain filling stage(20-25 DAS and 50-60 DAS,75-80 DAS and 110-120 DAS) and (2) five maize varieties, viz. V1: BARI hybrid maize 9 (BHM−9), V2: BARI hybrid maize 5 (BHM−5), V3: BARI hybrid maize 7 (BHM−7) V4: NK40 and V5: Pacific 984. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The irrigation treatments were employed in the main plots and the varietal treatments were distributed in the sub-plots. There was no significant (α = 0.05) effect of irrigation and significant effect of varietal treatments on the grain yield of maize. However, irrigation treatments had no significant effect but the variety treatments had significant effect on the production of grain yield of maize. The interaction effect between irrigation and variety had significant effect on the grain yield of maize in most cases. The highest grain yield of 15.68 t/ha was obtained for I1V4 and the lowest of 5.94 t/ha was obtained for I4V2.On the growth and yield variables, the irrigation and varietal treatments employed different degrees of influence; some variables differed significantly while others differed insignificantly.


Aslan and Reigeluth (2011) described a possible future period of educational computing as a "Personalized Computing Period" (p. 12). They described a potential educational technology system, PIES (Personalized Integrated Educational System), to support student learning in this period of educational computing, based on the major and secondary functions proposed by Reigeluth, Watson, Watson, Dutta, Chen, and Powell (2008) for the information-age paradigm of education. Major functions include record keeping for, planning for, instruction for, and assessment for/of student learning. Secondary functions include communication, general student data, school personnel information, and technology administration. In this qualitative research study, seven classroom teachers and one technology coordinator from three high schools were interviewed to reveal how they used their current technology systems with respect to the functions described by Reigeluth et al. (2008). The results revealed that there were discrepancies between the participants' current use of the systems and the ideal use for the information-age paradigm of education. Based on the results, recommendations are offered to teachers, policy makers and technology system designers for better meeting students' information-age educational needs.


Eight 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages of rocks from two different areas of the Andes at ca . 33°S, where volcanic units separated by unconformities are exposed, are reported and discussed. These areas are Cuesta de Chacabuco at the northern prolongation of the Central Valley and Cerro Las Ollas at the western part of the Andean Range. In the Cuesta de Chacabuco area, the Chacabuco unit which consists of basalts, basaltic andesites, and continental sedimentary rocks is unconformably covered by pyroclastic flows of the Algarrobo unit, an eroded volcanic complex. A 40 Ar/ 39 Ar plateau age (whole rock, basalt) of 28.8±0.3 Ma was interpreted as the best estimate for the age of the volcanism of the Chacabuco unit whereas plateau ages obtained on amphibole crystals from basaltic andesite and andesitic dyke for the Algarrobo unit were 19.6±0.3 and 18.6±0.4 Ma, respectively. Thus, a hiatus on the order of 8.6 Ma exists between these two units. The Cerro Las Ollas area has been a disputed case in a long-standing discussion concerning the nature of the contact separating the Abanico and Farellones formations in the Andes of central Chile. The unconformable contact exposed there has been interpreted either as a folding and erosional unconformity or as a tectonic contact caused by 'decollement'. New ages obtained on biotite from tuffs fail to show a break in time between the rocks exposed below and above the disputed contact indicating that the tuffs belong to a same volcanic event. The best estimate for the age of this event is a 40 Ar/ 39 Ar mean weighted age of 20.1±0.1 Ma. Consequently, the unconformity present at Cerro Las Ollas may be considered to be of intraformational character.


In this paper we evaluate the use of non-planar projections as a means to increase the Field of View (FoV) in embodied Virtual Reality (VR). Our main goal is to bring the virtual body into the user's FoV and to understand how this affects the virtual body/environment relation and quality of interaction. Subjects wore a Head Mounted Display (HMD) and were instructed to perform a selection and docking task while using either Perspective (≈ 106 ° vertical FoV), Hammer or Equirectangular (≈ 180 ° vertical FoV for both) projection. The increased FoV allowed for a shorter search time as well as less head movements. However, quality of interaction was generally inferior, requiring more time to dock, increasing docking error and producing more body/environment collisions. We also assessed cybersickness and the sense of embodiment toward the virtual body through questionnaires, for which the difference between projections seemed to be less pronounced.


Abstract The effects of long-term chronic exposure of human lung cells to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and their impact upon cellular proteins and lipids were investigated. Since the lung is the major target organ, an in vitro normal bronchial epithelial cell line model was used. Additionally, to better mimic exposure to manufactured nanomaterials at occupational settings, cells were continuously exposed to two non-toxic and low doses of a MWCNT for 13-weeks. MWCNT-treatment increased ROS levels in cells without increasing oxidative DNA damage and resulted in differential expression of multiple anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins. The proteomic analysis of the MWCNT-exposed cells showed that among more than 5000 identified proteins; more than 200 were differentially expressed in the treated cells. Functional analyses revealed association of these differentially regulated proteins to cellular processes such as cell death and survival, cellular assembly, and organization. Similarly, shotgun lipidomic profiling revealed accumulation of multiple lipid classes. Our results indicate that long-term MWCNT-exposure of human normal lung cells at occupationally relevant low-doses may alter both the proteome and the lipidome profiles of the target epithelial cells in the lung.


This ethnographic case study describes and analyses the conditions that support the seamless integration of information communication technology (ICT) into the classroom with school initiated student one-to-one computer ownership program in a primary school. The findings suggest the importance of two factors: technological infrastructures and teachers' beliefs and practices. In addition, curriculum, school leadership and professional development also play less visible but supporting functions in the process of integrating ICT into the teaching and learning process.


Abstract. The research programme KLIWAS, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban affairs is focussed on climate change and its impacts on waterways and navigation for Germany in the 21th century. In order to derive sound statements about the range of possible future climate changes, KLIWAS use hydro-meteorological information derived from a wide variety of global and regional climate models. In the framework of KLIWAS emphasis is taken on the quantification of uncertainties in climate model output. Therefore, a 19-member ensemble of climate model runs was used. On the basis of the SRES-scenario A1B the probabilities of changes in air temperature, precipitation amount, global radiation and several climate indices were computed for near (2021 to 2050) and distant (2071–2100) scenario horizons. Furthermore, statistical downscaling techniques, including approved bias correction methods, were used to provide a spatial high-resolution sub-ensemble of eight climate model simulations for climate change impact investigations.


Keyword search has become a ubiquitous method for users to access text data in the face of information explosion. Inverted lists are usually used to index underlying documents to retrieve documents according to a set of keywords efficiently. Since inverted lists are usually large, many compression techniques have been proposed to reduce the storage space and disk I/O time. However, these techniques usually perform decompression operations on the fly, which increases the CPU time. This paper presents a more efficient index structure, the Generalized INverted IndeX (Ginix), which merges consecutive IDs in inverted lists into intervals to save storage space. With this index structure, more efficient algorithms can be devised to perform basic keyword search operations, i.e., the union and the intersection operations, by taking the advantage of intervals. Specifically, these algorithms do not require conversions from interval lists back to ID lists. As a result, keyword search using Ginix can be more efficient than those using traditional inverted indices. The performance of Ginix is also improved by reordering the documents in datasets using two scalable algorithms. Experiments on the performance and scalability of Ginix on real datasets show that Ginix not only requires less storage space, but also improves the keyword search performance, compared with traditional inverted indexes.


Towards the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1993, an ominous work by the World Bank indicated that sixty-four per cent of the benefits of the round would accrue to developed countries, against only thirty-six per cent to developing nations. In fact, during the last two years of the negotiations, developing countries practically ceased demanding concessions from their developed trade partners and proceeded with a frenzy of unilateral liberalisation in the name of globalisation. Developed countries, with justified glee, reaped the profits. They had secured major tariff reductions from the developing countries, as well as the liberalisation of the services' sectors, which was a major strategic objective, together with the inclusion of new treaties regulating matters such as investments and intellectual property. The author explains how, during the six years of operation, the dispute resolution system of the WTO has become a travesty of justice and an effective means of subjugation of developing countries, against whom the system has proved to be directed.


Powerful graphics hardware is enabling strong improvements in both the appearance and the complexity of virtual worlds for games and simulations. However, current practices in the design and development of virtual worlds mostly resemble high-tech variants of traditional handcrafts, resulting in increasingly unbearable design costs.
 In this article we state that an essential key to overcoming these problems lies in the enrichment of object models with several kinds of semantic data. We discuss numerous and promising uses for semantic information in virtual worlds, and show, for many of them, how previous results of recent research can be successfully applied. We also identify the fundamental challenges in this new cross-disciplinary area, and point out a number of open issues lying ahead, including the need for (i) a suitable way of specifying semantic data, providing a powerful vocabulary that is useful and usable for all disciplines involved in game design and development; (ii) a seamless integration of semantic data integrated with procedural generation techniques, in order to provide designers with a new and powerful generation of tools; and (iii) a consistency maintenance among evolving objects in a changeable environment, for which powerful constraint-solving methods will be instrumental.
 We conclude that, as the expectancy for future games and simulations steadily shifts from improved graphics and appearance towards improved character behavior, plausible realism and coherent gameplay, embedding the game world and its objects with richer semantics is going to play a crucial role. We can therefore expect that, in the near future, increasing research efforts and influential results will be emerging in this new exciting area.


Unintended consequences of a statutory amendment relating to sectional titles and exclusive rights to common property
With the amendments to sections 25 and 27 of the Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986, the legislature intended to terminate malpractices relating to exclusive rights to common property within a sectional titles scheme. The exclusive rights under consideration in this contribution encompass the exclusive right reserved to the developer to develop, mostly as part of a phased development, the scheme on common property of the scheme and the exclusive use rights relating to a part of the common property. The underlying reason for legislative intervention was malpractices whereby the developer could exercise his reserved rights at whim without carrying any of the consequences of his deeds because he ceased to be an owner of a single unit within the scheme and as such was not liable for any of the costs commonly divided amongst the unit owners according to the applicable participation quota. The legislature thus enacted a provision from 2003 that any exclusive use rights reserved for any legal subject shall "revert" to the body corporate by operation of law the moment the holder of the rights no longer was a unit owner within the scheme. The same applies to the exclusive development rights reserved for the developer. As soon as the term for which the rights were originally reserved lapses the right also automatically reverts to the body corporate.


As the energy distribution in each frequency band of rolling bearing acoustic emission (AE) signal is related to its fault type, so we can use the redundant lifting wavelet packet to decompose the rolling bearing AE signal of different fault into different frequency band, combine energy in each frequency band together to be a feature vector of the Support Vector Machines (SVM), then being applied to identify the fault through SVM. This paper also compared the redundant lifting wavelet packet and Daubechies wavelet packet as well as the SVM and neural networks. The experimental result shows that for the fault pattern identification, the method that combines redundant lifting wavelet packet decomposition and SVM together can be effective.


Despite a large macronutrient reservoir, the Southern Ocean has low levels of chlorophyll, primarily due to low iron availability. Exceptions to this situation are island systems where natural terrestrial iron inputs allow the development of large blooms. Particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate (labile and refractory) iron analyses were performed on large (>53 μm) particles collected at the base of the mixed layer within such a system (the Crozet Islands) and in adjacent high‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) waters. Biogenic iron was obtained by removal of estimated lithogenic Fe from the total Fe present. We combine these data with 234Th measurements to determine downward particulate Fe fluxes. Fluxes of Fe ranged from 4 to 301 nmol m−2 d−1 (labile), not detectable to 50 μmol m−2 d−1 (biogenic), and from 3 to 145 μmol m−2 d−1 (total) and, on average, were approximately four times larger below the highly productive, naturally iron‐fertilized region than below the adjacent HNLC area. Downward labile iron fluxes are close to the sum of dissolved terrestrial, atmospheric, and upwelled iron calculated from the Planquette et al. (2007), model. Refractory iron fluxes are ∼2 orders of magnitude larger, and these can only have come from particles advected from the plateau itself. The "biogenic Fe," is a substantial fraction (0–76, mean 23%) of the total particulate Fe to the north of the islands. The origin of this Fe pool must be dominantly biological conversion from the lithogenic fraction, as other supply terms including aeolian, deep mixing, and lateral advection of dissolved Fe are inadequate to account for the magnitude of this Fe. Inclusion of the offshore biologically available fraction of the lithogenic iron flux is therefore required to calculate fully the yield of carbon exported per unit iron injected.