Sparrow, J., Grant, T., Connor, P., & Whitney, N. (2013). The value of the neuropsychological assessment for adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A case study. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 2 (3), 79-86. doi:10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.107 ( http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.107 ) Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is an umbrella term that reflects the range of potential effects resulting from Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (PAE). Individuals with FASD may demonstrate cognitive, functional and adaptive challenges that are as debilitating as those experienced by individuals with the full fetal alcohol syndrome. This case study describes a young mother with PAE who was enrolled in a three-year intensive case management program and who was suspected of having FASD. Authors describe the neuropsychological battery that was administered and how assessment results were used to help members of a multidisciplinary team reframe their thinking and respond to the client's neuropsychological strengths and impairments by adjusting their language, expectations and interventions accordingly. Recognized as a valued member throughout the assessment and intervention process, the client learned to develop strategies that supported her autonomy and self-advocacy.


In this paper pebbles marked by passive integrated transpon ders from two artificial coarse-grained beaches at Marina di Pisa (Tuscany, Italy) were analyzed in order to measure the in situ abra sion rate. The beaches (Cella 7 and Barbarossa) were set up in 2006 as a form of coastal protection. They are both composed of pebbles (30-to-90 mm diameter) and bounded longshore by huge groynes. They differ in length (250 m and 110 m respectively) and in the prese nce of an additional defense structure, a submerged breakwater 50 m off the coastline, at Cella 7. The aim of the study is to reckon the abrasion rate of individual pebbles and evaluate abrasion differen ces of pebbles released on Cella 7 and on Barbarossa. The RFID technology (Radio Frequency Identification) was used to track the pebbles due to its reliability and limited costs. The tracers were released on the beaches in March 2009 along closely-spaced crossshore transects. The recovery campaign was carried out in May 2009. A total of 127 pebbles was detected, 83 of which were recov ered. Huge beach reworking during the storms determined high burial rates and consequently the loss of a definite amount of tracers. The pebbles that were recovered showed a significant increase in roundness, in particular the tracers that were released on Bar barossa. The average pebble weight loss measured at Cella 7 was slightly lower, which means lower mobilization rate at this site rather than at Barbarossa. The resulting values are significant considering the short time frame of the research (two months) and the limited energy of the storms occurred during the experiment.


Large amplitude variations in recruitment of small pelagic fish result from interactions between a fluctuating environment and population dynamics processes such as spawning. The spatial extent and location of spawning, which is critical to the fate of eggs and larvae, can vary strongly from year to year, as a result of changing population structure and environmental conditions. Spawning habitat can be divided into 'potential spawning habitat', defined as habitat where the hydrographic conditions are suitable for spawning, 'realized spawning habitat', defined as habitat where spawning actually occurs, and 'successful spawning habitat', defined as habitat from where successful recruitment has resulted. Using biological data collected during the period 2000–2004, as well as hydrographic data, we investigate the role of environmental parameters in controlling the potential spawning habitat of anchovy and sardine in the Bay of Biscay. Anchovy potential spawning habitat appears to be primarily related to bottom temperature followed by surface temperature and mixed-layer depth, whilst surface and bottom salinity appear to play a lesser role. The possible influence of hydrographic factors on the spawning habitat of sardine seems less clear than for anchovy. Modelled relationships between anchovy and sardine spawning are used to predict potential spawning habitat from hydrodynamical simulations. The results show that the seasonal patterns in spawning are well reproduced by the model, indicating that hydrographic changes may explain a large fraction of spawning spatial dynamics. Such models may prove useful in the context of forecasting potential impacts of future environmental changes on sardine and anchovy reproductive strategy in the north-east Atlantic.


Background: States have various policies regarding a physician's ability or responsibility to report at-risk drivers with dementia to the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). Some states have mandatory reporting policies, others have optional reporting policies and some have no policy regarding this issue. Arkansas has no reporting policy regarding drivers with dementia to the DMV. Therefore, physicians in Arkansas face the risk of liability if they report a patient against their will to the DMV in good faith. Neurologists and geriatricians are often in a position to diagnose and treat individuals with dementia. Research Questions: The following three research questions were developed in an effort to identify how the problem of drivers with dementia is defined among these two types of specialists in Arkansas: (1) What knowledge do Arkansas neurologists and geriatricians have of state policy regarding reporting of at-risk drivers with dementia to the DMV; (2) What are Arkansas neurologists' and geriatricians' opinions regarding various policy options for reporting of such drivers to the DMV; and (3) What are the reporting practices of Arkansas neurologists and geriatricians of drivers with dementia to the DMV? Methods: A survey was distributed to Arkansas neurologists and geriatricians to explore the reporting practices, knowledge and opinion of policy regarding drivers with dementia among these practitioners. Results: There was considerable uncertainty among respondents, regarding the process of assessing and reporting at-risk drivers with dementia in Arkansas. Support for optional reporting policy was very strong. Mandatory reporting policy was less favored by those surveyed. Respondents reported that conversations with patients and family members regarding the cessation of driving is often contentious and ongoing. Conclusions: Findings have implications for both policy and practice. It is recommended that the Arkansas legislature develop and adopt an optional reporting policy. There is also a need for physician education regarding state reporting policy, as well as training in the assessment of fitness to drive for patients with dementia.


This article addresses the question of how planners' use and non-use of expert knowledge affect the content and goal achievement potential of plans, and discusses how changes in planners' and researchers' practices can contribute to improving goal achievement potential. These are questions that have been given surprisingly little attention in planning research. Although interesting discussions have emerged over recent years, few empirical studies have been presented. This article presents theorybased empirical research on these issues based on analyses of strategic land-use and transport planning processes in three Scandinavian cities where an aim is to limit or reduce traffic volumes and greenhouse gas emissions of transport. This is a highly relevant issue when analysing the effects of planners' use and non-use of expert knowledge. Goal achievement potential refers to whether plans (if implemented) contribute to achieving defined objectives, which in this paper mainly regards curbing or reducing urban traffic volumes. The expert knowledge in question concerns how land-use and transport systems development influence traffic volumes in urban regions. The article concludes that whether planners use the expert knowledge in question or not, and how they use it, do affect the goal achievement potential of the plans they produce. This knowledge is the main basis for many planners' knowing and acting. Planners use it to understand, explain and argue for how and why coordination is necessary, and for selecting traffic-reducing measures. All examined plans also include strategies and measures that reduce their goal achievement potential, and non-use of the expert knowledge is an important part of the explanation as to how and why this is the case. When competing objectives seem to call for traffic-increasing measures, planners tend not to take account of expert knowledge in explaining that these measures reduce the goal achievement potential of plans, and they do not turn to it for finding innovative ways of solving their planning problems. Instead, they rely on their embedded professional knowledge, which is sometimes outdated or misleading. In other cases, planners disregard the knowledge because it challenges planning agendas or compelling ideas, or they exercise self-censorship when finding that it conflicts with political agendas. Considerable effort is required in ensuring higher goal achievement potential in future plans. Planners need to be more critical of their own tacit knowledge, and turn more actively to research-based knowledge. Researchers need to produce the knowledge planners need in ways that are useful and


This study investigates the possibility of native-like ultimate attainment by analyzing L2 knowledge of aspect as seen in the Preterit/Imperfect contrast of highly successful English L2 learners of Portuguese and Spanish. Building on innovative work by Montrul & Slabakova (2003) and Slabakova & Montrul (2003), we test knowledge of semantic entailments associated with the acquisition of [+/- perfective] features checked in higher AspP. Additionally, we investigate the possibility of a specific pattern of associated target-deviant L2 performance. We hypothesize that L2 performance can be affected by explicit positive evidence (pedagogical rules) despite otherwise demonstrable native-like competence. Indeed, the data reveal a pattern of target-deviant performance noted only in three specific contexts, all of which can be linked to traditional instruction: (a) with particular stative verbs not used in the Preterit (b) when preceded by certain adverbial phrases ( e.g. , siempre ) and (c) so-called semantic shifting verbs ( e.g. , sabia vs. supe ).


The location of mining is away from the coastline, so the coal stockpiles is needed. Stockpile serves as a temporary dump before the coal is transported through waterways to be marketed locally or abroad. The existence of the stockpiles is could adversely affect the environmental quality regarding air, water, and soil. The monitoring and management of environmental impacts is intended to minimize the impact arising from the existence and operations of coal buildup. The presence of liquid waste that comes from coal stockpile can lower the degree of acidity (pH value) and increase total suspended solid content (TSS), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) which when processed will not adversely affect the surrounding environment. The study aimed at mapping the spatial distribution patterns of pollutants in coal stockpile in order to know the quality of environment due to the presence and activity of the coal stockpile. Given the spatial analysis of environmental pollution, the long-term negative impacts due to the presence and the activity of stockpile can be reduced and preventive action can be done. The research begins by determining the coordinates of point samples, water sampling and laboratory analyzes. The results of measurement and analysis in a laboratory are used to make maps of the spatial distribution patterns of environmental quality . Water quality in acid classified stockpile locations around 3.4 with Fe content of 2.34 ppm and Mn content of 1.77 ppm, as well as 406 ppm of total suspended solid.


Ensemble is a new NSF NSDL Pathways project working to establish a national, distributed digital library for computing education. Our project is building a distributed portal providing access to a broad range of existing educational resources for computing while preserving the collections and their associated curation processes. We want to encourage contribution, use, reuse, review and evaluation of educational materials at multiple levels of granularity and we seek to support the full range of computing education communities including computer science, computer engineering, software engineering, information science, information systems and information technology as well as other areas often called "computing + X" or "X informatics".


Large-scale actuator control problems in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are often expressed within the networked optimization model. While significant advances have taken place in optimization techniques, their widespread adoption in practical implementations is impeded by the complexity of inter-node coordination and lack of programming support that is necessary for sharing information coherently between distributed and concurrent controller processes. In this paper, we propose a distributed shared memory (DSM) architecture that abstracts away the details of inter-node coordination from the programmer resulting in simplified application design. It maintains data coherency through explicit use of mutual exclusion lock primitives that serialize access to coarse subsets of shared variables using fine-grained read/write permissions. The underlying lock protocol is deadlock-free, fair and safe, and reduces response time and message cost by 81.6% and 72.8% respectively over a conventional DSM implementation with coarse access permissions. Moreover, in a representative application example, the proposed framework reduces application code size by 76% and total latency by 22% over a hand-crafted implementation.


We evaluate the effect of a politician's age on political governance, reelection rates,and policies using data on Italian local governments. Our results suggest that younger politicians are more likely to behave strategically in response to election incentives: they increase spending and obtain more transfers from higher levels of government in preelection years. We argue that is a sign of stronger career concerns incentives. The results are robust to adopting three different identification strategies: fixed-effects regression, standard regression discontinuity design, and an augmented regression discontinuity design that controls for residual heterogeneity.


The lecture explores the relationship between vocational education and training (VET), the labour market and social justice. It places this discussion in the wider socio-economic and political context. This enables an exploration of the changing nature of waged labour in the current conjuncture, facilitating a discussion of its intensification, allied to the effective expulsion and marginalisation of particular groups of workers from employment. Importantly, such processes need to be placed in their localised and spatial context within particular social formations. This leads into a discussion that consider equity contrasted with equality models of social justice. The lecture examines the salience of VET in the current conjuncture as well as its significance for a post austerity democratic and radical politics. Such a position warrants a relational analysis that seeks to interrupt the patterns of inequality precipitated by neo-liberalism.


Since the advent of academic film studies realist and formalist frameworks have constantly alternated in apparent opposition, currently culminating in the schism of the phenomenological and cognitive model. According to Elsaesser, cognitive film studies locate the relationship between film and spectator on an abstract mental plane, whereas phenomenologists suggest a simultaneous somatic experience of the spectator parallel to the experiences represented on screen through aesthetics. Arguably, unlike the cognitivists the phenomenological approach takes into account our immediate experience of phenomena (for instance colours and linear patterns) as they show themselves on screen, disregarding hermeneutical questions of representation and authorship. This apodicticity of the immediate (Ihde) results in the viewer's corporeal experience of the on-screen expression of experience (by either screen characters or the frame itself); "an expression of experience by experience" (Shobchack). This concept allows to draw conclusions about the impact of audio-visual aesthetics, such as light, colour, texture, visual depth, sound effects, etc. on the spectator.
However, although our primary perception is sensorial and we are affected by sound and images first, we are reliant on our cognitive capability of linking various sensations into a coherent schema. Thus, as Kevin Sweeny suggests, there needs to be more of a conceptual bridge between phenomenological and cognitive models, and indeed Don Ihde's introduction to the phenomenological method establishes the fourth (and last) major stage as "Seeking out structural or invariant features of the phenomena" and "Repeated patterns are significant and must be actively probed", reminiscent of Bordwell's narrative structuring.
The complementary nature of phenomenology and cognitivism can be efficiently demonstrated by applying both theories to the analysis of title sequences. Credit sequences by Saul Bass (Vertigo), Maurice Binder (James Bond) and Kyle Cooper (Seven) have become iconic in their own right, although, film studies have shamefully neglected to analyse narrative beginnings and endings (with a few exceptions from aesthetic and iconographic fields). In TV studies, this area has been covered even less, which is paradoxical, given that TV title sequences (especially for long-running series) are made by specialised creative directors and crews, and have their own fan bases, art scenes and even their own festival categories (e.g. at the Emmies). As title sequences are not part of the actual narrative, but are micro-narratives themselves, they need careful consideration not just as an aesthetic object (where the focus has been so far), but as an aesthetic experience by the viewer. Gerard Genette calls these transitional signifiers "paratexts". They reflexively (and reflectively) address the audience and prestructure horizons of expectation (formal and tonal). They represent a complex threshold from the reality of the viewer to a hyper-reality of the diegesis. This paper argues that the intricate aesthetic and structural strategies of TV paratexts, which are deliberately utilised to pre-condition the spectator in the current TV culture where the adoption of ethical ambiguity and the subversion of normative values are cultivated by reality TV and drama series, can only be understood through employing a phenomenological AND cognitive approach to spectatorship. The rational for selecting the title sequence in "Dexter" as a case study is that, firstly, it has had a considerable extra-textual response (several blog comments, Youtube entry, and an Emmy award for Eric Anderson, its creative director) and secondly, it uses the liminal disposition of the paratext to introduce a socially and ethically transgressive character during his typical morning routine.


Ink-jet-printed organic distributed feedback (DFB) lasers are realized by employing light-emitting copolymer and suitable organic solvents to meet the demands of printability and optical amplification in a nanopatterned conjugated polymer slab waveguide. We demonstrate the accurate lateral positioning of ink-jet-printed patches of the gain material on a polymer substrate with 500×500 µm2 grating areas. We also printed patches of large lateral dimension of 6 mm2 on a silica grating. The high uniformity of the film thickness leads to a laser wavelength variation of less than 3 nm over the whole area.


Two of the most high-profile decisions in the Supreme Court's October 2010 term were clear victories for freedom of speech. In Snyder v. Phelps, the Court considered whether the First Amendment protects the right of protestors to go to military funerals to express anti-gay messages.' Matthew Snyder was a Marine who died in military service in Iraq. The members of the Westboro Baptist Church went to his funeral and, as is their practice, held up signs that condemned homosexuality and tolerance for it. Snyder's father sued the demonstrators for intentional infliction of emotional distress and intrusion upon seclusion. A jury in federal district court ruled in favor of Snyder and the judge upheld an award of both compensatory and punitive damages.The Supreme Court, in an 8-1 decision, concluded that the imposition of liability for such speech violates the First Amendment. Chief Justice Roberts, writing for the Court, stressed that the speech lawfully occurred on public property, did not disrupt the funeral, and involved a matter of public concern. The Court explained that there are alternatives available to state and local governments to protect privacy and sensibility at funerals, such as creating buffer zones around them,' similar to what the Court has permitted around reproductive health care facilities. The case is important because the Court reaffirmed one of the most basic principles of the First Amendment: speech cannot be punished, or speakers held liable, just because the speech is offensive, even deeply offensive. In Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n, the Court, in a 7-2 decision, struck down a California law that made it a crime to sell or rent violent video games to minors under age 18 without parental consent. Justice Scalia, writing for the Court, held that the law is an impermissible content-based restriction on speech and that the government failed to prove that the law was necessary to achieve a compelling purpose." In perhaps the strongest language to date, the Court spoke of the First Amendment rights of minors and once more refused to recognize violent speech as categorically less protected by the First Amendment. The Court made it clear that such attempts by states to restrict the sale or rental of violent video games violate the First Amendment.' Based on these cases, it is tempting to generalize that the Roberts Court is strongly protective of speech. In fact, I recently heard Baylor University President Ken Starr proclaim that this is the most free speech Court in American history. As is often the case with generalizations from a small sample, this one is inaccurate and hides the reality: the Roberts Court frequently rules against free speech claims.Part I of this Lecture looks at the Roberts Court's dismal record of protecting free speech in cases involving challenges to the institutional authority of the government when it is regulating the speech of its employees, its students, and its prisoners, and when it is claiming national security justifications. Part II examines a troubling new exception to the First Amendment that the Roberts Court has created for government speech-that the government can adopt private speech as its own and, accordingly, avoid the First Amendment. Part III analyzes the Roberts Court's aggressive decisions protecting campaign contribution speech. A careful examination of these cases reflects the conservative majority's hostility to campaign finance regulations, rather than a pro-speech commitment. I am certainly not denying that the Roberts Court sometimes rules in favor of free speech claims, as it did in Snyder v. Phelps and Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n. Rather, my claim is that the Roberts Court's overall record suggests that it is not a free speech Court at all.


This paper explores my thoughts on a research project, how social and cultural conditions play a major role in students' life, and influences the social and cultural practices of the university library usage at Auckland University of Technology (AUT) Manukau Campus. This research will examine the students' use of the library and the study space in and around the campus. This qualitative research is a case study to explore the library usage at the Manukau Campus. The exploration will be based on the interviews with my library colleagues and academic staff, including focus group methods with students, and observation of the influences on social and cultural practices on a university library usage at the Manukau Campus. The paper concludes that, while planning or redeveloping libraries, one needs to consider the social and cultural impact of spaces for students of different ethnicities and how these support peer learning, create a sense of belonging, encourage student retention, and contribute to increasing enrolment at the university.


Context. The magnetic field in many astrophysical plasmas, for example in the solar corona, is known to have a highly complex ‐ and clearly three-dimensional ‐ structure. Turbulent plasma motions in high-β regions where field lines are anchored, such as the solar interior, can store large amounts of energy in the magnetic field. This energy can only be released when magnetic reconnection occurs. Reconnection may only occur in locations where huge gradients of the magnetic field develop, and one candidate for such locations are magnetic null points, known to be abundant for example in the solar atmosphere. Reconnection leads to changes in the topology of the magnetic field, and energy being released as heat, kinetic energy and acceleration of particles. Thus reconnection is responsible for many dynamic processes, for instance flares and jets. Aims. The aimof this paper is to investigatethe properties of magnetic reconnection at a 3D null point, with respect totheir dependence on the symmetry of the magnetic field around the null. In particular we examine the rate of reconnection of magnetic flux at the null point, as well as how the current sheet forms and its properties. Methods. We use mathematical modelling and finite difference resistive MHD simulations. Results. It is found that the basic structure of the mode of magnetic reconnection considered is unaffected by varying the magnetic field symmetry, that is, the plasma flow is found to cross both the spine and fan of the null. However, the peak intensity and dimensions of the current sheet are dependent on the symmetry/asymmetry of the field lines. As a result, the reconnection rate is also found to be strongly dependent on the field asymmetry. Conclusions. The symmetry/asymmetry of the magnetic field in the vicinity of a magnetic null can have a profound effect on the geometry of any associated reconnection region, and the rate at which the reconnection process proceeds.


Time-of-flight methods allow quantitative measurement of shear wave speed (SWS) from ultrasonically tracked displacements following impulsive excitation in tissue. However, application of these methods to in vivo data is challenging due to the presence of gross outlier data resulting from sources such as physiological motion or spatial in homogeneities. This paper describes a new method for estimating SWS by considering a solution space of trajectories and evaluating each trajectory using a metric that characterizes wave motion along the entire trajectory. The metric used here is found by summing displacement data along the trajectory as in the calculation of projection data in the Radon transformation. The algorithm is evaluated using data acquired in calibrated phantoms and in vivo human liver. Results are compared to SWS estimates using a random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm described by Wang, et al. Good agreement is found between the Radon sum and RANSAC SWS estimates with a correlation coefficient of greater than 0.99 for phantom data and 0.91 for in vivo liver data. The Radon sum transformation is suitable for use in situations requiring realtime feedback and is comparably robust to the RANSAC algorithm with respect to outlier data.


In the new 2014 ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease, there have been a number of changes in the recommendations for diagnosis and management of mitral regurgitation (MR) compared with the prior version of 2006.1 As outlined in a previous editorial,2 the process of guideline writing was transformed in these newly released guidelines, so each class recommendation now is based upon published data summarised in large online evidence tables and then written in a modular format to allow quick and easy access at the point of care. This modular format will also allow for rapid updates as new trials emerge.

As with aortic stenosis, the concept of disease stages can be applied to patients with chronic primary MR to better aid the clinician in timing of operation (table 1). Stages A and B include patients at risk and asymptomatic patients with less than severe valve regurgitation. Stage C encompasses patients who meet criteria for 'severe MR' but remain asymptomatic. The new definition of 'severe' MR is based on integration of multiple parameters, including valve anatomy, regurgitant severity, LV size and systolic function and other consequences of chronic volume overload, such as pulmonary hypertension and atrial fibrillation. An effective orifice area of 0.4 cm2 or greater was defined as severe MR because natural history studies have demonstrated poor clinical outcomes in patients with this degree of valve regurgitation.

View this table:

Table 1
Stages of chronic primary MR

Asymptomatic patients with severe MR are divided into two groups based on LV systolic function: stage C-1 indicates normal LV systolic function, whereas patients in stage C-2 have evidence of early LV …


Jordan will face more water shortage in the future due to the imbalance between the scarce water resources and the growing demand that threatens to reduce the availability of water, especially for domestic uses. This study aimed to express the household water demand function by estimating two water demand models and test the significance of different household socioeconomic factors and the effect they have on the residential water demand. A panel of 600 observations were drawn from the field survey that was as part of MEDITATE project and used to estimate household water demand and the per capita water demand models using Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) method taking different variables into consideration such as marginal price, rate structure premium and level of household income. The results showed that the estimated demand for both models was price inelastic (-0.52) which shows a weak response to price change. The results also showed a positive inelastic income elasticity. The household size and the educational level both significantly affect the level of water demand. The results showed that water demand price elasticity and income elasticity are both inelastic, meaning that pricing policies will not be an effective way to manage water demand. The results showed that price responsiveness is low when it comes to residential water use; large price increases would be required in order to eliminate small shortages. The more suitable approach towards conserving water consumption is to combine pricing policies with other water demand management measures such as informative campaigns, increasing the public's awareness regarding water scarcity problem and encouraging the use of water conservation device in order to achieve the desired goals.


The Santos Basin marine Controlled Source Electromagnetic (mCSEM) data were acquired as part of a cooperative project between Petrobras and Schlumberger to assess the integration of deep reading Electromagnetic (EM) technologies into the full cycle of oil field exploration and development. Multi-component electric and magnetic fields data were recorded. All fields at each receiver location were processed and interpreted using an advanced integrated workflow. The main objectives of the survey were to calibrate mCSEM over known reservoirs, quantify the anomalies associated with those reservoirs with the expectation that new prospective location(s) could be found. We show that the mCSEM response of the known reservoirs yields signatures that can be imaged and accurately quantified by new processing and interpretation procedures. A further initiative was to advance the state of the art in integrated interpretation and establish guidelines toward the development of an industry standard workflow unavailable at present. Introduction In recent years mCSEM has driven the attention of an increasing number of operators due to its sensitivity to map resistive structures (such as hydrocarbon reservoirs) beneath the ocean bottom, and successful case studies have been reported (Srnka and Carazzone, 2005; Darnet et al., 2007). A few hundred commercial mCSEM surveys have been conducted in water depths ranging from 50 to 3,000+ meters and in latitudes ranging from the tropics to the Arctic. In cases where a well has been drilled in the survey area, the reservoir predictions based on the integrated interpretation have been validated. Many improvements have been made to operating practices, survey equipment and delivery of advanced answer products. The Santos Basin survey was performed as part of a co-operation project between Petrobras and Schlumberger to assess the integration of deep reading Electromagnetic technologies into the full cycle of oil field exploration and development. The mCSEM data were acquired as a feasibility and demonstration study; to provide state of the art data, develop new insights that would lead to novel and cost effective application, establish new integrated interpretation workflows. mCSEM is proving to be a rewarding tool when applied to real E&P problems, but a great deal of R&D is needed to push its efficiency and reliability in: acquisition hardware, accurate survey engineering, data processing, multidimensional modeling and inversion. Furthermore, the success of mCSEM will depend on the industry embracing integration. The Santos Basin data set was considered ideal to advance data processing, interpretation and integration. The Santos Basin Survey The layout of the Santos Basin mCSEM survey is shown in Figures 1-2. One hundred and eighty mCSEM receivers spaced approx. 1 km apart, were deployed along tow lines crossing known reservoirs in the area. The survey used a 0.25 and 0.0625 Hz square wave signals that are also rich in odd harmonics like 0.75, 1.25, 1.75 and 0.1875, 0.3125 and 0.4375 Hz. Data at each receiver location was processed using an advanced workflow based on: instantaneous dipole length, instantaneous dipole moment, instantaneous dipole altitude, instantaneous feather angle and instantaneous dip. Processed multi-component field data at each receiver location were normalized using a ratio method. Reference background fields were computed by combining the detailed layering from available borehole measurements into reduced geoelectric sections representative of what is resolved using the mCSEM method and constrained by seismic depth model(s). The objective was to build model(s) using a number of layers necessary to give the same mCSEM response as a full-layer model(s) derived from well logs. In order to determine where the boundaries had to be placed, both the cumulative resistance and cumulative conductance coupled with stratigraphy were calculated from the well-logs. This allowed not only to make clear where the layer breaks are but also to determine the resistivities and the anisotropies of the layers. Forward multi-component E and H responses were computed for these models incorporating bathymetry and varying sea-water resistivities with water depth. Responses were computed for all frequencies used in the course of the survey. Figure 3 shows the stacked normalized amplitude and phase centered on 5 km offset for the fundamental frequency 0.25 Hz for tow line LTAM8N. The stacked responses are normalized for the radial horizontal electric fields by the field measured at the reference receiver TAM147 (Figure 2). The choice of the reference receiver is to have the same background resistivity at the reference location and the measurement receiver location, with the only differences occurring in the possible anomalous features. The normalized fields clearly show two distinct areas of anomalies centered above two known reservoirs (A and B), reservoir A showing a maximum anomaly of about 1.8, reservoir B showing a maximum anomaly of about 1.5. The single frequency, narrow offset range data in Figure 3 gives anomalies with broad edges, but spatial resolution is enhanced by imaging with multiple frequencies and offsets. Detailed 3D modeling was carried out based on blocked well-log resistivities and model geometries derived from seismic incorporating the reservoir data. Figure 4 shows the match between the processed and stacked normalized real data and the modeled normalized response. Selected tow lines were further imaged using a new fast 2.5D inversion method (A. Abubakar et al., 2006). The forward solution uses an optimal grid technique based on an anisotropic material averaging formula to upscale fine structure to a coarser computational grid. The algorithm allows solving the problem for multiple transmitter positions simultaneously and does not confine the sources and receivers to a single plane that is perpendicular to the invariant direction, and thus realistic acquisition geometries can be simulated. The inversion is based on a Gauss-Newton scheme with constrained minimization that enforces physical bounds on the inverted parameters via a nonlinear transformation procedure. The inverted depth images show resistivity anomalies that are consistent with the depth and lateral extent of the known reservoirs and closely tie the welllog and seismic data. Conclusions We show that the mCSEM response of hydrocarbon reservoirs known to be present in the Santos Basin yield anomalies that can be clearly imaged and there are evident correlations between the anomalies and the reservoirs. We show that the application of a new workflow based on true geometry processing, fast and reliable multi-dimensional modeling and inversion advanced integrated interpretation increase our ability to find and delineate hydrocarbon, understand the entire EM response and increase our confidence about the resistivity at the reservoir(s) level. There are numerous aspects that must be considered to further develop mCSEM for successful hydrocarbon exploration. One critical need will be the establishment of advanced interpretation paradigms embedded within industry-standard applications. This will become apparent as more companies start to bring mCSEM into more complex settings and potentially into production for reservoir monitoring purposes. Figure 1. Location of Survey Area. Figure 2. Survey layout. Figure 3. Line LTAM8N normalized mCSEM amplitude (upper) and phase (lower) at 0.25 Hz and 5 km offset. Figure 4. Line LTAM8N normalized mCSEM amplitude at 0.25 Hz and 5 km offset. The dark grey solid line represents the 3D modeled normalized response. Acknowledgements We thank Petrobras and WesternGeco Electromagnetics for allowing us to present this paper.


ABSTRACT: One hundred and fifty women who had abortions in Belarus (former Soviet republic) were interviewed regarding reproductive history, decision-making and psychological outcomes. Positive and negative responses (including PTSD, guilt, grief, depression, anxiety/panic and emotional numbness) were assessed during the interview with the Impact of Events-R Scale to objectively measure aspects of PTSD. It was hypothesized that a portion of the sample would evidence PTSD with recognition of life, attachment, time, number of weeks of pregnancy, coercion, supported decision-making, wantedness, and age all predictive of negative responses. Forty-six percent of the sample suffered PTSD the best predictors being recognition of the life of the fetus, attachment, time since the abortion, and number of weeks of pregnancy. INTRODUCTION Abortion in the former Soviet Union (FSU) and in Eastern Europe is extremely prevalent, even now utilized in many regions as a primary form of birth control. The psychological and health tolls of the use of abortion in this manner have never been closely examined. Indeed it is a situation of absence of "freedom of choice" for women, but in the reverse of what is often such a cause for concern in the United States. Women use abortion in the FSU and Eastern Europe (often against their principles and desires) due to economic pressures, housing shortages, job conditions, the need for severely limited family size, and lack of availability and information about modern contraceptives. The concept of abortion as a psychological stressor capable of causing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been described in the literature pertaining to American samples, but has only recently been examined in regard to former Soviet Union samples (Rue & Speckhard, 1996; Remennick & Segal, 2001; Mufel, 2000). Abortion turning from coping mechanism into posttraumatic stressor causing PTSD along the lines of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (APA, 1994) has been described in clinical and research writings by many authors (Bagarozzi, 1994; Barnard, 1990; Butterfield, 1988; Forst, 1992; Ney, 1982; Speckhard, 1987). When acting as a traumatic stressor, abortion is perceived as involving the death of a human being or a threat to bodily integrity. Flashbacks, strategies of avoidance and hyperarousal ensue, and when these combine to interfere significantly with life functions, causing impairment for duration of longer than 1 month, PTSD is diagnosed (Speckhard & Rue, 1992). Chronic and delayed PTSD reactions to abortion have also been described in the literature. This study set out to examine the unique psychosocial stressors reproductive conditions in the former Soviet Union create for women. One hundred and fifty anonymous, semi-structured interviews were completed in Belarus, a former soviet republic (in urban and non-urban areas). These interviews included a reproductive and sexual history, questions about contraceptive knowledge and use, emotional and psychological responses to abortion, including a measure of posttraumatic stress symptoms. The authors were interested to learn, among other things, if abortion in a context of complete availability, with extensive social acceptance and little political controversy (i.e. absence of protestors), would still act as a traumatic stressor. If so, we were interested to learn if the presentation of abortion-related PTSD would be similar to or differ from that described in American samples. Measures similar to those used in American studies of abortion acting as a traumatic stressor (i.e. Impact of Events-R Scale) were used making cross-cultural comparisons possible (Weiss & Marmar, 1995). This paper describes the results of the study in regard to post abortion trauma. METHOD Sample and Procedures One hundred and fifty women were recruited for anonymous semistructured interviews about their reproductive histories, experience with abortion and present psychological state. …


We generalize the classical work of de Bruijn, Knuth and Rice (giving the asymptotics of the average height of Dyck paths of length $n$) to the case of $p$–watermelons with a wall (i.e., to a certain family of $p$ nonintersecting Dyck paths; simple Dyck paths being the special case $p=1$.) An exact enumeration formula for the average height is easily obtained by standard methods and well–known results. However, straightforwardly computing the asymptotics turns out to be quite complicated. Therefore, we work out the details only for the simple case $p=2$.


What's going on in your head when you go to bed? We talk about sex increasingly openly today, but when it comes to our most private fantasies it's often a different matter. Here Psychotherapist Brett Kahr examines the little-known world of our sexual imaginations. He has undertaken Britain's biggest every sex survey, with responses from over 19,000 adults, to explore questions such as: Why do people fantasize? Can our fantasies ever be damaging or dangerous? Should we tell our partners about them? Do men and women fantasize differently? What do our fantasies tell us about ourselves? This frank and fascinating account will help you understand for the first time what our unspoken desires and secret thoughts really mean. It is a book for anyone interested in human relationships and what makes us tick, opening up the hidden worlds inside all of us.


China's increasing economic and military capabilities have attracted much attention in recent years. How should the world, especially the United States, respond to this emerging great power? A sensible response requires not only figuring out the speed and extent of China's rise, but also answering a question that has received much less attention: What is China's grand strategy? This book describes and explains the grand strategy China's leaders have adopted to pursue their country's interests in the international system of the 21st century. The author argues that their strategy is designed to foster favorable conditions for continuing China's modernization while also reducing the risk that others will decide a rising China is a threat that must be countered. Why did China's leaders settle on this grand strategy and what are its key elements? What alternatives were available? Is the current approach yielding the results China anticipated? What does this grand strategy imply for international peace and security in the coming years - and, most critically, what are the prospects for an increasingly prominent China and a dominant United States to rise to the challenge of managing their inevitable disagreements?


We accelerate deep reinforcement learning-based training in visually complex 3D environments by two orders of magnitude over prior work, realizing end-to-end training speeds of over 19,000 frames of experience per second on a single GPU and up to 72,000 frames per second on a single eight-GPU machine. The key idea of our approach is to design a 3D renderer and embodied navigation simulator around the principle of"batch simulation": accepting and executing large batches of requests simultaneously. Beyond exposing large amounts of work at once, batch simulation allows implementations to amortize in-memory storage of scene assets, rendering work, data loading, and synchronization costs across many simulation requests, dramatically improving the number of simulated agents per GPU and overall simulation throughput. To balance DNN inference and training costs with faster simulation, we also build a computationally efficient policy DNN that maintains high task performance, and modify training algorithms to maintain sample efficiency when training with large mini-batches. By combining batch simulation and DNN performance optimizations, we demonstrate that PointGoal navigation agents can be trained in complex 3D environments on a single GPU in 1.5 days to 97% of the accuracy of agents trained on a prior state-of-the-art system using a 64-GPU cluster over three days. We provide open-source reference implementations of our batch 3D renderer and simulator to facilitate incorporation of these ideas into RL systems.


New 23rd Edition! This bestselling and widely used resource on pediatric antimicrobial therapy provides instant access to reliable, up-to-the-minute recommendations for treatment of all infectious diseases in children.
 For each disease, the authors provide a commentary to help health care providers select the best of all antimicrobial choices. Drug descriptions cover all antimicrobial agents available today and include complete information about dosing regimens. In response to growing concerns about overuse of antibiotics, the program includes guidelines on when not to prescribe antimicrobials.
 Practical, evidence-based recommendations from the experts in antimicrobial therapy
 Developed by distinguished editorial board
 Designed for those who take care of children and are faced with decisions every day
 At-a-glance tables of bacterial and fungal pathogen susceptibilities to commonly used antimicrobials
 Includes treatment of parasitic infections and tropical medicine
 Updated assessments regarding the strength of the recommendation and the level of evidence for treatment recommendations for major infections
 Anti-infective drug listing, complete with formulations and dosages
 Antibiotic therapy for obese children
 Antimicrobial prophylaxis/prevention of symptomatic infection
 Maximal adult dosages and higher dosages of some antimicrobials commonly used in children


Objective Determine change in report card grades in youth after sustaining an acute sport-related concussion. Design Prospective case-series. Setting Paediatric, multi-disciplinary concussion. Participants 48 youth athletes (mean age 14.3; SD: 0.9; male: 57.6%) who sustained a sport-related concussion during the school year. Overall, 3 youth were lost to follow-up and 12 youth submitted only one report card. Interventions (or assessment of risk factors) Subsequently developing Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS: symptomatic after 30 days), initial concussion severity (Post Concussion Symptom Scale), self-reported concussion history, sex, age, and academic accommodations during recovery. Outcome measures The report card immediately before the concussion and the report card immediately after medical clearance were collected. Pre-concussion and post-concussion overall and core grade-point average was calculated from report cards. Core grade-point average (GPA) included math, sciences, social studies, English, and foreign languages. Main results Overall GPA was 82.9% (SD 8.5%) pre-concussion and 82.7% (SD 8.0%) after concussion recovery (difference: −0.2%, 95% CI: −1.6%, 1.1%). Core GPA was 80.0% (SD 10.1%) pre-concussion and 79.4% (SD 10.4%) after concussion recovery (difference: −0.6%, 95% CI: −2.8%, 1.6%). There were no significant differences in overall or core GPA when stratified by sex, age, initial concussion severity, previous concussion history, receiving adequate school accommodations during recovery, or subsequently developing PCS. Conclusions There were no statistically or clinically significant changes in overall or core GPA during concussion recovery. Further research is needed to determine if there are more subtle changes in academic performance during the recovery process. Competing interests None.


Selective truncation of the Fock-state expansion of an optical field can be achieved using projection synthesis. The process removes the predetermined Fock states from the input field by conditional measurement and teleportation. We present a scheme to perform projection synthesis based on multiport interferometry. This scheme can be used both as a generalized quantum scissors device that filters out Fock states with photon numbers higher than a predetermined value, and as a quantum punching device that selectively removes specific Fock states, making holes in the Fock-state expansion of the input field.


Organic oozes enriched in iron monosulfides are called monosulfidic black ooze (MBO). The occurrence and abundance of MBO were quantified in natural tributaries and man-made drainage canals on a typical coastal river floodplain. Thick deposits of MBO occurred in drains and the protected upper reaches of tributaries in acid sulfate soil (ASS) areas. Acid-tolerant lilies grew prolifically in these areas, contributing large amounts of decaying organic debris. The MBO contained up to 6.3% acid-volatile sulfur (equivalent to 18% iron monosulfide), an order of magnitude greater than reported previously for natural sediments. It also contained up to 6% pyritic sulfur (equivalent to approximately 11% pyrite). Sulfate and iron from surrounding ASS combined with abundant organic matter and protected flow in ASS drains provide excellent conditions for sulfate reduction, leading to iron sulfide precipitation and the accumulation of organic detritus. When mixed with water, the iron monosulfide in MBO can react within minutes to completely consume dissolved oxygen. There are thousands of drains in ASS areas that may have thick deposits of MBO. The MBO has the potential to cause rapid and severe effects on water quality. The challenge is to develop management practices that reduce the formation and accumulation of MBO in acid sulfate landscapes.


Abstract: This paper presents evidence that the "cost channel" may be an important part of the monetary transmission mechanism. We argue that if working capital is an essential component of production and distribution, monetary contractions can affect output through a supply channel as well as the traditional demand-type channels. We specify an industry equilibrium model and use it to interpret the results of a VAR analysis. We find that following a monetary contraction, many industries exhibit periods of falling output and rising price-wage ratios, consistent with a supply shock in our model. We also show that the effects are noticeably more pronounced during the period before 1979.


The quantum yield is a critically important parameter in the development of lanthanide-based upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) for use as novel contrast agents in biological imaging and optical reporters in assays. The present work focuses on the influence of the beam profile in measuring the quantum yield (ϕ) of nonscattering dispersions of nonlinear upconverting probes, by establishing a relation between ϕ and excitation light power density from a rate equation analysis. A resulting 60% correction in the measured ϕ due to the beam profile utilized for excitation underlines the significance of the beam profile in such measurements, and its impact when comparing results from different setups and groups across the world.


Background: Arsenic in drinking water is associated with kidney cancer. Beginning in 1958, a region of Chile experienced a rapid onset of high arsenic exposure in drinking water, followed by sharp declines when water treatment plants were installed in 1971. Methods: For the years 1950–1970, we obtained mortality data from death certificates for an exposed region and an unexposed region in Chile. We obtained computerized mortality data for all of Chile for 1971–2000. Results: Kidney cancer risks for the exposed region compared with the unexposed started to increase about 10 years after high arsenic exposures began in 1958. The peak kidney cancer mortality rate ratio (RR) was 3.4 (95% confidence interval = 2.2–5.1) for men in 1981–1985, with subsequent declines to 1.6 (1.2–2.1) by 1996–2000. Mortality RRs among women were 2.9 (1.8–4.7) in 1981–1985 but remained high longer than for men, increasing further to a RR of 4.4 (3.0–6.4) in 1991–1995. Early-life exposure resulted in an increased RR of 7.1 (3.1–14) for young adults aged 30–39 years, born just before or during the high exposure period. Conclusions: This study shows a latency pattern of increased mortality from kidney cancer, continuing for at least 25 years after the high exposures began to decline. Early life exposure resulted in markedly higher kidney cancer mortality in young adults.


Along with marketing, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are commonly associated in literature with relationship marketing which results in marketing networks. This paper examines the specific characteristics that differentiate large companies from small and medium-sized enterprises, and the reasons that prevent SMEs from engaging in traditional marketing within the scope of marketing mix. The paper also shows that the key characteristic which distinguishes small from large companies is a prominent role of owner/managers. The owner/manager affects marketing of SMEs by creating his or her own personal networks with stakeholders in the environment, and considers it an important strategic focus and a factor that increases the performance of marketing decision-making. After a thorough review of secondary data sources this paper examines relationship marketing as a marketing framework for SMEs and, finally, proves that relationship marketing is more appropriate for SMEs than are traditional marketing concepts, that relationship marketing and network marketing create an important framework for SMEs and that there is a link between relationship marketing, personal networks and SMEs.


Prenatal smoking remains a great public health concern. It is the most important modifiable risk factor associated with low birth weight, contributing to one in five low birth weight births, and is estimated to raise the odds of low birth weight by 20 percent to 230 percent, depending on smoking intensity. Each year, more than a half million babies in the U.S. are born to women who smoke during pregnancy. In November 1998, the major tobacco companies and the attorneys general for forty-six states reached the $206 Billion Master Settlement Agreement (MSA), ending litigation over smoking-related costs incurred by states. To help finance the settlement, tobacco companies immediately increased cigarette prices by fortyfive cents nationwide. This dramatic price increase was predicted to lead to a particularly large decline in cigarette smoking among pregnant women, since previous research had found that their price sensitivity exceeds that of smokers in general. Thus the MSA was expected to yield significant public health benefits by reducing the incidence of low birth weight births. In The Effect of The 1998 Master Settlement Agreement on Prenatal Smoking, (NBER Working Paper 11176), Douglas Levy and Ellen Meara estimate the decrease in prenatal smoking resulting from the MSA. In their analysis, the authors use data from the National Vital Statistic System's Natality Detail Files for the 1996-2000 period, which provides them with a sample of nearly ten million births. The authors' approach is to contrast the level of prenatal smoking before and after the MSA, allowing for a time trend in smoking behavior. Prior to the MSA, approximately 13 percent of pregnant women smoked and prenatal smoking was declining slowly at a rate of 0.01 percentage points per month. The authors estimate that the MSA resulted in an immediately 0.3 percentage point drop in prenatal smoking — a drop equivalent to that which would normally occur over two and a half years — and that prenatal smoking then continued to fall at the same slow rate as before. Interestingly, the drop in prenatal smoking was twice as large for pregnant teens as for pregnant women as a whole. The authors also look at the effect of the MSA on the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Prior to the MSA, pregnant smokers consumed 11 cigarettes per day on average. The authors estimate that the MSA resulted in an immediate drop of 0.2 cigarettes per day and that the decline over time in cigarettes smoked per day accelerated after the MSA. The drop in prenatal smoking estimated in this study is much less than what would have been expected based on the previous literature — in fact, it is less than half as large as the predicted effect based on the smallest estimates from previous studies The authors suggest several possible explanations for this difference. First, pregnant women who are still smoking in 1998 may be particularly intransigent and less responsive to price than earlier populations. Second, earlier studies may have been biased if changes in state cigarette excise taxes coincided with unobserved changes in other factors that affect prenatal smoking, such as attitudes towards smoking, or if tax changes were enacted along with other tobacco control measures, such as restrictions on smoking in public places. Finally, earlier studies were largely based on small price changes and their results may not be applicable to this case of a very large price increase. The authors note that one limitation of their study is that no control group was available because the postMSA price increase was implemented nationwide. However, the time trend in prenatal smoking would have to have turned sharply upwards just as the MSA was enacted in order for the authors' estimates to be as large as those found in the earlier literature, which seems highly unlikely. Further, Issue No. 11, SPRING 2005


The bacterial cell wall, which is comprised of a mesh of polysaccharide strands crosslinked via peptide bridges (peptidoglycan, PG), is critical for maintenance of cell shape and survival. PG assembly is mediated by a variety of Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBP) whose fundamental activities have been characterized in great detail; however, there is limited knowledge of the factors that modulate their activities in different environments or growth phases. In Vibrio cholerae, the cause of cholera, PG synthesis during the transition into stationary phase is primarily mediated by the bifunctional enzyme PBP1A. Here, we screened an ordered V. cholerae transposon library for mutants that are sensitive to growth inhibition by non-canonical D-amino acids (DAA), which prevent growth and maintenance of cell shape in PBP1A-deficient V. cholerae. In addition to PBP1A and its lipoprotein activator LpoA, we found that CsiV, a small periplasmic protein with no previously described function, is essential for growth in the presence of DAA. Deletion of csiV, like deletion of lpoA or the PBP1A–encoding gene mrcA, causes cells to lose their rod shape in the presence of DAA or the beta-lactam antibiotic cefsulodin, and all three mutations are synthetically lethal with deletion of mrcB, which encodes PBP1B, V. cholerae's second key bifunctional PBP. CsiV interacts with LpoA and PG but apparently not with PBP1A, supporting the hypothesis that CsiV promotes LpoA's role as an activator of PBP1A, and thereby modulates V. cholerae PG biogenesis. Finally, the requirement for CsiV in PBP1A-mediated growth of V. cholerae can be overcome either by augmenting PG synthesis or by reducing PG degradation, thereby highlighting the importance of balancing these two processes for bacterial survival.


Document Type Post-Print Publication Date 1992 Abstract Belief that the Homeric Phaeacians belong to the afterlife is old; but its supporters have always found themselves in the minority. Friedrich Welcker, who first argued the point in 1833, held that the Phaeacians were ferrymen of the dead, and that Scheria was set in or near Elysium. Wilamowitz accepted Welcker's identification of the Phaeacians, and maintained that Arete and Alcinous were modeled on the underworld rulers Persephone and Hades. Rehearsal of the arguments advanced by these scholars reveals that the evidence has been incompletely and on occasion incorrectly applied; however, a modified version of their theory is still viable and can be used to resolve a number of traditional cruces in the interpretation. Repository Citation Cook, E. (1992) The Ferrymen of Elysium: Nostratic Eschatology and the Homeric Phaeacians. The Journal of Indo-European Studies, 20(3-4), 239-267. Publication Information The Journal of Indo-European Studies  Download


ABSTRACT Venous ulcers are the most common ulcers of the lower limb. It has a high morbidity and results in economic strain both at a personal and at a state level. Chronic venous hypertension either due to primary or secondary venous disease with perforator paucity, destruction or incompetence resulting in reflux is the underlying pathology, but inflammatory reactions mediated through leucocytes, platelet adhesion, formation of pericapillary fibrin cuff, growth factors and macromolecules trapped in tissue result in tissue hypoxia, cell death and ulceration. Duplex scan with colour flow is the most useful investigation for venous disease supplying information about patency, reflux, effects of proximal and distal compression, Valsalva maneuver and effects of muscle contraction. Most venous disease can be managed conservatively by leg elevation and compression bandaging. Drugs of proven benefit in venous disease are pentoxifylline and aspirin, but they work best in conjunction with compression therapy. Once ulceration is chronic or the patient does not respond to or cannot maintain conservative regime, surgical intervention treating the underlying venous hypertension and cover for the ulcer is necessary. The different modalities like sclerotherapy, ligation and stripping of superficial varicose veins, endoscopic subfascial perforator ligation, endovenous laser or radiofrequency ablation have similar long-term results, although short-term recovery is best with radiofrequency and foam sclerotherapy. For deep venous reflux, surgical modalities include repair of incompetent venous valves or transplant or transposition of a competent vein segment with normal valves to replace a post-thrombotic destroyed portion of the deep vein.


We examined explicit processing of musical syntax and tonality in a group of Han Chinese Mandarin speakers with congenital amusia, and the extent to which pitch discrimination impairments were associated with syntax and tonality processing. In Experiment 1, we assessed whether congenital amusia is associated with impaired explicit processing of musical syntax. Congruity ratings were examined for syntactically regular or irregular endings in harmonic and melodic contexts. Unlike controls, amusic participants failed to explicitly distinguish regular from irregular endings in both contexts. Surprisingly, however, a concurrent manipulation of pitch distance did not affect the processing of musical syntax for amusics, and their impaired music-syntactic processing was uncorrelated with their pitch discrimination thresholds. In Experiment 2, we assessed tonality perception using a probe-tone paradigm. Recovery of the tonal hierarchy was less evident for the amusic group than for the control group, and this reduced sensitivity to tonality in amusia was also unrelated to poor pitch discrimination. These findings support the view that music structure is processed by cognitive and neural resources that operate independently of pitch discrimination, and that these resources are impaired in explicit judgments for individuals with congenital amusia.


Large structural changes are occurring in our society at this very moment. This has some large consequences for project development. According to Rudy Stroink, project development is on the brink of a system. The new style developer has to adapt to a new earning model. The golden ages are over. Private and collective commissioning are the beginning of a period in which the user will want to direct its own environment. The developer has to adapt if he wants to survive. Durability, long term profit, flexible office concepts and private and collective commissioning for houses will have to help the real-estate sector. This article will show the developments that caused this situation.


Increased research is being driven by the automotive industry facing challenges, requiring to comply with both current and future emissions legislation, and to lower the fuel consumption. The reason for this legislation is to restrict the harmful pollution which every year causes 3.3 million premature deaths worldwide [1]. One factor that causes this pollution is NOx emissions. NOx emission legislation has been reduced from 8 g/kWh (Euro I) down to 0.4 g/kWh (Euro VI) and recently new legislation for ammonia slip which increase the challenge of exhaust aftertreatment with a SCR system. In order to achieve a good NOx conversion together with a low slip of ammonia, small droplets of Urea solution needs to be injected which can be rapidly evaporated and mixed into the flow of exhaust gases. In most of today's solutions this process is enhanced with flow restricting mixers or longer path lengths but if these can be removed and shortened the flow losses can be reduced, leading to higher efficiency and lower fuel consumption as well as a more compact exhaust system. The μMist® injector, inspired by nature, takes the concept from the Bombardier beetle which induces flash-boiling in its effective defence mechanism by spraying a plume of hot poisonous fine droplets with great accuracy towards an attacker [3]. By heating up the fluid in a constant volume chamber above the saturation temperature and induce flash evaporation by opening the nozzle, the liquid breaks up into fine droplets which flow out into the target environment. This paper presents a study comparing the different effects of spray behaviour at different ratios between the saturation pressure and the target pressure. In this study the target pressure is atmospheric. The aim for the study is to gain a better understanding of the droplet sizes and the injector flow rates for different pressures and also present a limited benchmarking study of current market leading AdBlue injectors. Current testing has shown that this novel injector has the ability to produce 33% smaller droplets in SMD and 87% reduction in DV50.


This thesis reports on the experimental study of high-power, high-energy, cladding-pumped, rare-earth (Yb3+, Er3+/Yb3+)-doped fibre lasers. Some of the main capabilities of fibre lasers such as: High brightness and thermal properties were exploited for the development of a variety of continuous wave (CW) and Q-switched devices, whose characteristics also includes compactness. Our devices could already be considered an option for several applications. The 25-year long scientific and commercial evolution that fibre lasers have experienced is discussed in the first two chapters. The invention of Erbium-doped fibre amplifiers (EDFA's) and Internet were two major breakthroughs, which launched the need of WDM systems and laser sources. Fibre lasers, are now considered a flexible and powerful device whose technology has finally reached its maturity. Cladding pumping is the technique employed in these experiments in order to pump double clad fibre lasers using high power, broad stripes and bars. In this work, several inner cladding shapes have been used to overcome the normally high mismatch between diode laser beams and inner cladding areas of fibre lasers. Chapter Three consists of a review of cladding-pumped fibre lasers. It describes how inner cladding geometry and pump absorption limits the output power scalability of these devices. Nonlinear effects and amplified spontaneous emission are also studied due to their implication they have over fibre lasers performance. Results on conventional, continuous wave (CW) fibre lasers including fibre characterization and employed launching techniques are described in Chapter Four. A new method to obtain high intensity laser beam output from an Yb3+-doped, cladding-pumped, highly multimode fibre laser has been proposed. In this experiment, we propose the use of fibre tapers to increase intensity and improve beam quality. In CW regime, our results show an intensity increase of ~3.5 times with a low power penalty of ~1 dB. Also, without tapering, a maximum output power of 21-W was reached with a slope efficiency of >80%. Using a simple set of optic elements such as a l/2 waveplate, a polarizing beam-splitter and a bulk grating, we investigated the polarization characteristics of an Yb3+ fibre laser, from which we obtained 6.5 W of single polarization tunable output in the range of 1070 to 1106 nm. As a free running laser, the system produced 18 W at 1090 nm and showed a threshold of 1.8 Watts. The experiment is our first approach for developing a reliable high-power Yb3+-doped fibre source, that could be used in conjunction with optical parametric oscillators (OPO) and amplifiers (OPA) to frequency convert to a broad band of wavelengths. Using a new design of ytterbium-doped fibre made in-house with the conventional modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) process, we explored the possibilities of energy storage with such a large mode area (LMA) fibre. The fibre system was capable of delivering energetic pulses of >2 mJ, which could suggest the feasibility of a pulsed fibre laser in the region of tens of milli-Joules. The experiment is described in Chapter Six, on which the experiment that uses the tapered fibre laser in Q-Switched regime is also described and compared to LMA fibre laser. Gaussian-type pulses were obtained which reached pulse energies of 0.6 mJ at 4 kHz using a tapered fibre laser and 1.3 mJ at 500 Hz using conventional laser, corresponding to average powers of 2.1 Watts for the tapered laser and 0.8 watts for the conventional laser. Er3+/Yb3+-doped fibre lasers were part of our experimental work. This co-doping technique allows pumping of Yb3+ ions using broad-stripe high-power pump sources to reach much higher output power levels. Efficient energy transfer from excited Ytterbium ions into Erbium is achieved. From a preliminary study, the fibre laser showed a threshold of 160 mW and a slope efficiency of 49% with respect to absorbed pump power. The maximum output power was 6.2 watts at 1535 nm and a linewidth of 1 nm. One of our co-doped fibre devices produced 16.8 W of continuous wave, multimode laser power at the interesting wavelength of operation of 1550 nm. Finally, conclusions and future work are included in Chapter Eight.


Analysis and engagement with partners working on ecosystem services transactions, policies and laws over the past 10 years have demonstrated a clear need to better understand the legal and institutional frameworks that have the potential to promote or hinder the development of payments for ecosystem services (PES) schemes, as well as the complex legal considerations that affect ecosystem services projects. This report has been prepared to analyze the legal and institutional frameworks of water-related PES schemes and projects in four Andean countries: Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia and Peru.


Importance Catheter ablation is effective in restoring sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation (AF), but its effects on long-term mortality and stroke risk are uncertain. Objective To determine whether catheter ablation is more effective than conventional medical therapy for improving outcomes in AF. Design, Setting, and Participants The Catheter Ablation vs Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation trial is an investigator-initiated, open-label, multicenter, randomized trial involving 126 centers in 10 countries. A total of 2204 symptomatic patients with AF aged 65 years and older or younger than 65 years with 1 or more risk factors for stroke were enrolled from November 2009 to April 2016, with follow-up through December 31, 2017. Interventions The catheter ablation group (n = 1108) underwent pulmonary vein isolation, with additional ablative procedures at the discretion of site investigators. The drug therapy group (n = 1096) received standard rhythm and/or rate control drugs guided by contemporaneous guidelines. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point was a composite of death, disabling stroke, serious bleeding, or cardiac arrest. Among 13 prespecified secondary end points, 3 are included in this report: all-cause mortality; total mortality or cardiovascular hospitalization; and AF recurrence. Results Of the 2204 patients randomized (median age, 68 years; 37.2% female; 42.9% had paroxysmal AF and 57.1% had persistent AF), 89.3% completed the trial. Of the patients assigned to catheter ablation, 1006 (90.8%) underwent the procedure. Of the patients assigned to drug therapy, 301 (27.5%) ultimately received catheter ablation. In the intention-to-treat analysis, over a median follow-up of 48.5 months, the primary end point occurred in 8.0% (n = 89) of patients in the ablation group vs 9.2% (n = 101) of patients in the drug therapy group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.86 [95% CI, 0.65-1.15]; P = .30). Among the secondary end points, outcomes in the ablation group vs the drug therapy group, respectively, were 5.2% vs 6.1% for all-cause mortality (HR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.60-1.21]; P = .38), 51.7% vs 58.1% for death or cardiovascular hospitalization (HR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.74-0.93]; P = .001), and 49.9% vs 69.5% for AF recurrence (HR, 0.52 [95% CI, 0.45-0.60]; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance Among patients with AF, the strategy of catheter ablation, compared with medical therapy, did not significantly reduce the primary composite end point of death, disabling stroke, serious bleeding, or cardiac arrest. However, the estimated treatment effect of catheter ablation was affected by lower-than-expected event rates and treatment crossovers, which should be considered in interpreting the results of the trial. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00911508


This research encompasses seemingly divergent disciplines, including scientific ethics, social science studies, environmental history, public policy and creative arts. It finds that, where there has been a vacuum that cannot be addressed through the established methodology of mainstream research frameworks, the use of practice based research has provided an alternative pathway for the exploration and resolution of research questions, expanding existing knowledge and developing new research pathways. This has necessitated the development of new skills and knowledge to resolve problems and more effectively integrate the theoretical and practical elements of the project. Ultimately, this research proposes a revised visual methodology via integrating visuacy into social research while, from a practice base, it has both rediscovered and reinterpreted a traditional medium.

Hence, visual strategies are employed in order to probe societal perceptions of ubiquitous, introduced species that engender strong, albeit divergent, emotional reactions. The research also reviews the influence perceptions have on environmental management and public policy, and questions the validity of these perceptions in relation to scientific fact. It also examines why some species are vilified, while others (often far more destructive) are ignored, or even encouraged.

The methodology focuses on a selection of four introduced, ubiquitous species endemic in suburban areas of the Townsville/Thuringowa region. These are the feral/stray cat, the Common Indian Mynah bird, the Asian house gecko and the Cane Toad. In order to both evaluate and challenge popular perceptions of these species, artworks that both reflect and contest common perceptions of the selected subjects (through a visual framework that presents the four subjects in both objective and subjective styles) are exhibited for public review and reaction.

The objective works emphasise the aesthetics of biology and form through the style of natural history illustration, with reference to the great illustrators of the 17ᵗʰ – 19ᵗʰ centuries. In contrast, the subjective works are derived from the encounters that people have had with these species, presenting them in a style of heightened narrative. Perspectives are slightly surreal, underpinning the emotional underpinning of the entire experience.

The artworks were exhibited at Perc Tucker Regional Gallery in 2004. Visitor reactions to the works were recorded via the Visitor book in the gallery; these were analysed to provide feedback on the extent to which the artworks had achieved their aim of both representing, and challenging, perceptions of the subjects.

In terms of art practice, the practical works also provided an opportunity for experimentation with a variety of media and techniques. The artworks were in a variety of media, with paintings (in watercolour, gouache), fine art prints (lithographs and etchings) and drawings. Of these, the most notable works proved to be those on vellum. Once a traditional support of natural history artists and derived from animal skin, it is now a medium rarely used except by a few specialist artists (mostly in botanical illustration). No contemporary zoological artists were found to work on vellum although, historically, it was once popular. Used extensively throughout the exhibition, this research determined the most appropriate applications and techniques for working on vellum as well as the types of vellum best suited to painting.

In applying visual methodologies, this research provides an alternative pathway for research via a creative arts framework (in this case, the application of visuacy). Specifically, the research questions the impact of public perceptions on environmental management and public policy through alternative methodologies. It also advances current knowledge and understanding of creative arts practice. Finally, while this study draws upon new and established theories within the cognitive sciences regarding advocacy of the use of visual methodologies, it also ensures that the visual works retain both authenticity and purpose, and are not minor elements within a broader research framework, but provide the mechanism by which research questions may be both asked and answered.


This article explores how major news media and news agencies assigned importance to aspects of the 2011 humanitarian disaster in Somalia. What were the sources that dominated their coverage, and what was the relationship between the sources and the assignment of salience? These issues were investigated through content analyses of online news from Al Jazeera English, Cable News Network International, Pan African News Agency and Reuters. The researchers found different levels of emphasis on news framing functions. The two news agencies, Panapress and Reuters, used similar news framing functions. This suggests that Reuters extended its function of being a news purveyor for news media to a definer of news content for an alternative news agency in a developing nation. Furthermore, the pattern of assigning salience to functions in news framing revealed that because the 2011 famine in Somalia was a humanitarian disaster with catastrophic consequences, the assignment of greater salience to suggestions and to consequences may have been intended to mitigate the disaster itself and prompt urgent action. The distinctions and similarities in assigning functions to news frames may not be unconnected to the functions of ideological structures, editorial policies and in-house style. The study also found a significant relationship between news framing functions and news sources suggesting that news sources played a significant role in assigning salience to the reportage of the humanitarian crisis of the 2011 famine in Somalia.


When focusing on the linguistic study of the periods when variation affects the word, it is essential to conceptualize this unit. Considering that the subject gains in being re-examined in the scope of a given language (in this case, Portuguese), in the fi rst part of the article I have analysed the criteria that are usually retained or that are considered relevant to defi ne 'word': the prosodic level is mentioned as not being discarded but also not being able to provide decisive criteria (1.1); the defi nitions of Bloomfi eld (1.2) and Meillet (1.3) are discussed; the effectiveness of the criteria of impossibility of insertion is evaluated (1.4), the future and the conditional are taken into account (1.4.1) and also the –mente adverbs (1.4.2). Then, the diachrony is questioned (1.5). It is considered that in the relationship between Portuguese and Latin regarding the vocable, three drifts can be observed: the permanence of the lexical vocable (1.5.1) which, at the phonological level, is impervious to context, which certifi es the mobility of the word (220.127.116.11); the consolidation of the contextual allomorphy of o, article and pronoun, and of other dependent morphemes (1.5.2), and the lapse of the functional words, partly replaced by multi-word expressions in which grammaticalization frequently occurs and in which different kinds of gradations are noticed. In the second part, it is inquired into the projection of the contents previously defi ned on the texts of the grammarians and the orthographers of the 16th century: after the description of the corpus and the synthesis of the computer processing (2.1), the outline of the path from the graphic word to the word itself is drawn and the methodological principles which have been applied were exposed (2.2). Different kinds of delimitations are reviewed (2.2.1): breaks (126.96.36.199); simple unions (184.108.40.206); unions with elision and contraction (188.8.131.52), followed by the description of the introduction and the use of the apostrophe (184.108.40.206) and the hyphen (2.2.15). In the third part, the identities and the differences between the word and the multi-word expressions are defi ned; it includes a critical retrospection (3.1) about the adequacy of the different concepts of 'word' to the specifi cations of its graphic representation and the solutions that were tried by grammarians along this period and / or that were fi xed in the writing norm. The multi-word expressions (3.2) are addressed in a fi rst outline in which I study the trajectory of transformation of the multi-word expressions into words and different degrees of cohesion are established (3.2.1); in a second outline, the inverse trajectory, from the word to the multi-word expressions is described, by means of selection of the aspects more closely connected with the computer processing (3.2.2).


Abstract: The Destruction Battalions in Estonia in the Summer War of 1941
A state of war was declared in the western regions of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. This did not in any case mean only purely military operations. The safeguarding of security in the rear was considered extremely important. On 25 June 1941, the Union-wide Communist Party (CPSU) Central Committee Politburo adopted the decision 'On the tasks in the rear of front-line forces', which placed all agencies and units of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs and State Security (NKVD and NKGB) under the command of the commanders of rear defence of the front lines. The following was prescribed as the more general tasks of rear defence: maintenance of law and order in the rear and on roads; the capture of deserters and 'disorganisers of the rear'; protection of communications; the organisation of evacuations and the transportation of supplies; the destruction of saboteurs. Since rebellion against Soviet rule also began in parallel with combat action in many regions (primarily in regions that the Soviet Union occupied and annexed in 1939/1940), then combat against the so-called internal enemy became the primary task of rear defence units in the vicinity of the front in many areas. Thirdly, rear defence units were assigned the task of destroying all property of any value that could not be removed from the region of the front in the event of possible retreat.
At the same time, all communications of military importance were to be destroyed in the course of retreat. NKVD internal forces and border guard forces on the one hand, and irregular people's defence units (destruction battalions, workers' regiments, people's defence divisions, etc.) formed locally in the summer of 1941 on the other hand were to bear the brunt of this action. The various irregular people's defence units were on the one hand supposed to be manifestations of 'nationwide struggle' deriving from ideology; on the other hand, the need for an improvised territorial defence force was due to pragmatic needs that made it possible to skip many of the formalities associated with mobilisation, transport, formation and supply. At the same time, the possibilities for utilising these units were also considerably more flexible. The formation and utilisation of the 'people's defence force' varied from region to region. The destruction battalions that were formed in the Estonian SSR are considered illustratively in this article.
As elsewhere in areas in the vicinity of the front, the formation of destruction battalions began in the Estonian SSR at the end of June, 1941. The 'Estonian SSR operative group of destruction battalions' was established for their formation and command at the NKVD Baltic Border Guard District headquarters. At the start of July, this operative group was placed under the command of the assistant responsible for rear area defence of the commander of the 8th Army, which had retreated into Estonia.
The destruction battalions did not have any definite composition of personnel. Although the self-evidence of patriotism was stressed, in reality the battalions were manned in Estonia by way of 'Party mobilisation'. If a person was a member or candidate member of the CPSU or the communist youth organisation and did not have any other administrative duties, joining the destruction battalions was in essence mandatory. Generally speaking, this obligation also applied to the employees of other Soviet institutions as well.
The operations of destruction battalions in Estonia can conditionally be divided into three periods: 1) combat against the armed resistance movement before the arrival of German forces; 2) the direct employment of destruction battalions in military assignments alongside securing the rear area; 3) the deployment of destruction battalions and regiments formed out of them at the front in combat against regular Wehrmacht units.
This periodisation is nevertheless conditional. It is rather difficult to present temporal frames of reference more precisely because the actions and composition of different units varied depending on the situation at the front and they also do not match temporally. While battalions were initially formed in the counties and in the cities of Tallinn and Narva, later on units were disbanded and combined, and new additional units were also formed. In total, over 20 such units operated in Estonia (in addition to several more Latvian destruction units that had retreated into Estonia) in the summer war of 1941. Over 6,000 fighters were entered in the lists of the Estonian SSR militia companies, destruction battalions and workers' regiments. These in turn were divided up according to specific assignments: some went on raids and later fought at the front line as part of the Red Army; others were part of the armed units guarding certain industrial enterprises or Soviet institutions, or provided security for communications of military importance (railroads, bridges, communications lines, and other such sites). Third, there was a large group that was formally connected to destruction battalions because they were tied mainly to other military-administrative duties (the organisation of evacuation, fortification works, mobilisation of horses and motor vehicles, future partisan warfare, and other such duties).
As the name 'destruction battalion' already says, these units were initially supposed to be used mainly in combatting saboteurs, spies and local 'bandits', and in carrying out 'scorched earth tactics'. Yet as we can already see from the previous periodization, the role of destruction battalions in Estonia already became blurred at the start of July, 1941. Since the front was breached in many places, some units that were completely unprepared for it were quickly sent to the front to plug the holes. The Southern Estonian destruction battalions that had retreated in the direction of Narva fell apart, disintegrating into isolated troops that retreated together with civilians who wanted to evacuate. Other units were incorporated into the Red Army in Northern Tartu County in the latter half of July, and most of them were cut off there in a pocket. In August, two companies were formed in Harju County and Narva out of the remnants of the destruction battalions, and were already utilised directly as front-line units.
In conclusion it can be said that while the destruction battalions that operated in Estonia initially were indeed a rather effective force for a short time in the fight against armed resistance, their utilisation in front-line combat not only had negligible effect, it was also rather short-sighted in terms of Soviet rule because it resulted in the destruction of a large proportion of the cadre that was trustworthy in the eyes of the Soviet regime, and this cadre was already quite modest in numbers to begin with. A large proportion of the fighters of the destruction battalions left behind in the rear met their end in the course of vigilante justice in the summer war of 1941. And secondly, since the Germans did not count the members of the destruction battalions as soldiers, the status of prisoners of war did not extend to them, and many of them who were taken prisoner were shot on the spot or were executed at a later time as 'active communists'.


Two new simple, sensitive and cost effective visible spectrophotometric methods were developed for the estimation of capecitabine in both bulk drug samples and formulations. The two methods were based on the formation of ion pair complexes of the drug with two acidic dyes namely bromocresol green (BCG Method) and bromophenol blue (BPB Method) in acidic buffer solution followed by their extraction in organic solvent (chloroform). The absorbance of the organic layer for both the methods was measured at their respective absorption maxima i.e. at 426.5 nm for bromocresol green and 427.5 nm for bromophenol blue against the corresponding reagent blank. The methods obeyed Beer's law between 20- 120 µg/mL for bromocresol green and 10-250 µg/mL for bromophenol blue.The interference studies also revealed the common excipients and other additives usually present in pharmaceutical dosage forms did not interfere in the proposed methods. The methods were statistically evaluated and the proposed methods were precise, accurate, sensitive, and cost effective and can be used in routine analysis in quality control laboratories.


The importance of evolution as the fundamental explanatory principle in biology has been affirmed by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1993), the National Academy of Sciences (1998), and the National Science Teachers Association (2003). It is therefore expected that evolution should be prominent in the life science standards--documents to which biology teachers can refer as to what their state considers to be essential learning in their discipline--in all states. This is, however, not the case (Cavanagh, 2005; Gross, 2005). Variation in state standards in evolution results from both debate within boards that write them as well as well-publicized efforts of special interest groups to influence their decisions, usually by seeking reduced treatment of evolution or adding some form of creationism such as "intelligent design" (Wallis, 2005). Additionally, state legislatures have become increasingly active in this area. According to the National Center for Science Education (www.natcenscied.org), legislative attempts to modify the curriculum are increasingly common, occurring in 12 states in 2005 and 11 in 2006, compared to an average of five states/year in 2002-2004. These battles over science standards regarding evolution speak to their perceived importance in determining what is covered in science classrooms. If standards are important, then states with better standards should have better science teaching in their public schools. In 2000, Lerner published a study sponsored by the Fordham Foundation comparing state standards regarding the teaching of evolution. He reviewed standards from 49 states and the District of Columbia, and graded the standards based on their treatment of evolution. Indiana and nine other states received a grade of A ("very good or excellent"), while 12 states, including Ohio, received a grade of F ("useless or absent"). The standards Lerner reviewed for Indiana were part of the Indiana Science Proficiency Guide adopted in 1997. These standards, and those that replaced them in 2000 (Indiana's Academic Standards), both contained a specific section on evolution with explicit competencies in topics such as natural selection, adaptation, and evidence for evolutionary change. The Ohio standards examined by Lerner were contained in Science: Ohio's Model Competency-Based Program adopted in 1994. There was no section on evolution, and only a few competencies included evolutionary topics such as natural selection. The word "evolution" was not used in a biological context. The dramatic difference in the state standards in two neighboring states provided an opportunity to test the hypothesis that state standards influence curricula. The hypothesis predicts that, in public high school biology courses in Indiana compared to those in Ohio, (1) evolution should receive more classroom time, and (2) teacher explanations for the diversity of life should be more likely to emphasize evolution. Previous studies have surveyed high school biology teachers (reviewed in Moore, 2002). My interest, however, was in how students perceived evolution coverage. Ideally, the predictions above could best be tested by a survey given to Indiana and Ohio high school students who had just completed their first biology course; however, many public school systems are reluctant to participate in such a survey (Moore et al., 2006). As an alternative, students were surveyed about their high school biology while taking their first college biology course for majors at state universities in Indiana and Ohio. Methods The survey began with a statement printed on the form and also read aloud by the instructor, informing the students that participation was voluntary and would not influence their grades in the course. Students were instructed not to put their names on the form. There followed eight questions that generated a description of where and when the student's first high school biology course was taken, the number of years of biology completed in high school, and the nature of the high school (public, private, or parochial). …


Edgard Varèse's Poème électronique can be viewed as a bridge between early twentieth-century modernism and electroacoustic music. This connection to early modernism is most clearly seen in its use of musical juxtaposition, a favoured technique of early modernist composers, especially those active in Paris. Juxtaposition and non-motion are considered here, particularly in relationship to Smalley's exposition of spectromorphology (Smalley 1986), which in its preoccupation with motion omits any significant consideration of non-motion. Juxtaposition and non-motion have an important history within twentieth-century music, and as an early classic of electroacoustic music, Poème électronique is a particularly striking example of a composition that is rich in juxtapositions similar to those found in passages of early modernist music. Examining Poème électronique through the lens of juxtaposition and non-motion reveals how the organisation of its juxtaposed sounds encourages the experience of sound structure suspended time.